NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Étude paléopathologique préliminaire à travers l'analyse macroscopique et scanographique : exemple du cimetière St. Matthew, ville de Québec (1771-1860)

Because some diseases produce lesions that cannot be seen macroscopically, this preliminary paleopathological study will use the ct-scan, as a complementary approach in order to improve diagnosis. This project will attempt to evaluate the efficiency of the ct-scan approach for the analysis of archaeological specimens in paleopathological study.   Fifty-five individuals from St. Matthew’s protestant cemetery (Quebec City, 1771- 1861) were selected for the present study. Both macroscopic and scanographic analyses were performed on each skeleton. Macroscopic observations were recorded according to at least ten standard criteria based on the reference literature that reports abnormal phenomena on skeletal surfaces. Ct-scans were obtained at the Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique of Quebec City with a SOMATOM CT-scanner (Siemens model, Definition AS+ 128). Scanographic data provided a series of complementary criteria on internal bone structures (thinning/thickening of the cortical layer, density variation, etc.). According to the method of the differential diagnosis, diagnoses were proposed. Most of them were based on diagnostic criteria reported in the paleopathological literature as well as in clinical studies.   The results presented support that: 1) For 43% of our sample (N=55), ct-scan data provided key information for the paleopathological diagnosis. The ct-scan provided additional information for some diseases only, partly because some diagnoses cannot be done without the presence of soft tissues. 2) The distribution of most lesions, both macroscopic and scanographic, did vary according to the anatomical regions.  3) Some types of diseases seem to vary according to age and sex, as supported by the literature. 4) Our research also shows that the diagnosis could be improved and refined in 38% of the cases with complementary analyses (histology, scintigraphy, radiography, etc.).

Keyphrases: population euro-québécoise, Paleopathology, macroscopic analysis, ct-scan's efficiency, differential diagnosis, Euroquebecois population, protestant cemetery
L’épave du Machault, 1760 : entre tradition et innovation

This study addresses the shipbuilding industry for the middle of the eighteenth century in France in the region of Bayonne. It aims to document the relation between the regional shipbuilding tradition and a globalisation of naval techniques, as this period has been interpreted as one of abrupt change. The Machault, a French frigate built in Bayonne in 1757 and lost in Chaleur Bay, Québec, in the context of the Seven Years War en 1760 will be the object of this study. The archaeological analysis of the frigate gave us a unique vision of the eighteenth century shipbuilding industry.  The analysis is organised in three main parts. First, the aspect of forestry will be addressed in order to understand the nature of the timbers resources that were used to build the frigate. Then, the thesis looks at the architectural design of the ship, based on theoretical considerations that reveal the ways of designing a ship. Finally, the carpentry will be analysed to dissect the assembly sequence of the ship, so as to analyse the construction itself. Together, these three main aspects will draw a portrait of the shipbuilding industry for the region of Bayonne in the mid-eighteenth century.

Keyphrases: Machault, Conception architecutrale, Architecture navale, Archaeology, The Machault, Frigate, Forestry, Carpentery, Hull Design, Naval Architecture, Underwater Archaeology
L’industrie osseuse des Iroquoiens du site Mailhot-Curran (BgFn-2) : une étude des déchets de fabrication

The St. Lawrence Iroquoians were very talented producers of bone tools of all kinds but little is known about the ancient technologies involved in the manufacture of these objects. The relevance of this study arises from the fact that there are significant methodological and theoretical gaps in the analysis of the bone objects produced by St. Lawrence Iroquoians. The aim of this thesis is to provide some answers to those specific gaps of information. This research involves various analyses which are characteristic of technological approaches, and zooarchaeological and use-wear methods. These particular methods will allow me to examine and understand more accurately the past technologies associated with St. Lawrence Iroquoians bone tool industries. Through the analysis and classification of the by-products, debris, blanks, rough-outs and finished objects, I hope to provide a method for understanding the sequence underlying the production of bone tools (procurement, selection, treatment, debitage, shaping, finishing, etc.) and to evaluate the investment made in the procurement and selection of the raw materials. A spatial distribution analysis is carried out to better understand the context for the planning and manufacture of bone tools within the village space. The main purposes of this study are to present methodological guidelines regarding the classification of bone refuse and by-products; to reveal morphological and technological characteristics of these archeological remains through macrosopic and microscopic obsevations, and to provide an empirical model adapted to the analysis of the chaines opératoires leading to distinct categories of bone refuse.

