NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
L'effet des pratiques parentales sur la relation entre le tempérament et la manifestation de symptômes traumatiques chez les enfants maltraités.

The purpose of this study is to better understand how parenting practices combined with the child’s temperament can account for traumatic symptoms that may be manifested by children who have been found to be maltreated for youth protection. With this is mind, we investigated the correlational relationship between these variables of interest and also explored two models to test the extent to which parenting practices can mediate or moderate the relationship between temperament and traumatic symptoms. This study is part of a broader research project entitled : Parcours d’enfants en contexte d’adversité : étude sur les facteurs d’influence des trajectoires d’adaptation à l’âge scolaire. For this study, the sample consists of 20 parent-child pairs living in the Montreal and Quebec City areas. The parents were asked to complete three questionnaires (Children Behavior Questionnaire-Very Short Version, Parenting Scale and Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children) to measure their perception of the three variables, while the children only completed the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children. The analysis of linear regressions made it possible to detect certain significant relationships between the sub-scales composing the temperament and the different dimensions evaluated by the questionnaire of traumatic symptoms. In addition, the analyses of mediation and moderation carried out in order to explore the transactional or interactional role of parenting practices in the relationship between temperament and traumatic symptoms have not allowed us to determine the mechanism by which parenting practices can intervene in the relationship between temperament and manifestations of traumatic symptoms in children reported for maltreatment. The small size of the sample could certainly be involved in the non-significant results obtained. These results are discussed in light of the scientific literature on the subject. Finally, the limitations and contributions for future research are also raised.

Keyphrases: enfant, abuse, children, parenting practices, temperament, traumatic symptoms, mediator effect, moderator effect
Le suivi de l'apprentissage en famille de type unschooling : le point de vue de parents unschoolers et le droit de l'enfant à l'éducation

Unschooling is an uncommon but continually evolving educational option in Canada and around the world. Given the development of this movement in education, issues concerning the monitoring of learning by unschooled children are gaining importance. The scarcity of published studies specifically related to the monitoring of informal learning and the risks associated with a lack of follow-up, particularly among the most vulnerable children, lead us to ask this general research question: What follow-up of family-based learning would be desirable in a context of unschooling, respecting the point of view of unschoolers parents and the right of the child to an education? To answer this question, 25 unschooled parents were divided into four groups and reflected on the type of follow-up they consider best suited to their educational reality. By choosing a qualitative methodological approach and using a thematic analysis, the data drawn from these exchanges enabled us to build a follow-up proposal consisting of three approaches: "no interaction", "support offered" and "appreciation of the educational experience ". This follow-up proposal was then analyzed using a conceptual framework of the child's right to education composed of five conditions of respect for the child's right to education, inspired by the United Nations (1999a, 1999b). This analysis assessed the potential of each of the three approaches to protecting the right to an education for all children in an unschooling educational setting. The third approach, "appreciation of the educational experience", appears to be an approach that is both acceptable from the point of view of unschooling parents and from the point of view of the child's right to education.

Keyphrases: Unschooling, self-directed learning, homeschooling regulations, unschooling regulations, Homeschooling
Description et analyse de pratiques d’enseignants experts qui utilisent la littérature jeunesse au 1er cycle du primaire pour l’enseignement-apprentissage du vocabulaire

At the turn of the last century, an ambition to renew the Quebec education system lead the Ministry of Education to significantly review and update its education programs (2006; 2009). One of the major changes to these programs, based on research on the subject, pertains to an increased focus on vocabulary acquisition and growth (Graves, 1986; Mel’čuk & Polguère, 2007; Tremblay, 2004). However, these changes have not necessarily been effectively implemented to daily classroom activities where lexicons are rarely formally taught (Anctil, Singcaster & Tardif, 2018), despite the fact that teachers routinely describe student vocabulary as inadequate with, among others, imprecise and redundant word use and comprehension issues (Grossmann, 2011). In most cases, this trend can be explained by the fact that teachers must be properly equipped to address this situation (Beck, McKeown & Kucan, 2013). It is with this in mind that we have therefore decided to describe and analyse effective practices in this field.   To complete this research project, two teachers, considered experts in the use pedagogical use of youth literature, an important tool for vocabulary acquisition (Léon, 2004 ; Montésinos-Gelet, Dupin de Saint-André & Noël, 2008), were recruited. Their practices were observed and analyzed throughout five in class observations of vocabulary lessons in which child books were used a primary learning tool. To analyze the teaching practices employed, an observation matrix was constructed based on the multi-agenda model (Bucheton & Soulé, 2009), which is constructed around five principles, and Jackson’s framework (1966 ; 1968). Our main interests were the teaching practices employed, the pedagogical tools used, and the learning objective addressed, in this case vocabulary emerging from literature and fundamental lexical relationships.  Our results demonstrate that both teachers favour two different teaching strategies, that both use repeated reading, and that the words selected for learning varied.

