NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Bios éducatifs : problèmes du biopouvoir dans les représentions littéraires et filmiques du milieu éducatif (1984-2015)

Educational bios are the qualified forms of life in school environment that condition it and that are conditioned by it. French, Arabic, Italian and English literary and filmic narratives allow us to put into perspective various representations of this form of life, during the period from 1984 to 2015. In the spirit of a democratization of objects of knowledge, this thesis adopts a comparative approach that interrogates Quebecer, American, Amerindian, French, Italian, Egyptian, Algerian and Tunisian cultural productions. These fictions of education raise the problems of biopower devices that affect relational patterns and disciplinary spaces, and that dictate the need for positive bios projects. As it is exercised in educative spaces, the dysfunction of power over life reveals an imitation of the patriarchal and heteronormative social construction of familial hygiene, as well as ambiguities generated by the erotic transfer in a learning situation. The paradigm of sanitization, very present in these fictions, installs relations in artificial distribution that divide the actors of the educational environment into immune and contagious spheres. The management of spaces is at the heart of the educational bios’ strategies of domination addressed to the disciplinary body. In reaction to the pedagogies of posture control and the anti-nomadic processes, the fictions of education show revolted bodies against the taming of the human animal. The ideal of a healthy and asexual body is rejected in favor of a rehabilitation of various forms of revolted bodies: disease, handicap or sexuality make their entry in the educational establishment, to show the failure of the bios’ normativity. The school, as a spatial adventure, gives birth to narratives of the trajectory towards it and of the crossing of its borders. As a result, these fictions criticize the biopower of school by questioning its (in)accessibility and its power over the world. Lastly, thanks to a reform of relations with its languages and cultures, positive bios projects arise from the problems of biopower and dictate the imperative of the decolonization of school. I argue that some necessary implants of educational microcosms consist in the cosmopolitan class and the emergence of subaltern voices that generate a renewal of perspectives.

Keyphrases: bios, discipline, educational environment, biopower, relational, immunity, body, space, cosmopolitanism, subaltern, disciplina
Glycopolymers containing hydrophobic natural compounds

Carbohydrates interact with sugar-binding proteins, lectins, to mediate many cellular activities such as bacterial infection, cellular signal transfer, cell adhesion and cell growth. Glycopolymers are sugar-containing polymers. They can bind to lectins or lectin-containing surfaces and can thus be used in the separation and removal of lectin-bearing toxins and bacteria and in the recognition of cancer cells. In this work, three galactose-bearing copolymers were designed and synthesized by introducing biological compounds that are hydrophobic in nature, such as betulin and cholic acid to yield amphiphilic copolymers. Betulin is a natural triterpene compound with anticancer and antiviral activities. Its methacrylate derivative was copolymerized with the glycomonomer by RAFT polymerization to prepare both random and block copolymers that self-assemble into micelles. The smaller micelles formed by the random copolymers facilitate the encapsulation of Nile Red and release more of this hydrophobic compound. These glycopolymers interact with a galactose-binding lectin, RCA120, and form aggregates. The block copolymers form larger aggregates at a faster rate than the random copolymers. The betulin-based glycopolymers may serve as biocompatible carriers for targeted release of drugs. Block glycopolymers bearing galactose, dopamine, and cholic acid (CA) pendants were synthesized by RAFT polymerization. These copolymers self-assemble into micelles in water. The dopamine moieties are located at the micellar core and self-polymerize in a weakly basic solution, stabilizing the micelles in both water and organic solvent. The crosslinked micelles are smaller in size than the precursors before crosslinking. Introducing more CA groups into the copolymers promote their self-assembly to form larger aggregates, control the degree of crosslinking of the micelles, and facilitate the encapsulation of hydrophobic compounds. The core-crosslinked micelles display a slow but sustained Nile Red release and interact effectively with RCA120, demonstrating their potential application for the targeted release of drugs. Glucose oxidase (GOx) has a high glucose specificity, but it can also oxidize other carbohydrates. However, it has never been tested on glycopolymers with pendant sugar groups. The glycopolymers with galactose pendants possessing PEG spacers were synthesized by a combination of anionic and RAFT polymerization. The enzymatic oxidation of these glycopolymers by GOx was studied. The active sites of enzyme become accessible to the galactose pendants attached on a polymer chain via PEG spacers that are sufficiently long. Lectin recognition of the glycopolymers can also be facilitated by the PEG spacer. The glycopolymers containing oxidized galactose units show reduced binding to the lectin RCA120. It is the first time such copolymers are obtained via enzymatic conversion.

