NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Utilisation des données d'élévation LiDAR à haute résolution pour la cartographie numérique du matériel parental des sols

Knowledge of the earth’s morphology is essential to the understanding of many geomorphic and hydrologic processes. Recent advancements in the field of remote sensing have significantly improved our ability to assess the earth’s surface. From these, LiDAR elevation data permits the production of high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) over large areas. LiDAR is a major technological advance as it allows geoscientists to visualize the earth’s morphology in high detail, even allowing us to resolve low-relief landforms in forested areas where the surface is obstructed by vegetation cover. Such a technological advance calls for the development of new and novel approaches to realize the scientific potential of this new spatial data. In this context, the present work aims to develop two digital mapping approaches that use LiDAR elevation data for assessing the earth’s subsurface composition. The first approach to be developed uses the location of low-relief beach ridges observed on LiDAR-derived DEMs to map the extent of a large and regionally important paleo-sea, the Champlain Sea. This approach allowed us to accurately map the 65,000 km2 area once inundated by sea water. The model serves to the assessment of the distribution of marine and littoral sediments in the St. Lawrence Lowlands. The second approach uses the relationship between field-acquired samples of soil parent material (SPM) and LiDAR-derived topographic attributes to map SPM at high-resolution and at a regional scale on the Canadian Shield. To do so, we used a novel approach that combined object-based image analysis (OBIA) with a classification tree algorithm. This approach allowed us to produce a fine-resolution 185 km2 map of SPM in a heterogeneous post-glaciation Precambrian Shield setting. The knowledge obtained from producing these two models allowed us to conceptualize the subsurface composition at the limit between the St. Lawrence Lowlands and the Canadian Shield. This insight provides researchers and resource managers with a more detailed understanding of the geomorphology of this area and contributes to improve our capacity to grasp ecosystem services and predict environmental hazards related to subsurface processes.

Keyphrases: LiDAR, Digital mapping, Champlain Sea, Beach ridges, Soil parent material, Object-based image analysis, Topographic metrics, Landscape model
Identification of urban surface materials using high-resolution hyperspectral aerial imagery

Knowledge of surface cover materials is crucial for urban planning and management. With advances in remote sensing, especially in high spatial and spectral resolution imagery, the identification and detailed mapping of surface materials in urban areas based on spectral signatures are now feasible. Spectral signatures describe the interactions between ground objects and solar radiation and are assumed unique for each type of material. In this research, we use airborne CASI images with 1 m2 spatial resolution, with 96 contiguous bands in a spectral range between 367 nm and 1044 nm. These images covering the island of Montreal (Quebec, Canada), obtained in 2016, were analyzed to identify urban surface materials. The objectives of the project were first to find a correspondence between the physical and chemical characteristic of typical surface materials, present in the Montreal scenes, and the spectral signatures within the images. Second, to develop a sound methodology for identifying these surface materials in urban landscapes. To reach these objectives, our method of analysis is based on a comparison of pixel spectral signatures to those contained in a reference spectral library that describe typical surface covering materials (inert materials and vegetation). Two metrics were used in order to measure the correspondence of pixel spectral signatures and reference spectral signature. The first metric considers the shape of a spectral signature and the second the difference of reflectance values between the observed and reference spectral signature. A fuzzy classifier using these two metrics is then applied to recognize the type of material on a pixel basis. Typical spectral signatures were extracted from two spectral libraries (ASTER and HYPERCUBE). Spectral signatures of typical objects in Montreal measured on the ground (ASD spectroradiometer) were also used as reference spectra. Three general types of surface materials (asphalt, concrete, and vegetation) were used to ease the comparison between classifications using these spectral libraries. The classification using ASTER as a reference library had the highest success rate reaching 92%, followed by the field spectra at 88%, and finally with HYPERCUBE at 80%. There were no significant differences in the classification results indicating that the methodology works independently of the source of reference spectral signatures.

