NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Étude du sommeil et de l’immunocompétence suite à un infarctus aigu du myocarde chez le rat

Several studies have shown that disruption of the cardiovascular system functions is a major risk of developing depressive disorder in humans. In addition, following a myocardial infarction, 15-30% of the population develops major depression within 6 to 8 months after this event suggesting a link between cardiovascular disease and depression. The depression is characterized by a series of symptoms including sleep disorders. Approximately 80% of hospitalized patients and 70% of patients with major depression reported difficulties initiating and maintaining sleep. Work in the laboratories of Roger Godbout and Guy Rousseau showed that following an acute myocardial infarction, the rats displayed anhedonia, behavioral dispair and cell death by apoptosis in the limbic system. This apoptosis follows a spatial and temporal time course and could be prevented by administration of antidepressants. Moreover, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a major component in the activation of the extrinsic pathway leading to cell death observed in the limbic system.  The results of this thesis show that acute myocardial infarction (MI) is accompanied, within 2 weeks, by paradoxical sleep specific insomnia. Moreover, the myocardial infarcted rats have shown a decrease in the number of cholinergic neurons in the paradoxical sleep generator in the central nervous system. The post MI syndrome is accompanied by increase systemic levels of TNF-α, interleukin-1 (IL-1β), prostaglandin E2 and circulating corticosterone. The SSRI antidepressant escitalopram blocks the post MI behavioural syndrome without affecting sleep while it decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, and PGE2 levels but not corticosterone nor IL-6. Finally, the administration of pentoxifylline, a non selective cytokine synthesis inhibitor before the ischemic period attenuates the post-MI depressive behavior. This is the first evidence that a non-antidepressant may reduce the depressive behavior in a post-MI behavioural syndrome. Therefore, it appears important to intervene quickly in patients following a MI and in the earliest days and even before the first signs of insomnia and depression. A combination of pharmacological and behavioral treatments would be an interesting way in the management of these patients.

Keyphrases: Pentoxifylline, Escitalopram, Rat, Sleep, Paradoxical sleep, Myocardial infarction, Depression, Pentoxifylline, Escitalopram, Insomnia, Rat
Towards an ethic of cultural harmonization : translating history textbooks in the province of Québec

Faced with the task of translating history textbooks from French to English for use in Québec’s English-language public school system, Michael Varga outlines a translation approach that circumvents classical translation theories based on binary constructs in favour of a model inspired by narrative theory as proposed by Mona Baker. Acknowledging the legitimacy of multiple parallel narratives as they pertain to different socio-cultural groups within the same society (Québec), he identifies source text sections that expose conflicts related to intercultural harmony.  He discusses how these conflicts may fall short of communicating appropriate cultural realities that conform to the norms and values that govern Québec society. With a focus on the educational context, he proposes translations that defuse these conflicts in a spirit of harmonization and respect for the pluralist cultural realities in evidence in Québec society.

Keyphrases: Nativization, Foreignization, Translation ethic, Cultural plurality, History and citizenship education, Binary structure, Narrative theory, Cultural harmonization, Nativization, Foreignization, Translator-writer
Étude des réponses physiologiques aiguës à l’exercice intermittent de haute intensité chez le patient insuffisant cardiaque

Optimization of high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) has never been studied. We have compared the acute cardiopulmonary responses to four different HIIE in order to optimized HIIE protocol in CHF patients. Patients with CHF were randomized to 4 HIIE sessions, all with exercise phases at 100% of maximal aerobic power (MAP), but which varied in interval duration (30s or 90s) and type of recovery (passive or active). Each HIIE protocol lasted until exhaustion or up to 30 minutes. When considering total exercise time, exercise adherence, lower perceived exertion ratings, patient’s comfort and similar time spent at a high percentage of VO2peak, the mode with short intervals (30s) and passive recovery appeared to be the optimal HIIE mode for these patients. We therefore sought to compare the acute cardiopulmonary responses of a moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICE) compared to an optimized HIIE of equal total energy expenditure in patients with CHF. The purpose of this study was to compare cardiopulmonary responses, exercise adherence, perceived exertion, inflammation and cardiac biomarkers measured on optimized HIIE compared to MICE in patients with CHF. Compared to MICE, HIIE showed a higher exercise adherence, was more efficient and well tolerated by CHF patients while still providing a high physiological stimulus. HIIE did not induced significant arrhythmias or deleterious effects on inflammation (CRP), BNP and myocardial necrosis (C-TnT) in patients with CHF. We conclude that HIIE is a promising training mode that should be considered for cardiac rehabilitation interventions in patient with CHF.

