NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Une histoire de diffusion : la politique de l’adoption de la Convention judiciaire d’intérêt public en France

Since the early 2000s, more and more countries have decided to introduce into their criminal law a new tool of "negotiated justice" for foreign bribery offenses. Thus, this third route, in addition to the decision to prosecute or not, is now used for legal persons by prosecutors in the United States, United Kingdom, France, Brazil, Canada and elsewhere. In this way, companies can, without admission of guilt, avoid a criminal trial through the payment of a fine and through commitments to better governance. In this research, our attention is particularly focused on the case of France. Long pointed out by international organizations as a bad student in the fight against transnational corruption and with a particular legal culture, it seems surprising to us that Paris decides to move forward with a more flexible justice, inspired by Anglo-Saxons principles, in 2016. How can we explain this sudden catching up? We respond to this questioning by drawing inspiration from literature on the mechanisms of policy diffusion, which focuses on understanding how the choice of a government can be influenced by the decisions of external actors. Each representing a causal mechanism, four hypotheses are retained, namely those of coercion, competition, emulation and learning. Through careful process tracing and especially the analysis of the speeches of French politicians, we come to the conclusion that the diffusion of the tools of “negotiated justice” to fight against foreign bribery provides a sufficient explanation to understand the sudden catching up of the Hexagon. More generally, the interaction of the different policy diffusion mechanisms leads us to believe that the use of more flexible justice for this type of crime is not about to stop.

Keyphrases: France, political science, administration and public policies, negociated justice, diffusion of public policies, foreign bribery, criminal and corporate penal law
La dégradation de la matière organique dissoute comme indicateur de la réactivité écosystémique du fleuve Saint-Laurent

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is central to rivers functioning as it is a complex mixture composed of vast amounts of organic carbon and energy, also acting as a vector for nutrients, metals and various contaminants. Both the chemical and molecular composition of the DOM and the environmental conditions in which it is processed can influence its rate of removal from the water column, mainly through photochemical mineralization and bacterial respiration. Studies evaluating these intrinsic and extrinsic aspects simultaneously, particularly on both the biological and photochemical degradation are rare, particularly in large fluvial systems. During the summer of 2019, we sampled a 207 km transect of the St. Lawrence (SLR), a large temperate river in which flows two strikingly distinct water masses in terms of origin as well as chemical and physical properties. We then assessed DOM bio- and photo-reactivity at 40 sites along the river through a series of standardized incubations and exposure to simulated sunlight, and then used water irradiance and morphometric profiles to estimate in situ areal rates of processing across the river. We found that the in situ reactivity was mostly driven by biological degradation, which was typically one to two order of magnitude higher than photochemical degradation. Total daily processing (calculated as the sum of photochemical and biological degradation) across the whole water column ranged from 36.7 to 892.1 mg C m-2 d-1. In situ photochemical degradation was largely driven by DOM photoreactivity. In contrast, we found a relatively constant baseline pool of biolabile DOM that appeared to be independent from changes in concentration and environmental conditions. Disproportionately high biodegradation rates (2.5-4x the average) were found in a few shallower sites, near effluents or islands, potentially driven by a combination of local increases in nutrient concentration and compositional changes in the proportion of protein-like DOM. We provide rare experimental evidence for the often-assumed dominance of biodegradation over photodegradation in large rivers, but also emphasize that photodegradation can locally be just as important in terrestrially connected areas of low depth. In turn, these observations hint at the presence of ecosystem control points in large and heterogenous rivers with contrasting sources and composition of DOM, opening new research perspectives into the role of large rivers in the export and retention of terrestrial matter.

Keyphrases: dissolved organic matter, carbon, St. Lawrence River, ecosystem reactivity, PARAFAC
Étude du protéome alternatif d'origine mitochondriale chez l'humain

