User Generated Content in Researching for Design: How the Internet Supports Creativity

Abstract This research started with the idea that the Internet is changing the way we gather knowledge and create content. The Internet was used to bring multiple points of views to interact and amplify each other within the design process. A complex approach helped understand the Internet as a system and consequently a platform for innovation. The Internet’s open structure led to a rise of participative users exposing their needs, wants and solutions. Our research has studied this user generated content over the Internet and its relevance to the design process. Creative users want to express themselves and to participate directly and proactively in the design development process. This research argues that designers have much to benefit from user generated content because users submit elements pertaining to all design spaces and reveal elements of the relationships present in a design situation under study. To learn more about this new content we ask: What type of information does user-generated content provide for researching for design? To further narrow the scope of this research, we also wondered: Is this information more pertinent to product design, service design or product service systems? In a participatory like effort, our methodology was developed to learn how user generated content could influence the design process. To do so, we chose to search over the Internet for content concerning mobility via the use of an automobile. The three different media types we considered were videos on YouTube, images on Flickr and text entries on Blogger. To answer our first research question, we focused our attention on two elements when researching for design: design spaces and design relationships. Firstly, we categorized the content we gathered between problem, creative and solution spaces. Secondly, we categorized the content depending on which design relationship it portrayed, thus affecting a combination of users, objects and contexts. To answer the second question of this research, we examined design outcomes of three types: private automobiles as a product, car sharing program as a product-service system, and taxis as a service. Each element of pertinent user generated content found in our research was categorized until we collected 50 samples for every combination of variables. We ended up with a matrix where 50 II elements of each design outcome had been collected in the form of each type of media and then categorized according to both design spaces and design relationships. This study has shown that the Internet as a medium produces the right conditions for users to share a large quantity of original and diverse content pertinent to a design situation. From our data collection, we were able to identify some trends in user generated content. More importantly, we can affirm that user generated content provides pertinent information when researching for design in all design spaces and design relationships. The same results were found for the outcomes of design as content relevant to products, product-service systems and services were all available and pertinent. In summary, we found that the Internet supports creativity and thus thrives on creative user content. Following in the path laid out by researchers in participatory design, this study should be considered as another example of a means for designers to perceive tacit needs by allowing for users to express their ideas. As the users create freely and intuitively while expressing their needs, solutions and ideas, the designers can have a third person point of view on the results. By combining techniques such as crowdsourcing and brainstorming, we have created a new activity and the neologism: brainsourcing. With some perspective on the sum of the participants’ ideas, the designers can better understand the complexity of the design situation. While remaining in a form of reflective practice, the designers can then reflect and add upon the users’ generated content which is unbiased by a design education or design culture. This process is similar to the professional participatory design process where we introduce brainsourcing as a similar activity. This research also raised the question whether the Internet could be democratizing the design process. Although users might not have the education and skills to be designers, they are democratizing the design process by participating actively and by exposing their needs, solutions and ideas. We determined that users weren’t undertaking the whole design process like professional designers but we observed that they were particularly creative. In light of this relationship between creative users and designers, we reviewed common languages, like scenarios and prototypes, which are III present in the user generated creative content we collected over the Internet. This led to a new point of view on the design activity where creative opportunities come from engaging a conversation with the users. This research has revealed many trends in the way users naturally communicate within a design process. In the end, we provided some insight on how designers can take advantage of all types of user generated content. In the future, we hope designers will be able to interact with participants while taking on the role of a facilitator of conversation, assuring the creative process is right. No longer are designers asking what products and services could be created, but why users would need it in the first place. Keywords: Design research, complexity, participatory design, user generated content, democratization, Internet, creativity, crowdsourcing, brainstorming, brainsourcing, reflection-in-action.

Keyphrases: Design research, Complexity, Participatory design, User generated content, Democratization, Internet, Internet, Creativity, Crowdsourcing, Brainstorming, Brainsourcing, Reflection-in-action