NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Étude de la dégradation par l’humidité dans les couches ultra-minces de pérovskite d’halogénure de plomb méthylammonium.

In order to observe the influence of the number of atomic layers on the optical properties of ultrathin layers of methylammonium lead iodide perovskite, samples were synthesized using three different methods, one by a two-step liquid synthesis and two by evaporation. The quality of the samples synthesized by the liquid method was verified by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction spectroscopy measurements. We observed that the soaking times used were not long enough to convert all the PbI2. No other sample was synthesized by this method since the thickness of these was too great for our goal. The samples synthesized by evaporation were checked by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. In order to verify the optical properties of these samples, photoluminescence measurements were made. No emission that can be attributed to perovskites has been found. Under the assumption that this was due to moisture degradation of the perovskite layers, RBS measurements using oxygen resonance were performed to see if there was an increase in the amount of oxygen compared to a virgin silicon substrate. We found (11±2)×1015atoms/cm2 of oxygen for the substrate versus (7±2)×1015atoms/cm2 of oxygen for the sample. There is 36% less oxygen in the sample, whereas the quantity of silicon in the surface is similar in both measurements, suggesting the same initial oxide thickness. It seems that one of the synthesis steps removes oxygen and that there is globally a decrease in the amount of oxygen. Since this does not concord with either of the two situations considered, degradation or not, it was not possible to determine just from these measurement if the lack of photoluminescence signal was due to moisture. RBS / ERD measurements were then taken to measure whether there was an increase in the other component of moisture, hydrogen. We found that the amount of hydrogen present was 3.6 time higher then predicted by the amount of evaporated precursors. Such a large difference can not be explained solely by moisture degradation, there are inevitably other mechanisms that cause an increase in the amount of hydrogen. It turns out that the chemistry surrounding the synthesis and the degradation of the samples is more complex than initially considered.

Keyphrases: Couches minces, Photovoltaic, Thin layers, Rutherford backscattering, Elastic Recoil distribution
L’objet de la mathématique dans la République de Platon

This work aims to define the nature and role of mathematical disciplines (dianoia) in the epistemological system elaborated in the Republic. Described in book VI (509d-511e), the image of the divided line complexifies the classical dualistic epistemology, opposing opinion and science, thereby created an epistemological model operating on four levels: an intermediate space is opened between the two extremes to make room for mathematical disciplines. Thereby, and despite their belonging to the great category of the intelligible, Plato refuses to grant them the status of science, which he reserves for noêsis. The problem with dianoias’ object lies with its hybrid character. The literature is divided between two main interpretations: the first argues for the existence of an object proper to mathematical disciplines, while the other defends that there is only one intelligible object, split between dianoia and noêsis. The literature is divided between two main interpretations: the first argues for the existence of an object proper to mathematical disciplines, while the other defends that there is only one intelligible object, share between dianoia and noesis. Our work will begin with an examination of these two main interpretations. We will then attempt to demonstrate that there is a strong epistemological discontinuity between noêsis and dianoia, a gap which suggest the presence of two distinct objects. This argument is based on a close reading of book VII, specifically on the discussion of the propaedeutic function of mathematics in the education of leaders. Finally, regarding the nature of this object, it is the hypothesis, interpreted as a true opinion, that constitutes the most likely candidate for this role.

Keyphrases: dianoia, Plato, mathematics, divided line, Republic, epistemology, hypothesis, true opinion, preopaedeutics
Inversion inattendue d’une composante électrophysiologique de l’attention visuelle

N2pc and N2pb are negative ERP components reflecting attentional deployment but have never been directly compared. We explored to what extent they reflect similar underlying mechanisms of attention by comparing the contralateral activity elicited by lateral oddballs (N2pc) to the bilateral signal (N2pb) elicited by vertical midline oddballs. In different tasks, we used a multi-frame procedure to present pop-out color diamonds (oddballs) among distractors. A homogeneous condition contained only distractors (0 oddballs) and served as a control condition that was subtracted from oddball-present conditions to isolate attention effects. The number of oddballs (1, 2, or 3) and the vertical hemifield containing them (upper vs. lower) were two critical factors. For the lower hemifield, the signal amplitude increased with the number of oddballs, otherwise had similar effects and scalp distributions, suggesting N2pb acts as a bilateral N2pc and likely reflects similar underlying generators. For the upper hemifield, they also both increased with the number of oddballs, but the scalp distributions were positive and more centered, suggesting inverted generators across the two vertical hemifields. Ipsilateral activity occurred about 50 ms after contralateral activity and of a similar magnitude, producing a biphasic contra minus ipsi difference wave. Previously reported smaller negative N2pc components for upper hemifield stimuli likely reflected the negative lobe of this biphasic difference wave (dominated by the ipsilateral response). The results compel us to argue for the importance of a systematic separation of data for upper vs. lower hemifields in studies of visuo-spatial attention.

