NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
La légalité de l'intervention militaire française au Mali : contribution à l’étude du cadre juridique de la lutte armée contre le terrorisme international

France triggers operation Serval in Mali on January 11, 2013, while the Sahelian State is plunged into an unprecedented internal armed conflict and armed groups listed as terrorist organizations occupy the two-thirds of its territory. The French Government simultaneously invoked the “war on terror”, the consent of the Malian authorities, the authorization of the United Nations Security Council and self-defence to defend its use of armed force. This study examines each of these justifications in order to determine the legality of the French intervention under international law as well as the legal rules applicable to armed measures against international terrorism, with particular reference to situations of internal armed conflict.

Keyphrases: Mali, France, Sahel, War on terror, Internal armed conflict, Legality, Intervention by invitation, Security Council authorization, Self-defense
La réforme Dodd-Frank des produits dérivés de gré à gré : vers un modèle mondial?

Having in mind the 2008 financial crisis the G20 countries have questioned the transparency of the markets, the stability of the system and explored new solutions in order to control the risks triggered by a new economic environment. OTC derivatives have been identified and commitments were made in favor of new regulations of OTC derivatives and the management of the underlying risks. Regulators have therefore adopted in turn a legislative framework regulating OTC derivatives while deploying an incentive for international harmonization and recognition of counterparties subject to equivalent schemes. Canadian Securities Administrators have issued proposed regulations. We wonder how the Canadian Securities Administrators have developed this new regulatory framework for OTC derivatives, taking into consideration the Canadian specificities and the local activities of the Canadian actors? Our study addresses these draft regulations and the difficulty to supervise OTC derivatives which in the past, were not traded via platforms, recorded or related to a geographic location but mainly characterized by the contractual relationship between the parties. The development of a new framework for OTC derivatives which will regulate cross-border transactions seem very difficult to deal with and possible conflicts and overlapping laws are inevitable. Faced with different definitions of local counterparts, the parties to a transaction will be condemned to a risk of qualification under national regulations of OTC derivatives. A dialogue shall therefore be strengthened and the determination of the competent authority and clarification of the local counterparts concepts, branches or subsidiaries shall be harmonized.

Keyphrases: Dodd-Frank, EMIR, Over the counter derivatives, Financial crisis, Systemic risk, Market transparency, Central counterparty clearing, Security, Market stability
Encadrement juridique des monnaies numériques : bitcoin et autres cryptomonnaies

Cryptocurrencies are digital currencies which developped outside of state control. They function in a purely decentralized manner. Although they are only at an early stage, those cryptocurrencies, like Bitcoin, raise many legal issues. In this article we will analyze different definitions which might include cryptocurrencies, before focusing on the definition of digital currencies. Therefore we will study the criminal aspects of cryptocurrencies and the willingness of the states to gain a certain control over them. Then, after focusing on the taxes applying to digital currencies, it is necessary to examine the extent of the consumer’s protection while dealing with cryptocurrencies. In order to do this, we will rely, among others, on Canadian, French and American laws. As you will notice by yourselves the cryptocurrencies have not yet been fully encompassed within the legal systems of those three countries, and as the courts have only been seized in very few cases relating to digital currencies, you will find that many legal uncertainties currently persist.

Keyphrases: bitcoin, cryptocurrency, digital currency, virtual currency, tax law, currency, criminal law, consumer's protection, payment system, technologies
Description des relations familiales : la perspective d’hommes en situation d’itinérance atteints de troubles concomitants

Homeless people are largely represented of men and account for some culture in which we identify people with co-occurring mental health and substance abuse. Already vulnerable because of their precarious housing status, people with this conjunction are even more vulnerable and tend to be more isolated from their families than those who don’t meet this dual challenge. Family support is however recognized as an element favoring the commitment of health behaviors and reducing homelessness. The purpose of this targeted ethnography was to described, in terms of men experiencing homelessness suffering from co-occurring mental health and substance abuse, their relationships with their families. Different degrees of participant observation in the Old Brewery Mission and interviews with nine key informants were the main data collection methods. The analysis of qualitative data was supported by the guide proposed by Roper and Shapira (2000) and constructivist epistemology and the family systematic approach of Calgary (Wright & Leahey, 2013) who were the frameworks of this study. The results highlight three themes explaining 1) the influence of the living environment in family relationships, 2) the conflictual content of these relations and 3) the perceived family support. Finally, recommendations for nursing practice and ways to future research are suggested.

