NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Validation de la structure factorielle de la version francophone pour le Québec du MAYSI-2

Youth offenders have a high prevalence of mental disorders compared to adolescents in the general population. It seems that a large proportion of them do not receive the appropriate services and treatments for their mental conditions, often due to a lack of screening. The Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument – second version (MAYSI-2) appears to be a key screening tool for youth offenders in the United States and around the world. A version adapted for Francophones in Quebec has been in clinical use since 2016 but has not been the subject of any validation so far. The objective of our study is to validate the factorial structure of the French- version of the MAYSI-2 for French speaking adolescent in Quebec based on data collected from a sample of adolescent housed in units for youth offenders (N=962). To do this, we analysed the internal consistency of the instrument and its various sub-scales. We then carried out a confirmatory factor analysis to test the structure of the dimensions and a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis to examine the robustness of the solutions according to gender (boy: N= 880 -girl: N= 82) and legal status (LSJPA, N = 741 and Intensive Supervision, N = 207). Our results indicate that the internal consistency of the scales is reliable for five of the seven scales (Alpha between 0.704 and 0.805), satisfactory for the scale of traumatic experiences (Alpha of 0,603) and below the standards for the scale of thought disturbance (Alpha of 0,480). Confirmatory factor analysis results indicate that the fit of the seven-factor model is beyond the satisfaction criteria (root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.041, Tucker and Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.911 and Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0,905). Our measures of the invariance of the factor structure between subgroups indicates that the seven-factor model is a satisfactory solution for all subgroups in our study. Taken as a whole, our results confirm the factorial validity of the French-version of the MAYSI-2 for French speaking adolescent in Quebec. These results support the relevance of implementing the French version of the MAYSI-2 tool more widely as a screening tool to be used systematically with French speaking young offenders in Quebec.

Keyphrases: MAYSI-2, Young offenders, Screening, Mental health, Confirmatory factor analysis, Multigroups
L’identité construite par les journalistes des médias étatiques sur les médias sociaux dans un contexte chinois

Whether in the Western or Chinese context, the use of social media has become more and more common in journalistic practices. The identity of journalists on social media has been widely studied by lots of researchers. However, this kind of research is not thorough and comprehensive when it goes to a Chinese context, especially research on the identity of journalists working in state-run media in China. Therefore, this research aims at exploring the identity constructed on social media by Chinese journalists working in state-run media. By taking semi-structured interviews with nine journalists, it is concluded that three different ways are adopted to express themselves on social media: some journalists only build a professional identity on social media and publish contents without expressing their subjective opinions; some journalists only build a personal identity on social media and only publish contents related to their personal life or their own points of view; and some journalists build different identities on different social media. The construction of their identities on social media is affected by journalistic values and standards, their media institution as well as their relationships with their colleagues. To balance their personal identity and professional identity online, all participants try to distinguish and control their different identities built on social media. But this kind of effort does not work well all the time, especially for those who build only their personal identity on social media.

Keyphrases: Identity, Chinese journalists, Chinese state-run media, Social media
Étude de l’influence des solvants résiduels sur les électrolytes polymères pour batteries au lithium-ion

Lithium-ion batteries are today’s candidates for future long-term electrochemical storage of renewable energies. That said, lithium-metal batteries could offer even more appealing electrochemical properties. However, both types of batteries still suffer from certain technical difficulties such as safety. One of the culprits for their reduced safety is the use of an organic liquid electrolyte. Indeed, the latter is flammable and poses a risk, as numerous battery fire accidents have shown throughout the past years. Luckily, scientific research has been able to propose safer alternatives to liquid electrolytes applicable to lithium batteries by replacing the former by solid state electrolytes. Amongst these systems, solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) can be considered as a promising possibility to eliminating the safety issues. Conventionally, SPEs are prepared in a solvent that is evaporated at the end of the manufacturing. Additionally, atmospheric humidity can infiltrate these materials and alter their properties. However, residual solvent content is seldom mentioned, and even when it is, the specific experimental parameters are lacking which makes it a misunderstood and regularly omitted factor in battery performance evaluation. In this study, residual solvents are quantified in different SPE systems that are prepared according to standard and non-standard procedures. To do so, certain samples have had their solvent content artificially modified in order to control and analyse it. Firstly, water content is assessed using a specific moisture analyser. Secondly, an analytical method employing gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry has been developed to determine the residual SPE processing solvent. It has been concluded that, similarly to water, residual solvents also contribute to enhancing ionic conductivities of SPEs. Hopefully, this study will shed light on the importance of controlling residual solvent content in SPEs, and the necessity of systematically assessing that parameter.

