Regulation of HMG-CoA reductase, HSL and ACAT expression and activity in testicular cholesterol metabolism in mink and in mouse following experimental genetic deletion

Introduction: Cholesterol homeostasis is essential for the synthesis of testosterone in interstitial tissue and the production of fertile gametes in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. Intracelluar cholesterol equilibrium in the testis is delicately maintained and regulated by enzymatic factors. The absence of one or more enzymes (HMG-CoA reductase, HSL and ACAT) has been implicated in the development of male infertility. However, the enzymatic factors that contribute to the maintenance of cholesterol equilibrium have not been investigated. This study is to test the hypothesis that the coordinated function of intracellular enzymes, HMG-CoA reductase, HSL and ACAT isoforms, are the basis of a system that helps to maintain cholesterol equilibrium during spermatogenesis. Methods: We characterized mRNA and protein expression levels of these enzymes in mink seminiferous tubules-enriched fraction (STf) during development and the annual reproductive cycle; or in mouse interstitial tissue-enriched fraction (ITf) and STf during postnatal development. Two novel techniques were developed to measure the HMG-CoA reductase, HSL and ACAT activities in mink and mouse STf. Additionally, immunohistochemistry was used to localize the enzymes in the testis. Finally, HSL knockout (KO) infertile male mice and selective cholesterol transporter (SR-BI, CD36) KO mice were used to elucidate the contribution of HMG-CoA reductase, HSL and ACAT isoforms in testicular cholesterol homeostasis when the enzyme or cholesterol transport system was genetically impeded. Results: 1) HMG-CoA reductase: (In mink STf), HMG-CoA reductase mRNA levels were relatively independent of 90kDa protein expression during development and the seasonal cycle. HMG-CoA reductase activity increased independently of its protein expression and reached maximal values by day 240 (3.6411e-7 mol/min/μg protein) during development and peaked in February (1.2132e-6 mol/min/μg protein) during the seasonal cycle. (In mouse STf), HMG-CoA reductase mRNA levels and enzymatic activity peaked by 42 days before decreasing while the protein levels tended to decrease steadily. 2) HSL: (In mink STf), an increase of 90kDa HSL protein expression by day 180- and 240 after birth as well as in January in seasonal cycle, was not related to the enzyme mRNA expression. HSL activity increased progressively through development and peaked by 270 days (36.45 nM/min/μg); another high HSL activity was shown in February. (In mouse STf), three significant elevations in HSL mRNA levels by day 21, 28, and 35 corresponded to a steady elevation of HSL protein expression throughout development. HSL activity peaked by day 42 but decreased remarkably in the adult. 3) ACAT-1 and ACAT-2: This is the first report to establish the presence of both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 in the mink and mouse testis. (In mink STf), ACAT-2 activity reached its maximal value at 1190.00 CPMB/200μg protein by day 270 and 2643 CPMB/200μg protein in January. In contrast, ACAT-1 activity peaked by day 90 or in August during the seasonal cycle. (In mouse STf), ACAT-1 mRNA and protein levels were both decreased throughout development; ACAT-2 mRNA levels changes in the opposite direction of the protein levels, increasing throughout development. ACAT-1 activity in STf decreased throughout the development; while ACAT-2 activity increased significantly during development and peaked by day 42. 4) HSL-/- mice: KO HSL gene caused a decrease of HMG-CoA redutase mRNA expression and enzymatic activity in STf. However, ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 mRNA levels and enzymatic activities significantly increased in STf. 5) SR-BI-/- mice: The mRNA expression and activity of HMG-CoA reductase as well as ACAT-1 were statistically decreased in STf; whereas HSL mRNA level and activity were increased. 6) CD36-/- mice: The mRNA expression and activity of HMG-CoA reductase as well as ACAT-2 were significantly decreased in STf; while HSL and ACAT-1 mRNA levels and activities remained constant. Conclusion: These results suggest that 1) Activation of HMG-CoA reductase and HSL is associated with spermatogenetic activity, while the enzymatic activities may not only be regulated transcriptionally. 2) ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 are expressed in different cells of the tubules, suggesting distinct functions for these two closely related enzyme isoforms, with ACAT-1 being related to cholesterol esterification in germ cells and with ACAT-2 being associated with the removal of excessive cholesterol by Sertoli cells during spermatogenesis. 3) Genetically blocking HSL reduced the activity of HMG-CoA reductase while increasing activity of ACAT isoforms, suggesting the turn-off the enzyme in the cholesterol ester cycle may be essential for the accumulation of cholesterol esters in the tubules. 4) The dysfunction of intracellular cholesterol transporters affects regulation of the enzymes (HMG-CoA reductase, HSL and ACAT-1 and ACAT-2), which is presumably in response to compensatory extracellular cholesterol uptake. This study suggests that the enzymes implicated in the regulation of intracellular cholesterol may act cooperatively to maintain cholesterol homeostasis in testis.

Keyphrases: HSL, ACAT-1, ACAT-2, Cholesterol homeostasis, HMG-CoA reductase, Spermatogenesis