NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Conscience and Attestation : The Methodological Role of the “Call of Conscience” (Gewissensruf) in Heidegger’s Being and Time

This study aims to exhibit the methodological role that Martin Heidegger assigns to conscience (Gewissen) in Being and Time and to reveal the implications of his interpretation of the “call of conscience” as the means of producing the attestation (Bezeugung) of authentic existence as a possibility of Being-in-the-world (or Dasein). We begin by seeking to understand how Heidegger’s notion of conscience evolved prior to the 1927 publication of Being and Time and to identify the sources which contributed to his interpretation of conscience as the “call of care.” Our historical analysis notably reveals that Heidegger never once describes conscience as a “call” before reading Das Gewissen (1925) by Hendrik G. Stoker, a young South African philosopher who studied under Max Scheler’s direction at the University of Cologne. We specifically examine how Stoker’s phenomenological study—which describes conscience as the “call-of-duty” issued to each human being by the divine “spark” (synteresis) placed in his or her soul by God—contributed to shaping Heidegger’s account of the “existential call.” Focusing on the methodological role of conscience in Being and Time, we analyze Heidegger’s major work in light of his early lectures on phenomenology at Freiburg and Marburg. This approach confirms the relation between conscience in Being and Time and the concept of “formal indication” that Heidegger placed at the heart of his evolving “method” of phenomenological investigation. While many commentators have argued that Heidegger’s “call of conscience” is solipsistic and impossible to experience, we propose a way of reconsidering this apparent impasse by examining what Being and Time itself “formally indicates” with regard to conscience. We show that Heidegger’s conscience points to a phenomenon of existential “testimony” which is radically different from the traditional notion of conscientia. Guided by Heidegger’s “formal indication” of conscience, we “destructively” review the history of the German word Gewissen and reveal its original meaning to be “testimonium” not “conscientia.” In recognizing that Gewissen originally meant “attestation,” we show how Heidegger’s existential phenomenon of conscience can be understood as Dasein’s experience of hearing the “silent testimony” of the martyr.

Keyphrases: Conscience, Existence, Attestation, Bezeugung, Martyr, Philosophy, Heidegger, Conscience, Gewissen, Phenomenology, Testimony, Martyr
La justice globale et son rapport aux pratiques internationales : deux approches pour l’éradication de la pauvreté

This research is mainly driven by two ideas: to overcome the debate between statism and cosmopolitanism, and to put forward concrete measures targeting poverty eradication. I believe that there are convincing theories of global justice, which endorse principles of global justice without having to argue for a global state or world government of sorts. In order to examine these positions, this research will be structured around the distinction between accounts of justice that depend on the practices they intend to regulate (practice- dependent) on the one hand and accounts whose justifications do not depend of any practice (practice-independent) on the other. I will assess the more convincing examples of these approaches in order to determine concrete measures targeting poverty eradication that we could derive from them. Of the many objections that can be addressed to any theory of global justice, two will retain my attention in particular. On the one hand, I will examine the justification, scope and content of theories of global justice so as to show that some can overcome the charge of unequal treatment. On the other hand, I will analyse the agents and measures of justice that we could associate with these views in order to surmount the charge of agents’ indeterminacy.

Keyphrases: Institutions, Concurrence fiscale
«S’amuse bien qui s’amuse chez Dupuis» :
la culture de travail des employées de Dupuis Frères entre 1920 et 1960

This study is about the work culture of the women who were employed by Dupuis Frères, a famous Montreal department store, between 1920 and 1960. We will focus on the features of this particular type of paid work, that is women’s work in retail in Quebec. We will also insist on the nature and evolution of that work culture and on the fact that it was influenced, during this period, by the transformations that occurred in the construction of new forms of respectable femininity.       First, our goal is to show that these Dupuis Frères women employees didn’t work for the sole purpose of earning a living, but did also in order to live a more pleasant life, to entertain themselves by participating in leisure activities organized by their employer and to create new bonds among themselves. With this work culture that they developed, these women workers also created themselves a new particular identity. We also want to show that Dupuis Frères, with its paternalistic management, was controlling its employees and was exploiting their work culture to ensure the employees’ faith in them and maintain the company’s reputation.  Second, we want to prove that even if the work culture of the women working at Dupuis Frères, during that period, was influenced by domesticity and the separate spheres ideology (features of the dominant « traditional » femininity), it was more and more incorporating, mostly from Second World War, new dimensions of a more « modern » femininity that were not replacing the mother-housewife ideal, but that rather were making their feminine identity more complex.

