«Vers un monde sans fumée» : analyse sociologique du dispositif anti-tabac au Québec

Symbol of modernity for most of the twentieth century, smoking has been for the last thirty years the target of increasing interventions to reduce its consumption. Tobacco control benefits from an unprecedented device that acts as a case study in public health, by its scope and the awareness it raises. The interest to study this object then lies in the essential property of tobacco control to bind an institutional device with subjective motivations. The anti-smoking apparatus (ASA) was indeed intended to get the prescriptive requirements of a set of institutions to converge with individual desires, and obviously succeeds to some extent. It thus allows us to address both work on societies and work on oneself. This thesis undertakes a sociological analysis of the anti-smoking apparatus in Quebec and aims at questioning the modalities and purposes of tobacco control by uncovering its cultural, symbolic and political dimensions. Public Health appearing today as the central place of the political and social space in contemporary societies (Fassin and Dozon, 2001: 7), the “smoke-free world” utopia proves to be in our opinion quite typical of the stakes which characterize late modernity or “risk society” (Beck, 2001, [1986]). Having presented the historically ambivalent attitude of Western countries toward tobacco and its stakes, and problematized the issue of substance use within the framework of socio-cultural production and construction (Fassin, 2005a), we situate the ASA in the framework of a biopolitics of the population (Foucault, 1976; 1997; 2004b). In the light of the teachings of Michel Foucault, this thesis thereby consists of the crossed analysis of institutional tobacco control discourse and of testimonies of individuals wishing to quit smoking, with regard to the social and political context of late modernity. The ASA shows the changes at work in the field of public health, themselves characteristics of a reconfiguration of the modes of government of societies. The new biopolitics is indeed aimed at free subjects and undertakes to produce citizens responsible of their biological future, subjects of their own biological conditions optimization. It leans on a “neo-Christian” guilt type (Quéval, 2008) which characterizes such a fundamental levers of the ASA. It is characterized by a struggle against smokers more than against tobacco. It builds the figure of the non-smoker as that of an autonomous, proactive and efficient individual and makes simultaneously quitting smoking a moral obligation. Through this, it engages its audience to subjectify as biological citizens, entrepreneurs of their own health. The ASA in Quebec analysis reveals an intensive (re)moralization of health issues through a biomedicalization of risks (Clarke et al., 2003; 2010), particularly representative of a new way of exercising authority and regulate behaviors in contemporary societies, regarded as a neoliberal governmentality. Finally, the analysis of testimonies of individuals engaged in a process of smoking cessation reveals the centrality of health in the contemporary process of individuation. Public health then appears as a socializing institution producing a certain “type of man” centered on his health and adapted to the performance and autonomy requirements prevailing, these elements now increasingly constituting key-elements of integration and social recognition .

Keyphrases: tobacco control, public health, biopolitics, governmentality, health, morality, neoliberalism