NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Le jeu en ligne : une analyse comparative du statut juridique du jeu en ligne et des cadres juridiques adoptés pour règlementer et gérer ses risques

Gambling has always been perceived as a vice responsible for many social ills. Consequently, governments have adopted various legal frameworks to control and manage its negative consequences. Despite it being ubiquitous, online gambling is illegal to varying degrees in Canada, the United States and many other countries. On line gambling has however presented governments wishing to regulate its perceived social ills, greater challenges, particularly because of its technological and extra-jurisdictional nature. This paper will identify the risks and consequences associated with gambling, particularly problem gambling, as well as the legal frameworks adopted to regulate and minimise them. We will examine the current legal status of online gambling in different jurisdictions, including Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and elsewhere in the European Union. These legal frameworks include outright prohibition of online gambling in the US; legalizing, licencing, and taxing online gambling in the United Kingdom; and various frameworks in between, such as offering online gambling exclusively through state monopolies in Canada and elsewhere to control its availability and minimize its consequences. We will draw conclusions as to the efficacy and relative success of these legal frameworks to regulate online gambling.

Keyphrases: Gaming, Internet gaming, Internet gaming law, Online poker, Wire act, Kahnawake gaming commission, Casinos, Online casinos, Ancestral rights, Problem gambling, Sports gaming, Online gaming, Online gambling
Cadre juridique de l'utilisation de la biométrie au Québec : sécurité et vie privée

Biometric technology, applied in a context of automated data processing and recognition of identity, is one of those new technologies whose complexity of use increase continuously and where the long-term effects are undefined. The risks are real and questions abound. For example, do biometrics really bring more security in the current context and is the Quebec legislative framework sufficient to regulate all the risks it generates?   Biometric technology is flexible in that it enables to capture several types of biometric traits and provides users with various modalities of use. For example, it can be used for identification and authentication. Although the difference between the two modes can be difficult to understand, they have different impacts on our rights and do not involve the same risks.   Among the human rights affected by the use of biometrics, the most important is the right to privacy. Still not well understood, the right to privacy is complex and difficult to apply in this new technological context. Circulation of biometric data and increased surveillance, function creep and identity theft are some examples of the known risks of biometric technologies. More, use of biometrics may also affect other fundamental rights, depending on how it is used.   Proportionality and necessity tests of the project will be key in the analysis of the legal conformity. Then, the success of the technology will depend on the security measures put in place to secure biometric data once the legitimacy of the system is established.

Keyphrases: Biometrics, biometric information, information security, privacy
Corticospinal excitability not affected by negative motor imagery or intention

Although positive motor imagery has been widely studied and is used in rehabilitation, the effect of negative motor imagery on our motor system is less well understood. Our goal was to ascertain whether intention and/or negative visual imagery is effective in decreasing the twitch resulting from transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex. Twenty participants received 30 TMS stimulations in three different conditions: remaining passive, paying particular attention to the sensations in their hand, and attempting to modulate the amplitude of the resulting movement. To do this, half the participants used an imagery strategy, whereas the other half used an intention strategy. In both cases, amplitude in the modulation condition was not significantly reduced.

Keyphrases: TMS, Modulation, Main, Performance psychomotrice, Motor cortex, hand, Motor imagery, Electromyography, Humans, Motor activity/activation, Psychomotor performance
Regard sur la sécurité du processus dans les organisations utilisant ou non les TIC lors de l’évaluation

Academic dishonesty in assessments presents important issues regarding its integrity. The presence of ICT being increasingly important in the examinations, it is important with this method of data collection to ensure a level of safety equal to or even higher than the one present when the traditional method of collecting data, the paper and pencil, is used. There are several studies on the use of ICT in assessment, but few of them talks about the security arrangements in the use of ICT. In this study, thirteen Quebec’s organizations were encountered, six of them who used ICT in the assessment, five who used paper and pencil in the assessment but who wished to use ICT and two who used paper and pencil and did not wish to use ICT. The organizations are educational institutions (elementary, high school, college, university), private companies, government or municipal agencies and professional associations. Semi-structured interviews and a qualitative analysis by the presence or absence of different characteristics documented the security arrangements related to data collection for the assessment using ICT. These modalities were compared with those used when there is utilization of paper and pencil in the collection of data to see how they vary when using ICT.  The results show that the use of ICT in the assessment makes it more complex and adds steps to the preparation of the examination to ensure an adequate level of security. However, it also allows new features regarding the type of questions, the integration of multimedia, the use of adaptive questions and random generation of test that can counter some forms of academic dishonesty already present with the use of paper and pencil in the assessment and for which it was difficult to act. However, the use of ICT in assessment can also bring new opportunities for academic dishonesty. If these are taken into consideration, the use of ICT allows a higher security level than the assessment where the data were collected with traditional paper-and-pencil.