Keyphrases: Classification floue, Hyperspectral remote sensing, Fuzzy classification, Urban surface materials
Traverser le paysage : une réflexion sur l’appropriation spatio-temporelle des espaces (nature) urbains. 
Le cas du parc Frédéric-Back à Montréal

Nature – viewed as both environment and landscape – as well as durability are becoming key concepts in how we think the urban fabric. They are increasingly used as buzzwords in social mixing and renovation debates. Around the world, old industrial sites or vacant spaces are being transformed into green public spaces. However, many scholars are beginning to question whether those strategies will be able to answer not only environmental, but above all social challenges facing our contemporary cities. Many are doubting their ability to create public space. Under the guise of social and participative urban planning, those new spaces seem more and more designed to promote the widespread understanding of key concepts like urbanity, durability and nature. In building our research around the case of Frédéric-Back Park – an old quarry redesigned as an urban park – between two peri-central Montreal districts, we hope to re-assess the ways we produce those kind of spaces. Our goal will be to pose a critical view on the power-play between actors and the power relations which gave form to the park as well as the capacity of nature, public space and durability – as concepts – to provide answers to socio-ecological challenges faced by local populations.

Keyphrases: Frédéric-Back, Public space, Landscape, Durability, Power relations, Peri-central districts
Identification de gènes impliqués dans la variation morphologique des fleurs entre deux espèces du genre Rhytidophyllum

Floral adaptations to specific pollinators like corolla shape changes often result in reproductive isolation and thus speciation. But despite their ecological importance, the genetic mechanisms behind this diversity of traits are still poorly understood, especially outside model species. Hence, our goal is to identify genes involved in corolla shape variation between two species of the Rhytidophyllum genus (Gesneriaceae family) from the West Indies, which is characterized by shifts in pollination modes during its evolution. The first one, R. rupincola, has a tubular corolla and is strictly pollinated by hummingbirds. The second one, R. auriculatum, has more open flowers and is pollinated by both hummingbirds and bats. We know from previous work that the variation in morphological floral traits between these species is explained by a few quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of moderate to small effect (Alexandre et al., 2015), but we still do not know which genes underly these loci. In this study, we surveyed the literature and used a comparative transcriptomic approach to identify candidate genes that could explain floral variation between R. auriculatum and R. rupincola. We then tested their association with corolla shape variation using QTL mapping for a F2 hybrid population. Results showed that 7 out of 29 candidate genes were included within 8 different QTL. The number, repartition and putative function of these genes suggest that corolla shape is a complex trait. This sort of investigation is rarely undertaken in non-model species, but is important to integrate developmental genetics with an evolutionary perspective.

Keyphrases: Evo-Devo, Gesneriaceae, Flower morphology, Corolla shape, Pollination, QTL mapping, Comparative transcriptomics, Candidate genes, Non-model species
L’unicité écologique des communautés végétales comme critère de conservation dans les milieux humides lacustres

This study aimed to determine whether plant composition uniqueness is an adequate criterion for assessing conservation priorities in lake-edge wetlands. To answer this question, I used vegetation data from two large datasets of lake-edge wetlands located in southern Québec, which encompassed three wetland types (i.e., ash-dominated swamps, alder-dominated swamps, peatlands). I first identified statistically unique wetlands by computing their local contribution to beta diversity (LCBD). I then measured the relative association between ecological uniqueness values and other criteria commonly used to assess conservation priorities using Pearson correlations and hierarchical partitioning. Unique peatlands had a high conservation value in both study regions, while ash- and alder-dominated swamps showed more signs that their species composition had been altered. The species composition of unique sites should thus be examined closely to determine its conservation value, as it could be affected by the overall integrity of the landscape. The proportion of rare species and the presence of disturbance-sensitive specialist species were appreciably correlated and congruent with uniqueness in both study regions. On the other hand, species richness was negatively correlated with uniqueness, suggesting that there was a trade-off. A combination of complementary criteria should therefore be used in conjunction with uniqueness in order to identify the optimal set of sites to protect in a given context.

