NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Development of a Blood Antigen Molecular Profiling Panel using Genotyping Technologies for Patients Requiring Frequent Transfusions

Background. ABO and Rh(D) phenotyping of both blood donors and transfused patients is routinely performed by blood banks to ensure compatibility. These analyses are done by antibody-based agglutination assays. However, blood is not routinely tested for minor blood group antigens on a regular basis because of cost and time constraints. This can result in alloimmunization of the patient against one or more minor antigens and may complicate future transfusions. Study design and Methods. To address this problem, we have generated an assay on the GenomeLab SNPstream genotyping system (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA) to simultaneously test polymorphisms linked to 22 different blood antigens using donor’s DNA isolated from minute amounts of white blood cells. Results. The results showed that both the error rate of the assay, as measured by the strand concordance rate, and the no-call rate were very low (0.1%). The concordance rate with the actual red blood cell and platelet serology data varied from 97 to 100%. Experimental or database errors as well as rare polymorphisms contributing to antigen conformation could explain the observed differences. However, these rates are well above requirements since phenotyping and cross-matching will always be performed prior to transfusion. Conclusion. Molecular profiling of blood donors for minor red blood cell and platelet antigens will give blood banks instant access to many different compatible donors through the set-up of a centralized data storage system.

Keyphrases: Snps, Genotyping, Minor blood antigens, Molecular profiling
L'État de Droit, facteur déterminant à l'entrée des investissements étrangers directs : le cas de la Serbie

Foreign direct investments (FDI) are considered an important source of capital and economic growth, due notably to significant restrictions of development aid in poor countries and countries in transition and to globalization. FDI are presumed to stimulate competition, innovation, savings, employment and quality of human resources. International financial institutions encourage governments to promote their countries as an attractive destination to FDI. At the same time, they insist on the fact, in states in transition, that FDI require the respect of the Rule of Law and predictable local legal norms suitable to the market economy. If the reform of law is of crucial importance to attract FDI, our thesis is trying to evaluate and analyze the impact of law and stable state institutions on FDI entry and economic growth in Serbia, our case study. It is also exploring to what extent the presence of the FDI contributes to the consolidation of the Rule of Law in this country. It is studying the legal system that has been put in place in Serbia between 2000 and 2007 and since the change of political regime. Our hypothesis was that the Rule of Law is important for FDI as it offers a good starting point for the increasing of economic activity in the host state. But our conclusion is that the improvement of the local legal system plays an important but not decisive role in localization of foreign investments. The case study shows that investors' motivation to invest is complex and determined by more than one factor. Sometimes, investors are not considering the fragile state of the legal system of the host country to invest. Our thesis confirms Dunning's OLI Paradigm. However, our interviews have revealed that investors can pay special attention to the improvement of legislation that has a specific impact on their own economic activity and may influence the reform of private law in the host state. At the same time, investors do not fear that the deficiencies of local law will have a detrimental impact on their investments. In conclusion, States in transition must be concerned, first of all, by the improvement of social and economic services to their citizens. Therefore, FDI promotion should also be tied to this aim to promote legal reform and economic development in states in transition.

Keyphrases: Transition, Foreign direct investment, Rule of Law, South-East Europe, Serbia, Economic reforms, Legal reforms
La détention à des fins d'enquête en droit criminel canadien et son impact sur les droits constitutionnels

The power to detain a person for investigative purposes is not a new technique of investigation and has its origin in English law. But this method of investigation, which is to temporarily restrict freedom of movement of a person suspected on reasonable grounds to be involved in criminal activity, was officially recognized in Canada in July 2004, following the judgement by the Supreme Court in the case of R. c. Mann. At the time of this writing, this strategy of investigation is not subject to specific regulations to the Criminal Code. The approval of this investigative technique, in the absence of any form of legislation, has not been without criticism from writers and commentators who see it as judicial intrusion into a field of expertise normally reserved for Parliament. The judgement of Mann also leaves open a critical issue that relates directly to the constitutional rights of citizens subjected to a similar kind of detention, namely the right to obtain immediately the assistance of a lawyer. This work is a thorough study of the concept of investigative detention in Canadian criminal law and its impact on the constitutional rights enjoyed by all citizens of our country. To accomplish this task, the author suggests studying this issue in three separate chapters. In the first chapter, the author focuses on the role and functions vested in the peace officers who carry out their mission within a free and democratic society such as the one which prevails in Canada. This study will allow the reader to better understand the main actors responsible for maintaining law and order in Quebec, the crimes they are most often called upon to fight and investigative methods they use to repress those crimes. The second chapter is dedicated to the concept of investigative detention in the context of Canadian criminal law. In addition to the case of R. c. Mann, which will be a study in detail, several other topics related to this concept will he discussed. Themes such as the notion of «detention» within the meaning of Sections 9 and 10b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the difference between the investigative detention and the arrest, the motives which can legally justify a police intervention as well as the limits of the detention of a person for purposes of investigation, will also he analyzed.. The third chapter is devoted to the question of the right to communicate immediately with a lawyer (and to he informed of that right) and the right to remain silent in circumstances enabling peace officers to detain a person for investigative purposes. In making a comparison with other judgments rendered by our courts, the author suggest some possible solutions that could fill gaps that have been previously identified by the Supreme Court in the cases R. c. Mann and R. c. Clayton.