Keyphrases: glycopolymers, amphiphilic copolymers, micellization, RAFT polymerization, anionic polymerization, enzymatic oxidation, galactose, cholic acid, betulin, glucose oxidase, Galactose
Étude de ligands de type biguanide dans le couplage de Suzuki-Miyaura dans l'eau

The concept of Green Chemistry emerged twenty years ago when scientists became aware of the environmental impact of used processes. A considerable effort was dedicated to reduce the use of polluting and toxic agents that are harmful to the environment and human beings as well as to favor the development of catalytic processes. Metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are widely used in industry to create new carbon bonds. In academia, the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling was studied in water with different types of ligands. Biguanides, nitrogen-based water-soluble bidentate ligands, present numerous advantages. Their electronic input and their polarity are adjustable due to the availability of starting materials that allow various structures.  We have synthesized and studied several biguanides as ligands for applications in the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling in water. First, we have demonstrated the important role of a biguanide ligand to reduce the palladium loading through the study of metformin, a biguanide with a simple structure. The degradation of the catalytic species was brought to light and led us to study more complex systems. Surfactants with a biguanide head were used in micellar catalysis to obtain better recycling and solubilization of organic substrates affording higher yields. Then, the study of pincer-like structures containing two biguanide moieties to stabilize the metal center established the limits of such ligands. These observations paved the way for the synthesis of a β-cyclodextrin-functionalized biguanide. β-Cyclodextrin was employed to reduce palladium oxidation by providing protection within a hydrophobic cavity and offer optimal recycling of the catalytic species.

Keyphrases: Biguanide, Green chemistry, Catalysis in water, Suzuki-Miyaura coupling, Biguanide, Recycling, Micellar catalysis, Pincer-like ligands, β-Cyclodextrin
On est où là ? 
Dérision et distanciation dans l’analyse des séries télévisées ivoiriennes

In the 2000’s, Ivorian television series are really popular in West Africa, as Ivorian popular culture dominates the region’s cultural scenes. Interrogating the dynamics and implications of this cultural success, this thesis proposes a reflection on Ivorian popular culture that abandons postmodern and political economy approaches to a method based on anthropology of communication and on the hermeneutical modality of distanciation. Ivoirian series are known for their humoristic social criticism. 2000’s Ivorian series’ lighter humor breaks with this satirical aesthetics and contrasts with the socio-political crisis the country is experiencing. Considering these differences, the text revisits major popular culture interpretations that articulates socioeconomical contexts, power relations and symbolism to rather propose a systemic understanding based on interactions and frame analysis. Documenting Ivorian series’ history and genre, the text goes on to propose an ethnography of production that draws parallels between Abidjan audiovisual milieu and emerging middle class. This parallel can be observed in the concept of "économie du gombo", an economy that focuses on lucrative opportunities and offers an alternative to the widely discussed African “débrouille”. Adopting a more hermeneutical stance, the text reflects on intimacy and its redefinition in Ivorian society by resorting to various figures in Ivorian popular culture. Finally, it turns to the encounters frames often used as Ivoirian series’ interpretative grid: mirror exigency and Africanism. Through this journey, the reflection carried out proposes aesthetics of derision as a modality for understanding the 2000’ Ivoirian series and highlights distanciation’s a heuristic tool in doing so. Distanciation thus becomes the basis of an understanding that is guided by "an openness to the world of the other."

Keyphrases: distanciation, genre, gombo, Television series, Popular Culture, Communication Anthropology, Framework Analysis
Solitudes enseignantes ou la volonté de changer la société par l’éducation

Teachers lead in their classes but have limited power in their schools. Isolated from one another, deprived of the means and resources that come from working collectively with colleagues, they must assume alone the task of educating their students.  Through a careful, « embedded » observation over a period of seven months of the practice of eight teachers, this thesis aims to understand the cultural dynamics at the heart of the everyday experience of teaching in a primary school in the province of Quebec. It is divided in two parts. The first shows teacher isolation to be a consequence of the integration of schools as part of a larger technocratic system functioning according to its own self-referential ends. The second part is dedicated to a close analysis of life inside the classroom, which reveals itself to be an enclave within the system where true schooling is alive and well.  By documenting this contrast between life inside the classroom and life outside of it in the « educational system », the aim is to grasp the different forms in which the pedagogical vocation still endures in a way that sheds some light not only on the school itself, but also on the province of Quebec and modernity. Whereas literature on the subject commonly regards schooling as a tool of the economy or the state, this thesis considers the school, its ethics and teachers as an active force involved in the shaping of culture.

