NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Pulpotomies avec Biodentine sur dents permanentes traumatisées avec exposition pulpaire

Objectives: The aim of this multicentric prospective study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of Biodentine pulpotomies on permanent traumatised teeth with pulp exposure. The secondary objectives were to evaluate if root maturation affects the treatment outcome and to assess color stability of Biodentine. Methods: This study was carried out in two hospital-based dental departments in Canada. Children seeking emergency care following trauma to anterior permanent teeth were invited to participate in this study. Medically compromised children and teeth with concomitant avulsion were excluded. Data collected included: patient demographics, time since pulp exposure, size of exposure, associated trauma and radiographic root maturation stage. The treatment outcome was assessed clinically and radiographically up to 24 months after treatment. Clinical success was determined when a tooth remained asymptomatic and when it responded positively to vitality testing with normal probing. Radiographic success was determined as follow: continuation of root maturation (apexogenesis) in immature teeth and normal appearance of periradicular tissues. Results: Forty-five patients between the age of 8 to 16 years old (mean 10.86 ± 2.2) were included in this study. There were 25 males and 20 females. A total of 51 teeth were treated with a Biodentine pulpotomy of which twenty-nine (57%) had an immature apex. Six teeth were lost to follow-up. The average follow-up period was 13 months (6-24). This study showed a survival rate of 100% and a success rate of 91%. Four failures were noted, two at one month and the others at seven and 15 months post- treatment. Clinical outcomes showed that, over time, tooth sensitivity decreased whereas positive vitality testing increased. Eight teeth showed slight discoloration, however the results remained esthetically satisfying. Radiographic outcomes showed dentinal bridge formation in 90% of cases. All immature teeth showed continued root formation. Conclusions: Biodentine pulpotomies showed a high success rate on anterior permanent traumatized teeth with a pulp exposure at 13 months follow-up. According to our results, Biodentine may be a good alternative to calcium hydroxide and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate vital pulpotomies and did not cause significant discoloration. Finally, root maturation did not affect the treatment outcome. Keywords: Complicated crown fractures, pulpotomy, vital pulp therapy, Biodentine.

Keyphrases: Biodentine, Pulpotomie, Complicated crown fractures, Pulpotomy, Vital pulp therapy
Malocclusions dentaires chez les enfants atteints d’un trouble du déficit de l’attention et de l’hyperactivité (TDAH)

Introduction: Evidence has shown that patients with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have more sleep-breathing problems and parafunctional oral habits. Although these factors can be related to dental malocclusion, it is still unclear if the prevalence of malocclusion and need for orthodontic treatment are higher in children with ADHD. Thus, the knowledge about its prevalence and severity in children with ADHD is valuable in their early diagnosis and treatment planning. Objectives: The primary objectives of this study are: (i) to compare the type of malocclusions of patients with ADHD and patients without ADHD and (ii) to determine the most common type of malocclusion in patients with ADHD. The secondary objectives of the study are to assess the link between: (i) parafunctional oral habits and malocclusions of patients with ADHD and (ii) the drugs used in the treatment of ADHD and malocclusions. Materials and Methods: Patients were divided in two groups: ADHD (n=44) and control (n=44). A medical questionnaire and an orthodontic examination were completed for each patient.  Results: Compared to the control group, patients with ADHD had a significantly higher severity of malocclusion (p=0.042), more dental rotation (p=0.021) and more parafunctional oral habits (p=0.001), especially bruxism (p=0.005) and history of pacifier use (p=0.009). Conclusion: It is important to be aware of the increased risk of oral habits and dental malocclusion among ADHD patients and to develop preventive programs as well as therapeutic strategies for them.

