The roles of EPHs/EFNs in chromaffin cell biology

Erythropoietin-producing hepatocyte (Eph) receptors are the largest family of cell surface transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases. Their kinase activity can be activated by their ligands, ephrins (EFNs), and involved in cell function regulation through either EPH-EFN forward or reverse signaling transduction. In the last decade, we have revealed the previously unknown function of EPHs/EFNs in the regulation of blood pressure by modulating the contractility of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). EPHB6, EFNB1, and EFNB3 have a negative effect on the VSMCs contractility and blood pressure, while EPHB4 and EFNB2 show a positive effect instead. Thus, EPH/EFN family is a novel yin and yang system that finely tunes blood pressure homeostasis. EPHB6 also targets cells responsible for catecholamine (CAT) secretion in addition to the VSMCs, since we found that the 24-h urine catecholamines are reduced in male EPHB6 knockout (KO) mice. This phenotype in EPHB6 KO mice is testosterone-dependent because the reduced CAT levels are not observed in female KO mice; castration in KO male mice reverts the CAT levels to a normal range. In this research, we investigated the mechanism for the regulation of catecholamine secretion and synthesis in adrenal gland chromaffin cells (AGCCs) by EPHB6 signaling. In ex vivo, the total content of epinephrine and the acetylcholine (ACh)-triggered epinephrine secretion were both reduced in the adrenal gland from KO male but not female or castrated mice. Then, we found a reduced ACh-dependent Ca2+ influx in AGCCs from male EPHB6 KO mice, and this effect depended on the non-genomic effect of testosterone. The results of whole-cell patch clamping on AGCCs indicated that the enhanced large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) currents were responsible for the reduced Ca2+ influx in these cells.  Using amperometry recording, we found that CAT secretion by AGCCs was compromised in the absence of EPHB6. The cortical F-actin disassembly in AGCCs from KO male but not female or castrated mice was reduced, accompanied by decreased catecholamine vesicle exocytosis. Further study showed such defective F-actin disassembly in AGCCs was regulated by the reverse signaling from EPHB6 to EFNB1 via the Ras homolog family member A (RHOA) and proto-oncogene Src family tyrosine kinase (FYN)/proto-oncogene c-ABL/microtubule-associated monooxygenase calponin and LIM domain containing 1 (MICAL-1) pathways. Further, we observed that the reduced total content of epinephrine in the adrenal gland from male KO mice was caused by impaired expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in CAT biosynthesis. The non-genomic effect of testosterone was also involved in this process. We revealed that the reverse signaling from EPHB6 to EFNB1 contributed to the up-regulation of TH expression in AGCCs by enhancing its transcription. The downstream pathway of this reverse signaling involved Rac family small GTPase 1 (RAC1)/MAP kinase kinase 7 (MKK7)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/ proto-oncogene c-Jun/activator protein 1 (AP1)/early growth response 1 (EGR1). The present research, for the first time, revealed the specific role of the EPH/EFN family on the regulation of the adrenal gland medullary biology. The EPHB6 reverse signaling through EFNB1 in concert with testosterone regulates the catecholamine synthesis and secretion in AGCCs.

Keyphrases: Erythropoietin-producing hepatocyte, Erythropoietin-producing hepatocyte, Ephrins, Adrenal gland chromaffin cell, Catecholamine, Testosterone