NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Les initiatives de prise en charge adaptée des Premières Nations et Inuit judiciarisés au Canada : quelques pistes de réflexion

The treatment of Indigenous people within the Canadian criminal justice system is problematic in several ways, particularly in terms of over-representation in prison population. Based on a literature review, this article explores the initiatives carried out by correctional services and Indigenous communities to provide programs that are better suited to the realities of criminalized Indigenous people, and that can better contribute to their social reintegration into community. While these initiatives are significant in the progression of First Nations and Inuit who have been criminalized, several issues and questions remain important to raise, especially since they do not address the initial problem, namely the over-penalization of Indigenous people in Canada.

Keyphrases: First Nations and Inuit, Correctional programs, Social reintegration
La représentation de la poésie dans les scénarios du Renouveau du cinéma québécois : une approche recherche-création

This thesis, presented as a research-creation project, is devoted to the study of screenplays resulting from the movement of the Renewal of Quebec cinema in the early 2000s, as well as to the representation of poetry from French literature in the cinema of contemporary Quebec authors. It is about making links between the use of literary texts in Quebec authored cinema and the new interpretations they suggest. In short, how does poetry in contemporary Quebec cinema echo the social issues of the Renewal, and how does this manifest itself in the writing of a screenplay? My research project is devoted on the one hand to the analysis of a predefined corpus from Quebec author cinema and to the study of literary expression within the seventh art, as well as its role in the ambivalence of Quebec identity, particularly in the following films: La face cachée de la lune (Robert Lepage, 2004), À l’Ouest de Pluton (Myriam Verreault, 2008), J’ai tué ma mère (Xavier Dolan, 2009), Les amours imaginaires (Xavier Dolan, 2010), Nuit #1 (Anne Émond, 2011), Laurentie (Mathieu Denis and Simon Lavoie, 2011), and Laurence Anyways (Dolan, 2012). I rely on the studies of researchers Christian Poirier (Le cinéma québécois : À la recherche d’une identité?, 2004), Michel Chion (L’écrit au cinéma, 2013), ans Isabelle Raynauld (Lire et écrire un scénario, 2019). On the other hand, this dissertation is devoted to writing a screenplay based on my research, titled À l’ombre des supernovae, inspired by the collection of poems L'outre-vie by Marie Uguay.

Keyphrases: Cinéma québécois, Scénario, Identité, Christian Poirier, Michel Chion, Marie Uguay, Quebec cinema, Author cinema, Renewal, Screenplay, Poetry, Identity
Jeu vidéo « expérimental »? : l’expérimentation vidéoludique théorisée en arts, en sciences et en design, et pratiquée dans la création de l'album musical vidéoludique Hoverboy

This thesis examines the notion of experimentation in video games to shed a productive conceptual light on the vague term “experimental video game”. Postulating that video games are simultaneously part of the arts (through the creation of visual, audio, and narrative components for example), sciences (notably because it relies on technological advancements), and design, the author leans on by the varied and sometimes distinct forms of experimentation across all these fields in order to describe not one singular experimental method, but a vast space which consists of multiple experimental approaches. The author finally shows how we can contemplate the experimental space of a game by drawing inspiration from systems theory, then identifies some unique experimental forms and figures in games and video games. This thesis also includes a retrospective creation report journal as well as some observations on a work developed by the author throughout their research, the computer-based videoludic music album Hoverboy. First imagined as a fundamentally experimental work, the author looks back on their creative process and reframes their approach regarding their theoretical observations around the notion of video game experimentation. This dual approach of research and creation carried out in parallel leads to methodological discussions on research-creation.

Keyphrases: Avant-garde, Digital arts, Experimentation, Experimental game, Video game, Creation, Digital arts, Game design, Art and science, Epistemology, Research-creation
«La laïcisation des études médiévales» : l’Institut d’études médiévales de l’Université de Montréal et sa réforme académique de la Révolution tranquille, 1959-1968

This master's thesis analyses the institutional transformations of the Institut d'études médiévales of the Université de Montréal between 1942 and 1968. To do so, we focus on the effects of the Quiet Revolution on the Institut d'études médiévales, an institution of higher learning founded by the Dominican Order in 1930. Inspired by the Nouvelle Théologie outlined by Marie-Dominique Chenu, the Institute embraces a doctrinal raison d'être and uses scientific know-how to achieve it. By adapting the historical-critical method to infer the teaching of Thomism, the Institute represents an interesting religious-scientific amalgam to understand the effects of the secularization of the Université de Montreal on its structures, its culture, and its institutions. We describe the journey of this institution through La Grande Noirceur, the Quiet Revolution, and the secularization of the university’s Charter. Through the analysis of the archives of the Université de Montreal and the Canadian Province of the Dominican Order, we describe the institutional history of the Institut d'études médiévales according to the evolution of its hopes and of its functions at the university. Through the analysis of its mission statements, we describe how the Institute adapts to keep pace with the structural and cultural evolution within Quebec’s Quiet Revolution.