Mitochondria, organelles of bacterial origin, are found in almost every eukaryotic organism and play a central role in cellular functions such as energy production, cellular signaling and apoptosis and are also known to have an impact on aging, certain cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. In humans and mammals in general, the mitochondrial DNA is a small double-stranded circular molecule coding for only 37 genes. Only 13 of them code for mitochondrial proteins and the other 24 genes produce 22 tRNAs (transfer RNA) and 2 rRNAs (ribosomal RNA) necessary for the translation of the 13 protein coding genes. The extremely compact nature of mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) suggests that there is little room for evolutionary novelties. However, recent research revealed the presence of about ten small functional ORFs inside the mitochondrial genes 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA. This calls into question the complexity of the mitochondrial genome and shows that its coding potential has been greatly underestimated. A thorough examination of the human mitochondrial genome revealed the presence of 227 sequences potentially translated into mitochondrial alternative proteins across the entire genome. In this study, we selected 9 of the 227 sequences to determine if they indeed produce identifiable peptides. This was done by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation experiments on HeLa and HEK293T cells. These experiments allowed us to identify one alternative protein named MTALTND4 whose coding sequence is found inside the nd4 gene, in an alternative sequence. MTALTND4 is translated inside the mitochondria and can be exported in the cytoplasm as well as outside the cell since it has been found in human plasma. Although the function of this protein has not yet been confirmed preliminary results indicate its impact on cellular respiration. MTALTND4 decreases mitochondrial respiration and our results suggest that its action could be induced by hypoxia. The discovery of this new human mitochondrial gene confirms that the coding potential of the mitochondrial genome is much larger than we thought. There are most likely still many other mitochondrial proteins whose effects could prove to be of great importance. Indeed, several of the mitochondrial derived proteins discovered to date have major impacts on metabolism and could act as important therapeutic molecules. Our results lead to rethink the evolution and the selection pressures exerted on the mitochondrial genome and open the door to many future researches which will allow to re-characterize the mitochondrial genome and to have an even deeper understanding of the role of mitochondria in cellular functions.

Keyphrases: ORF, smORF, altORF, Humanin, MOTS-c, SHLPs, MTALTND4, Mitochondria, Alternative proteome, Gau
Évaluation de l'unicité écologique à grande étendue spatiale à l'aide de modèles de répartition d'espèces

Beta diversity is an essential measure to describe the organization of biodiversity through space. The calculation of local contributions to beta diversity (LCBD), specifically, allows the identification of sites with high ecological uniqueness and exceptional diversity within a region of interest. To this day, LCBD indices have primarily been used on regional and smaller scales, with relatively few sites. Furthermore, their use is typically restricted to strictly sampled sites with known species composition, leading to gaps in spatial coverage on broad extents. Here, I examined whether species distribution models (SDMs) can be used to assess ecological uniqueness over broader spatial extents and investigated the effect of scale changes on beta diversity quantification. To this aim, I used observations recorded in the eBird database and Bayesian additive regression trees to model warbler species composition in North America, then computed LCBD indices on the predictions, thus covering a broader spatial extent and a higher number of sites. My results showed that SDMs provide uniqueness estimates highly correlated with observed data with a statistically significant spatial association. They also showed that the relationship between richness and LCBD values varies according to the region and the spatial extent and that it is affected by the proportion of rare species in communities. Sites identified as unique may therefore vary according to regional characteristics. These results show that SDMs can be used to predict ecological uniqueness over broad spatial extents, which could help identify beta diversity hotspots and important targets for conservation purposes in unsampled locations.

Keyphrases: eBird, beta diversity, ecological uniqueness, local contributions to beta diversity, species distribution modelling, broad spatial scale
Structure génétique des populations du charançon de la carotte (Listronotus oregonensis) en Amérique du Nord

The carrot weevil (Listronotus oregonensis) is a major pest of apiaceae crops in North America. An upsurge in damage has been observed in recent years, despite all the control measures deployed. This study aimed to determine the genetic structure of carrot weevil populations in North America and to assess the role of geographic distance and host plants on their level of genetic differentiation. The olfactory preference of carrot weevils for the host plant on which the populations were collected was also analyzed. The characterization of the genetic structure of L. oregonensis was based on the discrimination of haplotypes (COI mtDNA) and nucleotides (SNPs) by genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Eighteen populations including 220 individuals were sampled in Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia (Canada) and Ohio (United States). Olfactometry examined the olfactory response of three populations in Quebec (195 females) according to four host plants (carrot, celery, celeriac and parsley). Our results showed that geographic distance was an important factor in genetic differentiation between the regions sampled. GBS analyzes identify Nova Scotia as the most differentiated region of all populations, unlike COI mtDNA analyzes, which suggest recent differentiation. The host plant did not demonstrate a distinct genetic signature in Quebec, and the three populations tested did not show a marked preference for a host plant, apart from the carrot field population. Finally, these results suggest limited dispersal of the carrot weevil across North America.

