NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Contribution de l’activité des domaines polo-box et kinase de la Polo-like kinase Cdc5 dans ses fonctions de régulation mitotique et dans le maintien de la stabilité du génome

Cdc5 is a protein kinase crucial for cell cycle regulation and genome stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Misregulation of the mammalian homolog of Cdc5, Plk1, is associated with tumorigenesis in human cells. Cdc5 and Plk1 are part of the Polo-like kinase (PLK) family which is characterized by a general architecture conserved among all members: a N-terminal kinase domain followed in C-terminus by one or two motif, called polo-boxes, that form the polo-box domain (PBD). Importantly, how the PBD and kinase domain of Cdc5/Plk1 work together to promote their critical functions is not well understood. This study aimed at deciphering the relative contribution of the PBD and the kinase domain of Cdc5 in its functions in mitosis and in response to DNA damage. To address this question, we performed a genetic screen to identify mutations that independently modulate the kinase and PBD activities of yeast PLK/Cdc5 and isolated mutants that presented an altered activity in either one of them in vivo. Using this approach, we show that the kinase activity of Cdc5 can promote the execution of several stages of mitosis independently of PBD activity. In contrast, PBD-specific mutants lacking the ability to bind to phosphopeptides are capable of completing mitosis but are unable to maintain spindle-pole body integrity. Consistent with this defect, PBD-deficient cells progressively double the size of their genome and ultimately lose genome integrity. This study also shows that the PBD is critical for the cellular adaptation to persistent DNA damage. Importantly, inactivation of the PBD activity of Cdc5 significantly reduces the resistance of mutant cells to genotoxic stress. Taken together, our results highlight the specific contributions of Cdc5 functional domains to cell division and reveal how this protein help in the maintenance of genome stability via its regulation on spindle-pole bodies.

Keyphrases: Cdc5, Plk1, kinase domain, cell cycle, adaptation, genome integrity, PBD
Modélisation et analyses cinématiques de l'épaule lors de levers de charges en hauteur

An occupation that requires handling loads combined with large elevation of the arms is associated with the occurrence of shoulders musculoskeletal disorder. The analysis of these joint movements is essential because it helps to quantify the stress applied to the musculoskeletal structures. This thesis provides an innovative model which allows the estimation of the shoulder complex kinematics and used it to analyze the joints kinematics during lifting tasks. It is organized into three sub-objectives.  The first aim is the development and validation of a kinematic model the most representative as possible of the shoulder complex anatomy while correcting soft tissue artifacts through the use of global optimization. This model included a scapulothoracic closed loop, which constrains a scapular dot contact to be coincident with thoracic gliding plane modeled by a subject-specific ellipsoid. In the validation process, the reference model used the gold standard for direct measurements of bone movements. In dynamic movements, the closed loop model developed generates barely more kinematic errors that errors obtained for the study of standard movements by existing models.  The second aim is to detect and quantify the shoulder articular movements influenced by the combined effects of two risk factors: task height and load weight. The results indicate that many peaks of joint angles are influenced by the interaction of height and weight. According to the different initial and deposits heights when the weight increases, the kinematics changes are substantial, in number and magnitude. The kinematic strategies of participants are more consistent when the weight of load increase for initial height lift at hips level compared to shoulders level, and for a deposit at eye level compared to shoulders.  The third aim is to investigate the magnitude and temporality of the maximum peak vertical acceleration of the box. The significant joints movements are characterized with a principal component analysis of joint angle values collected at this instant. In particular, this study highlights that elbow flexion and thoraco-humeral elevation are two correlated invariant joint movements to all lifting tasks whatever the initial and deposit height, and weight of the load. The realism of the developed shoulder model and kinematics analyzes open perspectives in occupational biomechanics and contribute to risk prevention efforts in health and safety.

Keyphrases: Interaction, Manutention, Musculoskeletal disorder, Manual material handling task, Lifting task, Height, Weight, Load, Scapulothoracic closed loop, Shoulder complex, Kinematic modeling and analysis, Principal component analysis
Femmes politiques au Burkina Faso et autorité dynamique : une approche vidéographique

