Régulation épigénétique de la défense antioxydante et de l'Angiopoietin-like 2 dans le contexte du vieillissement et des maladies cardiovasculaires

Following exposure to risk factors including malnutrition, dyslipidemia, physical inactivity and metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are characterized by a pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory state, and a dysregulation in the expression of various factors responsible for the redox and inflammatory environment homeostasis. The implication of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutases (SOD) and glutathione peroxidases (Gpx), as well as the contribution of pro-inflammatory mediators such as angiopoietin-like 2 (Angptl2) are well characterized in the context of CVD.  However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms sensitive to environmental cues leading to the development of CVD. Epigenetics are mechanisms regulating gene expression that are sensitive to extracellular stimuli and could therefore contribute to the pathogenesis of CVD. DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that can vary both at gene and genomic levels; the consequence of these epigenetic changes on the expression of targeted genes is dependent on the methylation site.  Since it has been reported that DNA methylation variations can be associated with diverse pathological conditions including CVD, the goal of our work was to study the link between the methylation of antioxidant and pro-inflammatory genes, and their consequences on biological functions in the context of risk factors associated with CVD, such as aging, dyslipidemia and physical inactivity.  In the first study, we observed that in the femoral artery of aging mice, the methylation at the promoter of the Sod2 gene, which codes for the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase, type 2 (SOD2 or MnSOD), decreases with age. This suggests an induction of MnSOD expression and thus a strengthening of the endogenous antioxidant defense. Since aging is associated with an accumulation of free radicals, we studied the endothelium-dependant vasodilation, known to be sensitive to oxidative stress. We observed that, overall, vasodilatory capacity was preserved in aging mice, due to a concomitant decrease in endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHF) and an increased contribution of the nitric oxide (NO) pathway. We then used two in vivo oxidative stress-reducing approaches, namely the supplementation with the antioxidant catechin and chronic exposure to voluntary physical exercise. These interventions prevented the changes in endothelial function and the Sod2 hypomethylation-dependent induction of MnSOD expression. Hence, this first study demonstrates the sensitivity of DNA methylation to the redox environment.  In the second study, we demonstrated that the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1) expression was regulated through the methylation of its coding gene, Gpx1, in the context of severe dyslipidemia. Our results show that in the skeletal muscle of severely dyslipidemic transgenic mice (LDLr-/-; hApoB+/+), Gpx1 is hypermethylated, which in turn decreased Gpx1 expression and weakened the endogenous antioxidant defense. In these mice, chronic physical exercise managed to increase Gpx1 expression, an effect linked with a transient gene hypomethylation. This study demonstrates that oxidative stress associated with severe dyslipidemia alters antioxidant defense mechanisms, partially through an epigenetic mechanism. Moreover, we also observed that physical exercise can revert these changes and can induce epigenetic changes, at least transiently.  The goal of the third project was to study Angptl2 regulation, a circulating pro-inflammatory protein, in the context of CVD. We observed that, in coronary patients, circulating Angptl2 concentration is significantly increased in conjunction with hypomethylation of its gene, ANGPTL2, measured in circulating leukocytes. We are the first to show that in response to the pro-inflammatory environment associated with a CVD, Angptl2 expression is stimulated by an epigenetic mechanism.  In conclusion, our studies allowed the identification of novel regulatory differentially methylated regions located in genes involved in antioxidant defense, namely Sod2, in the context of aging, and Gpx1 in the context of dyslipidemia and exercise. We also revealed, for the first time, an Angptl2 regulating mechanism dependent on ANGPTL2 methylation in a context of CVD. These observations illustrate the dynamic nature of epigenetic regulation through DNA methylation in response to environmental cues. Our studies therefore contribute to the understanding and identification of molecular mechanisms involved in the development of pathological phenotypes following exposure to risk factors, which opens the way to novel therapeutic strategies.

Keyphrases: Angiopoietin-like 2 (Angptl2), Epigenetics, DNA methylation, Reactive oxygen species, Physical exercise, Cardiovascular diseases