Keyphrases: Listronotus oregonensis, ADN mitochondrial COI, genetic populations, mitochondrial DNA COI, genotyping-by-sequencing, geographic distance, host selection
Insectes de la couronne du palmier dattier dans la phoeniciculture traditionnelle et nouvelle à Djibouti

In recent years, food insecurity and poverty, especially among the rural populations of Djibouti, have been increasing due to population growth and rising world food prices. As a result, the government of Djibouti seeks to develop sustainable agriculture through date farming. The cultivation of date palms adapts well to the difficult pedoclimatic conditions of the Republic of Djibouti. Massive introductions of date palm have taken place in recent years to restore the older traditional palm groves (polycultures) and to create and/or extend new palm groves oriented towards monoculture. However, the country faces major phytosanitary challenges: poor infrastructure, insufficient knowledge, a lack of research on the pests of this crop. With the ultimate aim of protecting and increasing Djibouti's date yields, this present work seeks to assess the susceptibility of palm groves to insect pests. To achieve this objective, a comparison of the insect fauna of the two types of palm groves was carried out using composite traps placed within the crown of the date palm. The experiment was carried out from 20 June to 2 September 2018, in six orchards on three sites. The samples documented the existence and diversity of insects in these palm groves, as well as the presence and abundance of specialist date palm pests in monocultural palm groves. Natural enemies were also particularly abundant in the traditional palm groves, but species-level diversity did not show any correlations with the type of palm grove. This study contributes to the knowledge of insect diversity and potential pest species in the palm groves of Djibouti. These pests can have an important impact on date yields depending on the type of palm grove and this study thus underlines the need to develop adequate means of pest control.

Keyphrases: Monoculture, Polyculture, Date palm, Natural enemy, Pest
Un examen de la portée de la littérature dans les premiers jours de la crise du COVID-19 : dormir en temps de crise

During the early days of the pandemic and in the context of a seemingly unknown global threat, several potential major sleep disruptors were identified by sleep researchers and practitioners across the globe. The COVID-19 pandemic combined several features that, individually, had been shown to negatively affect sleep health in the general population. Those features included stress, restrictions on in-person social interactions, as well as financial adversity. Accordingly, researchers and practitioners scrambled to identify evidence that could be used to inform public policy and drew on early COVID-19 studies, past infectious disease outbreaks, as well as from the scientific literature on social isolation and financial adversity. To address the lack of a comprehensive summary of sleep research across these three distinctive domains, I lead a systematic, qualitative review of the literature, using the adapted version of Arksey and O’Malley’s framework for scoping reviews. Over the course of this work, we systematically screened 16,959 abstracts and we endeavored to “map” and summarize the existing relevant scientific evidence available in early 2020 on sleep health in the context of: 1) COVID-19, other pandemics and/or crises; 2) social isolation, loneliness or confinement; and 3) economic or financial adversity. Potential moderating factors such as age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, psychological predisposition, occupation and other personal circumstances across these 3 contexts were also included in our review. To conclude, we highlight the need to develop public health interventions that foster sleep health and that can lessen the potential impact of future crises.

Keyphrases: Sleep, COVID-19, Crisis, Pandemic, Loneliness, Systematic review, Crise, Social isolation, Economic uncertainty
Link between stressor exposure and high school dropout: the moderating role of support from parents, peers, teachers and mental health professionals

Various theoretical models suggest that social support can moderate the impact of stressor exposure on adjustment and mental health outcomes (Pearlin & Bierman, 2013). This study examined whether support offered by parents, peers, school personnel, or mental health professionals moderated the association between recent stressor exposure and high school dropout. The secondary goal was to describe direct associations between these sources of support and high school dropout. The sample (n = 545) consisted of adolescents between 14 and 18 years old (M = 16.5; SD = 0.9) from 12 socioeconomically disadvantaged schools in Montreal and neighbouring regions. Positive bivariate associations between support from adults at school and from mental health professionals and dropout became non-significant in multiple logistic regression analyses including the two main independent variables (stressor exposure and sources of support). In fact, in these models, no form of social support was significantly associated with dropout, either in interaction or directly. These results suggest that adolescents with more needs received more support from adults in their school and community, but that this support was not sufficient to moderate the link between stressor exposure and dropout. Thus, it is possible that when the amount of adversity and stressors in students’ lives is too high, typical support might not be sufficient to buffer their deleterious impact on school engagement and dropout.   Keywords: stress, social support, high school dropout, at-risk students, adolescence, moderation effect.