Keyphrases: Homelessness, Co-occurring mental health and substance abuse disorders, Men, Family relationship, Systemic perspective, Targeted ethnography
Interactions métaboliques entre le bisphénol A et le naproxène dans un modèle de foie de rat isolé et perfusé

Exposure to mixtures of contaminants (environmental, alimentary or therapeutic) poses many questions and concerns about the probability of toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic interactions. Such co-exposure may influence the mode of action of the cocktail of components and therefore their toxicity, as a result of an increase of their internal concentrations. Bisphenol A (2,2-dihydroxy-4 diphenylpropane) is a ubiquitous chemical contaminant  in our environment, widely used in the manufacture of plastics, with one of the largest production volumes globally. It is an endocrine disruptor of oestrogen-mimetic type. This molecule is metabolized into non-toxic metabolites by glucuronidation process. Several factors including the co-exposure to other xenobiotics may reduce the glucuronidation rate of the chemical pollutant of interest, such as a co-exposure with drugs.  Given that the consumption of therapeutic products is a growing phenomenon in the population, simultaneous exposures of pollutants with medicinal drugs are becoming a concern for health risk assessment. Knowing that metabolic inhibition is the most plausible mechanism of interaction that could result in an increase of the internal levels and a modulation of the expected toxicity, the present study aimed at confirming and characterizing this type of metabolic interactions between bisphenol A and naproxen, which is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), on the set of an intact organ using isolated and perfused rat liver system (IPRL). The study also served to determine the enzyme kinetics metabolism of each substance alone and in binary mixture. In a second step, we also evaluated the influence of the presence of albumin on the metabolic kinetics and behavior of the two substances studied using the same in vivo perfusion model of rat liver. Metabolic constants were determined by nonlinear regression. The metabolism of BPA and NAP alone demonstrated saturable kinetics with maximal velocity (Vmax) and affinity constant (Km) equal to 8.9 nmol/min/mg prot liver and 51.6 μM for BPA, and      3 nmol/min/mg prot liver and 149.2 μM for NAP. The analysis of combined exposures suggests a partial competitive inhibition of BPA metabolism by NAP with a Ki value estimated at 0.3542 µM. From these results, it appears that the risk assessment of environmental pollutants must therefore consider the consumption of pharmaceutical products as an important agent that can increase the internal levels for a given exposure. Accordingly, these in vivo data on metabolic interactions can be incorporated into a physiologically based pharmacokinetic models (PBPK) to predict the toxicokinetic consequences (TK) of the exposure by an individual to these chemical mixtures.

Keyphrases: IPRL, Naproxen, Bisphenol A, Mixtures, Toxicokinetics, Metabolic interactions, IPRL
Mise à l’essai d’une séquence d’apprentissage intégrant des chansons comme source primaire pour développer la compétence 2  : interpréter la réalité sociale à l’aide de la méthode historique

This thesis presents the trial of a learning sequence including songs as primary sources to develop the competency-2 Interpret social realities by using the historical method. The Ministry of Education of Quebec and the scientific literature (Côté, 2008; and SAVED LENOIR, 2010; Turner-Bisset, 2001) expect that students who graduate from high school are able to reason from facts taken from sources available, including primary sources. We see three gaps in teaching practices: the small number of sources worked, the inequality of their interpretations and weak critical judgment skills (Byrom, 2005; Pickles, 2010; and Watson, 1998). Also, few cases use songs as a primary source. The learning sequence about the Second World War that the French teacher Sylvaine Moreau (2012) has made available on the Internet was used as a starting point for this testing. We adapted the teaching material to Quebec's school context after each classroom observations. Therefore, it is the “didactic engineering” approach that seems the most effective (Artigue, 1989; Harvey and Loiselle, 2009). Four teachers from Montreal agreed to be interviewed. They adapted the teaching material to their school needs. We observed them in their classrooms as they were teaching. All the students’ written answers were analyzed with the N'Vivo program. By exploring the qualitative data collected, we notice the small number of sources used. Most students’ answers referred only to what was seen in class, giving priority to some type of sources over others. Some steps were judged as “unnecessary” by some students and where not completed leading to weak criticism. Finally, we noted the inequality of interpretations related to a level of language barrier: metaphors and vocabulary seem to be a challenge.

