NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Entre les acquis de la formation et la pratique enseignante : que connaissent les enseignants à propos de leurs élèves ?

This doctoral thesis focuses on what teachers in Quebec know about their students. More specifically, we insert this work in the field of research on teachers' professional knowledge and, more broadly, within the concept of the professionalization of teaching. The study of teachers' knowledge about students, which until now has been little studied or not very detailed, allows us to address the way in which today's teachers adapt and modify their practices in relation to the students in their classrooms. To do so, we study teachers' knowledge about students in three dimensions. First, we try to better understand the nature of this type of knowledge. According to Anderson and al. (2001), there are three main types of knowledge: factual knowledge, conceptual knowledge and procedural knowledge. In our theoretical framework, we detail these three types of knowledge. Next, we question the source of knowledge about students. According to several authors, notably Shulman (1987), whose work on the knowledge base for teaching was seminal, supports the idea that it is practical experience that most trains teachers. However, considering that pre-service teacher education also transmits a great deal of knowledge through the four years of the program, we try to gain a better understanding of where the student's knowledge comes from. Then, we look at how knowledge about students is mobilized in teachers » practices. Indeed, we believe that our doctoral project would not be complete without trying to better define the mobilization of this knowledge in the daily activities of the teacher with these students. Therefore, we describe the different actions of the teacher that are influenced or modulated according to the knowledge he has about his students. Based on the thematic analysis of semi-structured interview (n=25) and four focus group, we believe that we can draw a portrait of the knowledge about students. The interviewed teacher’s all have between 3 and 8 years of teaching experience and work mainly in the Greater Montreal area. They are teachers in preschool and elementary school, secondary school, physical and health education (PHE), special education and general adult education. 8 Our results show that teachers have different type of knowledge about their students, that their knowledge varies according to the subject matter and cycle of teaching, that they learn on them through experience and that they use their knowledge about students in many actions and decision every day. At the end, we will see that it is not easy to define this type of knowledge and to understand how teachers take it into account in their teaching. However, we believe that our study leads to important clarifications in the way teachers' professional knowledge is conceived, has strong implications for teacher education, and leads to a more accurate understanding of teachers work with students.

Keyphrases: Teacher’s knowledge about students, Knowledge base for teaching, Teacher education
Comment le soutien par les pairs peut faciliter le processus de réadaptation des grands brûlés? : une étude descriptive et comparative des impacts potentiels sur l’engagement, l’image corporelle, le sentiment d’auto-efficacité et la perception d’espoir

Education, pedagogy, andragogy and learning are concepts that transcend the school and academic spectrums. The latter may therefore relate to training in the workplace, adaptation to a new context, but also rehabilitation. This research project aims to describe and explore the impact of peer support for burn victims on their rehabilitation process.  We know that victims of severe burns experience many difficulties with their body image (Kornhaber, Wilson, Abu-Qamar and McLean, 2014c), the hope that their situation gets better, the grief they have to go through and the commitment to their treatment (Kovacs Burns, Bellows, Eigenseher & Gallivan, 2014; Ripper, Renneberg, Landmann, Weigel & Germann, 2009), for which peer support seems to have an impact (Badger and Royse, 2010).  To explore these impacts, a total of 24 people who suffered severe burns responded to a questionnaire aimed at exploring their general self-efficacy, the quality of their body image, their hope and the relationship they have with the care and treatment received in order to verify their adherence to treatment. Those who received an accompanying patient resource visit (APR) and those who did not receive them were compared in terms of results on the scales on self-efficacy, body image and care and treatment quantitatively with inferential analyzes. A qualitative analysis of the answers to open questions concerning the perceived and anticipated impact of the visits from the point of view of burn victims was also carried out to describe the impact on the perception of hope, among other things. The results highlight the informational and relational contribution of peer support among burn victims.

