Étude multimodale de la consolidation d’habiletés motrices à ‎l’aide de l’IRMf et de l’EEG

Motor memory consolidation refers to brain plasticity processes resulting in enduring ‎long-term changes in the neural representations of the learned experiences. One of the ‎paradigms used in the laboratory to study motor consolidation in both its behavioral and ‎neuronal dimensions is the motor sequence learning task. The latter consists in executing ‎the same series of implicitly or explicitly learned movements, and then in looking at the ‎subsequent spontaneous improvement in performance after a period of time without ‎additional practice. On one hand, recent studies have shown that in the case of explicit ‎motor sequence learning, consolidation highly correlated with sleep, and more ‎particularly with N-REM sleep spindles. Even though two types of spindles have been ‎identified (fast and slow spindles), the role of these two sleep features in the ‎consolidation of motor sequence learning is still unclear. In fact, only one study explored ‎this role through artificially altered nights, showing an implication of fast spindles in this ‎process. On the other hand, several functional imaging studies (using functional ‎magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI] and positron emission tomography [PET] scans), ‎have shown changes in the activity of the cortico-striatal system following the ‎consolidation of an explicitly learned motor sequence. But to this day, no study has yet ‎investigated the relationship between these brain functional changes and the sleep ‎spindles characteristics occurring during the night following the experimental task. The ‎objectives of this study were thus: 1) to determine, through polysomnographic ‎recordings and correlation analysis, the contribution of the two spindle types (i.e. slow ‎and fast) to the consolidation of a newly learned motor sequence task following an ‎unaltered night of sleep, and 2) to explore through correlation analysis, the association ‎between sleep spindles and neuronal changes that occur during consolidation of this ‎motor skill. The results of our first study showed that fast, but not slow, sleep spindles ‎play a role in the motor memory consolidation process. Indeed, statistical analyses ‎revealed a significant increase in the density of fast spindles during the night following ‎the motor sequence learning when compared to the control night. Furthermore, this ‎increase in spindles correlated with the spontaneous gains in performance following ‎sleep. Interestingly, the results of our second study revealed correlations between the ‎amplitude of the spindles during the experimental night on the one hand, the amount of ‎spontaneous gains in performance overnight as well as the changes in the BOLD signal ‎within the cortico-striatal system on the other hand. Taken together, our results suggest a ‎functional link between sleep spindles and both overnight gains in performance and ‎brain correlates reflecting motor memory consolidation of a newly acquired sequence of ‎movements. They also support the notion that fast spindles seem to play a more ‎prominent role in this consolidation process, as they appear to help activate the cerebral ‎network involved in it and thus to improve sleep-dependent motor memory ‎consolidation.‎

Keyphrases: Consolidation motrice‎, Motor consolidation, Motor sequence, Sleep, Sleep spindles, Slow spindles, Fast spindles, fMRI