NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Effet d’un suivi infirmier téléphonique effectué auprès de parents, sur la gestion de la douleur et la prévention de complications postopératoires d’enfants ayant subi une amygdalectomie

Background: After tonsillectomy, children experience moderate to severe pain for several days. Following discharge from the hospital, many parents give insufficient analgesia to their child, based on numerous misguided beliefs. This contributes to more pain and an increase of postoperative complications. Aim: Evaluation of the efficacy of a nurse telephone follow-up with parents of children who underwent tonsillectomy, on pain intensity, occurrence of postoperative complications and frequency of resort to other health services. Methods: This randomised clinical trial compared an intervention group (nurse telephone follow-up) with a control group (standard care, without follow-up) (n=52). Nurse telephone follow-up was made on the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 10th postoperative day and included advice and explanation regarding problems experienced by parents, using an algorithm of interventions. Outcomes evaluated were pain intensity, frequency of analgesics administered to the child, occurrence of postoperative complications and resort to health services. Data was collected at hospital discharge, and on the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 10th postoperative days (POD). Results: Children in the experimental group had lower pain intensity scores after medication than the control group in the morning (P= 0.041) and evening (P= 0.010) of POD 3. Children in the nurse follow-up group received more doses of analgesics on POD 1 (P= 0.007) and POD 5 (P= 0.043). Significant differences were observed, in favour of the nurse follow-up group, regarding vomiting at POD 0 (P= 0.040) and POD 3 (P= 0.042), dizziness at POD 1(P= 0.041), and fluid intake at POD 1(P= 0.014) and POD 3 (P= 0.019) - although, constipation was more frequent in the nurse follow-up group at POD 3 (P< 0.001). There was no significant difference, between both groups, regarding resort to other health services. Conclusion: Nurse telephone follow-up with parents of children who underwent tonsillectomy was beneficial for some aspects of pain management and occurrence of some postoperative complications, but did not decrease resort to other health services.

Keyphrases: Postoperative pain, Postoperative complications, Tonsillectomy, Post-tonsillectomy telenursing intervention, Children, Parent, Parent
La salmonellose chez les bovins laitiers :
présentation clinique et culture bactériologique

Eight hundred and thirty-one dairy herds in 5 states in the northeast USA were enrolled in a prospective cohort study. A generalized estimating equations model including herd as a random effect was built to study the association between clinical signs and detection of Salmonella spp. in the faeces of animals suspected of clinical salmonellosis. The sensitivity and specificity of the bacteriological culture were estimated using a latent class model.  Eighteen percent of the 874 samples from calves and 29% of the 1479 samples from adult cows were positive for Salmonella spp. It was not possible to establish a clear association between the various clinical signs and detection of Salmonella spp. in the faeces. The two most frequently isolated serotypes were Typhimurium and Newport. The probability of detecting salmonellas was higher for calves when another enteric pathogen was also detected. The proportion of positive samples was higher among cows that received antibiotics in the days preceding the sampling. The sensitivity of the bacteriological culture was estimated at 0.48 (95% credibility interval [95%CrI]: 0.22 to 0.95) for calves and 0.78 (95%CrI 0.55 to 0.99) for cows. The specificity of the culture was 0.94 (95%CrI: 0.87 to 1.00) for calves and 0.96 (95%CrI: 0.90 to 1.00) for cows. Despite imperfect sensitivity, bacterial culture remains useful to obtain a better estimate of the post-test probability of clinical salmonellosis in dairy cattle, compared to the estimated probability following the clinical examination alone.

Keyphrases: Salmonella, Dairy cattle, Clinical signs, Clinical salmonellosis, Bacteriological culture
La dihydrofolate réductase R67, comme une cible d’antibiotiques et biocatalyseur potentiel

Type II R-plasmid encoded dihyrofolate reductase (DHFR), R67 DHFR is a bacterial enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of dihydrofolate (DHF) to tetrahydrofolate (THFA) which is essential for cell proliferation. R67 DHFR is an enzyme that depends on the cofactor NADPH as the hydride donor. R67 DHFR is distinct, structurally and genetically, from E. coli chromosomal DHFR (DHFR Ec) and it provides drug resistance to the widely-administered antibiotic trimethoprim (TMP). No selective inhibitor against R67 DHFR exists currently.  The goal of this study was to discover molecules that can selectively inhibit R67 DHFR, without affecting human DHFR (hDHFR). Verification of the quality of enzyme assays under defined conditions for inhibitor screening on plate readers found several appropriate instruments for analysis. The study of the enzymatic activity of R67 DHFR and hDHFR in the presence of organic solvents and ionic liquids (ILs), as co-solvents for rational screening of inhibitors, showed that ILs can provide alternative media for enzymatic assays. Rational screening based on the approach of fragment-based drug design, revealed primary molecules that inhibited DHFR R67 weakly, but selectively. The testing of more complex compounds with known biological activities gave ligands with increased affinity for R67 DHFR. Three compounds were identified as promising selective inhibitors for R67 DHFR.

