The role of the insula in heart rate variability

Cumulative evidence supports the role of the insula in cardiac autonomic regulation whose dysfunction may be involved in the pathophysiology of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Heart rate variability (HRV) is a simple and reliable tool to assess autonomic function; it is even considered a potential predictor of ventricular tachycardia and sudden death in patients after myocardial infarction. Over the last two decades, heart rate variability (HRV) has also received much interest in epilepsy research. Several studies have tried to assess HRV changes in different epilepsy types but the results have been heterogeneous and sometimes contradictory; its role as a marker of SUDEP remains uncertain. Of note, most studies involved TLE patients and TLE surgeries; none have looked at HRV changes in insulo-opercular epilepsy (IOE) and how insular resection can affect autonomic function. In this study, we aimed to investigate changes in interictal HRV in IOE. We further evaluated the effect of insulo-opercular surgery on these HRV changes. Fourteen IOE patients who had a good outcome (Engel I-II) after an insulo-opercular surgery were enrolled in this study. Fourteen age- and sex-matched patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) who were seizure-free after temporal lobectomy and 28 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals were also included. HRV measurements including time domain root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSD) and percentage of successive RR intervals that differ by more than 50ms (pNN50) and frequency domain low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) parameters were carried out in pre- and post-operative periods (6-204 months). Presurgical HRV values for epileptic patients were calculated using EKG obtained simultaneously with video-EEG recordings during the presurgical evaluation. HRV of healthy individuals and post-surgical HRV from all operated epileptic patients were calculated from a 1-hour resting electrocardiogram at the laboratory. We also collected the patients’ presurgical data to calculate the SUDEP-7 risk inventory score.  Findings showed no statistically significant differences in all HRV measurements between groups of IOE patients, TLE patients before the surgery, and healthy controls. In IOE patients, the SUDEP-7 score ranged from 1 to 6 (mean 2,9; SD: 1,6) and was positively correlated with pNN50 (r=0,671; p<0,009) and LnRMSSD (r=0,591; p<0,026). Postoperatively, HRV measurements were not statistically different from either preoperative values or those of controls. We conducted exploratory analyses where we stratified IOE patients into those whose preoperative LnRMSSD values were below (Group 1a) versus above (Group 1b) a cut-off threshold of 3,52 (mean value of our healthy sample). Preoperatively, in Group 1a, all time and frequency domain values (LnRMSSD, pNN50, LnLF, and LnHF) were significantly lower than those of controls (p<0,01) while in Group 1b, only time-domain values (LnRMSSD and pNN50) were significantly higher than those of control subjects (p<0,01). In both groups, HRV values tended to normalize postoperatively. In contrast, anterior temporal lobectomy for TLE patients did not alter HRV values.  Our preliminary results suggest that in refractory IOE, HRV may be either decreased globally in sympathetic and parasympathetic tones or increased in parasympathetic tone. The increase in parasympathetic tone observed preoperatively may be of clinical concern as it was positively correlated with the SUDEP-7 score. The insulo-opercular resection did not affect the HRV; successful surgery might even have a good impact on HRV changes. Confirmation with a larger sample size is necessary.

Keyphrases: Heart rate variability, autonomic function, insulo-opercular epilepsy, temporal lobe epilepsy, sudden unexpected death in epilepsy