NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Decarboxylative Generation of Carbenes for the Synthesis of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Copper(I) Complexes - Applications in the Oxidative Coupling of 2-Naphthols

The present thesis describes the synthesis and utility of NHC-Cu complexes. First, the synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) copper complexes via the decarboxylative generation of carbenes is presented. Indeed, literature precedents reported that imidazol(in)ium-2-carboxylates may be used as carbene precursors under thermolytic conditions. As such, the present study demonstrates how zwitterionic carboxylates may be utilized in the formation of both mono- and bis-NHC Cu complexes with various substitution patterns and counterions. Secondly, the NHC-Cu complexes were evaluated for the synthesis of 2,2’-binaphthols via the oxidative coupling of naphthol derivatives. The objective of the study was to investigate how structural variations to various NHC-Cu catalysts may generate a more efficient catalytic process. Effects of the structure of the catalyst on the coupling reaction have been studied by varying the number of NHC ligands coordinating to Cu, as well as the nature of the NHC ligand substituents and the counterions.

Keyphrases: N-heterocyclic carbene, Imidazolium-2-carboxylate, Imidazolinium-2-carboxylate, Complexe NHC-Cu, NHC-Cu complex, 2,2'-Binaphthol, Oxidative coupling
Effet de l’Ocytocine sur les paramètres métaboliques et cardiovasculaires des rats Sprague-Dawley et des rats Spontanément Hypertendus

Introduction: Oxytocin (OT) is known for its effects during parturition and lactation. In recent years, new roles of OT have been brought to light. Thus, the discovery of OT and its receptors (OTR) in the heart suggest a functional role in the body. Nowadays, the involvement of OT in blood pressure (BP) regulation is still controversial. Additional studies are therefore required to accurately determine the role of OT in the control of BP. Methods:  Two types of experiments were carried out: Diuretic effect: conscious male, Sprague-Dawley rats were administered OT intravenously (0.04 mg/kg) and immediately placed in metabolic and individual cage; urine was collected and measured every hour for 3 hours. Urine measurement allowed diuresis, natriuresis and kaliuresis to be determined Telemetry: telemetry implants and catheters were inserted into the abdominal aorta of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. After 10 days  (of necessary recovery), heart rate (HR), BP and animal locomotor activities were measured continuously. The same experiment was done on two batches of rats. Different doses of OT: 0.04; 0.08; 0.1, 0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg were injected once by intravenous (i.v) route. After each injection, we waited for the normalization of BP and HR before the next dose. Further more, 5 consecutive injections of OT were made (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) subcutaneously (s.c.). Results: The dose of 0.04 mg/kg of OT administrated for renal effects led to significant diuresis, a tendancy in natriuresis and kaliuresis decreased with no effect on BP. That dose as well as 0.08 mg/kg decreased HR in SHR and SD rats (only in the night). Whereas the highest doses in i.v. (0.1, 0.2 et 0.4 mg/kg d’OT), except a transient vasopressor effect observed with the OT 0.4 mg/kg in SD rats, OT 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg decreased BP. OT 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg decreased BP in SHR but increased HR during the days in both strains. The dose of 0.4 mg/kg led to a decrease of HR in SHR and in SD rats. The s.c. injections (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) of OT led to a significant decrease in BP in SHR, whereas in SD rats the lowering was only significant with a dose OT 1 mg/kg. HR significantly decreased in both strain with 1 mg/kg, whereas with 0.5 mg/kg, HR increased in SHR only and during the day. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that oxytocin acts on blood pressure and heart rate depending on strain, dose and route of administration. It’s important to point out that with s.c. injections the hypotensive effect of OT is powerful and unequivocal. This is probably because OT administered s.c. is slowly released into the bloodstream. Therefore the entire amount administered s.c. does not degrade at once and leads to the effectiveness of s.c. results.

