L’influence d’un contexte virtuel sur les processus de contrôle en ligne des mouvements d’atteinte manuelle

The main objective of this thesis was to identify factors that may influence the effectiveness of the online control processes of manual reaching movements. Nowadays, producing manual movements made in a virtual environment (moving a computer mouse to control a cursor on the screen, for example) have become commonplace. As compared to movements made in natural settings (pushing the start button on the computer), those made in virtual context pose serious challenges to the central nervous system because the proprioceptive and visual information defining the position of the effector is not perfectly congruent. This thesis focuses on the effects of a virtual environment on the control of manual reaching movements.  In our first article, we examined whether such factors as (a) the amount of practice, (b) the orientation of the virtual display (aligned vs. non-aligned) or (c) the availability of the visual feedback on alternated trials could increase the efficiency of online control processes of movements made under virtual context. These factors did not influence the effectiveness of process control movements made in virtual context, suggesting that it is difficult to optimize the control of manual reaching movements when they are made under a virtual context. One of the most surprising results of this study is that we have not reported detrimental effects of screen orientation on the performance of participants, which was inconsistent with the existing literature on this subject. Section 2 was intended to push forward our understanding of online control processes of movements made in virtual and natural contexts. In the second article, we highlighted the adverse effects of a virtual environment on the online control of manual reaching movements. More specifically, we observed that the use of a non-aligned display to present visual information resulted in a significant decrease in performance as compared to an aligned or natural display. We also observed a decrease in performance when the movements were performed in a virtual aligned display as compared to a natural context. The decrease in performance observed in the two virtual conditions was largely due to a decrease of the effectiveness of online control processes. We therefore suggest that the use of a virtual representation of the hand introduced uncertainty as to its position in space, which in turn led to less efficient online control. In our third article, we wanted to determine the origin of this uncertainty and how it impacted on movement control. In the third article, two hypotheses were considered. The first suggested that the increase in uncertainty reported in the virtual context of the previous study was due to loss of visual information relative to the configuration of the arm. The second suggested instead that the uncertainty came from the proprioceptive and visual information that is not perfectly congruent in a virtual context as compared to a natural one (the cursor is not directly aligned with the finger for example). The data have not supported our first hypothesis. It rather appears that the uncertainty is caused by the dissociation of visual and proprioceptive information. We also demonstrated that the information on the starting base on the position of the hand greatly influences the control process online, even when vision is available during the effector movement. This result suggests that internal feedback loops use this information to modulate the ongoing movement.

Keyphrases: Vision, Proprioception, Manual reaching movement, Natural context, Virtual context, Online control, Forward model, Vision, Proprioception, Internal feedback