Contrôle postural et intégration sensorielle chez l’enfant en santé, chez l’adolescent atteint du syndrome Gilles de la Tourette ainsi que chez l’adulte atteint de la maladie de Huntington

Postural control and the perception of the stability limits are complex mechanisms requiring the processing and integration of multimodal sensory information. During childhood, the development of postural control skills improves in a non-monotonic manner. Many researchers suggested that this non linear profile is caused by the recalibration of sensory systems. This recalibration phase, named transition period, is generally observed at 6-7 years of age. However, the exact cause of this critical turning point remains undetermined. Moreover, very little is known about the specific role of sensory information and sensorimotor mechanisms during postural development.  Basal ganglia disorders such as Parkinson’s disease are associated with postural control impairments and deficits in the processing and integration of sensory information, especially in proprioception. Moreover, the limits of stability are significantly reduced in Parkinson’s disease. However, the knowledge on how other basal ganglia dysfunctions such as Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) and Huntington’s disease (HD) impact on the ability to process and integrate sensory information for postural control is still limited.  In this thesis, we explored the role of basal ganglia in the processing an integration of sensory information, particularly proprioceptive signals for the postural control during the development of healthy children, in adolescents with GTS and in adults with premanifest and manifest HD. Our stability limits protocol was used to test the postural control skills of these three populations. We calculated center of pressure displacements obtained from a force plate and we investigated postural adjustments during the maximum leaning posture. The participants were asked to lean as far as possible and maintain this position during 10 seconds in different directions (forward, backward, rightward or leftward). This task simulates functional positions that frequently occur in daily life. In order to test the ability to process and integrate sensory information for postural control, the stability limits task was assessed in three sensory conditions: 1) eyes open, 2) eyes closed and 3) eyes closed while standing on foam. Thus, the relative contribution of proprioceptive signals for postural control increased across sensory conditions.  In the first study, we investigated the children’s ability to process and integrate sensory information for postural control before (4 years old) and after (8 to 10 years old) the transition period compared to adults. In the second and third studies, the ability to process and integrate sensory information for postural control was assessed in participants with basal ganglia disorders, namely adolescents with GTS and adults with manifest and premanifest HD.  In sum, our ontogenetic study indicated that the younger children (4 years old) were not differentially affected by sensory conditions than the older children (8 to 10 years old). Thus, our results do not support the hypothesis that an important recalibration of sensorial systems takes place during the transition period. However, the results revealed axis-dependent differences among the groups in postural control. Until the age of 10, children have a reduced ability to perform appropriate center of pressure adjustments along the mediolateral direction compared to adults. In contrast, the ability to produce precise center of pressure adjustments along the anteroposterior axis was already developed at 4 years of age, but it reached the adult level of performance after the transition period. Altogether, the assessment of participants with basal ganglia disorders indicated that they have postural adjustment impairments in both movement axes and are affected by sensory conditions. For the first time, we reported global deficits in the processing and integration of sensory information, especially in proprioception in GTS and in premanifest and manifest HD. These results are similar to those reported for Parkinson’s disease patients. Moreover, the adolescents with GTS also displayed marked postural control abnormalities in the visual condition which might be explained by either deficit in the processing of visual information and/or in multimodal sensory integration mechanisms.

Keyphrases: Postural control, Sensorimotor development, Huntington disease, Tourette syndrome