NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
La morphologie du pluriel nominal du persan
d’après la théorie Whole Word Morphology

This thesis presents a word-based study of what is generally called the nominal plural morphology of Persian (Tehrani dialect) within the framework of the Whole Word Morphology developed by Ford & Singh (1991). This lexicaliste model takes up a stronger position than that proposed by Aronoff (1976) and Anderson (1992), by not allowing any morphological operation on units smaller than the word. According to this theory a morphological description consist of the listing of the Word Formation Strategies (WFS), each licensed by at least two pairs of words having the same formal and semantic covariation. All WFS’s follow the same schema. We have listed 49 WFS’s of plurals and collectives. We note that it is difficult to understand the import of the plural nominal as a syntactic category in Persian and that different “marks of plural” presented in the literature do not make a homogeneous unity: they all share a plurality meaning but it varies from referential interpretation to collective and non-referential interpretation. This study’s aim is to describe the morphological competence, which does not depend on any extra-linguistic criteria. In particular, we argue against the generally admitted Arabic/Persian dichotomy. We also provide explanation with regards to the utterance of double plurals and to the variation assumed since more than one choice of “plural marks” are available.

Keyphrases: word-based morphology, word formation strategy, nominal plural, collective, Persian
Contribution de la déficience en lipoprotéine lipase (LPL) au profil cardiométabolique lié à l'adiponectine chez les femmes

The cardiovascular risk significantly increases after menopause. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins which contributes to cardiometabolic homeostasis. Adiponectin is an adipocytokine which also influences the cardiometabolic status. The objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of plasma adiponectin to the cardiometabolic status of women carrying loss-of-function LPL gene variants (LPLD). A total of 568 French Canadian women (127 LPLD and 441 controls) were included. The association of plasma adiponectin with LPLD was assessed using multiple regression models. Cardiometabolic covariates included anthropometrics, lipids (TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, apo B), fasting glucose and smoking. Mean plasma adiponectin concentration was significantly lower in women with LPLD. Women carrying loss-of function LPL gene mutations also presented a significantly higher risk of coronary artery disease. In conclusion, these results suggest that low plasma adiponectin significantly contributes to the cardiometabolic risk profile of postmenopausal women carrying loss-of-function LPL gene mutations, independently of anthropometrics, lipids and other covariates.

Keyphrases: Cardiometabolic risk, Lipoprotein lipase deficiency, Adiponectin, Menopause
Contribution des protéines issues du liquide synovial dans la protection et la survie des PMN humains : chimioprotection : étude comparative des mécanismes d’action impliqués par rapport au GM-CSF

Circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) possess a short half-life and are constantly renewed by the bone marrow to ensure the first-line of defense.  Therefore, homeostasis must be maintained through a well-regulated process of apoptosis.  Survival of PMN can be regulated by several cytokines as well as conditioned media (CM). Although PMN are crucial for protection against microorganisms, activated neutrophils can lead to severe tissue damage in diseases characterized by chronic inflammation.  Indeed, in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), activated PMN contribute to tissue damage by releasing a number of destructive agents. On the other hand, chronic activation of PMN could prevent opportunistic infections present in immunosuppressed patients. This project addresses the isolation and mechanism of action of synovial liquid components on the survival of neutrophils based on previous work (Lagraoui, 1999). Following tangential flow filtration (MW cut off: 30 and 50 kDa), concentrated CM enhanced the viability (75%) of 24-hour cultured human neutrophils isolated from peripheral blood of healthy volunteers (39% ± 9.5 vs 68% ± 2.5, p<0.01) as seen in Lagraoui (1999) previous work.  N-terminal protein sequence analysis of the concentrated CM and fractionated conditioned media from previous work revealed 2 known proteins contained in both analysis: albumin, and fetuin. In view of the importance of neutrophiles in immune defense, we compared the benefits of albumin and fetuin to those of granulocytes macrophages-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a growth factor used as an adjunct to cancer chemotherapy. Albumin and fetuin were tested by the AnnexinV-FITC/7-AAD method and displayed an inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis of two to three folds relative to control value.  Moreover, albumin (A : 200μM) and fetuin (F : 200μM)  rescue human PMN from mutamycin-induced apoptosis, comparable to GM-CSF (GM : 10ng/ml); (Ctrl : 43% ± 10; A : 74% ± 3; F : (82% ± 6 et GM : 74% ± 7;  p<0.01). Albumin also induces cellular signaling pathways activation via PI3-K and ERK, whereas fetuin acts through PI3-K pathway only.  They induce the differentiation of HSCs into erythrocytes progenitors BFU-E. In immunosuppressed mice, albumin protects white blood cells depletion induced by cytotoxic agent from spleen and blood. Considering all the benefits of albumin and fetuin, their targeting as an adjunct to cancer chemotherapy could be disappointing in view of their lack of specificity. On the other hand, their multiple benefits could have a major impact on neurodegenerative disorders and ischemic events.