Keyphrases: Oxytocin, Telemetry, Catheter, Diuresis, Natriuresis, Kaliuresis, Blood, Pressure, Heart, Rate
Le cours collégial de mise à niveau en français : l’incidence d’un dispositif pédagogique d’interdisciplinarité

This thesis presents an exploration of the influence that teacher can have on student’s development of interest toward the courses they give. The formal goal of this study was to evaluate a pedagogical intervention focusing on interdisciplinary in order to stimulate the interest of college students for their Preparatory French course (PF). This pedagogical process consisted of a linkage between two courses: one less appreciated by the students (PF) and one chosen for interest by the students (a psychology of sexuality course). Then, as much links as possible have been planed between these courses. From the literature, it was possible to believe that an interest for the PF course would emerge if French learning activities were done, using notions studied in the psychology course. The Hidi’s and Renninger’s (2006) theory about development of interest let anticipate the development of the interest for learning French. Plus, school motivation’s literature let expect that this interest would be associate with a higher perception of utility for the PF course from the students, a better engagement in this course and a better performance in written orthography. To evaluate this intervention, a quasi-experimental design with a control condition and quantitative methodology has been adopted. The experimental group (EG) was composed of 27 college students registered in the two courses: the PF course and the psychology of sexuality course. The control group (CG) was composed of 79 college students registered in the PF course without being exposed to any interdisciplinary condition. Likert scales were used to measure interest and utility. Likert scales and presences in class noted by the teachers were used to measure engagement. A dictation, administered before and after the intervention, measured the performance in written orthography. The results of a multivariate analysis (MANOVA) revealed higher interest scores for the EG at the end of the semester, compared to the CG, as for perceived utility and behavioral engagement. For the orthographic performance, the number of orthographic grammatical mistakes was significantly lower for the EG after the intervention, compared to the CG. These results are discussed in the light of scientific literature. They suggest according more value to interdisciplinary in the teaching practices in college.

Keyphrases: Engagement, Motivation, Interest, Utility, Involvement, Performance, Motivation, Cross-curicular, Learning
À toi pour toujours? Le Canadien de Montréal comme enjeu national d'une guerre culturelle

The theory of nationalism is often delineated by its civic or ethnic counterparts. In fact,  every nation is defined by its culture. Therefore, the state is permanently under siege in a  culture war of the nations. The aim of this research is to show in a historical perspective  how sport as a cultural agent can be instrumentalised in the conduct of the culture war.  Critical analysis of the discursive practices surrounding the hockey club Montreal  Canadiens show how the culture war took place on the territory of Québec. Post-  structuralism and post-colonialism are used as a theoretical framework.

Keyphrases: sport, hockey, Nationalism, post-colonialism, sport, hockey, Montreal Canadiens
Évaluation du potentiel des parasitoïdes Binodoxys communis, Aphidius colemani et
Aphelinus certus pour la lutte biologique au puceron du soya

The soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) has become the most important pest of soybean in North America. Despite their efficiency, insecticides do eliminate the pest only for short periods and several applications may be required during the growing season. Furthermore, they are detrimental for the environment and human health. Biological control appears as a promising alternative for the control of A. glycines populations in North America. Three parasitoid species (Binodoxys communis, Aphidius colemani, Aphelinus certus) have been identified as potential candidates.   The objective of this study was to study some biological attributes of these parasitoids in Québec. For B. communis and A. certus we examined their seasonal activities and their cold hardiness in laboratory and natural conditions. For A. colemani, we evaluated its capacity to parasite the soybean aphid and to disperse in soybean fields.    Our results revealed that the B. communis strain we used had lost its capacity to enter diapause, probably due to the long period of laboratory rearing following its sampling in Asia. Aphelinus certus showed an interesting potential because the species is synchronized with its host both in the fall and the spring and has the capacity to overwinter in Québec. For A. colemani, the essays suggest that it disperses rapidly out of the field without attacking significantly A. glycines.