Keyphrases: biocatalyse, R67 dihydrofolate reductase, rsolvants resistance, ionic liquids, selective inhibitor, rational screening, biocatalysis, bacterial resistance, trimethoprim, enzyme activity, organic solvents, fragment-based drug design
Synthèse de nouveaux matériaux conducteurs
comportant des unités aromatiques conjuguées
et analyse de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques

Conjugated materials have received much attention recently as they show promise for industrial applications. These materials are interesting because of the many new possibilities for devices combining unique optical, electrical and mechanical properties. The synthesis is the major difficulty in the fabrication of electronic devices. Usual methods to do so are electropolymerisation, Suzuki or Wittig coupling. Those techniques are full of constraints and are difficult to scale-up. Thiophenes, pyrroles and furans demonstrated good conductibility and low band-gap due to increased conjugation. Our main goal is to synthesize oligomers made principally of thiophene to characterize their spectroscopic, electrochemical and conduction properties. Synthesis is the most important step in the making of conjugated material. A synthetically simple and modular route to novel conjugated material consisting of heterocyclic units is presented. These complementary modules are linked by condensing aldehydes and amines leading to robust azomethine bonds. The resulting photophysical and electrochemical properties of these conjugated materials will be presented.   Through the use of different electron donor and acceptor groups, degree of conjugation or by using different heterocycles, the spectroscopic, electrochemical and band-gap properties can be tailored leading to materials with tunable properties. Those new molecules will be analysed to detect properties suitable for OLED fabrication. This presentation will also address the electrochemical reversible oxidation and polymerization of these compounds leading to the making of simple devices.

Keyphrases: Imines, Chemistry, Synthesis, Azomethines, Conducting materials, Electrochromism, Organic light emitting diodes
Vivre la ville : l'expérience sociale et spatiale des autochtones de Val-d'Or

This research differs from other studies on urban Natives by looking at the daily life of Natives in the city of Val-d’Or (Abitibi, Quebec). This thesis examines their social experiences and their relations to the places of the city. It demonstrates that a Native community lives in Val-d’Or, and that it is characterized by its social structure, its collective identity, and the creation of an elite class. The collective memory, the social environment, and the non-Natives are central for the Val-d’Or Native’s identity. The sense of belonging that Natives are building toward the urban environment has to be considered in the preservation of their collective identity, as well as in their daily life in the city. When we are talking about Natives and urban space, the visibility/invisibility dichotomy appears. The social recognition entitles individuals to get visibility (positive or negative) from others. On the contrary, invisibility is a process of “non-perception”. It is in social inter-ethnic interaction that this dichotomy is experienced. Social interactions and inter-ethnic human contacts are creating ethnic segmentation in social relations. A proximity/distance phenomenon is introduced and creates stereotypes (accurate and inaccurate). The discource of the non-Natives of Val-d’Or is gender oriented, marked by some discriminatory words. This thesis focuses on the fact that the Natives are, like other urban populations, urban social actors who shape the landscapes of Canadian cities.

Keyphrases: Relations autochtones/non-autochtones, Anthropology, Urban Natives, Elite class, Collective identity, Natives/non-Natives relations, Ethnic segmentation
Étude des mécanismes moléculaires menant à la migration cellulaire associée à Rac1 et ARF6

The ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) and Rac1 are small GTP-binding proteins that regulate several signaling events ranging from vesicle trafficking, to modification of membrane lipids and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. However, the molecular mechanisms by which ARF6 and Rac1 act in concert to control these different cellular processes remain unclear. Here, we show that in HEK 293 cells, ARF6 and Rac1 can be found in complex upon stimulation of the angiotensin receptor (ATR). In vitro experiments indicate that these two small G proteins can directly interact together, and that ARF6 preferentially interacts with the GDP-bound form of Rac1. Depletion of ARF6 by RNA interference leads to a marked PIX-dependent Rac1 activation in cells, independently of receptor stimulation, leading to uncontrolled cell migration. Arrestins, which are known for their role in G protein-coupled receptor desensitization, act as scaffold proteins toward Rac1 and ARF6, by directly interacting with the GTPases and by increasing their agonist-promoted association. Besides, arrestins allow p38 MAP Kinase activation, by releasing it, which regulates ARF6 activity and early association occurring between arrestins and ARF6. Taken together, this study shows that arrestins control ARF6 activity, by managing p38. ARF6 is an inhibitor of basal Rac1 activation to further allow the protein to be recruited and activated following angiotensin treatment. This study allowed us to precise how cell migration induction is regulated following G protein-coupled receptor activation. As a result, we identified some of the key players implicated in this process, providing new targets in the treatment of patho-physiological inbalance in cell migration.