Keyphrases: Caspases, ROS, Neutrophils, Albumin, Fetuin, Spontaneous Apoptosis, Cytotoxic agent, Hematopoietic cells, Cellular signaling pathways
L’évolution des pratiques de lecture à haute voix d’enseignantes expertes et leur influence sur le développement de l’habileté des élèves du préscolaire à faire des inférences

This collaborative research is an attempt to study expert teachers' reading aloud practices and their impact on the development of preschool students’ ability to make inferences. First, the interventions of four expert teachers specifically trained to work inferences while reading aloud are described and compared with those of two non trained expert teachers (objective 1). Next, the impact of all teachers’ practices on the development of their students’ ability to make inferences (n=92) is examined (objective 2). Finally, we look into collaborative research as a way to support professional development for teachers (objective 3).   In order to attain our objectives, we observed participant teachers four times while they were reading children’s books. Data gathered from those observations were completed with other data provided by the teachers about their practices over a nine-week period. Moreover, the ability of the students to make inferences was assessed twice: once at the beginning and once at the end of the research. Teachers also completed two written questionnaires, one at the beginning and the other 2 years after the end of this research, concerning the impacts of their participation in this research on their practices.   While all teachers worked inferences with their students, our results showed that there are significant differences in the way they do it. Three of the trained teachers (number 1, 2, and 3) predominantly put emphasis on co-elaboration of the implicit episodes’ meaning and gave their students appropriate scaffolding. Because she found it difficult to assimilate training contents, the other trained teacher (number 4) failed - not without numerous attempts - to offer the same kind of scaffolding. As for the two non trained teachers (number 5 and 6), they gave preference to the transmission of the implicit episodes’ meaning, and supported their students less efficiently when they tried to elaborate it. The differences in how the work on inferences was done had an impact on students’ progression from the beginning to the end of the research. Three of the trained teachers’ students had significantly superior results in comparison to the others’. Therefore, a specific work on inferences only does not ensure that students will make progress. There are other important contributing factors: choosing quality books, students’ involvement in discussions in order to co-elaborate the text’s meaning, and appropriate scaffolding from the teacher.   Finally, according to our results, a participation in a collaborative research, which promotes reflexivity and offers coaching, seems to give the teachers the opportunity to bring about long-term changes in their practices. In consequence, a participation in that type of research appears to contribute to teachers’ professional development.

Keyphrases: reading aloud practices, inferences, expert teacher, preschool, collaborative research, children's books
Croissance des fonctions propres du laplacien sur un domaine circulaire

The goal of this master's thesis is to explore the properties of the solutions of the eigenvalue problem for the Laplace operator   on a disk as the eigenvalues go to in nity. More speci cally, we study the growth rate of the pointwise and the L1 norms of the eigenfunctions. Let D be the unit disk and @D be its boundary (the unit circle). We study the solutions of the eigenvalue problem  f =  f with either Dirichlet boundary condition (fj@D = 0) or Neumann boundary condition ( @f @nj@D = 0; note that for the disk the normal derivative is simply the derivative with respect to the radial variable: @ @n = @ @r ). The corresponding eigenfunctions are given by: f (r;  ) = fn;m(r;  ) = Jn(kn;mr)(Acos(n ) + B sin(n )) (Dirichlet) fN   (r;  ) = fN n;m(r;  ) = Jn(k0 n;mr)(Acos(n ) + B sin(n )) (Neumann) where Jn is the nth order Bessel function of the  rst type, kn;m is its mth zero and k0 n;m is the mth zero of its derivative (here we denote the eigenfunctions for the Dirichlet problem by f and those for the Neumann problem by fN). The spectrum of the Laplacian on D, SpD( ), that is the set of its eigenvalues, is given by: SpD( ) = f  :  f =  fg = fk2 n;m : n = 0; 1; 2; : : :m = 1; 2; : : :g (Dirichlet) SpN D( ) = f  :  fN =  fNg = fk0 n;m 2 : n = 0; 1; 2; : : :m = 1; 2; : : :g (Neumann) Finally, we normalize the L2 norm of the eigenfunctions on D, namely: R D F2   da = 1 (here and further on we use the notation F  for the normalized eigenfunctions and f  for arbitrary eigenfunctions). Under these conditions, we study the growth rate of the L1 norm of the normalized eigenfunctions, jjF jj1, in relation to  . It is important to mention that the L1 norm of a function on a given domain corresponds to the iv maximum of its absolute value on the domain. Note that   depends on two parameters, m and n, and the relation between   and the L1 norm depends on the regime at which m and n change as   goes to in nity. Studying the behavior of the L1 norm is linked to the study of the set E(D) which is the set of accumulation points of log(jjF jj1)= log  : One of our main results is that [7=36; 1=4]   E(B2)   [1=18; 1=4]: The thesis is organized as follows. Introduction and main results are presented in chapter 1. In chapter 2 we review some well-known facts regarding the eigenfunctions of the Laplacian on the disk and the properties of the Bessel functions. In chapter 3 we prove results on pointwise growth of eigenfunctions. In particular, we show that, if m=n ! 0, then, for any  xed point (r;  ) on D, the value of F (r;  ) decreases exponentially as   ! 1. In chapter 4 we study the growth of the L1 norm. Eigenfunctions of the Neumann problem are discussed in chapter 5. Some numerical results are presented in chapter 6. A discussion and a summary of our work could be found in chapter 7.