Keyphrases: Batterie lithium-ion, Lithium-ion batteries, Electrochemistry, Energy Storage, Polymer electrolytes, Ionic conductivity, Residual solvents
La demande de pardon du pape une étape essentielle du processus de réconciliation entre les Autochtones et les non-Autochtones au Canada : 
étude ethnographique de douze acteurs de la réconciliation au Québec

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission held in Canada (TRC) from June 2008 to June 2015 aimed to shed light on the painful residential school era that occurred between 1820 and 1990. Although the TRC’s mandate only focused on the residential schools’ matter, it illustrates the fragmentation on relationships between Indigenous people and other Canadian inhabitants. Despite the holding of this commission, very few academic authors agree on its results. Although some progress has been noted, it seems that many obstacles still stand in the way of reconciliation. Among them is the absence of a request for forgiveness from the Pope to the natives who attended Catholic boarding schools. The purpose of this thesis is to understand the importance of forgiveness in the process of reconciliation. This research takes a bi-disciplinary, political and theological approach to meet this objective. The research question under study goes by the following: why does the absence of a Pope’s request for forgiveness to the Indigenous people constitutes an obstacle to reconciliation? We assume—based on our preliminary readings—that the absence of a request for forgiveness is an obstacle due to its political and spiritual dimensions. We also assume—based on John Paul Lederach’s theory of peace building—that the attention paid to the Pope’s lack of request for pardon itself constitutes an obstacle to reconciliation. To answer this research question, we conducted a comprehensive literature review on the role of forgiveness in processes of reconciliation from a political, and then a spiritual, point of view. We then conducted a survey to compare our results with the reality on the ground. This survey brought together twelve key players of reconciliation in Québec. Some of these participants are Indigenous, some are part of a Catholic institution, and others have no affiliation. The evidence collected in this study shows that, contrary to our preliminary idea, the absence of the Pope’s request for forgiveness does not constitute an obstacle to reconciliation. However, it is indeed the attention paid to it that undermines reconciliation. Our findings have been shaken up by the Wet’suwet’en mobilization that took place at the beginning of 2020, which illustrates that reconciliation is still a winding road dotted with obstacles that need to be considered for future research.

Keyphrases: Pardon, Canada, Catholic Church, Indigenous people, First Nations, Politics, Theology, Reconciliation, Pope
Le cadrage de la tarification du carbone chez les élites politiques en Australie et au Canada

Jurisdictions around the world have sought — some more successfully than others — to implement carbon pricing systems. While this system is supported by experts as the most effective way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, this type of policy is struggling to garner public support. Considering the fact that public opinion is influenced by elite discourse, the way politicians talk about carbon pricing can change the way people perceive this system. Through the study of framing strategies and a quantitative method, we identify the frames used by the Australian political elite (under the government of Julia Gillard) and the Canadian political elite (under the 1st government of Justin Trudeau) to portray this policy. In this study, we analyse the speeches pronounced in parliament by prime ministers Julia Gillard and Justin Trudeau, as well as those of the leaders of opposition Tony Abbott and Andrew Scheer. In light of the results obtained in our study, we realize that the framing strategies of the political elite can vary depending on the national context. However, we have identified several trends in the framing strategies of promoters (Gillard and Trudeau) and those of opponents (Abbott and Scheer). The promoters of this policy use the labels "carbon pricing" or "price on carbon" while opponents describe it as a "tax". The promoters of this policy more often use environmental frames than their opponents — even though they mainly use economic frames. When they use economic frames, promoters use more often than opponents frames related to the national economy, businesses and industry — and when opponents use economic frames, they widely use frames linked to individuals, jobs and prices.

Keyphrases: Canada, Framing, Political elite, Carbon pricing, Carbon tax, Australia
Understanding the emergence of norms in world politics : the case of plastic pollution in the world ocean

This research provides a novel outlook on the emergence of norms in world politics. Guided by a constructivist theoretical framework and a process tracing methodology, it tests Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink's pioneering life cycle model of norms (1998) with an unexplored case study. By investigating the processes that led to the legally binding Plastic Waste Amendments of the Basel Convention, it evaluates the model’s main mechanisms and studies the question of ‘How can we explain the emergence of a norm on plastic pollution within the scope of the Basel Convention?’ To do so, it combines an in-depth analysis of the international relations literature, official reports, and carefully selected interviews with actors involved in the global governance of plastic and the World Ocean. This research shows that co-construction processes between ideas, agents, and structures are at play in the emergence of norms. It offers a detailed understanding of the processes of norm emergence in world politics, original insights for the global governance of plastic pollution in the World Ocean, and opportunities to answer the challenges brought by transnational environmental issues. The findings of this research will likely be of particular interest for global environmental governance scholars and to those looking for pathways to foster global cooperation.