This thesis centers on the negotiation of authority enacted by Burkinabe female politicians through their interactions with other parties. This thesis consists in an ethno-methodological study of dynamic (emerging) forms of authority, a topic that, until now, has been somewhat neglected by the literature in social and organizational research as well as in developmental studies. Throughout a given interaction and based on the interlocutors’ moves and countermoves, these forms of authority emerge, establish themselves or disappear. They fluctuate along situations and materialize through framing and reframing dynamics in which interlocutors attempt to establish their respective authority by trying to influence the others with their ideas, thoughts, and positions. This study allows us to learn more about the daily activities of these female politicians by analyzing their interactions and accounting not only for their struggle to be accepted as stakeholders in their own right, but also for their participation in multiple initiatives for women development and their involvement in the economic development process. In doing so, this thesis, which is meant to be more empirical than theoretical, begins with observations about the socio-political history of Burkina and approaches that marked the various struggles and work by feminists, academics and other development partners. We then report on our fieldwork, which was completed through a combination of shadowing and conversation analysis. Using ethnomethodology (a sociological approach developed by Harold Garfinkel) as the main source of our analytical framework, the study first makes a series of analytical descriptions of sequences of interactions. We then propose a dynamic categorization of forms of authority. This categorization is based on different markers of authority that were identified throughout the interactions involving four female politicians and one male politician, in their respective workplace. The result of this work allowed us to make a comparative analysis of the various markers of authority enacted by the female politicians as well as a comparison of these markers between them and the male politician. This ultimately allowed us to show that female politicians, just as their male counterparts, mobilize authority markers not only to assert their political role, but also to rally their interlocutors or to convey (or convince with) their ideas and positions. This study also allows us to show that, contrary to appearances, and often far from media coverage and diplomatic salons, female politicians, in their own ways, get actively involved in the management of state affairs, and in the activities for the advancement of women and economic development.

Keyphrases: Interaction, Burkina Faso, Authority, Power, Conversation analysis, Ethnomethodology, Female politician, Development, Organization, Communication, Sociology
Étude des types d’expérience de maltraitance subie dans l’enfance chez les mères adolescentes et leur association aux conditions pouvant mener à l’adoption de pratiques parentales maltraitantes

Objective: To explore the association between histories of childhood maltreatment types among a group of adolescent mothers and recognized variables linked to the Adoption of maltreating parental behavior (AMPB) towards their child in accordance with Trauma-focused theory landmarks.   Design: Secondary analysis of quantitative data from an evaluative study of the Programme de Soutien aux Jeunes Parents (PSJP) des Services intégrés en périnatalité et pour la petite enfance à l’intention des familles vivant en contexte de vulnérabilité (SIPPE).    Sample: 288 adolescent mothers from Québec, Canada, 18 years old on average, receiving or having received services through the PSJP.   Method: Data was collected four times (twice during pregnancy, as well as at 5 and 17 months postpartum) over an average period of two years. Childhood maltreatment history was measured by using the short version of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Cluster analysis was performed using variables related to childhood trauma history (forms of maltreatment experience and severity classification). Analyses of variance, cross tables and binary logistic regression were then conducted to assess the association between the different types of childhood maltreatment and recognized variables linked to AMPB in adolescent mothers.   Results: Results show a high occurrence of childhood maltreatment experience among the adolescent mothers that took part in our study. Further, they highlight three distinct types of childhood maltreatment. The first type is characterized by emotional neglect without cooccurrence; the second one, by sexual abuse and emotional neglect; and the third one, by a cooccurrence of all forms of abuse but with a lower intensity of emotional neglect. Overall, despite certain distinctions, mothers from the second and third types present significantly more risk factors for AMPB than mothers from the first type (i.e. higher levels of poverty, fragile mental health, parental difficulties, and lower satisfaction of social network).    Conclusion: From a prevention perspective of AMPB, our results put forward the importance of focusing on and understanding adolescent mothers’ diversity of childhood maltreatment experiences. Difficulties related to a history of childhood maltreatment vary according to its nature and the co-occurrence of forms of maltreatment. These consequences can be persistent and put mothers at risk of intergenerational transmission of maltreatment towards their children. This puts forth the relevance of studying maltreatment among adolescent mothers not only according to the risk of perpetration but also according to the abuse they have themselves suffered in their childhood. The implications for social work and psychosocial intervention are also discussed.

