NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Les pratiques de la police de proximité dans le Canton de Vaud (Suisse) avant la Loi sur la Police Vaudoise du 1er Janvier 2012

In Great Britain as well as in North America, police is a public institution which leads to a huge amount of academic papers. In France, police was known as a non-interesting topic until Monjardet’s work. In Switzerland, the federal structure of the country has taken its toll on the police organization. Through a quite rigid legal frame, each canton has organized its police. So, in Vaud we could find a cantonal police and several local police based on the proximity. Even if the proximity is legally well documented, there is no comprehensive research focusing on this philosophy. This lack of practical knowledge could become a problem especially because of a major reform has come into effect in January 1st 2012.  In examining the practice, this police seems to be inspired by two incompatible policing theories: community oriented policing and intelligence led policing. This research will try to understand how these theoretical frames could be used in the daily practice. Our qualitative methodology implies 23 interviews with police officers in Vaud. A thematic analysis is made thanks to Atlas Ti.  Three major results could be noticed. First, we have made a difference between the notion of proximity and community as well as considering the local particularities. Second, we have isolated how the information could circulate and how the police officers used the typical vocabulary of criminal analysis. Finally in Vaud, it appears that police has a central role which improves the partnership to solve people problems.

Keyphrases: community policing, intelligence led policing, Information
TactoColor : conception et évaluation d’une interface d’exploration spatiale du web pour malvoyants

For this research we wanted to focus on how we could improve the satisfaction of visually impaired people when surfing the internet. Many applications are being developed and used to help the disabled on the web, but almost all of them are criticized. Two of the main complaints are that you can only use one of your senses to interact with them and that it is very difficult to figure out how a page is organized.  As Human Beings, we are used to use at least two senses at a time, for example you cannot help smelling and seeing. Thus, being forced to depend only on your hearing is very frustrating.   This research wants to adapt, for visually impaired people, a new software, TactoWeb which allows an audio-tactile exploration of the web. As TactoWeb was conceived for blind people,   there is no visual element. TactoWeb is a nonlinear screen reader designed to read the elements depending on where they are on the page. By answering the principal needs mentioned by blind people, TactoWeb could be an excellent product. Therefore, our hypothesis is that a nonlinear and tri-modal exploration of a web site is more efficient and satisfying than a bimodal.  As many people are first visually impaired before being completely blind, we worked on a version, TactoColor, which would suit their special needs. We added visual elements (links, menu, button) that should make any exploration easier.  We asked two groups of visually impaired to test both programs, one starting with TactoWeb and the others with TactoColor, in order not to favor any version. We analyzed the quality of the exploration, its efficacy and efficiency by looking at how long the participants took to fulfill their task and whether or not they found it easy.  Thanks to these data, we were able to determine that participants completed their tasks faster. The exploration was also easier thanks to the colors which helped them understand the organization of the elements of the page. However, it is difficult to say if the colors make completion easier because the participant’s results are too different.

Keyphrases: Internet, TactoColor, TactoWeb, Visually impaired, Accessibility, Software, Blind
Ὁ ἐν οὐρανῷ Ἅιδης : la naissance du purgatoire dans l'Antiquité

The aim of the present dissertation is to study the testimonies concerning the doctrine of the “Celestial Hades” from the 4th century BCE to the 6th century CE and to uncover its essential elements. The “Celestial Hades”, translation of the Greek expression ὁ ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ ᾍδης, is a pattern of thought that characterizes a millenary of the philosophy and the religion of Pagan Antiquity. In analysing this historico-religious motif, we try to be as exhaustive as possible, though we are very prudent towards our sources, which are in most cases fragmentary and originate from the Platonico-Aristotelian tradition. Hence, an effort has been made to show that the celestial Hades is a place of purification for the soul and thus a Purgatory. Generally speaking, our investigation is the first to be entirely dedicated to the study of the doctrine of the Celestial Hades and to its development during Antiquity. To achieve this aim, and following a contextualist approach, we have tried to distinguish three places where the Celestial Hades has been situated: it has been situated either in the Milky Way (Heraclides of Pontus); or between the Moon and the Earth or around the Moon (the Academicians, the Stoics, Cicero, Virgil, Plutarch, the Hermetical writings); finally, it has been situated, according to Numenius and the Latin Neoplatonists, between the sphere of the fixed stars and the Earth. As regarding its development, our study shows that the Platonist and Neoplatonist traditions have provided a favourable milieu for the propagation of this doctrine in Antiquity. Moreover, certain characteristics regarding our theme will be established: the ascension of the soul, the doctrine of physical allegory and the division, ontological et physical, between the sublunary and the supralunary worlds. In the first part of our research, we analyse the doctrine of the Celestial Hades on the Early Academy of Plato (Heraclides, Xenocrates, Philip of Opus) and in the Stoic school.  The second part is dedicated to Plutarch’s doctrine of Purgatory. Thirdly, the same doctrine will be analysed in Cicero and Virgil, and their exegetes, as well as in the Hermetic treatises and Gnosticism. The fourth and last part will explore the celestial Purgatory in the Chaldaean Oracles and in the writings of Proclus, particularly his Commentary on the Republic.

