Interaction entre les apoB-lipoprotéines et le tissu adipeux blanc dans la régulation du risque cardiométabolique chez l’humain

Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D) affect approximately 9 million Canadians, which represents close to 30% of the population. T2D is characterized by insulin resistance (IR) that cannot be compensated by increased insulin secretion. White adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction is at the root of this pathology and is characterized by increased lipid flux to peripheral tissues causing IR and hypersecretion of apoB-lipoproteins (apoB) by the liver, contributing to increased plasma apoB. In line, epidemiological studies show that plasma apoB is an independent predictor of T2D development 3 to 10 years before onset.   In this thesis, we formulated the hypothesis that increased secretion of apoB-lipoprotein secondary to WAT dysfunction promotes further development of this dysfunction in a feed-forward cycle that contributes to increased metabolic risk. To investigate this, we have combined in vitro experiments as well as post hoc analyses of in vivo and ex vivo data from a cohort of men and postmenopausal women recruited from two metabolic studies conducted at Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal between 2006 and 2019.   In circulation, more than 90% of apoB-lipoproteins are in the form of LDL. The number of apoB-lipoproteins (measured by plasma apoB), is associated to the development of WAT dysfunction in humans via different mechanisms. Postprandial enrichment of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) by WAT-secreted apoC-I has been proposed as one of them. In a first manuscript, we show that subjects (N=39) with dysfunctional WAT secrete greater amount of apoC-I, which is associated specifically to delayed postprandial chylomicrons clearance in a mechanism that appears to be dependent on apoC-I-mediated inhibition of adipocyte lipoprotein lipase. This constitutes a new mechanism linking adipose tissue dysfunction to increased plasma apoB.   Proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a circulatory enzyme that targets apoB-lipoprotein receptors, such as the LDLR and CD36, for degradation. Low circulating PCSK9 relative to high plasma apoB, expressed as a higher apoB-to-PCSK9 ratio, is strongly associated to WAT dysfunction and IR, suggesting that increased receptor-mediated uptake of apoB-lipoproteins plays an important role in these pathologies. In parallel, apoB-lipoproteins, mostly native and oxydized LDL, activate the NLRP3 inflammasome (Nucleotide-binding domain and Leucine-rich repeat Receptor, containing a Pyrin domain 3). The NLRP3 inflammasome is an intracellular receptor responsible for interleukin-1 beta (IL-1) secretion, which is known to be implicated in the pathogenesis of T2D. In a second manuscript, we demonstrate in overweight and obese subjects (N=31) that the apoB-to-PCSK9 is indeed an index of WAT surface-expression of LDLR and CD36 both at fasting and in the postprandial state. Similarly, the apoB-to-PCSK9 ratio is associated with chronic NLRP3 inflammasome priming at fasting and with postprandial macrophage infiltration and concomitant NLRP3 upregulation within WAT.   Finally, recent epidemiological studies suggest an increased risk for T2D in subjects with low plasma LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) secondary to loss-of-function genetic variants in PCSK9, or secondary to cholesterol-lowering therapies. In a third manuscript, we show that in subjects with low LDL-C (<3.5mM, N=28), lower plasma PCSK9 identifies subjects with higher WAT LDLR and CD36 surface-expression. Despite having lower LDL-C, subjects with lower plasma PCSK9 show dysfunction WAT and decreased disposition index. Mechanistically, human SGBS adipocytes chronically exposed to native LDL show impaired differentiation and concomitant dysfunction. While this phenomenon cannot be described by NLRP3 inflammasome activation, since it is not expressed in these adipocytes, native human LDL increase the ratio of secreted active Il-1 relative to inactive pro-IL-1 suggesting activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human THP-1 macrophages.   In conclusion, these observations suggest that dysfunctional WAT promotes delayed postprandial lipoprotein clearance via increased apoC-I secretion, thus promoting hyperapoB and increased cardiometabolic risk. In turn, upregulated receptor-mediated uptake of apoB-lipoproteins appears to be connected to the development of WAT dysfunction and associated cardiometabolic risk factors. At the cellular level within WAT, this could be secondary to a concomitant effect of LDL on preadipocytes inducing their reduced differentiation and function and on macrophage inducing activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.

Keyphrases: apoB, CD36, LDLR, PCSK9, apoB-lipoproteins, apolipoprotein C-I, clinical research, cardiometabolic risk, metabolism, NLRP3 inflammasome, lipids, postprandial regulation, human subjects, type 2 diabetes, white adipose tissue