Rôle des cellules dendritiques dans la modulation de la réponse immunitaire de l'hôte contre Streptococcus suis

Streptococcus suis is an important swine pathogen and an emerging zoonotic agent of septicemia and meningitis. Knowledge of host immune responses towards S. suis, and strategies used by this pathogen for subversion of these responses is scarce. Increased severity of S. suis infections in humans underscores the critical need to better understand the interactions between S. suis and the immune system to generate an effective immune response against this pathogen. Dendritic cells (DCs) are powerful antigen-presenting cells. Once activated, they stimulate T cells and B cells, linking innate and adaptive immunity. Thus, the main objective of this project was to evaluate the role of different S. suis virulence factors on the modulation of DC functions and the T cell-dependent response. Initially, we investigated the effect of S. suis key virulence factors, including the capsular polysaccharide (CPS), the cell wall modifications (D-alanylation of the lipoteichoic acid and N-deacetylation of the peptidoglycan) and the toxin suilysin, on the activation and maturation of mouse bone-marrow derived DCs (bmDCs). We observed that following S. suis infection, bmDCs are activated and go through a complex maturation process characterized by the up-regulation of the surface expression of costimulatory molecules and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The CPS is the main virulence factor interfering with cytokine production, even if cell wall modifications and suilysin can also modulate the production of cytokines. Finally, CPS, cell wall modifications and suilysin were shown to interfere with complement deposition on S. suis, and consequently with complement-dependent killing. Results were confirmed using porcine bmDCs. We also aimed to identify the cellular receptors involved in S. suis recognition by DCs. Production of cytokines and expression of co-stimulatory molecules by DCs were shown to strongly rely on MyD88-dependent signaling pathways, suggesting that DCs recognize S. suis and become activated mostly through Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Supporting this fact, TLR2-/- or double negative TLR2-/- and TLR9-/- DCs were severely impaired in the release of several cytokines and the surface expression of certain costimulatory molecules. In addition, NOD2 receptor also seems to play a partial role in DC activation by S. suis. Finally, we evaluated the consequences of the modulation of DC functions on T cell activation. In response to S. suis infection, total splenocytes readily produced several cytokines ex vivo. Ex vivo and in vivo analysis revealed the involvement of CD4+ T cells and development of a T helper 1 (TH1) response. Nevertheless, levels of TH1-derived cytokines during S. suis infection were very low. The bacterial CPS was shown to interfere with the release of several T cell-derived cytokines in vitro. As a consequence, a clinical infection resulted in low levels of not only anti-S. suis antibodies but also of those directed against ovalbumin, used as reported antigen. This interference was correlated with the presence of severe clinical signs of S. suis disease. These data suggest that S. suis impairs the development of an efficient adaptive immune response, which is required to control the infection progress. Overall, these results will permit a better comprehension of the host immune response during S. suis infection.

Keyphrases: Streptococcus suis, cytokines, phagocytose, capsule polysaccharidique, Streptococcus suis, dendritic cells, T cells, cytokines, co-stimulatory molecules, phagocytosis, cellular receptors, capsular polysaccharide, cell wall, immune response