Keyphrases: os, Archaeology, Late Woodland, St. Lawrence Iroquoians, Bone tool industry, technological analysis, Bone, Osseous materials
La prise en compte de l’adaptation au changement climatique dans les politiques publiques de verdissement (2005-2015) : le cas de Montréal

Knowledge on climate change (CC) is evolving quickly, although uncertainty about the scope of its consequences remains, especially in cities, which will have to cope with different impacts than the surrounding rural areas. Governments have started implementing climate change adaptation (CCA) public policies to limit the negative impacts of CC. The literature suggests policy- makers should consider urban greening as an important tool for adaptation. It also suggests CCA can be implemented through its incorporation in other pre-existing plans and policies. Therefore CCA, as a public issue, can be considered when redesigning urban greening policies, which would result in changes to the contents (what?) and management (how?) of its different stages. We studied the case of the urban greening policy of Montréal, Québec, using an analytical framework for public policies developed by Knoepfel et al. (2015), which focuses among other things on the use of resources by stakeholders who play a role in shaping these policies. We show that taking the CCA into account has resulted in several changes. First, it caused a shift in the arguments used to support urban greening actions, adding they can help decrease the urban heat island effect and play a role in a better management of stormwater. Second, choosing the Montréal agglomeration as the scale for addressing CCA has resulted in greening now being considered at the same scale. This is illustrated by the release of a major urban greening action plan (Plan d’action canopée) for the agglomeration which points out CCA as its leitmotiv. Third, some changes in municipal by-laws promoting urban greening occurred, and we also noticed new stakeholders play a role in the greening policy. Fourth, the Plan d’action canopée provides a framework for greening actions implementation to be mostly carried out in areas vulnerable to CCA, and an according cost-sharing structure. However, the implementation of ACC oriented greening policies is too recent to permit an effective evaluation of their results. In addition, we found that biodiversity issues often go hand in hand with CCA in Montréal’s greening policy. These findings show CCA is taken into account, at least partially, in Montréal’s greening public policy. However, this particular issue is perhaps used as an additional argument for those who promote urban greening rather than being an actual driver of public policy transformation.

Keyphrases: Climate change, Climate change adaptation, Public policies, Urban, City, Greening, Montreal, Quebec
La participation en amont de grands projets d'aménagement : les effets sur le projet et ses acteurs

For over thirty years, our democratic practices evolved in parallel of the deepening relationships between decision-makers and members of civil society. Examples of participatory approaches are numerous, while their shapes and designs grow in diversity. In recent years, upstream consultations are increasingly present in the policymakers’ toolbox.   Hydro-Québec’s Tables d'information et d'échange, or Information and Exchange Roundtables (IER) is a case in point. Launched in the late 1990s, these roundtables include several key agents of the community. This consultation mechanism is used early in the planning process. The Office de consultation publique de Montreal (OCPM) also has its own consultation methods.   Two case studies shall be detailed and compared: an IER for the Romaine hydroelectric dams project and the OCPM consultations for the Planning Program of the Griffintown neighborhood. We shall compare both approaches, identifying each’s effects and allowing us to document these relatively new processes. With our two cases studies, this memoir explores the effects of upstream participation on the projects’ parameters and the agents involved.

Keyphrases: Consultation, Hydro-Québec, Public participation, Consultation, Upstream participation
L’analyse de la vulnérabilité d’une population déplacée suite à un désastre naturel : le cas du site planifié Corail à Port-au-Prince

With the increase of so-called « natural » disasters during the last decade, population suddenly lost their house and had nowhere to shelter. The lack of places to shelter will bring the affected population to get displaced temporary and, sometime, permanently. This research is looking to a specific case of resettlement in an organized site, Corail-Cesselesse, created few months after the devastating earthquake of January 2010, in Haiti. Initially occupied by households from the neighbors of Delmas and Port-au-Prince who found sheltered in a vast gulf club, the Corail’s planned site is then studied through descriptive and comparative methods to assess the evolution of households’ social vulnerability. In order to do so, a literature review of the vulnerability and the disaster risk reduction concepts is needed to identify key indicators facilitating the analysis on conditions prevailing and succeeding the natural disaster. In particular, an approach combining three methods using both qualitative and quantitative data is useful to conduct this study. Through questionnaires, GIS data and interviews with professionals in housing in developing countries, we analyze to what extend the social vulnerability had evolved. We observe that the decision making process on the creation of Corail has neglected various social aspects required to facilitate households to recover from a hazard of this strength.

