Regulation of replication dependent nucleosome assembly

In human cells, roughly 2 meters of DNA is compacted into the cell nucleus by the formation of a nucleoprotein complex called chromatin. Chromatin is composed of DNA wrapped around an octamer of core histones to form so-called nucleosomes. Chromatin structure needs to be altered to access genetic information for processes like replication, repair and transcription. Duplication of chromatin during S phase is vital for cell proliferation and viability. Chromatin duplication requires segregation of parental histones, but also deposition of newly synthesized histones onto DNA. This process results in packaging all of the synthesized DNA with histones to form nucleosomes as soon as enough nascent DNA has emerged from the replication machinery. Moreover, as a result of intrinsic and extrinsic conditions, the replication machinery often encounters DNA lesions that impede the continuous synthesis of DNA. Under these conditions, nucleosome assembly and histone synthesis are tightly regulated to prevent the production of an excess of histone proteins and their deleterious consequences. Chromatin Assembly Factor-1 (CAF-1) performs the initial step in chromatin assembly by depositing newly synthesized histone H3-H4 molecules behind replication forks. In order to perform its chromatin assembly function, CAF-1 localizes to DNA replication forks by binding directly to a protein known as the Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA). However, the exact molecular mechanism by which this is achieved remains poorly understood. Through the second chapter of my thesis, I have explored how CAF-1 binds PCNA in a manner that is distinct from the numerous other binding partners of PCNA. With the help of our collaborators, crystallographic studies demonstrated that CAF-1 binds to PCNA by virtue of a non-canonical PCNA interaction peptide (PIP) and a cation-pi (π) interaction. We have also shown that a single amino acid substitution, unique to the PIP of CAF-1, disrupts its binding to PCNA and chromatin assembly activity. We found that the CAF-1 p150 PIP resides at the extreme C-terminus of a long alpha helix that is evolutionarily conserved among numerous homologues of CAF-1. Our biophysical studies showed that this long alpha-helix is capable of forming higher-order coiled coils, which suggests mechanisms to dedicate one PCNA ring for chromatin assembly despite the presence of multiple PCNA interactors at replication forks. In the third chapter of this thesis, our collaborators and I have addressed the crucial molecular mechanisms by which cells maintain a delicate balance between DNA and histone synthesis despite the presence of DNA lesions that interfere with replication. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we showed that the DNA damage response kinases Mec1/Tel1 and Rad53 inhibit histone gene transcription when DNA lesions block DNA replication. We also showed that this repression is mediated by phosphorylation of the Hpc2 subunit of the Histone Gene Repressor complex (HIR). Hpc2 contains a domain that directly binds to histone H3. Interestingly, structure-based mutants of Hpc2 predicted to be incapable of binding H3 are defective in DNA damage-induced transcriptional repression of histone genes in response to DNA damage during replication. Our results indicate that the accumulation of excess histones caused by DNA damage during S phase triggers extensive phosphorylation of Hpc2 and binding of excess H3 to Hpc2. This suggests that DNA damage-induced repression of histone genes is mediated, at least in part, by a simple negative feedback triggered by binding of excess histones to the Hpc2 subunit of the HIR complex.

Keyphrases: Histone, Histones, Hpc2, DNA replication, DNA damage, Nucleosome, Chromatin assembly, Chromatin Assembly Factor 1 (CAF-1), Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), HIR complex, Histone gene repression