Keyphrases: Aphis glycines, Aphelinus certus, Aphidius colemani, Binodoxys communis, soybean aphid, parasitoid, biological control, overwinter survival, seasonal synchronism, dispersion
Les déterminants de l’état de faible revenu
au Canada : l’effet modérateur du statut d’immigrant

The goal of our research is to determine the role that immigrant status plays towards the incidence of low-income status in Canada and to identify the determinants of such status. This research is based on data collected as part of the 2006 Canadian census.  Our study will attempt to illustrate the different factors involved in a heightened propensity for immigrants to find themselves in a state of low-income in comparison to the occurrence of the same situation in the native population. In addition, we have chosen to focus our attention on these incidences with relation to the country of origin of the immigrants. The markers we have identified which seemed to increase the probability of lower income status were not the same for immigrants and natives. Incidentally, immigrants experienced specifically distinct circumstances according to their country of origin. The variety of possible effects of each variable studied differed notably in the case of immigrants originating from non-traditional countries, in comparison with the situation of immigrants from traditional countries and that of natives. The situation of the immigrants originating from countries from where people traditionally emigrate to Canada tended to fit an intermediate position between natives and immigrants from countries where people emigrate less frequently to Canada. For example, we found that the level of education of immigrants had a relatively small effect on the probability of finding themselves in a low-income status among non-traditional immigrants, whereas it had a somewhat more important effect in the case of natives and of immigrants from traditional countries. On the other hand, being part of a visible minority, being a student or having a high-work intensity job appeared to have a greater effect on the probability of low-income status among non-traditional immigrants than it did in the case of the two other groups. We also discovered that knowledge of the two official Canadian languages played a major role – and increasingly so in the case of immigrants of non-traditional origin. This was confirmed by the experience of bilingual immigrants, who happened to suffer much less from low-income status than immigrants who spoke none of the official languages of Canada and were the most affected. Regarding knowledge of the official languages, we observed similar effects among immigrants from traditional countries but with a significantly lesser impact. In short, this study introduces a new vision in the matter and provides better understanding of the factors directly affecting the incidence of low-income status among the Canadian population aged 15 and up.

Keyphrases: Canada, Low-income, Immigrant, Native, Country of origin
Stratégies de composition dans la musique mixte et assistée par ordinateur

This research proposes an analysis of the strategies that come into play in the composition of mixed and computer-assisted musical works. It highlights the characteristics of three compositional practices (instrumental, electroacoustic, and computer programming) in order to represent them as the foundation of different musical approaches. These approaches are then analyzed as possible starting points for a project, as processes implying a particular status of the composer and characteristics which result from their interaction, in order to form the entirety of compositional strategies. Through the realization of musical projects, the research proposes to apply four different strategies with the goal of exploring new methodologies. This experimentation has demonstrated the factors leading to the respect for or the deviation from biases and has opened the way to the questioning of the influence of the “doing” on the “hearing”.

Keyphrases: Ecriture, mixed music, computer-assisted composition, composition writing process, strategy
La danse comme outil d'intervention sociale : exploration pratique et théorique de l'intervention sociale auprès de préadolescents et adolescents

Several hypotheses exist around dance, youth cultures and intervention, but with no apparent relationship between them. From a humanist point of view, dance is studied through its form and structure as an art form in the countries of Western culture. The anthropological perspective sees dance as an instrument of socialization that can create, reflect or reinforce relationships between members of a community while transmitting the values of the inherited culture. (Blacking: 1963, Spencer: 1985, Ward: 1993, Bourdieu: 2002). The somatic approach emphasizes on the predominance of the body in relation to the mind, due to the fact that the learning process is usually done by imitation (Guilcher: 1963, Faure: 2004). In this angle, the participants demonstrate and learn from others on a common rhythm, allowing a certain flow in their exchanges, and the creation of a union between them. (Schott-Billman: 2001, Hampartzoumian: 2004).  Therefore, this project is a reflection on the different meanings of dance when used in a workshop with young amateurs living in a context of social inequalities. The workshop setting allows the teacher to tolerate some adjustments, letting the participants organize an informal space of creativity in parallel to what is prescribed. This approach is based on De Certeau's (1980) idea of popular cultures, where creativity is recognizable in ways to do with ¬or « make do » ¬ of products imposed by the dominant culture, politics and economics.   By using creative « tactics », the participants met the given goal of the wokshop - a public performance - in their own way. Consequently, the participant who disturbs the rules of use is not a subject in the margins of society. More over, it is through such actions that he takes his place as a social actor. Also, by dancing in a public performance the participants incorporated the existing discourses on dance, where the art form usually differs from popular dancing.

