NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Le notaire québécois : notaire «clerc» ou «architecte de l’ordre social privé» ? : rétrospective et perspective d’une profession à la recherche de son identité

The notarial profession has existed since the beginning of the creation of the province of Québec and has survived different social eras. The modern notary in Quebec has professional prerogatives and a way of practising that still seem to have little in common with their origins in the foundations of the notary's profession. The latter seems to not be well adapted to the realities of modern society. This study will lead us, in the first instance, to examine the different dimensions of the past of the notarial profession to determine its links with its current role. We will then try to clarify the concept of the notary as "architect of the private social order" developed by Roderick A. Macdonald and to define the concept of "clerical notary". These two concepts will form the basis of our analysis of the contemporary Quebec notary.

Keyphrases: notary, legal profession, sociology of law, history of law, legal pluralism
Analyse de la règlementation des services de paiements mobiles dans l’espace OHADA

Mobile telephony has an important place in our society. We have gone from mobile phones having  only the main function of communication, to real instruments of economic development. Now used  around the world and adopted by populations from all social classes, transactions carried out by  mobile telephony must now undoubtedly be subject to an effective legal framework geared towards  the protection of consumers of these services. As part of our study, we decided to devote ourselves to the analysis of the provision of mobile  payment services. These transactions, which are particularly appreciated by the African  populations, have led us to analyze the contract that binds the consumers of these services. Despite the existence of certain important rules, it appeared that many shortcomings which  endangered the consumer must be noted. This reality is only the fruit of several obstacles that stand in the way of the development of a legal  framework adapted to consumers. They are mainly due to the fact that the African continent is no  other than the one which develops this new technology, which has not yet been approved by other  continents of which some member states have been an example for them. Even within the African  continent, the efforts made by some West African states could not be textually transcribed, because  of the particularity of each state, and each legal system. As part of our study, we will see how the legislator could be able to reduce the inequalities that  exist between consumers on the one hand, and professionals on the other.

Keyphrases: Ohada, Consumer, Mobile payments
Les enjeux juridiques de la circulation en ligne des médicaments dans un contexte global en mutation

The online circulation of medicines is a reality of our digital environment. It is a fact in our digital world through the flow of information, services, ideas, and products. It cannot be governed only to the general legal scope applicable to the e-commerce because of the function of drug within the framework of care therapy. Since, before being a commercial product, the drug is a public health product and access to it is part of the right to health. That is the reason why its insertion into the digital market raises several legal issues; and justifies the reluctance of the legislator (in the classical sense), whether national or international, to promote its entry into the “electronic market”. This reluctance, even if it calls into questions the principles of free movement of goods and services, is due to a number of challenges raised by the establishment of a trustable distribution channel in cyberspace.  The challenges are linked to defining the standards that should govern the creation of an architecture within which it is easy to perform the necessary control useful to ensure the quality of pharmaceutical products. The creation of the “electronic market” of drug equally suppose, the definition of actors capable to sustain the good functioning of that architecture and having well legal defined status. Besides, it takes to the capacity of our legal systems to define a nominative corpus able to regulate the issues of the digitization of the distribution process over the practices and relations between actors. However, in a pragmatic analysis and at the current time of the development of the cyberspace, the definition of such a normative corpus is not that easy due to the fast changing character of the cyberspace that does not allow to have stables framework of references necessary to define the normative corpus. The idea shared in this analysis is that these challenges should not prevent us from working to create a legal online distribution system. A system that defines the different actors who intervene in the distribution and sets the frames of reference that govern the architecture within which online operations take place. But above all, which protects cyber patients, while transforming them into real “active patient” capable of making informed choices online. Cyber consumers equipped with the control procedures and possible recourse in the event of damage suffered. Because, in the denial of building a legal distribution system, there is space for the proliferation of an illegal network.

Keyphrases: Circulation, Mutations, medicines, e-Health, Right to health
Le jeune entrepreneur face au cadre juridique des affaires en Haïti : état des lieux

The legal framework for business in Haiti and, in particular, the 2002 Investment Code are neither able to attract foreign direct investment nor facilitate entrepreneurial activities. This legal framework is not adapted to the particular situation of young entrepreneurs in Haiti or to that of entrepreneurs from the diaspora interested in doing business in their home country. Some Haitian government initiatives to promote entrepreneurial activities in the country, encourage young people to start a business or convince the diaspora and foreigners to invest in the country are not producing satisfactory results. There is a need to question the obstacles that prevent the Haitian business climate from being attractive and competitive. Such obstacles are political, financial, administrative, structural and legal. Those related to the legal framework in force and the administrative procedures for carrying out entrepreneurial activities have been the subject of a particular analysis in the context of this brief. This analysis has made it possible to highlight the administrative burden, the difficulty in finding financing and the lack of definition of the status of “entrepreneur”  and the lack of a framework for entrepreneurial activities as such. The current legal framework for business, limited to traditional commercial law, needs to be updated in order to be adapted to the particularities of young entrepreneurs. Hence the formulation, in this brief, of a set of proposals that take into account, on the one hand, the various obstacles that complicate the realization of entrepreneurial activities in Haiti and, on the other hand, the particularities of young entrepreneurs or youth entrepreneurship.

