NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Analyse du processus de régulation entre l’organisation policière et ses informateurs confidentiels

History has shown us that the use of informants has always been a determining factor in the exercise of social control. This is an economically and advantageous way to fight crime, especially in its more complex or consensual forms. Reflecting on the question of ethical issues related to the management of police informants, we are currently witnessing a willingness on the part of police organizations to professionalize the relationship in order to optimize the process while protecting themselves from risks. This professionalization is at the heart of the intelligence-led model of policing that more and more police organizations have been looking at for the past several decades. This model of police activity management prioritizes its actions according to an in-depth knowledge of the criminal environment to be controlled. Among the methods of acquiring knowledge, the informant is a privileged tool, being both efficient and economical. The ability of police organizations to regulate their use is therefore at the center of the debate. The decisive role played by the controller in managing the relationship due to the confidentiality privilege enjoyed by the informant as well as the recent events on the local scene which undermined the credibility of the investigative means prompted our reflection on the question. The main interest of this work is thus to analyze the various social dimensions influencing the play of power and the allocation of resources in the relation established between the controller and his informants. The interactionist approach offers us a very interesting analytical framework in order to understand how the police organizations, through the strategies put in place by the controllers, continue to benefit from the exchange. Ultimately the analysis of the relationship will inform us about the management mode actually implemented by the organizations. The main material was collected through ten semi-structured interviews with informant controllers from a police organization in Quebec making great use. The qualitative analysis of the data collected has allowed us to highlight that the relationship management model is currently only partially professionalized. Despite the police organization's desire to frame the relationship more closely, the formal rules would only partly influence the exchange between the police controller and his informants. The autonomy enjoyed by the latter in carrying out the task places the police organization in a position of vulnerability, not completely controlling the outcome of the negotiation. This organizational position is even more risky considering that the strategies employed by the controller do not always allow him to stay ahead as the relationship continues over time and the informant gains knowledge.

Keyphrases: police, informants, controllers, sociology of the organization, intelligence management
La place des femmes : décrire et comprendre l'itinérance au féminin

In a current state of political and social interest in the phenomenon of homelessness and the most unexplored representations of it, this paper attempts to better understand and describe the trajectories of women's homelessness by exploring the role of relationships with others and the environment, the experience of violence and the representations of oneself in their journeys. Therefore, this research uses a qualitative and retrospective methodological framework, based on the narrative of experiences of six women who have gone through a journey of homelessness in any form, as well as the observations of four workers from organizations in the field, including those involved in the constitution of the sample. This study thus proposes theoretical contributions to an untapped area of research, the reality of women’s homelessness, and a social contribution directly associated with it. We hope that the understanding of women’s homelessness trajectories explains the rational behind the arrival, maintenance or abandonment of street life and raises adjustments in services and research by considering the specificities of this population.

Keyphrases: Homelessness, Women, Path, Vulnerability
Policing financier transnational : les cellules de renseignement financier au cœur de la lutte contre le financement du terrorisme

This study focuses on the international cooperation practices of Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs) in the fight against the financing of terrorism. Our research proposes a comparative analysis of FIUs from the following countries: Canada, Switzerland, France, United Kingdom. Thus, this thesis focuses on the one hand on international cooperation with the Egmont Group, whose selected FIUs are members and whose mandate is to promote cooperation between FIUs and standardize intelligence exchange practices. On the other hand, it addresses the issue of regional cooperation by focusing on the secure exchange channel of the European Union: the FIU.NET. This research has several goals. First, to highlight the emergence of the Egmont Group as a transnational policing actor in the fight against the financing of terrorism. Then to understand the determinants of cooperation and the use of the main exchange channels. Finally, to analyze the evolution of international exchanges taking into account the different normative frameworks and the points of tension that may arise from this in the context of cooperation practices.       To carry out this study, our methodological approach is based on the analysis of several official publications from the FIUs under study and international organizations involved in the fight against the financing of terrorism. The documentary analysis is enriched with semi-structured interviews conducted with representatives of the canadian, french and swiss FIUs and a representative of Europol.

