L’impact de l’inhibition de l’aldostérone sur l’homéostasie du glucose et le risque de diabète chez les patients atteints d’insuffisance cardiaque

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is involved in the pathophysiology of heart failure (HF). The inhibition of aldosterone by mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), spironolactone and eplerenone, is associated with a reduction in morbidity and mortality. However, spironolactone is a non selective antagonist, with off-target effects on other steroid receptors. There is some evidence suggesting that it may have an unfavorable effect on glucose homeostasis, with an increase in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), a marker of long-term glucose control. On the contrary, eplerenone seems to exert a neutral effect. The objectives of this doctoral thesis were the following: 1) Compile all current knowledge in the literature on the subject of MRAs’ glycemic effects; 2) Evaluate the risk of developing diabetes with spironolactone in HF patients; 3) Analyze if spironolactone may modulate the glycemic effects of other medications used in HF; 4) Compare spironolactone to eplerenone on markers of glucose control in HF patients with glycemic disorders. Four projects were conducted in order to meet these objectives. Firstly, a systematic review allowed us to identify all published studies containing information on MRAs’ glycemic effects. The literature search yielded heterogenous results; however, it suggested that the effect was disease-specific and would be potentially harmful in diseases with a high risk of cardiovascular events. A meta-analysis of studies in diabetes insinuated that the effect is non significant on a long-term basis. The second project uses a cohort of HF patients from administrative databases between 1995 and 2009 (follow-up till 2010). We did not detect a significant association between the use of spironolactone and the risk of diabetes. On the other hand, the study demonstrated that younger age, digoxin, and corticosteroids increase the risk of diabetes. The third project is a substudy of a clinical trial CANDIID-II (Effect of ACE inhibitor alone versus ACE inhibitor plus high dose candesartan on BNP, immune markers, inflammatory status, and urinary kinins in patients with symptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction) among HF patients treated with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and candesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker. These pharmacological classes have beneficial effects on glycemia. By comparing patients also treated with spironolactone versus patients without an MRA, we did not find that spironolactone alters the effect of candesartan on glucose metabolism. The last project consisted of a prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled, double-blind trial: SNOW (A comparison of the effects of selective and non selective mineralocorticoid antagonism on glucose homeostasis and lipid profile of heart failure patients with glucose intolerance or type 2 diabetes). It compares, for 16 weeks, spironolactone to eplerenone on glycemic markers, notably, HbA1c, among 62 HF patients with type II diabetes or glucose intolerance. There was no significant difference between groups. In summary, the research results from this thesis reveal that, in HF, MRAs do not present additional risks of deterioration in glucose control over a moderate to long period.

Keyphrases: Spironolactone, Glucose, Heart failure, Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, Spironolactone, Diabetes, Glycated hemoglobin