Caractérisation des structures de septines hautement organisées chez la drosophile et leur interaction avec le cytosquelette d’actine

Septins are highly conserved GTP-binding proteins deregulated in diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Septins scaffold other proteins and act as diffusion barriers at the plasma membrane and midbody during cytokinesis. They interact with the actin cytoskeleton and have been observed to form ordered complexes that can polymerize into higher-order structures such as filaments and rings. The principles of assembly and disassembly of such filaments and rings and their cellular roles are yet to be elucidated. Drosophila offers a simple system, as there are only 5 septin genes: peanut, sep1, sep2, sep4, and sep5 in contrast to 13 found in humans.   We have previously found that Drosophila S2 cells contain unusual tubular structures that label with Peanut antibody. The goal of my Master’s project has been to characterise these structures, by defining their constituents, behaviours and properties, in the hope that this will shed light on the mechanisms by which septins can form higher-ordered structures and how they interact with other cytoskeletal elements such as actin. Using fluorescence microscopy, I show that these tubes are cytoplasmic and present in 30% of cells, both during mitosis and interphase, suggesting they are not cell cycle regulated. To investigate their composition and dynamic properties, I generated S2 cell lines stably expressing Sep2-GFP, which localizes to septin tubes and double stranded RNAs against all septins. The products of three septin genes were found to be essential for the assembly of septin tubes: Sep1, Sep2, and Pnut. The depletion of Sep1 led to the dispersal of the GFP signal into cytoplasmic clumps, whereas the depletion of Sep2 and Pnut led to its uniform distribution through the cell. FRAP analysis of Sep2-GFP revealed only slow recovery after many hours, indicating that the structures are very stable.  I also discovered an unusual relationship between septin tubes and the actin cytoskeleton. Although the tubes did not label with conventional F-actin probes (Phalloidin, LifeAct), treatment with inhibitors of F-actin assembly (Latrunculin A) or disassembly (Jasplakinolide) led to their rapid (<30 min) dispersal into scattered rings. Furthermore, overexpressed Actin05C-mCherry localised to the septin tubes, while a polymerization-deficient mutant Actin05C-R62D-mCherry did not. Depletion of the actin severing protein Cofilin and the actin capping protein AIP1 also disrupted septin tubes dispersing them into cytoplasmic rings. A dynamic actin cytoskeleton is thus required for the formation and/or maintenance of higher ordered structures such as rings and tubes.  Conclusion and Relevance: Ongoing studies aim to further elucidate how septins organize into such ordered structures and how actin regulates the process. This will clarify the septin network of interactions and facilitate the comprehension of their implication in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.  Key words: actin, septin, tube, ring, higher-order, hexamer, cofilin, AIP1

Keyphrases: tubes, complexes, actin, septin, tube, ring, higher-order, hexamer