Keyphrases: Investigative detention, Arbitrary detention, Right to lawyer, Right to remain silent, Roles and function of police force
L'utilisation du domaine de la preuve par la Cour suprême du Canada dans la détermination des droits économiques des Autochtones conformément à ses propres valeurs

When determining the scope of Aboriginal economic rights, the Supreme Court of Canada (« Court ») values the economic interests of non-Aboriginals and the reaffirmation of Canadian sovereignty/rule of law over Aboriginal claims. These values are advanced by the Court despite developments in the Canadian legal framework applicable to Aboriginal economic rights claims. This thesis demonstrates that, since 1982, when Aboriginal economic rights were granted constitutional protection, the Court began to utilize the law of evidence to justify the espousal of their values when determining the scope of Aboriginal economic rights. The Court manipulates both its weighing of the evidence and the rules of evidence in order to justify their values. My research has led me to develop several criticisms related to the methodology used by the Court in its manipulation of the rules and in its appreciation of evidence.

Keyphrases: Article 35, Aboriginal rights, Economic rights, Section 35, Constitution Act 1982, Supreme Court of Canada, Evidence, Values
L'émergence d'un principe de justice distributive en droit international économique : analyse de l'évolution du traitement spécial et différencié du GATT à l'OMC

Developed Countries are the main beneficiaries of Economic liberalism and reductions of tariffs. The GATT/WTO System played a key role in the global economic growth and in the re1ationship between Deve10ping Countries and Developed Countries. In the GATT/WOT System, the legal translation of Distributive Justice is represented by Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) in favour of Developing Countries. During the GATT (1947-1994), the most important SDT provisions were Article XVIII and Part IV of the 1947 GATT, the Enabling Clause and the Generalized Preferential System of 1971. Notwithstanding the GATT'S efforts, the STD was not efficient enough to he1p the situation of Developing Countries and was mostly considered as Soft Law. Under the WTO, the STD evolved and his mandate was modified. In fact, the STD became a tool to he1p Deve10ping Countries adopted the new WTO obligations, rather than being a tool for deve1opment. It is true that STD Measures during the Uruguay Round were spread through all of the Uruguay Round's Acts, but they never succeeded in coming out of the Soft Law stage. Following the Seattle Conference held in 1999, the WTO Members adopted the Doha Declaration and named the new Round of negotiation the «Doha Deve10pment Round». Initially, the Doha Declaration was perceived as a transformation of the WTO in a Distributive Organization. Rapidly, after studying the Round's Texts, it became obvious that, although the WTO had shown some openness towards Developing Countries' preoccupations and Distributive Justice, the Doha Declaration was in the direct continuity of the GATT. The SDT dispositions at Doha were still part of Soft Law and were mostly undertakings to negotiate in the future. At the present time, the Doha Program for Development is indefinite1y suspended. So far, the Doha Round did not meet the Deve10ping Countries' Expectations.

Keyphrases: Doha, GATT, Developing countries, Preferential treatment, WTO, GATT, Distributive justice
Les ordonnances de non-publication à l'enquête sur mise en liberté provisoire et à l'enquête préliminaire : quand inefficacité rime avec inconstitutionnalité

This thesis examines the constitutionality of sections 517 et 539 of the Criminal Code, which permits the judge presiding over a bail hearing or a preliminary inquiry to impose a publication ban. The author explains the way these bans are applied. He then reviews the existing case law regarding the constitutionality of these sections of the Criminal Code. In the second part of his thesis, the author applies the Oakes test to both sections. He first deals with the contextual factors to be considered in the analysis. He then examines the objective of the sections, which is to protect the right of the accused to a fair trial. He concludes that this objective is pressing and substantial. On the other hand, the rational connection test is not satisfied, because even with a ban, the prejudicial information will still be transmitted to the public through new technologies such as the Internet. If no information is allowed to be published by the journalists, the public will have to rely solely on rumours and possibly false news circulating on the Web. The minimal impairment test is also examined. Neither challenge for cause, nor change of venue or judicial instructions can replace effectively publication bans. Applying the last part of the Oakes test, the author fails to find that the deleterious effects of publication bans are proportionate to their salutary effects. In conclusion, the author briefly proposes a reform of the challenge for cause process.

