NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Des enseignants du secondaire aux prises avec des transformations corporelles et langagières transcontextuelles et socialement situées

What happens when the secondary school teacher is at a distance from his students? When teacher and students are not familiar ? How much are the teacher's social experiences about his practice ? These are some of the questions that interest us in this work. Teachers transform and partially adjust their dispositions. This is based on exploratory work. But also on a campaign of interviews with secondary school teachers. The information collected in this context is the heart of the material used in this thesis. This work offers describe, understand and explain the forms of socializations and transformations - bodily and language - teachers who are fulfilled according to the work contexts. And explore the difficulties of teachers to transform and adapt to their students.

Keyphrases: Dispositions, Corps, Sociology of education, Teachers, Body, Language
Effets à long terme des traumatismes cranio-cérébraux légers : facteurs influençant l'évolution

The following thesis investigates the long-term effects of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), including concussions, and factors influencing post-injury evolution in two vulnerable populations: female athletes and aging individuals. In a first study, olfactory capacities of asymptomatic concussed female athletes were evaluated an average of two years after their last concussion. The appeal of this study lies mainly in its investigation of the potential role of the BDNF Val66Met (BDNFMet) polymorphism, which is associated with reduced secretion of the BDNF neuroplasticity protein, on post-concussion olfactory variations. In a second study, cognitive effects of sustaining a single mTBI were assessed in individuals between 50 and 70 years old who sustained their injury on average five years earlier. This characterization is particularly relevant given that most studies focusing on long-term effects of this injury have studied individuals having sustained multiple mTBI. Furthermore, this study also aimed to evaluate if a twelve-week aerobic exercise program would allow improvements of altered cognitive functions in mTBI patients. Results from the following thesis first allow to better describe some long-term effects of mTBI. More precisely, the first study suggests different patterns of olfactory functioning according to BDNF genotype in female concussed athletes. Thus, BDNFmet carriers performed significantly better than BDNFval carriers at the different olfactory tasks. Given that this genetic relationship was not present in control participants, these results suggest that olfactory functioning following a concussion is, at least in part, mediated by the BDNFmet polymorphism. As for the second study, it suggests long-term cognitive effects of having sustained a single mTBI in sedentary, but healthy, individuals between the ages of 50 and 70. Indeed, mTBI participants showed lower performance when compared to age and sex-matched control participants on neuropsychological tasks measuring aspects of processing speed, executive functioning (planning, verbal fluency) and visual memory. This study did not find any difference regarding attention, inhibition, verbal memory and visuoconstructive abilities. These cognitive results are an interesting contribution to the literature as they occur in individuals presenting no risk factor (chronic disease, mental health disorders) typically associated with long-term effects of mTBI. Regarding the second phase of this study, aerobic exercise improved cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) more than stretching (control condition) in mTBI patients. However, in this small sample of sixteen participants, aerobic exercise did not allow to improve altered cognitive functions in mTBI participants. Different possible explanations are addressed to guide future studies.

Keyphrases: BDNF, Val66Met, Olfaction, Cognition, mTBI, Concussion, Long-term effects, Aging, Physical exercise, Aerobic exercise
L’anxiété et ses facteurs de risque chez les adolescents Inuits du Nunavik : les corrélats neuronaux d’une exposition prénatale et postnatale aux contaminants environnementaux

Anxiety and exposure to environmental contaminants are currently two major international issues in public health. Inuit of Nunavik appear at risk of developing psychological difficulties and more prone to be exposed to environmental contaminants. Several studies have empirically examined the development of anxiety, namely its neural correlates, as well as its risk factors. Environmental contaminants have recently emerged as contributing to the development of internalized disorders. The generalization of such risk factors remains to be validated within the Inuit population of Nunavik. Although closely related to anxiety, the relationship between exposure to environmental contaminants during development and the functioning of the neural circuit of fear remains to be examined. First, we reviewed the literature about association of internalized symptoms-related with prenatal and postnatal exposure to lead, mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in various populations. Next, we empirically examined anxiety levels in adolescent Inuit population of Nunavik and his risk factors, included environmental contaminants. This allowed to highlight very high levels of anxiety, as well as the implication of several risk factors, such as being a woman, higher exposure to mercury during prenatal and postnatal periods, more food insecurity, lower vitamin intake and more bullying experiences. Finally, we explored the functioning of the neural circuitry of fear with a task of conditioning and extinguishing fear, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, according to prenatal and postnatal exposure to environmental contaminants. Activation differences in prefrontal cortex were found, which are in the orbitofrontal cortex for prenatal exposure to PCB during fear conditioning, as well as during fear extinction in the anterior cingular cortex for prenatal exposure to mercury and in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for current lead exposure. All these results converge on interesting avenues for understanding, prevention and intervention.

