NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Contexte de vie et facteurs précrime chez des agresseurs sexuels de femmes

The aim of this thesis is to investigate offending process profiles amongst sexual aggressors of women which integrate predisposing factors (two years prior to the offence) and precipitating factors (48 hours prior to the offence). Precrime factors included in offence cycles are internal and external to sexual aggressors. Thirty-seven convicted sex offenders who participated in a relapse prevention group are included in this study. Participants identified important life events. The sequence following these events forms a behavioural chain, which includes: 1) life events; 2) cognitions; 3) emotions; 4) fantasies; 5) behaviours; and 6) consequences. The series of behavioural chains reported by each participant shape his offending process. Offending processes were analyzed based on a qualitative exploratory method to put forward similarities and differences amongst participants. Results suggest three main offending-process profiles: 1) sexuality-oriented; 2) crime-oriented; and 3) mixed (sexuality and crime-oriented). The sexual dimension encompasses two sub-groups: 1) sexual deviance; and 2) deviant and/or disinhibited sexuality. Sexuality-oriented offenders (n = 17) had negative views of others and of life in general, which were associated mainly with hostility and negative emotions (e.g. depression, anxiety). Crime-oriented offenders (n = 6) had various cognitions, including negative views of themselves, of others, and of life in general, as well as cognitions supporting deviance. Following emotions were mainly hostile and negative. Mixed-profile offenders had various cognitions, including negative views of others and of life in general, as well as cognitions supporting deviance. A combination of hostility and negative emotions, or hostility, negative, and positive emotions followed.

Keyphrases: Sexual aggression, sexual aggressors against women, rapists, life context, precrime factors, pathways in the offending process, offence cycle
Are Cryptomarkets the Future of Drug Dealing? Assessing the Structure of the Drug Market Hosted on Cryptomarkets

Since 2011, drug market participants have had the opportunity to trade illegal drugs through online anonymous marketplaces dubbed cryptomarkets. Cryptomarkets offer a user-friendly infrastructure, similar to eBay, where market participants can meet and conduct business together. These well-designed anonymous platforms offer a professional setting for drug sales, but to what extent they are the future of drug dealing is unclear. This study characterizes the structure of the drug market hosted on cryptomarkets in order to better understand the economic setting of cryptomarket drug vendors. Market competition and the size and scope of drug vendor activities are analyzed. We find that the drug market hosted on cryptomarkets is fiercely competitive and deeply unequal. The size and scope of vendors’ activities are limited. Challenges arise due to the online, anonymity and illegality features of cryptomarket drug transactions. The illegality status of drugs forces vendors’ offline activities to stay within a small size and scope, limiting their potential growth online. The online nature of cryptomarkets fosters competition, but the risks that arise from anonymous transactions exacerbate buyers’ tendency to choose well-reputed and experienced vendors. Thus, vendors face strong barriers to sales and 90% of them act as spectators in the market. This inequality is exacerbated by aggressive advertising conducted by established vendors to push out potential competitors. A paradox is found: the market is fiercely competitive, but also populated by market superstars, whom, however, still have limited size and scope. We conclude that cryptomarkets are not likely be the future of drug dealing because of the challenging environment they offer to cryptomarket drug vendors.

Keyphrases: Cryptomarkets, Online illegal markets, Market structure
Les besoins des proches de personnes assassinées ou disparues : une évaluation des services d’un organisme communautaire œuvrant auprès de ces clientèles

The objective of the research is to identify the needs of families of murdered and missing people. This would allow to compare similarities and differences between the needs of these groups of victims. A questionnaire was buit in cooperation with an organization helping families of missing or murdered victims. Two conclusions were drawn from the results. Families and friends of murdered people were looking for psychological and emotional support services. In comparison, families and friends of missing people were looking to fill more practical needs, such as managing the crisis following the disappearance of a member of their family. These results are consistent with research on family and friends of murdered and missing people. However, these conclusions are limited by important gaps in the research, such as a small sample.

