NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Implication de la protéine Staufen 2 dans les voies de réponse aux dommages à l’ADN

Many complex cellular pathways are induced in response to DNA damages. This cellular response is indispensable to prevent the accumulation of mutations and to avoid malignant transformation. These different pathways are highly coordinated and are organized in a global mechanism called DNA damage response (DDR). Proteins involved in the DDR are regulated at different levels of the gene expression process. Notably, several RNA binding proteins are involved in the regulation of DDR gene expression through the post-transcriptional control of their mRNA. The RBP STAU2 is known to bind various mRNAs coding for proteins involved in the DDR or cell cycle control. STAU2 is regulated at the transcriptional levels by the major transcription factor E2F1. Recent observations suggest that CHK1 could be implicated in the control of the steady-state level of STAU2. Otherwise, the cellular consequences of STAU2 downregulation remain elusive. The purpose of this research was first to elucidate the implication of CHK1 pathway in STAU2 regulation. CHK1 is a major protein involved in the DDR regulation as well as in the control of cell cycle progression in the absence of DNA damage. Our data show that the downregulation of CHK1 rapidly leads to a caspase-dependent degradation of STAU2 independently of apoptosis. The link between STAU2 and mechanisms of DNA repair was reinforced by our BioID2 experiment that identified several proteins of the DDR in close proximity with STAU2. On the other hand, the aim of this study was to determine the consequences of STAU2 downregulation in different cell lines. Given that STAU2 is an RBP, its dysregulation will inevitably change the fate of several mRNA. In order to increase our understanding of theses consequences, we generated an hTert-RPE1 STAU2-KO cell line using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. Our data show that these cells accumulate DNA damage and have an increased proliferation rate. Moreover, several genes involved in the DNA repair pathway are downregulated. We also downregulated STAU2 in IMR90 to determine if the previous observations are cell-type specifics. In the latter case, STAU2 diminution triggers cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence. Altogether, these results contribute to improve our knowledge of STAU2 function, especially in DNA damage response pathway and in cell cycle regulation.

Keyphrases: STAU2, RNA-binding protein, Messenger RNA, Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, DNA damage response, Cellular senescence, Cell cycle, Protein stability, Genomic instability
Établissement d’un nouveau modèle de souris pour étudier les cellules valvulaires interstitielles : ADAMTS19-Cre-ert2

BACKGROUND: Valvular heart disease (VHD) occurs in ~2% of the general population, often resulting in reduced or disturbed blood flow. We recently identified two unrelated families with recessive inheritance patterns of progressive polyvalvular heart disease in absence of any clear syndromic phenotype. Exome sequencing revealed homozygous, rare, loss of function (LOF) alleles in both families for the gene ADAMTS19. The relation between ADAMTS19 mutation and aortic stenosis were confirm via an ADAMTS19-LacZ KO/KO mouse model. This model also shows that ADAMTS19 is specific of VICs during valve development. The ADAMTS protein family includes 19 proteases that are involved in matrix remodeling, and tissue homeostasis in development and disease. However, the role of ADAMTS19 specifically during valve development remains unknown. We aim to characterize ADAMTS19 expression using a BAC transgenic ADMTS19-CRERT2 mouse. HYPOTHESE/OBJECTIVE We hypothesize that the BAC used to make the ADMTS19-CRERT2 mouse contains all the regulatory elements to express it and also that its expression will be specific to the VICs. The objective is to establish the ADAMTS19- CREERT2 and therefore to create a new tool to study VICs in vivo. METHODS/RESULTS: In silico analysis of the human and mouse ADAMTS19 genomic regions showed a high level of conservation. Thus, to analyze ADAMTS19 expression patterns during mouse development, we obtained a BAC transgenic mouse model containing a tamoxifen inducible Cre (CreERT2) that is expressed under the influence of the human ADAMTS19 promoter and surrounding genomic region. We crossed males from several lines created in parallel with Rosa-tdTomato reporter females to generate offspring in which expression of the fluorescent tdTomato reporter is activated in ADAMTS19-expressing cells upon tamoxifen administration. Surprisingly, whole mount imaging of embryos induced at E13.5 and isolated at E16.5 revealed strong, but distinct labelling patterns in offspring from different ADAMTS19CreERT2 sublines. Whereas one line exclusively labelled VICs, consistent with ADAMTS19 in situ RNA expression data from the Eurexpress database, another line specifically labelled cells in atrial and ventricular, but not VICs. A third line seems to label only a subset of cells in the pulmonary artery. Labeling of ADAMTS19-positive VICs is consistent with ADAMTS19 affecting valve development and VHD. In addition, we observed exclusive ADAMTS19-dependent labelling in atrial and ventricular cells or in a subset of pulmonary artery cells in two different sublines. CONCLUSION: The distinct expression patterns in offspring from different ADAMTS19-Cre-ERT2 lines indicates that although regulation of ADAMTS19 is conserved between human and mouse, expression in VICs versus other cells may be dependent on mutually exclusive regulatory mechanisms.

