NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Comment les expériences passées conditionnent la fin des carrières criminelles : réussite criminelle et processus de désistement

Future criminal activities are often dependent on past criminal activities, as shown by researches on criminal career. Following this train of thought, previous successes or failures might shape the desistance process. However, literature on the relation between parameters of the criminal career and the desistance process is at most sparse. Little is known about how specific events can modulate the decision to reduce or stop criminal activities and to maintain the desistance from crime. This work will focus on criminal success, desistance and the upkeep of desistance. The goal is to investigate criminal success such as criminal earning and impunity to investigate its impact of the desistance process. To be selected in the sample, the participants needed to have participated actively in lucrative crime for period of more than 2 years and have ended their criminal career for more than a year. 27 participants were selected. To collect the data, two strategies were used. A life history calendar methodology was used to map out the criminal and legitimate careers of all participants. Interviews were also done to let the participants ‘’tell their story’’ as that methodology enables the researcher to grasp the impact of the events on the participant’s life trajectory. The parameters of the criminal career might be of interest in the study of desistance, since the results show that the desistance process differs with the success level. This work helps in our understanding of the desistance process and the impact of success on the process. It could also be useful when it comes to the development of programs for social reintegration.

Keyphrases: Criminal achievement, Life history calendars, Criminal career, Desistance
La réhabilitation par l’intervention : trajectoire inusitée?

There has been little interest in residual trajectories of ex-offenders who have ceased their criminal activities, of former addicts who have stopped their consumption or of pedophiles who have opted for abstinence. However, there is no guarantee that the personal rehabilitation or existential identity change takes the form of a personal empowerment. This paper examine the life course of a self-taught moral entrepreneur who has found the path of social and professional recognition by finding an innovative solution (and effective) to help those who embraced different kind of deviant trajectories. The strategy used was to proceed by case study by conducting a schematization of the biography of a moral entrepreneur. The study proposes to examine the mechanisms that made possible this success.

Keyphrases: Approche narrative, Moral entrepreneur, Residual trajectories, Deviance, Case study, Narrative approach
La dynamique des séquences de rechute chez des joueurs excessifs et des joueurs délinquants

Few individuals who embrace deviant trajectories maintain a constant level of deviance over time. Fluctuations, changes and transitions are commonplace in deviant lifestyles. A limited number of studies have examined these changes in a dynamic perspective. Drawing from the method of life history calendars and considering inter-and intra-individual changes, this study compares relapse episodes among gamblers (N=50) and offenders (N=107) trajectories. Results highlight the generalizability of the criminal career analytical framework. In particular, our findings emphasize the importance of considering both individual attributes and life circumstances. We also discover in this study that the effect of life circumstances is often conditional of certain individual characteristics.

Keyphrases: Excessive gambling, Offenders, Relapse, Recidivism, Multilevel models
« All in or fold » : les hauts et les bas de la carrière des joueurs excessifs

o study, American as well as Canadian, has examined the dynamics of change in compulsive, pathological or excessive gambler trajectories. This seeks to improve knowledge about excessive gamblers by analyzing within and between individual changes in 100 excessive gambler trajectories. Participants were recruited in therapeutic resources surrounding the city of Montreal. Monthly variations of monetary bets are analyzed, with special attention given to episodes of abstinence. The use of hierarchical linear models (HLM) allows to consider simultaneously contextual variables (the effect of conventional and deviant life circumstances), and personal characteristics (impulsiveness, gender, etc). Results show that life circumstances have an impact on the intensity of gambling and episodes of abstinence. More specifically, they highlight the importance of deviant life circumstances (criminal earnings, loan shark, alcohol and drug consumption) to understand major changes in gambling habits.

Keyphrases: Jeu excessif, Excessive gambling, Crime, Life circumstances, Deviance, Multilevel models
Exposition prénatale aux pesticides organophosphorés et neurodéveloppement chez les jeunes enfants

Prenatal exposure to OP pesticides has been associated with cognitive and behavioral disorders in epidemiological studies conducted, for the most part, on pregnancy cohorts in several countries. However, no studies have yet examined this relationship in Canada, where OP pesticides are widely used. The purpose of our study was to examine this association among young children in a pan-Canadian pregnancy cohort of 896 mothers and their children. We used the concentrations of dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites of OP pesticides in urine samples collected at approximately 12 weeks of pregnancy from pregnant women in the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study recruited from 10 Canadian cities. At about 3 years of age, children’s cognitive abilities and behavior were assessed through parental reports and neurodevelopmental tests administered in their homes. Linear regressions, adjusted for confounding factors, indicated that when child sex was not considered, there were no associations between DAP concentrations and the neurodevelopment indicators tested. By stratifying with the sex of the children, different sex associations were observed, these being present only among boys. For example, each 10-fold increase in DEAP concentration was associatedin boys, with significantly lower scores for verbal comprehension (β= -6.2; p=0.043 VS β= 0.5 ; p=0.076), and picture completion (β= -1.26; p=0.019 VS β= 0.4; p=0.414). There was no association among girls. The results of this study, whose large sample size and longitudinal follow-up of children are major strengths, are consistent with previous studies reporting that prenatal exposure to OP pesticides is associated with neurodevelopmental deficits among boys, while weak or no associations are observed among girls.

