Étude des tachykinines et de leurs dérivés peptidiques associés à la douleur neuropathique grâce à l’utilisation de modèles animaux et de la chromatographie en phase liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse

The management of neuropathic pain remains a challenge in medicine, despite the availability of numerous drugs. Animal experimentation has generated a tremendous amount of information about pain, but this knowledge is still insufficient for new more efficient and safe analgesics. Pain is a complex clinical symptom with multiple origins, and peripheral and central pain mechanisms depend on the pathology evolution. Thus, it is essential to further investigate the mechanisms responsible for the initiation and maintenance of pain in order to develop better effective therapies. This project is particularly focused on the tachykinin family encoded by TAC1 gene (substance P, its precursors and metabolites, neurokinin A), a family of neuropeptides that plays a critical role in nociceptive transmission.                                                                                                 We initially developed a quantification strategy in order to study the targeted bioactive neuropeptide expression modulation by HPLC-MS and HPLC-MS/MS. And it is critical to develop reliable and robust analytical methods to reach the objectives. So, we developed a method using relative quantification with stable isotopic labeled internal standards. In fact, in order to quantify target neuropeptides, this strategy was the most reproducible and accurate.                                                                                                                        Following the development of the relative quantification strategy, we used validated animal models, fundamental to better knowledges of painful molecular mechanisms.        The model of chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve (CCI) is a validated model, widely used to induce and study neuropathic pain. To perform complete data, two behavioral tests, von Frey filaments and Hargreaves test, were used before and after the CCI to ensure the neuropathy establishment. The animal brains, lumbar enlargements and plasmas were collected to quantify the expression modulation of different targeted bioactive neuropeptides between the CCI group versus the control group. HPLC-MS/MS analyses revealed that the spinal β-tachykinin58-71, SP and SP3-11 concentrations were significantly up-regulated in neuropathic animals, meaning these peptide expressions are closely related to pain behavior. In contrast, the spinal SP5-11 concentration in neuropathic animals revealed a significant down-regulation compared with normal animals. Moreover, the brain β-tachykinin58-71 and SP concentrations were significantly up-regulated in neuropathic animals. Interestingly, no significant concentration differences were observed in the spinal cord and brain for NKA, β-tachykinine58-70, SP6-11 and SP1-7. This suggests that β-tachykinin58-71, SP, SP3-11 and SP5-11 could potentially serve as drug efficacy markers in early drug discovery. We also used a knock-out mice model, deficient in the TRPV1 receptor gene (TRPV1- /-) to study the expression modulation of different tachykinins according to the presence or absence the TRPV1 receptor. The TRPV1 receptor is known to be closely related to tachykinins. The over-expressed TRPV1 vanilloid receptor is involved in the transmission of painful signal, leading to the sensitization. Our results revealed that SP and NKA spinal and brain concentrations were significantly decreased in TRPV1-/- mice. These results suggest an important tachykinin contribution in the pain threshold modulation, and a close link between SP, NKA and TRPV1 expressions in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Vanilloid receptors, particularly the TRPV1 receptor, play a central role in the nociceptive stimuli transmission. It is also known that several TRPV1 agonists, such as eugenol, vanillin, [6]-gingerol, or endogenous agonists like endovanilloids alleviate pain in neuropathic and osteoarthritis models via their action on the TRPV1 receptor. There are several mechanisms leading to the SP release following an injury and the neuropathy development. Nowadays, it is well documented the liver is the main organ of the metabolism. Thus, SP metabolites could be expressed in the blood level. So we are interested to SP metabolic stability in rat, mouse and human liver microsomes. Our results showed that SP is rapidly degraded and the metabolic profile is different depending on the species studied. Several SP metabolites seem interesting and have pharmacological activities, including SP1-7, SP3-11 and SP5-11. As all these neuropeptides seemed interested targets like potential biomarkers of neuropathic pain, we developed a method to quantify them in the plasma. Additionally, it is easier to collect plasma to avoid sacrificing the animal in order to achieve long-term kinetic studies or develop assay methods applicable to humans. So we have developed a HPLC-MS/MRM analytical method to estimate the targeted neuropeptide endogenous levels in plasmas. However, we did not have the chance to quantify these peptides in collected plasmas during the animal study. A lot of studies are still required to clarify different pathways involved in neuropathic pain in order to develop better and safer therapeutic strategies. This project allowed to better understanding of mecanisms related to tachykinin activities.

Keyphrases: Allodynie, Neuropeptides, Allodynia, High performance liquid chromatography, Chronic pain, Neuropathic pain, Hyperalgesia, Neuropeptides, Peptidomic, Pharmacology, Mass spectrometry