NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Savoir et affect : pour une économie du non-savoir

Few notions are as vast as that unknowing; but the imprecise nature of its definition is nonetheless accompagnied by the implication that what offers itself only negatively to the mind has a positive source. The applicability of the notion of unknowing is infinite; it swallows up all that resists the mastery indicated by statements about that which is. Unknowing encompasses all that belongs to the boiling drive of life and to the faceless moment of death. What leads human beings to murder, to genocide, to war and to revolutionnary violence is bound up with an affective content of identification that cannot be subsumed by knowledge without leaving a residue. Yet attempting to understand what exceeds the mind’s grasp serves as the motor of mental reflection at the heart of knowledge production itself. In this sense, knowledge is inescapably dependent on its « other ». In light of this hypothesis drawn from the domain of psychoanalysis, this thesis aims to reexamine the conceptual underpinnings of basic sociopolitical tensions in History. The conceptual impetus driving major identity movements — such as totalitarian or democratic revolutions and cultural disruptions or synergies — is analysed in terms of a libidinal or drive-oriented economy which is in perpetual interaction with what this thesis characterizes as an economy of the relation between knowing and unknowing, between knowledge and its negation.

Keyphrases: Figuration, Catharsis, Violence, Foi, Negativity, Drive, Look, Figuration, Catharsis, Utopia, Violence, Faith, Atheism
Ethique sur le marché : comment permettre le succès de produit intégrant une démarche éthique. Le cas de l’éco conception

The aim of this paper is to define vehicles of marketing development for a firm offering eco-designed products. The first section defines the concept of eco-design and shows that it is both a technical and a managerial innovation. The second section presents the analytical framework: CSR (Corporate social responsibility) according to the firm and the perception of environmental value by consumers. In the third section, we will examine how to market eco-designed products.

Keyphrases: philosophy, ethics, economics, marketing, éco-conception, innovation, marketing, eco-design, innovation, strategic management, environmental management
Certification : le manque d’indépendance des audits privés

Certain transnational social movements militate for the respect of social and environmental norms, in particular in countries with low wages. To this aim, they have developed new instruments like labels and codes of conduct. These instruments are designed to support and reinforce the social and environmental regulation as well as its democratization on the international level. However, the privatization of the monitoring of social and environmental norms can undermine the economic independence of the auditors. Thus, this mode of regulation proves to contrary to its long-term objective: a social regulation framed by democratic public authorities.

Keyphrases: Social movment, regulation, labels, Global Compact
Appellation d’origine ou appellation générique: le cas du fromage Cotija au Mexique

Positive effects of designations of origin for territorial development in several European regions have attracted the attention of producers and promoters of development in developing countries. Thus, Cotija cheese producers in Mexico have requested a designation of origin in 2004. It was denied, the administration considering Cotija as a generic term. Beyond the debate on whether a name is generic or not, this case is very instructive about the limits of the Mexican legal and institutional framework, 30 years after Tequila became the first designation of origin recognized in Mexico. The lack of clear and explicit political objectives for designations of origin results in uncertainty and weak institutions. This context is not favorable for the development of designations of origin and its use as a tool for territorial development.

Keyphrases: designation of origin, Mexico, cheese, territorial development
L’écolabellisation dans le domaine de la pêche

In fisheries, eco-labels have been seen as a means to enhance productivity and the economic value of fisheries, while at the same time respecting and promoting marine biodiversity conservation. This paper presents the principal labels of the fishing industry and the challenges associated with the development of such voluntary processes.

Keyphrases: Ecolabel, responsible fishery, marine resources
Certification of community-based forest enterprises (CFEs): limits of the Brazilian experiences

The Brazilian Amazon is one of the world’s largest tropical forests. It supplies more than 80 % of Brazil’s timber production and makes this nation the second largest producer of tropical wood. The forestry sector is of major importance in terms of economic production and employment creation. However, the Brazilian Amazon is also known for its high deforestation rate and for its rather unsustainably managed timber resources, a fact which puts in the balance the long-term future of the forestry sector in the region. Since the mid- 1990s, with strong support from World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the number of tropical forests certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) has significantly increased. This is especially true for projects sponsored by large scale companies. The number of community- based forest management projects has also increased. Certification of community-based forest enterprises (CFEs) was initially a goal for the sponsors and community members. Certification is viewed as a way to reach alternative timber markets. In Brazil, the state of Acre has the highest concentration of CFEs certified by FSC. Most of them have been implemented with the support of environmental NGOs and public funds. Environmental NGOs strongly defend the advantages of certification for communities; however, in reality, this option is not that advantageous. Despite all the efforts, the number of participants in each project remains low. Why is this occurring? In this paper, we analyze the underlying motives of a few individual’s participation in CFEs certification projects. We aim to present and discuss some factors that shape the success of CFEs and their later certification. The results are based on surveys conducted in two certified CFEs in the state of Acre.