Keyphrases: intervention, dance, intervention, youth, creativity, body
Les discours sur le roman français de 1734 à 1755 : analyse générique et rhétorique (Lenglet-Dufresnoy, Bougeant, Porée, Jacquin)

This study examines how different texts dealing with the 18th century novel. The hypothesis is that the literary genre chosen to speak of the novel plays an intrinsic role in the criticism or the apology conveyed in the work. The corpus is composed of four texts more or less known by historians of narrative literature: De l’Usage des romans (1734) by Lenglet-Dufresnoy, Le Voyage merveilleux du Prince Fan-Férédin dans la Romancie (1735) by father Bougeant, De Libris qui vulgò dicuntur Romanenses (1736) by father Porée and Entretiens sur les romans (1755) by father Jacquin. Using a hybrid method of generic analysis and rhetorical analysis of discourse, this study focuses on the genres used by the authors of the corpus (the treaty, the novel, the academic discourse and the dialog) as well as three argumentative themes related to the novel (poison, love and woman).

Keyphrases: 18th century, Roman, Novel, Criticism history, Literary genres, Rhetoric
Les répercussions du plan Marshall sur les comportements économiques du Canada durant la période de l'après-guerre

The postwar years brought many challenges to the Canadian economy in terms of trade policies. Indeed, in the years between 1945 and 1950, Canada experienced growing trade imbalances as imports from the United States market reached new peaks and exports to the United Kingdom decreased dramatically due to financial exhaustion caused by the war. These developments soon raised concerns as the country was faced with the prospect of foreign reserves depletion, a situation mainly caused by the productivity gap existing between the economies of the two sides of the Atlantic. The American sponsored European Recovery Program or Marshall Plan was met with enthusiasm in Ottawa as it intended to restore economic viability of the European markets as well as to establish a multilateral trade system based on non-discriminatory trade practices. The international tensions of the nascent Cold War were to limit these achievements as the need for a strong Europe dictated the elimination of restrictive trade practices between European commercial partners without giving equal treatment to transatlantic trade relations. However, the conflictual Cold War context was to offer an alternative strategy to the Canadian’s quest for dollars, for Washington’s collective security concerns paved the way to closer economic cooperation and privileged access to Canadian exports of strategic materials and other defence related commodities in the American market. The Marshall Plan was a key element of the procurement mechanism of the NATO country whose demand alleviated the pressure on Canadian foreign reserves through greater exports to the United Stated.

Keyphrases: GATT, Economic History, Multilateral trade, Trade liberalization, Cold War, European reconstruction, Currency area, Dollars shortage, NATO, Collective security
Évaluation de la prévalence individuelle et de troupeau de quatre pathogènes d'importance dans les troupeaux laitiers biologiques du Québec

