NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Histoire(s) et historiographie du cinéma en France : 1896-1953

This thesis is one of several recent works to re-evaluate the history of film studies. Its goal is to revise the present-day conception of film historiography in France from 1896 to the early 1950s by calling into question the view of traditional film history as homogeneous portrayed by the new film historians. This thesis is divided into three sections. In the first, I describe my tools and analytical framework. I discuss the historiographical operation as it defined by Michel de Certeau, as the three-way encounter of a social space marked by dominant intellectual frameworks, a range of procedures used by historians to select their sources and construct events, and, finally, the writing of history, which involves creating a system of relations between the various events so constructed. I then describe historical currents in France from the 1870s to the early 1950s. This survey enables me to better identify the exchanges, borrowings and enrichments that occurred during this period between history and film history.  In the second part, I “construct” from within a vast range of discourses – those of film historians, cultural historians and film theorists – the dominant conception of film historiography. I show that it is created by product of those who are known by many commentators as the new film historians and that it is reduced as the succession of two great historical currents: traditional film history and new film history. I then discuss how this periodisation has been instrumentalised by those who created it. The goal of the new historians is not to bring to light the plurality of writings on film history, but rather to show the break that they have brought about in film historiography. Finally, a discussion of the role accorded to the mode of film exhibition known as Hale’s Tours in general film histories published before and after the Brighton Congress enables me to soften the break between these two historical currents.  In the third part, I examine several ways of approaching film history. I identify various breaks in film historiography in France with respect to the historical topic historians adopt, the conceptual tools they call upon and the relations between these historians and the sources they employ. These case studies, finally, enable me to document the wealth of film historiography in France before the early 1950s.

Keyphrases: France, Michel de Certeau, Historiography, film history, historiographical operation, traditional film history, new film history, Brighton Congress
La construction du verdict de culpabilité : magistrature pénale et production de vérité judiciaire au Brésil

This ethnographic study of the judicial practices in Brazil investigates how criminal judges decide the guilt of the accused. The research shows that this decision is strongly influenced by the presumption of guilt arising from a process of categorization of individuals as "thieves" and "drug traffickers". These categories are associated with the typical image of the enemy, that is to say, the individual unruly and incapable of common modus vivendi (Jakobs, 2009). Building on empirical data, the study makes an analogy between the enemy and the concept of homo sacer (Agamben, 1997, 2002), suggesting that the verdict of guilt builts inside a "camp", i.e, a place of suspension of the juridical order (Agamben, 1997).

Keyphrases: robbery, drug trafficking, Brazil, guilty verdict, ethnomethodology, judicial ethnography
Développement de nouveaux matériaux conjugués aux propriétés opto-électroniques modulables : de l’électrochromisme à la fluorescence

Conjugated materials have received much attention lately owing to their photophysical and electrochemical properties that make them suitable for use in plastic electronics applications. The challenges for the creation of new materials are to have reproducible synthetic methods that lead to easily purified products, as well as the intelligent design of molecules that have the desired properties. It is important do develop a synthetic method to created conjugated materials that doesn’t require harsh reaction conditions or expensive metal catalysts. Azomethine bonds are a good way to resolve this problem, since they are formed by a simple condensation between an amine and an aldehyde with water as the only by-product. They can also be synthetised with little to no purification steps and they are isoelectronic to vinyl bonds that are well-known and understood. It is also of crucial importance to understand clearly the effet of adding electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups in the conjugated backbones of such materials. The main objective of this project is to better comprehend the effect of the added 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) electron-donnating group on the opto-electronic properties of azomthine triads for the incorporation of these materials in stable and efficient electrochromic devices. Therefore, the photophysical and electrochemical properties of these materials will be presented. A series of vinyl analogs will be synthesized to confirm their isoelectronic behavior to azomethines in an opto-electronic point of view. These new vinyl compounds lead to the synthesis of a new amino-thiophene derivative that will be used as a building block for on-surface polymerization of azomethines. These polyazomethines will be incorporated in electrochromic devices and their performances will be discussed. Finally, since the azomethines are known not to be highly fluorescent, the fluorescence enhancement of push-pull bithiophene systems will be presented. The knowledge obtained about fluorescence can be used to enhance the fluorescence quantum yields of azomtehines.This thesis will therefore explore diverse tuning of material’s properties to better understand how to cleverly design conjugated materials.