Keyphrases: Laplacian, Spectral theory, Bessel function, Disk
La cérémonie du Bounty Day : l’histoire des révoltés du Bounty comme récit fondateur sur les îles de Pitcairn et Norfolk et ses représentations en Occident

This study focuses on the analysis of two symbolic performances occurring on the islands of Pitcairn and Norfolk in the South Pacific. The people who live on those two islands, separated by 6000 km, share a particular bond: through a historic event which took place in 1789, the Bounty mutiny, which was made famous by several well-known Hollywood film productions and by numerous books. They are joined by this story and by their heritage, as they share common ancestors, the mutineers. both also commemorate every year the mutiny and subsequent events by, a special ceremony : Bounty Day. This study shows how a specific identity emerges from the manipulation of the historical facts, which not only bears witness to the importance of the identity building process itself, but also how this macro-identity influences some aspects of everyday life on the individual level. Their “story”, in the following study, concerns a rhetorical purview and the enactment of a set of values that tie individuals not only to a forgotten world, but also to an invisible one, to the distant Other, unknown and potentially harmful.

Keyphrases: Violence, Anthropology, Hegemony, Violence, Insularity, Myth, Orientalism, Other, Imagined communuties, History, Norfolk Island
Stratégies de reproduction des mâles et des femelles chez le macaque rhésus 
(Macaca mulatta)

In contrast to most animal groups, dominance hierarchy does not systematically determine male reproductive success in primates. In order to investigate why, I studied male and female reproductive strategies in a group of free-ranging rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. I collected behavioural, genetic, and hormonal data during two consecutive mating seasons. My results are summarized below.   1. All new males who immigrated into the study group occupied the lowest-ranking position in the dominance hierarchy and rose in rank as the higher-ranking males left the group. Achieving a higher dominance rank occurred passively, without physical conflict. Thus, dominant males were mature individuals who resided longest in the group.   2. Male access to oestrus females followed the predictions of the ‘priority of access’ model, in which the number of females in oestrus determines the rank of the lowest-ranking male who can access a female (e.g. the fourth ranking male if four females are in oestrus). Even though dominant males obtained more mating partners and monopolised higher quality females (dominance, parity, age) during the ovulation window (as identified using progesterone profiles), dominance rank did not determine reproductive success, as intermediate-ranking males sired significantly more infants than predicted. It is likely that those young, intermediate-ranking adult males produced high quality ejaculate, giving them an advantage in sperm competition.  3. Dominant males preferred high-ranking females, but this preference was not reciprocal; high-ranking females cooperated with younger and less familiar intermediate-ranking males. Conversely, subordinate females cooperated with dominant males. Female preference for non-familiar males (i.e. short residency in the group) may be explained by an attraction to a novel genetic pool.   4. Female facial color intensity during the ovarian cycle was correlated with the timing of the ovulation window. This information may be used by males in order to maximize their fertilisation probability.  5. Consort females enjoyed a higher level of tolerance from their male partner when they were in proximity to a monopolisable food source, compared to other, non-consort females. This suggests that females obtained direct benefits from their sexual consorts.  In conclusion, even though dominant males had priority access to ovulating females in the group, this was insufficient to guarantee fertilisation when females had several sexual partners. It appears that males’ age and length of residency, both correlates of their rank acquisition mode, may have been confounding factors in dominance rank.

Keyphrases: Sexual selection, Dominance, Dominance, Sperm competition, Tolerance, Direct benefits, Genetic paternity, Colour, Ovarian hormones, Primates, Primates, Rhesus macaques
Asile et genre : analyse anthropologique des demandes d’asile pour les violences de genre au Canada

This thesis focuses on the change of the concept of asylum through the incorporation of the gender concept and its impact on the application process of asylum and the granting of status refugee for victims of gender violence in Canada. From a diachronic perspective on the transmutations of asylum and of social and cultural transformations of this social phenomenon, we record the tensions and contradictions be issued by its application and its related discourse. The observation that conflicting dynamics tied in this field displays a dialectical tension between human rights and citizenship, a symbiosis in the development of women’s rights and laws on refugees and contradictions as those between the relativism and essentialism. The review of asylum process especially for women in particular victims of gender violence through an analysis of social and cultural change signals the highly political nature of this phenomenon and lies asylum at the crossroads in the process of emancipation of the political subject.

