NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Comportements sexuels à risque, VIH/ITS et violence dans les milieux prostitutionnels de St-Marc et Gonaïves, Haïti

Male clients of FSWs are a high risk group for HIV and are considered a “bridge” of transmission between FSWs and women in the general population, through unprotected sex.  In spite of their high risk behaviours, clients of FSWs have rarely been studied and they have been the target of few interventions.   Therefore, the specific objectives of this thesis were to examine 1) estimate the prevalence of HIV, syphilis and HSV-2 (herpes simplex virus 2) infections and their associated risk factors among clients of FSWs in Haiti, to 2) examine the determinants of intention to condom use, and 3) estimate the prevalence of violence towards their intimate partners and its association with sexual risky behaviours.  A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 378 clients visiting commercial sex sites in St-Marc and Gonaives, in Haiti.  A structured questionnaire and dried blood spot samples were used to collect the behavioural and biological data.  Our first research paper found that HIV/STI prevalence was remarkably high among clients of FSWs.  These men had many sex partners and condom use differed, depending on the category of partner.  Multivariate analysis indicated that clients who had tried marijuana, were practicing Voodoo, had a history of STI or were infected with HSV-2 were more often HIV-positive.  Living in Gonaives, not being Protestant, being employed, and having tried marijuana were associated with syphilis infection. Older clients, residents of Gonaives and Voodoo practitioners were more likely to be infected with HSV-2.  The second article revealed that subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and attitudes were predictors of intention to use condoms within this population.  Clients having had a previous STI and who used condoms the last time they had sexual intercourse with a FSW were more likely to have the intention to use them in the future.    The last article showed that prevalence of lifetime IPV was high among clients of FSWs. Moreover, history of emotional and physical IPV were strong predictors of inconsistent condom use with the different sexual partners. The fact that these abusive men are also more likely to be infected with an STI puts their sexual partners at high risk of infection.  In summary, this study suggested that clients of FSWs likely act as a bridge population facilitating the spread of HIV/STI throughout the general population in Haiti and that violence seemed to play a role in the transmission.  Our findings highlight the importance of STI/HIV prevention interventions addressing this vulnerable population, including gender-based violence.

Keyphrases: Violence, Epidemiology, HIV/AIDS, Sexually transmitted infections, Haiti, Prostitution sites, Clients of sex workers, Violence, Risk factors, Condom use, Theory of Planned Behaviour
Étude de prévention de la thrombose veineuse associée au cathéter veineux central de type PICC chez les patients en oncologie recevant une chimiothérapie

Our prospective, randomized study aims at comparing the effectiveness of two types of heparin used for the instillation of peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC): Standard heparin and Tinzaparin, a low molecular weight heparin. We recruited patients from the ambulatory center of Maisonneuve-Rosemont hospital. Between the beginning of May 2005 and March 2008, 131 patients were enrolled. Of 61 patients excluded, 23 did not satisfy the inclusion criteria, 30 refused to participate and 8 were not enrolled for other reasons. Seventy patients were randomized into two groups, 36 in the Standard heparin group and 34 in the Tinzaparin group. Our population intent-to-treat included 65/70 patients, 32 of these received Standard heparin and 33 received Tinzaparin. The experimental intervention was administered for a maximum of 30 days and all the subjects were followed up for 90 days. The events were documented objectively with a venogram or Doppler ultrasonography by the end of the 30 days following the catheter installation. The incidence of catheter-related venous thrombosis (CRVT) during 30 days of instillation is 14,39/1000 catheter-days (CI 95%:[9,0;19,79]/1000 catheter-days or 41.5% (27/65). The incidence of symptomatic upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) during the observation period of 90 days is 0,41/1000 catheter-days (CI 95%:[0,08;0,81]/1000 catheter-days or 3% (2/65). We did not observe any difference in the frequency of CRVT or DVT between the two groups. We can not conclude that either Standard heparin or Tinzaparin is more effective in the prevention of CRVT in our population.

