Évaluation du lavage articulaire avec des salines hypertoniques dans le traitement de l’arthrite septique chez le veau

Septic arthritis in cattle is mainly an infectious bacteriological disease that is a frequent cause of lameness and is associated with great economic losses. Treatment must be prompt and includes non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with one or several joint lavage along with systemic antibiotics for at least 3 weeks. This long course of administration is unachievable for organic production systems where the use of antibiotics is strictly regulated. Thus the treatment of infectious disease with septic arthritis in particular may be jeopardized in these herds. The objectives of this work is to use antimicrobial properties of hypertonic saline solution (HSS) to limit the use of antibiotics in septic arthritis cases in calves, using HSS for joint lavage. In our first study, we assessed the safety of two HSS of different concentrations (commercial 7.2% and home-made 15%) in healthy calves joint. A severe synovitis associated with typical clinical signs of joint lesions was observed when HSS 15% was used. Therefore this solution cannot be recommended for joint lavage in calves. A synovitis of variable degree was observed when HSS 7.2% was used. However no clinical signs or joint lesions were noted.  Based on these results, we felt that HSS 7.2% could be tested in an experimental setting of joint infection.  In our second study, we evaluate the effects of joint lavage with HSS 7.2% in an experimental infection model with Escherichia coli. Three treatment groups were formed. In the first group, the joint lavage was realized with Lactated Ringer’s Solution (LRS) and calves also received ceftiofur intravenously two times a day for 21 days. In the second group, the joint lavage was realized with LRS and saline was used instead of ceftiofur. In the last group, the joint lavage was realized with HSS 7.2% and saline was used instead of ceftiofur. All calves in this study received ketoprofen once a day for 3 days intravenously. Inoculation of bacteria took place on day 1 and all treatments started on day 2. Treatment’s effectiveness was established upon clinical, bacteriological and cytological criteria. In our model, all treatment groups led to clinical and bacteriological recovery (no lameness, pain or positive culture in the synovial fluid at the end of the experiment). Whatever the treatment group, cytological recovery was no achieved at the end of the study with mean number and percentage of neutrophils far superior when compared to usual values (11.39x109/l of neutrophils representating 74.73% of total leucocytes at the end of the experiment). Joint lavage with HSS 7.2% combined with ketoprofen successfully treat septic arthritis in this model but was significantly more harmful compared to joint lavage with LRS combined with ketoprofen. On the other hand, joint lavage with LRS combined with ketoprofen was found as efficient and safe than the standard treatment of septic arthritis which includes a 21 day administration of intravenous ceftiofur. Therefore, even if HSS 7.2% joint lavage cannot be a good choice to treat septic with the restriction of use of antibiotics in organic herds, the combination of a LRS joint lavage with ketoprofen showed promising results. Further studies are warranted to confirm these latter results and to determine specific effects of the lavage and of ketoprofen.

Keyphrases: septic arthritis, joint lavage, hypertonic saline solution, antibiotics, cattle, organic production