Keyphrases: N2pc, N2pb, Visuo-spatial attention,, ERP, PRE
Cycle de pièces sur le sentiment collectif et la conscience historique

This memoir will present a conceptual cycle of six pieces for different ensembles governed by two main themes: the collective sentience and historical consciousness. The procedure of the research is to evoke these themes and their respective sub-themes through the means possible in the context given by each piece. Therefor, the analysis will reveal how the texts upon which the music is based are used to provoke a reflection on the treated subjects and how the link with the music limits the reception of the message to the chosen subjects. The objective is for the music to channel a direct contact between the performers and the audience to bring them to appropriate themselves the message they perceive in the works, but to orient those reflections on the chosen subjects. Furthermore, the research will examine how extra-musical processes invite the audience to feel engaged by the works, either by their participation or by their interdisciplinarity which unlocks new channels to stimulate listening. The entire creative process aims to be coherent with the subjects, sometimes simply by taking position in relation to the themes discussed. For example, the omnipresence of characteristics of traditional music, the imitation of different subgenres of metal music, the choice of authors and a deliberate tribute to Claude Vivier help situate the work in our current historical context in rapport to previous history and to sharpen the consciousness that we belong to a given community, questioning what that implies. The pieces will be treated as one chapter per work: Les poules à Jenny, Joco musicam ergo sum, Poussière de cèdre, Résonances, and Je ne suis pas née pour servir un mâle.

Keyphrases: Composition, Folklore, Interdisciplinarity, History, Collectivism
La composition d’œuvres mixtes prenant comme modèle la musique électroacoustique

The research-creation project presented in this dissertation presents the context and the analysis of a series of original musical works that can be played in concert by a group of musicians (instrumentalists, manipulators of objects and sound synthesis interpret) created using a composition approach based on electroacoustic music. This research-creation explored the creative and aesthetic challenges of merging two compositional approaches (mixed and electroacoustic), as well as the change of medium (from fixed support to performance). Based on theories of analysis and writing of electroacoustic music (Schaeffer, Roy, Vande Gorne) and mixed music (Dall'Ara-Majek, Doneux) - four works have been composed (Éclats | Violet, Imaginary Landscape, Éclats | Noir and interference patterns) providing practical lighting for these composition tools. The writing of scores for electronic instruments or devices is also approached from examples and articles on the subject.

Keyphrases: Composition, performance, mixed music, acousmatic music, electroacoustic music, performance, score notation for electronic instruments or devices
La fusion musicale : multiplicité d'influences comme point de départ d'une démarche en composition

This memoir discusses the concept of musical fusion with multiple influences in my compositional works. I will start by defining the term fusion, the different types of fusion as well as their relationship to musical tradition, on the one hand, and their relationship to a contemporary musical compositional endeavor. I will then analyse diverse musical styles and traditions that form the basis of the musical literature that I use in constructing my personal musical language, both in the branch of already existing fusion musics, and in the branch of non-fusion musics. The musics that most influenced me are european classical music and middle-eastern classical music, and then, other important ones include classical indian music, vocal georgian music, balinese gamelan music, Hard Rock and Progressive Rock. Afterwards I will explore in more concrete detail the musical modes, the melody and its complexification with the mechanisms of ornamentation, rhythm, within which time signatures appear to be an essential aspect, and polyrhythm to be it's important mechanism of complexification. These three parameters – mode, melody and rhythm – form the three great pillars of my musical language. I will go back-and-forth between the intakes from tradition, their creative reinterpretation and the expansion of their parameters, until we reach a point where we go beyond their frontier, at which point we will envision the possibility and the will to create a new musical style in itself, which, perhaps, goes beyond the esthetic of fusion.

Keyphrases: Fusion, Mode musical, Musical style, Musical tradition, Musical mode, Melody, Ornamentation, Rhythm, Time signature, Polyrhythm
Hallucinations auditives : accompagnement infirmier en santé mentale

The project of this internship report focuses on the nursing support of people with mental health issues in the presence of auditory hallucinations (AHs) in a university mental health institute. Among all hallucinatory phenomena, AHs are the most frequent (Thomas et al. 2014). In this context, it becomes very difficult, almost impossible, for the person to deal with the negative messages transmitted by the voices (St-Onge 2017). The emotional distress caused by the AHs has multiple consequences: on the person himself (Baker 2011; Beavan and Read 2010; Romme and Escher 2012a); on the families and loved ones (Baker 2011); and on the healthcare system (Waters and Dragovic 2018). Supporting people living with auditory hallucinations (PLAHs) stands out as a major challenge for professionals, including nurses working in the psychiatric field (Bogen-Johnston, de Visser, Strauss and Berry 2017). For the past twenty years, a new paradigm has been stimulating reflection on the support given to PLAHs where the nurses’ change of perception is at the heart of the clinical practice. The experiential knowledge of the PLAHs plays a key role in the support of AHs (Buccheri Trygstad, Buffum, Lyttle and Dowling 2010; Place, Foxcroft and Shaq 2011). Consequently, Buccheri, Trygstad, Buffum, Birminghan et Dowling (2013) and Place, Foxcroft et Shaq (2011) suggest using a maintenance guide to help nurses understand the experience of a PLAHs. In this regard, the co-development group is a preferred method as it targets the improvement of the quality of the care and services provided as part of the support given to PLAHs (Payette and Champagne 1997). The purpose of the internship was to develop and test a co-development activity on the support given to PLAHs for nurses working in mental health institutes.