Keyphrases: Insuffisance Cardiaque, Intermittent Exercise, Prescription, Heart Failure, Physiological Responses, Safety
Vers une transition forestière en Thaïlande? : analyse causale de l’avancée des forêts à partir du cas de Phetchabun

Recent popular ideas and theories portray economic development as both a cause and a solution to environmental degradation. Concerning forest cover, many authors view forest transitions (the passage from deforestation to reforestation) as resulting from near-universal causal dynamics linked to economic development. The thesis evaluates the validity of these controversial ideas and their relevance to the Thai case.  Based on an analysis of secondary literature and official data as well as extensive fieldwork in Phetchabun region, the thesis makes the following points. Contrary to the dominant view, forest cover did expand significantly between ~1995 and 2005. Forest regrowth is linked to the near-interruption of agricultural expansion, the establishment of forest plantations, and, most importantly, agricultural abandonment. The latter derives first and foremost from the declining and currently uncertain profitability of agriculture in non-irrigated zones. These agricultural problems are linked to declining soil fertility and the incapacity of some farmers to counter the impact of rapid economic changes occurring within and outside Thailand. Conservation efforts contributed to forest expansion only in some contexts (ex.: military-backed projects, divided communities, land already abandoned). Agricultural intensification and the growth of non-agricultural sectors made land confiscation and agricultural abandonment less distressing and allowed these land transformations to occur without leading to major social troubles. Since 2005, part of the forest regrowth has been lost to the rubber boom. This illustrates both the potentially non-permanent nature of the forest transition and the limited power of forest conservation in the face of major politico-economic interests. A robust forest transition theory must be contextually-bounded and recognize that forest transitions can be encouraged, blocked or countered by the same frequently invoked macro-social variables: economic growth, agricultural intensification, and democratisation. It must also take into account neglected causal factors, such as geopolitical threats, the resilience of agrarian systems, the perception of land scarcity and the degree of attachment to the land and an agrarian life. Typically, social distress, violence and, in some cases, negative environmental impacts have accompanied forest transitions. Human rights, social justice and sustainable development principles require that a more nuanced view of forest transitions be adopted.

Keyphrases: Environment, Development, Forest transition, Agricultural abandonment, Forest conservation, Protected areas, Causality, Thailand
Beta2-agonists use during pregnancy and the risk of congenital malformations