Keyphrases: Université de Montréal, Nouvelle théologie, Institute of Medieval Studies, University of Montreal, Philosophy, Center for Medieval Studies, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Institutional history, Discourse analysis, History of universities, Quiet revolution, Secularization
«Jeunes filles, voilà vos mères. Soyez dignes d’elles!» : modèles moraux et patriotiques de la femme française dans les biographies collectives féminines (1886-1893)

As Jules Ferry’s Laws (1881-1882) rendered French primary education secular, mandatory and free, most republican pedagogues designed educational lessons developed on the principle of emulation. By promoting national historical figures and heroes, they mostly sought to provide moral and patriotic models, embodying republican values, to all young boys and girls. Many examples offered in classrooms illustrated and perpetuated a vision of French society based on the sexual division of labor: masculine icons expressed public, military, and political roles while feminine icons revealed private, domestic, and maternal attributes or responsibilities. Previous academic studies on the subject explored almost exclusively the content of primary official textbooks. Meanwhile, feminine models presented in children’s literature, especially within popular collective biographies, have not yet been the object of extensive historical research. Although this literary genre was consumed in great numbers by the public in fin-de-siècle France, it has until recently always been sidelined in academic studies. However, it can be argued that collective biographies showed a significant diversity of role models to French youth. Thereby, this Master’s thesis proposes an analysis of moral, civic, and patriotic icons, which schoolgirls were meant to emulate, included in three collective feminine biographies published during the years following Ferry’s school system reforms (between 1886 and 1893). This study attempts to define the « feminine » and « French » identity shaped by the authors of these books, which recommended less conventional and alternative models, different from traditional examples usually seen in official textbooks of the period.

Keyphrases: France, Genre, Third Republic, Feminine collective biography, Gender studies, Patriotism, Moral and civic education, Feminine identity, Primary education, Female role models, Great French women, National history
La critique de la chrétienté chez la revue catholique de gauche Maintenant (1962-1974)

Maintenant is a French Canadian catholic paper created by the Dominican Order and published  from 1962 to 1974. Its authors are proponents of Emmanuel Mounier’s personalism. According to  this philosophy, the true catholic faith calls for believers to positively transform profane society  following evangelical lines. Maintenant’s writers postulate that Québec’s numerous catholic  institutions are an obstacle to this ideal : rather than encourage believers to reshape their  environment, these institutions seek to isolate them from society in order to shield them from  nefarious beliefs and temptations. This « system », la chrétienté, is relentlessly criticized and  painted as the main cause behind the observed religious decline. Indeed, the monthly publication  argues that these institutions are indissociable from an authoritarian stance that breeds conformism  and religious ignorance. From 1965 onward, secularism in Québec dramatically reduces the  Catholic Church’s institutional presence. The Liberals’ « Bill 60 », for example, makes the  government the primary actor in matters of public education. In turn, the intellectuals of Maintenant gradually shift their focus from la chrétienté to secularism’s impact on religious belief and practice.  Convinced that Catholicism and the rising secular mentality can coexist, they put forward ideas of  pastoral, liturgical and ecclesiological reform aimed at reconciling the two. These propositions are  deeply influenced by the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) during which a majority of the  clergy is won over by personalist ideals. The paper’s authors are nonetheless disappointed by the  reforms emanating from the works of the Council as they are deemed unambitious and badly  implemented.

Keyphrases: Maintenant, Personalism, Catholic Church, Quiet Revolution, Secularism
La presse nationale française et la remise en question du traité de Versailles par l’Allemagne (1933-1939)

During the 1930s, France was hit by a political, economic, and diplomatic crisis which revealed many divisions in society. French journalists, seeking a solution to the national crisis, showed a particular interest towards their neighbor across the Rhine after the nomination of Hitler as Chancellor of Germany on January 30th, 1933. Hitler took advantage of France’s weakness and divisions to question but also oppose and act against the clauses of the Treaty of Versailles until the outbreak of World War II on September 1st, 1939. The objective of this research is to analyze how the French national press reacted to German revisionism from 1933 to 1939. In this context, the press’ perception of Hitler’s actions and how its opinions changed (or not) over time reveals the ways in which French newspapers interpreted events in Germany that affected France itself. By consulting editorials and opinion articles from five daily newspapers of different political orientations, namely L’Action française, L’Humanité, Le Figaro, Le Petit Parisien and Le Temps, this memoire analyse the opinion of the French national press on the revision of the Treaty of Versailles. This study contributes to the historiography of the interwar period and France’s reaction to German aggression in two ways. First, it shows that the press was not blind to Hitler’s revisionist plan. It also demonstrates that the French press remained divided concerning the actions of Nazi Germany until 1939. The protection of the Treaty of Versailles’ clauses and its system, which maintained the balance of power in Europe, polarised the French press and created a weakened national feeling until the outbreak of World War II. German revisionism fuelled the disagreements in the daily newspapers studied from 1933 to 1939.

