NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Exploitation sexuelle à des fins commerciales en Inde : expériences de femmes prostituées à la gare de Varanasi

The sexual exploitation for commercial purposes is making more and more victims in India. Considering the scale of the phenomenon and the gravity of its multiple consequences, our research aims at knowing better and at understanding the experience lived by women engaged in sexual activities against payment. More precisely, the objectives of our research are to describe the progress having driven these women to be engaged in such practices as well as their daily reality and how they perceive their situation, to be then capable to formulate propositions of preventive interventions or addressed to the women being already engaged in sexual activities for commercial purposes.  We chose to interest ourselves in the women living and prostituting themselves at the train station of Varanasi. A qualitative method was privileged in the realisation of the research. Eight interviews were conducted with women and girls who prostitute themselves at the train station and three with social workers already involved on site. The observation in situ allowed to enrich the collected data.  These prostitutes often come from a dysfunctional family circle. It is in situation of flight or family abandonment that they settle down at the train station. It is a place where the women are in situation of extreme vulnerability and where the living conditions are miserable. Exposed to the dangers of the life at the station and accessible to the pimps, prostitution becomes an option to survive. The needs of intervention with these women are multiple and answering to those needs is complex. A harm reduction policy and prevention appear to be avenues to be privileged.

Keyphrases: intervention, sexual exploitation for commercial purposes, victims, India, path, experience, women, intervention
La cristallisation de quatre poly(1,3-dioxolannes) de masses molaires différentes

Poly(1,3-dioxolan) (PDOL) is a semi-crystalline polymer exhibiting in the solid state four different morphologies (Phases I, IIa, IIb and III). Transformations from one phase to another were followed by Polarized Optical Microscopy (POM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) as a function of crystallization temperature and molecular weight. Phase I shows a spherulitic morphology whereas Phase IIa normally grows radially from Phase I but it can also occur in the absence of Phase I.  Its birefringence depends on the molecular weight of PDOL. Unexpectedly, at one point during the crystallization of Phase IIa, at constant temperature, it becomes highly birefringent, and this new morphology is called Phase IIb. When the transformation is completed, a new phase, Phase III, grows radially from Phase IIb; Phase III has never been observed without the presence of Phase IIb. Similarly, Phase IIb always replaces Phase IIa. This phenomenon is called cross-nucleation. The relative stability of the phases has been established as IIb > III >IIa. The growth rate of polymer spherulites was measured over a range of temperatures, from 10.0 to 24.0 °C, and showed remarkable molecular weight dependence. We found a critical molecular weight, around 5000 g.mol-1, below which the growth rate of Phase IIa is slower than that of Phase III but, at higher molecular weight, the trend is reversed. Finally, we explored the influence of the addition of a second amorphous polymer on the evolution of optical phases in some blends: PDOL-PMMA, PDOL-PVC and PDOL-PVAc. We found the same phase transformations as with pure PDOL and some degree of compatibility for the PMMA-PDOL and PDOL-PVC blends.

Keyphrases: morphologie, poly(1,3-dioxolan), morphology, polymorphism, polarized optical microscopy, polymer blends
Influence des glycines du lien S4-S5 sur le couplage électromécanique des canaux ioniques dépendants du voltage

Voltage-gated potassium channels are formed of four subunits, each one with six transmembrane segments (S1-S6) and a loop (p-loop) between S5 and S6 at the level of the pore. It is known that the voltage sensitive segment (S1-S4) undergoes a movement upon membrane potential changes. To open the channel, it is necessary to transfer the energy of the voltage sensor (generated by the displacement of the positive charges of S4) to the pore. The exact mechanism of this “electromechanical coupling” is still under investigation. The voltage sensor and pore are physically linked by the S4-S5 linker (S45L). The aim of this study is to determine the influence of S45L flexibility on the coupling process. In the S45L, three glycines are distributed at different positions and are responsible for the flexibility of the alpha-helix. These glycines (but not their exact position) are conserved within the potassium voltage-gated ion channels. The glycines were each replaced by an alanine using point mutagenesis. In a second step, a proline was introduced at the position in order to introduce a break in the helix. To study the behaviour of channels in this new conformation, we used the patch clamp technique to determine the effects during the pore opening (ionic current).  With the cut-open voltage-clamp we determined the effects on voltage sensor movement (gating current) as well as the temporal correlation with the pore opening (ionic current). The data showed that when the flexibility of the S45L is reduced, the channel needs more energy to open. Exchange with proline suggests that the movement of the sensor is independent of pore opening.

