NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Les candidats à la formation policière et leurs attitudes entourant l’éthique : portrait des facteurs associés à l’éthique policière chez les étudiants de dernière année en Techniques policières

Few studies have attempted to find associated factors to attitudes toward professional ethical behavior, especially among students of Police technology in Quebec colleges. Few studies have been done on applicants for police training, given the scarceness of systems that allow the study of police officers that have not yet been hired by a police organization. There are therefore few studies that have tested a multifactorial model to identify factors associated with attitudes toward professional ethical behavior within this particular population of future police officers, and few studies in general that have used Hyams’ scale of attitudes toward professional ethical behavior (1990) and its four subtypes identified by Alain (2011). This study identifies factors associated to attitudes toward professional ethical behavior among sex, age, having a job in security, having a family member in police, general integrity, general respect of rules, workplace organizational deviance and workplace interpersonal deviance among third year students in Police technology. 293 students were questioned on these themes. The results obtained with multiple linear regression models to identify the associated factors to attitudes toward general professional ethical behavior and four themes of attitudes toward professional ethical behavior reveal avenues for reflection in relation to the use of four data types for candidates selection: data that informs about the environments in which candidates evolve outside the Police technology program and the relationships they have with the people they come in contact with in these environments, candidate’s sociodemographic characteristics, attitudes towards general integrity and candidates’ self-reported deviant and criminal behavior.

Keyphrases: Police ethics, Candidates to police training, Police training, Police deviance
Le traitement judiciaire des femmes au Canada : une analyse des disparités liées au genre dans le processus pénal

Over the past few years, several sentencing reforms have been implemented, particularly in the United States, to standardize judicial discretionary practices. Although these new measures were created to prevent unwarranted disparities related to individual characteristics, researchers agree that gender disparities still exist in various courts decisions today. Women are often given more leniency, especially at the sentencing stage. However, very little of this scientific interest has focused on the Canadian criminal context. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to analyze the influence of gender on Canadian criminal court decisions. More specifically, the study assesses how judicial treatment differs between men and women at four stages of the Canadian legal process: pre-trial detention, prosecution, conviction and sentencing. To verify this, administrative data from the Integrated Criminal Courts Survey (ICCS) are examined. They include more than 3 million criminal charges against adults aged from 18 to 98 across Canada, from 2007 to 2016 inclusively. The effect of gender is measured using multiple and logistic regressions, controlling for various factors such as criminal record and type of offense. Statistical analyses reveal that gender has a significant effect on all the decisions studied. Overall, women benefit from more leniency in the Canadian legal process, as they are more likely to receive a less severe decision than men at all stages analyzed. However, because gender disparity may be explained by factors that were not included in the predictive models, the results have certain limitations. Questions remain regarding the legitimacy of the differential treatment of women in the justice system and therefore, the gender gap should be further explored.

Keyphrases: Cour criminelle, Canada, Gender disparity, Judicial process, Differential treatment, Sentencing, Criminal court, Justice system
Agresseurs sexuels sadiques : profil psychodéveloppemental, et hétérogénéité du modus operandi

To date, there has been no consensus in the literature on the characteristics of the sadistic sexual aggressor. This has been largely the result of the limitations of studies of this phenomenon (e.g., idiosyncratic definitions of sexual sadism, heterogeneous samples, temporality fixed at adulthood). In an effort to address these limitations, we identified the distinguishing features of sadistic (n = 69) and nonsadistic (n = 137) sexual aggressors against adult women, all of whom were incarcerated in Quebec (Canada), using the Severe Sexual Sadism Scale (SESAS), an empirically validated measurement instrument for sexual sadism, as well as other variables. Bivariate (chi-square) analyses revealed that sadistic and nonsadistic sexual aggressors of adult women differed in several ways, including developmental (e.g., victimization before age 18), psychological (e.g., personality, psychopathology), sexological (e.g., deviant sexual fantasies), and criminological (e.g., modus operandi). To determine whether sexual sadism is a heterogeneous phenomenon, latent class analyses were conducted on the SESAS items. These analyses revealed that sexual sadism is not heterogeneous, manifesting itself differently depending on the characteristics of the sexual aggressor. The above results and their theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.

Keyphrases: SESAS, Sexual sadism, Rapist, Latent class analysis, Developmental
Identification et parcours d’aide : quel accompagnement pour les personnes attirées sexuellement par les mineurs ?