Keyphrases: Auditory hallucinations, Nursing support, Co-development group
Commémorer Verdi sous le fascisme : les célébrations de 1941

This thesis focuses on the political recovery of the figure and works of the composer Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) during the fascist period in Italy (1922-1943), and more specifically in 1941 during the celebrations commemorating the fortieth anniversary of his death, a moment in time which coincided with Italy’s war against France and England. The first chapter explores the development of Verdi’s myth and sheds light on how the composer was gradually transformed into a national hero to become an icon of Italian opera. This was part of a wider effort to glorify the past in order to promote an Italian nationalist spirit, and ultimately, attest to the supremacy of the fascist power. The second chapter studies the organization of the festivities of 1941; it examines musical events as well as speeches and publications, and presents a more in-depth analysis of the celebrations organized in Parma. It deals with the rich reception of the manifestations, which assure the maintenance and the fortification of the Verdian myth. The third chapter analyzes the discursive elements surrounding the festivities, in order to demonstrate that the exalting of Verdi’s figure follows various lines of force that converge towards the fascist representation of the Italian civilization. By exploiting nationalist subjects conveyed in his operas, restoring his revolutionary and patriotic image and exalting his genius, presented as being both Italian and universal, the adherents of the regime maintained and nurtured a Verdian myth according to the fascist’s cannon. The ultimate goal of this thesis is to show how, during the fascist period and more specifically during the celebrations of 1941, Verdi was subjected to an ideological appropriation that aimed, on the one hand, at given the legitimacy to the fascism authority and on the other, establish a climate of social consensus essential to the exercise of power during wartime.

Keyphrases: Verdi, Mussolini, Verdi, fascism, music, Mussolini, opera, commemoration, nationalism, myth, Italy, totalitarianism
Du studio à la scène : une analyse de l’impact des interactions sur l’interprétation mélodique en jazz.

The following master’s thesis considers the impact of the interactions affecting a musician during a jazz performance including improvisation. The analysis considers the phonographic source material and transcriptions of two tracks performed by the trio composed of the Norwegian saxophonist Jan Garbarek, the Brazilian pianist and guitarist Egberto Gismonti, and the American bass player Charlie Haden. The analysis focuses on two tracks that were both recorded in studio and live during a concert of the trio, and is based on the theoretical notions of improvisation as well as affordance theory, which was originally developed in the field of environmental psychology and then adapted to musicology. The results of this research indicate that the process of improvisation is affected by the invariants relating to the location of the performance. This analysis is a first step towards a contextualized understanding of the environmental elements that can influence improvisation in jazz.

Keyphrases: improvisation, jazz, interactions, Garbarek, Gismonti, Magico, Haden, Cego Aderaldo, Palhaço, saxophone, performance studio, performance live, analyse comparative, Analysis, Studio performance, Live performance, Comparative analysis
Quand les temps anciens résonnent en ville : étude de cas sur le rituel de la Pabasa pratiqué par la diaspora des Philippines à Montréal

Music, adaptation capacity, living together capacity. We hereby observe and analyze how a community may use its own traditions, its archaic beliefs, to engage a process which optimize the individual and general adaptability to present contexts, i.e. the immigration in Montréal. How the Pabasa, a ritual that was created by the Spanish during the colonization of the archipelago was, and still is today in Montréal, the way throughout the tradition transforms itself? And, how does this process contribute to or even achieves a living together ? Our dissertation will include several parts devoted respectively to: a series of benchmarks on the Pasyon and the Pabasa, the description of the collect of our data, a formulation of our hypotheses resulting from this collection in the field, and a presentation of our theoretical framework. Then will follow: the first chapter, presenting the history of the archipelago and its community and the migratory phenomenon of it. The second chapter is about the field and the Pabasa. Inside of the third and last chapter, we confront our theoretical framework to the analysis of data from this field.