Keyphrases: Conservation, Floristic quality assessment (FQA), Local contribution to beta diversity (LCBD), Species richness, Ecological uniqueness, Beta diversity
Développement de l’espace public & construction nationale : l’AKP en Turquie

This research focuses on the manifestation of nationalism, as political ideology, in public spaces. It is argued that a political party can promote a national ideology in its construction of public spaces, especially in a context where state, government and political are intertwined entities. Thanks to a study of three construction projects promoted by the AKP since it came to power in Turkey in 2002, ie the Panorama 1453 Museum, the Yavuz Selim Sultan Bridge and the Çamlıca Mosque, the analysis supports the construction of a neo-Ottoman ideology. If this ideology does not completely break with the paradigm of a Turkish identity as distinct from the Arab world, it nevertheless diverges from the Kemalist secularism promoted during the first Republic. Turkish hegemonic ideology now promotes a greater emphasis on the Ottoman past, on the visibility of the Islamic religion in public spaces and a favouritism of Istanbul, the former Ottoman capital. To reach this conclusion following a short field trip, photographs were taken to illustrate the subject. If it turns out that not all spaces are equal in terms of symbolism, none of the spaces studied has turned out to be meaningless.

Keyphrases: AKP, Istanbul, nationalism, space, symbolism, AKP, Turkey
Vers une poétique dostoïevskienne du terrorisme : lecture girardienne de la violence terroriste dans l’œuvre de Dostoïevski

This memoir focuses on terrorism in Dostoyevsky's work. Through an analysis based on René Girard's mimetic theory as well as his contributions to Dostoevsky, the author draws from the work of the Russian novelist some of the motifs and elements of representation that constitute the outline of a Dostoevskian analytics of terrorism. This Dostoevskian analytics refutes the paradigm of religious violence and challenges the notion of violence stemming from radicalization (ideological or religious) to account for terrorism. It shows how religion or ideology is superficial and how we should instead be interested in a set of psychological determinants and mediations – desires, impulses, emotions and fantasies at the root of violence - to account for violence. The analysis of the three Dostoevskian figures of Chatov (The Demons), Raskolnikov (Crime and Punishment) and Stavrogin (The Demons) each bring to light three simplified causal explanations of the motives and dynamics of terrorist violence. Chatov's study puts forward the frustrated mimetic desire behind violence as well as the narcissistic wound, the reactionary posture of opposition and the desire for revenge it produces. Raskolnikov's analysis exposes Promethean dreams and desires of elevation to the foundations of violence, but also the heroic self-mystifying narrative that it underlies. Finally, Stavrogin's study demonstrates the centrality of the sexual dimension in accounting for terrorist violence.

Keyphrases: René Girard, Fedor Dostoevsky, Terrorism, Religious violence, Radicalization, Ideology, Interpellation, Mikhail Bakhtin
La stratégie de ciblage de la France Insoumise auprès des jeunes électeurs de 18 à 24 ans : le cas de la campagne présidentielle française de 2017

Through a qualitative survey consisting of eleven semi-structured interviews with strategists who worked on French presidential candidate Jean-Luc Mélenchon’s incipient movement, the France Insoumise, this dissertation aims to further the understanding of the political marketing practices used throughout his campaign. We focus on the practices devised to attract young voters so as to validate or refute the hypothesis that the FI purposely targeted the 18-24 years old age group, through the use of marketing inspired concepts and strategies so as to influence their political behavior. We posit that this strategy partly explains the good results of the far-left candidate who before stood on the fringes of the political ecosystem. Far from passing a moral judgement on the aforementioned use of marketing practices, which have been used in an almost systematic manner as of late in western parties; the studies’ results show the effectiveness certain targeting tactics. They also show a clear professionalization of the political marketing field in a country where the use of marketing and personal data is still a sensitive topic.