Keyphrases: Norms, Norm emergence, World politics, Transnational environmental issues, Global environmental governance, Plastic pollution, World Ocean, Basel Convention, Cooperation
État des lieux sur l'artisanat en Tunisie et la valorisation du savoir-faire local par le design : évolution, politiques et rapport designer-artisan

Tunisia is a North African state belonging to the Arab Maghreb Union. Despite its small size compared to its neighboring countries, it has a rich and diversified heritage. Thanks to its geographical location, the heritage in question is the legacy of the different civilizations that settled in the country during its history. The country is made up of 24 governorates, each of them have an ancestral craft skill that are deeply specific, identity-based and unique. However, despite the richness of the Tunisian heritage and its socio-economic potential, Tunisian handicrafts are experiencing a difficult situation since the economic crisis of the Arab Spring in 2011. The government and the National Office of Tunisian Handicrafts strongly encourage the collaborations between designers and craftsmen that are organized along the creation of contemporary products inspired by local ancestral knowledge and know-how. These endeavours are made to preserve the country's tangible and intangible cultural heritage, also to encourage its socio-economic development. This research explores the issues, scope and limits of this collaboration. First of all, it identifies different strategies implemented around the world, with a particular focus on Tunisia, to preserve cultural heritage. Then, it looks more specifically at the designer-craftsmen relationship, based on literature and a field survey. Interviews have been realised with three designer’s owner of SME in Tunisia and eight craftsmen who have been collaborated with them. Additional interviews with three craftswomen followed, to better document their various experiences. Their collaborative dynamics are characterized by many pitfalls. Indeed, there are different point of views and visions between these actors regarding the contribution of each.

Keyphrases: Design, Collaboration, Craftsmanship, Local know-how, Tunisia
Contrôle personnalisé dans l'espace de cotravail : les impacts de l'environnement de travail sur les comportements psychosociaux des travailleurs

The evolution of work environments, both in their configurations and in the enhancement of certain work modes, has been characterized in each trends since the industrial era. Currently, the open space makes up the layout of these corporate spaces, where the trend is defined as being collaborative. However, environment control can positively influence workers’ satisfaction, but remains difficult to adopt through open and shared planning. Thus, this research tends to verify the importance of the concepts derived from the control of the work environment, such as collaboration, privacy, individualization of comfort, appropriation, territoriality and personalization, in a specific type of work environment : the coworking space. The main objective of this study is to relate the satisfaction of workers from generations X and Y with their perceptions of the importance of controlling their work environment. The methodological approach of this research is composed of the development of a theoretical framework, as well as a data collection ramified by three interviews with experts, a questionnaire completed by workers renting a subscription in a coworking space and two observation activities carried out in this same environment. A data analysis was carried out by triangulating the results, both for the empirical data collected in the theorical framework and by the three collection tools. The results of this study tend to show that the demand for collaborative spaces does not correspond to the real needs of workers. On the other hand, a strong emphasis on individualized control of comfort, adaptability of space components, and work modes and methods stood out through the concepts studied in this research. Several conclusions can be drawn, notably the consideration of ratios relative to the five work modes (e.g. focus, collaboration and socialization) when configuring the space and the design of flexible arrangements where individualized control can be easily adopted.

Keyphrases: Collaboration, Satisfaction, Workspace, Coworking, Control, Privacy, Personalization
L'invariance conforme et l'universalité au point critique des modèles bidimensionnels