Keyphrases: Rac1, ARF6, p38, Migration, Arrestins, G-protein coupled receptors
Statistical potentials for evolutionary studies

Protein sequences are the net result of the interplay of mutation, natural selection and stochastic variation. Probabilistic models of molecular evolution accounting for these processes have been substantially improved over the last years. In particular, models that explicitly incorporate protein structure and site interdependencies have recently been developed, as well as statistical tools for assessing their performance. Despite major advances in this direction, only simple representations of protein structure have been used so far. In this context, the main theme of this dissertation has been the modeling of three-dimensional protein structure for evolutionary studies, taking into account the limitations imposed by computationally demanding phylogenetic methods. First, a general statistical framework for optimizing the parameters of a statistical potential (an energy-like scoring system for sequence-structure compatibility) is presented. The functional form of the potential is then refined, increasing the detail of structural description without inflating computational costs. Always at the residue-level, several structural elements are investigated: pairwise distance interactions, solvent accessibility, backbone conformation and flexibility of the residues. The potentials are then included into an evolutionary model and their performance is assessed in terms of model fit, compared to standard evolutionary models. Finally, this new structurally constrained phylogenetic model is used to better understand the selective forces behind the differences in conservation found in genes of very different expression levels.

Keyphrases: Markov chain Monte Carlo, molecular evolution, protein structure, Markov chain Monte Carlo, maximum likelihood, Bayesian statistics, statistical potentials
Enjeux liés à la confidentialité du dossier médical d’enfants en milieu scolaire

Protecting intimacy and the privacy of individuals is a major concern of our society because it promotes health and well-being of individuals. Confidentiality is an element of the right to respect for privacy. Indispensable to the relationship of trust, the respect of confidentiality raises several problems as for its maintenance in the relationship involving children.  The objective of this study is firstly, to explore the different dynamics surrounding therapeutic secrecy or confidentiality and its application in the light of international practices. Second, it seeks to understand perceptions and sense of confidentiality of medical records of children among health professionals and education. Finally, this work aims to understand the motivations and knowledge of the impacts of breach of confidentiality by such professionals.  This is an exploratory qualitative study. Data result from semi-structured interviews conducted with nineteen people working near or far from the children. A grid of interview was used for data collection. The results allow observing that: firstly, internationally, there is a lack of uniformity in applying the concept of confidentiality. Its degree of protection depends on the legal context of a given system. Secondly, the study shows a relationship between the sensitivity of the respondent and his usual professional environment. Indeed, health professionals, members of Professional Corporation, have ethics’ view or perception of confidentiality and they are very sensitive to the issue of confidentiality, because it constitutes a core value. On the other hand, the education professionals, in the absence of common professional identity, were inspired by institutional approach than ethical and they appear much less sensitive to confidentiality. In short, privacy is related to an issue of social responsibility of professionals. Finally, the breaking of confidentiality is motivated by legitimate factors (such as legal or judicial reasons, collaboration’s context) and illegitimate (negligence, error, misconduct).

Keyphrases: Challenges, Confidentiality, Medical records, Children, School's environment
Les anciens captifs de Deerfield au Canada : parcours de vie et intégration

On February 29th, 1704, a force of 250 French and Amerindian allies attacked the small border village of Deerfield, Massachusetts and kidnapped 112 inhabitants, 89 of whom made it alive to New France. At the end of the War of the Spanish Succession, 25 of these captives stayed among the French or the Amerindians. For a long time, they had the status of captives, English or simply, foreigners. This work aims to reconstitute the course of life and integration of the former Deerfield captives in the French colony.    We shall first identify the participants in the attack on Deerfield. Turning our attention to the captives, we shall study the process of their integration into the colony and their assimilation by religion. We shall examine the modalities of adoption of the captives by the colonists and the Amerindians. We shall also see what was the influence of marriage on the insertion of captives into Canadian social networks. Finally, we shall analyze the social and occupational status and the social reproduction of the immediate descendants of some of these captives.

