NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Associations entre des polymorphismes génétiques des gènes CHRN et l'étourdissement ressenti lors de l'initiation à la nicotine

Background: Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in multiple nicotinic receptor genes (CHRN) are associated with smoking. However few studies have examined the association between CHRN SNPs and subjective responses to smoking which may relate to sustained smoking, such as dizziness at first inhalation. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between 61 SNPs in eight CHRN genes (CHRNA3 CHRNA4 CHRNA5, CHRNA6, CHRNA7, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4) and dizziness at first inhalation. Methods: Data were available in a longitudinal cohort investigation of 1293 students 12-13 years old at baseline. Students completed self-report questionnaires at-school every 3 months for 5 years during secondary school, and a mailed self-report questionnaire three years later. DNA extracted from blood or saliva was genotyped for 61 CHRN SNPs selected using a gene tagging approach. Associations were modeled using logistic regression controlling for sex, race and age at first cigarette. Results: The minor alleles of three SNPs in CHRNA6 (rs7812298, rs2304297, rs7828365) were associated a decreased probability of dizziness (OR (95% CI)=0.54(0.36, 0.81), 0.59(0.40,0.86) and 0.58(0.36,0.95, respectively), while one SNP in each of three other genes (rs3743077 (CHRNA3), rs755204 (CHRNA4), rs7178176 (CHRNA7)) was associated with an increased probability of dizziness (OR(95% CI)=1.40 (1.02,1.90), 1.85(1.05,3.27) and 1.51(1.06,2.15), respectively). Conclusion: Thus, several SNPs located in CHRN genes are associated with dizziness at first inhalation, a smoking initiation phenotype that may relate to sustained smoking.

Keyphrases: adolescents, SNP, genetic association, nicotinic cholinergic receptors
Contribution des isoformes de la myosine à l'obstruction respiratoire dans le souffle chez le cheval

Myosin is a motor protein implicated in smooth muscle contraction. The (+)insert isoform doubles smooth muscle velocity. The aim of the study was to evaluate the contribution of the fast contracting myosin isoform to bronchospasm in heaves-affected horses as model of human asthma.  Gene expression analysis of the (+)insert myosin isoform in equine airways was performed in three different cohorts to evaluate 1) its presence and anatomical location in heaves-affected horses; 2) the reversibility of its expression with two common therapies (inhaled corticosteroids and antigen avoidance); and 3) its kinetics of reappearance following a chronic antigen exposure.   Results showed 1) a significantly increased expression of the (+)insert isoform at all levels of the bronchial tree of horses with heaves in clinical exacerbation when compared to control horses and heaves-affected horses in clinical remission; 2) both treatments reduced the fast isoform expression in horses’ lower airways, but the administration of corticosteroids led to a faster response; and 3) (+)insert isoform does not increase in airways of all horses with heaves within 30 days of antigen exposure.  The study shows for the first time a modulation of the fast contracting myosin isoform with the disease status. Data also suggest that (+)insert isoform is part of a protective mechanism enhanced in response to a prolonged antigen exposure.

Keyphrases: smooth muscle, heaves, horse, bronchospasm, asthma, myosin heavy chain
Effet d'un traitement intra-utérin de céphapirine sur les performances en reproduction des vaches laitières

Reproduction is a major concern in the dairy industry. In this context, it is relevant to have an early identification of cows at risk of altered subsequent reproductive performance, especially if a treatment is available and effective to improve this performance. Clinical and subclinical endometritis are defined based on their impact on reproductive performance and are interesting tools for reproductive tract health surveillance. The first objective of this research project was to determine simultaneously diagnostic criteria for clinical (diagnosed by Metricheck) and subclinical (diagnosed by endometrial cytology or leukocyte esterase testing) endometritis based on their impact on reproductive performance at first service. Clinical endometritis was defined as presence of purulent vaginal discharge whereas subclinical endometritis was defined as presence of ≥ 6% of polymorphonuclear cells using endometrial cytology or the presence of “large amount of leukocytes” using leukocyte esterase testing. The second objective of this research project was to determine the effect of an intrauterine infusion of cephapirin on the reproductive performance at first service in cows with clinical endometritis, subclinical endometritis, and in cows unaffected by endometritis. Cephapirin treatment had no effect on first service pregnancy risk in unaffected cows or in cows affected by clinical endometritis. However, there was a tendency of a positive effect of the treatment in cows affected by subclinical endometritis. Presence of prolonged postpartum anovulation in cows may reduce the efficacy of the cephapirin treatment, especially in cows affected by clinical endometritis.