Keyphrases: ADAMTS19, Cre-lox, ADAMTS19, Aortic stenosis, Valve development, Transgenic mouse, Cre-lox, Recombinant technology, Genetic
Expression et rôle du gène Ostm1 dans la rétine

Osteopetrosis is a disease characterized by high bone density and fragility principally caused by impaired activity of osteoclasts, which are cells that reside in bone and dissolve bone tissue. The most severe form of osteopetrosis is infantile autosomal recessive osteopetrosis (ARO) which is caused by mutations in genes Ostm1. As Ostm1(osteopetrosis-associated transmembrane protein 1) is expressed in multiple hematopoietic stem cell lineages, melanocytes and the nervous system, mutations in Ostm1 can cause coat color change in mice as well as bone fragility, anemia, infections and neuronal disorders in humans and mice. To further the understanding of these conditions linked with Ostm1 loss, multiple tissue specific Ostm1 transgenic mice over an Ostm1 knockout (gl/gl) background were constructed. To better understand this disease, we characterized the Ostm1 gene responsible for the spontaneous osteopetrotic mutation grey- lethal (gl) in mice. Functional complementation of hematopoietic defects was obtained in PU.1-Ostm1-gl/gl transgenic mice, but these mice die prematurely with severe neurodegeneration. This indicates that Ostm1 has a crucial role in neuronal and retinal health. As a result, we wished to establish an expression profile of Ostm1 in all the layers of the retina to further decipher the role of Ostm1 in the retina. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of reverse-transcribed mRNA of separated sections of the eye demonstrate that Ostm1 is expressed in the whole eye, neuroretina and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). Further specific expression analyses were performed by in- situ hybridization which showed that Ostm1 is expressed specifically in the inner nuclear layer of the neuroretina as well as in the RPE. Based on this tissue expression pattern, we have constructed, for the first time, an RPE specific knockdown of Ostm1 expression and verified that the expression of Cre recombinase in this tissue is not toxic. The reduction of Ostm1 in the RPE of the eye resulted in gradual loss of photoreceptors of the retina. These preliminary results suggest that the post-natal expression of Ostm1 in the RPE is essential for maintaining the homeostasis of the photoreceptors of the retina.

Keyphrases: Ostm1, Retina, Osteopetrosis, Cre-lox system, Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), in situ Hybridization
Caractérisation et manipulation des destins cellulaires induits par les traitements du cancer de la prostate