Keyphrases: ADHD, Orthodontics, Dental malocclusion, Oral habits
Axiomatic approach to cellular algebras

Cellular algebras were introduced by J.J. Graham and G.I. Lehrer in 1996. They are a class of finite-dimensional associative algebras defined in terms of a “cellular datum” satisfying some axioms. This cellular datum, when made explicit for a given associative algebra, allows for the explicit construction of all its simple modules, up to isomorphism, and of their projective covers. In this work, we define these cellular algebras by introducing each building block of the cellular datum in a fairly axiomatic fashion. Two other families of associative algebras are discussed, namely the quasi-hereditary algebras and those whose modules form a highest weight category. These families were introduced at about the same period. The relationships between these two, and between them and the cellular ones, are made explicit.

Keyphrases: Cellular algebra, Highest weight category, Quasi-hereditary algebra, Cartan matrix, Grothendieck group, Finite-dimensional assosiative algebra, Module theory
La vraisemblance historique dans le roman Nicolas Perrot de Georges Boucher de Boucherville

Nicolas Perrot ou les coureurs des bois sous la domination française (1889) is a novel about the life of a coureur de bois (french fur trader) during the New France era (around 1669). The author Georges Boucher de Boucherville is well known for his novel Une de perdue, deux de trouvées, but the work studied here has been long forgotten before it was first published in a single tome in 1996. As with every historical novel, readers have to inquire into the relationship the author has with historical truths. This master’s thesis focuses on the authenticity of the information contained in the novel. The analysis is based on research on the author and his work, the literary context and the two relevant periods (New France and nineteenth-century Quebec). Following these inquiries, we analyse the novel (guided by modern day ethnology) and come to the conclusion that Boucherville’s work deviates from the clichés usually associated with coureurs de bois and indigenous people.

Keyphrases: Coureurs de bois, Canada, New France, Fur traders, Fur trade, First nations, Quebec literature, Quebec, Colonialism, Historical fiction, Adventure fiction
La joie : une émotion qui se dilate dans la lutte et l’altérité : le désir réflexif de Goliarda Sapienza

Through the prose of the Italian author Goliarda Sapienza, this master’s thesis examines the  potential of fecund joy. We will see how the alignment of reflexive desires with emancipatory  struggles is central to his novel, L’Art de la joie. We shall examine the guiding, essential  characteristic of joy: its capacity for physiological growth and expansion, on an individual and  collective level. As a result, we affirm that joy and happiness act as actual contradicting synonyms.  Recognizing the immense power induced by joy, we propose a reconciliation of reason and  emotion, contrary to the admonition of happiness and positive psychology. In a rhetorical  resistance developed by Sara Ahmed, who denounces the illusion of alien dogmas, we will see  how Sapienza appears to be a damper by examining the importance she attaches to doubts,  struggles and pain.

Keyphrases: Goliarda Sapienza, Happiness, Agency, Killjoy, Resistance, Emotion, Normativity, Feminism
L’histoire et la culture de Shanghai, et l’amitié et la sexualité féminines dans Le Chant des regrets éternels

This master’s thesis deals with the history and culture of Shanghai, the female friendship, the love and the sexuality, with the analysis of the literary text: The Song of Eternal Sorrow of Wang Anyi. It is divided into two chapters: the first chapter unfolds the study of the history and culture of Shanghai. “Paris of the Orient” of the past and current economic center, Shanghai occupies a special and major position in the history of China. Thus, the analysis of the history and culture of Shanghai could help us know this mythical city and the current China. It will also help us review and reflect on China’s culture in world history and globalization. The second chapter will focus on the theme of female friendship, love and sexuality in The Song of Eternal Sorrow, by analyzing the story with relevant theories. As Louise Bernikow wrote: “The lack of female intimacy in literature is, in part, the result of the male perspective.” (1980: 5). So to discuss female friendship from the point of view of comparative literature and intercultural communication is a very interesting subject. Here are some aspects of which I will speak here: the friendship between women as a form of resistance to patriarchy; female solidarity and rivalry; the elaboration of feminine subjectivity; the greatness and miseries of friendship between women; love and sexuality under the awakening of the feminist notion, etc. In conclusion, we will review the analysis with a comparison of a Chinese and Western point of view to contrast Quebec and Chinese cultures in terms of feminism.

