NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Recours au pouvoir discrétionnaire dans le cadre d’interventions en sécurité routière :
pratiques des policiers de la Sûreté du Québec

Context and goals: Large variations are frequently observed in enforcement patterns of traffic safety rules by police officers. Since police interventions are generally effective in decreasing traffic casualties, variations in traffic stops and sanctioning practices (e.g. issuing a citation) represent an important source of concerns for police chiefs. Using the discretionary power as the main theoretical perspective, this study therefore aims at improving our understanding of police practices addressing traffic safety issues.  Method: In order to achieve this goal, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 patrol officers and four division chiefs of the Sûreté du Québec.  Results: Two main findings come out of these interviews. First, these findings permit to document elements taken into account in the decision-making process leading to a traffic stop and the issuance of a citation (the how). Results suggest that discretionary power needs to be conceptualized as a decision-making process that is shaped – as assumed by the systemic approach - by interactions between factors related to the organization, the context of intervention and the police officer. Changes in the combination of such factors will lead to different interpretations of the traffic infringements and consequently, will influence the decision to intercept and sanction the at-fault driver. Second, results suggest that organizational factors are likely to condition what is known as “leniency in sanctioning” (the why). Discretionary power is more likely to be used when directives from the central station (e.g. asking to conduct a specific type of intervention or issuing more citations) are not seen as being effective or legitimate. Several participants mentioned that requests from the central station were not coherent with local traffic safety problems.  Conclusion: Themes such as perceptions about the severity of traffic infringement, the effectiveness of interventions, background of at-fault drivers, and the officer’s mood are useful to understand “how” discretionary power is used in police interventions. Concepts such as legitimacy and effectiveness are relevant to understand variations in the frequency to which discretionary power is used.

Keyphrases: Police, Traffic safety, Discretionary power, Traffic stops, Citations
Étude des immunoglobulines G dirigées contre l’enveloppe du VIH-1 dans des spécimens vaginaux et sanguins de travailleuses du sexe béninoises

Objective: Characterization of the immune correlates of protection against HIV infection is crucial for the development of preventive strategies. This study examined HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) specific IgG in systemic and mucosal compartments of female Beninese commercial sex workers (CSWs). Design: 23 HIV-1-positive and 20 highly-exposed HIV-1-seronegative (HESN) CSWs were studied. Methods: HIV-1-Env specific IgG detection in sera and cervico-vaginal lavages (CVLs) from the study population was done by cell-based ELISA. The HIV neutralizing activity was evaluated with a neutralization assay. HIV-1 specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) response of the cohort was measured with a FACS-based assay evaluating the ADCC-mediated elimination of gp120-coated target cells. Results: No anti-HIV-1-Env-specific IgG, neutralizing or ADCC activities were detected in samples from HESN CSWs. Samples from HIV-1-infected CSWs presented ADCC activity in both sera and CVLs. Anti-Env IgG from sera and CVLs from HIV-1-infected CSWs preferentially recognized the Env in its CD4-bound conformation. Conclusion: Theses results demonstrate for the first time that HIV-1-infected CSWs have ADCC-mediating IgG that preferentially recognize Env in its CD4-bound conformation at the mucosal site.

Keyphrases: Anticorps, ADCC, Sang, HIV-1, Antibodies, Neutralization, Blood, Genital mucosa, Sex workers
Localisation régionale et subcellulaire du récepteur EphA7 dans l'hippocampe et le cervelet du rat adulte