Cellular senescence is a natural tumor suppression mechanism defined by a stable proliferation arrest. Although almost always mutated in at least one of the senescence pathways genes (e.g., p53/p21 or p16/Rb), cancer cells often retain the ability to become senescent in response to treatment. This therapy-induced senescence (TIS) can be pharmacologically targeted to enhance its positive effects. An emerging approach is to combine senescence-inducing cancer treatment with senolytics, compounds that specifically eliminate senescent cells. In the context of prostate cancer (PCa), different types of TIS have already been observed in multiple models exposed to different treatments. However, the lack of data comparing these phenotypes highlights the need for more systematic analyses. In addition, the senolytic sensitivity of TIS PCa cells has not yet been evaluated in these settings. In this study, we evaluated the cell fates of PCa cell lines after exposure to three clinically relevant treatments: irradiation and olaparib, two DNA damage inducers, and enzalutamide, an anti-androgen. Depending on the cell line, irradiation and olaparib treatments led to a response mainly directed towards senescence or toward a mixed response of cell death, mitotic catastrophe and senescence. In all cases, these treatments triggered a classic senescent phenotype that was convertible to cell death by senolytic inhibitors of the Bcl-2 family antiapoptotics. On the other hand, treatment with enzalutamide triggered a senescence-like phenotype, distinguishable by its reversibility, absence of DNA damage and insensitivity to these same senolytics. Overall, our results underscore the importance of the therapeutic context in the development of PCa-TIS manipulation strategies. They also provide a robust rationale for the preclinical study of treatments that combine radiotherapy or olaparib with Bcl-2 family antiapoptotic inhibitors in the PCa context.

Keyphrases: olaparib, enzalutamide, Prostate cancer, Radiotherapy, Senolytics
The role of the kinetochore in chromosome segregation during Meiosis I

Chromosome segregation is an intricate process in dividing genetic material equally between daughter cells. This process, unlike in somatic cells, is error prone in germ cells like the oocyte. When errors occur during meiosis in segregating chromosomes, aneuploidy results when the cell has an incorrect number of chromosomes. This can result in infertility and birth defects in human reproduction. The incidences of aneuploidy are also seen to increase with increasing maternal age (1). The kinetochore is a cellular structure at the heart of chromosome segregation. It is composed of more than 100 proteins and is located between the microtubules and the centromeres. The microtubules attach onto the kinetochores, which themselves attach onto the centromeres, in order to pull the homologous chromosomes apart during meiosis and the sister chromatids during mitosis (1–3). Much is known about this multi-protein structure in somatic cells (2). Yet, very little is known about this in the developing mammalian oocyte during Meiosis I (1,3,4).  This project aims to investigate the role of the kinetochore in chromosome segregation in a developing mouse oocyte. More specifically, kinetochore protein assembly, disassembly, dynamics and tension will be assessed. This project will achieve a better understanding of the kinetochore’s role in Meiosis I, its implications in chromosome segregation in a developing mouse oocyte, and how it may be involved in aneuploidy.

Keyphrases: Microtubules, Delta, CDK1-CycB, Kinetochore, Oocyte, Chromosome Segregation, Meiosis I, Aneuploidy, Germinal Vesicle Breakdown, Somatic cells
Identifying PGC-1α-dependent hepatokines in a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease murine model

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming a serious public health problem and is now one of the leading causes of liver cancer. Although NAFLD is known to be associated with obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes, the mechanisms contributing to its development are not fully understood. It is shown that hepatic PGC-1α levels correlate negatively with NAFLD development, oxidative liver damage and hepatic insulin resistance in murine models. In humans, decrease PGC-1α expression in NAFLD and NASH patients. Moreover, liver-specific PGC-1α reduction in mice also disrupts glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in muscle and adipose tissue, likely due to altered secretion of hepatic hormones. These findings suggest that in addition to contributing to NAFLD development, the hepatic disruption of PGC-1α alters the liver secretome, thereby influencing the whole-body energy metabolism. We hypothesize that decreased expression of PGC-1α in the liver alters the expression of hepatokines under metabolic challenges, revealing a potential novel role for PGC-1α in the adaptive response of the liver. The hepatocyte-specific secretome was analyzed by mass spectrometry (iTRAQ) in conditioned media from primary hepatocytes. We identified SERPINA3N, a secreted protein whose secreted levels correlated with hepatic PGC-1α levels in a diet-dependent manner. This hepatokine was measured in serum from male, female, wildtype and liver-specific PGC-1α heterozygote mice fed chow or high-fat, high-fructose diet using western blot.  SERPINA3N circulating levels increased with the western diet and correlated with hepatic PGC-1α levels in a diet and sex-dependent manner. Its serum levels decreased with the progression of the disease. The hepatic SERPINA3N expression was greatly influenced by PGC-1α levels independently of NF-κB transcription factor. We showed that glucocorticoids increased SERPINA3N protein and secreted levels in primary hepatocytes. This increase was influenced by PGC-1α levels, revealing a novel interaction of PGC-1α and the glucocorticoid receptor on SERPINA3N expression and secretion. In conclusion, this project reveals a novel impact of hepatic PGC-1α levels on the liver secretome during NAFLD development. This work will provide insights on the role of hepatic PGC-1α levels on the regulation of hepatokines and how it influences the whole-body energy homeostasis in a context of NAFLD.