Keyphrases: Corail, Cesselesse, Port-au-Prince, Social vulnerability, Displaced people, Planned site, SIG, GIS, Natural hazard, Recovery
Analyse comparative de l’approche bioclimatique et de la méthode LEED en architecture

Motivated by the development of sustainable architectural production in the countries of Latin America, particularly in Colombia, my research focuses on the adaptation of architecture to this new context. The traditional approach to the integration of energy and climate is bioclimatic architecture. This way is based on the reproduction of knowledge through the use of ancestral techniques that were acquired over time, and which evolved from shelter design. The bioclimatic architecture studies the physical phenomena in relation to thermal comfort to reproduce in a new architectural style. New environmental assessment methods have been developed in recent decades to improve environmental integration in buildings. These methods give priority to standardization of solutions and use certification systems to recognize the environmental and energy performance of buildings. The expected results are in compliance with international sustainability standards. This thesis focuses on the comparative analysis of bioclimatic architecture and environmental certification using the structure and the topics addressed by LEED, one of the best-known methods of such certification. This comparison shows that the two approaches are motivated by the same environmental concerns but their methods of integration of these concerns differ, particularly with regard to the consideration of local and global factors.

Keyphrases: LEED, environmental assessment methods, bioclimatic architecture, sustainability
Analyse comparative de systèmes de construction industrialisés et leur applicabilité à une habitation multifamiliale verticale pour la classe moyenne à Recife (Brésil)

Since the early twentieth century, architects and engineers anticipated and idealized the industrialization of buildings where its parts could be produced in the factory and proceeding to their assembly on site. At present, thanks to dedicated researchers, this industrialization is a reality and many context specific industrialized building systems exist worldwide. This study aims to analyse and compare a few systems, using specific assessment criteria in order to select two of the most appropriate prefabricated systems for vertical multifamily dwellings aiming Recife's high middle class in Brazil. This study is based on the systemic research from White (1970) and from Richard (2002) who both use an evaluation approach. As a result, both the DESCON panel system and the post and beam one marketed by T&A and PDI companies, both in concrete, were selected as the most appropriate since they responded well to the context of Recife.

Keyphrases: Open Building, Recife, Architecture, Brazil, Systemic approach, Multifamily housing, Industrialized building system
Évaluation de la biomasse fongique dans les systèmes de ventilation

Cleaning systems for Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning is important to ensure good indoor air quality. The outbreak of their cleaning is based on a visual inspection does not take into account the content molds, which have effects on the respiratory system. This research aims at providing a mold content of the assessment methodology to help building managers. Five dust generations were made in an exposition chamber mimicking a HVAC duct system. A modified 37-mm cassette with a pre-weighed PVC filter was used to collect the settled dust at a flow rate of 15L/min. Particles recovery percentages collected by the cassettes and those deposited on the filters were calculated for 54 samples. Ten other generations were performed with dust using different levels of mold spores. Sixty samples were analyzed with four methods : culture on Malt Extract Agar, direct microscopic spores count (DMSC), Beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidase assay (NAHA) and 18S-q-PCR assay. The detection limit (DL), replicability, repeatability, the number of spores and correlation coefficient (r) were determined. The recovery percentages were greater than 84%. According methods, the median concentration of spores/100 cm² ranged from 10,000 to 815,000. The DL varies depending on the method from 120 to 218,000 spores/100 cm²  and from -0.08 to 0.83. Replicability and repeatability were 1% and 1% for PCR, 5% and 10% for DMSC, 6% and 11% for NAHA, 12% and 11% for culture. The sampling method showed excellent dust collection efficiency. The PCR method is recommended for fungal evaluation of ventilation systems. A field validation is underway.

Keyphrases: Culture, PCR, Dosage de la β-N-acetylhexosaminidase, Ventilation systems, Surface dust, Vacuum cassette, Molds, Culture, PCR, Microscopy
Les impacts de mitochondries étrangères sur le phénotype : une étude holistique chez le ventre rouge du nord Chrosomus eos

Cybrid organisms generally suffer from a disruption of the mito-nuclear interactions specificity, resulting in a phenotype deterioration. However, several studies demonstrate that between-species transfers of mitochondria can occasionally be beneficial. Currently, many questions still remain about how much these transfers can impact the various biological organisation levels of the phenotype. To address these questions, Chrosomus eos wild type and cybrids fish are considered. Thus, the first part of this research project demonstrates that Chrosomus neogaeus mitochondria impact the C. eos phenotype, at various levels of biological organisation, when wild type and cybrids are found in allopatry. On the other hand, the second part of this thesis reveals that these phenotypic modifications cannot trigger a speciation event between the two sympatric biotypes. This study also suggests that mito-nuclear coevolution would not be a sine qua non condition to survive and perform in natural environments. Finally, the holistic approach considered in the third part of this research shows that C. neogaeus mitochondria influence various levels of C. eos phenotype, when wild type and cybrids are sympatric. The magnitude of this influence is less pronounced than the one observed from allopatric biotypes. Combined, all these parts contribute to a better understanding of the links existing between mitochondria and the phenotype of an individual.