Keyphrases: stress, adolescence, social support, high school dropout, at-risk students, moderation effect
Individual rhythmic abilities and temporal predictability : an electrophysiological approach

It is known that rhythmic abilities vary widely in the general population. However, our understanding of the link between these variations at the behavioral level and their underlying brain electrophysiological patterns is uncertain. The aim of the present work was to investigate the electrophysiological correlates of individual differences in rhythmic abilities (i.e., perceptual, sensorimotor). Participants (n=43) performed two tasks of rhythmic abilities (beat alignment test and paced tapping) from the Battery for the Assessment of Auditory Sensorimotor and Rhythmic abilities (BAASTA, Dalla Bella et al., 2017). Moreover, the brain activity (EEG) of these participants was recorded while they performed a temporal predictability task. This task consisted in an oddball paradigm where standard (i.e., irrelevant tones) and deviant (i.e., relevant tones) sinusoidal tones were presented in isochronous (i.e., regular) and temporally random (i.e., irregular) sequences. Results indicated that individual differences in rhythmic abilities are reflected in electrophysiological markers of temporal predictability. Across all participants, improved sensorimotor abilities were associated with smaller amplitudes of the P50 auditory evoked potential to standard tones, suggesting increased inhibition of irrelevant stimuli. Moreover, the amplitude of the N100 component serve as a potential marker of the ability to process stimuli deviance. Indeed, individuals with good rhythm abilities have less negative amplitudes of N100 for deviant tones presented in the isochronous sequence, suggesting enhanced discrimination of deviant tones. Altogether, these findings add to our understanding of the processes underlying individual differences in rhythmic abilities.

Keyphrases: perception, structure temporelle, structure formelle, Rhythmic abilities, temporal predictability, beat perception, sensorimotor synchronization, evoked potential, temporal structure, formal structure
Validation du Questionnaire d’ouverture au monde version 12-18 mois

This study investigates the validity of a novel instrument built around recent concepts that exhibit  the evolution of paternity. The Toddler Openness to the World Questionnaire (QOMt in french)  focuses more specifically on parental behaviors that favor openness to the world in children, a  function mostly attributed to fathers (Le Camus, 2000). Therefore, the QOMt joins the debate on  the complementarity of parental behaviors by proposing two distinctive factorial structures for a  sample of 664 fathers and 225 mothers.   Six factors emerged from the mother’s factor analysis (stimulation of perseverance, stimulation of  risk-taking, protection, limit setting, children’s reaction to limit setting and discipline) of which  three have acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach alphas ranging from .44 to .80). Six factors  emerged from the father’s analysis (stimulation of self-transcendence, stimulation of exploration,  stimulation of autonomy, stimulation of perseverance, limit setting and discipline) with an overall  acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach alphas coefficients ranging from .61 to .85).Along with  the QOMt, families were asked to participate to the risky situation procedure and the strange  situation procedure to test convergent and divergent validity. However, only divergent validity is  considered to be satisfactory. Fidelity assessed using the preschool version of The Openness to the  World Questionnaire (QOM in french) suggests that parental behaviors of stimulation of  perseverance and maternal behaviors of stimulation of risk-taking are stable across time.   In summary, while the QOMt isn’t a valid instrument, it is noteworthy to emphasize that  stimulation of risk-taking only emerged from the mother’s factor analysis, therefore challenging  our theorical framework. Our results should however be interpreted with caution as a confirmatory  analysis is needed.

Keyphrases: engagement paternel, paternal engagement, activation relationship, openness to the world, exploratory factor analysis, complementarity of parental behaviors
Intervention auprès d’un groupe sectaire en contexte de protection de la jeunesse : donner la parole aux intervenant.es pour comprendre et améliorer leur vécu expérientiel

This research project sought to understand the lived experiences of child protective services caseworkers who intervened with a sect. The primary objective was to describe the CPS caseworkers’ experiences and their perception of the effects of the intervention on their personal and professional lives. Second, the factors that influenced their lived experiences were explored. Last, ways to improve CPS caseworkers’ lived experiences were identified, with a view to future interventions in similar settings. Thematic analysis was performed on the content of the individual interviews conducted with 12 CPS members of the assessment and service provision teams who had worked in the setting in question. The results point to a number of factors that influenced their lived experiences, in particular in relation to specific stages of the child protection process. The two teams described quite different experiences. On the one hand, the assessment team reported an intense, stressful experience. In contrast, the service provision team spoke of a disappointing, frustrating experience. Furthermore, the respondents said that the intervention impacted the personal (e.g., emotional) and professional (e.g., job satisfaction) spheres of their lives. Study participants suggested ways to improve their lived experiences in terms of organization and working conditions, as well as through psychological support. The differences between the lived experiences of the two teams would appear to stem from their different intervention mandates and the presence of risk factors associated with the development of emotional issues. To sum up, CPS intervention with members of a sect-like movement is an exceptional, very demanding work environment. It is essential to take early measures to ensure CPS caseworker well-being and provide psychological support and clinical supervision in order to improve their lived experiences.

Keyphrases: intervention, supervision clinique, Child protective services, CPS, Lived experience, Sect, Psychological support, Clinical supervision