Les cellules dendritiques porcines comme modèle in vitro pour évaluer la réponse immunitaire des candidats vaccinaux chez Streptococcus suis

Streptococcus suis, an encapsulated bacterium, is a major swine pathogen and an important zoonotic agent mainly causing septicemia and meningitis. Despite decades of vaccine research, no effective vaccine is currently commercially available. Indeed, autogenous bacterins (whole inactivated bacteria) are the most commonly used vaccines in the field; however, their protective capacity remains controversial. Nevertheless, S. suis expresses many immunogenic constituents that may have potential as sub-unit vaccines. However, testing the immunogenic potential of the many S. suis candidates and appropriate adjuvants is a long and costly process requiring the use of many animals. Indeed, studies of vaccines against S. suis start with a first screening in mice prior to evaluation in pigs. Therefore, it is necessary to develop strategies to advance and facilitate the research.   Hence, an in vitro porcine bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (DC) culture was developed as a model for screening vaccine candidates, evaluation of their immunogenicity, and assessment of the best(s) adjuvant(s) to be used. This model could reduce the number of animals used in pre-clinical trials by providing fundamental immunological knowledge on selected vaccine formulations that would deserve further analysis in animal trials.   To develop this model, porcine bone marrow-derived DC cultures from 10 different pigs were used to take into account the genetic polymorphism of individual animals. Different antigenic components of S. suis, the immunogenic properties of which have already been evaluated in vaccine trials, were selected. Among them, a surface protein of S. suis was selected: enolase. In vivo, this protein has been recognized as having high immunogenicity; however, the protection conferred by this protein depends on the adjuvant used in the vaccine formulation. The S. suis capsular polysaccharide (CPS), the most exposed antigen on the surface of the bacterium and the first line of contact with the immune system, is the second antigen selected for this study. Given the low immunogenicity of CPS, linked to its polysaccharide nature, a prototype glycoconjugate vaccine was previously developed in our laboratory and its protective effect validated in pigs. This glycoconjugate and its derivatives have also been the subject of this study. Finally, the ability of DCs to respond to bacterins was also evaluated. Different categories of adjuvants (Poly I:C, Quil A, Alhydrogel 2%, TiterMax Gold, and Stimune) were compared. The activation of DCs was evaluated by the production of type 1 (IL-12 and TNF-α) and type 2 (IL-6) cytokines.   It was observed that adjuvants amplify DC activation as demonstrated by an increase of cytokine production when compared to the antigen alone. Moreover, DCs distinguish type 1 or 2 adjuvants in combination with different S. suis antigens, according to the cytokine profile observed. It has also been found that the extent of cytokine production varies depending on the nature of the antigen present with the adjuvants. Finally, it was observed that DCs respond differently depending on the chemical nature of the antigens.  In conclusion, this in vitro model allows the evaluation of the immunogenic potential of vaccine candidates while also screening for adjuvants favoring the desired immune response against S. suis. Therefore, this model could permit a reduction in the number of animals used in pre-clinical trials by allowing a preselection of candidates to be tested in vivo or by providing additional scientific knowledge as a basis for the target choices. As a result, the list of candidates to be screened in the natural host in vivo would be reduced, facilitating the discovery of a subunit vaccine against S. suis.

Keyphrases: Streptococcus suis, Adjuvants, Vaccin, Cytokines type 1/type 2, Enolase, Streptococcus suis, Porcine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, Adjuvants, Vaccine, Type 1/type 2 immune response, Type 1/type 2 cytokines, Enolase, Glycoconjugate, Bacterins