Keyphrases: shaker, glycine, gating, patch clamp, cut-open ooocyte, biophysics, ion channel, voltage-sensor
La "sortie de guerre" des enfants français : le cas des lettres envoyées au président Woodrow Wilson (1918‐1919)

Applied to civilians, the study of how French got out of the war (“sortie de guerre”) offers new perspectives to historians. The cultural mobilization of children during the Great War has led to several studies but demobilization is yet overlooked. This master thesis will examine the “coming out of the war” of French children through previously unexamined sources : letters to the American president Woodrow Wilson in late 1918. This analysis highlights the perception of children regarding peace, war, the American people, and the changes in their daily life since the armistice. The first chapter of this dissertation will address historiographical issues. The second will examine the representations of Wilson and the American people in the letters as well as the children perception of peace. The last chapter will focus on the children’s depictions of their daily life in the months following the armistice, their representations of the war and the youth demobilization process. At the end of 1918, the war still takes plenty of room in the children letters and only few signs of cultural demobilization emerges in them. The president is portrayed as the savior of France but, more interestingly as a great man of the war, rather than as an apostle of peace. The main purpose of the children’s letters is to show gratitude to the president for the participation of his country in the victorious war. The common values and shared history between the two allied countries, drawn from the war propaganda, are often highlighted by the children. The end of the war is just beginning to be felt in the lives of children. This period is marked by celebrations of victory, as fear disappears with the end of war violence and of new grieves. However, for several children, the disruption of war remains, particularly among refugees and war orphans. Poverty, food deprivation and family separations affect many children. This outgoing situation influences the demobilization of children, who show their patriotism and their hatred of the Germans through their letters. Although if wartime representations of the enemy and soldiers still prevail, children continue to express their weariness of the conflict and their desire for a rapid return to normalcy.

Keyphrases: France, sortie de guerre, Woodrow Wilson, First World War, children, cultural demobilization, peace, Americans, letters, war representations
La recherche de l’autosuffisance chez Aristote : la rencontre entre l’éthique et la politique

This dissertation tries to gain a better understanding of the concept of autarkeia which is present in the writings of Aristotle. Doing this, we are also able to get a clearer idea of the link between ethics and politics in the aristotelian thought. In order to achieve this, we start by distinguishing two types of self-sufficiency : the divine self-sufficiency and the human self-sufficiency. The divine self-sufficiency is to be understood as the fact of being fully self-sufficient in the most rigorous way. Strictly speaking, it is only the divine that can be granted of such a self-sufficiency. On the other hand, the human self-sufficiency is the one effective in the aristotelian definition of the polis, which is the self-sufficient grouping of persons aiming at living and good living. After that, we show that the practice of philosophy, which is described as a self-sufficient activity in NE, X, is hardly possible as an activity of the polis and cannot participate in bringing a polis to life. This is founded in the fact that for Aristotle, it is the needs that keep people together, united in a polis, and considering that, it is difficult to see how philosophy could be part of this, because it is totally useless and searched for itself. However, we try to see how it would be possible to conciliate the practice of philosophy with the necessity for a human to live in a polis, because Aristotle never speaks of it as being problematic. The answer of this so-called problem is to be found in the notion of leisure, by relegating philosophy to this part of a human life in order for it to be practiced. It is also by associating philosophy and leisure that we can draw the link between ethics and politics.

Keyphrases: Aristote, autosuffisance, Aristotle, autarkeia, self-sufficiency, ethics, politics, leisure
Valorisation de lisier de porc dans une plantation de saules à croissance rapide

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the use of pig slurry as fertilizer on the productivity of a willow plantation, while evaluating the risk of a negative impact on the environment. We evaluated plant response to increasing slurry amounts and compared this response to the effect of mineral fertilization. We also verified the impact of slurry on soil nutritional content as well as on nitrate and phosphorus concentrations in the soil. Although slurry nitrogen was less efficient than mineral fertilizer, the results of our study show that slurry constitutes an effective fertilizer for willow plantations. In fact, yields over two years on plots that received increasing amounts of slurry were on the order of 30.0 to 32.9 t/ha. We observed an increase in soil levels of nitrates, copper and zinc as a function of increasing slurry amounts. These levels actually decreased during the second growing season, possibly due to uptake by the willows. Springtime concentrations of water in lysimeters indicated that the maximum amount of slurry tested in our experiments was accompanied by a certain risk of nitrates leaching into the soil. We did not analyze the soil solution of plots fertilized with lower amounts of slurry, but it seems likely that these nitrate concentrations would have had a lower risk of leaching while still ensuring considerable productivity.

