Caractérisation des complexes ribonucléoprotéiques de Staufen1 et Staufen2

In the cell, the expression of each mRNA is finely tuned transcriptionally, but also, at the level of translation, degradation and intracellular localisation. These mechanisms of regulation are important in order to control the expression of each translational product at the right time and place. When a physiological phenomenon is activated, the expression of multiple functionally-related mRNAs must be simultaneously regulated. To orchestrate the coordinated expression of all the transcripts that respond to specific cell needs, it is advantageous to regulate the function of a common trans-acting factor that associates with them. Such a mechanism permits to control the fate of a sub-population of mRNAs according to the factors to which they are bound.   As a means to learn more about the regulation of mRNAs in ribonucleoprotein complexes (mRNP), we decided to focus our study on the characterisation of Staufen-associated mRNPs. In mammalian cells, two Staufen paralogs, Stau1 and Stau2, are expressed and each gene generates different isoforms through differential splicing. Staufen proteins are double-stranded RNA binding proteins implicated in numerous aspects of the post-transcriptional regulation of mRNAs such as degradation, translation and localisation.  Stau1 and Stau2 are similar proteins with an overall percentage identity of around 50%. This percentage increases to near 75% when only the functional double-stranded RNA-binding domains (dsRBD3) are compared. Similarly, Stau2 isoforms, Stau259 and Stau262, are perfectly identical except at the N-terminal extremity where the sequence of Stau262 is extended as compared to that of Stau259. Therefore, their RNA-binding domain 3 are perfectly identical.  These observations bring in an interesting problematic. Are those almost identical proteins part of the same mRNP, acting in conjunction or, despite their high similarities, are they part of distinct mRNP participating in specific function? In order to address this question, we decided to immunoprecipitated from HEK293 cells, Stau155, Stau259 and Stau262-associated mRNPs and identify bound mRNAs.  Resulting mRNAs isolated from each complex were identified by microarray analysis. There is a predominance of mRNAs involved in cell metabolism, transport, transcription and regulation of cell processes. The presence of at least some of these transcripts in specific mRNP was confirmed by RT-PCR. Despite the presence of a common population of mRNA associated with both Stau1 and Stau2, the majority of the transcripts were specific to each paralog. Interestingly, we observed that transcripts associated with either Stau1 or Stau2 were nevertheless involved in the same pathways of cell regulation, suggesting that both proteins have complementary roles in the same cellular processes. On the other hand, mRNAs associated with Stau259 and Stau262 were more similar. This suggests that these two isoforms might have more overlapping functions.  Consistent with a model of post-transcriptional gene regulation, our results show that Stau1- and Stau2-mRNPs associate with distinct but overlapping sets of cellular mRNAs and that these mRNAs are nevertheless involved in common pathways. It is consistent with the high degree of sequence similarity between Stau1 and Stau2 that predicts that they may have conserved convergent functions and with the observation that they are distributed in distinct mRNP complexes in neurites. Knowing the importance of Stau2 in the transport of dendritic mRNA and to further understand the molecular mechanisms by which it modulates synaptic function, we decided to characterise Stau2-containing mRNPs in neurons. Using anti-Stau2 antibody to immunoprecipitate the mRNPs, we have identified a population of more than 1700 transcripts associated with Stau2 in embryonic rat brain.  These mRNAs code for proteins involved in cellular processes such as post-translational modification, translation, intracellular transport and RNA metabolism. Interestingly, Stau2-associated mRNAs isolated form rat brains are relatively different from those isolated from HEK293 cells. This result suggests that the specificity of Stau2-mRNA association can differ from one tissue to the other. Similarly, we have identified the proteins presents in Stau2-containing complexes isolated from embryonic rat brains by a proteomic approach. We were able to determine the presence of mRNA-binding proteins (PABPC1, hnRNP H1, YB1 and hsc70), proteins of the cytoskeleton (α- and β -tubulin) and RUFY3 a poorly characterized protein. While PABPC1 and YB1 associate with Stau2-containing mRNPs through RNAs, hsc70 is directly bound to Stau2 and this interaction is regulated by ATP. The presence of the RNA-binding proteins YB1 and PABPC1, both involved in translation regulation, suggests that the expression of Stau2-bound mRNAs may be regulated at the level of translation initiation.     Finally, it is well known that synaptic plasticity requires mRNA transport in dendrites and their local translation. Since the study of the neurophysiological role of Stau2 was already in progress we decided to concentrate our energy on the function of Stau1.   Therefore, we studied the importance of Stau1 protein at the neurophysiological level, especially looking for a role in synaptic plasticity. We were able to demonstrate that Stau1 is required for the late form of long term synaptic potentiation, L-LTP, a plasticity dependent not only on local translation of mRNAs, but also on newly transcribed and transported mRNAs. Using hippocampal slices, we showed that Stau1 down-regulation by RNA interference prevents the development and/or maintenance of L-LTP. However, neurons displayed normal early-LTP, mGluR1/5-mediated long-term depression, or basal evoked synaptic transmission. In addition, at the cellular level, Stau1 down-regulation shifted spine shape from regular to elongated spines, without changes in spine density. The change in spine shape could be rescued by an RNA interference-resistant Stau1 isoform. Therefore, Stau1 is important for processing and/or transporting in dendrites mRNAs that are critical in regulation of synaptic strength and maintenance of functional connectivity changes underlying hippocampus dependent learning and memory.    In conclusion we were able to further reveal the composition and the importance of the Stau1 and Stau2 mRNP. First, we have identified distinct and overlapping population of mRNAs associated to the diverse isoform of Stau, form HEK293 cells. Second, we were able to identify a population of neuronal transcript as well as some proteins factors present in the Stau2 particles. One of which, hsc70, is directly bound to Stau2 and its interaction is regulated by the presence of ATP. Finally, we have demonstrated the importance of Stau1 in the morphology of the dendritic spine as well as its fundamental implication in synaptic plasticity.

Keyphrases: mRNP, Stau1, Stau2, transport, mRNA, dendritic spines, synaptic plasticity