Keyphrases: Primary sources, Song, Historical method, Learning sequence, Research and developpement, Qualitative data, Education-secondary
Évaluation des connaissances morphologiques dérivationnelles d’apprentis-lecteurs présentant une dysphasie

Dysphasia, also known as specific language impairment, is a severe and persistent impairment of acquisition and development of oral language. Students struggling with dysphasia have reading issues and are at high risk of school failure. If this complex disorder is studied in different areas (health and education, among others), few studies have specifically focused on the evaluation of morphological knowledge of dysphasic students. Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and to how small meaningful linguistic units, termed “morphemes”, can be combined to form words. Over the past 30 years, numerous studies have been published on morphological knowledge, showing that awareness of words’ morphological structure can be a very helpful tool for students who are regularly exposed to unfamiliar words and can contribute to reading comprehension, among other skills. From these observations, we conducted a study to investigate morphological knowledge in young French students with dysphasia. To achieve this, three morphological tasks were used among three groups of students including a group of dysphasic students (D=30) and two control groups (students of the same chronological age (CA=30) and younger students of the same reading level (CL=30)). Our results show that all groups of participants took advantage of the units of meaning contained in the words in order to succeed tasks. Results also indicate that D and CL performed similarly on three tasks, but were outperformed by the CA group. For all three groups, results are not following the morphological knowledge continuum suggested by Tyler and Nagy (1989). Moreover, our results show no effect of the type of affixation (prefixed items vs suffixed items). These results have implications for teaching practices, especially when teachers plan specific activities to teach derivational morphology to students struggling with reading difficulties.

Keyphrases: word recognition, specific language impairment, dysphasia
Portrait des difficultés des élèves du secondaire relativement à l’orthographe des formes homophones

This descriptive research aims to establish a picture of the main difficulties high school students face with regard to the spelling of homophones; this was achieved using several perspectives of analysis.   We started by emphasising the importance of spelling difficulties among Québec high school students and then outlined the proportion of those errors specifically attributable to the spelling of homophones. Using data gathered by Projet grammaire-écriture, a research group with the preliminary objective of gathering a significant amount of data using two means of collection (a dictation and a written production), we started by outlining the most frequent homophonous errors made by the students and then analysed each of the problematic homophonous forms using several criteria, such as their lexical frequency in the French language, their belonging to a particular grammatical category, or their underlying syntax structure. The most outstanding errors have been the subject of more advanced analysis: we have established the percentage of correct spelling versus wrong spelling in all of the students’ writings. And, finally, we have also compared our results with those obtained by McNicoll and Roy (1984), who surveyed students from primary schools.  The results of our analysis show that the main problems high school students face are verbs ending with the sound ‘e’, followed by the s’est/c’est/ces/ses and se/ce homophonous forms.

Keyphrases: Écriture, Homophones, Writing, French, Grammaire, Grammar, Homophony, Spelling, Secondary
Étude de l’orientation cardinale sud dans les sépultures mayas de la Période Classique

This thesis focuses on the study of the orientation of Classic Maya burials (AD 250 - 900/1000). The research is directed towards the understanding of the presence of the south orientation of burials in the Belize Valley and its surroundings. While the presence of the cardinality of the Mayan worldview is established as reflected in the architecture, settlement patterns, form and function of divine agents, agriculture, etc., it is rarely analyzed in funerary treatment studies. Thus, the aim of this research is to understand the extent of the practice of the south orientation of the deceased on the Mayan territory, to understand its origin, and its possible signification(s). Data from the Classic burials of five Belize Valley sites (Baking Pot, Barton Ramie, Blackman Eddy, Cahal Pech, and Xunantunich), four Vaca Plateau sites (Minanha, Pacbitun, Mountain Cow, and Caracol), and three sites located west (Holmul) and north (San José and Altun Ha) of the two previous regions have been compiled. The results reveal that the heart of this practice lies in the Belize Valley, although a south orientation of the deceased was found everywhere. This practice seems to appear at the end of the Preclassic Period and analysis revealed no link between south orientation and certain variables (age, sex, position of the deceased). Finally, it was found that it is possible that south orientation of the deceased is connected with the passage of the deceased in the underworld, and that it is a local choice in connection with the status and the identity of the deceased.

Keyphrases: Maya, Belize, Directions cardinales, Funerary practices, Classic period, Burial orientation, South, Cardinal directions
Les dépotoirs dans le schème d’établissement iroquoien : exemple du site Mailhot-Curran

The purpose of this thesis is to determine waste management strategies in the context of the semi-sedentary settlement of the Late Woodland period. The study of waste management strategies has long been neglected, with little attention given to middens in archaeological contexts being a by-product of this neglect. This is contrary to the importance of these features, as middens are present in Northeastern North America since the Middle Woodland period. The proper study of Iroquoian sites must include the analysis of waste management strategies, as these strategies generally mirror site structure and type of occupation. Middens can therefore provide information on activity areas, site function, and the duration of the site’s occupation. The Mailhot-Curran site presents multiple zones with high artifact densities. This study is aiming to determine whether these concentrations can be considered as middens and, if possible, distinguish different types of middens. The social aspects of the creation of middens will also be discussed. Although middens are present at the early stage of seasonal sedentary settlements, their presence is linked to the phenomenon leading to annual sedentarization. As centralising waste is a widely occurring cultural practice, this concept will be defined. The choice of midden location and the spatial flow of waste result from this practice. As such, the relations between activity areas, primary deposition areas, and secondary deposition areas will be examined. The artifactual density, contents, and variability between deposition areas are analysed to determine the relations between these areas. The waste management strategies of the Mailhot-Curran site are compared with other sites of the Saint-Anicet region to establish whether these strategies are a shared cultural practice.

