Caractérisation de la MAP kinase atypique Erk4 : activation et fonction physiologique

MAP kinases are essential enzymes implicated in 7 distinct signaling pathways that allow cells to respond appropriately to extracellular stimuli. In mammals, Erk1/2, Jnk, p38 and Erk5 are the best characterized MAP kinases. These enzymes play important roles in embryogenesis, cell proliferation and differentiation and in response to cellular stresses. Erk4 is an atypical member of the MAP kinase family. First, its activation loop is composed of an SEG motif instead of the well conserved TXY motif found in MAP kinases. Second, Erk4 has a C-terminal extension following the kinase domain that is not present in classical MAP kinases. Despite its identification more than a decade ago, the function of Erk4 remains elusive. Moreover, the signaling pathway as well as the regulatory mechanism leading to Erk4 activation in still uncharacterized. The only identified substrate of Erk4 is the MAPKAP kinase MK5, but the functional relevance of this interaction is still unknown. To gain information about the atypical MAP kinase Erk4, we decided to study the activation mechanism of Erk4 and its physiological function using a gene targeted deletion approach in mice.   Regarding the activation of Erk4, we showed that the activation loop of Erk4 (S186EG) is constitutively phosphosphorylated in vivo and that this phosphorylation is not modulated by classical MAP kinase stimuli such as serum and sorbitol. However, we observed that phosphorylation of S186 increases in the presence of MK5 and we showed that this increase is independent of the kinase activity of either kinases. Moreover, we established that phosphorylation of Erk4 activation loop is required for the stable interaction between Erk4 and MK5 as well as for the activation and cytoplasmic relocalisation of MK5. Thus, our study reveals that Erk4 is differently regulated than classical MAP kinases and that Erk4 activation loop phosphorylation is important for its role in the regulation of MK5 activity. In parallel, our results revealed the existence of an “Erk4 kinase” whose recruitment and/or activation seems to be facilitated by MK5.   To gain information about the physiological function of Erk4 we generated Erk4 deficient mice. Gene-targeted inactivation of Erk4 is viable and these mice present no gross abnormality. To explain the absence of phenotype, we analyzed the expression of Erk3, the paralog of Erk4, to determine if it could compensate for the loss of Erk4. Our analysis revealed that Erk3 expression in Erk4-/- mice is not up-regulated during embryogenesis nor in adult mice tissues in order to compensate for the loss of Erk4. We next addressed the question of redundancy between Erk4 and Erk3. In our laboratory, Erk3-/- deficient mice were also generated and the phenotype of these mice was recently analyzed. This study revealed that gene inactivation of Erk3 leads to intra-uterine growth retardation, lung maturation defect and neo-natal lethality. We then investigated the contribution of Erk4 in these phenotypes. The analysis of Erk4-/- mice revealed that inactivation of Erk4 did not delay intra-uterine growth nor cause pulmonary maturation defect. Moreover, we showed that additional loss of Erk4 in Erk3-/-mice does not accentuate Erk3-deficient mice phenotype. Thus, this study reveals that, contrary to Erk3, Erk4 is dispensable for mice development under normal condition and that Erk4 and Erk3 have non-redundant functions in vivo.

Keyphrases: MAP kinase, Erk4, Phosphorylation, MK5, Erk3, MAP kinase, Erk4, Regulation, Phosphorylation, MK5, Physiological function, Mice, Gene inactivation, Redundancy, Erk3