According to asthma management guidelines during pregnancy, short-acting β2-agonists (SABA) are the drug of choice in all types of asthma [intermittent or persistent, mild, moderate and severe] as a quick reliever medication and in the management of acute exacerbations or emergency hospitalizations. On the other hand, long-acting β2-agonists (LABA) are used for patients with moderate and severe persistent asthma not fully controlled with inhaled corticosteroids alone. While many studies examined their associations with congenital malformations in newborns, the actual risks remain controversial due to the discordance between different risk reports and the difficulties in performing epidemiological studies on pregnant women. The objective of this study is to investigate the association between maternal exposure to SABA and LABA during the first trimester of pregnancy and the risk of congenital malformations in the newborns among asthmatic women. Through the linkage of three administrative databases from Québec, a cohort of pregnancies from asthmatic women insured by the RAMQ drug insurance plan was formed between January 1, 1990 and December 31, 2002. The primary outcomes were major and any congenital malformations and the secondary outcomes were specific malformations. The primary exposure was the separate exposure to SABA and LABA during the first trimester, while the secondary exposure was the average number of doses of SABA per week taken during the first trimester. The association between congenital malformations and SABA and LABA exposure was assessed using generalized estimating equation models while adjusting for sociodemographic, asthma, maternal and fetal variables. We identified 1242 infants with a congenital malformation (9.5%), 762 of which had a major malformation (5.8%) within the cohort formed of 13117 pregnancies. Fifty-five percent of the women used SABA during the first trimester, and 1.3% used LABA. The adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) for any malformation associated with the use of SABA and LABA were 1.0 (0.9-1.2) and 1.3 (0.9-2.1), respectively. The corresponding figures were 0.9 (0.8-1.1) and 1.3 (0.8-2.4) for major malformations. Regarding the average number of doses of SABA per week, the adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) for any malformation were 1.1 (1.0-1.3), 1.1 (0.9-1.3), and 0.9 (0.7-1.1) for doses >0-3, >3-10, and >10 respectively. The corresponding figures were 1.0 (0.8-1.2), 0.8 (0.7-1.1), and 0.7 (0.5-1.0) for major malformations. On the other hand, significant increased risks, odds ratio (95% CI), of cardiac malformations 2.4 (1.1-5.1), genital organ malformations 6.8 (2.6-18.1), and other congenital malformations 3.4 (1.4-8.5) were observed with LABA use in the 1st trimester. Our study adds evidence, in concordance with asthma management guidelines, to the safety of SABA during pregnancy. However, more research is needed before we can decide on the safety of LABA during pregnancy.

Keyphrases: Asthma, Pregnancy, Congenital malformations, cohort study, Beta2-agonists
Intervention policière en milieu scolaire :
expérience et point de vue des acteurs

Context and objectives. Several « police-school » partnerships and programs have been developed in order to combat school violence. Despite the popularity of these incentives,evidence from several studies show that their effects on violence are rather trivial.Recently, a prevention program, “Unit Without Violence”, was implemented in several schools of the greater Montreal region. Preliminary assessments suggest that its introduction led to a significant reduction in violent victimizations. Using a mixed approach, the objective of this dissertation is to explore the relevance of the concepts of the dual role of police officers and that of intervention in a context of authority to further our understanding about interactions between partners and identify new concepts for investigating the effects of police programs on school delinquency. Method. A mixed research design was developed to gather qualitative and quantitative data. On one hand, semi-structured interviews were conducted with stakeholders (police officers, teachers and other specialists) to gather data on their views and experiences with the program. On the other hand, a paper-pencil survey was administered to fifth and sixth grade pupils of 20 schools to measure their perceptions about the police. Results. The present results suggest that the repressive and the resource-person roles are rather in continuity than in conflict. The educative and big-brother roles of police officers appear to be well received by pupils. The experience of police officers, their empathetic and custom approach as well as their interest for community work are seen as key elements of the success of the program. Survey results also show that pupils have a very positive perception of the police. Conclusion. Concepts related to the role of police officers and interventions in a context of authority are seen as key elements that should be included in any evaluation seeking to investigate the effect of police programs on school delinquency. Furthermore, additional quantitative assessments of the “Unit Without Violence” program are needed to further our understanding of the mediating effects, on school violence, of certain of its features such as the length of the program (the program is given through the whole school year),the positive reinforcement aspect, the teacher’s role in transmitting the message of the program and the continued exposure to the program between fifth and sixth grades.

