Études sur la dérégulation des cytokines et des cellules Natural Killer chez les patients infectés par le VIH-1

The proliferation, differentiation, function and maintenance of immune cells is controlled in large part by cytokines. HIV-induced dysfunctions of the antiviral immunity is in part related to defects in the cytokine network, as manifested by altered cytokine secretion and responsiveness to these cytokines. In these studies, we investigated the regulation and the functions of two cytokines, IL-18 and IL-21, during HIV-1 infection. In our studies, we observed an inverse correlation between IL-18 concentrations and absolute numbers of various subsets of NK cells in infected persons. IL-18 caused  increased death of a human NK cell line, as well as of primary human NK cells in vitro. The IL-18-mediated cell death was dependent upon Fas-FasL interactions and TNF- secretion. IL-18 induced the expression of  TNF-,  induced the expression of FasL on NK cells, increased the transcription from the human FasL promoter, reduced  the expression of Bcl-XL in NK cells, and increased their sensitivity to FasL-mediated cell death. In contrast to IL-18 levels, IL-18BP levels decreased in the serum of HIV-infected patients. This decrease resulted in enhanced levels of free IL-18 in the serum of such patients. The infection increased production of IL-18 but decreased that of IL-18BP in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Furthermore, IL-10 and TGF-β, two cytokines for which concentrations are increased in HIV-infected persons, also decreased production of IL-18BP by human MDM. Finally, recombinant human IL-18 enhanced HIV-1 replication in human CD4+ T cells. The uncoordinated production of these two cytokines represents an imbalance between these two soluble factors in HIV-infected patients. Our study shows that enhanced IL-18 bioactivity in HIV-infected patients may contribute to the pathogenesis of AIDS by disrupting NK cell homoeostasis and increasing viral replication. This uncoordinated production of IL-18 and IL-18BP contribute to IL-18-induced immunopathology and pathogenesis in HIV-infected AIDS patients. Therefore, these studies suggest  that the neutralization of IL-18 may represent an appropriate and useful immunotherapeutic strategy in these patients. It may delay AIDS progression and improve the immune status of infected persons. The best way to achieve this goal may be using exogenous interleukin-18 binding protein.  IL-21 is a relatively newly discovered immune enhancing cytokine, which plays an essential role in controlling chronic viral infections. Therefore, we sought to determine the dynamics of the cytokine production and its potential consequences on the viability of CD4+ T cells in HIV-infected persons. We show here that the cytokine production is compromised early in the course of the infection. The serum cytokine concentrations correlated with CD4+ T cell counts in the infected persons. Among different groups of HIV-infected persons, only Elite Controllers maintain normal production of the cytokine. The HAART partially restores production of this cytokine. Interestingly, HIV-1 infection of human PBMC as well as of purified CD4+ T cells inhibits the production of the cytokine by decreasing the expression of c-Maf, a transcription factor involved in the activation of the cytokine gene, in the virus-infected cells but not in uninfected bystander cells. We also show that the frequencies of IL-21 producing HIV-specific antigen experienced CD4+ T cells are decreased in HIV-infected viremic patients. Furthermore, we show that recombinant human IL-21 acts as pro-survival factor and prevents enhanced spontaneous apoptosis of ex vivo cultured CD4+ T cells from HIV-infected patients and that increased serum levels of the cytokine are associated with higher frequencies as well as with better functions of HIV-specific CTL in HIV-infected individuals. We show that the cytokine receptors are expressed equally on all NK cell subsets. We demonstrate that the cytokine activates STAT-3, MAPK and Akt to enhance NK cell functions. IL-21 increases expression of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL, and enhances viability of NK cells, but has no effect on their proliferation. We further show that the cytokine enhances HIV-specific ADCC, secretory and cytotoxic functions as well as viability of NK cells from HIV-infected persons. Furthermore, it exerts its biological effects on NK cells with minimal enhancement of HIV-1 replication, and the cytokine-activated NK cells inhibit viral replication in co-cultured HIV-infected autologous CD4+ T cells in a perforin- and LFA-1-dependent manner. These studies suggest that serum IL-21 concentrations may serve as useful biomarker to accompany CD4+ T cell counts for monitoring HIV-1 disease progression and the fitness of the antiviral immunity. Furthermore, the cytokine may be considered for immunotherapy in HIV-infected patients in order to restore the physiological levels of the cytokine and promote their antiviral immunity.

Keyphrases: Cytokines, Natural Killer, IL-18, IL-21