Le rôle de la signalisation Wnt dans le phénotype anormal des ostéoblastes ostéoarthrosiques

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease affecting joints and it has a very strong incidence in the population. It is characterized by articular cartilage degradation, an abnormal bone remodelling cycle and subchondral bone sclerosis. The aetiology of this disease is still unknown although OA is now considered as a joint disease involving all the tissues of the joint.  The importance of bone in OA pathogenesis is now considered as fundamental and thus bone represent an interesting target for treatments. Tomodensitometric studies have shown an abnormal structure and organisation of the bone tissue of OA patients. In parallel, primary human OA osteoblast (Ob) cultures grown from the tibiofemoral subchondral bone show an abnormal phenotype and a reduced mineralization in vitro. The Wnt signalling pathway, known primarily for its important role in embryogenesis, is of utmost importance in osteogenesis and it has been shown to regulate terminal Ob differentiation. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), known to act on proliferation and on early phases of the differentiation of Ob, is overexpressed by OA Ob and could also modulate the Wnt signalling activity. Furthermore, two populations of OA patients can be discriminated in vitro by the production of prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) of their Ob. In a study on colorectal cancer, PGE2 was shown to modulate the canonical Wnt signalling pathway.      Our hypothesis is that canonical Wnt signalling is diminished in OA Ob. This reduction is responsible for the poor mineralization and the abnormal phenotype of human OA Ob. Furthermore, DKK2, overexpressed in OA Ob and whose expression is controlled by TGF-β1, is responsible for the diminution of Wnt signalling activity, and PGE2 can partly correct this situation. The general goal of this study is twofold: 1) to demonstrate the role of TGF-β1, DKK2 and of PGE2 in the Wnt signalling activity; 2) to demonstrate the link between TGF-β1 and DKK2 and their effect on the abnormal OA Ob phenotype.       We have shown in this study that the canonical Wnt signalling pathway is altered in OA Ob and that this was responsible for the altered phenotype observed in OA Ob. Also, we have shown that among the mediators of the Wnt signalling pathway, the expression of antagonist Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) was similar between OA and normal Ob. In contrast, the antagonist DKK2 was overexpressed and the expression of the agonist Wnt7B was low in OA Ob. Moreover, PGE2 increased Wnt signalling activity in OA Ob. The inhibition of DKK2 expression also increased Wnt signalling activity and corrected the abnormal phenotype along with increasing the mineralization of OA Ob. The inhibition of TGF-β1 expression, also overexpressed in OA Ob, also resulted in the correction of the phenotype and increased the mineralization of OA Ob.  Inhibiting TGF-β1 expression also led to DKK2 inhibition. As the contrary was not observed, this demonstrated that TGF-β1 could regulate DKK2 expression.       To conclude, Wnt signalling is reduced in OA Ob and this is due to elevated DKK2 levels in these cells. High levels of TGF-β1 in OA Ob increased DKK2 expression which could be responsible, at least partially, for their altered phenotype.  PGE2 was shown to also increase Wnt signalling activity in OA Ob. Taken together these data suggest that such alterations in OA Ob could be responsible for the abnormal bone structure observed in OA patients.

Keyphrases: PGE2, DKK2, TGF-β1, Wnt7B, Osteoarthritis, Subchondral bone, Osteoblast, Mineralization, Bone turnover, Wnt signalling