Responsabilité sociale des entreprises envers les employés et performance financière

In a context where companies face limited resources, conflicts between stakeholders’ claims and social and financial performance imperatives, this thesis examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance. This research is particularly interested in the recognized conflict of interest between shareholders and employees and focuses on the « employees » dimension of corporate social responsibility and its relationship to financial performance. It aims to better understand this relationship and to investigate whether it is the firm financial performance that provides resources to invest in corporate social responsibility towards employees or whether it is the social responsibility towards employees that creates the resources and contributes to the financial prosperity of the company, or both. This thesis develops an original conceptual framework that brings together different theoretical foundations and adapts them to the specific case of corporate social responsibility towards employees. The main framework combines slack resources hypothesis and stakeholder theory and is complemented with contributions from resource-based view and neo-institutional theory. In this thesis, neo-institutional theory is employed not only to explain determinants of corporate social responsibility towards employees, but also to describe the institutional mechanisms linking various dimensions of corporate social responsibility to financial performance. The research design includes three quantitative studies use several databases of corporate social responsibility and financial performance. The analysis strategy involves multiple linear regressions, event study methodology and regressions on panel data including vector autoregressive models and Granger causality test. Research results show that financial performance positively influence social responsibility towards employees, which appears as an investment requiring financial resources. The results also suggest that corporate social responsibility towards employees positively influence long-term financial performance (when financial performance is evaluated by stock market measures) but influence negatively short-term financial performance (when financial performance is evaluated by accounting measures). In fact, while the stock market reacts positively to the announcement of socially responsible practices towards employees, the bottom line of a given year is negatively influenced by the level of social responsibility towards employees of the previous three years. The conflicting interests of employees and shareholders are confirmed in the short term, but they seem to become reconcilable in the long term. This suggests that managers must be patient to be able to observe the positive effects of corporate social responsibility towards employees. This research also shows a bidirectional relationship between corporate social responsibility towards employees and financial performance. This thesis responds to several corporate social responsibility studies’ limits. It disaggregates the corporate social responsibility concept and highlights its « employees » dimension, which is often overshadowed. This research also has several implications for companies, socially responsible investors, advocates of corporate social responsibility and governments. For example, beyond informing actors about the factors leading companies to act responsibly towards their employees, the results show that being a good corporate citizen and a profitable capitalist company can coexist, at least in the stock market.

Keyphrases: Corporate social responsibility towards employees, Financial performance, Mutual influence, Stakeholder theory, Neo-institutional theory