Keyphrases: pesticides organophosphorés (OP), dialkyl phoshates (DAP), organophsphates pesticides (OP), neurodevelopment, prenatal exposure
The KRESCENT Program (2005-2015) : an evaluation of the state of Kidney Research Training in Canada

Background: The Kidney Research Scientist Core Education and National Training (KRESCENT) Program was launched in 2005 to enhance kidney research capacity in Canada and foster knowledge translation across the 4 themes of health research. Objective: To evaluate the impact of KRESCENT on its major objectives and on the careers of trainees after its first 10 years. Methods: An online survey of trainees (n = 53) who had completed or were enrolled in KRESCENT was conducted in 2015. Information was also obtained from curriculum vitae (CVs). A bibliometric analysis assessed scientific productivity, collaboration, and impact in comparison with unsuccessful applicants to KRESCENT over the same period. The analysis included a comparison of Canadian with international kidney research metrics from 2000 to 2014. Results: Thirty-nine KRESCENT trainees completed the survey (74%), and 44 trainees (83%) submitted CVs. KRESCENT trainees had a high success rate at obtaining grant funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR; 79%), and 76% of Post-Doctoral Fellows received academic appointments at the Assistant Professor level within 8 months of completing training. The majority of trainees reported that KRESCENT had contributed significantly to their success in securing CIHR funding (90%), and to the creation of knowledge (93%) and development of new methodologies (50%). Bibliometric analysis revealed a small but steady decline in total international kidney research output from 2000 to 2014, as a percentage of all health research, although overall impact of kidney research in Canada increased from 2000-2005 to 2009- 2014 compared with other countries. KRESCENT trainees demonstrated increased productivity, multiauthored papers, impact, and international collaborations after their training, compared with nonfunded applicants. Conclusions: The KRESCENT Program has fostered kidney research career development and contributed to increased capacity, productivity, and collaboration. To further enhance knowledge creation and translation in kidney research in Canada, programs such as KRESCENT should be sustained via long-term funding partnerships.

Keyphrases: Kidney research, Training, New investigator, Postdoctoral fellow, Allied health, Bibliometrics, Knowledge translation
Entraînement à la pleine conscience via la réalité virtuelle immersive auprès de personnes ayant des symptômes post-commotionnels persistants suite à un traumatisme craniocérébral léger : une étude de cas

Background: Each year, more than 30,000 Canadians experience mild brain injury and have a variety of physical, cognitive and emotional symptoms. For the majority, these symptoms will resorb within the first three months. However, for 5-15% of them, the symptoms persist well beyond this period giving rise to the post-concussion syndrome. There are various consequences for these people who often experience emotional distress and difficulties returning to work, school, or simply being independent on a daily basis. To intervene with these people, new intervention methods based on mindfulness have shown significant effects on psychological flexibility, cognition, and mood. Objective: The objective of the research is to present a new mindfulness training protocol implemented in an immersive virtual environment to observe its effects on certain variables such as attention difficulties, persistent post-concussive symptoms, psychological inflexibility, and mood variations. Method: A total of four participants with post-concussive syndrome completed the 8-week program based on the principles of mindfulness. They also performed three assessments including neuropsychological tests and questionnaires to estimate the effects of the intervention. Results: The different analysis revealed an improvement in attentional functioning for most of the participants. Variations in post-concussive symptoms, in mood and psychological flexibility were also observed. Conclusion: These results suggest that such a program based on mindfulness and follow-up in immersive virtual reality is promising. However, additional research is needed and the setting up of randomized controlled research proposals is suggested.

Keyphrases: Mild traumatic brain injury, Post-concussive syndrome, Mindfulness, Immersive virtual reality, Cognitive functions, Attentional functioning, Neuropsychology
Scientific mobility indicators in practice : international mobility profiles at the country level

This paper presents and describes the methodological opportunities offered by bibliometric data to produce indicators of scientific mobility. Large bibliographic datasets of disambiguated authors and their affiliations allow for the possibility of tracking the affiliation changes of scientists. Using the Web of Science as data source, we analyze the distribution of types of mobile scientists for a selection of countries. We explore the possibility of creating profiles of international mobility at the country level, and discuss potential interpretations and caveats. Five countries—Canada, The Netherlands, South Africa, Spain, and the United States—are used as examples. These profiles enable us to characterize these countries in terms of their strongest links with other countries. This type of analysis reveals circulation among and between countries with strong policy implications.