Keyphrases: Shanghai, culture, history, female friendship, sexuality, feminism
Artistic values after 1900 : a study based on theories of the econo-politics, market, marketing, political ethics and consumer’s psychology

This memoire is a study on three processes, creation, presentation and representation of artistic values, and compares their early stage of strategic production, which is supposedly based on artist’s intention, infrastructural changes and type of market, with their late stage of consumption, which is mostly involved with a market training that adjusts population’s knowledge, habits, and attitudes. The corpus of the research is divided into three parts: 1) theoretical background. 2) Archetypes of highbrow arts associated to infrastructural changes. 3) Archetypes of lowbrow arts associated to consumer’s attitude, knowledge, and habits. The first part reviews the historic evolution of some of the fundamental theories of the four fields, econo-politics, market, marketing and political ethics and their hierarchical effects on the western society from the mid-eighteenth century to present. The second part uses those theories to identify milestones in front art and explains different strategic production patterns in the western art world. The third part models the formation of consumer’s knowledge and attitude based on some existing theories of psychology and observes the trend and pace of public’s attitude change in today’s market. We compare the third part with the second to show that highbrow and lowbrow arts have mutual impact over each other: highbrow arts actively inspire lowbrow arts; while, lowbrow arts passively change consumer’s knowledge and attitude about highbrow arts.

Keyphrases: art worlds, art market, art economy, artistic value, consumer’s psychology
Subdélégués et subdélégations dans l'espace atlantique français : étude comparative des intendances de Caen, Lille, Rennes, Fort-Royal et Québec (fin XVIIe - fin XVIIIe siècle)

Subdelegates of the intendancies indirectly served the king of France at the local level. The study of their institution in five intendancies offers an original point of view on the Ancien Regime state and its administration. Subdelegations existed in all the provinces of the kingdom: in those known as pays d’élections, pays d’États or pays d’imposition, as well as in the colonies. Studying them makes it possible to question this typology and especially the centralization of the Kingdom of France. By comparative prosopography, 687 subdelegates in the 159 subdelegations of the intendancies of Caen in Lower Normandy, Fort-Royal in the Lesser Antilles, Lille in Flanders, Quebec in Canada and Rennes in Brittany are studied. This method allows for inter-provincial and transatlantic as well as intra-provincial comparisons and a multiscalar analysis of the royal administration. Subdelegations emerge as institutions of intendancy, in the service of the monarchy and exercised by local notables. Taxation, civil justice or administrative litigation, investigations, surveys and statistics, royal militia and corvée, public contracts, epidemics and assistance, supervision of municipalities, many powers concern them. In practice, they varied between provinces and between subdelegations. Everywhere, magistrates, mayors, marine commissioners or other notables served as subdelegates. Between bureaucracy and patronage, they participated in a limited administrative centralization. Subdelegations mainly generated multiple mediations of royal power, transforming it through provincial variations and local translations.

Keyphrases: administration, mediation, multi-scale, notability, prosopography
La responsabilité civile des acteurs du contrat intelligent

Smart contracts are computer programs that run on their own when conditions, previously determined by the parties, are met. This type of contract has recently entered a new era following the democratization of cryptocurrencies, especially Bitcoin and its underlying technology; the Blockchain. It’s a virtual register listing transaction history, making it possible, among other things, to carry out asset transfers from peer to peer without any intermediary. Now, the blockchain is also able to support smart contracts, which raises new legal issues.  Due to its nature, it is possible that the smart contract may cause damage in case of bad or non-performance. The purpose of this paper is to determine the applicability of the civil liability regime to this type of contract, in light of the provisions of the Civil Code of Quebec and the Act to establish a legal framework for information technology.

Keyphrases: Blockchain, Smart contract, Liability, Damage, Contracts, Artificial Intelligence
L’impact de l’asymétrie des pouvoirs sur le mécanisme de règlement des différends de l’OMC : vers une justice pragmatique?