Keyphrases: Adolescent mothers, History of childhood maltreatment, Maltreatment, Intergenerational transmission of maltreatment
Culture, religion and childrearing practice : a case study of practicing Muslim-Moroccan immigrants in Québec

The purpose of this research was to explore parenting strategies in cultural transmission of participating Muslim Moroccans immigrant parents residing in two areas of Quebec using a qualitative approach. In particular, this study highlighted the childrearing choices as the parents attempted to pass on their culture to the next generations in a cultural conflict context. Through focus group and semi-structure interviews, this study explored the participants' perceptions regarding their immigration struggles while providing an insider's view on their childrearing strategies in acculturation context. Three findings were made based on the analysed data as 1) identity ensuring cultural transmission; 2) cultural transmission strategies, and 3) culture integration strategies in sampled Muslim-Moroccan immigrant parents. The first finding of this study is that religious identity was ensured in cultural transmission in the sampled Muslim Moroccan immigrant parents living in a secular society. The religious identity was constructed through the parents’ connection and association with the Moroccan community, and their identity primacy of religion was over their ethnicity. Secondly, this study identified five strategies of cultural transmission used by the Moroccan participants to tackle the challenges from the host culture, which included cultural transmission within the family, transmitting culture values as a part of cultural transmission, ensuring their children attended Muslim schools, ensuring strong connections with the country of origin, and monitoring their children socialisation to limt the perceived threat to their cultural heritage from the host society. The third and final finding is about the biculturalism, secularization as adaptation and acculturation in culture integration strategies. The participating Muslim-Moroccan parents were attempting to face the host society challenges with limited openness and integration strategies. The culture integration strategies of the participants included their biculturalism strategies, their secularization as a form of adaptation, and their acculturation strategies. The implications of this study to future research, intervention strategies, and training or education of social workers were given at the end of this thesis.

Keyphrases: Acculturation, Immigration, Biculturalism, Childrearing, Host culture, Immigrant, Cultural transmission, Identity, Original culture, Parenting, Religion
L'évolution des pratiques en maison d'hébergement pour femmes victimes de violence conjugale au Québec

This dissertation focuses on the evolution of intervention practices in domestic violence shelters in the province of Québec, since their development in the mid-1970’s. More specifically, it provides an overview of 40 years of practices in these refuges, highlighting the transformations that have occurred over the years. Drawing upon a critical and feminist epistemological viewpoint and relying on a qualitative methodology, the study guiding this thesis was conducted with a total sample of 48 participants, including 8 pioneers, 7 veterans and 33 domestic violence shelter workers. Moreover, 53 documents issued by the Regroupement des maisons pour femmes victimes de violence conjugale and by the Fédération des maisons d’hébergement pour femmes have also supported the current research. The conceptual framework through which the intervention practices were analyzed emerged inductively from the data and is organized around six values: security, dignity, self-determination, equality, solidarity, and social justice. Overall, domestic violence shelters in the province of Québec which drew upon a feminist perspective of the phenomenon were developed with the ultimate goal of dissolving when violence against women was eliminated. Accordingly, these resources were conceptualized as mean of social change; collectively-oriented practices were thus targeting society as a whole (Lacombe, 1990). From a “means to and end” to “an end in itself” (Murray, 1988), domestic violence shelters have been gradually structured internally with regards to the way they work with women and children, a phenomenon which can be linked to the professionalization of services. The results also suggest that the six values on which the conceptual framework of the study was built have remained deeply entrenched in the history of domestic violence shelters and are still influencing the intervention practices, as conceptualized by the pioneers and veterans during the 1970’s. However, some of the data provided in the current research suggests some shifts in existing practices are occurring. More specifically, the challenge of understanding the situation of women affected by different issues (mental health, substance abuse, aggression) through a feminist lens and the lack of theoretical references seems to further complicate the participants’ work with women who are deemed “difficult”. Moreover, the resurgence of a medical discourse, the willingness of some to involve men in shelters and the conceptualization of women in their role as mothers through a “deficit perspective” (Peled & Dekel, 2010) raises important questions about the continuing strength and influence of feminism on workers.

Keyphrases: violence conjugale, femmes, domestic violence, women, children, shelter, intervention practices, feminist practices, feminism, qualitative research, feminist research
La construction de la "menace" environnementale : une conversation entre savoir et pouvoir

Climate change is the subject of much debate. This thesis focuses on the construction of climate change as a security issue during the past two decades. Governments and major  international organizations state that climate change is a threat to international peace and security. This research raises a general question: how has this security vision been made possible? In doing so, the thesis analyzes the construction of the environmental « threat », highlighting its contingency. Focusing on the context of the production of ideas, their movement and the role of researchers, it is argued that the environmental « threat » emerges at a crossroad between scientific practices, political practices and the practices of think tanks. « Enviro-security », the set of ideas linking environment to security matters, is an academic-political conversation built around symbolic struggles for authority, legitimacy and power. Through the use of the sociology of knowledge and the sociology of IR, this research holds that intellectuals in practice are real objects of knowledge. Two complementary methods are used in order to trace the history of « enviro-security » : quantitative (bibliometric analysis) and qualitative (semi-structured interviews). However, the semi-structured interviews with researchers from the academic world or from the world of think tanks lie at the heart of this research. Thanks to a perspective centered on the producers of knowledge, this study contributes to theoretical thinking on the interaction between knowledge and power, to critical constructivism on the representation of dangers and, more broadly, to the French literature on the securitization of the environment.