Keyphrases: Technocratie, Culture, Vocation, Schooling, Teaching, Modernity, Postmodernity, Society, Social system, Technocracy, Quebec, Subject, Autonomy, Catholicism
Programme habiletés pour la vie et violence scolaire : perceptions sur une intervention interdisciplinaire pour le développement des habiletés sociales dans les jeunes Brésiliens

The present research focuses on school violence and, specifically, physical violence and verbal abuse. It offers an interdisciplinary look at this phenomenon resulting from the interaction between an individual (genetic, cognitive and affective aspects), a context (social, historical et political settings) and the individual’s moral et ethical judgements. This research suggests that the development of social skills is a viable interdisciplinary solution to counter aggressive behaviors in individuals. Therefore, its goal was to evaluate the implementation of the Programme habiletés pour la vie (PHAVI), developed in the city of Mesquita (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) to foster the development of social skills in students by using an interdisciplinary approach to teaching physical education. In order to do so, we investigated how the teachers participating in the PHAVI perceived their own implication, the approach to physical education teaching that they developed and the student’s response to the program. Data from individual interviews with the teachers, group discussions and the documentation produced by the teachers during the implementation of the program (activity report, lesson plans, etc.) was analyzed in light of the interdisciplinary theoretical framework adopted by the PHAVI and following the parameters of the framework methodology. This theoretical framework integrates theories, models and concepts from various fields: the transactional model of development (Sameroff, 1995), from the field of psychopathology; the ecology of meanings theory (Campos, 2015), from the field of communication; the constructivist approach (Freire, 2011) and the critical-emancipatory conception (Kunz, 2010), from the field of physical education; and the concept of educational intervention (Lenoir et al., 2002), from the field of education. The results obtained with the present research suggest that the PHAVI program contributed to the development of the approach to physical education teaching and that this approach built on interdisciplinarity. Furthermore, the teachers’ interventions had positive effects on students’ behaviors and their understanding of violence. Teachers reported that the weekly training sessions, which are part of the PHAVI program, were fundamental to the program’s success thanks to their design, which encouraged dialogue, thinking and discussions among the teachers. Based on the research’s results, we underline: (1) the orientations and guidelines for an interdisciplinary approach to physical education teaching; (2) the effectiveness of the design used in the PHAVI teachers’ training program and (3) other aspects of school violence to investigate, specifically the various programs meant to counter it.

Keyphrases: communication, Interdisciplinarity, social skills, school violence, psychopathology, physical education
Regulation of thecal endothelial cell function by growth factors in ruminants

This study was performed to investigate the effects of BMP4 and TGFβ1 on ovine thecal endothelial cell gene and protein expression. Ovine ovaries were obtained from adult ewes irrespective of stage of estrous cycle, and thecal endothelial cells were isolated using pluriSelect technology, and cultured. Following exposition to BMP4 and TGFβ1 for 24h, total ribonucleic acid (RNA) was isolated for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis of genes with well-validated roles in endothelial cell proliferation, vascular formation and/or permeability. Proteomic analysis was also undertaken using mass spectrometry following exposure of ovine thecal endothelial cells to BMP4 for 48h. The results show that BMP4 and TGFβ1 regulated genes related to endothelial function, including fibroblast growth factor 18 and endothelin-1. Mass spectrometry analysis identified 1488 proteins in total, with significant up-regulation (>2- fold) of 28 proteins and down-regulation (<0.5-fold) of 29 proteins. Interactome analysis, by two distinct biochemical and biological databases, identified a high degree of genetic and physical interactions between TIMP1 and JUN, STAT3, CD63 signaling pathways. These observations were validated by a STRING analysis. In conclusion, the results presented herein show that exogenous administration of BMP4 or TGFβ1 induces changes in the ovine thecal endothelial cell proteome. However, the current study only involved investigation of expression changes in genes related to endothelial function. Future work assessing the transcriptome using RNA sequencing in primary ovine theca ECs is required to identify other genes that may be regulated by TGF signaling.

Keyphrases: Transforming growth factor β, Endothelial cells, Fibroblast growth factor 18, Bone morphogenetic protein
Effets de l'exercice sur le développement  foetal chez la souris lors de douleur neuropathique chez la femelle gestante

Pain can negatively impact a pregnancy in women on physiological and psychological levels. Pregnant women with pain are fearful of using pain medication, which can lead to adverse outcomes. In this study we evaluated the development of mice pups from mothers with neuropathic pain; and evaluated if exercise could diminish the negative effects on newborns as well as lowering pain sensitivity in mothers. Thirty-two females were randomly assigned to four groups (8 mice/group): Sham surgery or Spare Nerve Injury (SNI) with standard (SE) or enriched (EE) environments. Mothers were evaluated for mechanical sensitivity with Von Frey filaments and exercise performance with computerized running wheels. Pups were weighted and measured in length at birth. Three days postpartum, they were evaluated for negative geotaxis, righting, forelimb grasping, rooting and crawling, and crawling at six days postpartum. Following euthanasia, mothers’ brains (frontal cortex) were analyzed for selected neuropeptides. Following exercise exposure, only SNI SE females remained neuropathic and exercise levels were similar between exposed groups. Some brain neuropeptides (endorphins, enkephalins and oxytocin) in brain tissue from SNI females showed significant difference with pain and returned to normal levels with exercise. A number of pups were significantly smaller only in SNI SE group. The number of deaths at birth was more important in SNI SE only, however, behavior tests were similar (except righting) across groups. In summary, exercise can reduce neuropathic pain in pregnant CD-1 female mice, however, neuropathic pain doesn’t impact the motor neurodevelopment of mice pups but appears to affect litter size and neonatal mortality.

