NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Étude sous-millimétrique de l’interaction entre le magnétisme et la turbulence dans les milieux interstellaires

Submillimetre astronomy is a unique window for the study of the physical properties of a large variety of interstellar environments, from the stellar nurseries of our Galaxy to the relativistic jets from active galactic nuclei. With polarimetric observations in particular, it is even possible to study the effects of the interaction between magnetism and turbulence on the dynamics of these environments. This thesis presents the results from a submillimetre study which goal was to characterise the physical and dynamical properties of a selection of star-forming regions and extragalactic jets using continuum, spectroscopic and polarimetric observations from the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT).  We have first quantified the effect of molecular contamination on SCUBA-2 observations at 450 µm and 850 µm of the Orion A giant molecular cloud. With spectroscopic measurements using the HARP spectrometer of the 12CO J=3-2 molecular line, we have identified a sample of 33 sources for which the 850 µm flux is highly contaminated by nearby molecular outflows. Finally, we have shown that this contamination leads to an underestimation of the emissivity spectral index β derived from the 450 µm to 850 µm flux ratio.  As part of the BISTRO survey at the JCMT, we have used the POL-2 polarimeter in order to characterise the magnetic field in the Barnard 1 star-forming region in the Perseus molecular cloud complex. We have inferred the plane-of-sky orientation of the magnetic field from the linear polarisation map obtained at 850 µm. We have also calculated a value of 1.05 ± 0.92 for the turbulent-to-ordered magnetic energy ratio. With FCRAO observations of the C18O J=1-0 molecular line, we have also applied the Davis-Chandrasekhar-Fermi method in order to evaluate the amplitude of the magnetic field to be ~20 µG.  With the POL-2 commissioning team, we have successfully detected the 850 µm polarisation in the CB 68 protostellar core. We have then inferred the plane-of-sky orientation of the magnetic field within this cloud that we have then compared to previously published SCUPOL observations. Additionally, we have measured a diminution in the fraction of polarisation as a function of total intensity, which could be explained by depolarisation effects along the line-of-sight.  Finally, we have lead the first POL-2 campaign to study the temporal variability of the 850 µm linear polarisation towards four active galactic nuclei: 3C 84, 3C 273, 3C 279 and 3C 454.3. We report significant variability in the fraction and angle of polarisation for 3C 84, 3C 273 and 3C 279 over a period of 9 months. This variability supports the presence of magnetised turbulent cells within standing shocks along the relativistic jets originating from the accretion of matter on the central supermassive black holes of these galaxies.

Keyphrases: Orion A, Barnard 1, CB 68, Polarimetry, Molecular clouds, Protostars, Molecular outflows, Molecular contamination, Active galactic nuclei
Suivi en temps réel de tumeurs cancéreuses par résonance magnétique et applications à la radiothérapie

The combination of a magnetic resonance (MR) with an external beam radiation therapy machine opens the possibility of visualizing the tumor during the whole treatment without subjecting the patient to an additional dose of ionizing radiation due to imaging. This new generation of radiotherapy treatments, MR-guided treatments, has recently emerged and will redefine the mentality of treatment planning itself. This thesis aims at the development of an algorithm for real-time tracking of mobile tumors in the context of such a technology. This is accomplished using a particle filter, which is a sequential Monte Carlo method. The first objective is to create an algorithm for automatically contouring and tracking lung tumors on sagittal images of a dynamic sequence acquired on a 1.5 T MR. The proof of concept is carried out on four patients with early-stage lung cancers. The second goal of the study is to develop a lung tumor motion prediction algorithm. It is evaluated on seven patients from the same research protocol. Finally, the last project of this doctorate involves the generalization of the tracking algorithm in order to apply it to mobile tumors of the human body. The assessment of the robustness and the accuracy of the tracking is carried out for diversified anatomies and evaluated on images of various qualities acquired on a panoply of systems, including the MR-linac. Out of a total of 24 acquisitions obtained in eight patients and five volunteers, the tracking error is (1.1   0.4) mm. The conclusions of this doctoral thesis place this work as a potential candidate for MR-guided treatments in regards to real-time tracking and motion prediction algorithms.

