Reversibility of airway remodeling in equine asthma : contribution of anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator therapies

Airway remodeling and inflammation are the hallmarks of asthma. Both airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition are increased in the central and peripheral airways of asthmatic patients, which contribute to airway obstruction. Few studies have investigated the ability of current asthma medications to reverse airway remodeling, especially the increased ASM mass. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and long-acting β2-agonist combinations (ICS/LABA) are more effective than ICS monotherapy to control asthma exacerbations. However, their efficacy at modifying bronchial inflammation and remodeling at the peripheral level of the lung is not well-described. In fact, most work has been performed using endobronchial biopsy samples obtained from asthmatic subjects, which completely disregard the alterations occurring in peripheral airways. Ethical considerations limit the possibility of biopsying the peripheral airways in humans due to the invasiveness of the procedure. Equine asthma, or heaves, is a naturally-occurring disease of adult horses and a recognized animal model of human asthma characterized by neutrophilic inflammation as well as ASM and ECM remodeling of peripheral airways. This thesis has assessed the contribution of ICS and LABA, alone or combined, to the reversal of remodeling and inflammation in central and peripheral airways using the equine asthma model. To attain this goal, we have first optimized and validated the application of endobronchial biopsy and endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) in the equine species. EBUS reliably estimates the bronchial ASM. Subsequently, asthmatic horses with ongoing airway remodeling and inflammation were treated with ICS, LABA, ICS/LABA, or antigen avoidance. Lung function, airway remodeling and inflammation were then assessed weekly for 3 months. Our results demonstrated a 30% decrease of peripheral ASM remodeling attained with ICS and ICS/LABA pharmacological treatment. A decrease of a similar magnitude of peripheral ASM was previously reported after 6 and 12 months of ICS monotherapy and antigen avoidance, respectively. A synergistic effect of ICS/LABA was observed on ECM deposition and airway lumen neutrophils. ICS/LABA decreased the ECM fraction of the ASM layer both peripherally and centrally, while the same effect on the lamina propria was observed only in central airways. Both ICS/LABA and ICS monotherapy decreased submucosal inflammation in central airways, while only ICS/LABA and antigen avoidance decreased bronchoalveolar neutrophilia. In conclusion, our results suggest that the enhanced therapeutic effect of ICS/LABA over ICS monotherapy in asthmatic horses was associated with a reduction of ECM deposition, mainly observed within the large airways, and possibly also with a decreased airway neutrophilia. However, ICS/LABA did not provide additional benefit to ICS monotherapy in terms of peripheral ASM remodeling as both induce a 30% decrease of the ASM mass in 3 months.

Keyphrases: Asthma, Animal models, Horse, Remodeling, Airway smooth muscle, Extracellular matrix, Corticosteroids, Long acting beta-2 agonists