The transition from the GATT to the WTO was intended as the transition from a power-based system to a rule-based system. Yet an in-depth analysis of WTO litigation reveals a more nuanced picture of a jurisdictional mechanism that has not fully succeeded in crowding out the influence of political power. In fact, the dispute settlement mechanism of the WTO appears as a body operating in a context of limited independence in that it interacts with the political elements of the system in different ways. In this perspective, and despite a generally positive assessment, many authors affirm the need to strengthen the mechanism by pointing to different instances of non-compliance that have persisted long after the exhaustion of the litigation procedure. In this respect, and while the implementation of State commitments certainly plays a key role in achieving justice in WTO litigation, this thesis aims to demonstrate that the WTO dispute settlement is not only an instrument of law implementation. The thesis will demonstrate that different forms of justice dispensed by the mechanism may include a pragmatic form of justice, which is not limited to rules and procedures, but which helps deliver the best result in a specific dispute so as to reflect the interests of the parties.. It is this pragmatic justice that manifests itself particularly in disputes involving an asymmetry of power and that we seek to explore through the theoretical framework of legal pragmatism. This goal will be achieved by studying the means through which the actors of the mechanism, namely the panelists but also the States, adapt the application of WTO rules according to the specific context of each dispute. The results obtained may in some respects raise questions as to their legal basis, but they certainly lead to the containme

Keyphrases: WTO, Dispute settlement mechanism, Legal pragmatism, Asymmetry, Power, Politics, Positivism
Protection de l'intérêt général et investissements directs étrangers dans le secteur minier malien: contribution aux réformes du droit OHADA

The protection of both human rights and sustainable development are viewed as real concerns of general interest in this thesis. These constitute a real challenge in international law of investments that often overprotects the foreign investor. The need to consider the general interest has been manifested in some case law before gaining the traditional way. This positive trend, consisting in including concerns of general interest remains exceptional, particularly in the investment policies and legislation in developing countries. On one hand, the legal regime of foreign direct investment (FDI) shows some disproportions of negotiating power to sign bilateral investment treaties negotiated with developed countries. On the other hand, government contracts present the same failures. Furthermore, FDI promotion and protection policies have become priorities on issues of general interest. The imbalance of the legal regime of FDI is reflected in the national investment laws in developing countries.  Mining in Mali is a perfect example of the challenge of protecting the public interest in the legal framework of FDI. Avenues to find the way out have therefore been suggested in the context of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). The main goal is to promote a better protection of the general interest in Mali as well as in its other State members. These lines of thought have favored standardization of FDI in OHADA's body of law by focusing on the admission phase and the negotiation of investment treaties on behalf of the State members.

Keyphrases: OHADA, Foreign direct investment, General interest, Social responsibilities of corporations responsibility, Mine
Le projet d’un tribunal unifié de la famille au Québec ou l’impasse d’une voie d’accès à la justice

The Project of a Unified Family Court in Quebec or the Roadblock to an Improved Access to Justice.  The idea of a unified family court (UFC) has been embedded in the federal provincial joint policy for decades. However, the establishment of UFCs is challenging in Canada, the reason being that the Constitution Act, 1867, provides that marriage and divorce fall under federal jurisdiction, whereas the celebration of marriage, the administration of justice and the procedure for and all matters of a purely local or private nature fall within provincial jurisdiction.  Currently in the province of Quebec, the Superior Court has jurisdiction over divorce, as well as ancillary claims such as custody, access rights and alimony. The Quebec Court has jurisdiction over adoption, youth delinquency and youth protection issues. Since January 1, 2016, the law has given the Court of Quebec extended jurisdiction when it hears an adoption or youth protection file in order to rule on ancillary claims. The existence of these two competent institutions on family matters, resulting from the fragmentation of constitutional powers, creates concrete difficulties for access to family justice in Quebec. The issues identified include confusion for litigants, a lack of harmonization in case management and a division of judicial resources.  Despite these divided areas of jurisdiction, several Canadian provinces established UFCs as early as 1977. In addition, the federal government is currently expanding UFCs in several provinces. In Quebec, however, the creation of a UFC has remained an empty rhetoric.   To date, there is no thorough review of the work and discussions held to create an UFC in Quebec, nor an analysis of the evolution of the idea. This thesis aims to overcome this void by providing a thorough and comprehensive study on the development of the idea of implementing a UFC in Quebec. The first part provides a historical overview of Quebec’s justice system with respect to family law, as well as related constitutional claims. The second part describes the place of the idea of a unified family court in the last reform of family law in Quebec, at the turn of the 1980s. The third part gives a portrait of the idea, ever distant, of such a court in Quebec since then. The fourth and last part presents the solutions that have been considered to allow the creation of such an institution in Quebec.