In recent years, the scientific community has distinguished child sexual abusers from minor attracted person (MAP). Despite everything, few things are in place to help these people upstream of a possible legal action. MAP’s experience a great deal of distress because of the presence of their sexuel attraction to minors and the stigma associated with it. Little is known about the processes for identifying such people, and research on the help available has often focused on barriers to obtaining these services. This study aims to understand how MAP’s identify and are identified with their attraction, and the influence of this identification on their aid journey. We conducted interviews with 6 men sexually attracted to minors and who are followed at the CIDS in Laval. Through the analysis stages of their journey (the trigger, the expectations, the process, the experience and the consequences), we have highlighted the importance of the identification process, on requests for help as well as on the objectives pursued during the therapeutic work. Most people who are identified as MAP’s by the justice system do not identify themselves psychologically like this, and vice versa. Several elements seem to influence the psychological identification with attraction to minors, such as the nature of the attraction, the age at which it was discovered and its stability over time. By better understanding how psychological, social and forensic identification works and the influence of these on the aid journey of MAP’s, we will be able to offer help more effectively in order to prevent anchoring distress among MAP’s and sexuel abuse of minors.

Keyphrases: Identifications, Prévention, Attraction to minors, Aid journey, MAP
La gestion des bris de condition par les professionnels travaillant dans les centres résidentiels communautaires

This thesis aims to understand the decision-making process regarding the management of breach of condition for parolees in the community. More specifically, this study seeks to understand how the relation built between the parolee and his supervisor intervene in the decision-making process. The research also aims to explore how the organisational context and the sociopolitical context have an impact on the management regarding the breach of condition. To proceed, we used a methodology based on a qualitative approach. Accordingly, we conducted nine (9) semi-directed interviews with professionals supervising parolees and managing breach of condition in the community. Results from the interviews are divided in two categories. The first category includes the dimensions related to the interpersonal context. This context includes the representations of the participants regarding the parolees and the parole itself. These dimensions are operationalised in a key moment of this process, which is the disciplinary meeting. The second category describes the dimensions related to the organisational context. These dimensions include the community approach, the decision-making framework and the socio-political context around the management of the breach of condition. Our analyses illustrate how the decision-making process is related to the interrelation between multiple dynamics from which an expert knowledge is produced. Those dynamics are formed around the relation between the parolee and the professional, the knowledge from the organisational context, the dynamic from within the clinical team and the relation with the correctional service. The management of breach of condition also lies on the tension between the organisation’s philosophy, the representations of the participants and the discourses from the socio-political context. This context includes the political mainstream, the administrative context and the mediatic events that intervene on the expert knowledge produced by the professionals in which their discretionary power lies in the decision-making. Finally, we went back to our objectives and open the study on recommendations for future research.

Keyphrases: Reintegration, community supervision, experience, work, risk assessment
Les impacts des opérations policières non traditionnelles sur les participants des cryptomarchés : une étude qualitative

The first cryptomarket, hosted in the darkweb, was launched in 2011. These platforms make it  possible to sell various illicit products and services. Since then, numerous police interventions  have been carried out with the aim of shutting down their activities. Despite many attempts, the  effects of the opreations turned out to be limited and temporary. Indeed, the income generated by  these websites is constantly increasing. Recently, the police forces have changed their approach  and tried new strategies in order to stop this narcotics network. The effectiveness of these  interventions remains unknown, as very few studies have focused on them. The objective of the  research is therefore to understand the impacts of non-traditionnal police operations on  cryptomarket participants. Using data collected from various discussion forums focused on this  distinct ecosystem and its community, we will study the effects of two recent police operations :  the closure of the DeepDotWeb website, and Operation DisrupTor. The main results show that  these interventions have shaken the commercial activities of the ecosystem and have affected the  confidence of its community. Despite the increase in risk perception among many, members are  not, however, discouraged, and try to find a way to circumvent the obstacles imposed by the  police interventions, either by improving the infrastructure in place or by innovating toward new  technological tools. However, the coping skills of the participants seem to have reached a certain  limit, and their shortness of breath is noticeable.

Keyphrases: Intervention policière, Police intervention, Cryptomarket, Drug trafficking, Reduction in supply and demand, Displacement
Les caméras corporelles fournissent-elles un point de vue objectif d’une intervention policière où une force modérée est utilisée?

