Régulation émotionnelle et conduites alimentaires à risque : approfondissement du rôle de l’alexithymie et des émotions discrètes de types traits et états

The high prevalence of disordered eating (DE), for example food restriction, selfinduced vomiting or binge eating that are not of diagnostic severity, and the important consequences that they can entail have led researchers to further investigate the premorbid factors involved in them. The present thesis is interested in a phenomenon that is the basis of a growing body of theories on DE: emotion regulation. The first paper focuses on the concept of alexithymia, a personality trait that plays a key role in emotion regulation as well as in the development, maintenance, and relapse of DE symptoms. Although the association between alexithymia and DE is well established, current studies offer no explanation as to what factors contribute to the development of alexithymic personality traits, which in turn puts the individual at risk for DE. Several psychoanalysts have offered theoretical concepts to explain the development of alexithymia (e.g. primary repression, unformulated experience, denial), but these have not been submitted to empirical studies. The aim of the first study is to test these theories using two empirically established emotion regulation strategies taken from James J. Gross's model, namely expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal. A sample of 292 women, the majority being undergraduated students, completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 items, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and the Eating Disorder Inventory-2. The results of the mediation analyzes suggest that expressive suppression significantly and positively predicts alexithymic personality traits, which positively predicts DE. Inversely, cognitive reappraisal negatively predicts alexithymic personality traits, which then negatively predicts DE. These results suggest that it could be important to intervene on certain mechanisms that are potential precursors of alexithymia in order to promote the reduction of DE. More specifically, the results of this first study open up reflection on concrete lines of intervention that could be applied to vii people suffering from DE. Indeed, the results propose that it could be beneficial to encourage these individuals to explore their emotions rather then to avoid / suppress them. It can be hypothesised that these types of intervention will allow, over time, the reduction of alexithymic traits by promoting the formation of mental representations of emotions. Consequently, it is possible that the decrease in somatic discharges such as DE will follow. The implication of the results for different therapeutic approaches (psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral and mentalization-based) is then discussed. In order to further clarify the role of emotional regulation in DE, the second paper aims to identify emotions that play a key role in the disorder. This article, divided into two studies, focuses on the association between distinct emotional categories from Izard's differential emotions theory (e.g. sadness, joy) and pathological eating. The first study explores the relationship between trait-emotions and DE. A total of 244 women, the greater part being undergraduated students, completed the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 and the Differential Emotion Scale-trait version. Regression analyzes show that Izard's model significantly predicts both drive for thinness and bulimic behaviors. The unique contribution of each trait-emotion is then explored. The results indicate that shame is the only emotion that remains a significant predictor of drive for thinness and that only guilt, contempt and self-directed hostility remain significant predictors of bulimic behavior. As for the second study, a total of 155 participants coming from the first study sample completed a questionnaire asking them to report in writing an episode of restriction or bulimia that occurred in the recent past. They then completed the Differential Emotion Scale-state version. Descriptive analyzes reveal that regardless of the kind of DE, sadness is the emotion experienced most intensely by the participants before the reported episode. Furthermore, group comparisons indicate that people who report a bulimic episode felt viii significantly less joy and interest before the event than those who recalled a restrictive behavior. In summary, the results first suggest that people with DE experience more negative emotions on a daily basis. Thereby, this article supports the recommendations of certain researchers suggesting that interventions with people exhibiting DE should include components dedicated to the regulation of emotions. Moreover, these studies go even further by suggesting that it could be relevant to develop targets and concrete interventions allowing the regulation of specific emotions or patterns of emotions, which could play a predominant role with the various DE.

Keyphrases: Eating disorder, Alexithymia, Emotion regulation, Expressive suppression, Cognitive reappraisal, Differential emotions theory