Keyphrases: Cancer, Catheter related venous thrombosis, Deep venous thrombosis, Peripherally inserted central catheter, Cancer, Chemotherapy, Low molecular weight heparin
Les Réseaux de la Pénombre:Typologie de l'aide reçue par les Personnes Âgées

We have been interested in the analysis and the elaboration of a typology concerned by elderlies’ support, 65 years and older living at home. This secondary study was based on data collected in two different francophone cities, Hochelaga-Maisonneuve (HM) and Moncton (MCT). Interviews “face to face” were conducted. The objectives were: 1) Establish a typology of supports networks putting in relation the support resources and the activities done by these resources, 2) Identify the belonging criteria for these networks. The typology puts into relation the resources, formal or informal, utilised by the elderlies and the instrumental aid received. The fact that elderlies were able or not able to perform, at least for one of the nine daily activities or of the eight domestic ones, was used to evaluate the support received. Six formal and ten informal resources utilized by the elderlies were looked at in terms of 1st, 2nd or 3rd resources. Social network approach and Pescosolido’s model were used. Sociodemographic characteristics, health status and way of life of the elderlies’ networks, were the main parameters in which we were concerned. The results are presented for the two environments separately. We start by describing the aid resources used and their different tasks done for the elderlies. Than, we show the different aid resources’ profiles associated to the activities’ profiles for the two populations. These profiles are the basis of our typology. It is composed of five categories. They refer to formal, informal or mixed help in order to do single or multiple activities. The first category “Transient” has 39% (HM) and 46% (MCT) of elderlies who start to have significant incapacity. They use informal support for a unique task. The second category “Singles” correspond to 14% of HM or MCT. They are mostly women with little incapacity. They use formal help for a unique task. The third category “Family” regroup 12% of HM or MCT with more incapacities. They are well supported by their family members. They use informal help for multiple activities. The fourth category “Fragile” has 30% (HM) and 25% (MCT) of elderlies with lots of incapacities. They have less family members to help them and they use mixed (informal – formal) support to be able to do multiple tasks. The fifth category “Pre-Institutional” is composed of 4% (HM or MCT) elderlies how are the most handicapped. They are by themselves and they use formal support to do multiple tasks. One of the most important goals of this thesis was to be able to construct a typology of the aid received by elderlies, living at home, in two different environments and to define five very distinct categories in relation with the type of resources.  Key words: Typology, social networks, elderly, support, help, formal, informal, health services, frailty, incapacity

Keyphrases: formels/informels, Typology, social networks, elderly, support, formal/informal, frailty, incapacity, Disability, health services
Évaluation du risque cancérigène associé à la contamination de l’eau potable de puits municipaux par les nitrates/nitrites
dans certaines régions rurales du Québec

Specialization of agricultural practices in rural regions over the past few decades has led to overuse of fertilizers which are main causes of groundwater contamination by nitrates. After their ingestion through drinking water, nitrates are transformed into nitrites by the oral flora. Once in the stomach, nitrites react with some amines from food supply to form nitrosamines with some being probably carcinogenic to humans. The aim of this study was to quantitatively estimate the possible excess cancer risk (ER) for populations of seven rural regions in Quebec that consume water from public drinking water systems using groundwater. The studied regions practice extensive breeding agriculture. The regional medians (and 95th percentile) of nitrate levels in water from those seven regions were: 0.18 (2.74); 0.48 (10.35); 0.15 (1.28); 0.32 (11); 0.05 (0.76); 0.10 (4.69) and 0.09 (2.13) mg N-NO3-/l, respectively. Indeed, we first considered a scenario of complete transformation of nitrites and some amines (dimethylamine, diethylamine, n-butylamine and methylethylamine) into specific nitrosamines: N-dimethylnitrosamine (NDMA), N-diethylnitrosamine (NDEA), N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine (NDBA) and N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA). Gastric nitrite concentrations were estimated on the basis of defined drinking water intake, stomach volume, and the transformation rate of nitrates into nitrites. Considering that levels of nitrites and each amine were kept constant for 1 hour, and taking in account the nitrosatability rate constant specific to each amine, we then estimated the daily doses of the corresponding endogenously formed nitrosamines. Furthermore combination of dose with the human cancer potency factor qhuman specific to each nitrosamine, allowed the estimation of excess cancer risk. The highest ER estimated for NDBA was in the order of 10-6, thus not contributing to a significant increase in the risk of cancer for that population.

Keyphrases: Amines, Cancer, Drinking water, Endogenous nitrosation, Nitrates, Nitrites, N-nitroso compounds, Nitrosamines
The placebo effect: international patent law and the protection of traditional plant medicine