Keyphrases: assimilation, conversion, religion, captives, assimilation, integration, conversion, religion
La culture du travail de rue : une construction quotidienne

The present study proposes to explore the dynamic interaction of the daily cultural construction of street work. The first chapter illustrates the various concerns that emerge from some of the uncertainties related to the experience of practice as well as the various conditions of street work. In particular, the practice’s social legitimacy, the organizational context, its approach to intervention and the practitioner’s professional identity will be explored. After having highlighted the constraints and challenges posed by these different forms of uncertainties, those are exposed again, but from a perspective of an opportunity to understand the cultural construction of street work. The second chapter presents the theoretical framework for the research, which is based on a constructivist, interactionist and ethnomethodological perspective. A third chapter summarizes the strategies for ethnographic fieldwork as undertaken during a one year process of data collection.  This chapter also explores the research method which draws from participant observation, which was undertaken within a local team of street workers and their various associative contexts at regional, provincial or international levels. In borrowing from the dramatic metaphor of Erving Goffman to describe "the stages of everyday’s life" of the street workers, the data analysis will then be presented in three distinct sections, highlighting Goffman’s components, that is the social interactions of street workers "backstage" between peers; "in the setting" to meet their "public";  and finally, during "representation of their roles" in interventional situations. Using case observations and drawing from various examples, each section explains how the routines and ordinary conversations shape the social interactions in those work contexts. The fourth chapter describes my daily research involvement, in the world of street workers as well as my role as an observer which was to witness the dynamics of the team who had welcomed me weekly during a period of one year.  The fifth chapter illustrates everyday experiences of street workers as seen through their activities and conversations as well as the actualization of their roles in their practice environment. The sixth chapter reflects on ways in which street workers are involved in different types of interventions and with people and actor they accompany in the community. A seventh chapter outlines the description of a set of routines, the language codes the street workers use and the interpretation they give and produce through the process of "culturation" of street work.  In other words, we explore how workers read the interactive processes of this culture and how the meanings are produced and mobilized by the actors involved.

Keyphrases: Intervention, Culture, Interaction, Sens, Usages, Construction, Street work, Social work, Ethnography, Daily life, Meanings, Manners
Les usagers de cannabis et la prise de risque sur la route

Cannabis use and driving under the influence of cannabis have become a growing concern in today’s society. The aim of the present study was to further examine the relationship between the use frequency of cannabis among young adults and on-road risk taking. Participants (n=48) were all men aged between 18 and 26 years old who were asked to complete questionnaires and to perform in a simulation task. Results indicate that the use frequency of cannabis is positively associated with self-report of risky driving and suggest a trend with observed risk taking behaviour during the simulation. When comparing the different cannabis users, participants who consumed daily or multiple times a week seem to take more risk on the road than those who use cannabis once a week or less and less than monthly. Moreover, it seems that marijuana users who consume more frequently have a tendency of adopting more permissive attitudes toward smoking cannabis and taking the wheel. Implications for interventions are discussed.

Keyphrases: Cannabis users, Dangerous driving, On-road accidents, Risk taking, Driving simulator
Caractérisation de la fonction des complexes histone déacétylases Rpd3S et Set3C

Chromatin is essential for the maintenance of genomic integrity but, ironically, is also the main barrier to gene transcription. Many mechanisms, such as histone acetylation, have evolved to overcome this problem. Histone acetylation, catalyzed by histone acetyltransferases (HATs), weakens the internucleosomal and nucleosome-DNA interactions, thus permitting the transcriptional machinery access to its template. However, this permissive chromatin state also allows for opportunistic DNA binding events. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) help restore a compact chromatin structure by catalyzing the removal of acetyl moieties from histones. This thesis focuses on the characterization of the function and of the recruitment mechanism of HDAC complexes Rpd3S and Set3C. The Rpd3S complex is recruited to actively transcribed coding regions through interactions with the hyperphosphorylated C-terminal domain of Rpb1, a subunit of RNA polymerase II, with the DSIF elongation factor playing a role in limiting this recruitment. However, the HDAC activity of Rpd3S depends on H3K36 methylation, which is catalyzed by the Set2 histone methyltransferase. The Set3C complex’ function is still not clearly defined. It is recruited to most of its targets through the interaction between the Set3 PHD domain and di- or trimethylated H3K4. However, Set3C recruitment to genes displaying high RNA polymerase II occupancy is independent of H3K4 methylation. The mechanism by which Set3C is recruited to this gene subset is under investigation. These results have mostly been obtained through chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to tiling microarrays (ChIP-chip). The protocol and experimental design challenges inherent to this technique will also be discussed in depth.

Keyphrases: ChIP-chip, transcription, Rpd3, Set3, Chromatin immunoprecipitation, histone acetyltransferase (HAT), histone deacetylase (HDAC), ChIP-chip, histone methyltransferase (HMT), H3K36 methylation, H3K4 methylation, transcription, Rpd3, Set3