Keyphrases: segmentation intrafraction, MR-linac, Tumor tracking, Intrafractional segmentation, Motion prediction, Motion compensation, Particle filter
Variabilité de la diapause chez les parasitoïdes de pucerons dans le cadre des changements climatiques : implications en lutte biologique

Climate changes alter the phenology of organisms, i.e. the succession over time of the elements of their life-cycle. Diapause expression in insects – that is, the developmental arrest allowing survival to seasonal degradations in the biotic and abiotic environment – is particularly affected. This thesis addresses the existence of different environmental factors acting on the seasonal strategies of Aphidius aphid parasitoids. In cereal agro-systems of western France, host and parasitoid communities have changed rapidly over the past decade. Hence, some parasitoid species enter diapause at low levels due to temperature increase, decrease in frost events and the presence of their hosts during winter, which impose selection on diapause induction thresholds. Parasitoids show plastic adjustments of their response to environmental stimuli inducing diapause. They enter diapause at higher proportion if they develop in sexual morphs of aphids (which inform for upcoming limited resources) than in asexual hosts, which underlines the co-evolution of their life-cycles. Transgenerational plasticity is also involved in these responses since maternal competition induces summer diapause in their offspring. Moreover, winter diapause incidence increases after some parasitoid generations experience the same environmental conditions. Local adaptations of parasitoids to new environmental conditions lead to a loss of diapause expression – which involves ecological and physiological costs – to the benefit of adult overwintering strategies. Modifications in species activity-density within aphids-(hyper)parasitoids communities, due to changes in overwintering strategies, could affect food-webs’ stability and alter positively or negatively the efficiency of biological pest control.

Keyphrases: Phenotypic plasticity, Polyphenism, Local adaptations, Overwintering strategies, Species interactions, Community, Temperature, Photoperiod
Quelles sont les difficultés vécues par les détenus âgés et institutionnalisés lors de leur libération et comment s’y adaptent-ils?

The problem that was studied during our Intervention internship at the Masters level  was the adaptation of elderly and institutionalised inmates at the moment that they reintegrated the community. We defined elderly and institutionalised inmates, using what was already available in the literature,  as being individuals who were 50 years of age or older who had spent a minimum of ten (10) consecutive years incarcerated in a federal penitentiary.  We targeted the main difficulties experienced by this population following their release into the community and observed how they adapted to these difficulties. We also observed how age and time spent in a prison setting affected their community adjustment.   Three objectives were targeted in this process: first, understanding what the institutionalisation phenomenon is; secondly, highlighting the principal difficulties that this population experiences upon reintegrating society; and, lastly, analysing how this population adapts to these difficulties upon returning to the community, to the impacts of their incarceration, and to the limits of their advanced age.    Our intervention internship was carried out in two phases. First, we set up a support group for elderly and institutionalised inmates where they were encouraged to speak of their difficulties and to help each other out in order to facilitate a successful social adaptation. Secondly, we occupied a position as clinical counsellor and supervised three elderly and institutionalised inmates.   These two functions allowed us to target six major difficulties which this population mentioned experiencing on parole:  on the one hand, the difficulty they had maintaining the feeling of hopefulness they experienced on release, to find employment, and to reach a financial stability, and to adapt to the pace of day to day life. And on the other hand, the challenges associated to their age and their health issues. It also allowed us to understand how the defence mechanisms developed within the institutional setting affected this population’s reintegration into society. In the end, it revealed that elderly and institutionalised inmates have a tendency to isolate themselves following their return to the community.

Keyphrases: Sentence vie, Longue sentence, Life sentences, Lifer, Long sentences, Long-term imprisonment, older prisoners, elderly prisoners, institutionalization, correction policies, effects of imprisonment, prison conditions, correction management, social reintegration
Psychopathie et violence chez les adolescents judiciarisés

The presence of psychopathic traits in institutionalized adolescents is related to an extensive use of violence against others which can be divided into two broad categories. On one hand, instrumental violence is goal-oriented and seeks a specific objective. On the other hand, reactive agression is performed as a response to a perceived provocation. Juveniles with psychopathic traits present more serious and violent behaviors than adolescents with low level of psychopathic traits. Research suggests that these traits are stable from childhood to adulthood. However, these antisocial behaviors may aggravate during adolescence. Therefore, this Master’s project seeks to better understand the influence of psychopathic traits on the character of violence on three judicialized teenagers incarcerated at the Philippe-Pinel Institute of Montreal, in order to identify individual factors which allow this violence to become actualized. Clinical analysis of the collected data of the three studied subjects showed that a higher score on the psychopathic scale was associated to the severity and to the persistence of violent offenses, whereas the type of violence was not dependent of the total score, but more in the context in which it is expressed. Thus, it was not possible to reveal a distinct profile of psychopathic traits to explain the preferential use of a specific type of violence in these three adolescents. A similar profile of psychopathic traits was linked to instrumental violence or reactive violence during the offenses. This profile included a grandiose image of self, lack of empathy, superficial affect and a lack of remorses. These traits have established themselves as elements facilitating violence against others, whether it’d be instrumental or reactive, more than the total score obtained from the PCL: YV evaluation. Ultimately, results indicated that the evaluation of psychopathic traits in adolescents is useful to allow effective management of violent acts when an individual demonstrates persistently aggressive behaviors towards others.