Keyphrases: Plagiat, TIC, Plagiarism, Cheating, E-assesment, E-learning, Academic dishonesty, Academic integrity, Online assesment, Online examinations, Security
L'étendue de la compétence ratione materiae du juge étatique dans le règlement des différends nés de l'exécution d'un contrat complexe

The decision in the case Beaudoin v. Université de Sherbrooke (Superior Court and Quebec's Court of Appeal 2008-2010) examines the extent of the obligation to consult in a research partnership agreement. This kind of partnership is often created through agreements and can take several forms. The majority of those are unknown to the law; this is why the doctrine considers them to be complex enterprises, since the choice of the partner is often guided by the will to curtail the formalism imposed by State rules. Familiar practices used in the relevant field and the agreements which link them are often the only rules they respect. In case of dispute, they generally seek a third party expert to settle the dispute and only exceptionally resort to national courts. In this specific case, the contractions present the decision raise some important questions: on one hand, the capacity of the courts to solve conflicts which arise from the execution or interpretation of this sort of partnership, and on the other hand the compatibility of material rules applicable to the subject matter by judges to parties often bound by lex contractus and the usages applicable in their field of activity. This study tries to identify the form of partnership applicable in this case in order to measure the extent of the ratione materiae competence of the judge in the settlement of a dispute arising from the execution of a complex contract (PART I), and to examine the possibility of recurring to alternative forms of dispute settlement for disputes of this nature (PART II).

Keyphrases: Usages, Joint-venture, Judge, Arbitrator, Dispute, Arbitration, Material, Commercial, Lex
Les effets d'une formation continue tels que perçus par des enseignants sur leur sentiment d'efficacité et de leurs pratiques de l'enseignement des sciences au primaire

Primary teachers have difficulties with science teaching and as a consequence, this subject matter is often neglected. Teacher development in this discipline can contribute to change in teacher practices and impact on teachers beliefs towards science. This study explores the effect of professionnal development in science, given over a period of time, on teacher practices and self-efficacy beliefs. A qualitative approach using an exploratory case study was chosen for this research. For that purpose, several data collection tools such as interviews and observations, using the Science Teaching Efficacy Belief Instrument (STEBI) were chosen. The results indicate that the six teachers participating in the study perceive professional development in science as having a positive effect on their self-efficacy beliefs (especially on their personal science teaching efficacy (PSTE)). In addition, the comparison of the data collected from the interviews and the observations suggests that teachers who participate in professional development as a group have a high personal science teaching efficacy (PSTE), but also a higher science teaching outcome expectancy (STOE).

Keyphrases: Science teaching, Primary education, Teacher development, Teacher practices, Self-efficacy beliefs
Rôle de la plasticité synaptique des interneurones somatostatinergiques dans l’apprentissage et la mémoire dépendants de l’hippocampe

Hippocampus-dependent learning and memory are mediated by activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. The role that different subtypes of interneurons play in hippocampal learning and memory remains largely unknown, but likely relies on cell type-specific plasticity mechanisms at interneuron synapses. Excitatory synapses onto CA1 oriens-alveus interneurons show persistent long-term potentiation induced by chemical stimulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) [mGluR1-mediated chemical late long-term potentiation (cL-LTPmGluR1)]. The objectives of this project were to identify the oriens-alveus interneuron subtypes expressing cL-LTPmGluR1 and examine its induction and expression mechanisms. We determined that repeated mGluR1 stimulation induces cL-LTPmGluR1 at excitatory synapses onto the somatostatin-expressing interneuron subtype (SOM-INs). Electrophysiological recordings coupled to pharmacological inhibitors and a functional knock-out of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) showed that SOM-INs cL-LTPmGluR1 induction (which consisted of three applications of the mGluR1/5 agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) in the presence of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP)) requires mGluR1, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and mTORC1 signaling pathways. Collectively, our results show that persistent synaptic plasticity mediated by mTORC1 is induced by repeated mGluR1 stimulation in somatostatin-expressing hippocampal interneurons. Knowledge of cL-LTPmGluR1’s underlying mechanisms, coupled to in vivo models, will now make it possible to interfere with SOM-INs cL-LTPmGluR1 and examine its role in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory.