Keyphrases: Scientific mobility, Bibliometric indicators, Iinternational mobility, Internationalization, Research policy
Rupture du ligament croisé crânial chez le bovin : évaluation de la biocompatibilité d'une nouvelle prothèse en Nitinol tressé et de la stabilité articulaire suite à son implantation chirurgicale

Incidence of cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) disruption in cattle represents 35% of problems originating from the stifle. When this ligament is ruptured, articular instability and lameness will develop. Currently in cattle, the surgical treatment for CCL repair is associated with a poor prognosis and premature rupture of implants. A new innovative prosthesis with similar biomechanical properties of intact CCL, and made with braided superelastic Nitinol strands could improve the currently poor surgical outcomes of CCL ligament repair. The global objective of this Master’s thesis is to develop a viable surgical option, through the creation of an innovative prosthesis composed of a braided super-elastic nitinol strands for intra-articular CCL replacement in cattle, thus improving current poor outcomes in order to provide better patient care. More specifically, (1) to determine the intra-articular biocompatibility of Nitinol and (2) determine the surgical technique for CCL replacement that confers articular stability closest to that of an intact CCL bovine stifle. We hypothesized that Nitinol would be biocompatible intra-articularly and that its use in a prosthesis would confers joint stability closest to that on an intact stifle when implanted in isometric fashion. To meet the project objectives, 192 Nitinol strands were incubated in synovial fluid, physiologic saline and phosphate buffered saline for 1, 3 and 6 months. Following incubation, the in vitro intra-articular biocompatibility of Nitinol was confirmed throughout the evaluation of its resistance to corrosion and the stability of its mechanical properties. Thereafter, the total craniocaudal tibial translation, and mediolateral angular displacement was quantified in 15 bovine stifles with CCL intact, transected, and stabilized with either a braided super-elastic Nitinol prosthesis or nylon implants. Isometric implantation of the new Nitinol prosthesis for surgical stabilization showed increased stifle stability following CCL rupture compared to stifle repaired using nylon. In conclusion, this Master’s thesis showed the potential of a new braided Nitinol prosthesis as an intra-articular CCL replacement in cattle, thus improving currently poor surgical outcome of ligament repair.

Keyphrases: genou, bovin, Nitinol, corrosion, cranial cruciate ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, stifle, knee, articular stability, stifle stabilization, surgery, cattle, bovine, biocompatibility, ligament prosthesis, Large animals, orthopedic
Propriétés biomécaniques in vitro des tissus de la sole : onglon bovin sain vs ulcéré

Sole ulcers are reported to be one of the most prevalent diseases associated with lameness in dairy cattle, significantly affecting animal welfare and farm profitability. The degree to which sole tissues, healthy or ulcerated, are able to maintain their structure and function when subjected to compressive forces remains unknown. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to assess sole tissue viscoelasticity in healthy and ulcerated claws; to evaluate whether age, body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS) or days in milk (DIM) affect mechanical behavior; and to describe correlated tissue histology. Cylindrical samples were harvested from zones 4 and 6, as described by the international foot map, from pelvic lateral healthy and ulcerated bovine claws. Tissue biomechanics and morphology were evaluated performing compressive tests and hematoxylin-eosin-phloxine-saffron (HPS) stains, respectively. A t test for two means comparisons was used to compare zones’ mechanical properties between healthy and ulcerated tissues, while a linear mixed model was chosen to assess association of independent variables and a Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test to measure the effect of claw zone on histology. BCS had a positive and significant effect on sole soft tissue thickness, which was significantly higher in zone 6 compared to zone 4, but the effect was the same for healthy and ulcerated claws. The fibril modulus (Ef) and permeability (k) of the soft tissue were statistically significantly higher in ulcerated claws compared to healthy claws, but only for zone 6. There was a positive and significant effect of increasing DIM on Ef. Histology scores equal to or greater than 3 were associated with macroscopic presence of ulceration. Higher proportion of adipose tissue (30% and more) was associated with zone 6 compared to zone 4, but no difference was seen between healthy and ulcerated claws. Ulcerated claws had a higher prevalence of osteophytes compared to healthy ones. It was not possible to prove associations of mechanical behavior with independent variables. Moreover, clinical and histological signs of sole ulceration were not associated with decreased strength of the supportive apparatus of the third phalanx in zone 4 in this study.