Keyphrases: Adolescents, Violence, Delinquency
Appropriation de l'espace numérique de travail des écoles primaires  par des enseignants tunisiens

This paper studies the appropriation of the Digital Work Space of primary schools by Tunisian teachers, taking the appropriation as an instrumental genesis (Rabardel, 1995). It is a multi-case study that attempts to identify and evaluate indicators of appropriation (Duthoit et Metz, 2012) based on the analysis of content obtained from semi-directive interviews conducted with 5 teachers from the Tunisian primary cycle. Teachers appropriate the Digital Work Space during an instrumental genesis characterized by an instrumentation phase that is built around their expertise in the use of computer tools and getting adapted to the context of appropriation defined by the institutional incentives. The instrumentalization phase is notably characterized by a heuristic challenge for the management and control of activities with the Digital Work Space. And a pragmatic challenge on the administrative level: classroom management, making systems and results, and also on the pedagogical level: use of statistics for class assessment and the use of library resources to enrich course and getting inspired for assessment and examinations.

Keyphrases: appropriation, instrumentation, Digital Work Space, use of ICT, instrumental genesis, instrumentalization, semi-directive interview, content analysis, primary cycle teachers
L’intégration des TIC chez les enseignants de langue vivante : une étude descriptive

This research is about ICT integration among language teachers for secondary in the context of two international French schools. The aim is to describe how teachers perceive different variables such as advantages, challenges, the frequency and type of use, the effect of training and to analyse the barriers that are manifesting in this context. The methodology is mixed with a descriptive approach. The key findings are that the perceived advantages are mostly in terms of learning, development of technological skill and psychophysiological. Pedagogy seems to be the main challenge. Training doesn’t seem to have met teacher’s expectations. The majority of usage is personal for the teachers, and involve multimedia activities in the classroom. Effects on pedagogy show beneficial results for teaching practice and higher interactions. Lack of time and support appears to be the main barriers with a strong influence of the context.

Keyphrases: Tic, Ict, Pedagogical integration, Barriers, Training, Usage, Advantages, Challenges
Les liens possibles des tâches connexes des enseignantes et enseignants du secondaire au Québec sur la collaboration entre l'école et la famille

In this research, we observe the coordination relationship between secondary’s teachers and the parents of students with disabilities or with learning difficulties or adaptation. Specifically, we observe the types of communication used by teachers and parents and the frequency’s sending of communication by taking account of the work-related characteristics of teachers. We believe that the teachers’s perceptions about school-family’s collaboration, their years as workers and the number of special needs students integrated into their classes can have an impact on the types of communication used by them and frequency of sending.   To check the statistical relationships between these variables, we collected informations from 25 secondary’s teachers from four Montreal’s high schools area. The questions focused on certain characteristics about their work, the perception about school-family’s collaboration, the number of special needs students integrated into classes, types of communication used and the frequency’s transmission. The results do not allow us to establish a statistically significant relationship between these variables. But, the analyse of these results indicate that few characteristics related that employment of teaching staff, such as the number of students in classes, may have an impact on the frequency of communications. Other features might be affecting by the frequency of communication: classroom management skills and the number of years of experience.

Keyphrases: School-familly’s collaboration, School-familly’s limitations, Learning difficulties, School integration, Classroom management
La motivation des étudiants haïtiens aux études supérieures en Haïti

Adults’ motivation to engage in training has become a crucial issue in the learning process since higher education took charge of preparing qualified and educated people who should be able to meet the needs of knowledge societies.  As motivation is a complex process that depends on cultural differences, we chose to approach it specifically in terms of motivation of the Haitian graduate students in Haiti to engage in higher education.  Our study aims to describe the motives of engagement of Haitian students and to identify the obstacles they are facing.  Based on Carré model (2001), we made a mixed type descriptive research.  The results show that Haitian students are highly motivated by an objective, a project for the future and that they are facing particularly lack of time and financial problems.  However, those results have also led us to question the identity goals in the Haitian students motivation and the percentage of students who are adults returning to education (ARE).