Keyphrases: Covictims, Relatives of murdered people, Relatives of disappeared people, Needs
La déontologie policière au Québec : les facteurs associés aux jugements de culpabilité et aux sanctions imposées aux policiers

Even though disciplinary systems are criticized for their lack of coherence and fairness, there is currently no study specifically focusing on the predictive factors related to the outcome of the officers’ sentencing process. The present research aims to investigate the factors associated with the different types of decisions rendered by the Deontology Committee of Quebec.  A total of 267 hearings were analyzed between the year 2009 and 2013.  Logistic regression models are used to predict the outcomes of the sentencing on three levels: (1) the determination of guilt, (2) the decision on the sanction, and (3) the severity of the sanction (short- or long-term sanction).  The factors used in the models are legal factors - specific to the nature and the severity of the misconduct - and extralegal factors - related to the complainant’s and officer’s characteristics, the situation and the length of procedures - available in the judgments handed down by the Committee. The analyses in this paper show that the different outcomes are mostly due to the legally relevant factors. On the other hand, some extralegal factors like the officers’ rank have an influence on the determination of guilt. And, some officers’ characteristics like the officers’ rank, sex, police department and the length of procedures tend to influence the outcomes of the sentencing.  Thus, the findings show that decisions rendered by the Committee are mostly taken in accordance with its mandate and are legally justifiable.  The latter results show that more research is needed concerning the impact of extralegal factors on the outcomes.

Keyphrases: Sanctions, Police misconduct, Disciplinary system, Sentencing, Citizen complaints, Complaints againts police
Violence meurtrière et désordre social dans la perle des Antilles : un portrait des homicides en Haïti

This study pertains to deadly violence in Haiti, which, according to scholars, has reached an endemic state. However, its homicide rate (10.2 per 100 000 inhabitants) is slightly above the global average. The first objective of the current study is to determine whether this rate, suggested by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) represents an under estimation of the total number of homicides being perpetrated in this country. In order to meet this objective, disaggregated data on homicides in Haiti will be presented. Data from the Commission Nationale Épiscopale Justice et Paix (CÉ-JILAP), compiling homicide incidents which took place in 2012 are used (n = 1 133). The information was collected by using a coding sheet, which included information pertaining to victims, suspects and crime motive. The second objective of this project is to present these factors in the Haitian context, and to compare them to the situation in other countries across North America, Latin America and the Caribbean. We used the data and dynamic theory of homicide proposed by the World Homicide Survey (WHS) to this end. Questionnaires were distributed to informants hailing from 11 countries in order to further understand the manifestations of crime in this region. The data from the CÉ-JILAP reveal that the figure proposed by the UNODC is an underestimation of the actual homicide rate in Haiti. The estimated rate would be between 12,5 and 17,9 per 100 000 inhabitants. With regards to the WHS, results show that, compared to other countries, adverse social conditions such as poverty and inequality were very present in Haiti. Furthermore, informants noted a higher frequency of rare forms of homicides, such as lynching and homicides related to witchcraft.

Keyphrases: homicide, étude comparative, Haiti, crime rate, cross-national research, social control
Les facteurs associés à l’alliance thérapeutique avec les adolescents auteurs d’agressions sexuelles

The scientific literature concerned with juvenile sex offenders shows that this is a particularly resistant population to change (Rich, 2003). They are forming a particular subgroup that differs in several aspects from the juvenile offender population in general (Tardif et al., 2012; Venziano and Veneziano, 2002; Andrade, Vincent and Saleh, 2005). Indeed, juvenile sex offenders have several deficits in social skills and interpersonal relationships, (Tardif et al., 2012; Carpentier, 2008; Becker, 1993; Hunter and Figueredo, 2000; Veneziano and Veneziano, 2002). Knowing that the therapeutic alliance is a key element in patient involvement in treatment and that its success is associated with a decreased risk of recidivism (Brannon and Troyer, 1991; Rubinstein, Yeager, Goodstein and Lewis, 1993); it is important to identify factors that promote or undermine the establishment of a therapeutic alliance with this specific population. This research helps to highlight the influence of personal, environmental and social characteristics of the young on the establishment of a therapeutic alliance in context of authority.  This sample counted 76 teenagers who have committed sexual offenses which have been followed in different specialized treatment centers for sexual offenders located throughout the province of Quebec. The statistical analysies (correlation and regression) revealed several significant relationships between the adolescent’s individual and environmental characteristics and the therapeutic alliance. Indeed, factors related to post-traumatic stress symptoms, social skills and stress-coping strategies are associated with little or no development of the therapeutic alliance. On the other hand, factors referring to motivation level to change, the family environment, interpersonal as well as social support are more positively associated with. Thus, therapists working with adolescents molesters should consider the level of motivation and the characteristics of the family environment of these adolescents because they seem related to the construction of the therapeutic alliance during the therapy. However, it is important to note that the findings of this study does not establish causal relationships between variables in study, but still indicate some interesting tracks on the factors to consider when it comes to building a therapeutic alliance during a change process with adolescents sex offenders.