Keyphrases: Family law, Superior Court of Quebec, Court of Quebec, Access to justice, Quebec judicial institutions, Quebec judicial reform
Les élites délinquantes : études de cas sur les illégalismes fiscaux suite aux révélations des ‘Panama papers’

The Panama Papers (2016) represent a leak of 11,2 million documents from the Panamanian firm Mossack Fonseca. The revelations exposed compromising tax practices relating to offshore finance, and highlights by the same token, the involvement of the players : banks, politicians, business leaders, political and economic leaders, family fortunes, etc. Of an international scope, the 'Panama papers' have marked the media world in an important way. In reference to the interpretation game surrounding the exposed behaviors, it is possible to emphasize the pluralism of social reactions.  Focusing on the listed political and economic figures, the document is presented in the form of three case studies : Sigmundur David Gunnlaugsson, Iceland’ prime minister (2013-2016), David Cameron, UK’ prime minister (2010-2016) and Malcom Turnbull, Australia’ prime minister (2015-2018). The thesis aims to identify two levels of analysis. The first level of analysis details the respective media coverage of the cases. The goal is to collect the social reactions, the production and the evolution of the discourse. The second level of analysis objectifies and discerns positions and defenses used with offshore accounts, whereas the writings of the dissertation are an extension of studies on the resistance of the stigma. In order to complete the research, a corpus including thirteen references of the written press was gathered, representing a thorough analysis of the contents of more than 671 written documents published between April 3 and September 30, 2016. Based on the theoretical premises of the sociology of scandal, the research illustrates, in the present cases, different possible outcomes to the episode of the 'Panama papers' : scandal, affair, or non-scandal.

Keyphrases: scandale financier, delinquent and deviant elites, white-collar crime, tax fraud, resistance to stigma, financial scandal, economic crimes, social reaction, impunity, content analysis, 'Panama papers'
Etude électrochimique et spectro-électrochimique de nouveaux composés électrochromes

Intensive research on conjugated materials over the past few decades has highlighted the plethora of opto-electronic properties that these can present. Their compatibility with various electronic devices make them alternatives to inorganic materials, and the fact that they open the path to plastic electronics assures that research about them is not about to diminish soon. Use of azomethine links instead of “all-carbon” vinylene-type double bonds, for the design and conception of conjugated molecules, is a very interesting alternative to the conventional methods, not very eco-friendly, usually employed, mostly due to their relative simplicity in terms of synthesis and purification. Following on previous work, this thesis aim to analyze the electro and spectro-electrochemical properties of a series of new azomethine-oligomeres that are functionalized with amides. Particular emphasis is placed on their electrochromism.. The influence of various electro-donating and electro-attracting groups in the core of the molecules as well as at their termini on the optical and electrochemical properties is presented. The emphasis is placed on demonstrating their robustness and the durability of their color change when undergoing multiple oxidation-neutralization cycles.

Keyphrases: Synthesis, Conjugated materials, Electrochemistry, Spectro-electrochemistry, Electrochromism, Azomethine