Déterminer les mécanismes impliqués dans les effets du récepteur à la rénine et prorénine dans l’obésité et dans le diabète = Determining mechanisms implicated in the effects of the renin and prorenin receptor in the development of obesity and diabetes

Obesity is a worldwide epidemic and increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and its complications. In obesity, adipose tissue secretes large amounts of hormones and cytokines that negatively regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, causing inflammation and insulin resistance. Obesity also increases the activity of both local (tissue-specific) and circulating renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin I by renin, whereas prorenin may only do so upon binding to the (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] 1. This is thus the angiotensin-dependent (Ang-D) pathway of the (P)RR. The binding of renin and prorenin with the (P)RR also activates an angiotensin-independent pathway (Ang-ND), leading to intracellular signaling involving, for instance, the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), the extracellular regulatory kinase ½ (Erk1/2), the promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (PLZF) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) 1, 2. These can produce cell growth and proliferation, apoptosis and fibrosis 1, 2, and as such may contribute to tissue damage and complications associated with obesity. The beneficial effects of pharmacological blockade of the (P)RR include prevention of the development of cardiac and renal fibrosis, as well as of diabetes-associated nephropathy and retinopathy. However, effects of the (P)RR in adipose tissue have been poorly investigated. Hence, our objective was to study the role of the (P)RR in the development of obesity and insulin resistance by: 1) administering HRP (a (P)RR blocker peptide) to mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), and 2) in knock-out (KO) mice with adipose tissue-specific (P)RR gene deletion, which were generated in our laboratory by cre-loxp technology. (P)RR gene and protein expression in adipose tissue were increased in mice fed a HFD independently of HRP treatment. HRP treatment also reduced mice body weight and fat masses in HFD-fed mice while they only tended to be lower in mice on normal diet (ND). Similarly, the adipose tissue specific (P)RR KO mice had reduced body weight and fat masses, even on ND, and as such confirmed the involvement of adipose tissue (P)RR in the development of obesity. The KO phenotype included increased horizontal activity, only in the dark cycle (active period), which would increase energy expenditure and could contribute to their lower body weight and fat mass. Male hemizygous KO mice had higher basal metabolic rate as they had increased oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production during both their active and inactive period. This increased basal metabolism may result in part from an increase in thermogenesis as increased “beiging” gene expression, PRDM16, was observed in peri-renal fat of male KO mice. In line with this, recent results from our laboratory have also shown that HRP may induce “beiging” in subcutaneous fat 3. In mice treated with the HRP, although glycemia was similar to placebo treated mice, plasma insulin and the insulin to glucose ratio were lower compared to untreated groups on both HFD or ND. Similarly, (P)RR KO mice had lower plasma insulin and C-peptide levels compared to controls, without any differences in the glycemia curves during an oral glucose tolerance test. Given that the basal and stimulated insulin levels were significantly lower in KO mice, without any changes in total pancreatic insulin content and with similar insulin to C-peptide ratio, this suggests that pancreatic insulin metabolism was not modified. The increased circulating adiponectin levels observed in KO mice may have contributed to the better insulin sensitivity present in the mice. In the HRP treated mice, we observed an improved gene expression profile of glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT4, TNF-alpha, MCP-1, F4/80 and leptin in adipose tissue, which may also contribute to the increased insulin sensitivity. Given that better insulin sensitivity was observed in mice with both (P)RR pharmacological blockade and genetic suppression, this suggests that the (P)RR is involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. In addition, lower circulating triglycerides (TG) levels were found in mice treated with HRP, whereas lower TG levels were observed only in skeletal muscles in (P)RR KO mice. Put altogether, the lower lipid content and higher plasma adiponectin levels likely result from a healthier fat tissue as revealed by histological analysis which showed a reduction in adipocytes size in KO mice and was recently revealed in HRP treated HFD fed mice 3. Our results demonstrate that the (P)RR, particularly in adipose tissue, is implicated in the regulation of body weight and glucose homeostasis via modulation of adipocytes morphology and function. The development of a new clinical strategy focused on blockade of the (P)RR specifically in adipose tissue could help to treat obesity and its associated pathologies such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.

Keyphrases: adiponectin, Obesity, glucose homeostasis, adipose tissue, renin-angiotensin system, renin and prorenin receptor, insulin, C-peptide, adiponectin, beiging