Keyphrases: climate change, security, sociology, sociology of International Relations
Parties and Nationalism : Assessing the Influence of Parties on Support for Regional Nationalism in Spain

In this dissertation, I consider whether parties influence support for regional nationalism in four regions of Spain: the Basque Country, Catalonia, the Valencian Community, and Galicia. I argue that the fundamental way parties influence citizens' opinions is by offering party cues. Citizens adapt their opinions to party cues even in the absence of persuasive arguments or other information. The current literature suggests that such influence takes place via partisan motivated reasoning.  However, it is not clear whether parties influence people in the context of nationalism, since party influence seems to involve adjusting preferences to people's partisan identities, while nationalism involves a competing identity, with a collectivity people may consider a nation. There is also substantial ambiguity about whether citizens are influenced by parties they like, by parties they dislike or whether they are influenced by both at the same time. I propose that exposing citizens to the positions of parties citizens dislike is key to party influence.    I then analyze both observational and experimental data to determine whether citizens of the four Spanish regions where nationalism is present adapt their nationalist preferences to the positions expressed by parties. In chapter 4, I focus on the measurement of party positions using automated text analysis of legislative speeches. In chapter 5, I consider whether people who like a party move in the same direction as that party when it changes its nationalist positions and whether those who feel distant from a party move in the opposite direction when it shifts its positions. We will see that the results suggest that nationalist parties influence their partisans in the Basque Country and Catalonia. Statewide parties seem to play a stronger role in Galicia and the Valencian Community.    In chapter 6, using experimental data, I show that, people who did not already know the position of their most liked party, when exposed to that position as well as to the position of a party they dislike, adapt their opinions to make them more consistent with the position of their most liked party. The positions of parties citizens like are not enough to induce them to change their opinions.     I conclude that parties influence the opinions of citizens on nationalism. However, this influence depends on the presence of the positions of parties citizens do not like. Parties cannot simply influence their own partisans by adopting the positions they would like them to adopt.

Keyphrases: Political parties, Public opinion, Party cues, Nationalism, Spain, Basque Country, Catalonia, Valencian Community, Galicia
Regularized Jackknife estimation with many instruments

In this thesis, I have been interested in the instrumental variables (IV) models with many instruments and possibly, many weak instruments. Since the asymptotic theory is often not a good approximation to the sampling distribution of estimators and test statistics, I consider the Jackknife and regularization methods to improve the precision of IV models. In the first chapter (co-authored with Marine Carrasco), we consider instrumental variables (IV) regression in a setting where the number of instruments is large. However, in finite samples, the inclusion of an excessive number of moments may increase the bias of IV estimators. Such a situation can arise in presence of many possibly weak instruments. We propose a Jackknife instrumental variables estimator (RJIVE) combined with regularization techniques based on Tikhonov, Principal Components and Landweber Fridman methods to stabilize the projection matrix. We prove that the RJIVE is consistent and asymptotically normally distributed. We derive the rate of the mean square error and propose a data-driven method for selecting the tuning parameter. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed estimators perform well relative to the Jackknife estimator with no regularization. In the second chapter (co-authored with Marine Carrasco), we propose a new overidentifying restrictions test in a linear model when the number of instruments (possibly weak) may be smaller or larger than the sample size or even infinite in a heteroskedastic framework. The proposed J test combines two techniques: the Jackknife method and the Tikhonov technique. We theoretically show that our new test achieves the asymptotically correct size in the presence of many instruments. The simulations show that our modified J statistic test has better empirical properties in small samples than existing J tests in terms of the empirical size and the power of the test. In the last chapter, I consider instrumental variables regression in a setting where the number of instruments is large. However, in finite samples, the inclusion of an excessive number of moments may be harmful. We propose a Jackknife Limited Information Maximum Likelihood (JLIML) based on three different regularizations methods: Tikhonov, Landweber-Fridman, and Principal Components. We show that our proposed regularized Jackknife estimators JLIML are consistent and asymptotically normally distributed under heteroskedastic error. Finally, the proposed estimators are assessed through Monte Carlo study and illustrated using the elasticity of intertemporal substitution empirical example.

Keyphrases: Jackknife, High-dimensional models, Regularization methods, Overidentification test, Many weak instruments,, MSE