The role of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and synaptic protein GABAA-R in cortical GABAergic cell connectivity

About 30% of the total neuronal population in the mammalian cortex is composed by a very heterogeneous population of GABAergic interneurons. These interneurons differ in their morphology, gene expression, electrophysiological properties and subcellular targets, thus establishing a rich diversity. After birth in the ganglionic eminences these cells migrate to distinct cortical layers. Parvalbumin (PV) expressing cortical GABAergic cells which constitute the major GABAergic subtype specifically targets the soma and proximal dendrites of principal neurons and PV+ cells. These cells are often referred as Basket cells (BCs) because of the intricate morphological complexity of their axons. The maturation of the distinct connectivity of PV+ BCs, characterized by an increase of axon complexity and synapse density, occurs gradually in juvenile mice. Previous studies started to elucidate the mechanisms controlling this maturation process, including genetic factors, neuronal activity and sensory experiences. The striking increase in axonal complexity and synaptogenesis occurring during the maturation phase suggests the requirement for elevated proteins synthesis in order to sustain the developmental process. The Mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has been implicated in controlling several aspects of neurodevelopment by regulating protein synthesis. Mutations in the regulatory components Tsc1 and Tsc2 of mTOR-Complex1 (mTORC1) cause the disease Tuberous Sclerosis (TSC) in humans. The majority of TSC patients develop neurological problems including seizures, mental retardation and autism. Recent studies investigated the role of mTOR pathway dys-regulation in excitatory cortical cells, however its role in the development of cortical GABAergic interneurons and the specific contribution of altered GABAergic cells in disease manifestation remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated whether and how Tsc1 knockout perturbs GABAergic circuit development, both in vitro and in vivo.  To investigate the role of mTORC1 activation in BC development, we knocked out Tsc1 expression, by transfecting Cre-GFP driven by a promoter specific for BCs in cortical organotypic cultures prepared from Tsc1lox mice. Tsc1 knockdown in vitro caused a precocious increase in bouton density and terminal branching formed by mutant BCs, which was reversed by Rapamycin treatment. These data suggest that mTOR pathway hyperactivation affects the timing of BC synapse maturation. To investigate the role of mTORC1 in GABAergic cells in vivo, we bred Tsc1lox mice with Nkx2.1-Cre and PV-Cre mice. At P18, Tg(Nkx2.1Cre),Tsc1flox/flox mice showed both mTORC1 hyperactivation and somatic hypertrophy in BCs along with increased expression of PV in the perisomatic region of pyramidal neurons. In contrast, by P45 we found a reduction of PV-gephyrin (post-synaptic GABAergic marker) perisomatic puncta density. Study of BC morphology in organotypic cultures from the Nkx2.1-Cre conditional knockout confirmed the occurrence of a faster maturation rate initially which however collapsed at later stages. Additionally Tg(Nkx2.1Cre),Tsc1flox/flox mice exhibit Tsc1 dose-dependent deficits in working memory and social behaviour. All together, these results suggest that controlled mTOR activation regulates both the time course and the maintenance of BC synapses.  Dysfunction of GABAergic neurotransmission has been implicated in several disease states like epilepsy and in some patients it is associated with mutations in the GABAA receptor. How these mutations affect the BC cell maturation process remains largely unknown. To address this question, we used the Cre-lox strategy to knockout the endogenous GABRA1 gene coding for the GABAA-receptor alpha-1 subunit in single PV-expressing basket cells (BCs) in organotypic cultures. Cell-autonomous loss of GABRA1 reduced the extent of BC innervation field suggesting changes in inhibitory inputs caused by the absence of GABAAR α1 subunit may alter BC development. Over-expression of mutant GABAAR α1 subunits (found in patients diagnosed with epilepsy) show similar effects in terms of BC target coverage. Further studies involved the effect of these human mutations in the development of Pyramidal cell dendritic spines, which are the preferential site for excitatory synapse formation. Altogether, this data show for the first time that different GABRA1 mutations associated with genetic epilepsy syndromes can affect dendritic spine and GABAergic bouton formation in a mutation-specific manner.

Keyphrases: mTOR, GABA, neurodevelopment