Keyphrases: adolescent sex offenders, treatment, therapeutic alliance
La violence au travail en milieu policier : l’impact des altercations avec blessures sur l’occurrence et la durée de l’absentéisme

Police officers are among the most at risk of exposure to workplace violence (Leblanc & Kelloway, 2002) and such events have various adverse consequences. In this regard, workplace violence has recently been identified as a predictor of absenteeism, both in case of occurrence of absences (Rugulies et al., 2007) and their duration (Campolieti et al., 2008). However, there is a lack of studies covering these specific issues due to very little knowledge available on the topic. To further explore this topic and add to the present knowledge, this study examines the factors associated with policemen absenteeism (the occurrence and duration of these absences) following a violent event at work. The data used for this study come from a research conducted by the “Association des Policiers Provinciaux du Québec (APPQ)”. A total of 141 police officers from the National Police of Quebec who were injured during an altercation between 2011 to 2012 participated in a telephone interview. The interview was structured around a predetermined questionnaire and logistic regressions were conducted on the interviewees’ responses. The results showed that individual and situational factors appear to be associated with absenteeism of police officers who were injured during an altercation at work. The occurrence of absences is associated with the age of the injured police officer, the context of the intervention and the severity of the injury. As for the duration of absences, short-term absences are associated with the police officer’s age and the severity of the injury, while long-term absences are explained by the provenance of the intervention request, low perception of risk and the severity of the injury. In sum, our results support some of the conclusions drawn from the study of Campolieti et al. (2008). They also highlight the importance of the police officer’s perception of risk, the provenance of the intervention request and the context of the intervention to explain absenteeism following a violent event at work. The results suggest that these relations could be mediated by the stress generated by violent events. Further studies are needed to consolidate our results.

Keyphrases: Altercation, Policier, Workplace violence, Police, Absenteeism, Logistic regression
La réussite criminelle, les deux côtés de la médaille : l’étude du processus de maintien du désistement du crime

Despite the increasing interest of researchers towards criminal desistance, this aspect remains one of the less understood of the criminal career. To this day, only few researches have attempted to analyze the link between an individual’s past criminal career and the period that follows it, which would be known as the desistance period. This present study attempts to reconstruct the criminal trajectory of individuals who have pursued criminal careers. The collected data come from 15 participant’s self-narrative stories who have led significant criminal careers and who now identify themselves as having successfully desisted.  The objective behind this project is to better understand the long-term maintenance process of the criminal desistance. Particular attention will be given to the influence of the criminal trajectory (the circumstances, the parameters) and how the desistance process takes place. The sample of examined criminals in this research stands out by the fact that the surveyed individuals were essentially involved in lucrative crimes. The specific objective of the qualitative analyses was to observe if there was a link between the success level (criminal revenues and avoidance of criminal sanctions) and the meaning or the representation of criminal desistance.  The first contribution is to demonstrate, as others before us, that desistance is a process and not a precise moment in the criminal career. The second contribution is the demonstration of the incidence of criminal success on the other parameters of the criminal trajectory. The third contribution is the demonstration that two types of influence were associated with criminal success (the two sides of the medal); on one side, it lengthens the criminal career, and on the other, it can facilitate the social rehabilitation once the individual quits his criminal career. The results suggest that criminal success has to be considered as an “official” parameter of the criminal career. Finally, this type of research helps orientate the development of programs aimed toward social rehabilitation.