Keyphrases: Motivation, Engagement, adult learning, Universities, Higher education, Knowledge societies
La collaboration entre les instances gouvernementales et les communautés autochtones non conventionnées en éducation au Québec : une analyse documentaire des aspirations des communautés autochtones non conventionnées à l’autonomie

This study focuses on education policies, from kindergarten to high school, in specific indigenous communities from Quebec. It takes the form of a documentary analysis of Quebec indigenous organisations’ claims or (expectations) in education (2002–2014). It aims at prospectively enlightening the process of reshaping the collaborative relationship of institutions in education, as it is recommended by many local and national leaders from both sides; and intends to do so by objectifying and clarifying indigenous expectations in the matter. This exploratory study allowed us to collect data through a manifest content analysis of representative bodies’ collective and public claims in education. The reference framework that was conceived, inspired by Wyatt’s (2008) typology of different types of institutional collaboration between indigenous communities and local governments in forestry management, allowed us to successfully comprehend and interpret the data. The results reveal two main and solid contributions to this field of study. First, the adaptation of Wyatt’s (2008) typology works successfully in the field of educational administration. Second, it allowed us to clarify indigenous expectations in education and deduct the associated collaboration model , it is one of full autonomy where indigenous communities could define the institutions and institutional practices they want to develop and allow on their territories. At last, the indigenous educational project appears homogenous, pragmatic and non-subversive. More studies are needed on this aspect. We must temper those conclusions by stating that the claims of representative bodies do not necessarily represent the views of all local communities and that those claims cannot be understood as indicators to final agreements.

Keyphrases: collaboration, education policies, partnership, educational projects, indigenous, First Nations, autonomy
Pratiques d'enseignement de l'orthographe lexicale : le cas des propriétés visuelles

The current research implies that our school system cannot bring students to an acceptable level of orthographic competence (MELS, 2010). This competence, which can be defined as the ability to spell words correctly (according to the linguistic norm) through the use of knowledge that is stocked in memory (Daigle et Montésinos-Gelet, 2013), is primarily influenced by formal instruction (Graham et al., 2008). Orthographic knowledge is linked to the phonological, morphological and visual characteristics of written words. Recent research results (Daigle et al., 2016) suggest that most orthographic errors are related to the visual aspects of written words. In light of this acquisitional problem and given the need for more empirical research to better understand it, this study aims at documenting actual teaching practices associated to spelling instruction. More specifically, this study tries to describe 1) the teaching practices associated with visual aspects of words, 2) the pedagogical approaches that influence teacher’s choices and 3) the specific teaching devices used in the classroom for the purpose of spelling instruction. Results indicate that visual properties of words are not well known by teachers and, consequently, are not taught systematically to students. When spelling instruction occurs, teachers often use an explicit teaching approach and try to have students develop some meta-orthographic abilities.

Keyphrases: Spelling, Formal properties of words (phonological, morphological and visual properties, Pedagological approaches, Teaching devices
L'encadrement éthique de l'innovation chirurgicale : une revue systématique des arguments présentés dans la littérature normative en bioéthique

Innovation is the process that drives medical progress. In the field of surgery, innovation falls in a grey zone between clinical practice and research. Despite its important contribution to clinical care, surgical innovation remains a risky affair: not only is it associated with the risks that are inherent to surgery, but its specificities further enhance conflicts of interest, the imbalance of surgical competence, and empirical uncertainties that threaten the autonomy and welfare of patients. Despite these significant ethical challenges, and in stark contrast with clinical research that is subject to a strict regulatory framework, there is no formal ethical oversight specific to surgical innovation in the clinical context in Canada. With the objective to overcome this lacuna, the bioethics literature abounds with proposals for the oversight of surgical innovation, ranging from the status quo to governmental oversight and surgical innovation committees. In order to investigate the relevance of these proposed oversight mechanisms, we conducted a systematic review of arguments featured in the normative literature on the ethics of surgical innovation. We found three major themes that frame the debate: 1) the nature of surgical innovation, 2) the protection of patient welfare and autonomy, and 3) practical considerations regarding the proposed oversight mechanisms. Overall, none of the positions regarding the oversight of surgical innovation are particularly convincing as presented in the literature. Indeed, without proper definitions or taxonomy, and in the absence of sound evidence regarding the dangers of surgical innovation and the outcomes of the various ethics oversight options, we conclude that further inquiry is needed.

Keyphrases: surgical innovation, oversight, systematic review of arguments, systematic review of reasons, bioethics