NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopie ultrarapide cohérente et non linéaire dans les semiconducteurs organiques

We have studied the excitonic coherences in poly[N- 9’-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4,7-di-2-thienyl-2’,1’,3’-benzothiadiazole] (PCDTBT). Using a spacial light modulator, we shaped  ultrafast laser pulses allowing us to probe the system’s coherences. We focused our strength on studying coherences of excitonic states : the singlet and the charge transfer state. We have observed that that 35 fs after excitation, these states are still coherent. This coherence is measured via the visibility that is of abot 10% and 30% respectively. Furthermore, we have shown that the coherence in states generating photocurrent has already vanished after 35 fs. Our data reveals a visibility smaller than 3%, which is lower our instruments resolution. We therefore conclude that the charge transfer states are not precursor states to photocurrent generation, because of their different visibility behavior.

Keyphrases: Ultrarapide, Spectroscopy, Non linear, Coherence, Organic, Semiconductor, Ultrafast
La belle époque du parlant : panorama de la chronophonie à l'aube du vingtième siècle

The desire to add sound to moving pictures can be traced back to the very beginnings of cinema, notably in the experiments conducted by Edison, Lioret, and Messter. This thesis follows the path opened twenty years ago by researchers trying to demonstrate that the use of “in” sound predates the 1927 film The Jazz Singer (Alan Crosland). It will focus on Léon Gaumont’s work on the synchronisation of image and sound through his device, the Chronophone, examining how this attempt at sound synchronisation can be understood as a part of early cinema’s attraction process, during the era of multiple inventions and experimentations, from the end of the 19th century to 1914 approximately. In fact, since early cinema is essentially an “exhibitionist” practice, the addition of post-synchronized sound appears to reinforce its predominantly attractive nature: pictures not only “come to life”, but also “make themselves heard”, making the cinematographic experience all the more intrinsically sensorial. This new attractive dimension is manifest in several instances: from the animated views manufacturer to the director, the exhibitor, and obviously, the spectator. Different types of “phonic views” produced by the Gaumont company are studied, raising parallel questions regarding, on the one hand, the apparatus involved and, on the other hand, the monstrative paradigm to which these views belong. These elements make it possible to distinguish the different levels at which the frontier between the “attraction of attractions” and the attraction of synchronized sound itself is drawn.

Keyphrases: Chronophone, Gaumont, synchronisation, sound film
L'impact de la justice distributive et procédurale sur l'intention de rester avec l'effet médiateur de l'engagement organisationnel : étude longitudinale dans le secteur des TIC

The purpose of this thesis is to understand the impact of distributive justice and procedural justice on workers' intent to stay via the organizational committment. In order to procede, we emited three hypothesis based on empirical researches and some theories. The first hypothesis suggests that distributive justice is positively and indirectly linked to workers' intent to stay when mediated by the organizational committment. The second hypothesis states that procedural justice stays positively and indirectly associated to workers's intent to stay via organizational committment. The last hypothesis stipulates that procedural justice has more impact on workers' intent to stay than distributive justice when mediated by the organizational committment. The data used for this study were collected for a larger research on “ the links between compensation, training and skills development with attracting and retaining key employees “. These data come from an international organization, operating in information technologies and communications, located in Montreal. Participants of the study were workers newly hired during the period of April 1st 2009 to September 30th 2010. Consequently to the the data analysis, the results confirm all hypothesis. These results indicate that distributive justice and procedural justice are indirectly and positively linked to workers' intent to stay by the mediating effet of organizational commitment. Moreover, the results of longitudinal multivariate analysis show that procedural justice has a greater effet on workers' intent to stay via organizational commitment. Working under supervision and perceived organizational support also affect considerably workers' intent to stay. Finally, the conclusion of the thesis helps human resources and industrial managers in the implementation of fidelity employment practices.

Keyphrases: Distributive justice, Procedurale Justice, Organizational commitment, Intent to stay
Un Dieu se dévoile : herméneutique processuelle d'Éz 16

Hermeneutic thinkers of the twentieth century have essentially redefined man as a being who is in search of meaning, constantly interpreting the 'world' through 'his own world', with this transformative understanding contributing to his future. Is it therefore relevant, in the search for meaning that characterizes a journey of faith, to read the Scriptures in ways that open new possibilities other than those currently offered by the Christian tradition? This essay proposes an affirmative answer to this challenge by applying a Process Approach to the text of Chapter 16 of the Book of Ezekiel, a prophet whom Jewish tradition has historically treated with suspicion and a particularly bold text that the Christians disregarded. After setting the parameters of the study (Chapter 1), a literal translation of the Hebrew text is presented, highlighting the nuances suggested by language choice as well as particular elements revealed by macro-syntax analysis (Chapter 2). The process analysis method chosen to interpret the text is unprecedented in the Francophone world, as is the process context of the study outlined in Chapters 3 and 4. The conclusions identify original theological concepts, most notably redefining God as a stubborn will that seeks to convince, and inscribing his forgiveness deeply in human liberty and responsibility.