Keyphrases: Fast growing willow, CICR, SRIC, Pig slurry, Fertilization, Nitrate, Nitrate, Phosphorus
Écrire à la manière d'un auteur au premier cycle du primaire : pratiques et impacts

Many authors (Nadon, 2007; Tauveron, 2005; Routman, 2010) made suggestions to teach writing in an optimal way by using youth literature to get the students to study an author’s style as an inspiration. Since youth literature is still today not much used in the classrooms (Montésinos-Gelet et Morin, 2007), this research presents an innovative learning activity: writing in the style of an author. It is the stylistic imitation of a text (Tauveron, 2002) in order to observe «the way in which the language is used» (Geist, 2005, p.38). According to Olness (2007), the exposure to a high quality youth literature is essential to learning a variety of writing styles and literacy devices. This research is intended to describe ten activities of writing in the style of an author designed by the teacher researcher and to identify the impacts on the students regarding their writing skills, their reading comprehension and their motivation in writing production. This research was carried out during a 5 months period with a group of 18 grade two elementary students. The results of this research show that the students greatly developed their capacity to analyze and imitate the characteristics of the text studied and that they transferred these skills beyond our research. With a frequent practice and modeling, they learned the six traits of writing and they showed a growing interest regarding youth literature.

Keyphrases: Writing in the style of an author, Writing, elementary cycle one, teaching practices, youth literature, writing devices, descriptive research
Sleep spindle activity in children with ADHD

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a commonly diagnosed behavioural disorder in children. Evidence suggests that a high proportion of children with ADHD suffer from sleep difficulties and daytime sleepiness. However, the mechanism underlying this deficit in alertness is unknown. Various studies suggest that sleep spindles inhibit arousing sensory input and help preserve sleep. The objective of this study was to compare slow (11-13 Hz) and fast (14-15 Hz) spindle activity between children with ADHD and controls. We expected that compared to controls, children with ADHD would show a lower density (number of spindles per minute of NREM sleep) of slow and fast spindles. We also predicted that children with ADHD will have shorter (sec) fast and slow spindles, lower amplitude (uV) and faster frequency (Hz) than controls. Finally, we expected these effects would be more pronounced in the frontal rather than more posterior derivations of the brain. Overnight sleep recordings were conducted in 18 children diagnosed with ADHD without comorbid psychiatric problems and in 26 healthy controls. The subjects’ ages ranged from 7 to 11 years. An automatic algorithm detected the slow and fast spindles on the frontal, central, parietal and occipital derivations. The results showed that children with ADHD had similar PSG sleep architecture (sleep efficiency, stages of sleep) compared to controls. Sleep spindle activity did not significantly differ between the two groups in terms of number, density, amplitude and length.  This study suggests that mechanisms of sleep EEG synchronization, as expressed by the number and density of sleep spindles presently identified in the ongoing EEG, do not differ between children with ADHD and controls.

Keyphrases: ADHD, Sleep spindles, Sleep, Children
Réponse cellulaire pan-spécifique : analyse de la présentation d’antigènes conservés du virus de l’influenza

New vaccines targeting hyper-variable influenza determinants must be prepared against every new strain. The challenge is now to develop influenza vaccines also eliciting a strong and sustained cytotoxic response against highly-conserved determinants such as the matrix (M1) and nuclear (NP) proteins. However, their antigenic presentation properties in humans are less defined. We, therefore, analyzed major histocompatibility complex class (MHC)-I and -II presentation of endogenously processed M1 and NP in human antigen presenting cells (APCs). To do so, we used APCs endogenously-expressing the M1 and NP proteins. M1 and NP epitopes can be presented by MHC-I and -II, which results in the activation of previously-isolated antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes. Considering the importance of CD4+ T lymphocytes in the cellular immune response, we cloned M1 and NP proteins in fusion with gp100 MHC-II enhancing sequences, which do not disrupt MHC-I presentation. APCs expressing MHC-II-enhanced or wild type constructs were used to stimulate human T lymphocytes in vitro and quality of antigen presentation was evaluated on the basis of cytokine production and cell surface molecule expression (ELISA or intracellular cytokine staining). We expanded antigen-specific effector CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes which secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF and MIP-1β) to similar extents both with and without MHC-II enhancement. The quality of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes generated independent of the level of M1 and NP endogenous MHCII presentation suggests that this presentation is sufficient for short-term T lymphocyte stimulation. Thus, endogenous expression of M1 and NP have stimulated T lymphocytes specific to conserved influenza epitopes, as determined by an original identification technique based on mRNA segments called mRNA PCR-based epitope chase (mPEC). Overall, these new insights about T lymphocytes expanded following MHC-I and -II presentation of endogenous M1 and NP could prove useful for new complementary heterosubtypic vaccination strategies.