Keyphrases: Ppargc1a, PGC-1a, SerpinA3N, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Liver, Circulating proteins
Exploring a role for a Par3/CaMKII protein complex in photoreceptor cell polarity and ciliogenesis

Cell polarity is an essential property of adult neurons, which rely on asymmetric distribution of receptors and transmitters for proper signal propagation and cell function. In the retina, loss of photoreceptor (PR) polarity can lead to retinal dystrophies such as Leber Congenital Amaurosis, but the molecular mechanisms involved in regulating PR polarity remain unclear. A highly conserved protein complex involved in the establishment of cell polarity from C. elegans to mammals is the Par complex. Localized at the subapical region of polarized cells, it is composed of the “partitioning defective” PDZ domain-containing proteins Par3/Par6 and the atypical protein kinase C (aPKC). Although extensively studied in epithelial cells, the role of the Par complex in mammalian neurons remains poorly understood. Our unpublished results indicate that conditional inactivation (cKO) of Par3 in the developing retina interferes with the polarized growth of the photosensitive cilium at the apical tip of PR cells, eventually leading to PR degeneration. To uncover how Par3 might regulate ciliogenesis in PR cells, we immunoprecipitated Par3 from mouse retinal extracts and carried out mass spectrometry analysis. We found a cluster of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) proteins as potential Par3-interacting partners in the retina. CaMKII is one of the most abundant proteins found in the central nervous system, where it constitutes 1-2% of total proteins. While extensive studies have demonstrated the importance of CaMKII in long-term potentiation (LTP), long term depression (LTD) and dendrite arborisation, its role in cell polarity remains unknown. Using tagged versions of Par3 and CaMKIID, we validated their interaction in vivo and in vitro by co-immunoprecipitation. Interestingly, we found that CaMKIID localizes to the ciliary region of PRs, suggesting that Par3 might recruit CaMKIID at the apical membrane of PR cells, where it could be involved in ciliogenesis. To explore this hypothesis, we investigated whether dominant-negative or constitutively active forms of CaMKIID could impact cilia formation in PRs. Interestingly, overexpression of both mutant forms of CaMKIID during PR development resulted in shortening of the photosensitive cilia (outer segments), similar to what we observed in Par3 cKO retinas. This study suggests that a CaMKIID/Par3 protein complex regulates the establishment of PR cell polarity, raising the possibility that this complex may be generally involved in controlling neuronal polarity throughout the nervous system.

Keyphrases: Cell polarity, Retina, Photoreceptors, Ciliogenesis, Par3, CaMKIID
Déchiffrage des mécanismes d’assemblage des filaments de septines

Septins are conserved from yeast to humans and are implicated in diverse cellular processes such as cytokinesis, vesicular transport and cellular cortical organization. There are 13 known genes that encode for human septins, which also have many isoforms, while there are only five septin genes in Drosophila melanogaster: Sep1, Sep2, Pnut, Sep4 and Sep5, which makes it an ideal model system. Septins have a conserved GTP binding domain, whose role is still not fully understood, and variable N-C-termini. Septins assemble together, via N-C and G interfaces, to form a hexamer, that is composed of Sep1, Sep2 and Pnut in Drosophila melanogaster, which assemble end-to-end to form non polar filaments. These filaments can subsequently assemble together to form higher-ordered structures, such as rings, tubes, bundles, and gauzes. Furthermore, septins are recruited to the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis although their organization there is unclear. The aim of this project is to define septin assembly mechanisms that can lead to the formation of different higher ordered structures. In Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells, septins are recruited to three, readily observable septin dependent structures: cytoplasmic rings, cytoplasmic tubes, and the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis. Our hypothesis is that multiple mechanisms govern septin incorporation into these structures and that these mechanisms differentially depend on septin N-C variable termini. A panel of mutants of Sep1, Sep2 and Pnut truncated in N-C-termini were fused to fluorescent proteins and their localization in S2 cells monitored by confocal microscopy, with or without depletion of endogenous septins. My results suggest that the GTP binding domain is sufficient for septin recruitment to the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis, but that the septin N-termini are required for recruitment to the cytoplasmic tubes and rings.