Keyphrases: Jurys, Publication bans, Fair trial, Freedom of expression, Freedom of press, Media law, Criminal law, Juries
"It's all a Giant Web" : syncretism, agency and (re)connection in a contemporary Pagan community

Anthropologists have been examining religious syncretism—the process of combining elements from diverse sources—in religions of the world for decades, but very little attention has been given to one highly syncretic New Religious Movement: contemporary Paganism. Through the narratives of several contemporary Pagans in Montreal, Quebec, I explore how and why practitioners are inspired to make choices to incorporate diverse elements from religious and non-religious sources; recourse to other sources represents an effort to create a deeper, more personally meaningful religious experience. The creativity involved in constructing one’s own spiritual practice and belief system is often driven by a desire for (re)connection—to the earth, to one’s ancestors, to a community—and a greater sense of personal agency is gained through this process. Being a participant in this community greatly shaped my research experience as well, and I explore my position as an anthropologist at home along side these narratives.

Keyphrases: Wicca, anthropology, ethnology, contemporary Paganism, New Religious Movements, agency, Montreal
Influence de la locomotion sur la morphologie de l’articulation distale de l’humérus chez les hominoïdes

In hominoids, tensile and compressive forces generated by locomotion and upper-limb use are transmitted through the elbow joint.  It has been noticed that the distal humerus of hominoid is morphologically very similar across species.  However, some studies have suggested that articular shape varies in relation to size and locomotor modes.   This project is an attempt to characterize more thoroughly distal humeral variation in hominoids.  It considers the humeral trochlea not only as a structure by itself, as it has been done before, but as an articulation that varies in orientation relative to the diaphysis.  Indeed, there is evidence that articulations have a minimum size and are generally oriented to better resist habitual loads.  This project tested the hypothesis that predominantly arboreal species are expected to present joints that have a size, position and orientation of articular surfaces to better resist shear loads generated by the strong finger and wrist flexor muscles crossing the elbow obliquely.  Consequently, predominantly terrestrial species should present articulations shape and orientation that are better to resist axial load generated by ground reaction forces.  Ten landmarks and two linear measurements were taken from a skeletal sample including specimens from the Homo, Pan, Gorilla and Pongo genus.  Results show that orientation and position of humeral trochlea joint surfaces correlate with locomotor modes and that length of the articular surfaces seems to be better correlated with size.  The main hypothesis suggesting that stress related to locomotion in hominoids should influence the morphology of distal humeral joints is therefore supported.

Keyphrases: Locomotion, Hominoid, Locomotion, Elbow, Biomechanic, Distal humeral joint
Planification de la récolte et allocation des produits aux usines

Forest industry is a sector located at the heart of the debate on globalisation and sustainable development, even if it is in decline. For many countries like Canada, Sweden and Chile, the objectives are to maintain a flourishing sector without damaging the environment and to realize the finite nature of resources. It is important to be competitive and to operate effectively on forest territories, from harvesting to manufacturing products, through transport, in a context where costs increase rapidly.  This master’s thesis is developing a tactical operational planning model to organize activities for a year to meet requests for factories, without losing sight of the transport of harvested quantities and inventory management factory. The year is divided into 26 periods of two weeks.  We seek harvest teams schedules and assignment to harvest areas (units) for a year. The problem is formulated as a mixed integer programming model, whose structure is based on each stage of the forest supply chain. We choose to solve it by an exact method, branch-and-bound.  We were able to assess how the direct resolution of our planning problem was difficult for instances with a large number of periods. However the rolling horizon approach has proved successful. In a day, we obtained the harvest activities planning for 26 periods.

