Le rôle des acides gras oméga-3 sur la balance énergétique, la régulation de l’appétit, l’état émotionnel et l’implication du récepteur GPR120

Obesity is a risk factor for metabolic and mood disorders. The increasing abundance of the "Western diet" that is rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA) and low in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) omega-3 (N-3) can generate a physiological imbalance in the ratio of N-6/N-3 fatty acids. Such an imbalance has also been implicated in the increased prevalence of mood disorders and metabolic diseases. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), the most abundant fatty acid (FA) in the brain is accumulated not only during the post-natal period but also during the perinatal period. It plays an important role in neuronal development and other brain functions such as learning and memory. Disturbances of the perinatal environment can influence the sustainable future of the offspring, making it more likely to develop obesity in rich nutritional context. Some data suggest that an inadequate maternal intake of N-3 during pregnancy and the perinatal period may cause an increase in appetite signalling in the offspring as well as an increase rate of neurological and cardio-metabolic disease. It is not known if maternal dietary deficiency in N-3 will have an impact on food motivation of the offspring. The main objective of this thesis was to study the potential effect of dietary deficiency of DHA during the perinatal period on energy balance, food motivation and the anxiety-like behavior of adult male mouse offspring placed on HFD. Our data showed, as expected, that the maternal DHA deficient diet during perinatal period encouraged offspring to work harder to get a palatable food, entailed a dysregulation of energy homeostasis by increasing the body weight and reducing locomotor activity and exacerbated the anxiety-like behavior once they were exposed to an obesogenic environment. Free fatty acids (FFA) are essential nutrients that they also function as signalling molecules in the brain and have receptors that play a significant role in the control of energy metabolism. Among them is GPR120, also known as N-3 FA receptor, a g-protein coupled receptor that is reportedly activated by PUFA and shown to mediate the anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects of N-3 FA. A mutation in the GPR120 gene that is associated with reduced GPR120 signalling activity is linked to human obesity. The objective of our second study was to test the impact of pharmacological GPR120 stimulation in the CNS on feeding, energy expenditure, anxiety-like behavior and food reward. Our results showed that an acute central injection GPR120 agonist III: reduced ad libitum food intake and the rewarding effect for high fat, high sugar food; produced a significant decrease in the anxiety-like behavior. While mice with the chronic injection (21 days) of GPR120 III agonist pump on HFD didn’t show any modification in food intake or body weight gain, but show a reduction of anxiety-like behavior in Elevated plus maze (EPM) and open-field test (OFT) compare to the vehicle group. DHA is notifies to have an anorectic action. Furthermore, stimulation of GPR120 receptors with synthetic agonist may cause an acute and profound effect on food related behavior in rodents. To find an approach that aims to control neuroinflammation, food reward and emotional disorders would greatly assist the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Keyphrases: Dietary deficiency, Omega-3 fatty acid, GPR120 agonist, Anxiety, Food motivation, Reward