Keyphrases: actine, anillin, cytokinesis, higher ordered structures, actin, cleavage furrow, non-polar filaments, septin
The right to privacy through the development of smart technologies : how our personal health data is affected

The evolution of technology, notwithstanding its benefits, can negatively impact some of our fundamental rights as it develops faster than the latter. Indeed, this thesis aims to meet challenges generated by smart technologies and the impact they can have on the health of communities as well as on our fundamental rights. This thesis focuses on the legal constraints, present and to come, including the right to privacy, through the development and use of smart technologies that seize our personal health information. More specifically, this work seeks to analyze whether the benefits of accessing our information through smart technologies to improve the health and safety of populations outweigh the legal consequences. This work explores the potential of smart technologies, the interest in using them individually and collectively, especially in the public health sector, and the human rights violations their use can generate. Moreover, it looks at technological innovations that help improve State health systems to be able to better respond to future epidemics, particularly at the international level, such as at the WHO. These data, followed by other possible complications due to the increased use of intelligent technologies that restrict our privacy, will allow us to conclude whether such an intrusion in our right to privacy can be justified in a free and democratic society. Finally, this work examines the limits of the social acceptability of the invasion of privacy in exchange for better health conditions so that States and supra-State bodies can make informed decisions, without violating constitutional rights. This work will help us understand the issues that our judicial system will inevitably face while proposing strategies for the prevention of diseases and other health problems through the use of smart technologies. One of the main proposed solutions is the creation of a national and international database at the WHO generated by the data of smart health devices.

Keyphrases: Rights and Freedoms, Information Technology, Smart Wearable Devices, Artificial Intelligence, COVID-19, Right to Privacy, Health and Safety
La preuve civile et les interactions avec les assistants vocaux, un point de vue comparé

Recent developments in the fields of artificial intelligence, of the Internet of Things and of voice recognition, together with the accessibility to electronic devices and wide Internet connection in the industrialized countries, led to the introduction of virtual personal assistants. This software, installed on various devices such as mobile phones and smart speakers, allow their users to interact with these devices using their voice. As these technologies allow their users to interact with connected devices through the Internet, they will most likely become the main gateway to the Internet in a near future. Considering the great variety of tasks performed with connected devices, the legal questions regarding evidence generated by and collected from their use must now be asked. First, this master’s thesis will compare the normative frameworks of both Quebec and other jurisdictions in order to define, technologically and legally, the virtual personal assistants and the evidence they generate.  In a second time, this thesis will focus on the admissibility and the probative value of the evidence garnered from virtual personal assistants, in the context of Quebec’s civilist tradition. The author focuses on the conditions of admissibility and on the designation of technological documents and of their characteristics, analyzing first and foremost the criteria of authenticity and integrity and the questions of proportionality. The author discusses exceptions to admissibility, especially the violation of a fundamental right and privilege considerations. Furthermore, the author discusses the probative value of technological evidence, proposing that the understanding of the underlying technology is a key factor in the determination of the probative value of any technological evidence. Finally, the author suggests that artificial intelligence creates a new category of technological evidence that might be calling for changes in the judicial principles and procedures of the province of Quebec.

Keyphrases: Alexa, Siri, Assistant Google, Google Assistant, Evidence law, Artificial intelligence, Virtual personal assistant, Admissibility, Probative value, Internet of things