Évaluation des performances chromatographiques de phases stationnaires amphiphiles à base de dérivés de l’acide cholique

Over the past ten years, interesting oligomeric compounds based on cholic acids have been synthesized and characterized by our collaborators from the Julian X.X Zhu group at the Université de Montréal (UdeM). In a recent work, they synthesized a cholic acid dimer and showed that it could form invertible molecular pockets when dissolved in media of different polarity; in water, the dimer forms hydrophobic pockets, and in organic media, the dimer forms hydrophilic pockets. Therefore, these amphiphilic compounds, when in solution, demonstrate molecular pocket behavior depending on solvent conditions to form a cavity of opposite polarity of the media in which they are located. The inversion behavior results from the conformational flexibility of the chemical linker between the bile acid monomers. The ability of the pockets to trap probe species based on their polarity suggests that the cholic acid oligomers might be interesting stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), where separation is based on solute polarity relative to the mobile phase. Since these materials can produce hydrophobic and hydrophilic pockets, they could be exploited in both normal-phase chromatography (NPC) and reversed-phase chromatography (RPC). The ability to have an invertible stationary phase with suitable bimodal affinity could be advantageous in biosciences, environmental sciences, and for the separation of complex mixtures by widening the field of application of the same chromatographic column. The bimodal affinity may, in particular, make it possible to avoid changing the operating mode of the HPLC; a costly and lengthy process requiring a large amount of solvent to re-equilibrate and passivate all fluidic paths of the instrument. This memoir is an exploratory study that sets out to evaluate whether this type of cholic acid oligomer, once bonded to silica gel particles (6 μm diameter), shows the formation of molecular pockets in various mobile phase conditions and if they can be used to perform separations as bimodal stationary phases. To the best of our knowledge, invertible stationary phases based on cholic acid oligomers that are capable of selective binding and release of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds depending on the polarity of the eluent do not yet exist. This type of stationary phase can be compared to the other bimodal stationary phases that can be used in either NPC or RPC that includes amphiphilic copolymers, organometallic structures and macromolecules like cyclodextrins (CD). The bimodal nature of the CD-based iv stationary phases are quite similar to the cholic acid oligomers stationary phases of this study, thanks to a natural hydrophobic cavity and a hydrophilic exterior, but without the invertibility of the cavity due to the rigidity of the CD ring. The grafted particles were slurry-packed into 250 μm inner diameter (ID) fused silica tubing to make 10 cm long capillary columns. The liquid chromatographic performance of the stationary phases was investigated using a capillary HPLC instrument with a UV absorbance detector. Several probe analytes were investigated to characterize the molecular pocket-based retention in various water/organic mobile phases. RPC and hydrophilic interaction (HILIC) behaviors were observed in distinctive composition ranges of water/organic mobile phases. The tests showed that the materials were able to retain nonpolar compounds gradually with the decrease of percentage organic (% org) over a wide range of compositions (45% to 0% org for alkylbenzenes). The hydrophobic pockets seem to be responsible for the retention at % org less than 10% and only for a small extent of the total range of the hydrophobic retention. The reversed phase behavior was compared to classical alkyl-chain-based columns (C3, C4, C8 and C18) to assess the importance of the hydrophobic interactions. Conversely, an increase in % org, especially acetonitrile, resulted in the retention of polar compounds over a smaller range of % org starting at 85% org. This latter retention is mainly attributable to HILIC mechanisms with the uncapped silica gel support and not the cholic acid dimer hydrophilic pockets.

Keyphrases: HPLC, Bimodal amphiphilic stationary phase, Invertible molecular pockets, Cholic acid oligomers