El Tropel, un sitio arqueológico del Clásico en el Occidente Mesoamericano

This doctoral research was conducted in the frame of  an archaeological project salvage in the Colima state, Mexico. The rescue took place in an archaeological site located in the municipality of Villa de Álvarez, Colima. This region had been excavated before and the presence of funerary contexts was attested, nevertheless no archaeological records were reported for these projects. The Colima region is known for the presence of shaft tombs, for its prehispanic pottery industry and for the so called “perros de Colima”. Curiously, although these elements are intimately related to funeral contexts, there are very few archaeological studies dedicated to the biological component of funerary practices, the human beings. The field research project gave us the possibility to go deeper in a wider dissertation project in which the main subject was the funerary traditions, one of the most emblematic subjects in this Mesoamerican region. The main goal of this dissertation structure was to establish the value of findings from el Tropel through its cultural links with the local region, the West Mesoamerica and the whole cultural area.  Twenty-six individuals of different sexes and ages were recovered during the excavations. At least four different periods of occupation were registered in this place. The identified cultural phases let us know that the continual occupation of this site goes from 339 AD to 682 AD (C14 dates were obtained from the bones of three individuals from el Tropel), these dates correspond to the Comala phase. The large amount of archaeological materials from this phase in four cultural strata gave us the basis to understand a relative dating which keeps relation with the appearance and frequency of four other cultural phases characterized by their ceramics: Ortices, Colima, Armería and Chanal.  Within the funeral practices we registered the existence of funerary treatments that were practiced before, during, and after the burial of the deceased. These practices had not been identified although similar funeral contexts had been already been reported in this archaeological region. The funeral treatments analyses demonstrated the transmission of knowledge concerning the human anatomy, the cadaveric processes and probably a tradition of special cult to the bones.  We practiced also an osteological study of the twenty-six individuals to get demographic, pathological, social and economical data. Among the most out-standing aspects about health, we registered the presence of some pathologies little known for this Mesoamerican region, syphilis and tuberculosis. For the biocultural customs we identified the practice of cranial intentional deformation and also the presence of a “cranial deformation machine” made of ceramics. From this practice we also observed the relationship between cranial deformation and wormian bones formation within the sutural lines. This work includes the analyses of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes made over the bones of humans, dogs and deers from el Tropel, and the results answered some basic important questions about consumption patterns, economy, social life and food habits.

Keyphrases: Colima, Bioarchaeology, archaeology of the death, West Mesoamerica, cranial deformation, Osteology, paleopathology, stable isotopes