Keyphrases: philosophy, ethics, economics, Brazil, environmental certification, community-based forest management
Just Certification

Through the justice principles –equality, time, status, need, efficiency and worth– developed by Jon Elster, we show in this article how fair trade certification for producers is legitimatised by stakeholders. Based on a field investigation with coffee growers in Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia and with fair trade organisations in the North (Max Havelaar/FLO, Andines and Artisans du Monde), the analysis firstly reviews just certification according to the impersonal criteria of “mechanical” justice, such as equality, time and efficiency. The second section looks at more individualised criteria such as the status, need and worth of the beneficiaries. Finally, it determines in what way fair trade is really a mixed bag, one which calls upon different principles of justice to justify what it is out to accomplish. The main result of the analysis is that fair certification granted to producer organisations is not being distributed according to a unique system of justice based on just one criterion. On the contrary, fair trade is a complex and hybrid bag that uses different components from each distribution procedure.

Keyphrases: philosophy, ethics, economics, Fair trade, certification, principles of justice, Elster
La praxéologie comme grammaire chez Tadeusz Kotarbinski

Tadeusz Kotarbinski’s philosophical development is astonishingly complete. From the very beginning of his work he showed interest in ethical questions, but he felt that before ha can answer them he needed to deal with several issues in the philosophy of language and action. He thought that a good theory of action (praxiology) constituted a necessary starting point for any future philosophy – without understanding action, we cannot understand what comes out of it. This article tries to sketch a few difficulties of this theory and to compare Kotarbinski’s conception to the one proposed by another important praxiologist, Ludwig von Mises.

Keyphrases: theory of action, praxiology
Analyse praxéologique et approche systémique

This presentation introduces the fundamental concepts of praxiological analysis and its relation to systems approach. The following topics are discussed in this paper: effectiveness and efficiency of action, work, human action and their design, teleological explanation, components of human action (realisers, purposes, evaluation criteria, tools, resources, circumstances, time, methods), methodological efficacy, axiological context of human action or praxiology and ethics.

Keyphrases: decision making, design, human action, effectiveness, efficiency, ethics, praxiology, praxiological analysis, work
Pensée de l'acte et conseil de l’action : La perspective proudhonienne du travail industrie

How does one guide action? By thinking it out well and completely so that, one says, it is good and fair since it conforms to reason. Thinking about the act itself imposes that it comes from within the subject of the action, sure of success, effective and efficient. Who can then assign the necessity of one’s act to a rational subject? The master-thinker who is the theoretician of action. Is the figure of the philosophical-adviser of action a component of all thinking about action? Can one escape this assimilation of the subject of the action and thinking about the act which transforms the advice into an order? This paper examines the philosophical elements of the illusion of advice. Does not Proudhon’s analysis on industrial work provide a means to overcome this epistemological obstacle?

Keyphrases: action, relation, coopération, justice, action, act, thinking, advice, relation, cooperation, industry, justice
Rôle du dimère Gbetagamma dans l’organisation des systèmes de signalisation cellulaire

Based on the classical model of G protein activation, signal transduction occurs by transient and random interactions between the receptor, the G protein and the effectors. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay (BiFC) and co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that receptor, heterotrimeric G proteins and effectors were found in stable complexes that persisted during signal transduction. Kir3 channel and Gbetagamma dimer interacts first in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and this interaction can be modulated by the membrane-permeable beta2-adrenergic agonist cimaterol. Little specificity has been reported for several isoforms of the Gbetagamma dimer in the activation of the Kir3 channel. However, we found that the “precocious” interaction in the ER is sensitive to the presence of different combination of Gbeta and Ggamma subunits. Recently, a number of new proteins, which are not classical effectors at the plasma membrane have been shown to interact with GbetagammaThese include histone deacetylases 4 and 5 (HDAC)[1, 2] and the glucocorticoid receptor.  We identified a novel interaction between Gbetagamma subunit and the Fos proteins, which form the transcription factor AP-1 following their dimerization with Jun proteins. Gbetagamma and Fos interactions can be detected in HEK 293 cells overexpressing the two proteins as well as in brains from rats pre-treated with amphetamine. Gbetagamma/Fos interaction favours the nuclear translocation of Gbetagamma dimer and inhibits AP-1 transcriptional activity. Gbetagamma did not block Fos/Jun dimerization or the interaction of AP-1 with DNA but recruited HDACs to the AP-1 complex.

