Corrélats neuronaux du circuit des récompenses chez les jeunes à risque parental de troubles de l'humeur

This thesis aims to investigate the behavioral and neural reward circuitry, in youths at high parental risk for major depressive and bipolar disorder, in comparison to youths at low parental risk for mood disorders. More specifically, the goal is to identify behavioral and neural markers of the risk to develop a major depressive or a bipolar disorder in order to early detect and prevent these disorders, and ultimately to avoid, or at least delay, their emergence. To do so, we conducted two experiments, presented herein in two empirical articles.  In the first article, behavioral and neuronal reward circuitry were investigated in youths at high parental risk for major depressive disorder (i.e, asymptomatic youths which one of the parents is suffering from major depression), youths at high parental risk for bipolar disorder (i.e, asymptomatic youths which one of the parents is suffering from bipolar disorder) and control youths (i.e, asymptomatic youths from mentally healthy parents). Therefore, we used a monetary incentive delay task allowing the assessment of monetary gain and loss anticipation and outcome. Behaviorally, results revealed a better performance in youths at risk for major depressive disorder on trials involving potential losses of various magnitude (0,20$, 1$ or 5$), as well as a better performance in youths at risk for bipolar disorder on trials involving potential null losses (0$). Regarding imaging data, youths at risk for major depressive disorder demonstrated a reduced activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the anticipation of potential monetary losses of various magnitude, while youths at risk for bipolar disorder showed a reduced activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the anticipation of potential null losses. Moreover, youths at risk for major depressive disorder tended to have an increased activity in the orbitofrontal cortex during successful avoidance of monetary losses, while youths at risk for bipolar disorder tended to demonstrate an increased activity in the orbitofrontal cortex during feedback of monetary losses.   In the second article, structural integrity of fronto-limbic regions was investigated, through volumetric, cortical thickness and surface area measures. Results have highlighted, in youths at risk for bipolar disorder, an increased volume in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, compared to both youths at risk for major depressive disorder and controls. Moreover, youths at risk for bipolar disorder showed an increased volume in the posterior cingulate cortex, in comparison to youths at risk for major depressive disorder. Finally, a reduced thickness in the orbitofrontal cortex and middle frontal gyrus were observed in youths at risk for bipolar disorder, in comparison to control youths.  Taken together, these results demonstrate the existence of behavioral particularities, and neuronal alterations regarding functional and structural data, in youths at high risk for mood disorders, and this, even before the emergence of the first mood symptoms. More specifically, these characteristics might constitute markers of the risk to develop a mood disorder. Consequently, these markers could help to better identify youths who are most at risk to develop a mood disorder, and thus allow the early implementation of adapted preventive strategies to avoid psychopathological developmental trajectories.

Keyphrases: major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, youths, parental risk, reward circuitry, functional magnetic resonnance imaging, structural imaging