Keyphrases: L’Action française, L’Humanité, Le Figaro, Le Petit Parisien, Le Temps, French national press, Treaty of Versailles, German revisionism, franco-german diplomacy
L’accessibilité aux espaces verts, source d’inégalités environnementales ? : le cas de Saint-Henri à Montréal

The Saint-Henri district in the southwest of Montreal has been marked for several decades by a process of gentrification with harmful consequences for vulnerable populations, as well as more recently by an important growth of sustainable green spaces in order to favour their accessibility to these same populations. Yet, in seeking to address the problem of environmental inequity related to accessibility, these green spaces influenced by the ideal of sustainability may also contribute to a phenomenon of (eco)gentrification, which in turn may create environmental injustice related to the displacement of vulnerable neighborhood populations. To understand this issue, this brief illustrates the relationship between (eco)gentrification, sustainable development and greening of urban spaces and the consequences of this on vulnerable populations. The reflection surrounding this triple relationship also allows us to highlight a gap between the discourse and practices of accessibility to green spaces by mobilizing a critical environmental justice approach. Consequently, the research methodology is built to verify the presence of this gap in the specific context of Saint-Henri and more particularly of the green triangle observed during the research fieldwork. It mobilizes a cross-sectional qualitative analysis of discourses and observations of non-verbal behaviors. The analysis and interpretation of the collected data demonstrate the presence of a gap between the discourses and the practices of accessibility to green spaces caused by the phenomenon of (eco)gentrification. This gap, rooted in environmental injustice, paradoxically favors the reinforcement of an environmental inequality linked to the limitation of access to green spaces for vulnerable populations, and thus to the improvement of their living conditions.

Keyphrases: urban sustainability, (eco)gentrification, urban green space, accessibility and urban sustainability, critical environmental justice, environmental inequality, public greening policies, discourse and practice
Contamination atmosphérique en éléments traces au sein de tourbières ombrotrophes situées à proximité d’une fonderie de cuivre

The Rouyn-Noranda region is strongly affected by trace element (TE) contamination, such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb), from atmospheric deposition of the Horne copper smelter emissions. Although studies have demonstrated the biogeochemical influence of the Horne smelter on the environment, no research has particularly investigated the spatial distribution of TEs in the vicinity of the smelter. This thesis aims to map the spatial extent of TEs in the Rouyn-Noranda region and to evaluate their distribution between the ecosystem components of peat bogs exposed to contrasting levels of TE depositions. Based on the TE concentrations analyzed in the bryophyte Sphagnum fuscum, sampled in 54 bogs up to 50 km east from the smelter, we modelled the spatial extent of TE through spatial kriging interpolation. Trace element contamination is higher near the smelter and decreases with increasing distance from the latter. Consequently, TE levels in the peat, pore water, and components (roots, shoots, and leaves) of four plant species within bogs are consistently higher at sites 10 km from the smelter than at sites 25 km away. Within plants, the vertical translocation of TE is limited, and these elements accumulate specifically in the roots, which are exposed to considerable concentrations of TE in the peat and in the pore water. My work has shown that the extent of the environmental contamination of TEs in Rouyn-Noranda is a function of the distance from the Horne smelter and their mobility in peatlands is localized at the root-soil-water interface.

Keyphrases: Sphagnum fuscum, Trace elements, Peatland, Sphagnum fuscum, Atmospheric contamination, Smelter, Plant remobilization, Spatial interpolation, Kriging
The prevalence of complexity in flammable ecosystems and the application of complex systems theory to the simulation of fire spread

Forests are an ecologically, culturally, and economically important natural resource that face growing challenges due to climate change. These challenges are difficult to predict due to the complex nature of the interactions between climate and vegetation. Furthermore, fire is intrinsically linked to both climate and vegetation and is, itself, complex. Given the importance of forest ecosystems, the potential dangers of forest fires, and the complexity of their interactions, it is paramount to gain an understanding of these systems through the lens of complex systems science. Complex systems science and its attendant modeling techniques can provide insights on such systems that traditional modelling techniques cannot. Where statistical and equation-based techniques seek to work around the non-linear, self-organized, and emergent dynamics of complex systems, modelling approaches such as Cellular Automata and Agent-Based Models (ABM) embrace this complexity by seeking to reproduce the key interactions of these systems. While there exist numerous models of fire behaviour that account for complexity, ABM offers a middle ground between empirical and physical simulation models that may provide new insights into fire behaviour and simulation. This study seeks to add to our understanding of fire within the context of complex systems science by developing such an ABM of fire spread. The model uses fuel-type, terrain, and weather data to create the agent environment. The model is evaluated with a case study of a natural fire that occurred in 2001 in southwestern Alberta, Canada. Results of this study support the value of considering complexity when simulating forest fires and demonstrate the utility of ABM for such a task.

Keyphrases: perturbations forestières, agent-based model (ABM), forest disturbances, landscape ecology, fire behaviour, wildfire simulation, complex systems science
Captation des particules fines par les arbres : cas des grands parcs montréalais

Particulate matter is an agent harmful to human health and reducing its atmospheric concentration is necessary from a public health approach. Achieving this objective requires, among other things, the capture of particles by vegetation. Our research question was what is the potential of public trees in the city of Montreal for capturing such particles. We chose large parks as our study site, because trees cover a significant percentage of their surface. The particulate matter capture model of the i-Tree software was used to define the air purification capacity according to the specific characteristics of each park. These characteristics include tree leaf area index (LAI) and canopy extent, weather conditions, and particulate matter concentrations in the air. Several methods and techniques for calculating these parameters were tested and the most appropriate ones used for the calculation of inputs to the model. Calculations were made on a daily basis for the whole of 2017. The results show that just over 3.5 tonnes of particles were captured for the fourteen parks evaluated over this period. According to our calculations, most of these particles were leached to the ground by rain and a small percentage were put back into circulation. A validation test of the results in situ was inconclusive. The fact remains that the results are similar to those of research carried out in other North American cities with the i-Tree model. These results show that the role of trees for air purification is important at least locally. Possibilities for improving the methods of calculating the inputs for the capture model are also discussed.

Keyphrases: Particular matters, Urban forest, Ecosystem services, Modeling
Les marges des tourbières ombrotrophes dans un contexte d'anthropisation du paysage

Peatland margins are ecotones characterized by their unique plant communities and edaphic conditions. However, they are usually studied in locations where the pressure from anthropogenic activities is relatively low. The goal of this project is to evaluate the functions and structure of ombrotrophic peatland margins in the context of anthropogenic disturbance. This project is based on the analysis of data collected on 21 transects distributed across three peatlands of the Saint Lawrence valley region (Lac-à-la-Tortue, Mer Bleue, and Alfred) chosen to represent a gradient of disturbance. The vegetation composition and biogeochemistry of the least disturbed sites (Lac-à-la-Tortue, and Mer Bleue) are similar to other undisturbed sites. Lac-à-la-Tortue margins do not have any transitional vegetation community while Mer Bleue margins have either one or two transitional communities. Nevertheless, exotic species such as Phragmites australis subsp. australis and Frangula alnus found on Mer Bleue raise concern regarding the ongoing urbanisation and agricultural activities around the peatland. On the other hand, Alfred's natural margins were destroyed by anthropic activities in the surrounding landscape which explains why we measured a thicker peat layer and a deeper water table than expected at the margin limits. The severe drainage of Alfred margins due to agriculture around the peatland is also responsible for the higher tree coverage and non-wetland species encroachment on its margins. The effect of this disturbance raises concern about the capacity of the margins nay the peatland to retain its carbon sequestration capacity. This study emphasizes the importance of integrating the peatland margins in conservation and restoration projects.

Keyphrases: hydrologie, perturbation anthropique, peatland, margin, biogeochemistry, vegetation, hydrology, anthropogenic disturbance
Monachisme et altérité : la représentation des «autres» dans la littérature monastique égyptienne (IVe-Ve siècles)

During the 4th and the 5th centuries, the emergence of monasticism transformed the religious landscape around the Mediterranean. This ascetic movement and the impact of its institutionalization within the Great Church contribute to the formation of a new religious identity and to the transformation of systems inherited from classical thinkers. Starting from the monastic sources, this project will shed light on the relations between the first Christian monks and the various figures of otherness – religious, intellectual, and ethnical – in the Egyptian provinces during Late Antiquity. By looking at different entities present in Egyptian territory, we will be able to understand how monastic identity was formed in its relationship with the otherness and how the monastic authors represent these identity groups. Thus, at the end of this presentation, the readers will be better equipped to understand the relationships between the first Christian monks and the various face of otherness in the Egyptian monastic context.

Keyphrases: Late Antiquity, Egyptian Christianity, Christian monk, Pagan, Representation, Relationships