Keyphrases: Jean-Luc Mélenchon, France Insoumise, political marketing, targeting, young people, Jean-Luc Mélenchon, France Insoumise, 2017 French elections, party and political movement, new left, electoral strategy, digital party
L’aventure d’une miniature en Haïti : poétique de la lodyans chez Gary Victor et Verly Dabel

This thesis focuses on the literary genre of lodyans ("audience" in French), through a study of short texts by two contemporary Haitian writers, Gary Victor and Verly Dabel. These popular authors, whose works shed light on the sociopolitical wrongs of their society, are living and writing in Haiti. They are inspired by a local "oraliture" as they renew the written tradition of lodyansè (audienciers) initiated by Justin Lhérisson at the beginning of the 20th century. Through an analysis of Victor’s and Dabel’s short works (numbering twenty collections for the first, and four for the latter), we will see that the hitherto underexamined genre of lodyans meets specific criteria already partly suggested by criticism (Anglade, Ndiaye) but also calls for further critical demonstration and refinement. Through substantial readings of Gary Victor and Verly Dabel's short stories, works which have largely been overlooked by scholarship thus far, this thesis asserts that lodyans is a dynamic genre with its own formal and thematic codes. The first part of the thesis allows readers unfamiliar with lodyans to acquaint themselves with its development and mechanics, by outlining the history of this literary genre and by proposing a definition and theorization of this art of speech as it has been adapted to written forms. The other three parts feature an interpretation of the corpus in light of the genre of lodyans. Thus, the second chapter is devoted to a mainly structural analysis, through an examination of the particular way in which lodyansè Victor and Dabel tell their stories ; the third chapter illustrates the privileged theme of the genre, the unequal face-to-face contact between powerful characters and poor people who manage to get by; and finally, the last chapter questions the ambiguous function of the supernatural (attested by the presence of fantastic and magical elements derived from voodoo and popular superstitions) in the stories – the latter proving to be generically very hybrid and less typically realistic than those of their predecessors lodyansè. This research situates lodyans as a specific type of narrative, leveraging a social criticism that is veiled with humor – a culturally emblematic "miniature" work situated between the tale and the short-story in the traditional scale of genres in the West – and aims to show the richness and relevance of a section of Haitian literature that has long been underexamined by scholars.

Keyphrases: Oraliture, Contemporary Haitian literature, Literary genres, Social criticism, Supernatural
Vingt-trois chambres, suivi de Aux frontières de l'identité : la remédiation du selfie dans la trilogie "Les colonies de l'image" de Guillaume Corbeil

This two-part research/creation thesis focuses on the remediation of the selfie in contemporary Quebec dramaturgy, with a particular focus on its relationship to notions of identity and image. The hybrid monologue Vingt-trois chambres is divided into nineteen chapters in which the character traces in chronological order the nineteen places in which he lived. The monologue is built around a permanent dialogue between two temporalities (past and present), while the daily life of the stroll (the character who returns to his former homes and rebuilds the path of his moves) and the memory of the places respond to each other. The hybrid form is based on the establishment of a text/image device, in the way that photography and literature interact together. The second part is an essay entitled Aux frontières de l'identité: la remédiation du selfie dans la trilogie "Les colonies de l'image" de Guillaume Corbeil. The plays Nous voir nous (2013), Tu iras la chercher (2014) and Unité modèle (2016) focus on the question of the "I", on this figure that is performing and (de)constructing itself, on this self that explodes. In all three plays, the characters stage themselves or their life to escape anonymity. Social networks have transformed our lives into a succession of self-images, of self-fiction. First, I analyze how these texts and photographs create a dialogue between two temporalities and two media. The analysis then focuses on this identity under construction, confronted with a plurality of perspectives (self, other, world).