Of all mathematical physics contributions by Robert P. Langlands, the paper Conformal invariance in two-dimensional percolation published in the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society is the one that has had, up to now, the most significant impact : Oded Schramm’s ideas leading to the stochastic Loewner equation and Stanislav Smirnov’s proof of the conformal invariance of percolation and the Ising model in two dimensions were at least partially inspired by it. This chapter reviews briefly some ideas of the original paper and some of those by Schramm and Smirnov. This chapter is also for me the occasion to reminisce about the extraordinary scientific and human experience that working with Robert Langlands was. It started in the late 80’s when Langlands would spend Summers at the Centre de recherches mathématiques in Montreal. The “Langlands program” was already launched and many colleagues were devoting their career to it. Beside his steady efforts in automorphic forms, Langlands was already exploring new fields, mathematical physics being one of them. He studied conformal field theory, just then introduced, and started thinking about the renormalisation group. He presented some of these ideas in a study workshop in Montreal and this is when our collaboration took off. This collaboration concentrated on problems related to conjectures of universality and conformal invariance of two-dimensional discrete systems on compact domains, and on the Bethe Ansatz. Discussing, bouncing ideas and simply collaborating with Langlands was a fantastic experience. I had a hard time understanding his more formal presentations. But one-on-one discussions at the blackboard were always concrete, instructive and fruitful. My barrage of questions never seemed to frazzle him. Whenever he understood where I was blocked, his answer would often be “Let me give you an example”. I had imagined that he would prefer the loftier way of mathematical communication through abstraction. But it was a nice surprise to discover that he knew so many concrete examples that revealed the crux of difficult mathematical concepts. I am deeply indebted to him for this collaboration that lasted about ten years and for his friendship that remains very much alive today.

Keyphrases: Percolation, Ising model, Critical phenomenon, Phase transition, Crossing probability, Universality, Conformal invariance, Loewner-Schramm equation
Impact des changements climatiques et de la variabilité génétique sur le développement et la virulence du nématode à kyste du soya (Heterodera glycines)

Biological invasions in agroecosystems are a major cause of economic losses. Plant parasitic nematodes are among the many species causing significant crop damages. The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is causing billions of dollars of losses in all areas where soybean is produced. Rotation with resistant cultivars is the most effective mean of controlling SCN populations, but the overuse of the same lines has led to the selection of virulent individuals and the ineffectiveness of resistance. To this day, the virulence genes and mecanisms associated with the circumvention of resistance continue to mystify scientists. In this thesis, I explored the effects of climate change on the reproduction and establishment of SCN as well as on the phenology of its host, soybean. I have demonstrated that the nematode can already reproduce in all regions of Québec and that the expected rise in temperatures in the near future (2041-2070) will allow the development of more generations per growing season in all regions. In addition, I have demonstrated that the area suitable for the production of soybean from maturity group I will expand toward the north by 2070, further facilitating the expansion of SCN. I have also explored the genetic variability among more than 64 SCN populations from North America and analyzed the genes associated with various bioclimatic components and their role in adaptation. These analyses revealed that the genetic diversity was very high among SCN populations. This diversity associated with a continuous gene flow between populations has facilitated the adaptation of SCN to various bioclimatic conditions and its establishment in all US and Canadian soybean producing regions. Finaly, this thesis presents an analysis of the SCN genotypes and the differentially expressed genes associated with virulence in two resistant soybean lines (Peking and PI88788) and susceptible Essex. This work has identified several proteins associated with virulence and allowed the discovery of a genomic region under strong evolutionary pressure. This island contains several genes in tandem duplications that have diverged and are now used selectively for overcoming different sources of resistance.

Keyphrases: Adaptation, Transcriptome, Soybean cyst nematode, Soybean, Bioclimatic modeling, Genetic variability, Isolation by distance, Whole genome sequencing, Transcriptome, Differentially expressed genes
Étude de cas de substitution de solvant pour le nettoyage de disjoncteurs haute tension

This article presents a study of substitution of a solvent used for the cleaning of silicone grease when performing maintenance tasks on high voltage circuit breakers. A nine steps systematic methodology of substitution was applied. A substitution committee was set up. The Securo solvent (mixture of trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene and saturated hydrocarbons) was identified as the source of problems of mucous membrane irritation experienced by several workers. Exposure monitoring revealed a potential of overexposure. In addition, trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene are classified as carcinogens. A literature search and information from suppliers made it possible to identify seven potential substitutes: OS-20 (octamethyltrisiloxane), ethyl lactate, Varsol® 3139, Skysol (mixture of saturated hydrocarbons and MMB (3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol)), Voltz Red (mixture of saturated hydrocarbons and d-limonene), Ultrasolv 221 (saturated hydrocarbons) and Teksol (mixture of saturated hydrocarbons and n-butyl lactate). Small scale tests discarded four solvents on the basis of slow evaporation or objectionable odour. Three solvents, Varsol® 3139, Skysol and OS-20 were selected for a thorough evaluation based on considerations of health, safety and environment. The final recommendation was the OS-20 solvent. For cost considerations, the company did not select the latter but chose Skysol. The use of the Vapour Hazard Ratio (VHR) made the comparison of the replacement options easier, although it was limited by the absence of occupational exposure limits for certain substances like MMB.

Keyphrases: Substitution, Solvent, Circuit-breakers, Degreasing, Vapour hazard ratio