Keyphrases: Grands magasins, Dupuis Frères, Department stores, Women, Paid work, Work Culture, Femininity
Relation entre le traitement maternel en bas âge et la régulation de la tristesse à huit ans : une étude de jumeaux

The present study explores the Nature-Nurture aspects pertaining to the emergence of interindividual variation in the emotional regulation of a primary emotion, sadness. This question is an example of the more encompassing issue of a universal human nature, biologically evolved and genetically underwritten, being nevertheless variable in its expression depending on individual experiences linked to socialization and enculturation.   Using a genetically informative twin design, we explored the genetic-environmental aetiology of child depression, which is understood to be a dysfunction in the emotional regulation system of sadness. We then assessed the influences of maternal behavior and mental state on the development of children’s depressive symptoms.  Our analysis of child depression shows an absence of genetic influence in the emergence of this mood disorder. Thus, individual variation in sadness regulation appears to be solely generated by environmental influences. Our results also show a strong and significant relation between maternal psychological state, assessed when the twins were 5 months of age, and children’s depressive symptoms measured 8 years later. Maternal psychological state is considered to be one of the most reliable indicators of the quality of maternal treatment in childhood. Our direct measures of maternal behavior toward the infant and the subsequent development of depressive disorder also point to statistical trends supporting our hypothesis of suboptimal maternal treatment contributing to the development of later emotional dysfunction.

Keyphrases: Biological anthropology, Nature-Nurture, developmental psychology, depression, maternal sensitivity, twin design, human behavior genetics, multilevel hierarchical modeling
Le développement d’une grille d’évaluation du risque d’agression physique en communauté. L’implantation de G.E.R.A.C. à l’Urgence-Psychosociale-Justice

This report focuses on issues related to risk assessment of physical aggression shown by persons with mental disorders in the community and evolving. More specifically, the objective is to support the risk assessment in a crisis intervention. To do this, we created a rubric risk of physical assault in the community. As a first step to achieve this objective, it was necessary to conduct a literature review on the risk assessment of aggression in individuals with a disturbed mental state. Then we have the knowledge on the START tool to Mental Health University Institute in Montreal Douglas, unity Perry 2A. Based on the knowledge we gained, we created the Matrix Risk Assessment of Physical Aggression Community (GERAC). In a second step, we tried to implement this grid service Emergency psycho-justice of Montreal CSSS Jeanne-Mance. The G.E.R.A.C. has been developed in collaboration with professionals of the Institut Universitaire Douglas Mental Health professionals and service Emergency psycho-justice. They completed several questionnaires that allowed the construction of the final grid, where eight risk factors emerged as relevant to the assessment of risk of physical aggression in a context of crisis intervention: the psychotic disorganization, state emotional, impulse control, noncompliance with medication, substance use, conduct, exposure to destabilizing factors and social support. The implementation of this grid showed a difference between theory and practice. Indeed, some factors have been increasingly used in the evaluation despite their equal importance in the literature. To explain the results, some difficulties in the implementation of the GERAC were raised: lack of visible involvement of senior management, the non-designated resource allocation, lack of coordination of activities and implementation work with a small number of participants. Despite the difficulties of implementation, it is still important that the estimated risk of physical aggression based on criteria supported by research rather than personal opinions in order to obtain a more accurate and better cohesion results the team.