Keyphrases: Peer support, Patient partnership, Burn victims, Rehabilitation, Commitment, Hope, Self-efficacy, Body image
Factors related to braille acquisition among adult and senior learners : establishing evidence-based practice

Reading difficulties are the most common reasons for referral to vision rehabilitation. Though there is a strong historical basis for the provision of braille instruction among blind children, there is little evidence-based research on the needs of working-age and older adults. Aging is associated with declines in tactile, motor and cognitive capacities. Moreover, learning in adulthood is distinct from childhood learning, owing to differences in cortical plasticity and development. Little is known about how these variables may influence braille reading outcomes, but such knowledge is needed to inform the design of evidence-based strategies. For example, low-cost braille devices incorporate dots of greater height and density, but the extent to which such approaches may enhance reading performance for older adults with reduced tactile sensitivity remains unexplored. These questions are especially imperative as the prevalence of age-related vision loss continues to increase.  A four-phase study was devised to synthesize prior evidence on the interrelationship between factors known to decline with age and braille reading performance; to investigate the barriers and facilitators encountered by working-age and older adults who pursue braille training; to identify variables that correlate with braille reading performance in adulthood; and to explore the influence of reading medium on the reading performance of adults with reduced tactile sensitivity.  This thesis confirms that prior evidence on braille and aging remains scant, heightening the imperative for further research in this domain. Moreover, there are a variety of personal, social and institutional factors which shape the adult braille learning process, including perceived stigma towards braille and aging among some practitioners, inadequate services and access to braille devices. Braille learning age, frequency of usage, and measures of active tactile acuity emerged as significant correlates of braille reading speed. Preliminary evidence suggests that using braille displays with greater dot height enhances performance for those with reduced tactile sensitivity, while also enabling immediate access to relevant reading content.   Collectively, these findings point to the need for rehabilitation practitioners to introduce braille as early as possible, evaluate objective measures of tactile acuity while also considering the role of functional touch, provide increased training in tactile perception, and consider a wider integration of braille devices. Findings also highlight the need for increased funding and services, eligibility criteria which takes into account the unique realities of older braille clients,  and the need to further explore the role of stigma towards braille and aging which may influence both clinical decisions and learning outcomes.

Keyphrases: Blindness, Visual impairment, Braille, Aging, Tactile sensitivity, Adult
Les forces expéditionnaires bi/multinationales en Europe : analyse comparée des politiques d’alliance de la France et de l’Allemagne (1991-2016)

Why do states create bi/multinational expeditionary forces? Why have not they been used yet? The objective of this PhD dissertation is to explain this paradox, which is well exemplified by the Franco-German brigade and the European Union Battle Groups (EUBG). Although these two units are not the only ones in Europe that can be qualified as expeditionary forces, we chose these two case studies to analyze, among others, the decision-making processes in both France and Germany.  We have therefore focused on these two units and on the alliance policies that are at the origin of these units. In practice, our research builds on the work on alliances and the field of comparative foreign policy analysis. The theoretical framework developed to explain the foreign policy decisions is based on the theory of roles by Kal Holsti. Our findings indicate that these decisions are made only by a limited group of actors and result from the roles those actors assume for their country. Institutional arrangements, as well as conflicts and power struggles, moderate these roles. In addition, there is strong evidence for path dependency in cases where decisions have an institutional scope.  The decisions in favor of the Franco-German brigade and the EUBG ultimately resulted from the role of a promoter of reinforced European military capabilities and the role of a faithful ally, which dominated among the actors behind these decisions. Other roles present among the French and German decision-makers tend, on the contrary, to slow down the use of these units. This is particularly true for the role of a great power (France) and the role of a civilian power (Germany). Several roles coexist indeed within each state and each sees its amount of influence fluctuate. This variation in roles’ influence depends on the actors involved, as well as on power struggles and relations.  Our dissertation is divided into seven chapters. In the first three we will return to the literature on expeditionary forces and alliances, to our methodology, and to the international relations in Europe over the past thirty years. The following chapters deal with the development of the Franco-German brigade as an expeditionary force, the creation of battle groups, the choice of partners within them, and finally the non-employment of these military troops. These are the four empirical chapters of our research.  In conclusion, we estimate that the probability of deployment of the studied units in the coming years remains rather low. Relying on role theory, our theoretical explanation serves as a tool for understanding the functioning of the French and German political-military decision-making structures. While validated for this analysis, this theoretical framework now has to be tested on other case studies.

