Comportements de l'enfant d'âge préscolaire suite à un traumatisme crânio-cérébral léger

Pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of long-term disability in children and adolescents worldwide. Amongst the wide array of consequences known to occur after pediatric TBI, behavioral impairments are among the most widespread and may particularly affect children who sustain injury early in the course of development (i.e., before the age of 6 years). Indeed, recent evidence suggest that the developing brain could be highly vulnerable to injury due to neurobiological and developmental particularities. When it comes to pediatric mild TBI (mTBI or "concussion"), which represents the vast majority of TBI cases in children, there is mixed evidence regarding the extent and chronicity of behavioral consequences. While some studies show little or no evidence of behavioral changes after mTBI sustained in the early years of life, others document persistent behavioral consequences. There is a paucity of studies focusing on early TBI, which likely contributes to the heterogeneity of findings. The overarching aim of this thesis was to characterize behavioral consequences of mTBI sustained in early childhood (i.e., between 18 and 60 months old).  The thesis is composed of three empirical articles. The aim of the first article was to document the presence of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems six months after preschool mTBI. A second objective was to identify pre-existing child and family characteristics, as well as injury-related variables that could predict behavioral outcome. The sample consisted of 229 children recruited to one of three participant groups: mild TBI (mTBI; n = 86), orthopedic injury (OI; n = 62) and typically developing children (TDC; n = 81). The results indicate that children who sustain preschool mTBI exhibit more internalizing and externalizing problems than their peers six months post-injury. Results also show that pre-injury behavioral problems, as well as higher levels of maternal distress, predict poorer post-TBI behavioral functioning.   The second article intended to characterize longitudinal changes in behavioral outcome over 30 months post-injury in the same cohort of preschoolers. Results indicate that the higher rates of internalizing and externalizing symptoms observed in the mTBI group at six months post-injury persist up to 30 months post-injury. Although at the group level, results remain within the expected age norms, there is evidence of a subgroup of children with mTBI who present clinically significant behavioral symptoms, even in the long-term.  The third article aimed to explore the association between the presence of a common and naturally occurring polymorphism of the BDNF gene (Val66Met), known to be involved in neuroplasticity mechanisms, and behavioral problems after preschool mTBI. Results indicate a protective effect of the Val66Met polymorphism on internalizing symptoms observed at six months post-injury, specific to the mTBI group.   Taken together, these findings further our understanding of the behavioral consequences of mTBI in early childhood, the trajectory of recovery and factors that are associated with behavioral difficulties after early TBI. Ultimately, this thesis could contribute to the development of ministerial guidelines for the clinical management of mTBI in young children and support the efforts of clinicians working with this vulnerable population.

Keyphrases: BDNF, Traumatic brain injury, Concussions, Children, Pediatric, Preschool period, Behaviors, Longitudinal trajectories, Genetic, BDNF