EphA7 is a member of the Eph receptor tyrosine kinase family. It plays multiple roles during central nervous system development. In adult brain, EphA7 is still strongly expressed in certain regions, notably regions known to undergo active synaptic plasticity, such as the hippocampus and cerebellum. To examine the regional and cellular localization of EphA7 in adult brain, we used in situ hybridization as well as immunohistochemistry for light and electron microscopy. By in situ hybridization, the strongest signal was in hippocampus, notably the main cell layers of CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus, and in cerebellar cortical Purkinje cells. However, moderate mRNA levels were found in habenula, striatum, amygdala, cingular, piriform and entorhinal cortex and in the cerebellar cortex. After immunoperoxydase labeling, EphA7 appeared enriched in the neuropil layers of CA1, CA3 and DG as well as in Purkinje cell somata of the cerebellar cortex. In all examined layers of hippocampus and cerebellum, dendritic spines, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals and some astrocytic leaflets were immunopositive for EphA7. Neuronal cell bodies of pyramidal, granular and Purkinje cells also showed some immunoreactivity, which was mainly intracellular. EphA7-labeled dendritic spines and dendrites represented the most frequently labeled components. The vast majority of labeled dendritic spines established asymmetric synapses with unlabeled axon terminals and thus displayed features of excitatory synapses. The dual preferential localization of EphA7 in dendrites and in the post-synaptic densities of dendritic spines provides morphologic evidence in support of the hypothesis that EphA7 plays a key role in adult CNS synaptic maintenance or function.

Keyphrases: synapse excitatrice, Eph, synaptogenesis, hippocampus, cerebellum, excitatory synapse, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy
Effets de l’utilisation d’un chien d’assistance sur les efforts aux membres supérieurs lors de la montée d’une pente en fauteuil roulant chez les individus ayant une lésion médullaire

Problematic. The use of a mobility assistance dog (ADMob) represents an innovative option to preserve upper limb (U/Ls) integrity in manual wheelchair (MWC) user population. No biomechanical studies have quantified the effects of ADMob on U/Ls efforts when climbing an incline. Objective. This quasi-experimental study compares the U/Ls efforts when climbing an incline with and without the assistance of an ADMob for MWC traction. Methodology. Ten participants with spinal cord injury (SCI) using a MWC and owning an ADMob climbed an incline 3 times with and without the use of an ADMob. The forces applied to the handrims, captured with instrumented wheel and movements of the MWC and the U/Ls, recorded with a three-dimensional motion analysis system, were used to measure the U/Ls mechanical efforts. Simultaneously, the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the pectoralis major muscle, anterior deltoid, biceps and triceps were recorded during the tasks and normalized with its maximum value to measure the U/Ls muscular efforts. Results. Typically, ADMob significantly reduces the mean and peak values of the total force applied to the rings and the tangential component, the mean and peak values of flexion, internal rotation and adduction net joint moments at the shoulder and the mean and peak values of muscular utilization ratio of anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, biceps and triceps. Conclusion. The assistance of an ADMob for MWC traction when climbing an incline reduces the effort to U/Ls among MWC users with a SCI.

Keyphrases: Aide technique, Rampe, Assistive technology, Biomechanics, Paraplegia, Quadriplegia, Ramp, Rehabilitation, Service dog, Task performance and analysis, Upper extremity, Wheelchair
Évolution de la répartition de mise en charge au cours de la réadaptation chez les personnes présentant une hémiparésie consécutive à un accident vasculaire cérébral

It is well known that people with hemiparesis after stroke have asymmetric weight bearing (WB) when standing and during sit-to-stand (STS). However, few studies have quantified the evolution of WB with rehabilitation or focused on the accuracy with which hemiparetic individuals are able to perceive their WB. The main purpose of this project was to assess the changes, with rehabilitation, in WB distribution and perception of WB during standing position and STS in hemiparetic individuals. A secondary objective was to identify the factors that characterize the most asymmetric hemiparetic individuals and the most affected in their perception. The study was conducted with sixteen participants. The results showed that asymmetric WB is present in the first months after stroke and persists despite rehabilitation. For individuals who had had severe impairment of motor function, WB was more symmetrical during STS than standing. In terms of WB perception, hemiparetic individuals were able to identify the side on which the loading was higher and they generally overestimated the weight under the paretic side. Overall, data at admission and discharge from the study were not different. Furthermore, the motor function of paretic lower limb evaluated by Chedoke and the strength of knee extensors were the most determinant factors of WB and perception. These results can thus be considered as a further step in order to understand the asymmetrical distribution and the impaired perception of WB. It would be interesting in the future to further explore the factors that may influence the perception and asymmetry of WB in order to identify the relationship between these two variables with a specific focus on the impact of WB asymmetry on the patient’s stability in both tasks.