Keyphrases: Violence, School, Police programs, Help relationship, Context of authority, Police officer roles, Violence
La fécondité des groupes linguistiques au Québec de 1984 à 2006

The history of Quebec’s identity has constantly been affected by linguistic issues. Being a majority Francophone province surrounded by Anglophone neighbors on all sides, we have witnessed many passionate debate on the future of the French language in Quebec. What is the reality of this linguistic issue in Quebec and its relation to fertility? As in most western societies, Quebec’s population replacement is not maintained by its natural increase rates. Therefore immigration is the only vehicle for population growth. Questions have been raised regarding the future representation of French-speaking people in the province of Quebec. Based primarily on the language spoken most often at home, several comparative analyses have been performed which examined fertility rates according to linguistic groups as well as corresponding geographical locations. Three objectives were considered: to determine the differences of fertility between linguistic groups; to determine the differences of fertility between the whole of Quebec, the island of Montreal and the remainder of Quebec; and to determine which set of scenarios approaches the most the reality. The analysis of fertility was conducted by examining six combinations of hypotheses. Three of which are hypotheses of distribution of births where the mother tongue is unknown, and two hypotheses of distribution of the female population between the ages of 15 and 49 years of age. The annual analysis of fertility of linguistic groups in Quebec showed us important variations over the last two decades, variations which have been mitigated by fertility analyses limited to census years. Although the fertility rates of Allophones have been « unstable » in comparison with both Francophone and Anglophone groups, their fertility rate sits below the generation replacement level since 1996, and has gradually been approaching that of the other two linguistic groups.

Keyphrases: allophones, language spoken most often at home, Allophones, Quebec, island of Montreal, remainder of Québec, total fertility rate
L'encadrement du contrat électronique : l'exemple français

New technologies play a growing role in the modern world. Some concerns have therefore been raised to determine how to enable the legal use of electronic paper where until recently, only paper support had existed. The main role of such concerns was to avoid that the existing regulations might prejudice development of new technologies (and in a broader way, of online exchange) because only paper support was taken into account.  In this context, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) has developed the principles of technological neutrality and functional equivalence. Pursuant to those principles, electronic writing is considered as equivalent to paper writing as long as the same functions are maintained. The French legislator has sought inspiration in the works of the UNCITRAL to modify the French regulations regarding electronic support.   Despite this recognition, some issues remain pending, especially regarding protection of the consent for the online contractor. In this respect, the French legislator has established formalist rules and rules that constitute exception to ordinary law.

Keyphrases: Signature, Original, Technological neutrality, Functional equivalence, Writing, Signature, Original, Electronic contract, Online contractor
"Monseigneur, pardonnez-moi parce que j'ai péché" : la régulation de la dissidence au sein du clergé canadien, au moment de l'invasion américaine de 1775-1776

This dissertation examines the reaction of Canadian clergy to the American invasion of 1775-1776. While historians have generally considered that the priests of the colony remained loyal to the British Government on this occasion, three priests stand in contrast to this image of loyalty: Eustache Chartier de Lotbinière (1716-1785), Pierre-René Floquet (1716 -1782), Joseph Huguet (1725-1783) and Pierre Huet de La Valinière (1732-1806). Suspected by church and colonial authorities to have shown sympathy to the American revolutionaries, these men were struck by various sanctions that permanently affected the development of their careers.

Keyphrases: dissidence, Pierre-René Floquet, Eustache Chartier de Lotbinière, Pierre Huet de La Valinière, Invasion of Canada (1775-1776), American Revolution, Canadian clergy, Dissent
Métabolisme énergétique cardiaque fœtal dans un modèle de restriction de croissance intra-utérine chez le rat

