NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
La distribution électronique : franchise et Internet

Ever since ecommerce has become a widespread commerciai environment, the distribution networks (new and preexistent), composed of suppliers and distributors, have tried to develop a real commercial activity on the web. This objective upsets the organization of the resale of the products by becoming competitor and complement of the traditional networks of distribution. Our work deals with the legal analysis of the incidence of Internet on the relations between distributors and suppliers, more particularly on the contract which bind these two parties. We articulated our work around the comparison of the European and North-American legal systems. We examine the coexistence and compatibility between of these distribution networks and the virtual merchandising, with the goal of proposing certain avenues for the future development of the existing networks through the Internet.

Keyphrases: Distribution exclusive, Concurrence, E-commerce, Selective distribution, Exclusive distribution
La discrimination génétique dans l'emploi : une étude des protections offertes par les chartes canadiennes et québécoise

Increasingly, the genetic science tends to identify sorne genetic diseases and to associate the human behaviors to the genetic code. This uses can serve to exclude and stigmatize the individuals. This sometimes creates what is called the genetic discrimination. The workplace is particularly favorable to see emerging this form of discrimination. We try to determine in what way the human rights charters protect the workers against the genetic discrimination. First, we scrutinize if the struggle against the genetic discrimination is well-suited with the objecti ves of the principles of the non-discrimination. Secondly, we examine if the prohibition of the disability discrimination could prevent the genetic discrimination against the workers. Finally, we try to establish if the genetic characteristics could constitute an analogous ground of discrimination prohibited by the Canadian Charter.

Keyphrases: Charte, Discrimination, Charter, Right, Employment, Genetics, Disability, Analogous ground
La justification du droit d'auteur dans l'environnement numérique

The technical advances characterising the digital revolution do modify relations within society. This revolution is without dispute the basis of a complete change in the character of artistic creation. The arrivaI of new mass media such as the Internet allows works of art to be spread regardless of space and time boundaries. Technical miracles defying even the most unrealistic dreams are added to this context. Authors' rights are confronted to new technologies which are continually changing. In response to this, digital rights management has appeared as the most appropriate solution: it is a case of technology confronting technology. This approach has necessarily influenced legislative initiatives and led to an overhaul of the legal framework in North America as weIl as in Europe. Ras this recent wave of laws changed the conception of authors' rights? Authors' rights thus appear as an instrument for the economic metamorphosis of authors' rights. Authors' rights become lost and dissolve not only through cross influence with copyright but particularly through the proliferation of rights for the benefit of persons other than authors. In the face of such an acknowledgement, it is of the utmost importance to look into the economical opportunity offered by authors' rights. Raven't aIl these reforms been implemented for a financial stake? An economical analysis becomes essential in order to determine to what extent market law is affected. Is it possible, in regard to the economical analysis, to optimize the law for the protection of authors' rights? As useful property destined to circulate, the logic of investment appears to dominate. The case of the music industry is a prime example: as the competition opens up, a new mode! for the exploitation ofworks of art is initiated.

Keyphrases: Exceptions, Copyright, Digital, Economic analysis, Market power
Le droit du commerce international des organismes génétiquement modifiés (OGM) agricoles médicaux : les perspectives d'encadrement normatif

Medical agricultural GMOs are the category of agricultural GMOs the most complex, the most innovative and the most futuristic. For these reasons, they are the best sample for a complete study on the precautionary principle as weil as on the perspectives of medical applications in agricultural biotechnology. The contribution of this research to biosafety consists of the proposition of a normative method of harmonization, based on a simultaneous convergent application of food, drugs and pharmaceutical relevant international agreements in international trade. The proposed approach is simultaneous because relevant agreements do not exclude each other or subordinate one to another. It is convergent because agreements complete each other in biosafety and international commerciallaw of agricultural GMOs. To conduct the harmonization, we have proposed as a main principle, the principle of sustainable primacy of public health on trade. This principle is the environmental and biosafety emphasis of the principle of primacy of public health on trade which is promoted joindy by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Trade Organisation (WTO) Secretariat. The research suggests that an eventual profitable use of medical agricultural GMOs in developing countries would be subject to a simultaneous convergent application of relevant international agreements on biosafety and international trade.