Keyphrases: anxiety, risk factors, neural circuit of fear, fMRI, conditioning and extinction of fear, mercury, lead, PCB, Inuit of Nunavik
La dynamique spatio-temporelle de l’attention en lecture chez les dyslexiques

Dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the normal development of reading fluency. Deficits affecting basic reading processes may affect dyslexics and would thus alter high-level word representations: orthographic, phonological, and semantic. One of these basic processes is the attentional mechanism that is involved in the visual processing of horizontal multi-element strings such as words. The effectiveness of this mechanism could be closely related to reading expertise in normal readers and anomalies thereof could be observed in dyslexics. Unfortunately, it remains unclear how attention is deployed during visual word recognition and how it may impact on reading speed and potentially on certain language skills. The first article of this thesis aims to shed light on divergences in the deployment of attention through time and space during the recognition of familiar words in a group of adults with dyslexia in comparison to normal readers. These groups were matched in terms of age and intellectual functioning. This objective is pursued with the attentional probe technique. Results reveal that less attentional resources are directed to the first letter of a word in dyslexics, which is suboptimal considering that the first letter of a word has a higher diagnostic value than any other letter position. The goal of the second article is to determine if reading fluency and phonological awareness in dyslexics may benefit from a short attentional training. The effects of an active training using the NeuroTracker program and a placebo training in adults with dyslexia shows systematic gains immediately after active training. The order of the training (active then placebo, or placebo then active) was counter-balanced across two groups. These gains are observed on reading speed as well as on phonological awareness. The third article of this thesis finally brings a significant additional contribution to the evaluation of reading speed among Quebec university students. The use of test sentences from an existing tool (MNRead) has been incorporated into a rapid visual serial presentation protocol to assess reading speed. In addition to this set of test sentences, four other sets of test sentences have been standardized. The tool is reliable, as reading speed measurements are similar in the same individual at different times (Exp 1). Moreover, it meets different psychometric standards (Exps 1 and 2) while being particularly sensitive to the presence of the reading difficulties found in dyslexics (Exp.2). In sum, it appears that particular visual-attention processes underlie reading expertise and that these show anomalies in dyslexics. The characterization of a suboptimal attention deployment in visual word recognition as well as the benefits obtained in reading and phonological awareness subsequent to an attentional training highlight the importance of these basic processes in reading.

Keyphrases: 3D-MOT, Dyslexia, Visual attention, Visual word recognition, Training, Reading speed, Phonological awareness
From electron reconstruction and identification to the search for supersymmetry at the atlas experiment

Supersymmetry is currently the leading candidate for physics beyond the Standard Model. The LHC, operating as the highest centre-of-mass energy collider to date, has been providing physicists with ample opportunities for verifying if supersymmetry exists. The treatment of signal electrons represents a significant part in searches for supersymmetry that involve leptons (electrons and muons) in the final state at ATLAS. In processes that can yield a final state that consists of a pair of same-sign leptons, correct electron charge measurement is extremely important, because of the potentially large contribution to the background due to (overwhelmingly) large Standard Model sources of opposite-sign dileptons. An estimation of the rate of electron charge mis-identification by a likelihood function is presented; the method has been applied to correct simulation predictions for mis-identification rates by the ATLAS collaboration. On the other hand, processes that target gluino pair-production are highly motivated by the naturalness problem and their high cross-section at the LHC. A search on the data collected in the 2015-2016 period, at √s = 13 TeV and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb⁻¹, is presented. The final state consists of large missing transverse momentum and multiple jets, of which at least three must be b-jets. The leptonic channel, which requires in addition at least one lepton (an electron or a muon), is discussed in detail, including the boosted p_T-dependent muon-jet overlap-removal scheme used in the analysis as well as the optimization of the signal regions. No discovery is claimed. Model-independent limits are set on the visible cross-section for new physics processes, and model-dependent limits are set for gluino and neutralino masses. Gluino masses of less than 1.97 TeV for neutralino masses below approximately 300 GeV are excluded at the 95% CL, showing an improvement over the same analysis using the 2015 dataset alone. Boosted top quark decays, in which the daughter particles of the top quarks are found close to each other, were expected to occur more frequently as the centre-of-mass of the LHC underwent an upgrade to 13 TeV starting early 2015. In supersymmetry searches that involve supersymmetric particles decaying into the Standard Model top quarks, such decays lead to a considerable increase in signal acceptance as electrons overlapping with jets are selected. A discussion of the method and the initial measurement of the identification efficiencies for electrons overlapping with jets is presented, representing the first attempt at such measurements for electrons produced inside boosted top quarks.

