Effets de l’adversité précoce sur le système physiologique de stress et la cognition chez l’adulte en santé : le rôle modulateur de l’âge d’exposition à l’adversité

Early adversity (EA) has been shown to be a potent risk factor in the development of psychopathologies associated with a deregulation of the physiological stress system as well as cognitive functions. However, studies report divergent results as to the direction of the association between EA, the secretion of cortisol (the main stress hormone in humans) and the nature of these cognitive dysfunctions in adulthood. The Life cycle model of stress underlines the importance of considering the moment at which EA first occurred, given that the brain regions that are necessary to regulate the stress response and that are dense in cortisol receptors (the hippocampus, the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex) do not develop at the same rhythm. In order to test the Life cycle model of stress, the aim of this thesis is to evaluate the modulating role of the age at first exposure to EA on the physiological stress system as well as on the cognitive processes sustained by the hippocampus, the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex in healthy adults. Precisely, the goal of the first study was to determine if the minimal age at exposure to EA modulated basal and reactive cortisol levels in 85 healthy adults, and to compare these results to a competing model: the Accumulation model (which suggests that the number of EA predicts patterns of cortisol dysregulations). To do so, we measured basal cortisol using saliva samples collected at home as well as in response to a validated psychosocial stressor, the Trier Social Stress Test. We have shown that minimal age at exposure to EA does indeed modulate the basal and reactive cortisol patterns in healthy adults, and that this model is a better predictor of the physiological stress system as opposed to the Accumulation model measured using the Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire. Indeed, results showed that although the number of EA was not associated with patterns of basal or reactive cortisol secretion, adults first exposed to EA between the ages of 3 and 7 – an important time window for amygdala development – showed greater cortisol awakening response and lower cortisol reactivity relative to those first exposed to EA before 3 or after 7. Then, given that the hippocampus, the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex possess cortisol receptors that are affected by the chronic secretion of stress hormones following EA, the goal of the second study was to evaluate the effect of minimal age at exposure to EA on the cognitive processes sustained by these structures. To do this, we measured declarative memory (hippocampus), attentional bias to threat (amygdala) and emotional regulation (frontoamygdala connection) as a function of minimal age at exposure to EA in the vi same healthy subjects. Results revealed increased attentional bias to threat in women first exposed to EA after 8 years (prefrontal cortex and frontoamygdala connectivity development). Overall, the results of this thesis partially support the Life cycle model of stress and highlight the importance of considering the age at first exposure to EA when investigating the long-lasting effects of EA on physiological stress and cognitive processes in healthy adults.

Keyphrases: early adversity, minimal age at exposure, cortisol reactivity, basal cortisol, declarative memory, attentional bias to threat, emotion regulation