The underlying theme of this thesis is the systemic indifference that exists within international intellectual property law towards Indigenous traditional knowledge. In general, there appears to be a widening gap between the importance international law accords to matters of commercial interest and those of a social nature. Indigenous traditional knowledge of medicinal plants is especially disadvantaged in this dichotomous system since it is not only representative of enormous commercial profits but it is also the core of many Indigenous belief and social systems. The crystallization of international law's preoccupation with the effective protection of commercial interests came in the form of the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement incorporated into the World Trade Organization (WTO). Two years previously, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was signed, reflecting international law's perceived dedication to sustainable development and became the first international treaty to address Indigenous traditional knowledge. These two pieces of international law are often seen as balancing the commercial and sustainable development needs of the international economy. Upon further examination however, one is left the impression that the idea of the CBD effectively and successfully defending the needs of sustainable development and Indigenous traditional knowledge against pressure to the contrary from TRIPS and the WTO is simplistic at best. The thesis also explore the role patent law plays in the creation of modern industries, such as the pharmaceutical industry, and how these industries are able, through the power gained via patent law, to influence national and especially international legislation. Equally, it deals with the role patents play in disempowering peoples with Indigenous traditional knowledge of medicinal plants leading to a situation where such knowledge is marginalized along with its bearers. The thesis addresses the institutional shortcomings of the international legal system that allows such a situation to exist and suggests an urgent need to closely examine the social and economic inequalities within the North and South and not just between them. Finally the thesis suggests that international law needs to be guided by the many legal traditions available worldwide and in this particular case perhaps contract law is better suited to the needs of Indigenous traditional knowledge holders.

Keyphrases: International intellectual property law, Trade-related aspects of intellectual property, Convention on biological diversity, Indigenous traditional knowledge, Pharmaceutical industry, Medicinal plants, Globalization, Contract law
L'influence du contexte conjoncturel sur la fonction intégrative de la cour de justice des communautés européennes dans le domaine de la libre circulation des marchandises

The integrative role played by the Court of Justice of the European Communities (CJEC) in the construction of Europe is well known and documented. However the reasons that have motivated the CJEC in this role are far less known. Although some studies have been conducted on this topic, one aspect has been completely ignored: the influence of the conjunctural context on the European Community case law, and more precisely the orientation that the Court has chosen to give to the latter. Within this scope the Court's audiences play a determining role. To ensure that its decisions are well followed, the CJEC takes into consideration the expectations of the Member States, the European institutions, the judicial community (national tribunals, Advocates General, doctrine and practitioners), and the European citizens and economic operators. In regard to the question as to whether or not the CJEC decides to intervene in the domain of free movement of goods, in favour of the European economic integration, I argue the following hypothesis: the intervention of the Court depends on a central variable, that of the audiences, of which the expectations (and their relative weight) are determined by the conjunctural context. My objective is to point out the ideological aspects of the Court's decision making, mostly unknown to legal scholarship, and to demonstrate that the fluctuating character of case law in this domain, and more precisely in the interpretation of Article 28 of the CE Treaty, is explained by the Court’s taking into consideration the expectations of its audiences, which are mainly committed to the neoliberal ideology. In order to evaluate the varying weight of each audience of the CJEC, the first part of the thesis will delve into the conjunctural context and the European construction from 1990 to 2006 where in particular, we observe a turn towards neoliberalism. The study of the audiences and their impact on EC case law will be the subject of the second part of the thesis. I will show that this case law is "under influence", essentially to the service of the development and the strengthening of the European internal market.

Keyphrases: Article 28 CE, Court of justice of the european communities, Free movement of goods, Article 28 EC, European integration, Judicial activism, Audiences, Neoliberalism
L'éducation à la citoyenneté comme forme de socialisation juridique: pour une prise de conscience de ses droits et devoirs fondamentaux dans une perspective contemporaine

Citizenship education as a form of legal socialization is a way to conceive a possible overtaking of the «lazy reason » that embodies western political paradigms. The basis of a new moral code proposing an individual and collective identity for each citizen is necessary. Thus, the efforts invested in the best possible development of future actors in the province of Québec, in the sharing of ideas and views in a contemporary perspective, can only benefit the promotion and the upcoming of a society where equity coexists with difference. It is through reflection and while exchanging on the subject with others that we decided to concentrate our research on citizenship education with law as its content. Naturally, a positivistic analysis of the law is absent in such work. As we will see, a study that tackles young individuals' view of the legal universe they live in, rather commands a sociological approach. The conclusions we reached will contribute to the debate on the concepts of citizenship, fundamental rights and social responsibilities in a learning environment. Taking into account the cultural dimension of citizenship, we describe the differences in the interpretation and the representation of fundamental rights and social responsibilities in the conscience of "initiated" and "non-initiated" to a legal socialization activity organized by the Centre de développement pour l'exercice de la citoyenneté (CDEC). This activity is called Débats de citoyens, which translates to Citizens' debate. Only once this work is done will we attempt to evaluate the value and worth of such a pedagogical approach.