Keyphrases: archaeology, Iroquoians, settlement pattern, middens, sedentarity
Learning representations for Information Retrieval

Information retrieval is generally concerned with answering questions such as: is this document relevant to this query? How similar are two queries or two documents? How query and document similarity can be used to enhance relevance estimation? In order to answer these questions, it is necessary to access computational representations of documents and queries. For example, similarities between documents and queries may correspond to a distance or a divergence defined on the representation space. It is generally assumed that the quality of the representation has a direct impact on the bias with respect to the true similarity, estimated by means of human intervention. Building useful representations for documents and queries has always been central to information retrieval research.  The goal of this thesis is to provide new ways of estimating such representations and the relevance relationship between them. We present four articles that have been published in international conferences and one published in an information retrieval evaluation forum. The first two articles can be categorized as feature engineering approaches, which transduce a priori knowledge about the domain into the features of the representation. We present a novel retrieval model that compares favorably to existing models in terms of both theoretical originality and experimental effectiveness. The remaining two articles mark a significant change in our vision and originate from the widespread interest in deep learning research that took place during the time they were written. Therefore, they naturally belong to the category of representation learning approaches, also known as feature learning. Differently from previous approaches, the learning model discovers alone the most important features for the task at hand, given a considerable amount of labeled data. We propose to model the semantic relationships between documents and queries and between queries themselves. The models presented have also shown improved effectiveness on standard test collections. These last articles are amongst the first applications of representation learning with neural networks for information retrieval. This series of research leads to the following observation: future improvements of information retrieval effectiveness has to rely on representation learning techniques instead of manually defining the representation space.

Keyphrases: retrieval models, query suggestion, neural networks, word embeddings, suggestion de requête
Repenser l’histoire de la jouabilité : l’émergence du jeu de stratégie en temps réel

This thesis is a reflection on the stakes of a history of the real-time strategy (RTS) genre. The goal is to understand contexts in which RTS makes sense to historicize its emergence and its classical period. It seeks to document, on the one hand, the crystallization of RTS as an object having a relatively stable form and as a precise and identified corpus and, on the other hand, the emergence of classical RTS gameplay figures.  The first part of this thesis describes the object of this research in order to understand the complexity of the words “strategy” and “strategy games.”  The second part puts in place the epistemological thinking by showing how gameplay can be taken into account in a history of video games. It defines the gameplay paradigm concept as a discursive formation to regroup actional statements as a logical unit that is not necessarily equivalent to a genre.  The third part maps the emergence of the genre from wargames in the 1970s to multiplayer games of the following decade. Two gameplay paradigms are distinguished and will form the classical RTS: the paradigm of decryption and the paradigm of prediction.  The last part explains the role of classical RTS by showing how these two paradigms coexist as two different game modes that offer fundamentally different gameplay experiences.

Keyphrases: Formations discursives, Video games, History of Video Games, Strategy Games, Gameplay, Aesthetical Experience, Discursive Formations
Le collectif contrarié : analyse des manifestations du sujet national et de sa remise en cause dans l'oeuvre de Robert Morin

Since the end of the 18th century, the nation has asserted itself as one of the cornerstone institution of modernity. Its questioning, especially in the later decades of the last century, is at the same time symptomatic and partly responsible for the present erosion of the sense of collective identity. In Quebec, this phenomenon is also discernable, as the works of the filmmaker Robert Morin seem to suggest, with their cast of solitary characters frequently reduced to their own subjectivity. In this context, isolated individuals are trying with great urgency to revive the ties that bind them with their fellow men and women, but without much success. Thereby, in different ways, the concept of community appears in a nostalgic light, on the screen as much as in Morin’s ways of dealing with the medium, his practice being very influenced by those of the sixties and the seventies. As this thesis tries to suggest, the unbind subject which is represented in Morin’s works, torn between his awareness of aloneness and his desire to be part of a social community (whether national or not), experience this ongoing process of social erosion, while simultaneously trying to stop it.

Keyphrases: Robert Morin, Nation, Caméra subjective, Robert Morin, Nation, National subject, Community, National cinema, Unbind subject, Colonialism, Point-of-view Shot, Amateur film