Keyphrases: Ezekiel 16th, Exegesis, Process Hermeneutics, Process Theology, Divine Entity, Human Liberty, Perversion and  Debasement, Divine Forgiveness
L’identité nationale et la migration – ‘les liaisons dangereuses’.
La politique d’immigration en Pologne

As an emigration country for decades, Poland has been receiving more and more immigrants during the past ten years and is transforming into a country of immigration. On the one hand, it seems that the country needs labour migration; on the other hand it refuses to adopt migration policies regulating the status of temporary migrants and permanent immigrants. However, most of its western neighbours have developed migration systems in order to meet the economic, social, political and identity challenges resulting from globalized migration movements, economic aspirations and humanitarian crises. We note that despite the occurrence of similar problems related to migration in Eastern Europe, so far only the Czech Republic has adopted a genuine migration system, including an integration programme for permanent immigrants. What prevents Poland from adopting formal measures to cope with the growing influx of immigrants? To understand this situation we compare Poland to the Czech Republic - two similar countries with different positions towards migration systems. The academic literature puts forward three factors explaining the adoption (or not) of migration systems by States: economic, socio-political and identity. We analyze these three elements in the two selected cases and hypothesize that it is the factor of national identity which slowed the development of a migration system in Poland. Indeed, our research shows that the economic and socio-political factors are similar in both the Czech Republic and Poland, while the identity factor marks the difference. Although Poland has joined the EU and has enjoyed economic progress over the past twenty years, it seems that national identity and the political project of preserving the nation-state are obstacles to the development of an open migration system focused on the reception of permanent immigrants. The importance of the identity factor for migration policies is shown through analysis of the academic literature, surveys of public opinion and parliamentary transcripts, as well as four semi-structured interviews that we conducted with representatives of the Polish government and non-governmental organizations.

Keyphrases: Migration, Immigration Policy, Poland, Czech Republic, National identity
Réponse métabolique du saumon Atlantique (Salmo salar) aux fluctuations journalières de température : rôles de la température d’acclimatation et de l’historique thermique

Usually, fish metabolism is evaluated under constant values of temperature, but the effects of daily temperature fluctuations similar to those found in natural environment on metabolism seems to be much less understood. The goals of this study are to quantify the effects of the mean acclimation temperature and to assess the effects of the thermal history on the metabolic response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr to daily fluctuations of water temperature. Atlantic salmon parr originating from two rivers, one cool and one relatively warm, were acclimated to up to four thermal regimes (constant 15 °C or 20 °C, daily fluctuating 15 °C ± 2.5 °C or 20 °C ± 2.5 °C) and their standard metabolic rate was estimated using intermittent-flow respirometry. Daily temperature fluctuations (15 °C ± 2.5 °C) near this species’ thermal optimum (16 °C) do not influence standard metabolic rate. In contrast, daily fluctuations of higher temperature (20 °C ± 2.5 °C) do increase standard metabolic rate by 35.4% for fish from the warmer river, but not for fish from the cooler river. Therefore, the mean temperature to which fish are acclimated may affect their responses to daily fluctuations of water temperature, but this response may vary between populations originating from rivers having different thermal regimes. Using standard metabolic rates previously estimated, a standard metabolic rate model was developed for Atlantic salmon parr exposed to daily fluctuations of temperature.

Keyphrases: Salmo salar, Standard metabolic rate, Standard metabolic rate model, Respirometry, Daily temperature fluctuations, Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, Acclimation temperature, Thermal history, Water temperature, Thermal regime
Montréal : une planification climatique influencée par des structures administratives complexes

In the last few decades, the issue of climate change has gradually been integrated into Montreal's public policies. The importance of fighting as well as adapting to climate change has been accompanied by the emergence of sustainable development. Montreal climate strategy has developed over the past two decades, and during this period, two important reforms have changed the municipal political structure in Quebec. The problems caused by municipal mergers and demergers have had an impact on the powers of the city of Montreal and the territory under its jurisdiction, thereby influencing the actions that can be taken by the city in the fight against climate change.