Keyphrases: Aggression risk assessment, Dangerousness, Violent behavior, Risk factors, Mental disorders, START
Les gladiateurs grecs en Asie Mineure durant le Haut-Empire romain à Éphèse, Aphrodisias, Attaleia et Side

With full scale Romanization during the early days of the Empire, the Romans propagated their culture all across the Mediterranean region. Gladiatorial games were in Asia Minor a significant feature of the Roman culture implanted amid the Greek population. The Hellenistic theaters were modified to accommodate this new Roman entertainment. This contribution is about all that surrounds these places and the Greek gladiators who fought in them during the first three centuries of our era ; it explores those Greek warriors in spectacle, festival and imperial cult. Four cities are studied : Ephesos, Aphrodisias, Attaleia and Side. The choice of these examples, it is hoped, will allow a better understanding of the development of this phenomenon in big urban centers as well as in smaller cities.

Keyphrases: Romanization, Cultural Identity, Imperial cult, Gladiatorial games, Roman History, Asia Minor
La romanisation de l'Afrique romaine à travers la diffusion et l'évolution de la citoyenneté romaine, de la République à Caracalla: les cas de Thugga et Lepcis Magna

Because of the Romanization phenomenon's complexity, it is necessary to focus on a single aspect, and a defined area : the spread of Roman citizenship in Africa proconsularis. What are its mechanisms and processes? What are the reasons for Rome or for the natives? Finally, what are the impacts of this diffusion on the individuals and communities?  Ultimately, was there a Romanization of Africa through the spread of Roman citizenship? These are the questions that were asked through the study of Leptis Magna and Thugga cases. In the end, it seems that the emperor and community leaders were important drivers of this spread, while the emperor's motives were more strategic or cultural, they were for the community leaders, mostly economical, the main impact on both the individuals and the communities, was indeed the transformation or the jural romanization of Roman Africa.

Keyphrases: Roman history, Romanization, Roman citizenship, Roman Africa, Early roman empire
Caractérisation de la dynamique des berges de deux tributaires contrastés du Saint-Laurent : le cas des rivières Batiscan et Saint-François

Bank erosion is a key process in fluvial dynamics. It affects sedimentary load in rivers and controls channel lateral evolution. Until now, the methodology used to characterize bank erosion mechanisms and other controlling factors is still imprecise and difficult to apply in many cases. The aim of this project is to characterize bank dynamics in two contrasted Saint-Lawrence tributaries: the Batiscan and Saint-François rivers. The first objective of this study is to quantify geotechnical properties of a section on each river. To achieve this objective, we have described stratigraphic sections at different sites and collected bank material samples in order to measure geotechnical variables in the laboratory (grain size analysis, Atterberg limits, mechanical strength, erosional strength). The second objective is to quantify the hydrodynamic characteristics (precipitations, discharge, shear stress, velocity) of the two river sections. The third and last objective is to measure bank erosion rates with GPS data and erosion pins at a seasonal scale and to identify bank erosion mechanisms occurring in the studied reaches. The results show a high erosional sensitivity of the banks on each tributary, but the observed mechanisms differ from on river to the other. Bank material on the Batiscan River is cohesive and is more susceptible to mass failure. Bank material on the Saint-François River is less cohesive and is mainly affected by fluvial erosion. Bank erosion rates measured on Saint-François River are between 1 to 3 m/year in some sections of the studied reach. A new method of measuring fluvial erosion critical shear stress has been developed with a flume. The critical shear stresses are estimated to be between 1,19 and 13,41 Pa. The results demonstrate the high variability of the response of banks to erosional processes and the difficulty of measuring the intrinsic and systemic factors acting on bank erosion. The experimental protocol developed in this project for the study of the main variables that determine erosion bank, erosion rates and bank mechanisms in two tributaries of the Saint-Lawrence could be applied successfully to other rivers.

