Hypertension artérielle dans la population adulte du Burkina Faso : prévalence, détection, traitement et contrôle

Background: High blood pressure (hypertension) is recognized as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and premature mortality. Data showed that a quarter of world adults were hypertensive in 2000 and this figure was increasing. In African countries, the estimates provide a more rapid increase in the prevalence of hypertension, thus creating another problem to manage for the health system which is still dealing with communicable diseases. Economic progress and urbanization appear to cause changes in lifestyle in these countries that are associated with the emergence of non-communicable diseases including hypertension. Burkina Faso, a country of West Africa classified as low-income countries, have begun its epidemiological transition and it is important to make an overview on emerging non-communicable diseases. In order to determine the epidemiological aspects of hypertension in Burkina Faso, three specific objectives have been selected for this research: 1) estimate the prevalence of hypertension and identify associated factors in the rural and the semi-urban population of Kaya health and demographic surveillance system (Kaya HDSS); 2) Determine the difference in prevalence of hypertension between the formal area and informal area Ouagadougou city and identify associated factors; and 3) determine the detection, treatment, control of hypertension and estimate attendance at health centers by those with hypertension newly detected in the adult population of North Central of Burkina Faso. Methods: Our research took place in Burkina Faso. Two sites have been the subject of our investigations. Kaya HDSS, located in the North central of Burkina served as site surveys that allowed the achievement of the first and third objective. A cross sectional study was conducted in late 2012 on a random sample of 1,645 adult residents of the site. An interview followed by anthropometric and blood pressure (BP) measurements were conducted in participants' homes. All persons who had elevated BP (systolic BP ≥ 140 mm Hg and / or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mm Hg) and had not been previously diagnosed were referred to a health facility. About one month later, a second interview was conducted with them. For the achievement of the second objective, the Ouagadougou health and demographic surveillance system (Ouaga HDSS) was chosen as the site. Ouaga HDSS covers five neighborhoods of the northern region of Ouagadougou. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2010 on a representative random sample of the adult population resident Site (N = 2041). An interview followed by anthropometric and BP measurement were conducted during the investigation. Results: Our first article examines the prevalence of hypertension and associated factors in rural and semi-urban areas. In total 1,481 participants were screened and the total weighted prevalence was 9.4 % (95 % CI: 7.3 % -11.4 %) with a market difference between the semi-urban and the rural areas: about one tenth of adults were hypertensive in semi-urban areas against one twentieth in rural areas. Multivariate analysis allowed us to identify the semi-urban area, old ages and family history of hypertension as risk factors. In the second article, we determine the difference in the prevalence of hypertension between formal and informal areas of Ouagadougou. On 2041 adults surveyed, the overall prevalence was estimated to 18.6 % (95 % CI: 16.9 % - 20.3 %). After adjustment for age, there was no difference in prevalence between formal and informal areas in Ouagadougou. In this urban setting, obesity and physical inactivity were confirmed as risk factors. In addition to the seniors who were a risk group, rural-to-urban migrants and widows have been identified as being at risk. Our third article examines the detection, treatment, control of hypertension and attendance in health facilities by newly detected hypertensive participants in the non-urban areas. Of the 1 481 study participants, 41 % had never measured their BP. Of the 123 participants (9.4 %) screened as hypertensive, 26.8 % were aware of their condition and 75.8 % of them were under antihypertensive medication. Among participants receiving treatment, 60 % (15 of 25) had their BP under control. Monitoring of two months allowed us to find 72 of the 90 newly screened participants. Only 50 % (37 of 72) had consulted a health worker and 76 % (28 people out of 37) of them received a confirmation of their hypertension. Conclusion: Our study shows the development of hypertension by level of urbanization of the population. Although infectious diseases are still the primary health care system, the fight against hypertension must be part of a general framework for the fight against cardiovascular disease. This struggle must be initiated now before worrying proportions are reached. Prevention activities such as the promotion of healthy lifestyles, mass screening and capacity building of the health system are to be implemented.

Keyphrases: Kaya, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Hypertension, Urbanization, Prevalence, African adult