Keyphrases: France, alliance public policies, comparative foreign policy analysis, defense public policies, European army, European Union Battle Groups, expeditionary units, Franco-German Brigade, Germany, role theory
Victimes, héroïnes ou terroristes? Représentations des femmes combattantes kurdes dans les médias occidentaux

This thesis is a critical feminist framing, and discourse analysis of Western media representations of women in armed conflicts. Looking specifically at the case of Kurdish women combatants, we conducted a qualitative data analysis of 125 news articles in three different media spaces. Our results highlight the complex (and socially constructed) nature of media representations, and how these representations are intertwined with larger geopolitical power relations. While mass media and specialized media (including women’s magazines and cultural/millennial press) seem relatively similar in their way of representing Kurdish women fighters, only the alternative media (both left-wing and right-wing), seem significantly different in their way of portraying them. While the images of Kurdish fighters are supposed to challenge the Orientalist gender stereotypes, we argue that – by portraying them both as heroines and victims – the Western media coverage of them only reproduces these stereotypes.

Keyphrases: Kurdistan, Framing, Discours, Representations, Media, Women, Armed conflicts
Quels espaces publics pour la santé? : une méta-revue de la littérature scientifique

Background: Public open spaces (POS), such as parks, green and blue spaces, are cited as infrastructures to promote physical activity, mental health and well-being. However, precise characteristics of POS significantly associated to health are not clearly identified. This research aims to provide a rigorous update of scientific knowledge on associations between characteristics of POS, and physical and mental health indicators.  Method: We undertaken an umbrella review to synthetize, compare and contrast evidence from systematic reviews, taking into account the methodological quality of included reviews using an adapted AMSTAR scale. Research in 6 databases returned 2977 citations. Two reviewers independently completed study selection resulting in 15 included systematic reviews (representing 213 primary studies). Results: The evidence of a favorable relationship between broadly defined or unspecified POS and physical and mental health is inconclusive. However, when characteristics of POS are specified, evidence for relationships is clearer. There is a favorable trend or a consistent favorable relationship between: 1) quantity of greenspaces (spaces with vegetal elements and biodiversity in the neighborhood, calm, serein and natural greenspaces) and mental health/wellbeing in adults.  2) proximity to parks and the presence of certain amenities (e.g. adventurous playgrounds) and park-based physical activity in children and adolescent, but not with overall physical activity. 3) blue spaces (such as coastal areas) and physical activity, mental health and weight status.  There are some inconsistencies for parks proximity, density and quality of POS association with physical and mental health indicators. Results regarding physical activity seem to mean that studies with positive associations mostly describe a context for physical activity more than a possible impact of POS access on overall physical activity. Positive associations also tend to be age specific for most of indicators. Conclusion: There is evidence that some specific characteristics of POS are associated with better health. This umbrella review provides useful tools to urban planning and design practitioners on how to design POS to promote physical and mental health.

Keyphrases: Public open spaces, Public health, Urban planning, Umbrella review
Getting ready for transition to adult care : tool validation and multi-informant strategy using the Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire (TRAQ) in pediatrics

Background: Transitioning from pediatric to adult healthcare can be challenging and lead to severe consequences if done suboptimally. The Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire (TRAQ) was developed to assess adolescent and young adult (AYA) patients’ transition readiness. In this study, we aimed to 1) document the psychometric properties of the French-language version of the TRAQ (TRAQ-FR), 2) assess agreements and discrepancies between AYA patients’ and their primary caregivers’ TRAQ-FR scores, and 3) identify transition readiness contributors. Methods: French-speaking AYA patients (n=175) and primary caregivers (n=168) were recruited from five clinics in a tertiary Canadian hospital and asked to complete the TRAQ-FR, the Pediatric Quality of Life InventoryTM 4.0 (PedsQLTM 4.0), and a sociodemographic questionnaire. The validity of the TRAQ-FR was assessed using confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). Agreements and discrepancies were evaluated using intra-class correlation coefficients and paired-sample t-tests. Contributors of transition readiness were identified using regression analyses. Results: The five-factor model of the TRAQ was supported, with the TRAQ-FR global scale showing good internal consistency for both AYA patients’ and primary caregivers’ scores (a=.85- .87). AYA patients and primary caregivers showed good absolute agreement on the TRAQ-FR global scale with AYA patients scoring higher than primary caregivers (ICC=.80; d=.25). AYA patients’ age and sex were found to be contributors of transition readiness. Conclusions: The TRAQ-FR was found to have good psychometric properties when completed by both AYA patients and primary caregivers. Additional research is needed to explore the predictive validity and clinical use of the TRAQ-FR.