Keyphrases: adaptation, structures administratives, Climate change, mitigation, public policy, risk management
Interaction entre la RNase HI et la RNase E dans le métabolisme des R-loops et la dégradation des ARNms chez Escherichia coli

In Escherichia coli, DNA topoisomerase I and DNA gyrase are the two main topoisomerases responsible for the regulation of DNA supercoiling. DNA topoisomerase I is encoded by topA while gyrase is encoded by gyrA and gyrB. In topA mutants, the accumulation of negative supercoiling behind the elongating RNA polymerase complex leads to the formation of R-loops. In vivo, R-loops are formed when the nascent RNA re-hybridizes with the template strand leaving the non-template strand single-stranded. RNase HI is an endoribonuclease encoded by rnhA and it is responsible for degrading the RNA in an R-loop, to make sure that replication is initiated only at oriC. Indeed, in rnhA mutants, oriC-independent replication also takes place. This type of replication, named cSDR for constitutive stable DNA replication, could explain, at least in part, the growth inhibition of double topA rnhA mutants. With the aid of the Tn5 transposon mutagenesis system, we were able to isolate extragenic suppressors that allowed double topA rnhA mutants to grow. In several of these suppressors, the transposon was inserted in the gene coding for RNase E, the major endoribonuclease responsible for mRNA degradation in E. coli. The majority of these insertions were located in the C-terminal half of the protein that is responsible for the assembly of the multiprotein complex called the degradosome. Our results show that the suppressors act by reducing cSDR as well as the SOS response which is constitutively expressed in the absence of rnhA. Since RNase HI is an endoribonuclease just like RNase E, collaboration between the two enzymes will imply that RNase E could also play a major role in the elimination of R-loops as well as their exclusion from the cell. Equally as well, RNase HI can also play a major role in the maturation and degradation of mRNAs.

Keyphrases: Escherichia coli, R-loops, RNase HI, cSDR, RNase E, Escherichia coli, Topoisomerases, Supercoiling, R-loops, RNase HI, cSDR, Extragenic suppressors, RNA degradosome, RNase E
Le droit international localement pour et par les femmes indiennes : la protection contre la violence domestique à Mumbai, Inde

International law carries principles of women’s rights that are called universal. However, those rights take on a whole new meaning when confronted to local realities. In India, Hindu law embodies notion of duty rather than individual rights. Thereby, a woman is defined through her relations towards her family and husband at the expense of social freedoms. In her duties towards her family and husband, any deviation will justify punishment and discipline.  This research focuses on the tensions between international and local standards through the study of the 2005 Protection of Women against Domestic Violence Act (PWDVA). This law is at the conjunction of the universality of human rights law and the Indian cultural pluralism. The PWDVA seems to question the status of woman and family in India. Can legal ideals be adapted within diverse national and local realities? How do non-governmental organizations (NGOs) get involved in the conjugation of living law and international law to counter domestic violence?  This thesis studies the NGOs’ role in the adaptation and the translation of international norms into Indian cultural and social context. A depth analysis of theoretical and legal literature, participative observations and interviews without an NGO in Mumbai in 2013 helped to show the transition of international norms to local justice. The field study was possible through the methodology related to postmodern feminism and legal anthropology. The data analysis led to the conclusion that NGOs play a mediating role between norms for international, national and living law. They have to interpret the PWDVA and the human rights imbedded in it while recognizing different idealistic and realistic components in local realities. They strive to establish a balance between communities’ need of change and observance of values to be preserved. This research provides an overview of local solutions to counter those tensions between women’s rights and cultural rights in an international development context.

Keyphrases: Appropriation normative, Women's rights, Domestic violence, Legal pluralism, NGO, India, Legal anthropology, Normative appropriation, Vernacularization
Détermination de la peine en matière de pédophilie : aspects médico-légaux

Are sentences given for sexual interference appropriate ? It is the central question of this essay. To find the answer, we analyzed the medical and the legal discourses on pedophilia and child molestation. This review has enabled us to determined how the medical discourse affects the legal discourse in this matter. This essay presents an analysis of the factors used in sentencing for sexual interference against a person of less than 16 years old and of the sentences given to those who committed those type of offenses, from the perspective of both criminal law and medicine. It shows that, in the current legal framework, the sentences, although imperfect, can be, to a certain extent, appropriate in order to create some sort of follow-up of the individual. However, since those sentences do not alter the sexual deviance, the delinquants will remain at risk for recidivism in the long term. Criminal law would benefict from further incorporating the medical discourse in order to take into consideration the specificities of those delinquents and to give them more appropriate sentences to reduce their recidivism risk and to better protect society.