Keyphrases: Entrepreneurship, Youth entrepreneurship, Young entrepreneurs, Legal business framework, 2002 investment codes
Histoire naturelle de l'apnée : suivi 5 ans après

Introduction: Current scientific studies of the history of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea that consider craniofacial development impacts remain somewhat limited, while there is incomplete global evidence for establishing risk factor and symptom algorithm that adequately identify vulnerable children. Objective: To evaluate the natural history of sleep apnea, from childhood to the end of adolescence, and gather additional information regarding the persistence, remission, and incidence of the disease while considering the impact of growth and craniofacial development. As secondary goals, the study will assess the trajectory of associated sleep apnea comorbidities (behavioral and neurocognitive). Methods: The cohort of children who were initially recruited at the CHUSJ, for whom obstructive sleep apnea was suspected, were recalled for a 5-year follow-up, according to the date of their first evaluation. A total of 19 children were seen to complete dental and orthodontic evaluations, three questionnaires (Epworth, PSQI, CPRS-R) and a home-based polysomnography. Results: The mean age of the adolescent participants at follow-up was 12.79 ± 2.74. At V2, boys (AHI=3.28 ± 2.43) were more severely affected than girls (2.81 ± 2.02) but the difference was not significant (p=0.589). At the 5-year follow-up (V2), none of the children were severely ill but 42% had mild sleep apnea while 22% had moderate apnea comparatively to V1 where 36% had mild apnea, while 18% suffered from moderate apnea and 18% were severely ill. Prevalence at V2 was 63.2% and incidence was 54.5%. Remission rate was 25%. No skeletal or dental features were associated with the presence and persistence of obstructive sleep apnea. Conclusion: Obstructive sleep disordered breathing are not necessarily resolved at adolescence. On the other hand, with the onset of adolescence, new risk factors similar to those we find in adults emerge. In order to maximize treatments outcome and minimize recurrences, knowledge of craniofacial features is essential.

Keyphrases: Obstructive sleep apnea, Children, Natural history, Craniofacial development, Trajectory, Polysomnography
L’impact d’une formation sur le diagnostic et la prise en charge de la carie dentaire, chez des étudiants de première année au DMD

Objectives: To determine the impact of an ICDAS e-training on diagnosis and management of dental caries by first-year dental students, according to the standards established by the ICCMSTM . Materials and methods: Fourteen students divided into two groups (n=7/group) had to assign a severity score (ICDAS 0-6) and a management score (0 = monitoring over time; 1 = preventive care; 2 = curative care) for 100 extracted teeth twice. Between the two tests, the experimental group was exposed to an ICDAS e-training in the format of a PowerPoint presentation. Results: The accuracy of dental caries diagnosis in the experimental group was better (p <0.05), compared to the control group. The percentage of agreement between the two tests improved from 46% to 57% for the experimental group and remained at 44% for the control group. The e-training had no effect on dental caries management and the results were not significant for this variable. Conclusion: ICDAS e-training improved the accuracy of dental caries diagnosis in first-year dental students. However, the results were inconclusive for dental caries management, compared to the management suggested by the ICCMSTM. This might be explained by the lack of crucial information to answer this question. To determine correct management, one would need information about caries activity and the clinical context to guide the decision.

Keyphrases: ICDAS, formation, Caries, e-training, treatment
Traduction et adaptation culturelle du COHIP-19 pour les enfants québécois âgés de 8 à 15 ans

BACKGROUND : For a better understanding of the burden of oral health disorders on children, many different tools are available to measure oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). However, none of these tools are available in French for the children of Quebec. AIM : The aim of this study was to translate and culturally adapt the short form of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile (COHIP-19) to French and to assess some of its psychometric properties. METHODS : The original English COHIP-19 was translated into French using a forward and backward translation procedure using a translation committee. The translated version was filled out twice by 59 children between the ages of 8 and 15 with a completion time ranging from 1 to 3 weeks. Questionnaire scores were compared by gender, age, and orthodontic treatment status. The convergent validity, the internal consistency and testretest reliability were the psychometric properties used in the evaluation of this questionnaire. RESULTS : No significant difference was found between questionnaire scores with respect to gender, age and orthodontic treatment status. The self-perceived oral health rating was significantly correlated with the translated version’s total score (rs = 0,37; P = 0,004) indicating that the instrument had sufficient convergent validity. The translated version also revealed good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0,67) and an excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0,99; P < 0,0001). CONCLUSION : The collected data showed that the French Canadian translation of the COHIP-19 possesses acceptable psychometric properties. However, a validation study should be performed on a larger and more representative sample, as well as in a nonpandemic context.

