Exploitation du potentiel sismique des étoiles naines blanches

The goal of this thesis is to explore the seismic potential of pulsating white dwarf stars, and in particular those having an hydrogen-rich atmosphere, the ZZ Ceti stars. The technique of asteroseismology relies on the information contained in the normal modes of vibration that can be excited during specific phases of the evolution of a star. These modes modulate the emerging flux of the pulsating star and mainly present themselves as multi-periodic luminosity variations. Asteroseismology is the science that examines the luminosity of pulsating stars as a function of time, to better extract the periods, apparent amplitudes and relative phases of the detected pulsation modes, using standard methods of signal processing such as Fourier techniques. We then compare the observed pulsation periods to periods generated from a stellar model by searching the optimal match with a physically sound model that best describes the pulsating star. To better search in parameter space, it is primordial to have good physically sound models, an efficient algorithm comparing the periods, and significant computing power. The periods of the pulsation modes of white dwarf stellar models can be generally calculated very precisely on the basis of the linear theory of stellar pulsations in its adiabatic version. To define a static white dwarf model suitable for a seismic analysis, it is necessary to specify the surface gravity, the effective temperature, and the various parameters describing the onion-like structure of the star. By using a posteriori the informations obtained independently (effective temperature and surface gravity) with the spectroscopic technique, it is then possible to confirm the validity of the solution obtained. The asteroseismic exercise, when successful, precisely determines the various parameters of the global structure of the pulsating star, and gives unique information on the internal structure of the star and the current state of its evolutionary phase. We present in this thesis the complete and successful analyses, from frequency extraction to the finding of the seismic solution, of four pulsating white dwarf stars. It was possible to determine the structural parameters of these stars and to compare them to every possible independent constraints found in the literature, but to also infer on the internal dynamic and to reconstruct the internal rotation profile. At first, we analyse the pair of ZZ Ceti stars, GD 165 and Ross 548, to better understand the differences in their pulsation spectra, notwithstanding their identical spectroscopic properties. The seismic analysis reveals different internal structures, and unravels the sensitivity of some pulsation modes to the internal composition of the core of the star. To compensate for this newly discovered sensitivity, and to rival the exceptional quality of the data coming from the spatial missions Kepler and Kepler2, we develop a new parameterization of the core chemical profiles, and we validate the robustness of our technique and our models by various tests. Having in hand the new parameterization of the core, we reach the ”Holy Grail” of asteroseismology, by being capable of reproducing for the first time the observed periods to the precision of the observations, in the study case of the stars KIC 08626021 and GD 1212.

Keyphrases: white dwarfs, asteroseismology, fundamental parameters, core composition, internal rotation