Keyphrases: Medical Agricultural GMOs, Biosafety, Biodiversity, Harmonization, Public Health, International Trade Law, International Agreements, Food Safety, International Development, Free Trade
Les logiciels libres sous l'angle de la responsabilité civile

Distributed under permissive licenses that guarantee the users use, modification and redistribution rights, the development of free software is decentralized. Numerous legal challenges flow from this, particularly respecting civil liability matthers. In consequence, developers are concerned regarding the circumstances in which they could be liable based on the faillure of their free software. They are equally questionning the possibility that numerous developers scattered around the world could be jointly liable. The analysis show that the law, in its actual form, is able to answer the majority of the issues resulting from the establishment and the application of civil liability regarding free software. In this way, civil liability rules are representing a potential risk to free software developers, even if they are relatively weil protected by the legal and factual contexts.

Keyphrases: Programme, Free, Software, Open, Source, Programmer, Civil, Liability, Negligence, Damage, Causation
De la gestion des ressources fauniques à la participation au processus d'évaluation environnementale : l'évolution d'un droit constitutionnel chez les Cris de la Baie James

The James Bay Cree were among the first to benefit from a modem treaty which gave aboriginal peoples a detennining role in environmental management and natural resource development. Under the James Bay and Northem Quebec Agreement, the Cree have a role in environmental management and the right to take part in the development of future projects planned on lands subject to the James Bay and Northem Quebec Agreement, south of the 55th parallel. That participation was won through intense negotiation. Due particularly to the growing ecological movement which contributed to the recognition of the special role of indigenous peoples with respect to the environment, later cooperation agreements served to reinforce indigenous participation. The present study looks at the environmental protection mechanisms, in particular the environmental assessment process as defined in Chapter 22 of the James Bay and Northem Quebec Agreement. The analysis highlights the importance of the negotiation process and the resulting rights in relation to those recognized through the doctrine of ancestral rights as developed recently by Canadian tribunals.

Keyphrases: Aboriginals, Management, Environment, Agreement, James Bay, Northem, Quebec
L'interprétation et le contrôle de la légalité des résolutions du Conseil de sécurité

Interpretation is a very complex dimension of law whose relevance lies in defining or determining the meaning and the scope of the legal mIes. In this respect, interpretation elucidates a judicial text. Where obscurity lies, interpretation -like a lantem- brings light to the judicial act. The interpreter will thus resort to argumentation in order to convince the « interpretative community ». Sorne States will not hesitate to interpret judicial texts in a broad manner. This phenomenon can better be observed in the interpretation of Security Council resolutions. Faced with the discretionary powers of States, the creation of a judicial framework would bring to an end most instances of abusive interpretations. Part 1 studies the several mIes in of interpretation as established by the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Rights of Treaties. Part II will focus on both the history of the Security Council resolutions of and the application of the interpretation mIes of the Vienna Convention in light of two cases. The historical overview will retrieve the evolution of the resolutions until the end of the Cold War. Following this, we will see through the examples of the Kosovo and Iraq conflicts, how broadly, and even abusively, States can interpret Security Council resolutions. The two case studies will lead us to an analysis of the pertinence of the argumentation used by the States to justify their interpretation. This will show the strategie role that the interpretative phenomena play in the carrying out of State interests. It will lead to a reflection on the control of the legality of Security Council resolutions, a control necessary considering the liberty that the Council currently enjoys. On the one hand, this control would allow to reestablish an organic equilibrium within the UN. On the other hand, it would enhance the Security Council's image by conferring on it a certain legitimacy.

Keyphrases: International law, Security Council resolutions, legality
La prise de contrôle inversée en droit canadien

This thesis endeavours to analyse the phenomenon of the reverse takeover (RTO). This technique allows a private company to be acquired by a public entity whose stock is listed on an exchange. The former obtains from the latter such an important part of its stock that following the completion of the transaction, the private company controls the public company which has just acquired it. The takeover is therefore deemed reversed. The purpose of the transaction from the private entity perspective is to gain the status and privilege associated with being a publicly listed company faster and at a fraction of the cost that would otherwise be the case with a traditional public offering. Thereafter the private company uses its newly acquired public status to tap the capital markets via the stock exchange. The poor reputation generally associated with this kind of transaction is in a large measure due to the greed of a few scam artists whose main motive is a quick profit at the expense of the investing public. The result of this situation is that the RTO is viewed with considerable scepticism by the regulatory authorities. The dilemma may therefore be set in the following terms: taking into consideration the economic importance of the small and medium business (SME) as a creator of wealth in the economy, should the competent authorities limit the use of the RTO in the name of investor protection. In other words, should the commercial freedom to use the RTO in order to finance SME take a back seat to regulatory concerns. We conclude that although the serious concerns levelled by the regulators are very real, the RTO which is used primarily by SME should be maintained. It is further argued that regulatory authorities should promote as a matter of policy the RTO sponsored by the Capital Pool Company (CPC) program provided for by TSX Venture. We find that this program should be upgraded to allow for a more efficient RTO under the rules of the CPC. In this regard, the program would gain from the credibility and the undeniable expertise of the TSX Venture in the realm of financing young and emerging companies. Therefore, ideally, this program would be improved to the point where it would render the RTO pursued out of the program useless. If this were the case, we conclude that commercial freedom would be preserved, while concurrently maintaining protection for investors and upholding the integrity of capital markets.

