Assessing central lipid uptake and impact in the mesolimbic dopamine system

Obesity is a preventable metabolic disorder characterized by excessive weight gain and inflammation, which predisposes to numerous cardiometabolic diseases. One of the causes of obesity is the continued consumption of an energy dense, high-fat diet (HFD). Increasing evidence suggests that lipid nutrients can modify neural signaling, excitability and connectivity in brain areas involved in energy homeostasis. Moreover, fatty acids (FA) in the brain have been shown to modulate food intake, weight gain, and, more recently, food-motivated behavior. These effects seem to be mediated by FA uptake and intra-cellular metabolism, which is facilitated by FA transport proteins such as FATP1. Obesity has been shown to induce alterations in dopamine (DA) tone and signaling in the mesolimbic system, well known for its implication in reward. Evidence suggests that DA neurons detect FAs and that oleate, a long chain fatty acid (LCFA), acts on neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), where DA neurons originate, to suppress DA neural activity and food-seeking. However, our understanding of FA metabolism and its uptake into VTA is still to be refined. We sought to evaluate whether: 1) the incorporation of a radiolabeled LCFA analog, *FTHA, in brain regions implicated in the regulation of food intake; 2) blocking FA entry into cells of the VTA, using a pharmacological inhibitor of FATP1, modulates the suppressive effects of oleate on food-motivated behavior; and 3) prolonged HFD has effects on fat accumulation, neuroinflammation, and blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity and leakage in reward-related areas. Under objective 1, we developed a protocol to allow the quantification of FA uptake in the brain using tail-vein injections of *FTHA, brain dissections, and gamma counter. We found that the prefrontal cortex and reward-related areas (dorsal striatum [DS], VTA and nucleus accumbens [NAC]), but not the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), incorporate *FTHA, that the VTA and DS emitted proportionally more radioactivity, and may do so more rapidly, than the other brain regions assessed. We also determined that a 15-minute incubation was optimal for *FTHA detection. Under objective 2, we showed in vitro a reduction in lipid accumulation in neurons after FATP1 inhibition. However, contrary to previous experiments conducted in our lab, we found no significant difference in food-motivated behavior following an intra-VTA oleate and/or FATP1 inhibitor injection. Under objective 3, mice were fed either a HFD (high saturated FAs) or a control diet for 20 weeks. They became obese, and via immunohistochemical techniques, we found that HFD induced greater microglial activation in the VTA and NAC, and greater BBB permeability in the VTA. However, we did not find differences in cerebral lipid content, number of microglial cells, or changes in BBB tight junction proteins. Interpretation of these experiments are discussed within certain methodological limitations and the small size of our samples. Nonetheless, if confirmed, our data may provide additional insight in the transport of peripheral FAs into the brain. We showed that LCFA pass through BBB and accumulate in reward-related areas. The VTA, and DS had significantly greater accumulation of *FTHA compared to the MBH, a region traditionally associated with energy homeostasis and nutrient sensing. We also showed that diet-induced obesity is associated with increased BBB permeability in the VTA, and we extended the established relationship between obesity and neuroinflammation to the VTA. This work brings forth new insights in the realm of FA uptake and metabolism in the brain, as well as their potential impacts after prolonged exposure. Our data may have potential implications for obesity, as this facilitates this macronutrient uptake in the reward system, and may alter postprandial food-seeking behaviors in humans.

Keyphrases: dopamine, inflammation, obesity, fatty acids, metabolism, mesolimbic dopamine system, reward, energy homeostasis, neuroinflammation