Keyphrases: dairy cattle, lameness, sole ulcer, biomechanics, histology, supportive claw apparatus
Identification et caractérisation des bactériocines de souches commensales de Clostridium perfringens

With the current increase in antimicrobial resistance and consumers’ concern, new alternatives are needed to control necrotic enteritis (NE), a disease that causes billions of dollars in economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria to kill or inhibit the growth of other bacterial competitors. Perfrin is the only reported bacteriocin associated with pathogenic strains of Clostridium perfringens, the causal agent of NE. The aims of this study were to screen for commensal Clostridium perfringens strains with an antimicrobial activity against C. perfringens pathogenic strains and to identify and characterize the produced bacteriocins. Commensal C. perfringens strains were selected from our bacterial collection. Antimicrobial activity of those selected strains was tested against C. perfringens pathogenic strains using the agar spot test method. An active commensal strain showing antimicrobial activity was cultured and its bacteriocins were partially purified using the ammonium sulfate precipitation method and HPLC. After each chromatography, antimicrobial activity of fractions was tested using the method described above to choose fractions containing bacteriocins. Enzyme susceptibility, heat and pH stability and the estimated molecular weight of the bacteriocins were characterized. The studied bacteriocins were sensitive to proteinase K, thermolabile, stable at pH between 4 and 8 and their molecular weight higher than 30 kDa. CP1676 strain genome was sequenced and bioinformatics were performed. We found 28 potential bacteriocin sequences, but 4 of them seemed to be promising. In this study, commensal C. perfringens strains producing bacteriocins active against pathogenic strains have been identified. These bacteriocins could be an interesting alternative to antibiotics for the control of necrotic enteritis but further data is still needed.

Keyphrases: Clostridium perfringens, purification, bacteriocins, necrotic enteritis, characterization
L’impact des systèmes de logement alternatifs sur la santé et les performances des poules pondeuses

As Canadian egg farmers transition their flocks from conventional cages to alternative housing systems, it is important to evaluate the impact of the latter on the performance and welfare of laying hens. To this end, the present study investigates the prevalence of keel bone deviation, keel bone fracture, footpad dermatitis and feather coverage in commercial flocks in Quebec, Canada, housed in enriched cages and aviaries. Mean egg production, cumulative mortality, feed intake, shell thickness, egg weight, shell strength, Haugh unit, and the prevalence of cracked or dirty eggs were used as measures of flock performance. The present study also investigates the use of infrared thermography as a diagnostic tool for keel bone fractures and footpad dermatitis in hens. Our data show that hens housed in aviaries have a significantly higher prevalence of keel bone fracture (P=0.011) and cumulative mortality (P=0.0049) but that the egg shells of aviary hens are significantly thicker than their counterparts in enriched cages (P=0.0049). While thermal imaging could not distinguish between hens with and those without fractures, footpad temperatures were significantly higher in hens with severe dermatitis (P<0.01). Furthermore, a low feed intake positively correlated with damaged feather coverage (P<0.05), while high feed intake correlated with high egg weight (P<0.05). The other parameters studied were not influenced by the type of housing. Overall, aviary housing negatively impacted keel bone fractures, footpad dermatitis and mortality and infrared thermography is not a valid diagnostic tool for keel fracture and footpad dermatitis in hens.

Keyphrases: performance, alternative housing system, laying hen, welfare, infrared thermography
Quantification des lymphocytes, éosinophiles et mucines dans des biopsies duodénales de chevaux exposés à différentes diètes

Diet may play a role on the number and type of small intestinal mucosal leucocytes. The objectives of this study are 1) to quantify lymphocytes and eosinophils of the lamina propria and, 2) to evaluate the type of mucins present in duodenal biopsies from horses fed different diets. A variability in leukocytes and mucins should be observed with the diet change. Seven mares (n = 7) were fed for six weeks a diet rich in fibers followed by another six weeks of a diet rich in proteins. One endoscopic duodenal biopsy per horse was taken at the end of each period of diet. An hematoxylin-eosin-phloxin-saffron stain, an immunochemistry to evaluate T lymphocytes (CD3) and B lymphocytes (CD20) and an AB PAS stain to evaluate mucins were performed. A quantification of lymphocytes identified by hematoxylin-eosin-phloxin-saffron, CD3 and CD20 and of eosinophils by hematoxylin-eosin-phloxin-saffron was performed. Mucins were qualitatively evaluated. For 11/13 biopsies the lymphocyte count was higher when identified with immunochemistry than identified by hematoxylin-eosin-phloxin-saffron stain. Mares, when fed a protein rich diet, have a significantly higher ratio of lymphocytes T/lymphocytes B (p = 0,026). No differences were found for eosinophils and mucins with the diet change. These results indicate that immunochemistry is necessary to identify the impact of the diet on the lymphocytes T/lymphocytes B ratio of the lamina propria in duodenal biopsies from healthy mares. The results from this study can be used to evaluate factors contributing to duodenal leukocytes variation to establish reference values for the range of the number of leukocytes found in the normal equine intestinal mucosa.

Keyphrases: Cheval, Lymphocytes, Quantification, Diet, Equine, Immunochemistry, Lymphocytes, Quantification