Keyphrases: ATLAS, LHC, SUSY, Charge, Identification, Collider, Analysis
Études sur l’interaction des particules quantiques avec la gravitation

The goal is to explore the interaction between quantum particles and gravitation. We will use Landau quantization, the quantum Hall effect and we will examine the relationship between gravity and Josephson’s effect. We propose a version of "COW" experience (Colella-Overhauser-Werner) to examine the Yukawa and inverse power deviations. We propose setups to investigate the possibility to measure gravitomagnetism and the gravitational constant G.   Quantum transitions for ultra-cold neutrons (UCN) have been examined. The results were satisfactory for 105 UCN. We imagined a laser effect with these graviton emitting neutrons: the phenomenon is however very weak.   For Landau level corrections: we proceeded with three types of space-times. For Schwarzschild, using a disturbing mass, the corrections of orders 1 and 2 depend on the level n and the quantum number "`". This removes the degeneracy of conventional levels. Similar results are obtained for the Kerr and the Levi-Civita spacetimes.   We took over an analog of the COW experiment. We have phase shifts despite low expected values: from 10^−18 rad to 10^−4 rad for Yukawa and from 10^−3 rad to 10^−9 rad for inverse power laws. The same setup has been proposed for testing gravitomagnetism.   We have also resumed the study of the influence of gravity on the quantum Hall effect. Small corrections are obtained for a gravitational field. We cannot however conclude with measurable quantities for Yukawa and inverse power laws. On the other hand, one can use the effect to measure G with great precision.   We examined the Josephson effect under the effect of gravity by imagining a simple setup. We have excellent results: corrections from 10^−7 to 10^−9 Hz for Yukawa and 10^−6 Hz for inverse power law. Above all, the link between gravity and the frequency of Josephson’s current is clearly established and measurable.

Keyphrases: Laser, Quantification-Landau, Schwarzschild, Kerr, Levi-Civita, Yukawa, Quantum transitions, Landau Quantization, Inverse-Power Law, Quantum Hall Effect, Josephson frequencies
Diagnostics spectroscopiques de plasmas d'argon à la pression atmosphérique en présence d'espèces réactives

The research done in this Ph.D. thesis consistently characterizes the physics of argon plasmas at atmospheric pressure in the presence of reactive species. This work is motivated by the obvious deficiencies in the understanding of cold plasmas at atmospheric pressure, which are largely due to the limited number of diagnostic techniques used to characterize them. In this context, optical diagnostics allowing the obtaining of fundamental properties (gas and electron temperature, number density of excited species) are first developed and validated in a microwave argon plasma as well as in a dielectric barrier discharge in argon at atmospheric pressure. In particular, a method coupling optical emission measurements of argon 2p-1s transitions to collisional-radiative modelling of the emitting 2p levels is presented in order to get the electron temperature, as well as a means to obtain the gas temperature by the spectral broadening of emission lines and the number density of argon metastable states from tunable laser diode absorption spectroscopy measurements. Subsequently, these optical diagnostics are used to study the influence adding diatomic gases in microwave argon plasmas, highlighting the efficiency with which they start dominating the discharge kinetics by absorbing most of the supplied power. A comparison between the electron power balance calculated from such optical diagnostics to that obtained from electrical diagnostics is also made in the case of an argon-based dielectric barrier discharge with anhydride precursors. Finally, the fundamental properties of two plasmas jet configurations (one radiofrequency, the other microwave) expanding in ambient air are also examined. In the first case, the effects of ambient air on these properties are featured, while in the second case, the injection position of the organosilicon precursor HMDSO in the plasma jet is studied for the deposition of functionnal coatings on glass substrates. The latter reveals the obtaining of an antifog coating under specific operating conditions, a very promising result for the glass industry.