Keyphrases: Citoyenneté, Débat, Education, Citizenship, Rights, Responsibilities, Socialization, Debate, Difference
La régulation de l'internet: noms de domaine et droit des marques

Conflicts between domain names and trademarks law, mainly arise from the lack of coordination between their registration processes. The choice and registration of domain names is not subject to any formal regulation and is established on a "first-come first-serve" basis and trademarks are instead subject to a statutory system. Moreover, an important difference between trademarks and domain names is the scope of their reach. Domain names have an instantaneous transnational presence, while trademark law depends on a legislative territory. When a trademark holder wishes to establish himself on the Internet, the holder is sometimes confronted with the fact that someone has already registered a domain name using his own mark. Domain names, as new commercial identifiers, are gateways to web sites and have become one of the most contentious legal issues on the Internet. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to study the legal interactions in cyberspace in order to find solutions on how they should be handled. The Domain Name System (DNS) is an ideal framework to do so. The current controversy over the Internet’s DNS raises important questions about how the Internet should be administered and governed. A Governance, resulting from the synergy between the technical architecture, social norms, self-regulation, contracts and the law, is not unique to cyberspace. However, the conflict between domain names and trademarks c1early shows the need to search for new directions and develop policy cooperation (or regulated self regulation) in order to predict, establish and monitor the rules governing the Internet.

Keyphrases: Internet, Law, Internet, Regulation, Domain Names, Trademarks
De la légitimité du recours à l'action déclaratoire dans les litiges du commerce international

As its title indicates, this thesis deals with the legitimacy of the recourse to the declaratory action in Quebec private international law. The purpose of the declaratory action, whether it is introduced by declaration or on motion, is to allow the court to rule on the existence or the inexistence of rights and obligations of the parties. Although very old, the declaratory action was seldom used in Quebec until the advent in 1966 of the declaratory judgment on motion in our Code of civil procedure. Today, this action is largely used in public law as a means by which the Superior Court exercise its jurisdiction, but also in the context of private international law as a strategy of defence, or sometimes of attack, in an international procedure. Basically, the aim of this action is to offer a legal mechanism of protection of an individual's rights when other recourses are not available or accessible, and to allow an effective recourse out of the traditional framework of the ordinary procedure. Consequently, it seems contestable to use the declaratory judgment on motion to block the differently applicable ordinary procedures in private international law. The object of this study is thus to show that although recourse to the declaratory action is legitimate in private international law, its strategic current use, in forecast or present ordinary proceedings brought in another jurisdiction, appears not easily justifiable. Thus, the first part of this thesis is devoted to the study of legitimacy of the declaratory action in Quebec private international law, and the second part deals with the effects of a foreign declaratory judgment on motion on the international procedure in Quebec.

Keyphrases: Litispendance internationale (Droit) - Québec (Province), Declaratory judgment - Quebec (Province), Private international Law - Quebec (Province), Motion (Right) - Quebec (Province), Foreign judgment - Quebec (Province), Forum non conveniens (Right) - Quebec (Province), Lis abilitis pendens (Right) - Quebec (Province), Parallel procedure (Right) - Quebec (Province)
Le Tribunal pénal international pour l'ex-Yougoslavie (TPIY) et les exigences systémiques d'équité: la confrontation d'une juridiction internationale aux standards du procès équitable établis par la Cour européenne des droits de l'Homme (CEDH)

On May 25th 1993, the UN Security Council, by its Resolution 827, established an international criminal tribunal (ICTY) for the purpose of prosecuting persons responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law committed on the territory of the former Yugoslavia since 1991. Thus, nearly fifty years after the Nuremberg trial, individuals are once again being prosecuted before an international criminal tribunal. However, the international legal order has changed a great deal since this memorable trial: the ICTY is not a carbon copy of the Nuremberg Military Tribunal and the international conventions on Human Rights have recognized to every accused a fundamental right to a fair trial. This thesis analyzes one aspect of the right to a fair trial - the systemic fairness requirement - which encompasses the right to be tried by a competent, independent and impartial court that is established by law. The study of the characteristics of the ICTY is done with a comparative law perspective. More particularly, this work is answering the fol1owing question: is this international judicial tribunal meeting the requirements of systemic fairness as set forth in section 6(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and developed in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights? It concludes that the ICTY fulfils these requirements only in part; its independence and impartiality are much dubious with respect to the ECHR standard.

Keyphrases: Tribunal international, Fair trial, International tribunal, Independence, Impartiality, Jurisdiction, Legality, International criminal law