Keyphrases: Anovulation, Infusion intra-utérine, Reproduction, Surveillance, Cephapirin, Dairy cows, Diagnostic tool, Endometritis, Intrauterine infusion, Treatment
The orphan nuclear receptor NR5A2 regulates peri-ovulatory events and their consequent luteinization in mice

The nuclear receptor Nr5a2, also known as liver receptor homolog-1 (Lrh-1), is expressed in the mouse ovary, exclusively in granulosa and luteal cells. Granulosa-specific disruption of Nr5a2 in mice from primary follicles onward in the follicle development trajectory has shown that Nr5a2 is a key regulator of ovulation and female fertility. We hypothesized that Nr5a2 modulates peri- and post-ovulatory events in a temporal sequence during folliculogenesis. To examine the role of Nr5a2 in ovulation and luteinization at different stages of the follicular development, we generated two Nr5a2 granulosa-specific knockout mice models: 1) Nr5a2Amhr2-/-, with Nr5a2 depletion from primary follicles forward; and 2) Nr5a2Cyp19-/-, with Nr5a2 depletion from the antral stage of development forward. The lack of Nr5a2 beginning in antral follicles resulted in infertility in   Nr5a2Cyp19-/- females, with ovaries displaying non-functional luteal-like structures, synthesizing reduced progesterone levels and failing in supporting pseudopregnancy. Progesterone synthesis was affected by the lack of Nr5a2 through the downregulation of the cholesterol transport-related genes, Scarb1, StAR and Ldlr, as shown by qPCR. The cumulus-oocyte complexes of superstimulated Nr5a2Cyp19-/- immature females underwent expansion in vivo, but ovulation was disrupted, likely due to the downregulation of the progesterone receptor (Pgr) gene. An in vitro cumulus expansion assay showed defective cumulus expansion in Nr5a2Amhr2-/- associated with a dysregulation in the gap junction alpha-1 (Gja1; Cx43). In vitro cumulus expansion in Nr5a2Cyp19-/- was less affected than in Nr5a2Amhr2-/- cumulus-oocyte complexes. Data from qPCR showed a downregulation in the gene expression of Areg, Ereg, Btc and Tnfaip6 in both knockout ovarian cells at 2 h and 4 h post hCG. We found that 85% of the oocytes in both mutant genotypes can undergo germinal vesicle breakdown, confirming their capability to mature in vivo. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) showed the oocytes in both mutant models to be fertilizable and 70% of the resulting embryos proceeded to a blastocyst stage, independent of the genotype. In conclusion, Nr5a2 regulates female fertility along the entire process of the follicular development. Nr5a2 is shown to be essential for luteinization and its disruption in ovarian somatic cells does not compromise oocyte fertilizability. In overview, we provided a novel and comprehensive investigation, using multiple models and techniques to determine the mechanisms by which Nr5a2 regulates the important processes of cumulus expansion, ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum.

Keyphrases: Nr5a2, Nr5a2, Granulosa cells, Cumulus expansion, Luteinization, Fertilization, Conditional knockout mouse
Epidemiological study on antimicrobial use and non-compliance with withdrawal times in broiler farms in Vietnam

Antimicrobial use in food-animal husbandry is an important public health concern worldwide due to its potential impact on the emergence of drug-resistant microbes and its harmful residues in meat. However, in developing countries, few data are available on farm drug use practices. Therefore a cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted on broiler chicken farms in Southern Vietnam from June 2011 to August 2011 with the aim of both describing prevalence of antimicrobials added to feed or water at the farm level and ascertaining any associations between farm characteristics and non-compliance of antimicrobial withdrawal times on labels. A convenient sample of 70 broiler farms was surveyed via personal interviews with farm owners using a questionnaire pertaining to farm characteristics and drug use practices. Over the 6-month period prior to the interviews, colistin, tylosin, ampicillin, enrofloxacin, doxycyclin, amoxicillin, diaveridin, and sulfadimidin were used at least once in descending frequency (from 75.7% to 30.0%) by the farms surveyed. Following two risk scenarios based on the comparison of recommended label withdrawal times with actual withdrawal times practiced during this period, between 14.3% and 44.3% of farmers did not comply with on-label withdrawal times for at least one antimicrobial. Risk factors associated (p<0.05) with non-compliance with on-label withdrawal times in at least one risk scenario were: raising birds other than Asian-indigenous bird breeds only, vaccinating against infectious bronchitis, using more than 6 different antimicrobials on a farm during the last 6 months prior to the interview, and mixing home-made and commercial feed. Our results underline the importance of using antimicrobials judiciously and respecting official withdrawal times in order to protect the consumer from the health risks caused by exposure to harmful levels of antimicrobial residues.

