Étude de la diversité, de la persistance et de la formation du biofilm chez les souches de Listeria monocytogenes dans des abattoirs de porc au Québec

Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium widely distributed in various types  of environment and can cause listeriosis, a rare but serious disease. The characteristics of this bacterium related to its pathogenesis and its ability to survive in harsh environments make it a harmful bacterium especially in the agri-food industries. Indeed, being an ubiquitous bacterium, it is also found in this type of environment leading to food contamination. The persistence of L. monocytogenes in the environmental food processing plants is a well-known phenomenon, but the mechanisms of persistence are still debated today. In addition, while strict regulations have been established in ready-to-eat industries in relation to the risk of contamination by L. monocytogenes, there is currently no information on the presence of this bacterium in early steps of pork product production in Canada. The aims of this project were 1) to investigate the distribution, diversity and persistence of L. monocytogenes isolates across slaughtering and cutting processes in four slaughterhouses, 2) to evaluate the association between the persistence attribute of L. monocytogenes genotypes and their detection in food and human listeriosis cases and 3) to study mechanisms involved in the persistence of L. monocytogenes, including biofilm formation ability, resistance to disinfectants and interaction with other bacteria from meat conveyor surfaces.  Results showed that after cleaning and disinfection operations, the composition of L.monocytogenes contamination according to slaughterhouses and sectors was significantly different. Thus, two slaughterhouses showed higher contamination compared to another slaughterhouse. Results have shown also that a significant diversity of L. monocytogenes strains was present in the environment of slaughterhouses and cutting areas. Overall, the diversity did not vary depending on slaughterhouses except for one slaughterhouse which exhibited a higher strain diversity. According to the stage of slaughter process, this diversity was not variable underlying the tolerance of these strains to the stress encountered within the different environments in these plants. This study showed that the presence of persistent strains of L. monocytogenes in the post-evisceration stages was greater, particularly in cutting areas, suggesting a possibility of repeated contamination of meat products. When comparing the genetic profiles of persistent strains with strains isolated from processed and ready-to-eat foods and human listeriosis cases, a significant association was found, suggesting a persistence in other processing environments in addition to slaughterhouses.  Our studies of the different persistence mechanisms of L. monocytogenes strains have shown that Quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) resistance genes are particularly associated with persistent strains while no difference in the ability to generate a biofilm was observed between persistent and non-persistent strains. The lack of obvious genetic attribute(s) and specificity in the various isolates biofilm formation ability makes it difficult to solely attribute to the latter to the persistence of L. monocytogenes strains. Nevertheless, biofilm remains a phenomenon that can partly explain the persistence of L. monocytogenes. Furthermore, the study of the co-occurrence of Listeria spp. with other bacterial genera of the cutting surfaces microflora showed that Listeria spp. co-occurs with Pseudomonas spp. suggesting a possible interaction between species from these two genera. In the other hand, several other genera, of which Sphingomonas, Paracoccus and Caulobacter, negatively affect Listeria, which would suggest that these bacteria inhibit or limit the growth of the genus Listeria, and potentially L. monocytogenes, by competition for colonizing this habitat or, more particularly, for nutrients.  Studies of these mechanisms have demonstrated that persistence of L. monocytogenes could not be explained by a single mechanism for all strains but through a selection phenomenon based on one or several attributes such as antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation, and capacity to interact with other bacterial species. This selection pressure can also be affected by the existence of a favorable ecological niche such as difficult areas to access to disinfect.  In conclusion, the importance of contamination risks by L. monocytogenes in the pig slaughterhouses was demonstrated by the presence of a great diversity of strains at this level but, more importantly, by the finding that the likelihood to recover persistent strains may be enhanced through resistance to industrials disinfectants and, to a lesser extent, by biofilm formation. These persistent strains shared similar genetic profiles to those found in foods and human listeriosis. This study supports the importance of a consistent and comprehensive monitoring of L. monocytogenes upstream of the ready-to-eat production, as a tool for limiting the risk of contamination of the raw materials of the processing industries.

Keyphrases: Listeria monocytogenes, Biofilm, Distribution, Diversity, Persistence, Slaughterhouse environment, Cutting areas, Pig, Biofilm, Resistance to disinfectants, Microbiota of conveyor meat surfaces