Keyphrases: FIU.NET, CANAFE, MROS, NCA, Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs), Financial crime, Terrorist financing, Transnational policing, Egmont Group, FINTRAC
La perception  des juges à l'égard des hommes et des femmes trafiquants de drogue au Québec

As part of this research, we study differentials treatments related to gender at the sentencing stage. More specifically, the purpose of this study is to highlight judges perceptions toward men and women offender. To do this, 15 judgments of women and 15 judgments of men convicted of trafficking or production of drugs, in the courts of Quebec, for the last ten year, are collected on CanLII website and analyzed with the focal concern theory of Steffensmeier et al 1998.  Our analysis shows that the determining factors in the sentencing process for drugs related crimes in Quebec are the crime motivation, the role of the accused in the trafficking, his type of personality, his rehabilitation efforts, and the range of established sentences. The analysis suggests that judges have a different representation of men and women. More precisely, we find the stereotypical image of the weak, vulnerable, naive and influenceable woman and of the strong and rational man. Although present in judges representations, these gender stereotypes seem to have a limited impact on sentencing since they are rarely decisive in the choice of judges to opt for the crown or the defense recommendation. The stereotypes used by judges in the sentencing process are more related to the offenders personality and their current situation. These stereotypes enable them to classify the accused into three groups, the career offender, the problematic offender and the offender on the right track.

Keyphrases: Sentencing, Drug trafficking, Stereotypes, Judges
Le rôle organisationnel des textes dans la coordination de la réponse d’urgence humanitaire après désastre : une analyse de l’intervention du Cluster logistique au Népal en 2015

In Nepal, following the 2015 earthquakes, 8,962 people were killed and more than 100,000 injured, 773,095 homes were destroyed and 298,998 damaged (MoHA, 2018). No single organization can meet the needs of so many people. Disasters of this magnitude require a system-wide mobilization and response from the global community. The coordination of the vast networks of organizations involved in these interventions represents a challenge of great complexity requiring the establishment of preparatory coordination means and their effective activation, in urgency, to influence the course of global response activities and optimize them. How do these means of coordination work, how is collective work negotiated, how do the actors involved in the preparatory phases coordinate with the specific actors? Based on communication approaches that take into account the constitutive role of communication in the organization of activity processes and the sociology of translation, this master thesis proposes to identify the role of texts and documents in inter-organizational coordination activities during post-disaster emergency response. Through an analysis of the UN Logistics Cluster’s mandate and public archives documenting the agency’s intervention in Nepal in 2015, this paper reveals the mediating role of texts in the process of organizing humanitarian logistics in field.

Keyphrases: coordination, interorganizational, humanitarian logistics, organization, translation, organizational communication
« Vite, ralentissez ! » : enjeux identitaires, temporels et matériels des slow mags dans l’écologie médiatique québécoise

The aim of this master’s thesis is to demonstrate the identity, temporal and material issues associated with an emerging media object in Quebec’s media ecology: the slow mag. These are magazines encapsulating the slow media position, an ideological movement questioning temporality in media production and consumption. The slow philosophy is also in resistance to the dominant cult of speed and performance fuelled by the instantaneous consumption of information enabled by the Web, and appears as a response to the announced projection of an imminent “death of paper”. In this study, I will be particularly interested in three Montreal-born magazines—Nouveau Projet, Beside and Urbania—as well as their integration in Quebec’s media ecology, using data collected through interviews with their producers and other significant sources. In this master’s thesis, I explore the cultural and social significance of this kind of resistance in today’s media ecology under the theoretical lens of the residual media (Acland, 2007, Williams, 1980). This framework helps me forge a plural identity of these media objects, notably with the help of the concepts of media resistance (Syversten, 2017), ideology (Williams, 1977), and remediation (Bolter et Grusin, 1999). They are mobilized to identify elements related to the hybrid character and the notions of power and counter-power embedded in the construction of a slow media object in relation to journalistic practices, speeds of production and their signifying materiality. My main findings show that the identity, the temporality in the production and the materiality of these slow mags act as a strategy of hybridization of dominant hegemonic media forms and alternative production strategies from past cultural and media formations.

Keyphrases: Slow mag, Slow media, Durability, Ideology, Media ecology, Media resistance, Remediation, Residual media, Slow journalism
Co-construction de l’autorité dans des séances d’hypnose de rue : une approche constitutive de la communication