Keyphrases: Neuropathic pain, Gestation, Environmental enrichment, Exercise, Pain peptides, Mice
Impact de la litière à base de fumier recyclé sur la propagation des parasites gastro-intestinaux, dans l'environnement des bovins laitiers ainsi que dans le lait

The aim of this work was to investigate the presence of most common bovine digestive tract-associated parasites in recycled manure bedding (RMS), and the ability of current RMS preparation procedures to eliminate these pathogens. We also assessed if any of these parasites could be retrieved in bulk milk from dairies using this bedding system. Finally, we studied if the distribution of these parasites would differ in manure of cows housed on RMS bedding compared to that of cows housed on a more conventional bedding system, straw-bedding. Twenty-seven RMS farms and 61 control farms were recruited for the study. Samples of manure from the manure pre-pit and milk from the bulk tank were recovered from straw-based bedding farms and RMS-based ones. In addition, in RMS herds we recovered samples from the manure’s solid fraction after liquid extraction, RMS bedding before use, and RMS bedding in use. Parasites were firstly detected by doublecentrifugation zinc-sulfate flotation to highlight the presence of protozoa, and modified Wisconsin sugar flotation for the appraisal of nematodes. Cryptosporidium parasites were determined by nested-PCR amplification and sequencing of a portion of the gene encoding the small subunit rRNA. Our results revealed, a high presence of Cryptosporidium spp. (C. parvum, C. andersoni and C. meleagridis, identified by PCR) and Eimeria spp. (mainly E. bovis and E. zuernii) parasites in both types of farms. A significantly larger proportion of manure samples from RMS-bedded farms were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. parasites compared to manure of straw-bedded farms. Both Cryptosporidium spp. and Eimeria spp. oocysts were found at every step of RMS preparation/transformation, showing that current ‘non-standardized’ strategies for preparing RMS do not guarantee the destruction of protozoan parasites. In terms of zoonotic risk, we depicted an important presence of Cryptosporidium parvum in 32/61 traditional and 24/27 RMS farms. No protozoan parasites were found in any sample derived from bulk milk, neither by microscopic analyses or molecular methods, which represent a guarantee for consumers: safety.

Keyphrases: Cryptosporidium spp., Eimeria spp., Dairy cattle, recycled manure solids bedding, protozoan parasites
Le transfert de l’écosystème microbien fécal des oiseaux contribue à l’établissement du microbiote de surface des œufs pondus : application aux oiseaux reproducteurs de poulet de chair

In chicken broiler production, microbial populations present on the surface of the eggshell after laying are still poorly characterized, though they may significantly impact poultry and public health. The aim of this study was to describe the microbiota of both broiler breeder hens’ feces and of the surface of the eggs laid by these birds in order to evaluate the transfer of the parental fecal microbial ecosystem to the surface of laid eggs. Twelve breeder flocks in Québec, Canada were sampled at two different times. Using 16S metagenomic, we showed that the bacterial community composition and structures of both microbiomes differ (p<0.001). We also showed that both the sampling time and the flock identity were significantly (p <0.05) influencing both the alpha and beta-diversity of the studied microbiomes. Results revealed 1790 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) shared between feces and eggshell samples and this, regardless of the sampling time. Sequences associated with genera of potentially pathogenic or spoilage bacteria such as Acinetobacter, Campylobacter, Escherichia/Shigella, Helicobacter, Listeria, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella and Staphylococcus were shared between both sample types. Interestingly some OTUs highly represented in the fecal microbiota were not present on the egg surface, suggesting a selection during microbiota transfer and/or an environmental contamination. To our knowledge, this is the first study using 16S rRNA sequencing to describe the contribution of the transfer from the laying hens fecal microbial ecosystem to the establishment of the microbiota on the surface of laid eggs, as well as the bacterial communities at both the broiler breeder feces and the eggshell levels.

Keyphrases: ARNr 16S, Bacterial transmission, Fecal microbiota, Eggshell microbiota, Broiler breeders, 16S rRNA, Animal health, Public health