Étude de la transcription par des techniques à haut-débit chez le dinoflagellé Lingulodinium polyedrum

Dinoflagellates are a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotes found in marine habitat where they have a major role in the primary production of the ocean and in the formation of coral reefs. They are also responsible for some of the harmful algal blooms whose toxin production can contaminate crustacean and fish. Dinoflagellates possess unique molecular characteristics in eukaryotes, especially for their nucleus. For example, their genome is found in a permanently condensed liquid crystalline state stabilized by metallic cations instead of the nucleosome organized by histones. This condensed form persists throughout the cell cycle and limits transcription to DNA loops localized at the periphery of the chromosomes. These unusual characteristics, coupled with a generally large genome size, have greatly limited the study of basic molecular mechanisms such as transcription regulation. In order to better characterize this process for the dinoflagellates, I used Lingulodinium polyedrum, a dinoflagellate studied extensively for its circadian rhythms. As a first approach, high-throughput sequencing was used to characterize the complete transcriptome of the organism at four different times throughout the day. Surprisingly, this sequencing revealed that an extremely low number of transcripts vary in abundance between time points and that those variations are of low amplitude, a result in stark contrast with what has been observed in other organisms. A pharmacological inhibition of transcription was also done and shows that bioluminescence and photosynthesis rhythms persist in absence of transcription, suggesting that the classical transcription/translation feedback loop used to generate rhythmic timing in eukaryotes is probably absent in Lingulodinium. The second approach was the characterization of two proteins with a cold-shock domain (CSD), a type of domain strongly overrepresented in dinoflagellates and predicted to be a potential transcription factor. Those two proteins showed a preferential binding to single stranded DNA versus double stranded DNA while also being able to bind RNA, and were not specific to a particular sequence. Protein abundance analysis after a prolonged cold shock did not yield a massive increase in the abundance of those two proteins, as seen in E. coli. Furthermore, neither protein was able to complement a quadruple cold shock protein (CSP) mutant in E. coli. Data gathered here suggest that CSD proteins in dinoflagellates are probably iv not sequence-specific transcription factors and may also have a function different from bacterial CSP. The third approach consisted of the in vivo cross-linking of chromatin-interacting proteins. After cross-linking, the chromatin was purified and the proteins associated with it extracted and identified by mass spectrometry. Of the identified proteins, few DNA binding proteins were found, unlike similar studies done in animals. Peptides derived from a histone H4 were discovered, one of the first instances of histone identification in dinoflagellates. Multiple proteins able to bind RNA have been identified and could be used to regulate multiple steps of RNA biology and therefore modulate RNA translation. Some proteins related to cell cycle control and DNA repair were also identified. Taken together, these three approaches support the view that the transcriptional regulation and control over mRNAs abundance seem to have a lower importance in dinoflagellate than in other eukaryotes.

Keyphrases: Lingulodinium polyedrum, Transcription, Dinoflagellates, Gene expression, Cold-shock domain protein, Circadian rhythms, Chromatin