Keyphrases: Kir3, Bret, Bifc, AP-1, Heterotrimeric G protein, Signalisation complex
Effet de la température sur l’absorption tissulaire et systémique de l’oxaliplatine administrée par voie intrapéritonéale chez l’animal

Over the last twenty years, certain patients afflicted with peritoneal carcinomatosis have been treated with a combination of cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion. Supported by phase II studies only, Oxaliplatin (OX) is commonly used in this context. However, pre-clinical studies to characterize its properties in such conditions are lacking. The purpose of this project is to study the effect of temperature on tissue and systemic absorption of OX when administered by intraperitoneal route in the rat. By intraperitoneal route, we administered 3 different doses of OX at 3 different temperatures for 25 minutes on 35 Sprague-Dawley rats. Samples from selected compartments were harvested and OX concentration was measured using high performance liquid chromatography. We obtained a linear correlation (p<0.05) between OX dose and tissue concentration in every compartments analyzed (peritoneum, mesentery, systemic and portal blood). With hyperthermia, we observed an increase in peritoneum and mesentery concentration of OX, but a decrease it its systemic and portal concentration (p<0.05). Intraperitoneal administration of OX leads to high concentration of drug in local tissues. Hyperthermia enhances tissue absorption and minimizes systemic absorption suggesting it could reduce systemic toxicity. Additional studies are needed to further define the pharmacokinetics of OX administered by intraperitoneal route.

Keyphrases: Oxaliplatin, Peritoneal carcinomatosis, Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion, Cytoreductive surgery, Pharmacokinetics, Spague-Dawley rat
Rationalité et embeddedness
La sensibilité écologique des consommateurs à l’école des conventions

According to a canonical conception of rationality, consumers’ behavior results from given preferences. In environmental economics, the ecological sensibility of consumers so takes the shape of a green preference integrated into the utility function. Economics of conventions relaxes the hypothesis of substantial rationality by emphasizing on the plurality of reasons for action for the individuals. By underlining, from empirical studies, that the behavior of the agents is inflexible in a unique causal explanation (in terms of preferences), a conventionalist conception of the ecological sensibility will lean on the values claimed by the agents and the forms of justifications when it is question of concrete actions in favour of the environment.

Keyphrases: embededdness
Desert and Distributive Efficiency

It is highly desirable for an allocation of goods to be efficient. However, one might also deem it important that an allocation gives individuals what they deserve. This paper investigates whether it is possible for an allocation to be both efficient and give people what they deserve. It will first of all consider comparative desert, and conclude that it is possible to satisfy both desiderata. It will then consider absolute desert by integrating Shelly Kagan’s work on desert and economic theory. The conclusion will be that there are potential conflicts between absolute desert and efficiency. The paper will then examine how to select the best compromise between the two values, considering several different conceptions of absolute desert.

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Ethics, Economics, Distributive Justice, Desert, Pareto Efficiency
A propos de l’actionnariat « détaché »

From a legal perspective, the membership in a business corporation is expressed through shares, and individual membership succession can in principle be achieved through a negotiable transaction. This has the effect that the interests of the corporation’s shareholders may be directed away from the enterprise activity to the shares, into which the corporation is divided. To illustrate this shift of interest, I characterize the membership in a business corporation as potentially “dispassionate”. Serving the financial interests of the “dispassionate” shareholder will be presented here as the modus operandi of the corporation. In this light, the attention that a company’s management must pay to the enrichment of shareholders depends on the importance of dispassionate shareholder support for the company’s activities. This perspective permits the introduction of new arguments in the CSR debate.

Keyphrases: CSR, RSE
Le golf : un modèle opérationnel pour l’entreprise éthique

Since the 1980s, the need for ethics has been growing steadily; however, incorporating ethics in business raises certain problems. In this work, our hypothesis is that the game of golf, an activity whose very existence is conditioned by the respect of certain fundamental ethical principles, can serve as an operational model for businesses concerned with ethics. The three aspects of this model are: ethics with regard to the law, ethics with regard to the environment and ethics with regard to individuals. These aspects are already featured in the reference material on ethics of certain major French companies which can be considered as forerunners of this operational model.

Keyphrases: golf
Ordered Model Processes, Reference Declaration And The Economic Organization: Implications For A Balanced Scorecard Contextual Framework

Since its 1992 introduction, the Balanced Scorecard has received deserving accolades while academics continue investigating its pragmatic aspects. This paper contributes to the Balanced Scorecard literature, first, by proffering a logical explanation for its successful acclaim and, second, by setting forth an ordered management structure Balanced Scorecard contextual framework. The contextual framework reforms the Balanced Scorecard’s Learning and Growth Perspective by (i) effecting (subjective: objective) reference transition, and (ii) recognizing that the Learning and Growth Perspective involves first instance extra-entity strategy formulation incidence. The (intra-entity: extra- entity) incidence shift reconciles unordered [Content: (Content: Context): Context] management policy position progression that is Learning and Growth Perspective concomitant. The framework also supplants the Kaplan and Norton Balanced Scorecard Perspectives with the missing social policy perspective. The missing perspective involves [(endogenous-position, exogenous- perspective): (exogenous-position, exogenous-perspective)] objective reference transition. Such a transition signals ordered [Content: (Content: Context): Context] management policy position progression.