Keyphrases: Guillaume Corbeil, monologue, identité, Contemporary Quebec dramaturgy, Identity, Intermediality, Photography
Du conte à la scène, l'exemple de Blanche-Neige

The purpose of this research-creation master thesis is to rewrite the theatrical aspects of the fairy tales. While storytelling and theatre are a priori two literary genres distinct in origin, nature and mode of expression, they nevertheless share common qualities that facilitate the transgression of generic boundaries. So playwrights have sometimes ventured to offer adaptations of fairy tales for the theatre. This is the case, for example, of Joël Pommerat, who recently proposed scenic transpositions of three traditional fairy tales, revisiting and updating themes and characters. In this essay, I am first interested in the elements that promote the theatrical rewriting of fairy tales. I then ask myself how Pommerat, who bases his reflection on the contributions of philosophy, sociology and psychoanalysis, prepares his shows ; what I illustrate by highlighting the author's reflections on the work of mourning in his play Cinderella. Like Pommerat, I finally present a psychoanalytical study of the characters in the Grimm brothers' Snow White tale. The creation I propose consists of a theatrical transposition of the Grimm brothers' Snow White tale, which moves situations and characters into the contemporary world of business.

Keyphrases: Theatrical transposition of fairy tales, Adaptation of fairy tales for the theatre, Theatrical rewriting of fairy tales, Generic similarities between fairy tales and theatre, Psychoanalysis of fairy tales, Snow White
De l’oral à l’écrit : les trois moments du conte dans Il faut prendre le taureau par les contes ! de Fred Pellerin

This dissertation will analyse the oral tale of Il faut prendre le taureau par les contes ! by Fred Pellerin and the written tale adaptation. The study of both versions will be demonstrated using three instances that correspond to significant moments of the tale’s performance according to theoretician Jeanne Demers. The first moment is the formation of the "circle of the tale" which represents a space established beyond reality that allows the audience or the reader to adhere without restraint to the events exposed in the story due to the opening, the closing and the conservation of the circle. The second moment of the tale occurs when the storyteller creates and consolidates a complicit link with his audience which attracts and holds their attention by linking them to the story. To achieve this effect, Pellerin tries to answer his public’s expectations, manipulates the border between fiction and reality and provokes reactions. The third and final moment of the tale is the "showing", which initially helps to bring the audience or the reader closer to the action and the action closer to them, then to allow the tale to materialize with the aid of their imagination. At which point, the tale reaches its ultimate goal, as the pleasure of the audience or the reader is infallible. This research aims to see Pellerin’s work as a whole despite the different means: putting the oral tale in writing benefits the original show as it brings forth, to those who experience it, new meaning and offers a different perspective, which is every bit as successful.

Keyphrases: Fred Pellerin, Conte oral, Adaptation, Telling, Showing, Storytelling, Oral tale, Written tale
Mezura : survivance des troubadours dans Quelque chose noir de Jacques Roubaud

This M. A. thesis explores the link between the poetic principle of mezura (resistance to melancholic erosion) elaborated by the troubadours and the expression of mourning presented in Jacques Roubaud’s Quelque chose noir (1986). The first chapter aims at identifying how the relation to the photographs left by Alix Cléo Roubaud, photographer and deceased wife of the poet, mobilizes a melancholic imagination peculiar to the universe of the troubadours. It will be seen that the contemplation of the images makes it possible to initiate the memory of the disappeared. The second chapter examines the impossible dialogue, conceived in terms of writing as much as of orality, maintained with the deceased through the reprise of fragments of the diary of Alix Cléo Roubaud. By making poetic space a memorial place, the inexpressible of mourning is paradoxically a source of transmission. Finally, the last chapter explores the links between the formal structure of Quelque chose noir and the medieval form of the partimen, more particularly the “Tenson du néant”. In order to name the nothing, the disappearance, Roubaud convenes a vast literary memory organized around the principles of the trobar. These are the aporias, the tensions maintained between contradictory poles, explored in each of the chapters that relate the said of mourning to the medieval mezura, struggle of the poets against the “nothingness of love”.

Keyphrases: Jacques Roubaud, Troubadours, Psychanalyse, French poetry of XXth century, mourning, memory, psychoanalysis