Exploration pathologique des souris transgéniques porteuses du gène VPU de VIH-1

The HIV-1 infection results in a severe immunodepression due to an increasing depletion of the CD4+T lymphocytes and in a neurodegeneration that leads to a motor/cognitive complex dysfunction. In addition to these pathological alterations, patients with AIDS may also develop additional complications including neoplasms, nephropathy, hematological abnormalities and opportunistic infections. None of these complications can be accounted for solely by the loss of CD4+T lymphocytes and several investigators have started to suspect the regulatory and accessory genes of possibly playing a role in the AIDS physiopathogenesis. However, studies on the pathological effects contributed by these genes have been hampered by the lack of laboratory animals susceptible to HIV-1 infection. These could have helped to dissect out the role of the different components of the viral genome and their pathogenetic mechanisms. To overcome this obstacle, several investigators have developed transgenic mice carrying either HIV-1 individual genes or partially deleted genome. The vpu gene, which is unique to HIV-1, encodes a membrane phosphoprotein with several known functions as determined by in vitro studies. It participates in virions release at the cell surface, induces CD4 degradation, MHC-1 downregulation, increases apoptosis susceptibility of infected T cells and promotes viral replication by inhibiting cellular antiviral mechanisms. In order to investigate the contribution of vpu to the complex pathogenesis associated with HIV-1 infection, our laboratory developed a transgenic mouse model carrying vpu under the RSV LTR promoter. Here, we described our results of the clinical and pathological investigation of this unique animal model. Our results demonstrate that the expression of vpu in the transgenic mice induces a pansystemic lymphoid hyperplasia, splenomegaly with follicular lymphoid hyperplasia that progress to premalignant and malignant lesions, with striking characteristics of Castelman like-disease, and a mesangial vi hyperplasia variant of HIVAN frequently observed in adult and pediatric AIDS. All lesions observed in this mouse model suggest that the vpu carrying mice develop a nonspecific chronic activation of the immune system with hyperplasia of perivascular metallophillic cells and deregulation of the IL-6 expression within the hyperplastic follicles. Following treatment with dexamethazone and LPS, we observed an increased apoptosis susceptibility of the lymphocytes of the spleen and thymus with slow lymphocyte repopulation of these lymphoid organs. In addition, the transgenic mice developed an exacerbated reaction to the induced Schwartzman reaction and demonstrated a more delayed experimental DTH reaction. Thus, this transgenic model reproduces several abnormalities present in HIV patients. It represents a very interesting and valuable model for studies on the pathology contributed by the vpu gene in the absence of the cumulative effects of the other HIV-1 genes and might help define new possible functions and mechanisms of vpu in the HIV-1 pathogenesis.

Keyphrases: Vpu, pathologie, transgenic mice, gene, Vpu, HIV-1, pathology, lymphoma, immune system, mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis