NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
La bédé-réalité : la bande dessinée autobiographique à l’heure des technologies numériques

Digital comics, like their printed counterparts, are heavily analyzed in a formalist approach: the most famous analysis, Scott McCloud's, could be criticized for it reduction of the media form to a language. But the changes that stem from the digital remediation aren't solely formal: the reader's experience, the author's, and the relation they share are all modified. This new relation changes the work's content: one doesn't tell the same thing in print and online. Autobiography in comics (a trend that exploded in the independent wave of the 90s and was later re-appropriated by bloggers) allows us to compare differences in approach between books and digital formats. The blog offers a tool for free speech and reflection, but at the same time diverts from such goals by the parameters of its execution (immediacy, interactivity, social networking, etc.). Indeed, many blog authors don't produce a singular autobiography as much as reproduce an existing trend (with a consumption-oriented libido)  and a now-codified genre, in which autobiographies become uniform. Those blogs can't be completely considered as autobiographical anymore, as they don't tell of a retrospective past; they are more akin to personal diaries whose intimacy would be communicated (or publicized) instead of experienced. In that way, such blogs are closer to reality shows and could therefore be considered as a form of "reality comic".

Keyphrases: Autobiographie, Media, Digital media, Comics, Blog, Autobiography, Personal diary, Reality TV, Technologies of the self
Interactions didactiques en classe de français : enseignement/apprentissage de l’accord du verbe en première secondaire

The purpose of our work is to describe the grammatical knowledge formulated by first- year high school students during the teaching/learning of verb agreement. This description is based on the observation of didactic interactions between students, their teacher and the knowledge element, “verb agreement”: it’s main focus is on the interaction between students and knowledge. Our research lies within the mainstream of modern pedagogical grammar. The didactic transposition theory put forward by Chevallard (1985/1991) also serves as a foundation: didactic transposition concepts, both external (from scholarly knowledge to knowledge to be taught) and internal (from knowledge to be taught to knowledge actually taught) act as didactic interaction analyzers. The observation, description and theorization of didactic interactions require an ecological approach to data collection, which was done by capturing video clips of didactic sequences on verb agreement. These consisted of verbal interactions between students or between students and their teacher. The analysis of this data was performed from both a macro and micro perspective: (1) The macro analysis denotes that the students' previous knowledge is resistant to the institutionalization of learning, since taught knowledge is not being called upon. In their identification of verbs and subjects, students employ a wide range of declarative and procedural knowledge types, even without some form of success being ensured. Moreover, while the knowledge they formulate relative to the agreement rule and the transfer of morphological characteristics is both substantial and varied, it does not consistently lead them to verb agreement. (2) The micro analysis suggests that knowledge formulated relative to verb agreement depends on how the students make use of grammar tools (syntax and basic sentence manipulation). More specifically, knowledge can get underfoot or even take a step ! "#! backward when syntactic manipulations are not applied in the sentence or cannot be adapted to certain syntaxic contexts, and can leap forward in classes where students are able to support their grammatical analysis through resorting to basic sentences. The descriptions put forward within the context of our thesis lead to a discussion of their implications for external didactic transposition and more generally, to the teaching of French and of grammar.

Keyphrases: Orthographe grammaticale, Learning, Grammar, Didactic interactions, Didactic transposition, Verb agreement, Grammar spelling
Développement d’immunothérapies spécifiques pour le traitement de l’hépatite autoimmune de type 2 chez un modèle murin

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a severe liver disease with high mortality rates if left untreated. Current treatments, while effective, are associated with deleterious side-effects. These side effects are specific to each drug and the result of broad immunosuppression. Recently, a murine model of type 2 AIH has been created in our laboratory in wild-type naïve mice. In this model, DNA immunization with type 2 AIH human autoantigens breaks immune tolerance and induces an autoimmune response against the liver. Lately, new therapeutic strategies based on depletion of specific immune cell populations have been proposed for the treatment of several diseases, including autoimmune diseases. Currently, no immunotherapies using biological agents are available for the treatment of autoimmune liver diseases. Therefore, the goal of this project is to study the efficacy of new immunotherapeutic agents for the treatment of type 2 AIH in an experimental model. We evaluated the effectiveness of two approaches for treating type 2 AIH. First, we tested the anti-CD3ε antibody in prophylaxis and in treatment of type 2 AIH. We showed that a dosage of 5µg i.v. of anti-CD3ε antibody per day for 5 consecutive days induced remission in mice with established type 2 AIH. This remission was defined as a normalization of serum alanine aminostransferase levels and a significant decrease of liver inflammation in treated mice. This remission seems to be associated with a transitory depletion of CD3+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and increased CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T lymphocytes in the liver. But when this dosage was applied in prophylaxis, it could not prevent the induction of type 2 AIH. The second approach was to induce tolerance by nasal administration of murin formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase (mFTCD), an autoantigen of type 2 AIH. We showed that nasal administration of 100µg of mFTCD for 3 consecutive days prevented development of type 2 AIH in prophylaxis by reducing liver inflammation.

