L’illusion des signaux pénaux : l’effet tendancieux de l’impunité différentielle

Using an economic approach to crime, this thesis focuses on offenders’ ability to minimize their risks of arrest or conviction and on the effect of this differential adaptation on the way we should interpret offenders’ profile based on police and correctional statistics. Studies using the approach mostly insisted on penal costs, but overlooked the benefits that offenders gain from crime and their differential vulnerability to risks, essential to its interpretation. Considering penal experiences as an information signal between offenders and criminal justice system officials, both parties would need to interpret this signal with a serious amount of noise: penal avoidance. This signal distortion induced to police officers, judge or correctional officers a misleading depiction of inefficient offenders. Our first analysis, based on a population estimates method, assess the intensity of this distortion through the different steps of the penal system (arrest, conviction, incarceration). This noise is not randomly distributed, but influenced by offenders’ characteristics. Offenders who are less prone to detection are be more experienced in the achievement of their offences: older, more geographically mobile, more specialized. Our second analysis looked at the effect of penal avoidance on our interpretation of recidivism. Self-reported offending data from an inmate sample, in conjunction with penal data, allowed us to assess individual penal avoidance ability. When taking into consideration penal avoidance, past penal experiences appear to be an indicator of failure faced by offenders during their criminal career rather than its true continuation, creating the illusion of the efficient prediction of recidivism using past penal experiences. The intensity of past penal costs reduces the probability of the continuation of the criminal career. The benefits of crime increase this probability while legitimate opportunities reduce it.  Our third analysis, also using a population estimates methods combined to a variation adapted for offenders’ urban mobility, gives a macro perspective to our past observations and allowed us to examine the evolution of offenders populations from different ethnic groups in function of the intensity of police surveillance they each are subject to. Our results suggest that, for offenses with more proactive reporting, an increased surveillance of one group results in the decreased surveillance of other groups. The preventive effect on the first group is then cancelled by an incentive effect on the second. This effect alone suffices to increase the total criminal population. This Harcourt effect corrects the illusion of criminal profiling or targeted strategies efficiency. In conclusion, we observe that relying solely on penal data to assess offenders behaviours maintain an illusion of penal efficiency. The noise caused by offenders’ penal avoidance or differential impunity influences our understanding of offenders’ adaptive behaviors.

Keyphrases: estimation population, analyse de capture-recapture, adaptation criminelle, Penal avoidance, dark figure of crime, population estimation, capture-recapture analysis, penal recidivism, criminal adaptation