Keyphrases: Vietnam, Antimicrobial, Residue, Risk factors, Broiler farm, Withdrawal time, Vietnam
Superovulation chez la vache laitière : impact de la progestéronémie

Recent research has suggested that superovulation of dairy cows under high levels of progesterone allows for better results than superovulation of cows under low levels during the first follicular wave.  We therefore hypothesized that low levels of luteal progesterone, a known problem for high producing dairy cows, impair superovulatory outcome during the second follicular wave.  To test this hypothesis, 18 lactating cows were superovulated twice with two different protocols, one creating a luteal level of progesterone (>2.5 ng/mL, corpus luteum as progesterone source) during the superovulation treatment, the other one inducing a subluteal level (<2.5 ng/mL, intravaginal implant as the only progesterone source).  The number of transferable embryos was not significantly different between the two protocols.  Interestingly, we obtained an accelerated development of follicles in the subluteal protocol (p = 0.002), a more advanced embryo development (p = 0.01) and enhanced embryo quality (p = 0.02) compared to the luteal protocol.  These results indicate that factors other than low progesterone levels may determine the outcome of superovulation performed during the first follicular phase.  Increased LH pulsatility in response to low levels of progesterone during the second follicular phase may be responsible for enhancing follicular development in our subluteal group, resulting in accelerated embryo development and improved embryo quality.  These results indicate that subluteal levels of progesterone during the luteal phase do not impede superovulatory outcome, but may, in contrary, enhance certain aspects of the yield in embryos.

Keyphrases: Superovulation, Peripheral progesterone, Embryo, Dairy cattle
Potential pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli from pig and poultry feces on-farm and carcasses at the abattoir in Vietnam

Zoonotic potential pathogenic Escherichia coli could arise from poultry and pig reservoirs. The aim of this study is  to investigate the occurrence of E. coli strains carrying virulence genes associated with STEC (Shiga toxin-producing E. coli), EPEC (Enteropathogenic E. coli), and ExPEC (Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli) in pigs and poultry on-farm and at abattoirs in Vietnam. Samples of feces and carcasses were collected at selected pig and poultry farms and abattoirs, in which animals were traced from farms to the abattoir. A total of 13.1% strains from all sources were classified as potential ExPEC, possessing one or more virulence genes iucD, tsh, papC and cnf.  Few isolates of other pathotypes were observed. All ExPEC virulence genes, except cnf, were more frequently found in isolates from poultry than in isolates from pigs. A higher proportion of ExPEC isolates belonging to phylogenetic group D was observed in poultry. Multi-drug resistance was frequently observed in ExPEC isolates from both pigs and poultry. Nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistance were significantly associated with poultry feces isolates (P<0.05). blaTEM gene was more frequently associated with poultry isolates, whereas qnr and aac(6’)-Ib genes were present at low prevalence in pig and poultry isolates. This study demonstrates that poultry ExPEC isolates are potentially more pathogenic than pig ExPEC isolates, and ExPEC isolates in pig and poultry carcasses may originate from pig and poultry feces, due to contamination associated to slaughtering process. Thus, meats particularly from poultry, might be a vehicle for transmission of zoonotic ExPEC strains.