Keyphrases: Adolescent, Transition, Pediatrics, Psychometrics, Validation study, Adolescent, Young adult, Primary caregiver, Patient transfer, Chronic illness, Proxy measures, Quality of life
Étude de l’influence de l’activité stellaire sur la spectroscopie de transit à basse résolution et des possibilités de mitigation par la haute résolution

Transit spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the characterisation of exoplanet atmospheres. There exist multiple sources of contamination for transmission spectra, including stellar activity induced surface heterogeneities on the host star. At low spectral resolution, differences between the transit chord and the rest of the surface leave signatures in the spectra, which could then be wrongly associated with the planet. This can introduce biases in radius and atmospheric abundance measurements of exoplanets.  To solve this issue, this study consists in carefully modeling stellar surfaces and transit spectra at low and very high spectral resolution. We seek to, on one hand, understand the importance of the problem at low resolution, and, on the other hand, determine if high resolution allows us to isolate stellar contamination and thus solve this problem. Modeling is focused on three types of stars, from early K to late M.  Models confirm the importance of the issue and the absence of an obvious solution at low resolution, especially for M stars. At high resolution, we manage to effectively split the planet and stellar activity signals. This allows us to break the ambiguity from low resolution, provided the planet experiences a sufficient radial velocity variation during transit.  These results highlight the strong value of high resolution follow-ups when feasible. Even with the James-Webb space telescope, it will be difficult to fully trust the results of atmospheric abundance retrievals using low resolution data.

Keyphrases: Exoplanets, Transit spectroscopy, Stellar activity, Modeling, Low resolution, High resolution
An investigation of reach decisions during ongoing action control

Neurophysiological studies of decision-making have expanded over decades to involve many brain areas. The field broadened from neuroeconomics, mainly concerned with frontal regions, to perceptual or embodied decision-making involving several sensorimotor areas where neural activity is linked to the stimuli and actions necessary for the decision process. Current models of decision-making envision this neural activity as a competition between different actions that is resolved when enough activity favors one over the other. However, it is unclear how such models can explain decisions often present in natural behavior, where deliberation takes place while already engaged in an action. In this thesis, we examined the choices human subjects made as they were engaged in a continuous tracking task. While they were manually tracking a target on a flat screen, subjects were occasionally presented with a new target to which they could freely choose to switch, whereupon it became the new tracked target. As expected, we found that subjects were more likely to move to closer targets, bigger targets, or targets that were aligned to the direction of movement. However, we were surprised that subjects did not choose targets that minimized energetic cost, as calculated by a biomechanical model of the arm. A biomechanical bias was restored when the continuous movement was broken up into a series of point to point movements. While we cannot yet explain these findings with certainty, we hope they will inspire further studies using decide-while-acting paradigms.

Keyphrases: Affordance competition hypothesis, Biomechanics, Decision-making, Embodied decision, Motor control, Neuroeconomics, Perceptual decision, Reaching
Analysis of Iranian film music (with focus on some contemporary composers) = Analyse de la musique de film iranien (avec un accent sur certains compositeurs contemporains)

Music has existed for centuries but composition of music for film is a relatively new art. It involves a delicate balance and critical attention to the relations between what the visual art presents, and how music should accompany the picture to convey a feeling. As this newly formed field of music evolves, so does the research and experimentations around it. All around the world we see musicians as well as music researchers peeking at different aspects of how music can expand the image. In a country like Iran, with a history of cinema almost as old as cinema itself, there is very little knowledge of this field. Only a few of the composers who worked on film scoring in the last century of Iranian cinema had academic knowledge of music, let alone music for the screen. In this research, we examine the history of music for cinema in Iran, from the very beginning in 1900, to the recent years. We present a brief history of the early years along with analysis of how music gradually became widespread in film production. Then we discuss four generations of Iranian film composers, each represented by a prominent composer of that generation. We analyze their style and work, then we specifically analyze one of their most prominent works.

Keyphrases: Film scoring, Iranian film composers, Analysis, Film music in Iran