Keyphrases: COHIP-19, Questionnaire, Quality of life related to oral health, OHRQoL, COHIP-SF 19, Translation, Cultural adaptation, Psychometric properties
Pourboire : sociologie compréhensive du style de vie des employés de la restauration

Based on a series of ethnographic interviews with bar and restaurant staff in Montreal, I examine in this study the world of the restaurant “industry.” During the investigation, I have identified a specific lifestyle characterized by “spendthrift conducts.” These conducts are a set of behaviors leading to the spending of a significant portion of my informants’ income in gastronomic discoveries and nights of drinking in restaurants and bars. To account for this particular lifestyle, I argue that these behaviors are underpinned by a cultural system of customs, rituals, norms, and values. The blurring of the boundaries between the professional and the private, the serious and the fun, work and party, is central to this cultural system. As a result of this blurring, the informants’ income is reinjected within their professional universe. This would not be possible without the social earmarking of tip, as theorized by Viviana Zelizer. This currency is socially assigned for spending within the “industry.” While writing up this study the sociological feuilleton has turned out to be an original tool for validating and constructing data.

Keyphrases: Feuilleton, Tip, Money, Lifestyle, Social earmarking, Sociability, Aesthetic, Spent
L'autoconservation des ovocytes : l'infertilité anticipée comme mode de gestion de l'horloge biologique

This thesis focuses on the social representations of motherhood present in advertising discourse surrounding the practice of social egg freezing. It is through the analysis of promotional discourse from fertility clinics that we will show how this practice reproduces an idealized vision of motherhood and procreation. The self-preservation of oocytes aims to allow women to extend their reproductive capacity beyond biological temporality. The transformation of lifestyles, values and professional requirements caused a significant sociological gap between biological fertility and social fertility. We are then witnessing the commodification of biological temporality in order to realize certain professional and emotional ideals. The literature is plentiful on the reasons that lead women to engage in the process of social egg freezing, but little research is focused on how standards in maternity are produced and reproduced throughout the use of egg freezing and the use of reproductive technologies. In this thesis, we wish to reflect both the values promoted by fertility clinics and the unexpected impacts of the practice of social egg freezing on reproductive culture as well as the relationship to the female body, while considering the socio-economic issues that it underlies.

Keyphrases: Biotechnologie, Technoscience, Cryoconservation, Fécondation in vitro, Social egg freezing, Assisted reproductive technologies, Biotechnologies, Technosciences, Motherhood, Cryopreservation, Bioeconomy
The 2019 Canadian federal election and the Bloc québécois resurgence

The goal of this research is to uncover the nature of Bloc Québécois support in the 2019 Canadian election. In the context of dwindling support for sovereignty in Quebec, this research theorizes that the resurgence of the Bloc in the 2019 election can be attributed to the party’s ability to cut across the sovereigntist-federalist divide and capture the median Francophone voter in the province. Following this, this research seeks to answer two central questions: Based on provincial party affiliation, what are the different sub-groups of voters that can be found within the 2019 BQ coalition, and what issues and factors have rallied these voters behind the Bloc? This research answers these questions using Quebec data from a nationwide post-electoral survey conducted by Professors Erick Lachapelle and Richard Nadeau from Université de Montréal in 2019 and carried out by Leger Marketing. The survey analysis results confirm the coalition hypothesis, with findings showing that 2019 Bloc Québécois support is constituted of 47,1 % of Parti Québécois adherents and 45,5 % of Coalition Avenir Québec adherents. Furthermore, this research finds that whereas 75,5% of péquistes voted for the BQ in 2019, only 43,0% of caquistes did so, showing that the party was able to capture a specific category of CAQ adherents. In sum, this research finds that it was the moderate nationalist CAQ adherents that gave the Bloc Québécois a boost in 2019, and that support for Bill 21 was a determining factor behind their vote for the BQ, whereas Parti Québécois adherents felt more strongly about sovereignty.