Keyphrases: Pabasa, Montréal, Ritual, Philippino, Living together, Music
Étude de l'interactôme de l'ubiquitine ligase E3 MARCH1 par essais de proximité par liaison de biotine

Immune cell metabolism is subjected to a tight control. Inflammation, antigen presentation and clonal expansion are all events that comes with a rapid change in metabolism. Glutamine is highly solicited during dendritic cells, macrophages and B and T lymphocytes maturation, due to its role in protein synthesis and oxidative phosphorylation. At steady-state, antigen presenting cells express the ubiquitin ligase E3 MARCH1. MARCH1 is a membrane protein involved in the immune response through major histocompatibility II and CD86 ubiquitination and degradation. During their activation, MARCH1 expression is repressed. This allows for accumulation of MHC II and CD86 on the cell surface, but other membrane-bound receptors and transporters are also increased during that time. Among those, proteins involved in glutamine transport are increased and thus help immune cells to adjust their intracellular nutrient pool for their new metabolic needs. We propose that MARCH1 negatively regulates immune cell metabolism through the regulation of nutrient transporters. The rapid stop in the transcription of MARCH1 induces an increase in receptors on the cytoplasmic membrane. Here, we aimed to identify the MARCH1 interactome. In order to identify new MARCH1 targets, we used the BioID proximity assays in HEK293T cells. BioID is an innovative method for the identification of protein interactions. BioID2 protein fusion can be used for in vivo biotinylation and isolation of promiscuous proteins. These proximity assays allowed us to identify 41 potential MARCH1 targets. We analyzed the expression of 13 of these proteins and found that 3 were affected by MARCH1 expression. Our results show that MARCH1 induces the degradation of NKCC1, CD147 and SNAT2. More specifically, MARCH1 expression in HEK293T induces the internalisation of the glutamine transporter SNAT2. If MARCH1 proves to regulate glutamine transport in immune cells, this would be a novel mechanism by which this ubiquitin ligase regulates adaptive immune system. Indeed, SNAT2 is required for the cellular adaption of amino acids during maturation, including glutamine. We will discuss the implications of MARCH1 as a metabolic switch and the role this would have in glutaminolysis and antigen presentation.

Keyphrases: MARCH1, E3 Ligase MARCH1, MHC II, Proximity ligation, SNAT2 SLC38A2
Modulation du trafic des molécules de classe II par l’isoforme p35 de la chaîne invariante

The invariant chain (Ii) assists in the folding and trafficking of MHC class II molecules (MHCII). Four different isoforms of the human Ii have been described (p33, p35, p41 and p43). The main isoforms, p33 and p35, differ by the presence of a di-arginine (RXR) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention motif in p35. This motif is inactivated upon binding of MHCII. In the ER, p33 and p35 assemble into trimers before associating with MHCII. The sequential binding of up to three MHCII αß dimers to Ii trimers results in the formation of pentamers, heptamers and nonamers. However, the exact stoichiometry of the Ii-MHCII complex and the mechanism allowing shielding of the ER retention motif remain a matter of debate. To shed light on these issues, we chose a functional approach to examine the stoichiometry of complexes formed around the p33 and p35 isoforms. We showed that p35 promotes formation of nonameric complexes (αßIi)3 while formation of pentameric complexes (αß)1Ii3 was observed for p33. We then showed that formation of nonameric complexes can result in the inclusion of distinct MHCII isotypes around a single trimeric p35 scaffold. When answering the question wetter masking of the p35 RXR motif by MHCII results in the formation of nonamers, we showed that the actual inactivation of motif requires a direct cis-interaction between p35 and the MHCII, precluding ER egress of unsaturated p35 trimers. Interestingly, as opposed to p33-MHCII complexes, p35-MHCII complexes remained in the ER when co-expressed with the NleA protein of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Expression of this bacterial protein is thought to interfere with the formation of COPII vesicles, leading to the conjecture that p35-MHCII and p33-MHCII complexes exit the ER in a COPII-dependant and COPII-independent manner, respectively. The trimerization of Ii represents the very first step in the formation of Ii-MHCII complex. Two domains of Ii, the trimerization domain (TRIM) and the transmembrane (TM) domain have been shown to trigger the trimerization of the chain. We focused our attention on the requirement of the two trimerization domains in Ii self-association and in the formation of pentameric and nonameric complexes. We showed that the TRIM domain of Ii is not essential for the chain’s trimerization, formation of pentamers and nonamers and for proper traffic with MHCII molecules. In absence of the Ii and MHCII TM domains, we observed the formation of a nonamer-like structure hereby suggesting that the presence of this domain is not a prerequisite for nomamer complex formation. Consequently, our results showed that either Ii trimerization domains are sufficient for Ii trimer formation and nonameric complex trafficking. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the function of the p35 isoform is not redundant, influencing distinctively MHCII trafficking as the subunit stoichiometry of oligomeric Ii/MHCII complexes is affected by p35.

Keyphrases: Di-arginine, NleA, COPII, Antigen presentation, Invariant chain, MHC class II, Pentamer, Nonamer, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Trimerization