Keyphrases: Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), Hippocampus, Hippocampus-dependent learning and memory, Interneurons, Somatostatin-expressing interneurons, Long term potentiation (LTP), Metabotropic glutamate receptors 1 (mGluR1), Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)
L'art public : les nouveaux modes d'expression artistique et le processus d'intégration en milieu urbain

Public art comes in various modes of artistic expression in the public space. In this context, whether it is permanent, temporary or ephemeral, if it is singular, interactive or participatory, whether traditional or digital, the integrated or inserted artwork attempts to engage the public.  This research examines the evolution of artistic expression modes in the public space, hoping to find a definition of public art. The case study of Montreal City sits at the base of this study to examine the various manifestations of art in the public space and its perimeter. In a conceptual and transdisciplinary approach under which we consider the artistic, political and the landscape boundaries of artistic expression modes and the means to represent them, in order to understand the significance of public art. In short, we wish to seize what is considered public art in the Montreal urban development and generate a more global knowledge.  In studying the issue, we find that the task of defining what constitutes public art is difficult, especially since practices are constantly evolving. Often defined to a function more cosmetic than artistic and in a logic of equipment, art in public space plays a passive role and is the subject of debates and criticism. As for the public, public art is hard to discern although its presence seems to be appreciated.  Our results highlight the complex political processes, specific expectations, rules, and oppressive methods for the artist, the difficulty in understanding the works of art and the lack of effort to touch the public. With the politics of integration, art in public spaces often result from a mediation conflict in a relation of compromise and contrasted expectations for a piece of art to be achieved. The results allow to think that the selection processes are often perverse and often closed to artistic initiatives. In addition, it is necessary in this context that artists define their professional status and practice.  Despite the efforts of the Bureau d’Art Public de Montréal, public art seems to be little perceived on its territory. Incidentally, many discussions with the general public brought to the attention the absence of mediatisation for the public arts on Montreal’s territory.

Keyphrases: Art public, Public art, Landscape, Modes of artistic expression, Politics
Étude empirique du contexte d’utilisation des interfaces de
vidéocommunication mobile

This paper presents an exploratory empirical study of mobile videoconferencing according to user’s context in order to suggest guidelines for the improvement of the user interface in mobile video communication devices. Through rich exchange of information, mobile video communication can provide a better sense of presence than other means of communication. Yet the current mobile interfaces lack flexibility to be creative and have more meaningful exchanges in a videoconference.  We conducted observations with sixteen participants in three activities where their conversations, reactions and behaviours were observed. Two focus groups were used to identify habits formed from regular use. Results suggest an important difference between using the front-facing or back-facing camera and a clear need for tools that provide more control over the video exchange. From these results, the study proposes several design guidelines for mobile video communication interfaces, respecting the construction of the user’s mobile context.

Keyphrases: interface, New communication technologies, Mobile interface design, Video communication interfaces, Context, Mobility, Interfaces
Le devenir-imperceptible de l'urbaniste : une lecture de l'éthique chez Gilles Deleuze : expérimentation sensible du pont Jacques-Cartier à Montréal

This master’s thesis falls within an approach emergent in urban planning that seeks to open a dialogue between this discipline and the thought of French philosopher Gilles Deleuze. Recently, Deleuze’s work (especially the books co- written with Félix Guattari 1972; 1980) have begun to permeate contemporary debates in urban planning. The works of Kim Dovey (2010; 2012), Jean Hillier (2005; 2007; 2011) and Colin McFarlane (2011a; 2011b) exhibit a sustained commitment to deleuzian thought in urban planning. In various ways, these authors draw on this philosophy for its capacity to grasp complexity, change and instability (assemblage thinking). However, this current application of deleuzian thought in urbanism overlooks the ethical and political project at the heart of Gilles Deleuze’s thought. The project at stake here is to explore what deleuzian ethics might mean for the theories and practices of urban planning. These ethics notably imply a radical questioning of the statist context in which planning operates; this master’s thesis names this the “becoming-imperceptible” of urban planning. An empirical work, constituted of 14 distinct urban narratives on the territory of the Jacques-Cartier Bridge in Montreal, further explores this theoretical reflection. These narratives reveal the Jacques-Cartier Bridge as a producer of territories, memories and affects. This fieldwork combines some aspects of an assemblage thinking approach and a deleuzian professional ethics. It explores the eventuality of a truly sensitive connection between the territory, the planner and the people affected by a planning intervention.