INTRODUCTION Organic herds are important component of sustainable development. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), Neospora caninum (NC), bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) virus and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus infections are well known to have major impact on dairy production. However, there are actually no data on the prevalence of these pathogens in organic dairy herds. HYPOTHESIS These four pathogens are present among cattle organic herds but their prevalence is less than among conventional cattle herds. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the seroprevalence of NC, MAP, BVD, IBR in cattle organic herds in Québec province. METHODOLOGY In the province of Québec, 60 organic herds were randomly sampled. Thirty adult cows, to estimate NC and MAP, and 5 unvaccinated animals more than 6 months old, for BVD and IBR, were bled. An ELISA test, for NC and MAP, and seroneutralisation test for BVD and IBR were used to analyse the serum. A questionnaire was filled in by farmers. RESULTS Individual prevalence of NC and MAP (IC=95%) were 4.1% (3.2%-5.2%) and 0.8% (0.0%-1.3%) respectively. Herd level prevalence of NC, MAP, BVD, IBR, based on a herd-test cut point of 1 positive animal, were 50.8%, 20.3%, 37.3%, and 31.0% respectively. Based on a herd-test cut point of 2 positive animals, these prevalence were 30.5%, 3.4%, 28.8% and 18.9% respectively. Herd size was significantly associated with BVD herd prevalence (p=0.02).... There was a good correlation between herd prevalence of BVD and herd prevalence of IBR (Kappa=0.54). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Prevalence of NC, MAP, and IBR seem to be less among cattle organic herds than in cattle conventional herds. It seems that there is no difference between prevalence of BVD among organic herds and conventional herds.

Keyphrases: Prevalence, Pathogens, Herds, Organic, Québec
Sur la répartition des unités dans les corps quadratiques réels

This memoir aims to study real quadratic fields and a particular element of such real quadratic fields :  the fundamental unit.  To achieve this, the memoir begins by presenting as clearly as possible the state of knowledge on different subjects that are essential to understand the computations and results of my research.                                                                                  We first introduce quadratic fields and their rings of algebraic integers, and we describe their units.  We then talk about continued fractions because they are present in an algorithm to compute the fundamental unit.  Afterwards, we proceed with binary quadratic forms and Dirichlet's class number formula, which involves the fundamental unit as a function of other variables.                                                                                 Once the above tasks are done, we present our calculations and results.  Our research concerns the distribution of fundamental units in real quadratic fields, the disbribution of units in real quadratic fields and the moments of the logarithm of the fundamental unit.  (The logarithm of the fundamental unit is called the regulator.)

Keyphrases: Real quadratic fields, Fundamental unit, Regulator, Class number, Continued fractions, Pell's equation, Distribution of quadratic units, Dirichlet L-function, Dirichlet's class number formula
Quatre élements dans la musique d'Alexander Pozdnyakov

The present thesis analyses the ideas of four works for various orchestral ensembles, all united by the concept of the four elements of nature: earth, water, fire, and air.  This includes a brief consideration of what meaning has been attached to the idea of the elements in culture in general and in music in particular; a review of the qualitative change in the approach to the idea of the elements which occurred at the turn of the twentieth century in the works of composers such as Debussy, Scriabin, and Stravinsky; and an analysis of musical works with conclusions. Although the idea of the elements has been considered thoroughly in the history of human thought, the application of this idea to music has been clearly underestimated.  At its deepest level, both the idea of the elements in its universal meaning and musical creativity per se express the dynamic aspect of being and unity in diversity.  To my knowledge, this connection has never been observed, which is why this connection can be considered as a hypothesis of the present thesis.  Since this doctoral project encompasses seven works exploring the same theme, it would be only logical to use a multi-faceted presentation of the idea of the elements and its multifarious expression by a variety of means.  This is the main purpose of the present project.  The selection of four out of the seven works for analysis is further explained in the main body of the dissertation. The four works under consideration are On a Russian Theme for symphony orchestra, Zodiac Signs for chamber orchestra, Mount Fuji for two pianos and orchestra, and Que Dieu Soit for choir, organ, and oboe.  Together the four works constitute a kind of cycle despite the variety of genres and performing groups.  In each piece, one of the four elements assumes a dominant position, although the elements are presented differently in each of the works.  In On a Russian Theme, earth is in the foreground; in Zodiac Signs, it is water; in Mount Fuji, fire; and in Que Dieu Soit, air. The particularity of the present analysis is the emphasis laid on the expression of the elements by musical means and their unity as far as artistic imagery is concerned.

Keyphrases: Music, Analyse, Analysis, Element, Unity, Diversity