Keyphrases: Fluorescence, Chemistry, Synthesis, Azomethines, Conjugated Materials, Photophysics, Electrochemistry, Electrochromism, Fluorescence
New stimuli-responsive block random copolymers and their aggregation

Stimuli-responsive polymers and their use in biomedical applications have been widely investigated in recent years. These polymers change their physical properties such as water-solubility, when subjected to certain stimuli, for example change in temperature or pH. The main purpose of this work is to study new diblock copolymers consisting of two random copolymers, i.e., diblock random copolymers. Polymers with well-defined structures and tunable properties have been made using reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization, one of the controlled radical polymerization techniques. The blocks are made of acrylamide- and/or methacrylate-based monomers, which commonly show thermo-responsiveness and hence, double stimuli-responsive behavior is shown. First, a diblock random copolymer in the form of AnBm-b-ApBq was synthesized with N-n-propylacrylamide (nPA) and N-ethylacrylamide (EA) as A and B using RAFT polymerization. Kinetic study of the copolymerization process confirmed the controlled character of the copolymerization. The diblock random copolymers with the compositions of poly(nPAx-co-EA1-x)-block-poly(nPAy-co-EA1-y) and low polydispersity were obtained. With UV-visible spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS) we investigate their thermoresponsive characteristics in aqueous solutions. Individual blocks showed tunable cloud points, and the diblock copolymer exhibited a well-separated two-step phase transition upon heating.  Macromolecules in nature can often respond to a combination of external stimuli, most commonly temperature and pH, rather than a single stimulus. Therefore, a second type of diblock random copolymer in the form of AnBm-b-ApCq was synthesized by combining a pH- and temperature-responsive block with another, only temperature-responsive block, producing responsiveness to multiple stimuli. This polymer with the composition of poly(nPAx-co-DEAEMA1-x)-block-poly(nPAy-co-EA1-y) where DEAEMA stands for 2-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate with well-defined structure and tunable properties has also been made using sequential RAFT polymerization. The resulting diblock random copolymer changes its physico-chemical properties, such as water-solubility, in a quite controlled manner when subjected to the changes in temperature or pH.  What happens when blocks of different lengths change their relative hydrophilicity? It is known that the relative length of the blocks in amphiphilic diblock copolymers affects the aggregation mechanism. We compared three diblock copolymers with different block and chain lengths in aqueous solution when they change their relative hydrophilicity due to the change in the external stimuli. The variation of the length and chemical composition of the blocks allows the tuning of the responsiveness of the block copolymers toward both pH and temperature and determines the formation of either micelles or vesicles during the aggregation.

Keyphrases: Block random copolymers, thermo- and pH-responsive polymers, RAFT polymerization, dual behavior copolymers, micelles, vesicles
Préoccupations et attentes en réadaptation physique dans des contextes pluralistes : vers un cadre théorique interculturel

This thesis is based on the intercultural and institutional dynamics of health care in pluralistic contexts. The clinical context makes it possible to understand what is at stake in encounters between people of different ethnic and religious backgrounds. The field of physical rehabilitation is a particularly interesting context for understanding these dynamics because interventions require long-term assessment and sustained collaboration on the part of clients. The current research examines three types of actors in this context: immigrant clients, health care specialists (or practitioners), and third party payers (CSST). In order to elaborate an intercultural theoretical framework, the thesis critically examines modernist and postmodernist orientations in anthropology, and through an epistemological approach proposes an interactionist orientation. These differing epistemological orientations are studied from a clinical standpoint and, the resulting analysis prepares the way for a dialogue between practitioners and anthropologists. The ethnographic context sheds light on various themes concerning the politics of healthcare in pluralistic contexts, but also the policies that influence different relationships between macroeconomics and local-level encounters in organizational settings. The system of physical rehabilitation in Quebec serves as a canvas to understand concerns and expectations of the different types actors solicited by this research. The ethnographic data presented here highlights the convergence and divergence between those who are involved in administering and receiving care. After describing the conditions and terms of intervention in the field of physical rehabilitation, there is a discussion of the specificity of immigrant clients and healthcare in pluriethnic contexts. Data collected from different actors highlights the difference between objective barriers to adequate services and factors which can be linked to culture. Analysis of the data focuses on communication in an intercultural or pluriethnic context and the flow of information, carefully examining the relationship between information, expertise and prejudice. The analysis also offers certain pathways to better understand the lack of reactivity in pluralistic contexts. The conclusion proposes a complementary approach which is intended to facilitate a dialogue between models based on discrimination and those on interculturalism. Anthropologists are presented as being particularly well positioned to answer new challenges generated by intercultural situations in an era of neoliberalism.

