Comparative safety of asthma treatment regimens during pregnancy and related methodological aspects

Asthma is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases during pregnancy, affecting about 4% to 12% of pregnant women and shows an increasing prevalence over time. In the past decades, several studies have identified asthma as a risk factor for several poor fetal and maternal outcomes. A consensus exists on favoring the use of asthma medications during pregnancy to maintain asthma under control to prevent adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. An assessment of the published literature on maternal asthma medications and the risk of major congenital malformations revealed more data on the safety of short-acting beta2-agonists (SABA) and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) during pregnancy compared to long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA), as well as a paucity of data on the fetal safety of combination therapies (e.g. LABA-ICS). A three-part research program was developed to fill this knowledge gap and answer other intriguing questions we faced, adding necessary evidence in this field. In the first part, we summarized the published evidence on the impact of maternal use of SABA and LABA during pregnancy and different perinatal outcomes in a comprehensive systematic review. Twenty-one original studies were identified. Four studies reported a significant increased risk of congenital malformations with SABA, one study reported a significant increased risk of congenital malformations with LABA and four studies reported a significant increased risk of congenital malformations with beta2-agonists (SABA and/or LABA). However, no major increased risk was found for the other perinatal outcomes. Importantly, most of the retrieved studies suffered several methodologic limitations, including using non-asthmatic women as the reference group and low statistical power. Moreover, the non-significant results reported should be interpreted with caution. In the second part, we used the Quebec Asthma and Pregnancy Database – which includes all pregnancies in asthmatic women and a random sample in nonasthmatic women between 1990 and 2010 – to conduct two studies. The first was a comparative safety study examining the prevalence of major congenital malformations in pregnant asthmatic women treated with a combination of LABA-ICS compared to those treated with a higher dose of ICS monotherapy. In one subcohort there were 643 women who used a LABA plus low-dose ICS and 305 women who used a medium-dose ICS; the other subcohort included 198 users of a LABA plus a medium dose ICS and 156 users of a high-dose ICS. The prevalence of major malformations was 6.9% and 7.2%, respectively. The risk of major malformations did not differ when a combination therapy was used among both moderate and severe asthmatic women (aOR: 1.1; 95% CI: 0.6–1.9 and aOR: 1.2; 95% CI: 0.5–2.7 respectively). The second was a methodological study aiming to compare the prevalence of major malformations using six different case ascertainment definitions that vary by the source of data and the classification method, as well as to evaluate the impact of these definitions on the association between maternal asthma and major malformations. From the 467,946 pregnancies, 12.3% were with active asthma. We demonstrated that the source of data and the classification method had a considerable impact on the prevalence of major malformations (increases between 10.0% and 50.4%), but only a small influence on the measure of association. In the third part of the research program, we aimed at constructing a systematic procedure for the classification of proven and potential teratogenic medications during the first trimester of pregnancy to be used for research. We structured a procedure that is both systematic and updatable, with objective components in most of its processes. We identified a substantial list of teratogenic medications, including 91 medications, and an extensive list of potentially teratogenic medications, including 81 medications. The results presented in the current thesis provided essential evidence on the safety of asthma treatments during pregnancy, helping clinicians and mothers to choose the optimal therapeutic regimen to keep asthma under control. The added knowledge on indication bias minimization, congenital malformations ascertainment and teratogenic medications are directly transferable to researchers in pharmacoepidemiology, teratology and other related research fields.

Keyphrases: asthma, pregnancy, beta2-agonists, corticosteroids, congenital malformations, teratogens