Keyphrases: bank erosion, fluvial erosion, bank failure, shear stress, flume, mechanical strength, erosion rates
The evolution of inter-genomic variation 
in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Background: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are root-inhabiting fungi whose hyphal networks form symbioses with plants. Previous studies have revealed extremely high levels of genetic variation for some loci, which has lead to the proposition that AMF contain thousands of genetically divergent nuclei that share the same cytoplasm, i.e. they are heterokaryotic coenocytes. No reproductive stage has as yet been observed in AMF, yet evidence is accumulating that the observed high levels of diversity could be maintained by the exchange of nuclei between hyphal systems and (meiotic) recombination. AMF spores contain varying fractions of this heterogeneous population of nuclei, which migrate directly from the parent mycelium. To our knowledge, AMF are the only organisms that never pass through a single nucleus stage in their life cycle, which allows nuclei to diverge into genetically distinct nuclei within the same cytoplasm. Thus, estimating genetic diversity in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is a major challenge, not only for ecologists in the field but also for molecular biologists in the lab. It is unclear what the extent of polymorphism is in AMF genomes. The present thesis investigates different aspects of this peculiar genome organization.  Results The second chapter in this thesis confirms the extensive intra-isolate polymorphism that was previously observed for large subunit rDNA (in G. irregulare DAOM-197198) and the polymerase1-like gene, PLS (in G. etunicatum), and shows that this polymorphism is transcribed. In the third chapter I report the presence of a bottleneck of genetic variation at sporulation for the PLS locus, in G. etunicatum. Analyses in the fourth chapter, based on a conservative network-based clustering approach and five novel single copy genomic markers, reveal extensive genome-wide patterns of diversity in two different AMF species (G. irregulare and G. diaphanum).  Conclusions The results from this thesis provide additional evidence in favor of genome differentiation between nuclei in the same isolate for AMF. Thus, at least three members of the Glomus genus, G. irregulare, G. diaphanum and G. etunicatum appear to be organisms whose genome organization cannot be described by a single genome sequence: genetically differentiated nuclei in AMF form a pangenome.

Keyphrases: Glomus, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Intra-organismal genetic heterogeneity, Heterokaryosis, rDNA variation, Nuclear variation, Transcriptome variation, Genetic bottleneck, Anastomosis, Polymerase1-like sequence, Glomus, Anastomose
Le village iroquoien de Mailhot-Curran, Saint-Anicet

This thesis focuses on a small group of St. Lawrence Iroquoians that lived in the Saint-Anicet region in the last centuries of the Late Woodland period. The results concern the village occupation at the Mailhot-Curran site (BgFn-2) and, specifically, a morpho-stylistic analysis of the pottery. Taking St. Lawrence Iroquoian cultural variability into account, we discuss the cultural position of this community within the broad interaction network which involved this cultural group. Our main goal is to determine the potters’ stylistic relationship according to the local, regional, interregional and international interaction scales, and to date the site.   This study allows us to date the Mailhot-Curran site to the 16th century but, unlike the effervesce felt at the Mandeville site during the same period, the potters seem to have remained rather conservative in making their pottery. Furthermore, the Mailhot-Curran potters seem to have a relatively strong village identity. We also observe that a regional style characterizes the Saint-Anicet sites. Considering the diachronic character of Mailhot-Curran, Droulers and McDonald, our results support the idea that they form a coherent cultural ensemble which might suggest a continuous regional occupation by that group. Moreover, our study demonstrates that the Mailhot-Curran site belongs to the western province that includes the Prescott and Summerstown regions in Ontario, Montreal and Saint-Anicet in Quebec, and the northern Lake Champlain region to the southeast. On the other hand, Mailhot-Curran seems to lie on the periphery of the interaction network involving the Prescott and Summerstown regions located to the north of Lake St. Francis and seems to open up to other regions like Montreal and northern Lake Champlain. Otherwise, Mailhot-Curran’s potters are open to influences from the neighboring central province to the East.