Keyphrases: Perception, Functional activities, Physical disabilities, Strength, Weight bearing, Perception, Sit to-stand, Standing
Chirurgie mitrale minimalement invasive : évolution historique et bénéfices cliniques

Median sternotomy is the classic approach for mitral valve surgery. This technique allows optimal exposure but is considered invasive as it requires section of the sternal bone. This thesis discusses an alternative sternotomy : minimally invasive mitral valve surgery (MIMVS) through a right anterolateral minithoracotomy.  Three studies were conducted as part of this work. First, a cohort study involving 200 consecutive patients was used to evaluate the success rate of mitral valve repairs performed by minithoracotomy and assess the midterm durability of these repairs. Second, a comparative study was conducted to evaluate two methods of aortic clamping for MIMVS, namely the endovascular balloon occlusion technique and the transthoracic occlusion approach. Finally, a propensity score analysis study was performed to compare MIMVS and sternotomy with respect to a common complication following cardiac surgery : acute renal failure.  The first study demonstrated that MIMVS can be performed with a near perfect repair rate, despite the learning curve associated with the minimally invasive technique. These repairs appear to be durable, as evidenced by a freedom from reoperation rate of 98.3 ± 1.2% at 5 years. The second study demonstrated that transthoracic clamping is more reliable than endoaortic occlusion and is associated with shorter operative times and a lower incidence of procedural complications. Finally, the third study found a significant association between MIMVS and a decreased risk of postoperative acute renal failure.  In conclusion, the anterolateral minithoracotomy appraoch is an excellent alternative to median sternotomy. While decreasing surgical trauma, this approach does not compromise the quality of surgery and is associated with important clinical benefits.

Keyphrases: Circulation extra-corporelle, Plastie mitrale, Cardiac surgery, Mitral valve, Minimally invasive surgery, Acute kidney injury, Cardiopulmonary bypass, Mitral valve repair
Detecting uterine cervical cancer cells using molecular biomarkers

Background: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been detected in many cancers and are used in multiple clinical applications including disease prognosis, tumor recurrence prediction and prediction of tumor sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs. Studies in most major solid cancer(s) (breast, lung, colon and prostate) are progressing rapidly, but there has been very little progress concerning uterine cervical cancer (UCC).Objective: our aim is to optimize enrichment processes and the molecular biomarker-based detection of human circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in uterine cervical cancer (UCC). Material & Methods: To mimic CTCs in patients, we designed an experimental spiking model where the CaSki HPV16-positive UCC cell line was serially diluted and spiked into human blood collected from healthy volunteers. CaSki CTCs were enriched using either Ficoll density centrifugation, red blood cell (RBC) lysis or RBC lysis combined with cell surface markers negative or positive enrichment. CTCs were detected using real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to measure the gene expression of human papillomavirus (HPV) viral oncogenes (E6 and E7), cytokeratin 19 (CK19), or the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p16INK4A. Finally, ten HPV16- positive UCC patients and six healthy controls were recruited to validate CTCs detection in vivo. Result: In the spiking model, RBC lysis alone or combined with negative or positive enrichment suggests detection limits close to 1 CTC per mL of blood for all molecular biomarkers used. The sensitivity of detection increased when using positive and negative enrichment probably by reducing the peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived RNA background. Unlike HPV oncogenes, CK19 and p16INK4A were detected in normal individuals, thus appropriate basal expression levels need to be accurately determined compared to cancer patients. Alternatively, Ficoll density gradient had a detection limit of only about 1000 cells per mL of blood. Finally CTCs were detected in 2/10 patients using CK19. None of the patients had E6/E7 transcripts and p16INK4A was expressed at similar level across all samples (cancer and healthy). Conclusion: qRT-PCR of HPV16 E6 and E7 is the most sensitive and specific biomarker used to detect CTCs in the spiking model. In early disease UCC patients, only CK19 revealed the presence of CTCs suggesting that these cells are rare at that stage of the disease. Keywords: uterine cervical cancer, circulating tumor cells, qRT-PCR, E6 and E7 oncoprotein, CK19, p16INK4A, immune-magnetic enrichment, molecular detection.