Keyphrases: Antimicrobial resistance, E. coli, Virulence genes, Pig, Poultry, Farm, Abattoir
Description du développement épiphysaire du tarse et du grasset équin à l’IRM et au CT : un pas vers la compréhension de l’OCD

Osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) is a focal failure of endochondral ossification of the epiphysis characterized by the presence of cartilage flaps and osteochondral fragments. This disease has a major impact on equine athletic performances. The two current principal hypotheses on etiopathogenesis are either an ischemic necrosis of growth cartilage or altered cartilage type II collagen metabolism. Despite years of research, many knowledge gaps on the etiology of this disease remain. The objective of this study was to image epiphyseal development in the equine pelvic limb to determine whether there was a variation in site maturation that could be a predisposing factor for OCD.   Pelvic limbs (fetuses and foals) were studied post-mortem. The epiphyses of the distal femur, tibia and talus were scanned with computed tomography (CT) and 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate the degree and pattern of ossification, the regularity of the ossification front and cartilage percentage (articular epiphyseal cartilage thickness as a percentage of total epiphyseal diameter) at predetermined sites.  The secondary ossification centers (SOC) were first identified in the femoral epiphyses at 7 months of gestation (MOG), and both distal tibia and talus at 8 MOG. At 8-9 MOG the lateral trochlear ridge of the femur, medial malleolus of the tibia (MM), cranial part of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia (DIRT(Cr)), all OCD susceptible sites, had the greatest cartilage percentage compared to all other sites assessed. Post-partum, the cartilage percentage of the MM and DIRT(Cr), common sites of OCD, remained high. CT and MRI images illustrate equine epiphyseal development and provide additional evidence that greater cartilage thickness at specific joint sites could play a role in the development of OCD.

Keyphrases: Cheval, Cartilage, Equine fetus, Horse, Osteochondrosis dissecans, Cartilage, Medical imaging, Joint development
Production and immunogenicity of selected proteins of Salmonella Enteritidis

Over the past years, Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) has become the most prevalent serovars isolated in Canadian patients. Most cases in humans are associated with consumption of chicken meat, raw egg and related products. For controlling Salmonella transmission and infection in poultry, available commercially killed vaccines poorly stimulate mucosal immunity, while the use of live vaccines remains controversial. Therefore an oral subunit vaccine may be a solution. Five bacterial proteins were chosen as potential candidates and identified as Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, Enolase, Lipoamide dehydrogenase, DNA protection during starvation protein and Elongation factor-Tu.  Our objectives were to produce and purify these proteins and study their immunogenicity. The proteins genes were amplified and cloned into pQE-30 vector, then transformed into Escherichia coli M15 for expression. Purification was performed using FPLC. SPF laying hens were separated into 6 groups and injected intramuscularly 3 times at 16, 20 and 28 weeks of age. Five groups were injected with a single protein respectively while the sixth group was injected with PBS as control. Eggs were collected during the duration of the experiment and blood was collected when hens were sacrificed at 36 weeks of age. IgY was extracted from egg yolk and serum and IgA from egg white. Immunodot, westernblot and ELISA were used to evaluate the immunogenicity of proteins and antibody levels they induced. We found that these five proteins could stimulate production of specific antibody in vivo. GAPDH, Enolase and DPS induced higher antibody titer than LpdA and Ef-Tu.

Keyphrases: SE, ST, IgY, IgA, ELISA, Vaccine, Hen, Vaccin
Création d'un modèle cellulaire des voies respiratoires du porc pour étudier les effets d'une co-infection virale au virus du syndrome reproducteur et respiratoire porcin et au circovirus porcin

Porcine circovirus (PCV) type 2 (PCV2) is a major pathogen in the swine industry and has been described as the causative agent of a long list of conditions under the designation of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVAD). Attempts to replicate PCVAD initially failed, as it was discovered that an immune trigger could facilitate the reproduction of clinical signs, either by co-infecting with other swine pathogens or using immune stimulants. Of these, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the most frequently co-isolated agent in the field. Most effort has been made to understand this interaction in vivo since most in vitro cellular models lack the ability to efficiently replicate both viruses. To answer the lack of an in vitro model, we developed a cell line that allows the replication of both PRRSV and PCV. A neonate porcine tracheal cell line (NPTr) was genetically modified to stably express CD163 (NPTr-CD163), a major PRRSV receptor. NPTr-CD163 cells were able to replicate all PCV genotypes (PCV1, PCV1/2a, PCV2a and PCV2b) and PRRSV. A significant effect of PRRSV on PCV replication was found to be genotype dependent, as PCV1 replication was down regulated in the presence of PRRSV and PCV2b replication was up regulated in the same conditions.  Neither cell mortality assays nor cytokine expression analysis were able to provide an explanation for these results.   The effect of PRRSV on PCV1 and PCV2b replication is suggestive of a more specific, yet still unknown, mechanism.  Furthermore, this effect is PCV-genotype dependant.