Keyphrases: Asylum, refugee, gender, woman, violence, violence, social and cultural change, human rights, politic
"Created in China" : l'émergence de nouvelles subjectivités dans l'industrie du cinéma indépendant chinois en contexte postsocialiste

In the current contemporary Chinese context, still caught up with a governmental censorship of the media productions as well as information circulation, creators must find diverse ways to express themselves freely. Several styles of cinemas cohabit in this country hustled by political ideologies. Two main categories are divided, opposed and intermingled, the “mainstream” cinema and the “independent” cinema. It is via the medium of cinema and more particularly that of the present generation of Chinese directors that will be highlighted the emergence of new creative subjectivities. These subjectivities are in a constant dance with the State in the reaching of professional achievement while maintaining the status of artistic independence. The author will look into the evolution of the notion of Chinese identity from the 1990s until today. Rising from an opposition between tradition and modernism, the formation of new subjectivities is founded on a constant negotiation with the imposing forces of globalization but also in relation with the Chinese State. One currently speaks about an easing of communist rigidity and even the emergence of neoliberal tendencies. This would lead to the creation of a Chinese identity, brought up to date in tune with the assertion of individual desires at the expense of the community. The collective experiment is set aside to make room for the subjectivity of creative individuals, who create while positioning themselves as a unit in interrelationship with society.

Keyphrases: Chine, China, postsocialism, independent cinema, film, unofficial, outside system, politic, Chinese identities, subjectivities
Entre conservation et développement local : étude des projets écotouristiques dans deux groupes quechua au Pérou

Since the beginning of the 1980s, Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDP) have offered a functional model of sustainable development, and have become an attractive option for international donors.  Ecotourism is one of the strategies that can be used to combine social and economic development of local communities with natural resources conservation. A successful ICDP combines community participation while meeting local peoples’ needs and sustaining ecosystems. This research analysed an ecotourism project which had been developed with two indigenous Quechua communities within the buffer zone of the Huascarán National Park in Peru. The research aimed at two main objectives: 1) an analysis of community participation in order to investigate levels and type of community involvement in the various stages of the project, and in order to find out whether or not a successful collaborative partnership has been created among the different stakeholders; 2) an analysis of the environmental, economic and socio-cultural impacts of this ecotourism initiative to determine whether communities’ needs have been addressed and to find out whether the project gave rise to innovative dynamics within the villages.  The methodology employed in this study combines different approaches, such as cultural ecology, an exploratory approach and case study analysis. Field research was carried out and data were collected using semi-structured interviews, participant observation and literature analysis. Different analytical frameworks were employed for data analysis.  The results of this study showed that the initiative has encouraged local participation and enhanced community involvement. However, results also revealed a lack of clarity and transparency.

Keyphrases: participation, population quechuaphone, ICPD, ecotourism, community participation, Quechua people, Huascarán National Park, Peru
Transformation by example

Model transformations take as input a source model and generate as output a target model. The source and target models conform to given meta-models. We distinguish between two transformation categories. Exogenous transformations are transformations between models expressed using different languages, and the whole source model is transformed. Endogenous transformations are transformations between models expressed in the same language. For endogenous transformations, two steps are needed: identifying the source model elements to transform and then applying the transformation on them. In this thesis, we propose three principal contributions. The first contribution aims to automate model transformations. The process is seen as an optimization problem where different transformation possibilities are evaluated and, for each possibility, a quality is associated depending on its conformity with a reference set of examples. This first contribution can be applied to exogenous as well as endogenous transformation (after determining the source model elements to transform). The second contribution is related precisely to the detection of elements concerned with endogenous transformations. In this context, we present a new technique for design defect detection. The detection is based on the notion that the more a code deviates from good practice, the more likely it is bad. Taking inspiration from artificial immune systems, we generate a set of detectors that characterize the ways in which a code can diverge from good practices. We then use these detectors to determine how far the code in the assessed systems deviates from normality. The third contribution concerns transformation mechanism testing. The proposed oracle function compares target test cases with a base of examples containing good quality transformation traces, and assigns a risk level based on the dissimilarity between the two. The traces help the tester understand the origin of an error. The three contributions are evaluated with real software projects and the obtained results confirm their efficiencies.

Keyphrases: Model-driven engineering, by example, design defects, search-based software engineering, artificial immune-system