Keyphrases: Chrosomus eos, transcriptome, performance de nage, mitochondria, cybrids, phenotype, mito-nuclear coevolution, methylome, enzymatic activity, swimming performance, speciation
Les stratégies syndicales face aux restructurations d’entreprises : une étude comparative des contre-pouvoirs syndicaux dans le secteur des équipementiers automobiles en France et au Canada

This thesis examines the impacts of the restructuring of multinational enterprises on trade union strategies. Are local union strategies an outcome of national institutional embeddedness and organizational contingencies, or can unions in fact influence core elements of corporate decision-making vis-à-vis restructuring? This research speaks to major scholarly debates concerning economic globalization, corporate restructuring, and union organization. In terms of theory, this thesis addresses three large analytical approaches, these being: neo-institutionalism and opportunity structures; critical political economy and the question of union power; and critical economic geography in relation to contingencies, embeddedness, and competition across borders. Drawing from these three theories, this research proposes a new multidisciplinary model of analysis for research on union strategies.  In terms of methodology, this thesis is structured around four case studies of local unions in two countries (Canada and France) and a specific sector (automobile equipment manufacturers). Three qualitative sources are at the heart of this thesis: descriptive statistics, documentation from secondary sources, and semi-structured interviews (44), primarily focused union actors.   This thesis analyzes union strategies within and across jurisdictions to elucidate their ramifications for firms and workers, particularly in the context of restructuring. The principal contributions of this thesis touch on: 1. the impacts of power resources developed by local unions on institutional opportunity structures; 2. the importance of cognitive aspects of strategy and its implications for power in a multi-level context; and 3. the importance of social embeddedness and social relations between unions and employers; 4. the omnipresence of international/national/regional/local competition in the automobile equipment manufacturing sector; and 5. the importance of trade-offs and relationships between business players from the vantage point of contingency theory to understand the structural facets of local union action.  This research invites social actors to rethink their strategies concerning corporate restructuring. In particular, local unions should explore new strategic repertoires of action for responding the new challenges pertaining to economic change and restructuring.

Keyphrases: trade unionism, union strategies, multinational corporations, restructuring, international comparisons, automobile industry
Exploration du rôle modérateur des stratégies d’adaptation sur la relation entre les mauvais traitements perçus et les problèmes psychologiques d’adolescents à risque

Adolescents who experienced serious abuse and neglect show a higher risk of anxious and depressive symptoms and antisocial behavior. Therefore, it is important to identify the coping strategies that favor their psychosocial adjustment. This doctorate dissertation examines the moderating role of coping strategies on the relation between maltreatment reported by 336 adolescents staying in a rehabilitation centre and their internalized and externalized problems. The first chapter presents conceptual and developmental models of coping and a literature review of the relations between different stressors, adolescents coping strategies and their psychological adaptation. In the following two chapters, the interactions between three types of abuse (emotional or physical abuse, emotional neglect) and four coping styles (emotion-oriented, problem-oriented, social diversion or distraction) are tested, for their effects on adolescents internalized problems in the first study, and on their externalized problems in the second study. Emotion-oriented coping was positively and directly related with internalized and externalized problems reported by all youths. For girls, problem-oriented strategies, social diversion and distraction showed stress-buffering effects on the relation of emotional abuse or neglect to self-reported internalized problems. Problem-oriented strategies had a similar effect on the relation between emotional abuse and self-reported externalized problems for all youths. When predicting externalized problems, other interactions revealed that the adaptive benefits of coping diminish when abuse is more serious. Hence, problem-oriented strategies and social diversion were associated with less externalized problems reported by educators only when adolescents were not maltreated and distractions were related to less aggressive behaviors only in non-maltreated girls.  Social diversion was associated with an increase in self-reported rule-breaking behaviors by all youths. For boys, social diversion interacted with all maltreatment variables, so that it was related to more severe rule-breaking behaviors when boys were not maltreated.  Thus, our results show more protective effects of these strategies when predicting the emotional symptoms of abused girls, and little impact on the extent of antisocial behavior in abused adolescents.  These results are interpreted in relation with developmental issues related to adolescence, and with the specific vulnerabilities observed in abuse victims.

Keyphrases: Adolescents, Abus, Maltreatment, Abuse, Neglect, Coping strategies, Internalized problems, Externalized problems