Keyphrases: Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari, assemblage thinking, devenir-imperceptible, urban planning, assemblage thinking, complexity, ethics, immanent ethics, becoming-imperceptible, Jacques-Cartier Bridge, Montreal
La vulnérabilité face au risque cyclonique : le cas du wilayat Bawshar en Oman

The objective of this thesis is to conduct a descriptive and evaluative study on the vulnerability of wilayat Bawshar (district of the Muscat governorate, capital of Oman), to cyclonic risk in order to promote prevention and adaptation. From the various analytical methods of vulnerability, presented in the theoretical framework, we want to develop a method based on the premise that vulnerability is a system comprised of numerous factors. This method will then be adapted to the context of cyclonic risk in wilayat Bawshar. This approach is based upon three dimensions of vulnerability: physical, social and institutional. Following the implementation of the various theories and analytical methods to our case study, using a qualitative and quantitative analysis, generated by a literature review, semi-structured interviews, statistical and geomatics data, on site observation and a survey, the following results were obtained: cyclones affecting Muscat generate significant damage, such as loss of life, destruction of homes and major transportation networks, as well as other disturbances and this is mainly caused by the flooding emanating from the cyclones. This damage results from the combination and interaction of several factors like the oceanographic and atmospheric changes affecting the country as well as the topography and hydrology of the studied site. Factors such as urban sprawl, urbanization of risk areas, population explosion, non-diversification of the economy and socio-economic conditions all exacerbate the vulnerability to cyclonic risk. However, other factors and changes made by the Sultanate of Oman in recent years reduce the vulnerability of its population, thus diminishing the damage caused by this hazard. Among them is the development experienced by the country since 1970 in several sectors such as health, education, and infrastructures together with the establishment of sustainable policies aimed at diversifying the economy. Since cyclone Gonu and Phet struck the Sultanate, risk management has been a key priority for the Omani government.

Keyphrases: Wilayat Bawshar, Cyclone Gonu, Vulnerability, Hazard, Cyclonic risk, Flood, Wilayat Bawshar, Cyclone Gonu
Le design participatif au sein d’entreprises : une exploration des opportunités et limites perçues par des concepteurs de produits

Many approaches were developed to foster user involvement in design activities and the amount of data pertaining to this field is substantial. However, we know little about what designers think about these methods. This research aims at knowing how designers perceive the methods used in participatory design including the opportunities and limits they identify regarding these approaches and finally, suggest a set of tools to implement user participation in a design process. After presenting an overview of the participatory design domain and its tools, six cases are studied using semi-structured interviews with designers. Data is analysed using mind maps. Concerning participatory design tools, the designers perceive, a possible means to minimise errors in the front end of the design process thus avoiding costly changes in the end. The limits they perceive come from resistance to change and reluctance to share the creative and decisive parts of the process with users. Moreover, the lack of time and resources are reported to be a limitation by many. Finally, based on the information collected, four methods are chosen as being more interesting: contextual inquiry, probes, prototype testing and the lead user approach. Continuing this work would imply creating a more exhaustive research protocol involving more participants to extend the scope of the results or, applying participatory design and looking into people’s satisfaction towards the resulting products, collateral effects on the teams involved, prototype evolution through the process or workshops progress.

Keyphrases: co-design, designer, participatory design, user centered design, case study, concept mapping, mind map
Influence de la testostérone sur les paramètres électrocardiographiques des hommes et des femmes

The incidence of various cardiac arythmias subtypes differs between men and women. Indeed, atrial fibrillation or Brugada syndrome are more prevalent in men, while women are more susceptible to Torsades de Pointe. The development of various arrhythmias may be affected by sexual disparities in the normal electrical cardiac activity. Sex differences have been described in the electrocardiographic parameters of men and women, particularly in the parameters representing the ventricular repolarisation phase. Besides, the results obtained in several clinical and experimental studies suggested that androgens could contribute to explain differences in ventricular repolarization of men and women. However the effects of this hormone on other electrocardiographic parameters have received little attention. In this context, the aim of the current study was to better understand the implication of testosterone in the sex differences observed in the electrocardiogram. We examined the electrocardiograms of a cohort of healthy volunteers, and first confirmed sex differences in parameters, that had been previously described in the literature. While P wave and PR interval showed no significant differences, we did note a longer PR segment in men compared to women. Secondly, we evaluated the association of circulating levels of testosterone with the human electrocardiographic parameters. The correlation was the strongest with QRS complex, ST segment and QTc interval. Therefore, we assessed the mediating role of testosterone in the relationship between sex and these three parameters. However, the results showed that this androgen did not seem to explain these sex-related differences. In conclusion, this study suggests that testosterone is not responsible for the differences observed in QRS complex, ST segment and QTc interval of our cohort of men and women. Additional mediators may be involved in these sex-related electrocardiographic differences, alone or in conjunction with testosterone.

Keyphrases: ECG, Arrhythmias, Sex differences, Testosterone