Études des interactions détergents/lipides dans les systèmes membranaires

Liposomes are spherical structures formed by the self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules to form bilayers. The bilayer separates the interior volume of the liposome from the external milieu, as do cellular membranes. Liposomes are cellular membrane models and are used to study biological processes that occur in relation with the membrane (molecular transport across the membrane, surface charge effects, interactions between the lipid matrix and other molecules, etc.). Because they can encapsulate an aqueous solution in their interior volume, they are also used as nanovectors of active agents.  We have formulated non-phospholipid liposomes enriched in sterol that we have named sterosomes. These sterosomes are composed of approximately 30 % of monoalkylated amphiphiles and around 70 % of sterols (cholesterol, Chol, and/or cholesterol sulfate, Schol). Under certain conditions, these mixtures are able to form a liquid ordered phase (Lo) and unilamellar vesicles by extrusion. Some of these new formulations were functionalized in order to release their content in response to an external stimulus. By incorporating fatty acids (palmitic acid derivatives) with different pKas, we were able to control the pH at which the release starts. A mathematical model has been proposed in order to get insights on the parameters that control their release behavior. By incorporating a light-sensitive amphiphile (an azobezene derivative), liposomes seem to respond to an irradiation. For this system, it is probably necessary to plot the phase diagram of the mixture in order to control the photo-release of the encapsulated agent. We also have formulated liposomes containing a cationic amphiphile (cetylpyridinium chloride). As nanovectors, these sterosomes show an interesting potential for passive or active agent controlled release. For these systems, a model has been developed in order to study the orientation of the different molecules in the bilayer.  The formation of these new formulations has also contributed to new knowledge in the detergent-lipid interaction field. Added to the numerous known effects of cholesterol (Chol) on biological systems, we must now add that sterols are also able to force monoalkylated amphiphiles to form bilayers. This new property can have an impact on our comprehension of biological system functioning.  Finally, monoalkykated amphiphiles can interact with the membrane and have a negative impact on its functioning. For example, the antibactericidal effect of detergents is supposed to be due to their insertion in the membrane. This insertion is related to the affinity between the detergent and the membrane. Within this field, we wanted to develop a new method to investigate detergent-membrane affinities. We chose surface enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) due to its sensitivity. Hypotheses allowing the determination of affinity constants are based on the incapability of the detergent to enhance the SERS signal when the detergent is inserted in the membrane. Results were compared to those obtanined bi isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Differences were found and are discussed.

Keyphrases: Liposomes, membranes, amphiphiles, RMN, Fluorescence, SERS, ITC, Liposomes, membranes, detergents, fatty acids, monoalylated amphiphiles, cholesterol, sterol, affinity constant, passive release, controlled release, NMR, fluorescence, SERS, ITC