Keyphrases: Circulating Tumor Cells, Uterine Cervical Cancer, qRT-PCR, E6 and E7 Oncoprotein, CK19, P16INK4A, Immune-Magnetic Enrichment, Molecular Detection
Apport de l’expertise d’un hygiéniste au diagnostic de l’asthme professionnel

Introduction: Occupational asthma (OA) is diagnosed in the province of Quebec with the specific inhalation challenge (SIC) test. The SIC test consists of exposing the patient to a suspected causal agent in order to induce an asthmatic reaction. When a causal agent has been omitted from the occupational history, the SIC test can be negative. An expert assessment of occupational exposures by an occupational hygienist is considered an accurate method when quantitative measurements are not available. However, its contribution has never been evaluated in the diagnosis of OA. Objective: Evaluate the contribution of an occupational exposure assessment by an expert industrial hygienist to the diagnosis of OA. Compare the occupational exposures detected by an occupational hygienist and a clinician in: 1) OA subjects with a positive SIC, 2) Subjects with a negative SIC. Methods: The clinician assessed the workplace exposures during a routine clinical evaluation preceding the performance of the SIC. An expert assessment of work histories was performed by an occupational hygienist blind to the diagnostic status of the patient. Results: 120 subjects (Positive SIC: 67 Negative SIC: 53) were enrolled in this study. The occupational hygienist detected the causal agent in almost all cases of OA. In 33 negative SIC, the occupational hygienist identified sensitizing agents which were not detected by the clinician. Conclusions: An expert assessment of occupational exposures by an occupational hygienist is a method which could complement the clinical assessment for the detection of sensitizing agents associated with OA. This method could be included in the clinical evaluation of OA in order to decrease the probability of misdiagnosis.

Keyphrases: Diagnostic, Clinician, Diagnosis, Occupational asthma, Occupational exposure assessment, Occupational hygiene, Specific inhalation challenge test, Work-related asthma
Comparaison des potentiels évoqués cognitifs de patients présentant des tics chroniques simples ou complexes

Tic disorders affect up to 1% of individuals worldwide and are associated with social stigma. A major obstacle to these disorders’ evaluation and treatment is the large heterogeneity of phenotypes, which could explain the important number of conflicting neurobiological data. Certain variables, like tic complexity and tasks’ cognitive demand, could explain these heterogeneous results. We propose that a better understanding of cognitive impairments often seen in tic disorders could be obtained by studying the chronometry of electrocortical activity underlying inhibition, attention, memory and motor processes. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of tic complexity as well as task response demand on tic patients’ electrocortical profiles. Thus, we compared 12 patients exhibiting simple tics to 12 patients showing complex tics, and matched them to 15 healthy control participants. All participants performed two Oddball tasks in which one required a motor response (button press) and the other a non-motor response (counting). During both tasks, electrophysiological components were recorded, serving as indices of processes underlying attention (P200), inhibition (N200) and memory (P300). Our results revealed that for the non-motor task, both groups of tics patients had an enhanced N200, while only those with simple tics showed a reduced P300. For the motor task, both groups of tics patients exhibited a decreased P300. According to our results, both tic complexity and motor demand can affect neural mechanisms of the processing stream. Conflicting results found in previous studies might have been confounded by tic complexity as well as task motor requirements.

