Transition nutritionnelle et facteurs de risque de maladies cardiovasculaires au Bénin : étude dans la ville secondaire de Ouidah et sa périphérie rurale

The purpose of this study was to describe the nutrition transition and its links with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in a small-size city of Benin and its rural outskirts, and to compare in this regard, the small-size city and the rural area with the major city.    A sample of 541 apparently healthy subjects aged 25-60 years was randomly selected from Ouidah, a small-size city of Benin (n = 171), the rural outskirts of Ouidah (n = 170), and Cotonou, the major city (n= 200). Dietary intake and physical activity were assessed with three non consecutives 24-hour recalls. Socioeconomic data were collected by questionnaire. Dietary quality was assessed using a dietary diversity score, a micronutrient adequacy score and a healthfulness score. Blood pressure was measured. Anthropometric measurements were taken. Blood samples were collected to determine serum lipid profile and plasma glucose.  A more advanced stage of dietary transition was observed in the major city, which was characterised by higher intakes of meat, milk products, eggs, vegetables and oils, but lower intakes of cereal, fish, legumes, fruit and fibre than the small-size city and the rural area. Dietary diversity was higher in the major city, while micronutrient adequacy and healthfulness scores were lower compared to the small city and the rural area. There was no significant difference in diet and diet quality scores between the small-size city and the rural area. Socioeconomic factors had a strong influence on diet and its quality in the major city.  A positive gradient from the rural area to the small-size city to the major city was observed in the prevalence of overall obesity (18%, 12.3%, 8.8%, p = 0.031), abdominal obesity (28.2%, 41.5%, 52.5%; P<0,001) and the metabolic syndrome (4.1%; 6.4%; 11%; p = 0.035) according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria. The prevalence of elevated blood pressure was high, but did not differ across sites (24.1%, 21.6%, 26.5% for rural, small-size city and major city, respectively). The prevalence of low HDL-cholesterol was lower in the small-city (18.1%) compared to the rural area (25.3%) and the major city (37.5%), while fasting plasma glucose was more highly prevalent in the small city (14.6%) and the rural area (10%) compared to the major city (4%). Elevated triglycerides were uncommon.    Physical activity was higher in the rural area and small-size city than in the major city, and it was protective against elevated body mass index (ß = -0.145; p<0.01), waist circumference (ß = -0.156; p<0.001), systolic (ß = -0.134; p<0.01) and diastolic (ß = -0.112, p<0.01) blood pressure, and triglycerides (ß = -0,098; p<0,05).   Vegetable intakes were negatively and independently associated with diastolic blood pressure, while fish intake was positively associated with HDL-cholesterol. Micronutrient adequacy score was positively associated with HDL-cholesterol (ß = 0,144; p<0,01) and with a lower likelihood of high blood pressure (OR = 0.46; CI 95%: 0.26-0.84).  The study confirmed a higher CVD risk with urbanization, advanced stage of dietary transition and a sedentary lifestyle. This risk could be curtailed by improving micronutrient adequacy and increasing vegetables and fish consumption, and by promoting an active lifestyle.

Keyphrases: Nutrition transition, Diet quality, Physical activity, Cardiovascular risk factors, Metabolic syndrome, Benin, West Africa