Keyphrases: Archaeology, St. Lawrence Iroquoians, Cultural variability, Pottery, Longhouses, Late Woodland, St. Lawrence lowlands, Hochelaga
Élaboration d'un corpus étalon pour l'évaluation d'extracteurs de termes

We describe a methodology for constructing a gold standard for the automatic evaluation of term extractors. These programs, designed to automatically extract specialized terms from a corpus, are used in various settings, including terminology work, translation, information retrieval, indexing, etc. Thus, the evaluation of term extractors must be carried out in accordance with a specific application.  One way of evaluating term extractors is to construct a corpus in which all term occurrences have been annotated. This involves establishing a protocol for term selection and term boundary identification. To our knowledge, no well-documented annotated corpus is available for the evaluation of term extractors. This contribution aims to build such a corpus and describe what issues must be dealt with in the process. The gold standard we propose is a fully annotated corpus, constructed in accordance with a specific terminological setting, namely the compilation of a specialized dictionary of automotive mechanics. This annotated corpus accounts for the wide variety of realizations of terms in context. Terms are selected in accordance with specific criteria pertaining to the terminological setting as well as formal, linguistic and conceptual properties of terms and term variations. To evaluate a term extractor, a list of all the terminological units in the corpus is extracted and compared to the output of the term extractor, using a set of metrics to assess its performance. Subsets of terminological units may also be extracted, providing a level of customization. This allows an automatic and application-driven evaluation of term extractors. Due to its reusability, it can serve not only to assess the performance of a particular extractor, but also to compare different extractors and fine-tune extraction techniques.

Keyphrases: Terminology, Computational terminology, Term acquisition, Evaluation, Annotated corpora, Term variation
Quelques propriétés des sous-variétés lagrangiennes monotones : Rayon de Gromov et morphisme de Seidel

We present in this thesis a few properties of monotone Lagrangian submanifolds.  We first solve a conjecture of Barraud and Cornea in the monotone setting by showing that the relative Gromov radius of two Hamiltonian-isotopic Lagrangians gives a lower bound on the Hofer distance between them.  The general non-monotone case remains open to this day.  We define all the structures relevant to state and prove the conjecture.  We then define a new version of a Lagrangian Seidel morphism through the recently introduced Lagrangian cobordisms of Biran and Cornea.  We show that this new version is chain-homotopic to various other versions appearing in the litterature.  That all these previous versions are the same is folklore but did not appear in the litterature.  We conclude with a conjecture claiming that an exact triangle obtained by Lagrangian surgery is isomorphic to an exact triangle of Seidel involving the symplectic Dehn twist.

Keyphrases: Lagrangian submanifolds, Gromov radius, Hofer distance, Seidel morphism, Lagrangian cobordism, Symplectic rigidity, Dehn twist, Lagrangian surgery
Changements épidémiologiques au Canada :
un regard sur les causes de décès des personnes âgées de 65 ans et plus, 1979-2007

With the decrease of mortality at younger ages, gain in life expectancy is heavily dependent on the progress in old age mortality. However, over the last three decades, life expectancies at 65 and 85 years old have not experienced a constant rate of progress. Changes in life expectancy progress come from changes in specific causes of death trends and their interactions. The present thesis studies the contribution of causes of death on the changes in life expectancies and the trends in death rates of specific causes of death in Canada between 1979 and 2007. An analysis of those changes in an epidemiological transition context has also been done by questioning whether or not we are witnessing a shift from certain dominant diseases to others. This questioning will be answered by studying variation in the causes of death by age and over time.    The results of this study show that progress in life expectancies at 65 and 85 years old are still mainly due to the decrease in cardiovascular mortality. However, cardiovascular diseases are not the only causes of death to contribute to the progress in life expectancy. Since 1979, mortality rates from the ten leading causes of death in Canada have all declined but in different ways. Thus, there does not seem to be a shift in the dominant causes of death towards others in Canada, but there is a general mortality decline from chronic diseases and a greater diversification of causes of death at older ages.

Keyphrases: Canada, Cause of death, Life expectancy, Mortality rates, Elderly