This thesis is interested in body cameras used to film police interventions, more specifically, it explores the presence of a possible perspective bias caused by this type of camera. The lack of empirical knowledge surrounding the use of this new tool in the police world reinforces the interest of this study. This study aims to verify the objectivity of videos produced by body cameras considering that they will be used to make important legal decisions. To do this, 216 participants viewed 3 versions of videos of police interventions with different levels of use of force and being filmed either using a cell phone, a surveillance camera or a body-worn camera. Participants were then asked to complete a survey that explored their perception of the legitimacy of the use of force used by police officers and the positive or negative consequences that the police officer involved should face, according to them. It will therefore be a question of comparing their assessment of the intervention according to the type of camera used to film. The descriptive analyzes made it possible to establish that the groups randomly assigned to the different versions of the intervention videos are indeed equivalent. Bivariate analyzes made it possible to observe that the perspective bias was present for the intervention of the park only, either an intervention requiring the use of extreme force, but not for the intervention of the road, another intervention presenting an extreme force, nor for the intervention presenting a case of domestic violence, which presented a moderate force. The results suggest therefore that the perspective bias does not manifest itself in the case of police interventions where the force used is moderate, since the consequences resulting from the physical strategy used are less serious. Moreover, the results suggest that when extreme force is used during a police intervention, the perspective bias does not manifest itself if it seems that no less coercive alternative would have been effective in order to counter the threatens and protect individuals.

Keyphrases: body-worn camera, use of force, police intervention, perspective bias
Une analyse sémiotique des caricatures éditoriales américaines du 12 septembre 2001

What is the meaning and scope of the images and texts that we find in the media? This is the first research question suggested on the web page of the Department of communication of the Université de Montréal. This master’s thesis aims to partly address this questioning. Specifically, we tried to understand how political cartoons published in the American press on September 12, 2001 make sense. Using an analytical method that combines Charles Sanders Peirce’s semiotic and Roland Barthes’s semiology, we examined a corpus made of ten cartoons published the day after the September 11 events. We observed the relevance of a rigorous semiotic analysis by trying to eliminate the discretionary latitude observed in certain analyses found in our literature review. In the aftermath of this catastrophic event, most of the images we analyzed reinforce the feeling of sadness and grief while other cartoons are more hawkish and suggest a call for revenge, and therefore for war.

Keyphrases: image, political cartoons, semiotics, September 11 2001
Le caractère politique du bruit : comprendre le bruit au sein du Grand Tintamarre acadien

The Grand Acadian Tintamarre has been celebrated for over 40 years by Acadians. It is a politicized event intended to be a cacophonous identity vehicle, during which participants roam the streets making as much noise as possible through the use of everyday objects such as pots and wooden spoons. The noise, although perceived as a nuisance in public opinion, seems to help give meaning to the event. By carrying out a thematic analysis of articles from four major newspapers in Acadia over a period of five years, this thesis will attempt to elucidate whether the noise created during the Grand Tintamarre can offer a framework for collective action, powerful and unique, allowing participants to express their identity, to claim public space, thereby transforming spectators into committed activists, if only for the duration of the demonstration.  The Grand Acadian Tintamarre thus offers an interesting field of research in order to understand the use of noise during a public event.

Keyphrases: Grand Tintamarre, Noise, Acadia, Thematic Analysis, Political Communication
Performances trans, noires et queer dans la musique populaire : approche intersectionnelle et spécificités du contexte brésilien

This study investigates issues of gender representation in Brazil through a study of performances by queer and trans artists of colour associated with the Brazilian popular music scene. I first examine the socio-political context of Brazil, marked by a paradoxical context where the increasing popularity of artists from the LGBTQ+ community corresponds with a wave of symbolic and physical violence towards these marginalized groups. In this study grounded in cultural and visual studies, I engage with theories and concepts of performance (Taylor, 2003) and gender performativity (Butler, 2006), particularly within queer studies (Muñoz, 1999), using an intersectional approach. I also insist on situating discourses of identity and resistance and epistemological reflections in the Brazilian context. On this basis, I study the performances of artists Linn da Quebrada, Liniker, Gloria Groove, Quebrada Queer, Jup do Bairro and Majur, through a textual analysis of four video clips that is then articulated with performances in media and social networks, notably Instagram. Reflecting on the different meanings and affects produced by these performances, this study highlights the subversive role of queer and trans intimacies and how they participate in queer worldmaking (Muñoz, 2009). I argue that these performances transgress norms of gender, sexuality, race and class, participating in a movement of intersectional and cultural struggle in Brazil. Finally, this work concludes with a reflection on how digital media enable and relay subversive performances.