Despite numerous studies in psychology and neuroscience, hypnosis remains subject to mysticism and misconceptions. The history of the discipline shows that its definition has always been the subject of disagreements. If the overall course of a session always follows the same steps, the nature and causes of the phenomenon remain unclear. Several elements nevertheless seem to point at the role played by the hypnotist’s status. Although some practitioners have reflected on the question of authority, researchers have given it only minimal attention and their approach of authority was rather static. Therefore, we looked at the issue using the communicative constitution of organization approach (CCO). This approach gives us a more dynamic angle of the phenomenon. Authority can be evoked through effects of presentification and ventriloquism, that is, the staging of authority figures in discourse. We first observe the practice of street hypnosis, a playful activity involving people who do not know each other, from an ethnomethodological perspective. We have thus studied the ways in which authority was claimed and negotiated by the hypnotist and the ways in which his subject conceded to him. Three great figures emerged from our observations, figures that rely on a notion of authority based on knowledge or the ability to anticipate events. In the context of street hypnosis, these figures have proved to be powerful enough that the vast majority of subjects do not negotiate further the authority of the hypnotist.

Keyphrases: CCO, hypnosis, authority, ethnomethodology, ventriloquism
Solid-state NMR and Electrochemical Dilatometry Study of Charge Storage in Supercapacitor with Redox-active Ionic Liquid Electrolyte

Redox-active ionic liquids are emerging as promising new electrolytes for supercapacitors, providing higher capacitance and energy density than organic or ionic liquid electrolytes. Fundamental studies of the charge storage mechanism in supercapacitors are of critical importance for the development and application of devices. Solid-state NMR (SS-NMR) methodology having the ability to provide local environment information within electrodes at the molecular level has been recently developed to study the mechanism of charge storage in supercapacitors. The charge storage in supercapacitors with organic or ionic liquid electrolytes has been studied by SS-NMR. The charge storage in supercapacitors with redox-active species that involves faradaic processes is different from those of electrochemical double-layer capacitors comprising organic solvents or ionic liquids as electrolytes. However, there are until now no published findings on charge storage mechanisms in supercapacitors with redox-active electrolytes. Therefore, fundamental studies of the charge storage mechanism in supercapacitors with redox-active ionic liquid electrolytes are needed. In this thesis, SS-NMR techniques combined with electrochemical dilatometry were used to investigate in depth the charge storage in supercapacitors comprising redox-active ionic liquid electrolytes. The charge contributed from the faradaic reaction of the redox-active species is determined for the first time by the NMR measurements. Moreover, it is revealed that the charge storage mechanism of supercapacitors with the redox-active ionic liquid electrolyte EMIm FcNTf/ACN (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ferrocenylsulfonyl (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide/acetonitrile) is driven by different charge regimes for different voltages. More specifically, charge storage on the positive electrode occurs via co-ion desorption in the low voltage range and subsequently counter-ion adsorption in the high voltage range, whereas charging on the negative electrode occurs exclusively by counter-ion adsorption over the studied voltage range. The electrochemical dilatometry measurements show macroscopic dimensional changes of the electrodes during charging, further confirming the proposed mechanism suggested by SS-NMR. The results give a detailed picture of the charge storage of supercapacitors with a redox-active ionic liquid electrolyte, providing new insights on the charge storage in supercapacitors.

Keyphrases: Redox-active ionic liquid, Supercapacitors, Faradaic reaction, Solid-state NMR, Electrochemical dilatometry
Synthèse d’une nouvelle famille d’analogues de nucléosides pourtant un centre quaternaire en C3’

Given the pivotal role that natural nucleosides and nucleotides play in numerous biological pathways, analogues of these species represent an important class of antimetabolites for tumor growth and viral replication. In this regard, the Guindon laboratory is currently developing a new family of nucleoside analogues bearing an all-carbon quaternary center at C3’. The synthesis of analogues bearing this novel C3’ quaternary center in addition to a fluorine or a hydroxy substituent at C2’ are being investigated. Initial synthetic routes were developed to access the C2’ monofluorinated scaffolds allowing for selective introduction of a phosphoramidate prodrug at C5’ or C3’from either orthogonally protected intermediates or a non-differentiated route followed by selective functionalization. One of the key features of these novel analogues is the presence of the all-carbon stereogenic quaternary center. Previous routes developed by the lab to generate this center involved Frater-Seebach alkylation of a lactone intermediate or an acyclic intramolecular free radical cyclization/elimination reaction initiated by triethylborane. A methodology exploiting photoredox catalysis was developed allowing for the practical limitations of the use of triethylborane to be overcome. Optimization of the photocatalytic cycle resulted in formation of the allylated and vinylated quaternary center in excellent diastereoselectivity and yield. In addition, different synthetic pathways were also examined to introduce a C2’ hydroxy substituent on these novel analogues A Lewis acid controlled cyanide addition onto an aldehyde through a proposed seven-membered ring chelate allowed for diastereoselective synthesis of an acyclic cyanohydrin. Conversion of the cyanohydrin into the corresponding dithioacetal allowed for construction of the novel nucleoside analogue using our acyclic approach. This involved stereoselective introduction of the nucleobase onto the acyclic dithioacetal followed by a kinetically controlled intramolecular cyclization of the resulting thioaminal providing 1’,2’-trans xylo-like analogues. Access to 1’,2’-cis or trans arabino-like scaffolds bearing the C3’-quaternary center and a C2’-hydroxy group involved stereoselective reduction of an hydroxyenone formed from allylic oxidation. Using the developed synthetic methodologies, a library of novel nucleoside analogues was synthesized and are currently being tested as anticancer and antiviral agents.