Keyphrases: Sexual interference, Child molester, Pedophile, Pedophilia, Criminal law, Sentencing, Sentence
Étude structuro-fonctionnelle de SecP43 et caractérisation de ses interactions avec SepSecS et l’ARNtSec in vitro

Selenoproteins are proteins containing selenium in the form of the 21st amino acid, selenocysteine. Selenocysteine (Sec) is directly synthesized onto its cognate tRNA (tRNA[Ser]Sec or tRNASec)  and inserted into selenoproteins co-translationally with the help of various cis- and trans-acting factors. Among those factors, SecP43 has been reported to possibly play an essential role in the methylation at the 2’-hydroxylribosyl moiety in the wobble position (Um34) of Sec-tRNA[Ser]Sec and consequently reduce the expression of glutathione peroxidase 1. SecP43 also called tRNASec-associated protein has also been reported to interact in with SepSecS and tRNASec in vivo and the targeted removal of one of these proteins affected the binding of the other to the Sec-tRNASec.  The initial aim of the project was to solve the structure of SecP43 by means of x-ray crystallography. Secondly, we were interested in characterizing the interaction of the latter with some of the components of the selenocysteine insertion machinery. These factors are SepSecS and tRNASec. We were able to optimize the expression and the purification of soluble form of the human homologue of SecP43 and of SepSecS by using an adapted auto-induction protocol. This was a major challenge considering that full length SecP43 has not been expressed and purify to date. We did not succeed in crystallizing SecP43. Our failure to crystallize SecP43 is probably due to the fact that it is a partially folded protein as we were able to demonstrate by SAXS (Small Angle X-ray Scattering). The SecP43 envelope calculated by SAXS displayed a rod-shape like structure. In order to enhance the stability of SecP43 required for crystallization, binding affinity studies were conducted to characterize the interaction between SecP43, tRNASec and SepSecS. We did not detect an interaction between SecP43 and tRNASec by using EMSA (Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay) and gel filtration. We also could not detect an interaction between SecP43 and SepSecS using a cross-linking assay. In contrast, the tRNASec/SepSecS interaction was demonstrated by EMSA and the addition of SecP43 seemed to reduce the binding affinity. Therefore, SecP43 might induce a conformational change in SepSecS in the presence of tRNASec.

Keyphrases: SecP43, SepSecS, Selenocysteine
Influence de l'iconographie duchampienne dans Les Célibataires, vingt ans plus tard, de Roberto Matta

Alchemy, the science of handling spiritual influences through sacred metallurgy, and Pataphysics, a pseudo-scientific aesthetic combining Esotericism and humor, are the two main ideological foundations uniting Marcel Duchamp and Roberto Matta. On one hand, while Duchamp already has an interest for Esotericism in 1910, that is to say, about twenty years before his first encounter with Matta. On the other hand, Matta addresses, in his production, themes specific to alchemical literature, that is to say occult operations, marvelous states of matter and laboratory equipment. Also, symbolist and pseudo-scientific writers, read by Duchamp, and then by Matta, have an influence on the pataphysical humor, permeated by Esotericism, expressed in the production of both artists. Therefore, Les Célibataires, vingt ans plus tard, is an oil on canvas, elaborated in 1943, by Roberto Matta, representing a cosmic landscape, made of stars and black holes, of three alembics and of a large black machine. In this painting, Matta very freely reinterprets some elements from the Grand verre, a painting on glass by Marcel Duchamp, left unfinished in 1923. This master thesis examines the influence of Alchemy and of the iconography of Duchamp on Les Célibataires, vingt ans plus tard. In the first part, this study aims to highlight and to examine alchemical and pataphysical influences within the work of Matta. In the second part, our thesis aims to demonstrate how the work of Matta integrates in the Surrealist project of creating a new myth, in the continuity of the project of Marcel Duchamp.

Keyphrases: Roberto Matta, Marcel Duchamp, Surrealism, Alchemy, Pataphysics
Apprentissage dans une communauté de pratique : fansubbing et compétence linguistique

Fansubbing consists of translating and subtitling foreign mass media productions by netizens interested in these films, television programs or cartoons. This phenomenon is growing rapidly in Chinese cyberspace with the proliferation of the Internet and the increasing number of foreign language learners. Fansub groups are organized by passionate amateurs willing to accomplish this work together.  Characterized by a virtual workplace, heterogeneity of members, voluntary participation, and the non-commercial nature of their production, fansub groups have attracted the attention of academic researchers. Previous studies have considered the cultural aspects of fansub,  problems of legitimacy as well as the question of audiovisual translation quality.  However, this study considers fansub groups as communities of practice in which learning occurs. Specifically, we examine how one group’s members acquire new knowledge and improve their language abilities through the practice of subtitling. The study is based on participant observation in a Chinese-French fansub group named Yueyue Fansub. We collected and analyzed information and documents created during the work process. We also conducted interviews with ten fansub group members to deepen our empirical understanding. Our analysis shows that the fansub group has all three of the characteristics deemed essential in a community of practice: joint enterprise, mutual engagement and shared repertoire, and that this combination supports the group as well as members’ learning. In addition, analysis of common mistakes made by fansubbers combined with their self-evaluations indicate that fansub practices help improve language ability. Learning takes place during the subtitling work as well as in and through interactions among group members or with people outside the group.

Keyphrases: fansub, fansubbing, community of practice, learning by practice, subtitling, collaborative work, peripheral participation