Performance perceptive dans l’autisme : du facteur «g» au facteur «p»

Perception is increasingly recognized as a fundamental aspect of the autism phenotype. Kanner’s (1947) seminal description of autism highlights a heterogeneous cognitive profile characterized by exceptional skills within specific areas of perception (e.g., music). The accumulation of clinical observation on the presence of perceptual atypicalities led to the elaboration of empirical studies designed to objectify enhanced perceptual functioning in autism. Meanwhile, cognitive studies suggest the presence of a "different intelligence" in autism. Autistic intelligence would be characterized by a dissociation of performance between intelligence tests that are strongly correlated together in typical individuals. Research suggests that using tools posing higher demands on verbal skills, such as Wechsler Intelligence scale rather than measures of fluid intelligence, such as Raven Progressive Matrices, would results in an underestimation of autistics’ intellectual potential. With the support of imaging studies, these results suggest a unique relationship between perception and intelligence in this clinical population. Given the accumulating evidence on 1) the presence of perceptual atypicalities, 2) the different role of perception cognition, and 3) the importance of "repetitive behaviours and restricted interests" in the autistic phenotype (DSM-5), the first part of this thesis is interested in the differential relationship between perceptual performance in autism and controls with typical development, beyond what is explained by intelligence. Using linear regression models, results show a profile of plurimodal covariation specific to autism. Unlike control subjects, this association persists beyond what is explained by general intelligence or the overall effectiveness of perceptual systems. This finding is interpreted as an indication of a specific plurimodal factor in autism: the "p" factor. The second part of this dissertation is interested in the prevalence of exceptional skills, the relationship between perceptual strengths and talents, and the predisposing factors related to the development of exceptional skills. Perceptual strengths were evaluated using experimental tasks sensitive for the detection of enhanced perceptual functioning: a pitch discrimination task and a modified version of Wechsler’s block design test. Talents were evaluated clinically using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R). Results show that 88.4% of people with autism and normal intelligence had at least one exceptional skill (perceptual strengths or talent). Talents were reported in 62.5% of cases and perceptual strengths were found in 58% of cases. The co-occurrence of perceptual strengths across modalities was relatively infrequent (24% to 27%) and the presence of a talent in one modality did not increase the chances of presenting another perceptual strength in the same modality. Greater intelligence increased the chances of presenting at least one talent. In contrast, lower intelligence, still within the normal range, was associated with a more heterogeneous cognitive profile and more frequent perceptual strengths. In sum, autistic intelligence is characterized by a greater role of perception, regardless of enhanced perceptual functioning. This cognitive characteristic is manifested by a specific autism plurimodal factor "p". Theoretically, the factor "p" reflects hardwired alterations in cortical microcircuits organization responsible for the encoding of basic perceptual dimensions. In contrast, weak association between perceptual strengths across modalities suggests that cortical changes would be essential, but not sufficient for the development of exceptional skills. By processes of plasticity, cortical changes would affect the autistic phenotype, offering more "fertile" grounds for the development of exceptional skills. Exceptional skills would develop in autistics exposed to life experiences adapted to their cognitive style. The findings of this dissertation combined with current literature on intelligence and learning lead us to reflect on assessment and intervention approaches most adapted to autistics’ specific cognitive style.

Keyphrases: Intelligence, Audition, Vision, Perception, Talents, Expertise, Autism, Strength, Plasticity, Special Isolated Skills