La danse cobra comme espace de transformation des dynamiques de genre : regards sur les femmes Kalbeliya du Rajasthan en Inde du Nord

This thesis brings to light the women of the Kalbeliya community, a caste of snake charmers from Rajasthan. Since this practice has been deemed illegal in India since 1972, Kalbeliyas have found an alternative by replacing snakes with dancing women. Increasingly popular in Rajasthan, this practice called Kalbeliya dance or cobra dance, involves the presence of women dressed as cobras on stage, performing gestures directly inspired from the dangerous reptile. On stage, they are generally accompanied by professional musicians from various Muslim communities of the region.  Since the creation of this dance, fewer and fewer men participate to their family’s economy. In fact, it is their dancing wives who become the sole provider of the household.  This situation is at the very least unusual considering that Kalbeliya women – as are most women from the region of Rajasthan – practice purdah, a strict form of segregation of living spaces. This segregation is characterized by the dividing of the spaces allocated to women. It is usually expressed by an interdiction prohibiting women from leaving their home alone and without a veil as well as being prohibited from holding any form of remunerated employment. Consequently, the access to the public sphere is generally the jurisdiction of men, thus limiting the emergence of women in the cultural and economical spheres of the community. The objective of this thesis is therefore to demonstrate how the cobra dance participates in transforming the gender dynamics of the Kalbeliyas. Starting from the assumption that the purdah somehow forms the cornerstone of feminine ideals in the region of Rajasthan, this thesis will demonstrate that the dance infringes on several codes of conduct on many levels, as well as on the expectations of men and women and so, it contributes to transforming the gender dynamics within the community. A sub-objective of this thesis will be the discussion of concrete gains that women may obtain through dance. These gains can be observed especially in the capabilities, agencies and the living standards of these dancing women.  This thesis is based on two field trips in India: a preliminary field trip (2013/2014) and another that occurred in 2017/2018, adding up to more than one year of research in Rajasthan. Established on participatory action research and collaborative anthropology, the methods recommended to obtain data are mainly participant observation as well as the gathering of semi-structured interviews, life stories and lifelines.  Through an intersectional analysis of gender roles, this research will show that these cobra women embody a liminal role in which they must both infringe and respect the gender norms in effect in the region. Hence, the cobra dance allows the infringement of many codes of conduct associated with women in northern India. This thesis will demonstrate that these infringements are involved in normalizing certain changes in the gender dynamics. Following the completion of this study, it will be possible to see the advantages and inconveniences of the dancing in the daily lives of the women who practice cobra dancing. If in certain cases the dance can create more vulnerability to the dancers, we will see that it also offers considerable and multiple opportunities of agency. However, it will be shown that these gains are not without risks and that they remain fragile; they may be easily revoked, perhaps disappear due to different factors that will be clarified in this study. This thesis will thus bring to light the strategies of negotiation that these women use through their role as dancers to carry out their personal projects, their family duties and even, improve their living standards.

Keyphrases: Rajasthan, Kalbeliya, India, Dance, Empowerment, Negotiation, Agency, Women