Keyphrases: desistance, maintenance of desistance, criminal career, criminal success, life course, trajectories, turning points
Vivre en libération conditionnelle au Québec : une expérience entre contrôle et accomplissement personnel

Every year in Québec, about 1 000 detainees are released from prison on parole and go back into society whilst still being compelled to conform to some conditions. For many years, the penal philosophy underlying parole was one of reform and reintegration of the offender. Nowadays, a trend towards more control over the delinquent and risk management as guarantees of public safety seems to be replacing the former rehabilitation ideal. Living on parole bears some challenges. As for every person released from prison, parolees face difficulties regarding, amongst others, employment, housing and personal relationships. The success of their release is also an issue they have to address. This project aims to understand the experience people released on parole in Québec. In order to do so we conducted 14 semi-structured interviews with parolees. We found that despite some stressful and burdensome aspects, parolees indicate they are doing well on parole, mainly because they are not incarcerated anymore and because they feel assisted. They also indicate that they have to adjust and adapt to their new environment. Being highly motivated and willing to grow, they explain learning a lot and being involved in their reintegration into society. Parolees see parole as a beneficial opportunity for them to prepare their future.

Keyphrases: Québec, Parole, parolees, rehabilitation, risk management, sociology of experience
Fugue en sol numérique : le téléphone intelligent au quotidien

In a world of 4g and microprocessors, wireless telephony offers constant web access in addition to allowing a plethora of interactive means via calls / text messages or other applications. In fact, today's smartphone seems to be much more than a communicational tool. A true modern day Swiss army knife, we can use it to pay our bills, find our way in the city, or check the time and even recognize the song currently audible in a coffee shop. In fact, its preponderance in our daily lives is such that a little more than a person out of two admits that he or she cannot live without his or her device for more than a day (Smith, 2015). Thus, this research attempts to explore the following questions through a breaching experiment. First, is it possible to always live 'normally' while remaining disconnected? Moreover, what would happen to the presentation of self in the everyday life when expectations based on immediacy, accessibility, and hyper efficiency could not possibly be met? Once disconnected, can we still properly act, interact, and function in a hyperconnected world or does a prolonged disconnection also alter what the way we may perceive and make sense of our surroundings?

Keyphrases: Self, Breaching Experiment, Self, Intelligibility, Smartphone, Social Networks
Un voyage ethnographique au cœur du phénomène du biohacking : pour une redéfinition médiatique du vivant

This thesis is a study of an emerging phenomenon, biohacking. Since 2008, and the creation of the Boslab in Boston, biohacking is practiced in different groups around the world. Biohackers meet around the idea that the living is no longer discovered but made. They hack, tinker the living and its genetic code, like one would hack a computer program. Through an ethnography that follows the creation of the biohacking group of Montreal, but also through an ethnography in different groups in Europe and North America, I propose to understand the phenomenon of biohacking through a media study of the living. I propose to think of the living as a medium, understood as an intermediary, a support, but above all an environment. A medium which places the notion of relation at the center of the reflection. An environment in which groups develop, live and cohabit in a larger community. These groups exchange materials, knowledge and practices, among themselves, but also with major institutions. This research proposes to rethink our relationship with the living to understand a phenomenon which could very well be the basis of a scientific and social revolution, biohacking.

Keyphrases: reality, biohacking, boundary-object, ethnography, medium, media ecology, infrastructure, hack, living, synthetic biology
L’accomplissement de l’autorité d’un leader du développement personnel dans une perspective communicationnelle

In Western and Eastern Antiquity, names of well-know people were associated with methods and tools for worldview transformation and personality metamorphosis. Since the 1920s, we are witnessing the same phenomenon through the emergence of personal development celebrities. Today the personal development field is a thriving industry. The popularity, attractiveness and influence these leaders can have over others is an important question, at least as much as the criticism and heated debates they raise. Intrigued by this phenomenon, and questioning her own practice as a professional coach, this study adopts a constitutive approach to organizational communication to better understand the communication practices by which the authority of such leaders is accomplished in and through interactions. This research shows the presence of processes already identified in the literature for their role in the production and reproduction of authority in interactions such as presentification, invocation and authoring. Two new communication practices also emerged from the data and have been identified as self-distinction and distance management. Access to an organization led by a personal development leader is rare, it represents a unique and rich organizational context and opens up many avenues for future research.

Keyphrases: Interaction, Invocation, Leader, Coaching, Orgnizational communication, Authority, Presentification, Personal development