Keyphrases: performance, queer worldmaking, articulation, cultural studies, gender, performativity, queer worldmaking, popular culture, Brazil, intersectionality, intimacy
Impact de nanophytoglycogènes neutres et chargés sur les propriétés biophysiques du surfactant pulmonaire

The human lungs present many advantages as a drug delivery route, namely a high surface area (70-100 m2) for the adsorption of molecular species and particles, a thin epithelial barrier, an abundant underlying vasculature, and low acidity. Inhalation delivery is expected to be an ideal approach for the treatment of lung cancer and associated pulmonary infection (33% of cases) as it allows the site-specific physical delivery of chemotherapeutic. Nanoparticle carriers broaden the options for targeted drug delivery systems with advantages including high stability/long shelf life and high carrier capacity. In the alveoli, inhaled nanoparticles interact with lung (pulmonary) surfactant, a lipid/protein mixture that lines the alveolar air/fluid interface and serves as a primary barrier to uptake. The physical/chemical interaction of the nanoparticles with the surfactant determines their clearance, retention, and translocation. We propose to use novel phytoglycogen nanoparticles, extracted from non-GMO corn, for the pulmonary delivery of a dual action anticancer and antimicrobial peptide that is problematic to deliver orally or by injection. Nanophytoglycogen, composed of glucose molecules, is non-biopersistent, non-toxic and is GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) for oral ingestion. However, its safety for inhalation remains to be determined. Before evaluating the efficacy of nanophytoglycogen to serve as an organic nanocarrier for the aerosol delivery of peptide therapeutics, their impact on the biophysical properties and phase structure of lung surfactant must first be characterized. The objective of the research is to investigate the effect of nanophytoglycogens of different surface charge on the physicochemical properties of pulmonary surfactant model systems using Langmuir monolayers. More specifically, the effect of the nanoparticles on the surface activity, morphology, reversibility, and film thickness of pulmonary surfactant is studied. Isotherms (surface pressure vs. molecular area), BAM (Brewster Angle Microscopy) imaging, and ellipsometry at the air-water interface allow a surmise of the potential adverse effects of nanophytoglycogen on the lungs. Using these techniques, it was possible to study monolayers of phospholipids and proteins, representing the pulmonary surfactant. In the presence of anionic and quasi-neutral iv nanoparticles, the different monolayers didn’t undergo any disturbance. However, the results demonstrated that cationic nanoparticles bind to anionic phospholipids, which increases the thickness of the monolayer and thus the work required to complete a respiratory cycle. This study has demonstrated the importance of nanoparticle’s surface charge during their interaction with pulmonary surfactant. In addition, the results of this study also made it possible to classify the quasi-neutral and anionic nanophytoglycogens as being potential drug vectors.

Keyphrases: inhalation, charge de surface, lung surfactant, drug delivery, nanoparticles, phytoglycogen, surface charge, Langmuir monolayer
Zinc and Zirconium catalysts in rac-lactide polymerization

The phenoxy-imine ligand bearing heteroatom-containing N and O were prepared from condensation of paraformaldehyde, 4-(tert-butyl)-2-tritylphenol with di-(2-picolyl)amine. LZnN(SiMe3)2 was prepared by reaction of Zn(N(SiMe3)2)2 and the ligand. The complex has been studied by X-ray diffraction and NMR. Application of this complex in rac-lactide polymerization gave atactic PLA via a catalytic-site mediated chain-end control mechanism. Pyridylaminophenol ligands were prepared from phenol (2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, 2,4-di-cholorolphenol, 2,4-di-methylphenol), pyridine-2-ylmethylamine and formaldehyde (LH2 = (2,4-X2C6(OH)H2(5-CH2)2N(CH2C5H4N), X = Me or Cl). Reaction of Zr(OnPr)4 with 2 equiv of LH2 gave L2Zr. L2Zr were mixtures of C2-symmetric isomers, which was confirmed by NMR, DFT and X-ray diffraction studies. The only isomer for X=Me was the cis-isomer while the major isomer for X=Cl was the trans-isomer. All complex were active in rac-lactide polymerization at 140 °C and heterotactic PLA was obtained. L2Zr followed an activated monomer mechanism with benzyl alcohol as co-initiator.

Keyphrases: Catalyse, Catalysis, Zinc complexes, Zirconium complexes, Polylactic acid, Lactide polymerization, Mechanism