Keyphrases: Reverse takeover, Business law, Securities law, Stock exchange regulation, Financing small and medium enterprises, Mergers and acquisitions, Corporate finance
La protection des données personnelles contenues dans les documents publics accessibles sur Internet : le cas des données judiciaires

The upheavals generated by the new means of disseminating public data, together with the multiple possibilities offered by the Internet, such as information storage, comprehensive memory tools and the use of search engines, give rise to major issues related to privacy protection. The dissemination of public data in digital format causes a shift in our scales of time and space, and changes the traditional concept ofpublic nature previously associated with the "paper" universe. We will study the means of protecting privacy, and the conditions for accessing and using the personal information, sometimes of a "sensitive" nature, which is contained in the public documents posted on the Internet. The characteristics of the information available through judicial data banks require special protection solutions, so that the necessary balance can be found between the principle of judicial transparency and the right to privacy.

Keyphrases: Dissemination, Personal information, Internet, Public documents, Jurisprudential data banks, Social forget fullness, Anonymization, Privacy, Public nature of justice
Le meilleur intérêt de l'enfant, les tests de paternité et le droit civil québécois

DNA determines all functions necessary to human life. DNA tests can identify almost every human being. Accurate and reliable, these tests need only a minimal quantity of DNA. They have changed radically not only science, but also the law. When used for genetic identification purposes (as opposed to medical), they can establish definitely filial links. How does Québec's civil law determine the best interests of the child when DNA paternity tests are offered as proof of the filiation of a child? The best interests of the child are a key concept in the civil law of Québec. The rules establishing legal filiation and the hierarchy of proof within are also affected. A study of Québec case law reveals different approaches in determining the best interests of the child in paternity cases: 1) the approach preferring the primacy of socio-affective stability of the child, 2) the approach preferring the primacy of biological truth, and, 3) the personalized approach. The personalized approach may be the most appropriate since it treats each child as unique, considers every factor in his or her life and weighs aIl the different relationships between parties. This approach seems to provide for the needs and situation of every child as an individual.

Keyphrases: Filiation, Relation, Socio-affective stability, Biological truth, Personalized approach, Relationship, Putative father
Pour une démocratisation des prises de décisions en matière environnementale : une étude de cas sur les OGM

The introduction of GMOs into agri-business has brought forth many public concems, such as the type of agriculture or the kind of foods we choose for our future, the safekeeping of our ecosystems and our cultural heritage, or matters of justice linked to ethics and equity. Our argumentation is that only a democratic process that offers to the citizens the possibility to express their views and concems on the development of GMOs will allow the authorities to make enlightened decisions on these matters. Moreover, many govemments have already shown interest in opening communication lines with the general public on the stakes created by these new technologies. This study analyzes different forms of public participation in the decision-making process conceming GMOs in three different countries, France, Switzerland and Canada. These models have been divided into three categories : the instruments of direct democracy, participation of different members of society in the evaluation processes, and public debates. We note that in spite of the efforts of the govemments to democratize decisionmaking in these matters, many factors such as technical reasoning into which decisions are inscribed as weIl as the inherent gaps of the representative model, prevent from taking the opinions of citizens into consideration. Therefore, we should ask ourselves about the relevance and the convenience of using the referendum to treat the concems associated with GMOs.