Keyphrases: Anti-CD3, Type 2 autoimmune hepatitis, Nasal tolerance, Regulatory T lymphocyte, Forminotransferase cyclodeaminase, Anti-CD3 antibody
Évaluation de la performance des structures des soins de santé primaires du district sanitaire de Labé (Guinée)

Context: Since 1984, Guinea has integrated the Primary Health Care program (PHC). Millions of dollars have been invested; still, the national health indicators remain among the most alarming in the world (EDS-2005). Objective: Evaluate the performance of the primary health care structures of a Guinean health district using administrative document, and interviews as well. Methodology: It is a descriptive study targeting 10 out of 18 primary health centers of Labe District. The study is based on the results of the review of 10 bi-annual monitoring (2004-2009) to draw trends; an in-depth interview of service providers as well as beneficiaries and stakeholders, to assess their satisfactory of primary health services received from 2004 through 2009. Results: The study found that all the public structures are integrated2 in the health district. However, the average tendency of the consultations follows a sinusoidal pattern. The average services effectiveness for the prenatal care and Immunization services, have been greatly improved during the study period. Even if the services are available, the utilization and efficiency of the General primary care (PHC) and Family planning services are not improved. The health service providers are quasi-satisfied of their training, but they are not satisfied with the level of supervision done by the health district authorities as well as their remuneration (salaries and other advantages), especially in the rural areas. In the other side, the beneficiaries are satisfied with the respect of their cultural values, their interaction with the service providers. But they are not satisfied with the long waiting delay and the lake of the reception they had from their health care providers. In addition the study shows that for the stakeholders, the essential medicines stock out, the lack of equipment are the main factors that caused the low of health structures performance, especially in the rural areas. Conclusion: Despite the perfect integration of the PHC structures of Labe district, the services are efficient. Because of the small size of services covered, this study should be completed by a larger size study to get better Guinean PHC structures performance status.

Keyphrases: Performance, Performance, Availability, Accessibility, Utilization
L'intégration et la mise en oeuvre de la pratique de différenciation pédagogique chez les enseignants québécois du premier cycle du secondaire

This qualitative research will describe, analyze and understand the practice of differentiated instruction for teachers of the Quebec junior high. This practice fits in the heart of the training programs whose main sight is the success for all. However, it consists of a conceptual confusion makes it difficult to define and implement, particularly among secondary school teachers. This work gives us a picture of three teachers from junior high who still choose to understand and implement. As such, the study of practices in terms of work, as described by Tardif and Lessard (1999) identifies the complex and composite character of their work and to consider personal factors, both internal and external governing their adaptation work program, called travail curriculaire. Thus, an entirely new framework, built with respect to these factors and applying the concepts inherent in differentiated instruction, used to study three cases of complete and thorough. Overall, the analysis of personal factors, both internal and external to the practice of differentiated instruction teachers provide relevant information on their ways to differentiate, their motivation and to differentiate the influence of their workplace in this practice. These results provide not only better understand the practice carried out by secondary school teachers, but also allows the development of the key factors that facilitate its implementation or otherwise limiting. Finally, the comments collected by the teachers surveyed reported that beyond educational success, other factors come into play in carrying out this practice. In fact, despite several constraints related to material resources, organizational and human resources, the practice of differentiated instruction generates among other great source of motivation for school students and helps increase job satisfaction of teachers in their daily work.

Keyphrases: differentiated instruction, teacher practice
Les politiques de stérilisation sexuelle au Canada et aux États-Unis : une pratique à l'intersection de rapports de genre, de race et de classe

In this research, the objective pursued will be to throw light on the dynamics of gender, race, class, age, nation, and handicap by examining how women’s reproductive freedom has been historically constrained. First, I will examine how the colonial pasts of Canada and United States have shaped their relationships to reproduction. Then, I will analyze how the eugenic ideology relied on science to legitimate their enterprise of liberating society of its « unwanted » through the instauration of sexual sterilization acts. I will put forward the hypothesis that Indian women in Canada and African american women in the United States have been disproportionately targeted by these acts. The public identities of the welfare queen and the squaw will be mobilized to demonstrate how those images were used to legitimize the instauration of public policies designed to discriminate against these populations.

Keyphrases: reproduction, Amérindiens, races, reproduction, sterilization, sexuality, races, colonialism, eugenics, Indians, African Americans
Exploring Rac GTPase regulation : the molecular mechanisms governing the DOCK180 and ELMO interaction and the role of this complex in Rac-mediated cell migration

DOCK180 and ELMO cooperate biochemically and genetically to activate Rac in several biological events. However, the role of these proteins in Rac signaling is still poorly understood. We hypothesize that DOCK180 functions as a RacGEF, with ELMO binding to DOCK180 being required for integration of proper Rac signaling rather than Rac activation per se. We postulate that ELMO acts as a subcellular targeting signal for spatio-temporal restriction of DOCK180-mediated Rac signaling and/or as a scaffold for Rac effectors to enforce cell migration.  In Aim #1, we elucidate that the atypical ELMO1 PH is the major DOCK180 binding site. We demonstrate that the binding of ELMO1 to DOCK180 is not necessary for Rac GTP-loading, but is instead required to facilitate Rac-GTP induced cytoskeletal changes following DOCK180 activation. These results imply additional roles for ELMO in mediating Rac signaling. In Aim #2, we reveal structural homology between ELMO and an autoregulatory module in the formin, Dia1, and identify three novel domains in ELMOs: the RBD, EID and EAD. Analogous to Dia1, we uncovered that ELMO is autoinhibited via intramolecular interactions at basal state. We propose that the activation state of ELMO proteins is regulated, much like in Dia-family formins, via interaction with other proteins. Aim #3 identifies a polyvalent RBD in ELMO with dual specificity for Rho and Arf family GTPases. We found Arl4A as a novel membrane recruitment signal for the ELMO/DOCK180/Rac module. Our results may have broad implications in the activation and localization of this pathway by additional GTPases. We conclude that, at basal levels, ELMO/DOCK180 is complexed, with ELMO in an autoinhibited state in the cytosol. Through cell stimulation, certain GTPases will be activated that now bind the ELMO RBD and alleviate the intramolecular contacts. In this way, the GTPase anchors the activated ELMO/DOCK180 module in place for proper spatio-temporal regulation of Rac activation and signaling.

Keyphrases: Cell migration, DOCK180, ELMO, Rac GTPase, Arl4 GTPase, RBD
Étude comparative de la vitalité des cégeps du croissant périnordique québécois

This study concerns the vitality of the college institutions situated in three administrative regions: Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Côte-Nord and Gaspésie –Îles de la Madeleine. These regions are and will be battling against an unfavourable demographic situation which risks to undermine their already very low student level. Among these, we are trying to know the administrative regions as well as the college institutions that are the most at risk of undergoing compressions or of appealing to special governmental subsidies to remain viable. This questioning added a methodological consideration: how can we quantify this balance of power between institutions? To answer the requirements of this question of research, a composite indicator was built by means of the summation of numerous indicators grouping together five dimensions considered essential in such a study: the demographic vitality of institutions, the strength of retention of the internal student basin, the strength of attraction exercised on the external basin studying, the financial vulnerability as well as the vitality of the offer of formation.  By virtue of the results of the composite indicator, regions are classified in the following order: Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Côte-Nord, Gaspésie – Îles de la Madeleine. For the college institutions, we distinguish three subgroups, the first one consist of the Cégep of Sept-Îles and the campus of Gaspé and Rouyn Noranda, the second, of the Cégep de Baie Comeau and the campus of Val-d'Or and the third, of the Centres d’études collégiales des Îles et de Baie-des-Chaleurs as well as Amos's campus.

Keyphrases: Scholar demography, College institution, Composite indicator, Forecast
Potentiel acoustique évoqué chez le poulain de la naissance jusqu'à l'âge de 6 mois

Age and rate of acoustic stimulation are reported to affect peak latencies in brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAER) in different species. In foals, its use remains quite anecdotic but, as in humans and dogs, could be useful in the early diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. The goals of this study were to 1) establish the reference values for BAER in foals using 3 different stimulation protocols (11.33 Hz/70 dBNHL; 11.33 Hz/90 dBNHL; 90 Hz/70 dBNHL), 2) evaluate the effects of age and rate of stimulation on BAER traces in foals up to 6 months old, and 3) compare these data with BAER obtained from foals with CNS disorders. Thirty-nine neurologically normal foals and 16 foals with neurological deficits were included in this study. No effects of age were observed in normal foals (p> 0.005). No significant differences were observed for latencies and interpeak latencies (IPL) when neurological foals were compared to normal foals (p> 0.05). Increasing the stimulation rate did not improve detection of CNS disorders. All neurologically abnormal foals had latencies and IPL within reference values. However, 78.6% of them had an asymmetry in their traces, reflecting a difference in conduction time between the left and right size of the brainstem. In conclusion, we provide reference values of BAER for foals up to 6 months using 3 different protocols. Further investigations are needed to conclude on the use of an increased rate of acoustic stimulation in foals. Most importantly, most foals with neurological deficits had also an abnormal BAER. This proves BAER is useful is the early diagnosis of neurological disorders in foals

Keyphrases: Cheval, Brainstem auditory evoked response, BAER, Evoked potentials, Foals, Neonatology, Deafness, Hypoxic/ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)
Distribution asymptotique du nombre de diviseurs premiers distincts inférieurs ou égaux à m

The main topic of this masters thesis is the study of the asymptotic distribution of the fonction f_m which counts the number of distinct prime divisors among the first $m$ prime numbers, i.e. $p_1,...,p_m$.  The first chapter provides the seven main results which will later on be proved in chapter 4. Among these we find the analogue of the Erdos-Kac central limit theorem and a result on large deviations.  In the following chapter, we define several probability spaces on which we will calculate asymptotic probabilities of specific events. These will become necessary for calculating their corresponding densities.   The third chapter is the main part of this masters thesis. In it, we introduce a random walk which, when suitably normalized, will converge to the Brownian motion. We will then obtain results which will form the basis of the proofs of those of  chapiter 1.

Keyphrases: Prime divisors, Erdos-Kac central limit theorem, Large deviations, Random walk, Brownian motion, Weak convergence
La dérivation de cellules souches embryonnaires chez le cheval

Embryonic stem (ES) cells carry high hopes for biomedical research in order to provide definitive treatment for osteoarthritis. The horse is considered to be an important animal model for examining osteoarthritis treatments. However, despite almost thirty years of research, authentic equine ES (eES) cells have not yet been derived. In this context, the main objective of this study was to derive eES cell lines. The first objective of our study was to optimize the technique for deriving eES cells. We show that different feeder cell lines and embryo development stages influence the effectiveness of this technique while the use of cell signalling inhibitors does not influence eES cell derivation. The second objective was to characterize markers of pluripotency and differentiation in eES cell lines by RT-PCR. We demonstrate that the eES cells express both markers associated with pluripotent cells and differentiated cells and that the presence of cell signalling inhibitors in the culture medium does not influence the expression of these markers. In conclusion, we confirm having derived eES-like cells but these do not meet all the molecular criteria of authentic ES cells.

Keyphrases: Blastocyste, Pluripotence, Embryonic stem cells, Feeder cell line, Blastocyst, Cell signalling inhibitors, pluripotency, Differentiation, Horse
L’analyse de l’introduction du changement dans les systèmes de santé des pays en développement : le cas d’un système de surveillance épidémiologique en Haïti

In an attempt to improve the health status of their population, health care systems in developing countries face several organizational issues. These issues include the presence of international organizations with different goals and characteristics, as well as little convergence and poor coordination. While focussing on this specific issue, the objective of this dissertation is to deeply explore the issues related to the process of introducing change in health care systems of developing countries. The research method for this study is a concept analysis that requires a literature review, the use of new theories to clarify these concepts as well as the use of case studies to empirically validate these concepts.   Using Parsons’s social action theory and the complexity theory, a new theory of change (1st concept) was developed and applied to the process of introduction of an epidemiological surveillance system in Haiti. More specifically, in the first two articles, we have analysed the process of adopting the epidemiological surveillance system (2nd concept) and the determinants of collaboration among the different organizations involved in the change process (3rd concept). The results from these two articles enabled us to highlights the low level of adoption as well as the weak articulation of the determinants of collaborations between the various organizations involved in the change process.  From these analyses, we were able to highlights the dynamics of chaos operating in Haiti’s health care system in the third article. This chaos stage which could enable us to show the difficulties associated with the introduction of change in health systems in developing countries in general, and Haiti in particular, was characterized by a hidden order underlying an apparent disorder in the operation of certain components of the Haitian’s health system, the existence of instability, unpredictability as well as structural invariance at various levels of governance. Moreover, this research also enabled us to show that these characteristics are maintained by the presence of three well articulated and coherent social action systems at all levels of the health pyramid. They are those related to bilateral cooperation agencies, those related to international foundations and global initiatives fighting against AIDS, and finally those associated with the United Nations Organizations. These social action systems are also associated with other more complex systems outside the Haiti’s health system. On the basis of these results, we proposed a new approach to understand the process of introducing change in health care systems of developing countries that would fit into the logic that supports the setting up a larger interconnections and diversification among various organizations involved.

Keyphrases: Adoption, Collaboration, Haiti, Organizational change, Governance, Adoption, Collaboration, Parsons's social action theory, Complexity theory, Health care system, Developing countries, Haiti