Keyphrases: glycosylation, Nucleoside analogues, Stereogenic quaternary center, Acyclic approach, Radical chemistry, Photoredox catalysis
Normativités et usages judiciaires des technologies : l’exemple controversé de la neuroimagerie en France et au Canada

Neuroimaging allows the observation of the nervous system, of both its metabolism and some of its structures. An important literature in “neurolaw” conveys illusions and fantaisies about the judicial possibilities that imaging technologies would contain. Whether it is about lies detection, cerebral identifications of dangerous individuals through their neurobiology or predictions of criminal behaviors, neuroimaging, in the current state of technologies, can not be seriously conceived as being able to offer such applications. Judicial uses of neuroimaging through expertise are a reality nonetheless, in Canadian courts as in French law. This thesis emphasizes that the conceptions of imaging technologies integrated in the two legal systems studied are incomplete, which creates an important amount of risks. It discusses the conditions for the use of an extra-legal normativity, the international technical standardization, which could be elaborated in this particular and controversial context, and outlines several features of an increased dialogue between legal and technological norms

Keyphrases: Neurosciences, Expertise, Neuroimaging, Internormativity, Standardization
Développement d’une méthode SPRi pour la quantification et l’identification régiosélective de protéines cibles dans des coupes tissulaires biologiques

The state of certain diseases can be revealed and monitored by the presence or the relative concentration of specific biomolecule in tissues or biofluids. However, it remains challenging to identify and quantify proteins in biological samples with spatial resolution for imaging of tissues in pathological studies or in biochemical measurements. To achieve this objective, the combination of surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-iMS) was recently proposed to obtain quantitative and qualitative images from a single tissue imprint, on a single sensor chip. In this technique, MALDI-iMS identify and sequence biomolecules, while SPRi provides absolute and regioselective quantification. Both imaging techniques give complementary information about the absolute amount and the spatial organization of proteins at the surface of the sensor, but it is still impossible with the current experimental design to locally quantify a specific target protein. The work presented in this thesis focuses on the development of a reproducible method allowing the regioselective quantification of target proteins within a thin tissue section. Surface chemistry is used to graft a selective bioreceptor on the surface of the sensor chip (such as antibodies) to specifically quantify a biomolecule with regioselectivity. The local quantification and identification of a target protein is monitored using SPRi, in a two-step assay. This thesis will focus on the functionalization of selective sensor chip surfaces for a targeted protein in different samples, and on the transfer of those proteins from samples to the surface through a nylon membrane.

Keyphrases: SPRi, Imaging, Surface plasmon resonance, Surface chemistry
Le libre arbitre à l'épreuve du déterminisme : les troubles du psychopathe en tant qu'instruments d'étude de la défense de non-responsabilité criminelle pour cause de troubles mentaux

The purpose of this research is to study the not criminally responsible defence due to mental disorders in Canada. It aims as well at studying some guiding principles of criminal liability. Mental disorders represent a pertinent and effective instrument to study and appreciate this mean of defense which is sometimes criticized. This will lead us to fairly identify their strengths and weaknesses. Thus, the review of the implementation of the insanity defence and psychopathy is designed to give us a better understanding not only of the structure of section 16 of the Criminal Code but also the spirit of our criminal law system. Finally, the application of the section 16 of Criminal code to mental disorders must promote a better understanding of this condition that is frequently considered intangible for medical sciences and also very poorly looked by general public. In that sense the goal of this study is to assess whether the defence stated in article 16 of Criminal code can be applied to a person suffering from psychopathy.

Keyphrases: Criminal law, Psychopathy, Insanity defence, Free will, Determinism