Keyphrases: tic, P200, N200, P300, oddball, complexity, event-related potentials, impulsivity
Dynamic magnetic resonance spectroscopy of phosphate energetics during muscle
exercise and recovery

Entailing of phosphorus exchanges in most bio-chemicals as a key factor in disease, increases researcher’s interest to develop the technologies capable of detecting this metabolite. Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy is able to detect key metabolites in a non-invasive manner. Particularly, it offers the ability to measure the dynamic rate of phosphocreatine(PCr) degeneration through the exercise and recovery. This metric as a valid indication of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in muscle, differentiate between normal and pathological state. To do magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy, clinical research tools provide a wide variety of anatomical and functional contrasts, however they are typically restricted to the tissues containing water or hydrogen atoms and they are still blind to the biochemicals of other atoms of interests. Through this project we intended to obtain the phosphorus spectrum in human body – specificadenerativelly in muscle – using 31P spectroscopy. To do so a double loop RF surface coil, tuned to phosphorus frequency, is designed and fabricated using bench work facilities and then validated through in vitro spectroscopy using 3 Tesla Siemens scanner. We acquired in vitro as well as in vivo phosphorus spectrum in a 100 mM potassium phosphate phantom and human calf muscle in rest-exercise-recovery phase in a 3T MR scanner. The spectrum demonstrates the main constituent in high-energy phosphate metabolism. We also observed the dynamic variation of PCr for five young healthy subjects who performed planter flexions using resistance band during exercise and recovery. The took steps in this project pave the way for future application of spectroscopic quantification of phosphate metabolism in patients affected by carotid artery disease as well as in age-matched control subjects.

Keyphrases: In vivo, Dynamic, Spectroscopy, RF surface coil, MRI
Développement de la sensibilité des neurones du collicule supérieur à la durée de la stimulation auditive

In many species, duration-sensitive neurons which could possibly analyse species-specific vocalizations are encountered in the inferior colliculus. However, their postnatal development is unknown. Since the superior colliculus is one of the most important subcortical relay implicated in the audiovisual integration, we sought to gain insight on whether the SC of the rat contains such neurons and, if so, whether they are sensitive and selective to duration. Furthermore, the originality of this study is to determine their fonctional maturation. Extracellular single-unit recordings were assessed in the deep layers of the superior colliculus of anesthetized rats throughout postnatal days (P15 – P18, P21 – P24, P27 – P30) and at adulthood. Gaussian noises of different durations (3-100 ms) were presented in free-field in pseudo-random order (2 – 10 dB SPL above threshold). Only few neurons are band-pass: about 3 – 9% across the different age groups (P15 – P30) and 20 % in adults. Thus, in terms of categories of duration-sensitive neurons profiles, a significant difference was evident across postnatal development: long-pass (63-75%) neurons were mostly encountered in the different groups of pups relative to all-pass (43%) in adult rats. These results demonstrate that a large population of neurons in the superior colliculus of the rat is sensitive to noise durations and that important development changes occur during postnatal maturation.

Keyphrases: Rat, Superior colliculus, Development, Duration-sensitive neurons, Auditory system, Rat
Effet d’un bloc stellaire par bupivacaïne combinée ou non à la néostigmine sur la douleur chez des patients présentant un syndrome douloureux régional complexe

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a neurological disorder characterized by severe pain, vasomotor, sudomotor, motor and trophic changes, accompanied by a swelling in the affected limb. Despite the limited data on his efficiency, in the absence of a definite curative treatment of the CRPS, sympathetic blocks have been used for years to treat the syndrome.  Objective  The main purpose of this project was to investigate the analgesic effect of neostigmine used as an adjuvant to the local anaesthetic bupivacaine in stellate ganglion blockade,  in treating CRPS of the upper limb.  Methods  This was a pilot, randomized, double-blind study. The intensity of the pain was evaluated using a numeric scale. Grip strength in both hands was estimated by Jamar dynamometry. Fine finger dexterity was measured by the "Purdue Pegboard Test." The swelling in the hand was determined by volumetry. The questionnaire "SF-36" was used to determine the homogeneity of the samples in terms of quality of life assessment.  Results  Our study had difficulties in establishing the efficiency of stellate ganglion blockade in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome.  Conclusion  This research project has not been able to prove that the pain treatment in upper limb CRPS by means of stellate ganglion blockade is more effective when the action of the local anesthetic is potentiated by the addition of neostigmine.

Keyphrases: Syndrome, Clinique, Bloc, Clinical, Trial, CRPS, Stellate, Ganglion, Block, Bupivacaine, Neostigmine