Keyphrases: Platon, Macrobe, soul, Hades, Purgatory, Vehicle of the soul, Heraclides of Pontus, Xenocrates, Plato, Macrobius, Proclus
Détection de nouvelles candidates au rang de naines brunes de types spectraux plus tardifs que T5 avec le Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)

In terms of mass, brown dwarfs are the objects that bridge the gap between giant gaseous planets and low-mass stars. They form in the same way as stars, by gravita- tional collapse of a molecular cloud fragment that reached the Jeans limit, but differ by their inability to produce hydrogen nuclear fusion in their core. As a consequence, brown dwarfs are objects gradually cooling, and their spectral properties evolve over time. This thesis presents the search for new late T and Y dwarf candidates, in order to complete the sample of known brown dwarfs in the solar vicinity. This pursues two main objectives. First, a complete sample of low-mass objects will allow to better con- strain the low-mass edge of the initial mass function of interstellar clouds, currently one of the key problems in astrophysics. Second, late-type brown dwarfs are the stellar ob- jects that have spectral properties most similar to those of giant gaseous planets. As a consequence, the search for new brown dwarfs also aims to increase our knowledge on exoplanets, without being hindered by the glare of a host star. From the WISE All-Sky Source Catalog, we established a sample of 55 brown dwarf candidates having the expected photometric properties. We have been performing a J band follow-up of 17 of these candidates at the Observatoire du Mont-Mégantic, and we detected 9 of them. 4 of these 9 detections present a proper motion that is consistent with those of brown dwarfs.

Keyphrases: CPAPIR, OMM, Brown dwarfs, Detection, Photometry, Proper motion, Infrared
Contrôle attentionnel et vieillissement normal : contribution à la mémoire de travail et variabilité interindividuelle

As the population is aging, it is increasingly important to study the changes that occur with advancing age. Normal aging is characterized by changes in various cognitive functions, such as working memory (WM), a limited capacity system that temporarily holds and manipulates a small quantity of information. The work presented in this thesis focused on the normal aging of WM and of the attentional control functions (ACFs) that underlie this system (shifting, inhibition, and updating).  The first study (Chapter II) aimed at exploring the impact of normal aging on WM and on each of the ACFs. We also sought to determine which ACFs contribute to performance on different WM tests, and whether age group has an impact on those contributions. Tasks measuring each ACF as well as WM tasks were administered to healthy older adults and to younger adults. The analyses controlling for cognitive slowing revealed that older adults’ shifting and updating abilities are preserved, but that their inhibition abilities are impaired compared to younger adults. Moreover, the impact of normal aging on WM is task-dependent. The results also indicated that the relative contribution of the ACFs to WM depends on both the WM task used and the age group. In particular, older adults relied more than younger adults on updating to perform WM tasks, which might reflect a compensation attempt.  The second study (Chapter III) aimed at characterizing interindividual variability in the ACFs of both older and younger adults. Cluster analyses were performed on the shifting, inhibition, and updating abilities, in order to determine whether different attentional control profiles were present. This study also explored whether the individuals that belonged to distinct attentional control profiles differed as to intellectual and health variables. The analyses revealed three attentional control profiles among older adults, and inhibition was the ACF for which the three profiles differed the most. Three attentional control profiles were also identified among younger adults, and their profiles were characterized by less intra-individual variability than those of older adults. The results also showed that individuals belonging to different attentional control profiles differed on some intellectual and health variables. The theoretical and clinical implications of those findings are discussed in Chapter IV.

