Développements et applications de méthodes computationnelles pour l'étude de l'agrégation des protéines amyloïdes

Proteins are at the center of life. They are formidable molecular nanomachines specialized and optimized during million years of evolution for well-defined functions in the cell. The structure of proteins, meaning the tridimensional setting of their atoms, is closely related to their function. Absence of structure for a subset of proteins is also recognized to be as crucial. Amyloid proteins is a striking example : they fold into an ensemble of various structures hardly observable experimentally that are associated with neurodegenerative diseases.   This thesis, firstly, is on the study of the structural ensemble of the amyloid proteins amyloid-beta (Alzheimer) and huntingtin (Huntington) during their folding and aggregation. Our results describe in details, with an atomic resolution, the characteristic interactions present in the structural ensemble of these two proteins.   Concerning the amyloid-beta protein (AB), our results show the structural differences between three of its physiological forms during its first aggregation steps in an aqueous environment. We have then compared these results with those obtained during the past few years by several other research groups using various experimental and simulation protocols. Clear trends come out of this comparison regarding the influence of AB physiological form on its structural ensemble during its first aggregation steps. Their distinct aggregation pathways are rationalized by the identified differences. For their part, the identified similarities offer targets for therapeutical compounds disrupting the aggregation of the neurotoxic oligomers.  Concerning the huntingtin protein, we identify the structural ensemble of its functional region at its N-terminal in an aqueous environment and in a phospholipid membrane. In agreement with the available experimental results on the global structure of this region in aqueous solution, our results reveal the dominant interactions, at an atomic precision, in its structural ensemble as well as the influence of its neighboring regions. We have also characterized the stability and the growth of nanotube-like structures that could occur during the aggregation of the amyloid region of huntingtin. Moreover, we have developed, in collaboration with a group of experimentalists, a precise model describing the main membrane interactions of huntingtin N-terminal, which serves as a membrane anchor that controls the localization of huntingtin in the cell.  Secondly, this thesis is on the refinement of a coarse-grained model (sOPEP) and on the development of a new all-atom model (aaOPEP) that are both based on the coarse-grained OPEP force field, commonly used to study protein folding and amyloid protein aggregation. The goal behind the optimization of these models is to improve the de novo structure prediction of the PEP-FOLD method. These three models -- OPEP, sOPEP and aaOPEP -- are now also implemented in a new molecular dynamics software that we have developed specifically to greatly ease their future developments.

Keyphrases: aaOPEP, opep_sim, protein, amyloid, amyloid-beta, huntingtin, protein-membrane interactions