Keyphrases: PCV, NPTR, interactions virales, Porcine Circovirus, virus-virus interactions, Cell line, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, PRRSV
Positionnement optimal de l'activité physique pour profiter de l'effet anorexigène

Energy balance (energy expenditure and energy intake) is the central of body weight control. Interestingly, physical activity can suppress appetite and energy intake, a phenomenon also called exercise-induced anorexia. However, orexigenic hormone, which decrease appetite, decreases during exercise to rapidly increase following the effort. Until now, no study has examined the optimal timing of physical activity to maximize this anorexigenic effect and this was the goal of the present thesis. Concretely, this project aimed to determine if energy intake is reduced when exercise immediately precedes the meal compared to a condition in which a pause is present between the exercise and the meal. To do so, twelve non-obese boys (15-20 years old) took part in the study. Each subject was individually evaluated performing the two following tasks in a randomized order: 1) Ex=30-minute exercise bout (70% VO2max) followed immediately by an ad libitum buffet at noon; 2) Expause=30-minute exercise bout (70% VO2max) followed by a 135-minute waiting period and an ad libitum buffet at noon. The visits were preceded by a standardized breakfast and completed with an ad libitum snack in the afternoon and a buffet-type dinner. While results shown that hunger was similar at all times, energy intake at lunch was lower for the Ex condition than for the Expause condition (5,072 vs. 5,718 kJ; p<0.05). No significant difference was noted for the afternoon snack and dinner. Interestingly, caloric intake of fat was lower at lunch, with 1,604 kJ for the Ex condition versus 2,085 kJ for the Ex pause condition (p<0.05). This study is the first to investigate the effect of the timing of physical activity on energy intake, and it reveals that being physically active right before a meal does play a role in energy intake reduction independently of pre-meal appetite sensations. Also, the absence of compensation during the rest of the day suggests that a negative energy balance, including a reduction in lipid consumption, could be more easily obtained by positioning physical activity before a meal.

Keyphrases: Adolescents, Exercise, Energy intake, Energy balance, Adolescents, Obesity
Effet d’une pré-sollicitation maximale isométrique des muscles stabilisateurs sur la coordination intermusculaire lors d’un exercice pluriarticulaire épuisant

Introduction: Strategies in order to optimize athlete’s performances are commonly used by coaches and trainers. Post-activation potentiation (PAP), occurring after a pre-activation, is known to be a phenomenon that can lead to an increase in force and power production and thus, performance. The aim of the present study was to describe the effects of a hip stabilizers pre-activation on multi-segment coordination and performance during a fatiguing exercise. Method: Six short-track speed skating athletes (3 males and 3 females; age: 20.2 ± 2.8 years; data reported as mean ± SD) participate in the study were they had to execute 2 sets of 9 blocks of 6 maximal squat jumps with 5 s isometric squats between blocks and 5 min rest between sets without (CON) or with (EXP) a 2x3s unilateral isometric squats against a fixed bar potentiating exercise 5 min before to the first set of 9 blocks intending to target the lower body hip stabilizers, flexors and extensors. Jumping average peak power, EMG amplitude, median frequency, angular velocity and acceleration were measured. The first and last blocks of jumps were recorded for each set. Results: There were no significant difference between conditions, as results showed an overall fatigue state. However, mean frequency showed compensating strategies in left leg muscles in response to fatigue. Conclusion: Hip stabilizers isometric pre-activation did not improve overall performance and coordination on jump squats. However, gluteus maximus and anterior tibialis showed a an improved fatigue resistance in non-dominant leg with pre-activation. Results from this study suggest that pre-activation protocols, while they produce no significant impact on performance, could be relevant for reducing lower-limb movement asymmetry during athlete training and as such, contribute to injury prevention and rehabilitation.

Keyphrases: Potentialisation de post-activation, Coordination, Postactivation potentiation, Electromyography, Fatigue