Keyphrases: insertion sociale, discrimination, intervention, Canada, physical rehabilitation, health, reactivity, pluralistic contexts, pluriethnic contexts, handicaps, social insertion, intercultural relations, care, intercultural anthropology, neoliberalism
Le soin du monde : incursions anthropologiques dans le Pan-African e-Network Project

This thesis investigates the emergence of spaces of care in the era of digital globalization. It revolves around several lines of inquiry into the Pan-African e-Network Project (PAN), an eHealth network through which tertiary hospitals in India provide teleconsultation services and continuing medical education to health centres across the African continent. These lines of inquiry lead into a project in constant mutation in order to grasp its ontological versatility, outline its political relevance, assess its therapeutic value. PAN is a colossal, multifaceted enterprise. It involves the daily work of engineers, doctors, and managers who must tend to technical routines, hardware infrastructures, and patient treatments. At once the flagship of a resurgence in Indo-African cooperation and the consequence of India’s eHealth venture, the network is a poster child for neoliberal India, driven by technical and commercial ambitions that seek to position the nation at the heart of global developments. PAN also enacts a digital opening of the clinic, as it reconfigures the spatiality of healthcare access and delivery. A turnkey solution, it displays an insatiable quest for mastery; it is a massive yet largely underutilized infrastructure. PAN embodies an emergent object of political intervention: a prosperous, healthy, connected humanity.   This examination of the Pan-African e-Network challenges teleological accounts of eHealth on several fronts. To the romantic conception of a fluid, seamless circulation of expertise and knowledge, it opposes the embeddedness, plasticity and sheer materiality of concrete practices. Whether one speaks of “apparatus” (Foucault), “networks” (Latour), or “spheres” (Sloterdijk), spaces of care have little to do with neutral, homogeneous surfaces, and rely on a multitude of local and immanent forces. PAN obliges us to consider technology and care together, untying the question of the “becoming of the clinic” from both the modern triumphalism of emancipation, and the phenomenological contemplation of an authentic experience of the world. The present challenge is to examine the practices, events, and forms of power that shape the “inner spaces” of eHealth networks, in all their turbulence, splendor, and inadequacies.

Keyphrases: Pan-African e-Network Project, Pan-African e-Network Project, eHealth, clinic, India, digital networks, telemedicine, Indo-African cooperation, care, globalization
Homo Managerialis : une ethnographie des gestionnaires de ressources humaines

As a device of power for contemporary capitalism, human resources management is a multifaceted paradigm: it is omnipresent and in constant expansion within North American organizations. For over a century, in its triple capacity as provider of practical assistance to the business world, font of therapeutic workplace control and body of psycho-administrative knowledge, human resources management has been busy reshaping the human worker to conform to liberal capitalistic imperatives.  The goal of this dissertation is to further comprehend the power and durability of the human resources paradigm, using ethnography to delve into the experience of the professionals, experts and managers who are its protagonists. The political nature of the managerial phenomenon can be discerned in the meaning these players give to their roles, in their aspirations and rationalizations. Its political stance is embodied in human resources managers' paradoxical use of the power of conflict: at the same time as they position themselves as experts in eliminating conflictuality in the workplace, their discourses, knowledge, legitimations, practices and logics fan the flames of the dissonances they propose to eliminate. As a "humanizing" force in the workplace, and as a guardian of the established order, the human resources paradigm serves contemporary capitalism by absorbing, confusing and blurring the outlines of its fundamental contradictions.  And, because the managerial apparatus's power resides precisely in its capacity to dissolve opposition to itself, this dissertation also becomes a reflection on the conditions, limits and possibilities of critique in the anthropology of contemporary subjectivations.

Keyphrases: critique, subjectivation, human resources management, work, neoliberalism, critique, conflict, subjectivation, history of human resources management, Quebec
Reconnaître pour choisir, orienter et rencontrer : mères, guérisseurs et biomédecins à l’épreuve des rencontres et reconnaissances en milieux pédiatriques camerounais