Keyphrases: operations research, foresterie, forestry, harvest planning, supply chain, branch-and-bound, branch-and-bound, rolling horizons
Espacer l'organisation : trajectoires d'un projet de diffusion de la science et de la technologie au Chili

To understand the organization’s mode of being is certainly one of the most important challenges faced by researchers who are interested in this field of study. The literature presents several images, metaphors and perspectives which, combined, draw up a hybrid portrait of this type of collective. In this dissertation, I propose to recognize and exploit this hybrid character by starting from a reflection on space. Inspired especially by the work of the geographer Doreen Massey (1999, 2005), the concept of space to which I subscribe is that of an open and dynamic space (which incorporates time), based on a material and heterogeneous relationality, which supposes human and nonhuman actors in interaction. Space can thus be understood as the coexistence of heterogeneous ontologies, what Massey (2005) calls a “coexistence of trajectories as stories-so-far”. It is then a performative vision of organizational space which is constructed through the relation of distinct trajectories that coexist, meet, affect each other, enter in conflict or cooperate (Massey, 1999). I argue that to guarantee a certain form of continuity and coherence in the coexistence of heterogeneous trajectories, a work of alignment and ordering is put at work, and this, by the following-up of a main trajectory — what I call a scripted trajectory. By following this trajectory the organization can then extend itself, making itself present in time and space, without loosing its identity: it can be “here and there at the same time, now and then at the same place.” Starting from this definition of space, I propose to “space the organization,” and more specifically to “space” Explora, a non formal educational program of the Chilean government, which aims to diffuse and promote science and technology. Spacing an organization implies a double proposal: it refers to the spacing practices — hybrid, collective and situated practices — enacted by organizational agents (in this case, Explora’s agents implicated in the organization of a project, that of the Science week 2006), but also to a research practice. “Spacing the organization” consists of deploying these full spaces, unfolding the organization, and increasing the series of simultaneities-successions in order to create more space-time.

Keyphrases: Processus organisants, Filature, Organizing, Spacing practices, Organizational communication, Project organization, Modes of ordering, Shadowing, Interactional analysis, Science and technology diffusion, Actor network theory, Space-time geography
Art québécois moderne (depuis 1940) au musée : regard sur la mise en scène permanente des collections

This dissertation revolves around collections of modern and contemporary Quebecois art of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Its intent is to grasp the ways through which content is mediated and directed toward the visitor within the museum exhibition as a medium. What is more, there is a desire to contribute to the study of three institutions: the Musée d’art contemporain de Montréal, the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec and the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts. Together they determine the cultural value of heritage and establish art historical doxa, both modern and contemporary, within the nation of Quebec. This paper seeks to master the understanding of the exhibition medium as a vector of discourse through the use of objects. It will study how this specifically constructed frame invites the visitor to circulate within a given space and discover, by means of the art on display, a discourse which is either (partially or entirely) chronological or thematic, national or international, contemplative or didactic in nature (also considering the varying degrees between these polarities). Analysis is based on three case studies, all permanent exhibitons of modern or contemporary art on view between 2006 and 2008 in those museums aforementioned. One exhibition is selected to serve as a paradigm for each of these institutions. Data is organized into two parts, together corresponding to the two major stages implicated in the making of an exhibition: the scenario (planning or conceptual stage) and the montage (the making of or design process). The introduction commences by a brief overview of the Western history of museum exhibitions as art displays. Terminology is then defined. Parameters pertaining to the selection of the case studies and concepts necessary for the establishment of the issue at hand are presented. Three chapters follow, one for each museum studied. In the conclusion, discursive and decorative modalities proper to this exhibition type are briefly summed up and compared for each of the three museum collections of québécois art under study. This is done with the purpose of determining where the discourse of each case exhibition stands in relation to Québécois art historical doxa.

Keyphrases: Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, XXe-XXIe siècles, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Exhibitional discourse, XXth-XXIrst centuries
Le cosmopolitisme dans la foi Baha’ie :  
vers la négociation d’une identité internationale

The contemporary world is marked by the mobility of persons, goods and ideas. In  this context, differences collide and coexist. Governments, groups and individuals  bring forward diverse strategies in reaction to these new paradigms. We believe  religion can offer significant points of reference while providing roots with which  individuals and groups anchor themselves in a common time-space.   The study of Montreal's Baha'i community, a transnational religious group seen as an  old "new religion", shed light on the articulation of the cosmopolitan ideology found in this religion's message and in its members' discourse. This ideology influences the construction of an international Baha’i identity, which encompasses a sense of  belonging to the community, which then extends to a sense of belonging to the world.  For the Baha'is, religious identity is favoured over ethnic identity, and community  diversity rather than homogeneity is displayed. Members share a common set of  collective representations and symbolic repertoire that define their global governance project. They ally institutional and personal devices to recognize every person as a citizen of the world, further advancing the establishment of a Baha’i "global village".

Keyphrases: Baha'is, Anthropology, Ethnology, Globalization, Cosmopolitanism, Transnationalism, Baha'is, International mobility