Keyphrases: Bloc québécois, 2019 Canadian federal election, Voter behaviour, Regionalism, Quebec politics, Canadian politics, Electoral campaign, Nationalism
Reframing climate change as a public health issue : a Canadian case study, 2008-2020

Climate change represents a major threat to public health in Canada and elsewhere. Conversely, climate action could procure potential health co-benefits. Although research on climate communication is growing, only a few studies have explored how the media connect climate change to its impacts on human health. The media can play a key role in shaping people’s understanding of the issue as well as their support for policy change. This media content analysis investigates the coverage of climate change impacts on human health in the Canadian news outlet The Globe and Mail between 2008 and 2020. Our study suggests that the public health frame remains largely underutilized to this date, and that journalists fail to make comprehensive links between climate change and health. When the issue is addressed, the content is most often unprecise, with either no particular health risk, social mediating factor or vulnerable population identified. Climate action health co-benefits can convey positive emotions and induce greater behavior change. Yet, they are rarely mentioned. While previous studies have shown that health professionals are best equipped to communicate the risks, we found that members of civil society with no medical expertise were the most regularly cited individuals in the articles. Finally, the Covid-19 pandemic could be described as a missed opportunity to reframe climate change, as our study demonstrates that the public health frame was not more often used in 2020 than it was before.

Keyphrases: Climate change, Human health, Impacts, Health co-benefits, Links, Frame, Canada, The Globe and Mail, Covid-19 pandemic
What voting rules do citizens prefer?

Debates over which electoral system would best serve the general public are on the rise in Canada and in other democratic countries. Although there exists a rich literature on the benefits and shortcomings of different electoral systems, very few studies examine citizens’ preferences regarding voting rules and the ways in which individuals can cast their vote. In this paper, I address the following questions: What voting rules do citizens prefer and why? To address these questions, I conducted a within-subject laboratory experiment with nearly 200 participants in the run up to the 2019 Canadian federal election. Participants were asked to vote in a set of elections using each of the three following types of ballots in random order: one-mark ballot, approval voting and ranked voting. After each vote, participants were informed of the election results and asked about their level of satisfaction with each voting system. The results show that citizens prefer having the option to rank order the parties rather than using a one-mark ballot or approval voting. Individuals are also more likely to favour voting rules when they are satisfied with the results of the election.

Keyphrases: electoral systems, ballots, ranked voting, one-mark ballot, approval voting, laboratory experiment
The effects of political memes : a longitudinal field experiment

Social media have become a central part of western societies (and more and more in other world regions). Many studies have examined the link between social media and political behaviours and attitudes, and have found modest but significant impacts. On social platforms, users have adopted many communication styles, notably, the Internet meme. These are images drawn from popular culture with original text which have the property of being imitated or remixed and spread virally on the web. Usually, those creations consist of light humour, but they can be used by citizens and sometimes political actors to express political ideas. Recent research has shown that political memes can reflect the opinions of certain groups in society. Drawing on the literature in political behaviour and political psychology, this thesis argues that political memes can have a potent effect on ideology and intergroup feelings. To assess this claim, this thesis employs a randomized experiment, directly on Facebook. With this method, the analysis reveals that political memes generally have a limited impact. Nonetheless, it shows that memes can contribute to attitude polarization, notably among those who feel close to a political party.

Keyphrases: Social media, Memes, Experimental method, Public opinion, Political psychology
La norme du consentement préalable, libre et éclairé dans le contexte du colonialisme d’établissement : réflexions à partir des conceptions de l’autodétermination autochtone

This dissertation seeks to go beyond the traditional notion of sovereignty to resolve the apparent incommensurability between states and indigenous peoples’ claims of territorial authority. Through the case study of the consultation processes inherited from the norm of free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC), it is shown that the enunciation of the norm in the international human rights regime prohibits the free refusal of indigenous peoples. The predominance of state interests within the international system circumscribes a substantive understanding of the notion of consent through the fear of the indigenous “veto”, a limit reproduced through the implementation of the norm. The deconstruction of the concept of FPIC rooted in the context of settler colonialism opens up possibilities for a new understanding of the norm which can clear the way towards a new understanding guided and driven by indigenous peoples’ conceptions of self-determination. At the end of this study, it is postulated that the resolution of the conflict of meanings can only take place within a pluralist vision of territorial authority where the free refusal of indigenous peoples is systematically upheld. Thus, this research proposes to turn to indigenous literature to inform the meaning given to the notion of self-determination.

Keyphrases: refus, Indigenous peoples, Self-determination, FPIC, Refusal, Territorial authority