If yesterday the need for recognition was the core claim among traditional health practitioners, today, their quest resides in the recognition not only of their practice but also of the African conceptions of diseases and therapies; in their protection as profesionnals (such as biomedical health practictioners); in the protection of patients in case of moral or physical prejudices. The traditional health practitioners fear that their recognition will not extend to or be sanctioned by Cameroonian law, which regulates their care practices. Without legal and institutional recognition, it is impossible for these practitioners to remain in the social care space; to change, from their illegitimate position, their condition of precarious practitioners, and especially their relationship to biomedical health practitioners. Thus, what are the modalities of mutual interestedness or disinterestedness that allow traditional [institutionally weakened] and biomedical practitioners [strongly recognized] to evolve towards reciprocity of perspectives? The study is seeking to identify modes of wrenching from the institutional weakening, focusing, on one hand, on empowerment and reinforcing processes of healers’ legitimacy; and on the other hand, to the impact of empowerment on the redefinition of objects and figures of encounter and of recognition, on the reconfiguration of social care space and the profile of the therapist. To achieve this objective, we have sought the reference framework of sociology of proofs and the anthropology of capacity of Ricœur. The observations of consultations in «Maisons de Soins» and to the «Centre Mère et Enfant» and interviews have led to a reflection on the interpretation associated by mothers, traditional and biomedical health practitioners to what it means to consult or refuse to consult traditional healer or biomedical practitioner. The analysis of data situates the encounter in the axis of capacity of recognition, allowing us to consider multiple figures of recognition and of encounter. It shows that if the adoption of the biomedical professional identity constitutes for traditional health practitioners a tactic of reinforcement of their legitimacy, the integration in African medicines of some biomedical health practitioners predispose them to an institutional resistance to biomedical norms; making it possible to nuance the comprehension of the monolithic character of institutions, given pluralization and diversification of rationalities at stake. This results in a reflection on blurring of frontiers of African medicines and biomedicine, thus giving place to a possible fragmentation of these medicines in terms in terms of biomodernization of African medicines and traditionalization of biomedicine.

Keyphrases: Informelle, Anthropology, Mother and child health, Encounter, Recognition, Informal, Capacity, Empowerment, Rationalities, African medicines, Biomedicine
Le recours aux services de santé buccodentaire au sein de localités autochtones du Nord du Québec

The James Bay Cree have endured significant changes in their way of living. Dental caries is now a major public health concern, and data shows that Cree people tend to use dental services in emergency situations rather than in a preventive way. It is thus important to know if Cree people are satisfied with the public dental services that are provided and what their needs are. This project aims to respond to the following two questions: What are people’s expectations for dental services? Do current dental services meet people’s expectations? We conducted a qualitative descriptive research that was based on individual semi-structured interviews (n = 13). The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. We then performed an inductive-deductive thematic analysis. The results revealed that participants had a wide range of expectations, but that these expectations were rarely met. First, they wanted to be able to quickly access services when they felt a need to consult, for instance when having a toothache. Participants also wanted to deal with caring and experienced dental professionals, which was not always the case according to them. They wished that large families and the elderly could access dental hygiene counseling and support in their homes and gathering places. In conclusion, we would like to make three key recommendations: to improve access to dental services, especially in emergency situations; to train dental professionals in patient-centered approaches and to know more about the Cree culture; and to dialogue with Cree people in developing, implementing and evaluating oral health services.

Keyphrases: Health services, Oral health, Access, Expectations for health services, Satisfaction criteria, Aboriginal health
Mesure de l’activité physique par accélérométrie : validation et précision de la mesure

Introduction: The accelerometers are currently the most used in the measurement of physical activity, because they assess physical activity levels objectively. However, human movements are difficult to measure, and many limitations must be taken into account for the proper use of accelerometers. The studies presented are therefore interested in the validity of the step count function of accelerometers and in the validation process of the accelerometry component of a new multi-sensor (SenseDoc). Method: The subjects who participated in the first study, which consisted of validating the pedometer function of accelerometers, walked on a treadmill at three different speeds (2.5 km/h, 3.5 km/h and 4.8 km/h) for 5 minutes per stage. An accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X, Fort Walton Beach, FL) worn at the waist, recorded the number of steps while a camera recorded the progress of participants for comparison. In the second study, participants wore an Actigraph accelerometer and the SenseDoc, the prototype to validate. The raw accelerometers data and the measurement of oxygen consumption by indirect calorimetry were measured in 14 activities ranging from sedentary to vigorous. Results: The first study indicates that the accelerometers have detected 53% of steps at 2.5 km/h, 82% at 3.5 km/h and 91% at 4.8 km/h with non-obese individuals. In obese individuals, the accelerometer have detected 47% at 2.5 km/h, 67% at 3.5 km/h and 100% at 4.8 km/h, results significantly different from those of non-obese individuals. The second study confirms that SenseDoc is a valid device for measuring the level of physical activity. Raw-data derived calculated counts of VMAG predicted the VO2 values well, with adjusted r-squared values of 0.84 and 0.80 for the Actigraph and SenseDoc, respectively. Conclusion: At slower walking speed, accelerometers underestimate the number of steps and that, to a large extent in obese than non-obese people. Also, a valid and transparent method of processing raw accelerometer data was disclosed in the study with the SenseDoc. Studies presented in this master’s thesis will improve the clinical use and research accelerometers and paved the way for greater consistency between studies using different types of accelerometers.

Keyphrases: Accelerometer, Pedometer, Physical activity, Obesity