Keyphrases: Canada, France, Expert, Public, Switzerland, Democracy, GMO
La légitimité de l'État du port de contrôler la navigabilité des navires

The legitimicy of Port State control is based on difficulties which ship owners, Flag States and classification societies meet in their control of security standards of ships. Further, the port State has imposed itself as a new maritime player based on different legal basis such as its Coastal States status, its recognition through international conventions and by the mechanisms put in place by regional Memorandums of Understanding. In the end, the impact of the Port State control can justify its advent. The measure of this impact is based on quantitative studies, on assessment of professionnal opinions and also on the analysis of the legal implications of this control in contracts of carriage by sea, charter- party, and contracts for the sale and purchase of vessels.

Keyphrases: Maritime, Mer, International, Port, Inspection, Law, Sea, Port State, Control, Seaworthiness, Security, Standards, Classification society, Flag State, Coastal State, Shipowner, Memorandum, Understanding- MOU, Ship, Vessel, Environment, Economy
Portée et limites de l'encadrement juridique de la xénotransplantation : étude de droit comparé

Recent advances in transplantation have reached the point where it may be possible to transplant an organ, tissue or ceIl from an animal to a human. Certain potential risks, for the beneficiary and to public health are associated with this procedure, which is referred to as xenotransplantation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the applicability of current legislation to the possible risks to public health posed by xenotransplantation. In investigating this potential of existing legislation, the xenotransplantation process was divided into three periods : before the surgery, during the xenotransplantation and finaIly, the post-intervention period. For each period, we identified which legislation could apply to the beneficiaries of the xenotransplantation, their relatives, the medical team or the public in general. Then, we verified if that legislation could be applicable to xenotransplantation by looking at the definitions and its field of application. For example, whether the xenograft (ceIls, tissus or organs) could be a drug or a medical instrument under the Canadian Food and Drug Act was considered. The legislation examined include, but are not limited to, those that usuaIly apply to clinical trials, transportation of dangerous goods, working conditions or quarantine. This analysis illustrates the variety of possible legal characterizations of the xenograft. A comparison between Canadian legislation and those of the United States, France and United Kingdom is presented. It is concluded that there is a need to harmonize regulations at both national and intemationallevels.

Keyphrases: Public health, Risk management, Xenograft, Comparative study, Efficiency of legislation
La confidentialité des résultats des tests génétiques : les droits des membres de la famille et les obligations des professionnels de la santé : une étude comparée Québec / France

Genetic information, by its very nature, concerns not only the individual, but also the persons related to him by blood. Where an individual refuses to share genetic information crucial to the health of his family members, health professionals who hold such information are faced with a dilemma: they must choose between respecting confidentiality and communicating in the interest of family members. This thesis analyses the rules governing the confidentiality of genetic test results with regards to the rights of family members and the obligations of health professionals. A comparative analysis between the laws of Québec and France is undertaken. Legislation dealing with confidentiality is essentiatly based on the protection of the rights of individuals. Legislative exceptions are nevertheless provided in the interest of certain family members, but they are directed only to the biological family. The concept of "family" is thus restricted in the context of the confidentiality of genetic information. Disregarding confidentiality is not the best solution to the conflict between the rights of the person concerned and of those of his family, and such a solution is not contemplated either in Québec or in France. Health professionals must therefore place emphasis on informing the patient, a solution which offers great protection of the rights of all concemed.

Keyphrases: Family, Genetic infonnation, Confidentiality
La brevetabilité des logiciels

The purpose of this text is to explain the issues of software patentability. From this perspective our first part will set up the background of the debate. It will be done in particular by analysing the reasons why software patentability was adopted. The text will thus emphasize the ineffectiveness of copyright in protecting software. Moreover a study of the patent mechanism will reveal that this system is better suited to protect software than copyright is. Next, within the second part we will analyse the patentability phenomenom as it relates to our field of study, namely, Canada, the United States of America and European countries. First of aIl, this will consist in assessing the scope of the phenomenom, that is to say if it is more or less developed in a given country. Insofar as the United States of America has totally accepted the patentability software, while sorne other countries have more or less rejected it, the text, focusing mainly on the American society, will analyse the consequences generated by the adoption of this notion (i.e., the patentability of software), in particular considering competition and innovation. Moreover, in order to evaluate software patentability is a more opportune choice, a comparison between the American patent system with the Canadian and French ones will be necessary. A rather pessimistic conclusion regarding the current acceptance of software patentability being drawn, the text will suggest sorne adjustments to the patent system in order to preserve or restore innovation and competition into the software market.

Keyphrases: Innovation, Licence, Canada, Software, Patent, Copyright, Invention, Competition, United States of America, European Union