Keyphrases: Atmospheric pressure plasmas, Plasma jets, Spectroscopie plasma diagnostics, Collisional-radiative modelling, Electron temperature, Neutral gas temperature, Number density of metastable atoms, Electron power balance
La phénoménologie comme manière de vivre

At the heart of phenomenology lies a metaphysical claim according to which the phenomenal stream of lived experience (Erlebnisstrom) derives its meaning and its being from itself, rather than from some external or underlying reality. Moreover, this claim of the existential autonomy of the phenomenal stream, or of the equivalence of being and appearing, can only be verified through a complete transformation of our relationship to the world, where we seek to become mindful of things, and of the mystery in which they are steeped, rather than seeking to master them. Taken together, this metaphysical claim and this attitude of letting-be (Seinlassen) constitute the two pillars of phenomenology as a way of life, which the present thesis proposes to describe in broad outline. To do so, we focus our research on the work of the founder of phenomenology, Edmund Husserl, which we submit however to an internal critique; it is Husserl who both allows us to contemplate the idea of phenomenology as a way of life and at the same time poses the greatest obstacle to it. This tension within Husserlian thought can be seen in the two imperatives that define it: that of the “return to the things themselves”, on the one hand, and that of eidetic description, on the other. With the help of various interlocutors – who allow us to interrogate Husserl retrospectively (Pyrrho), contemporaneously (James, Bergson) and prospectively (Heidegger) – we show that these two imperatives are in fact incompatible, and propose in order to lift this contradiction to eliminate one of its terms, namely the imperative of eidetic description. Thus a path is cleared for a phenomenology that fully commits itself to its existential vocation. Finally, in parallel to this internal critique of Husserl, and to better support it, we develop a genetic explanation of the transcendental ἐποχή, where it is characterized as a conversion from the natural attitude to a post-reflective, that is mystical, form of consciousness.

Keyphrases: Edmund Husserl, Impression originaire, William James, Martin Heidegger, Transcendental phenomenology, Existential transformation, Pure experience, Pure duration, Proto-impression (urimpression), Letting-be (Seinlassen), Disinterestedness, Mysticism, Pre-reflective consciousness, Reflective consciousness, Post-reflective consciousness, Natural attitude, Phenomenological attitude, Pyrrho of Elis
Evolution of cooperation in evolutionary games with the opting-out strategy and under random environmental noise

In this thesis, we study the effects of a stochastic environment and the use of an opting-out strategy on the evolution of cooperation in evolutionary games. The thesis contains 8 articles, among which 6 are already published in peer-reviewed journals. Apart from the introduction, the thesis is divided into two parts, Part 1 made with 5 articles and Part 2 with 3 articles. Part 1 studies randomized payoffs in evolutionary games. Article 1 introduces stability concepts for 2x2 matrix games in infinite populations undergoing discrete, non-overlapping generations in a stochastic environment and gives conditions for an equilibrium, either on the boundary or in the interior of the simplex of all strategy frequencies, to be stochastically locally stable or unstable. Article 2 extends the results of Article 1 to the case where fitness is an exponential function of expected payoff in random pairwise interactions and shows that, unexpectedly, environmental random noise can break a periodic cycle and promote stability of an interior equilibrium. Article 3 discusses the effects of weak selection. While stability conditions in a random environment return to conditions in the deterministic case as selection intensity diminishes, random fluctuations in payoffs can accelerate the speed of convergence toward a stable equilibrium under weaker selection. Article 4 applies stochastic evolutionary stability theory to a randomized Prisoner's dilemma game and shows that increasing the variance in payoffs for defection is conducive to the evolution of cooperation. Article 5 studies randomized matrix games in finite populations and gives conditions for selection to favor the evolution of cooperation in the context of a randomized Prisoner's dilemma. Part 2 considers a repeated Prisoner's dilemma game with an opting-out behavior adopted by every player in pairwise interactions. Article 6 studies the evolutionary dynamics of cooperation and defection in this context and shows possible long-term coexistence, assuming an infinite population and fast (actually, instantaneous) equilibrium in the pair frequencies. Article 7 reports experimental results with 264 university students using the opting-out strategy that support the theoretical prediction of a long-term coexistence of cooperation and defection. Article 8 extends the analysis of the model with the opting-out strategy to the case of a finite population and provides a rigorous proof of the two-time scales for the frequencies of cooperation and defection on one hand and the frequencies of strategy pairs on the other.

Keyphrases: Evolution of Cooperation, Randomized payoffs, Replicator dynamics, Prisoner's Dilemma, Randomized Prisoner's Dilemma, Opting-out strategy, Fixation probability, Two-time scales, Stochastically locally stable, Stochastically locally unstable, Stochastically evolutionarily stable, Stochastically convergence stable, Weak selection, Long-term coexistence