Modélisation de l'irradiance solaire totale et spectrale et applications à la chimie stratosphérique terrestre

This thesis presents reconstructions of the total and spectral solar irradiance for the last 400 years produced with the improved versions of the models for total and spectral solar irradiance in the ultraviolet developed at Université de Montréal. Both are based on the simulation of sunspot emergence, fragmentation and erosion, which produces a time-evolving area distribution of dark spots and bright faculae. These two components are the main drivers of irradiance decadal variations and this quantity can be calculated by summing their emissivity to that of the quiet photosphere. The improved version of the model for spectral irradiance, MOCASSIM, includes an extension of its spectral domain between 150 and 400 nm and of its temporal domain, with reconstructions now starting in 1610 instead of 1874. This allows to reconstruct the UV spectrum during the Maunder minimum and to compare it to the spectrum during the minimum of 2009. The conclusions of this study state that the Sun was slightly brighter during the recent minimum and that the slowly-varying quiet Sun contribution accounts for about two thirds of this difference, whereas remnant magnetic structure decay products account for the other third. The model for total irradiance was also extended further in the past, with reconstructions now starting in 1610. Also, a realistic network component was added. This was expected to help reproduce the observations spanning the last 30 years, especially the varying level of the irradiance during minimum activity. It was shown that the inclusion of a slowly-varying quiet Sun component was necessary to account for the observations. The free parameters of the model were adjusted by minimizing the sum of the daily squared difference between the model's output and the observations.  The three available composites, from the PMOD (Physikalisch Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos), ACRIM (ACtive Radiometer Irradiance Monitor) and IRMB (Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique) teams, do not agree between them, especially considering the minima of the activity cycle. The only composite reproduced in a satisfactory manner by the model when the variable quiet Sun component is proportionnal to the radio flux at 10.7 cm is the PMOD composite. However, using Lagrange polynomials to represent this component helps improve the agreement at minimum activity for all composites, even though the relation between the irradiance during the minima and the length of the preceding cycle varies from one to another. The results obtained with MOCASSIM were used during an intercomparison study of the photochemical response in the stratosphere to different representations of the solar spectrum. Transient simulations of duration 10-days were performed with a constant solar spectrum corresponding to either a maximum or minimum activity period. This allowed to estimate the response in stratospheric ozone to the solar variability over a cycle or between two minima. The spectra obtained with MOCASSIM were used along with those from two other models, NRLSSI and MGNM, and the SIM and SOLSTICE/SORCE data. The spectral variability from each data set was multiplied to a common baseline spectrum to produce the high activity spectrum in order to isolate the effet of the variability only, and to exclude the effect of the absolute spectral calibration. The high spectral variability of the SORCE data in the UV did not induce a negative response in ozone at high altitude, as obtained by various other studies. This is explained by the nature of the model and by its limited vertical extent. Finally, the ozone response is approximately proportional to the integrated UV flux below 241 nm. The comparison of the ozone concentration at minimum activity obtained with the original spectra shows that the difference is of the same magnitude as the response over a solar cycle. The problem of choosing a solar spectral irradiance reconstruction for climatic simulations in the past remains unsolved.

Keyphrases: ultraviolet, ozone, Sun, total irradiance, spectral irradiance, stratosphere, photochemistry