A low sodium diet was given to pregnant rats during the last week of gestation. This diet diminished the maternal expansion of blood volume, the uterine arteries diameter, and placental weight, when compared to their controls. Together, these results suggest a lower placenta perfusion and a decreased output of nutrients to the fetus. The offspring of these pregnant rats were born with an intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR). The fetal heart utilizes glucose through glycolysis as the major cardiac energy substrate. At birth, the principal source of energy switches to the oxidation of fatty acids, through β-oxydation. We hypothesized that within our IUGR model, the fetal heart could respond to a diminished nutritional intake due to the maternal input when a decreased cardiac energy metabolism was present. The pregnant rats of both groups (controls and on the low sodium diet) were sacrificed on day 22 of a 23 day gestation. The fetal hearts were then analyzed looking for signs of the limiting proteins glycolysis and β-oxidation. The GLUT1, GLUT4, HK1, HK2, CPT2, CPT1β, cytochrome c, PFK1, PKM1/2 proteins obtained through a Western immunoblot method were similar between the hearts of the IUGR and their control fetuses, whether they were male or female. The protein expression of CPT1α was lower only in female IUGR fetal hearts. There was no significant difference between the groups with respect to the enzymatic activity of PKM1/2. Our results suggest that the metabolic profile changes with regards to the fetus gender and could affect the fetal cardiac metabolism, due to a lower maternal blood flow caused by a sodium controlled diet, by diminishing its lipid metabolism and sparing glucose metabolism. To characterize the energy metabolism, the enzymatic activity of the other principal limiting enzymes glycolysis (HK1, HK2, PFK1), the intra-mitochondrial flux of acyl CoA through the CPTs and the total quantity of acetyl CoA must also be analyzed.

Keyphrases: apoptose, intra-uterine growth retardation, glycolysis, fatty acid β-oxidation, fetal heart, apoptosis
La perception du climat par les enseignants et les élèves et la gestion de la direction à l'école primaire

School leadership and school climate are often studied through their influence on the variation of the success among pupils (Leithwood, Harris & Hopkins, 2008; Marzano, Waters & McNulty, 2005; Sherblom, Marshall & Sherblom, 2006; Witziers, Bosker & Krüger, 2003). But few studies explicitly approach the link between school leadership and school climate. Thus, the present study seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between these two dimensions of the functioning of the school. Analyses of corelational type are realized on data collected by surveys in 49 schools, with 59 teachers, 823 pupils of 2nd year of the 3rd cycle and 521 parents. By taking into account sociodemographic characteristics of teachers, pupils and schools, the results tend to show that the respect of the pupils to their teachers is connected to the frequency of the interventions of the leader in the supervision of teaching or those to improve the learning and the outcomes of the pupils.

Keyphrases: Administration scolaire, Ecole, Parents, School administration, School climate, School leadership, Pupils, Teachers, Parents, Primary
L'éthique théologique de la libération d'Enrique Dussel : une réponse à la morale dominatrice

The Latin American subcontinent lives in an endemic poverty; hence the fight for survival is a day-to-day activity. The people become increasingly poorer, and the human life is despised. Is it a question of material goods’ shortage or simply a matter of inequitable distribution of wealth? We assert that it is more about a threefold situation of domination, oppression, and institutionalized injustice. This thesis (dissertation/essay) aims at an exhaustive reading of Enrique Dussel’s theological Ethic from an emancipating perspective. We start from the intuition (hypothesis) that this material Ethics of life may bring about a response to the established prevailing moral system, and may be instrumental in transforming the unjust situation. The Dusselian theological Ethic of Liberation analyzes the Latin American being that is considered as “the other” by the long-standing system, and devote itself to changing qualitatively everyone’s actual conditions of life. In doing so, this theological Ethic rethinks in a critical fashion the totality of the principles of the prevailing morals from the negation of the victims’ life, and postulates an alternative, which must be materialized in History’s hic et nunc -that is in the here and from the now of History: The Liberation of the victims of any given system of domination. This project takes into account the spiritual dimension of the Latin American people. These people from the subcontinent, which claims to be Christian in an overwhelming majority, question themselves about God’s presence and work in the daily struggle for liberation. They wonder about the way they should live out their faith in God in such a situation of oppression and struggle for liberation. This is the pathway the present paper calls us to explore while inviting us to bear in mind that a better world is possible, and to remember that the God of life never abandons His creation, nor does he ever forsake it.

Keyphrases: Dussel, Oppression, Ethics of life, Liberation, Prevailing moral, Established system, Other, Victims and institutionalized injustice