Keyphrases: Influenza, Sensibilisation de lymphocytes T in vitro, Influenza virus, Conserved antigens, Matrix protein M1, Nucleoprotein (NP), Cellular immune response, Major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) presentation, T cell sensitization, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, Epitope mapping
Le paratexte et la traduction du Popol Vuh de l’abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg

The Popol Vuh is a historical tale of the Maya Quiché people which has been translated many times. Until the mid 20th century, many of those translations were based on Brasseur de Bourbourg’s version published in 1861. In order to situate the translator’s work, we approached his translation from the perspective of paratext, i.e. what ccompanies the text (title page, preface, footnotes, illustrations, etc.), rather than comparing the source text to the translation. In order to do so, we have established the paratext’s theoretical framework, based on the works published by Genette and Lane, and we have applied it to Brasseur de Bourbourg’s translation of the Popol Vuh. Brasseur de Bourbourg’s paratext is colossal; it allows us to understand what motivated his work and what he has done. The study of the translator’s preface clearly demonstrates that his goal was to present the culture of the Americas from a different standpoint, and the Popol Vuh is, for him, the perfect example of a rich literary, historical and cultural heritage that has long been overlooked. The preface to the translation prepares the reader to read the text, whereas the many footnotes guide him when he’s reading the translation. Nevertheless, the amount of paratext is so imposing that it overshadows the actual translation. In short, paratext analysis allows us to look critically and advisedly at Brasseur de Bourbourg’s translation, with a good knowledge of what paratext actually tells us. Therefore, reading the paratext and being aware of its meaning should transform a simple reader into a well-informed and critical reader, whether it is a translation or any other kind of document.

Keyphrases: Popol Vuh, Maya, Quiché, Guatemala, Translation, Paratext, Brasseur de Bourbourg
Les récits d’histoire littéraire québécoise des cégépiens : des récits sans intrigue

What history of Québec’s literature students hold on to at the end of their collegial studies? That’s the question that we asked ourselves. With the help of a questionnaire, we questioned 300 students that were at the end of their collegial studies. The responses to this questionnaire allow us to trace a draft of that story. Our first observation is that we are in the presence of a multitude of stories. Indeed, no story is similar to the other ones and a big dispersion exist in the results. Therefore, we realize that the stories are not “mis en intrigue”. The students use many elements to tell the story of Québec’s literature. The most important are : the Nouvelle-France, the oral literature, the 19e century, the “terroir”, the “anti-terroir”, the “roman de la ville”, the 1960’s, the migrant literature et the postmodernity. But nothing articulates these elements. They’re all self-sufficient; we have the impression to be in front of a wall of bricks without mortar. The absence of certain elements tend to explain the form of the story : the student tell a story that only use the “courant”, there is an absence of historic or literary events and they don’t make links with other literatures. In brief, all the elements that we could use to articulate a story are gone. In that case, it’s hard to considerate the story done by the students like a real history of Québec’s literature. Keywords :

Keyphrases: Cegep, Québec, Québec’s literature, Québec’s literature, Québec, Cegep, Teaching of literature
Pour une histoire et une esthétique de l'écran fragmenté au cinéma

Despite the fact its existence is almost as old as cinema itself, the fragmented screen (commonly known as « split screen » in the academic and professional world of the seventh art) has never been the object of serious and exhaustive analysis. When mentioned in history books, the fragmented screen is quickly eluded. And yet its appearances are numerous. This Master thesis aims at rectifying a number of pre-established ideas by exposing the history behind this visual manifestation, from early cinema to the arrival of digital films.

Keyphrases: Fragmented screen, Split screen, Multiple screen, Film and fragmentation, Polyvision, Polyvision, Spatial montage, Frame and cinema, History of film editing, The Thomas Crown Affair, Digital cinema
Le "métier" de parent : au-delà des compétences et des performances

Books and programs on early childhood are multiplying and, more and more, the emphasis is put on the early years of the life of the child as much by the experts that the State. The focus seems to be set on parenting skills to stimulate cognitive and motor development of the offspring, with the objective to prevent trajectories considered "deviant".   However, this focus reaches parents in a different way within the same society. While it’s addressed to a small group of parents who perhaps do not stimulate their children enough in the way promulgated by the State, some authors put forward a trend of other parents who overstimulate their child (Corwin, 2006; Guthrie et Matthews, 2002; Duclos, 2006; Proulx, 2004; Elkind, 1983; Honoré, 2008; Rosenfeld et Wise, 2000). For others, the injunction to "produce" a “competent” child is added to existing stress, such as poverty or work pressure.   The tendency to overstimulate, overprogram or “surautonomiser” (to render overly autonomous) children in order to "produce" “competent” children is described as hyper-parenting, excessive parenting or overparenting and is reminiscent of the race towards performance studied in adults by Ehrenberg (2001[1991]) or De Gaulejac (2005). Following this last author or Perrenoud (2008) to whom the trend of managing the family as a company comes as a "contamination" from the workplace, this research examines the relationship between the manner in which parents consider the progress of their child and their own work experience, in comparison with the discourse of experts and the State.

Keyphrases: Parents, Performance, Parents, Children, Education, Performance