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Ethics, Economics, Social Choice Theory, Balanced Scorecard, Ordered Conflict Resolution, Contextual Framework, Ethics and Economics
Character and professionalism in the context of developing countries – the example of mercenaries

It is often thought that modern professionalism means putting aside one’s particular ethical tradition – which might affirm particular family and clan relations – in favour of the rules pertaining to that profession in the context of the promotion of universal ethical principles. In an increasingly commercialized and individualistic society, however, such ethical traditions and identity-forming narratives may be the key motivating framework for the ethical integrity of the professions. In South Africa this promotion of an overarching narrative is termed nation-building. I take as example the military profession and in particular the use of mercenaries. Distinguishing between skills and virtues I ask whether or not there is a necessary connection between good soldiering and being a citizen – this being understood here as a moral category entailing a certain ideal of character and particular virtues. I conclude that the action of a privately contracted soldier is not in general morally praiseworthy and should not be encouraged in an ethically oriented society.

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Ethics, Economics, mercenary, professionalism, South Africa, virtue, citizen
Equality and Value-holism

In this paper, I consider a recent challenge to egalitarianism raised by Michael Huemer. Huemer’s challenge takes the form of a dilemma: egalitarians can either be atomists or holists about equality’s value. If they are atomists, then they must accept that equality in fact does not have intrinsic value; if they are holists, then their view will be inconsistent with an intuitively very plausible form of consequentialism. I show that this dilemma should not trouble egalitarians. Egalitarians can be holists about value and still embrace consequentialism.

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Ethics, Economics, Equality, Value, Holism, Atomism, Consequentialism
The Obligations of Transnational Corporations in the Global Context

This article argues that our prevailing notion of obligations is inadequate for regulating large-scale problems. Collective actors, especially corporations, should be recognized as having obligations in human rights issues as they are much better prepared to deal with complex problems than individuals. Secondly, it is argued that ascribing such obligations is not loftily idealistic, but has its roots in current political phenomena. Contemporary international law and non-legal arrangements create an institutional framework that pressures collectives to justify their actions. Nevertheless, some of these new modes of governance lack legitimacy because they neglect the participation of the individual.

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Ethics, Economics
Who has responsibility for access to essential medical drugs in the developing world?

Access to basic medical treatments emerges as cause and effect of health, poverty and development. Where the responsibility for improving access to essential medicines lies is, therefore, a crucial question. Millennium Development Goal (MDG) number 8, states, "In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries" (UN 1). The key stakeholders who may take responsibility for access to drugs are (1) the pharmaceutical industry, (2) governments, (3) society at large, and (4) individuals (both with and without disease). Four lenses through which responsibility can be viewed are: (a) deontological; (b) utilitarian; (c) egalitarian; and (d) human rights-based approaches. All four arguments can be used to assign responsibility for improving access to drugs to the governments, especially utilitarian and human-rights approaches. The paper concludes that it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between the four ethical approaches and that a “sliding-scale” of responsibility is the most useful way to view the roles of the four main players in access to essential drugs, depending on the country or region and its internal environment. Mots-clefs : enfants des rues, ville, travail, Cameroun, Madagascar

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Ethics, Economics, essential drugs (access to), responsibilities (corporate, State, personal)
The human right to water - normative foundations and ethical implications

This paper looks into the normative foundations and the ethical implications of a human right to water, endorsed as recently as 2002 by the UN Committee on Human Rights. The paper argues that a human right to drinking water is justifiable as fundamental moral right guaranteeing basic conditions for mere survival. This is less clear in the case of a right to productive water, which verges on a much broader concept of social and economic rights. There are ongoing controversies about the allocation problem of these rights: Who has to deliver on them? To avoid the allocation problem, the paper will examine whether lack of access to water can be deemed a violation of other moral rights. But although there are cases where transnational corporations harm the poor by polluting their water resources or by sustaining or initiating harmful forms of privatisation, the water crisis cannot be solely traced back to a problem of harmful forms of globalisation alone. There is, thus, need for positive efforts from the developed countries to make safe water for all a reality.

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Ethics, Economics, human rights, privatisation of water, property rights, right to water, welfare rights