Petit poisson deviendra grand? : évaluation du rôle de la contamination chimique dans le déclin des populations de perchaudes (Perca flavescens) du lac Saint-Pierre

Lake Saint Pierre (LSP) is the largest fluvial lake in the Saint Lawrence River. Water quality in LSP is heavily affected by inputs of nutrients and chemical pollution from tributaries which drain agricultural watersheds, from municipal effluents and from industrial discharges. This contamination is amplified in areas of LSP with dense vegetation because aquatic plants promote the retention and sedimentation of dissolved and particulate matter. Several fish species, including Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens), use these aquatic vegetation beds as their spawning grounds and are therefore particularly affected by the contamination of aquatic habitats in LSP. This study therefore tests the hypothesis that chemical contamination in Yellow Perch (YP) during their early life stages can help explain this species’ lack of resilience despite the implementation of a fishing moratorium in 2012. This moratorium was extended until 2022 since populations are still undergoing a recruitment failure and a decline in juvenile abundance populations.  The phosphonate herbicide glyphosate, which is the active ingredient in Roundup®, is currently the most widely used herbicide in the world. Glyphosate-based herbicides are sprayed on food and feed crops during cultivation and are thus subject to leaching to streams and rivers. In aquatic ecosystems, periphytic biofilms, or periphyton, are important primary producers and are often the first trophic level to be in contact with runoff waters. Thus, a trophic cascade could occur if these biofilms are negatively impacted by glyphosate, potentially leading to larval fish mortality due to resource limitation. Results showed that submersion period (2 months, 1 year, 20 years) was the only significant contributor to community structure. However, the glyphosate-resistant Cyanobacteria Anabaena was found to be favoured by the use of glyphosate. This freshwater Cyanobacteria commonly forms toxic blooms, raising concern regarding the use of glyphosate. For all colonization stages, and therefore different thicknesses, chlorophyll a did not show an unequivocal decline over time. This study therefore provides an interesting snapshot of the biological processes related to periphytic biofilms’ exposure to environmental concentrations of glyphosate. As this herbicide is currently of international concern, it is imperative to contribute to the advancement of knowledge about its effects. Mercury (Hg) is a trace element of particular concern since it is ubiquitous in the environment and because its methylated form (MeHg) readily bioaccumulates and biomagnifies in food webs. This latter process leads to elevated Hg concentrations in fish and thus induces toxicity. Maternal transfer of bioaccumulated contaminants to offspring is a suggested mechanism of impaired reproductive success in fish. We therefore assessed the toxicity potential of Hg during maternal transfer in YP from LSP using a sub-cellular partitioning approach. Results showed a strong relationship between Hg bioaccumulation in the liver and Hg concentrations in gonadal mitochondria, which corroborates the potential toxicity of maternal transfer. As selenium is a well-studied Hg antagonist, we also measured the Se:Hg molar ratios in all subcellular fractions. We found that these ratios were systematically above 1, which is the suggested threshold for Hg toxicity alleviation through sequestration by Se.  Since early developmental stages in aquatic biota are particularly sensitive to Hg, and after confirming the evidence of maternal transfer, we subsequently addressed Hg bioaccumulation in all parts of YP life cycle. This study is the first of its kind to follow Hg and Se during YP ontogenetic development, from the gravid female to the juvenile. Results show that MeHg follow an ontogenetic pattern, with concentrations decreasing from the juveniles to egg masses. We also found that nearly 100% of THg was measured as the toxic form MeHg in larvae and juveniles. Lastly, Se:Hg molar ratios were systematically above 1, suggesting a potentially protective effect of Se on Hg bioaccumulation. This study will thus provide much needed information on the changes in bioaccumulation patterns during the most sensitive life cycle stages of this declining fish population. Results issued from the present research have significant impact when it comes to the advancement of knowledge in Ecotoxicology due to their novel characteristics. First, we have contributed to the advancement of knowledge on the effects of environmental concentrations of glyphosate on highly age-contrasted biofilms. Also, it is the first time that subcellular partitioning techniques are used in order to assess the toxicity potential of mercury during maternal transfer. Finally, we provide the very first results on the simultaneous bioaccumulation of mercury and selenium in key life stages of YP development. Therefore, this thesis is of particular interest when aiming to assess the fate of certain contaminants of interest within aquatic ecosystems.

Keyphrases: Glyphosate, Mercury, Methylmercury, Selenium, Yellow Perch, Periphytic biofilms, Lake Saint Pierre, Subcellular partitioning, Maternal transfer