Keyphrases: Inhibition, Working memory, Executive control, Normal aging, Shifting, Updating, Interindividual variability
The Place of the Gods : Biblical, Tragic, and Humanist Modes in Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra

This thesis focuses on Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra in relation to biblical thought, Renaissance humanism, and tragedy as a literary genre and Greek philosophy. The fall of Adam and Eve as well as the conflict between the tragic hero and the gods are two themes that are at the center of this work. The myth of the fall of Adam and Eve functions as a model for the fall—and thus the tragedy—of Antony and Cleopatra and is also the very structure of this study. If the first chapter talks about heaven, the second evokes the original sin. The third chapter investigates a ‘counter-redemption’. The first chapter refers to the idea of heaven, or Eden in the Bible, in order to examine the idea of Eden in Antony and Cleopatra. Fertility, Epicureanism, and Dionysian excess are all elements that are present in the conception of a biblical and a Shakespearean Eden. The second chapter is a study of tragedy as a genre fundamentally related to ancient Greek religious thought and philosophy—which is also the case in Antony and Cleopatra. This chapter demonstrates that the two Shakespearean protagonists are indeed similar to Greek tragic heroes, constantly defying gods and fate, thus, engendering their own tragedy (or ‘fall’, to continue with the myth of Adam and Eve). If the second chapter seeks to bridge Greek tragedy and Shakespearean drama, the third, however, shows that the ending in Antony and Cleopatra is different from the endings in plays by Sophocles, Euripides, and Aeschylus. Analyzing the philosophy of the Renaissance, especially the notion of humanism, the final chapter of this work introduces Shakespeare’s protagonists as eternal rebels, humanists who are determined to defy the forces of fortune.

Keyphrases: Shakespeare, Eden, Tragedy, Renaissance humanism, Greek religion
Étude de l'association entre la sévérité des traumatismes crâniens et les inégalités sociales

Introduction: Reducing social inequalities in health is a goal of health public in Canada. The links between socioeconomic factors and injuries in general have been extensively measured and illustrated, but the association between head trauma and social inequality is not enough investigated in the literature. The interest of this work in public health will enable us to better understand the links between deprivation and brain injuries. Objective: The overall objective of this study is to examine the relationship between brain injury and socioeconomic status Methods: The sample included 2269 patients who consulted the emergency department of the Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal from March 17th 2008 to January 11th 2012, and aged 14 and over and living in Montreal and Laval. Logistic regression analyzes were used to examine the relationship between socioeconomic status (measured using a proxy ecological) and the severity of head injury (measured by computed tomography). Results: A Montreal and Laval, the odds of having a normal scan are higher in patients poorest income quintile compared to Q1 richest income quintile Q5, with the respective values of 1.104 and 1.522 for the Montreal and Laval. A Laval when moving from the poorest quintile Q1 to Q5 the richest quintile, the odds decrease by 1,522 for Q1; 1,302 for the bottom quintile of income 1,126 for the middle income quintile, 1.176 for quintile 1 for the richest (quintile reference).  Conclusions: Although the relationship between head trauma and the socio-economic status is not significant, several questions arise through this memory of different causes including head trauma based on the socio-economic status and age, area of residence. Other further research would be useful to better inform public health programs. Keywords: Head trauma, Socioeconomic Status, Public Health, Social Inequality, falls, Crashes, Causes of trauma, income quintile

Keyphrases: Head trauma, Socioeconomic Status, Public health, Social inequality, Falls, Crashes, Causes of trauma, Income quintile
Étude de la variation de phase des fimbriae F1651, Pap et CS31A et de l'impact des régulateurs homologues de PapI

Escherichia coli extra-intestinal pathogenic (ExPEC) are responsible for a wide variety of diseases. Particularly ExPEC strains from the subset called uropathogenic E.coli (UPEC) are carrying fimbriae type P. This adhesin family is subject to transcriptional regulation called phase variation, an all or nothing mechanism. It is a competition between two regulatory proteins: the Dam methylase and the nucleoprotein Lrp. This mechanism is also under the influence of the local regulators PapB and PapI. These two regulators are essential to the phase variation. We therefore sought to investigate PapI and its homologs and their impact on the phase variation of fimbriae F1651, Pap, and CS31A. By means of a chromosomal fusion between the regulatory region of clp gene and lacZYA, we studied the effect in trans of PapI and FooI which could restore the phase variation with a strong tendency to phase OFF. To study the action of PapI and FooI, we used a system with gfp as a reporter gene in operons pap and foo. This allowed the observation of the phase variation at the cellular level by flow cytometry and real-time fluorescence microscopy. These experiments confirmed that the population of F165 positive cells have a partial expression state whereas Pap cells mostly have an OFF expression state. We also confirmed that FooI and PapI do not have the same influence on phase variation and that FooI promotes greater frequency of phase variation.

Keyphrases: Escherichia coli, Virulence, Fimbriae, Lrp, Pap, Foo, Clp, Escherichia coli, Virulence, Fimbriae, Phase variation, Lrp, Pap, Foo, Clp, Adhesin
La dimension humaine des enjeux environnementaux dans un bassin versant au Brésil

 Natural resources are a source of economic and social development, but could be also a source of environmental deterioration and of problems for human health. The technical systems of management of natural resources are not sufficient to bring about solutions to all environmental problems. Apart from natural disasters, it is human intervention that causes the majority of environmental problems. To understand the dynamics between the natural factors and the economic, political, and social factors, we chose to work with them in this thesis on the human dimension of environmental problems. This implies that we must analyze the relations between psycho-sociological measurements and socio-environmental problems. For an efficacious management of natural resources, it is necessary to understand human action, its incentives and its constraints, as well as human values and beliefs. These variables orient human attitudes and behaviour in relation to the environment. In the survey of values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviour, one faces two types of problems: first, there is the question of the concepts and their definitions; the other type of problems, which is rather implicit, is the set of « measurements » to which every concept refers. This thesis is about the relations between values, beliefs, attitudes and human behaviour in relation to environmental problems. For that analysis, we polled 1800 respondents, inhabitants of the region of the basin of the Rio das Velhas, situated at the province of Minas Gerais, in Brazil.

Keyphrases: Value, Belief, Attitude, Attitude, Behaviour, Environment, Hydrographic basin, Survey, Sociology, Psychology, Development
La société de l'amélioration : le renversement de la perfectibilité humaine, de l'humanisme des Lumières à l'humain augmenté

Whether we speak of doping in sport, the use of psychoactive drugs to improve man’s intellectual performance or better check his emotions, new reproductive technologies allowing more efficient birth control, or anti-aging medicine to erase the effects of time, there is no denying that enhancing humans through the use of technoscientific and biomedical means has grown more pervasive in our contemporary societies.  This study questions today’s quest for human enhancement under the light of the humanist and political ideal of perfectibility defined by 18th century Enlightenment philosophers, particularly in the work and thought of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. In contrast to the humanist and political model of perfectibility, which promotes the improvement of the human condition by and through society, at the core of the democratic ideal, today’s enhancement society seems to champion a depoliticized model of perfectibility focused on human technoscientific adaptability and the transformation of life itself.  Offering a journey through the history of social thought, the objective of this study is to understand how such a reversal and depoliticization of the concept of perfectibility may have been possible.  From Jean-Jacques Rousseau to Karl Marx, Auguste Comte and Francis Galton, from postmodern thinkers to the transhumanist movement, this thesis presents a synthetic genealogy of the enhancement society we are entering, which allows for a critical analysis of social and technoscientific transformations that have too often been presented behind the mask of ineluctability.

Keyphrases: technosciences, biotechnologies, Human perfectibility, Human enhancement, Posthuman, Humanism, Politics, Technosciences, biotechnologies, history of ideas, sociology, political philosophy
L’évaluation des pairs, la prise de décisions et les critères de la qualité au Conseil des arts et des lettres du Québec : le cas des arts visuels contemporains

Our study focuses on the Conseil des Arts et des Lettres du Québec (CALQ) program to support the creation of contemporary visual arts. The question that usually rises about this type of programs, which are based on peer review, is: are the decisions "biased"? But behind this question, there is another more fundamental: what criteria the evaluations are based on? We are interested in understanding the relationship between the artistic quality assessment and the fellowships. More specifically, we seek to analyze how are determined the quality and value of an application in visual arts, what types of arguments and criteria sustain an artistic assessment and by which means the latter may create inequity between candidates. Therefore our research is related to the sociology of arts; nonetheless we take into account the institutional framework and the values that underlie the artistic assessment in the context of an autonomous arts’ funding organization.   In this perspective, artistic values are not defined ex nihilo but in situ, in concrete situations, such as the evaluation committees, and in a specific institutional context, the CALQ. The artistic quality assessment is built into concrete and particular social dynamics, which compel us to observe and analyze them carefully. In this sense, our attention will particularly address the mechanisms of decision-making and the collective judgments.

Keyphrases: peer review, decision-making, arts- funding, arts criteria, visual arts, Quebec cultural policies, sociology of arts