A multiplexed microfluidic and microscopy study of vasodilation signaling pathways using microbubble and ultrasound therapy

In solid tumors, hypoxia is a well-known resistance mechanism to radiation therapy. It was previously shown that microbubbles (MBs), when exposed to an ultrasound pulse (US) can cause vasodilation in muscle tissue. Conceptually, the therapeutic pulse can be localized on the tumor by steering the US beam. This approach is therefore proposed as a targeted image-guided provascular therapy in tumors to reduce hypoxia before radiotherapy. However, the effects of US and MB conditions on the relative increase in tumor perfusion remain largely unknown. Vascular control is managed by the production of nitric oxide (NO) through the eNOS pathway inside the endothelial cells. Increases in extracellular ATP have been shown to be a signaling event for the activation of this pathway. Fittingly, MB and US have been shown to release ATP when muscle tissue was treated. However, the effects of therapeutic US and MB parameters on the treatment have not yet been described. We, therefore, hypothesize that there are conditions that will maximize the purinergic signaling pathways (ATP) and optimize their time course for an optimal provascular response. The motivation for this project came from the desire to test various parameters and study MB/cell interactions in flowing conditions, which are typically limited when using petri dish setups. To quantify more easily the signaling pathways, we created microfluidic chips with four parallel cell coated channels. This chip allowed us to increase the throughput when using a single US exposure in static conditions and with the ability to support multiple US exposures with MB replenishment in flowing conditions. Also, the custom-made chip multiplexes the bubble concentration to obtain four channels with different flowing microbubble concentrations. The goals of this master’s project were thus: (1) to design the microfluidic chip; (2) to demonstrate the capacity for cell culture; (3) create protocols for measuring ATP and cell viability after therapeutic pulses; (4) to demonstrate repeatable flowing conditions with the multiplexed MB concentration. On the design of the microfluidic chip, we were successful at creating an environment where four of the four channels in the chip have different concentrations of flowing microbubbles. Thus, fulfilling the project's goals. We have succeeded in seeding both Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) and a breast cancer cell line (4T1) into the microfluidic channel. The cell monolayers created by both cell lines were successfully treated with an US and MB therapeutic pulse. Our results support that an increase in both, cycles and pressure, release more ATP and cause more cell death. Further, we linked ATP release to cell death by comparing different therapeutic pulses. From this analysis, two trends appeared. With lower energy pulses, ATP release increased sharply with a very small increase in cell death; conversely, with higher energy pulses, ATP release continued to increase with cell death but reached a plateau. Thus, our results support that different mechanisms of ATP release can likely be triggered by MB and US therapy.

Keyphrases: Théranostic, Ultrasons, Theranostics, Microbubbles, Ultrasound, Microfluidics, ATP release