Keyphrases: French instruction, Vocabulary acquisition, Teaching practices, Expert teachers, Child literature, Teaching tools
Élaboration pharmacométrique d’une stratégie d’échantillonnage limité dans l’évaluation de la bioéquivalence du dabigatran

The bioequivalence (BE) assessment of generic (Test) and brand name (Reference) formulations of dabigatran, a drug with a steep exposure-response relationship exhibiting very high pharmacokinetic (PK) variability, represents an expensive challenge for pharmaceutical companies. Supported by the modeling approach of population pharmacokinetics (pop-PK), the present study investigates the potential of assessing with results comparable to the current BE paradigm BE using a reduced required number of samples. A BE study of two formulations of dabigatran (Test and Reference), comprising 16 subjects and including 640 plasma concentrations, was used retrospectively for the pop-PK analysis. Using standard modeling techniques, a pop-PK model was accordingly developed for each formulation. Sampling scenarios with reduced sampling time points were selected in a progressive and cautious strategy based on dabigatran’s known PK properties and clinical knowledge. The developed pop-PK model of the Reference and Test formulations were refitted on each reduced sampling dataset.   All these models were simulated to generate virtual PK profiles for BE purpose. Then, following the standard BE test procedure, the task concluded by identifying the scenario preserving BE conclusions obtained from the original dataset, while including the minimum number of samples. A two-compartment model with first order elimination and a lagged absorption best described the plasma concentration data for dabigatran, and sex was identified as a significant covariate for bioavailability. For the reduced sampling scenarios, all simulated PK profiles were similar to the PK profile generated from the complete sampling in terms of PK parameters values and robustness, except for the Cmax values. The results also proved that the BE verdict could be maintained with a reduced sampling scenario of only five blood samples using the current regulatory BE standards and criteria. The pop-PK modeling approach can be an efficient tool that requires only a reduced number of samplings for the BE assessment of dabigatran, thus can potentially lower the costs in future BE trials and benefit the participants of the study.

Keyphrases: Dabigatran, Bioequivalence, Population pharmacokinetic modeling, Limited sampling strategy
L’impact du type d’assurance médicaments (privée/publique) sur le coût des médicaments et les dépenses des Québécois

In the province of Quebec, it’s mandatory to have a drug insurance either private or public. Also, drug cost in Quebec has three components: ingredient list price, wholesaler markup and dispensing fee. The first two components are regulated by the Prescription drug plan (PDP) and are the same for publicly and privately insured patients. The third component is fixed (between CAD$8.50 and CAD$9.49) and regulated by the PDP for publicly insured patients while it is determined freely by the pharmacy owner for privately insured patients. The objectives of this thesis were to estimate the average difference for both drug and out-of-pocket costs between patients covered by private drug plans and the PDP in Quebec. We used a sample of prescriptions filled between January 1st, 2015 and May 23rd , 2019 selected from reMed, a drug claims database of Quebecers. We created strata of prescriptions filled by privately insured patients based on the DIN, quantity dispensed, number of days of supply, pharmacy identifier and a date corresponding to a publication of RAMQ’s List of Medications. Then, we matched each stratum filled by privately insured patients with a stratum of prescriptions filled by publicly insured patients based on the same stratification criteria. The differences in drug cost and out-of-pocket expenses between private and public drug insurance were analyzed with linear regression models. Based on 38 896 strata of prescriptions (162 019 prescriptions in total), we observed that privately insured patients had to pay CAD$9.35 (95% CI: 5.58 ; 13.01) more on average per drug prescription than publicly insured patients (CAD$62.34 vs CAD$52.99), representing a difference of 17.6%. We also found that out-of-pocket expenses were on average CAD$1.01 (95% CI: -1.22 ; -0.80) lower per drug prescription for privately than publicly insured patients (CAD$6.94 vs CAD$7.95). This study showed that, on average, drug cost is substantially higher and out-of-pocket slightly lower for privately insured Quebecers. Knowing that adherence is affected by drug cost, these results will be useful to help public health authorities to make informed decisions about drug insurance policies.

Keyphrases: drug insurance, drug plan, drug cost, out-of-pocket, drug cost difference, out-of-pocket difference, private drug insurance, public drug plan
Facteurs prédictifs d’utilisation chronique d’opioïdes dans la population non atteinte de cancer

Chronic use of opioids can lead to well-known harms such as addiction and overdose. This thesis aims to identify the factors associated with chronic opioid use in the non-cancer adult population and thereby, to develop a predictive model adapted to clinical practice. Using the Quebec administrative databases (RAMQ), a cohort study was conducted in a random sample of 125,000 members of the public drug plan (≥18 years old) who initiated an opioid between 01 January 2012 and 31 December 2016. Chronic use was defined as ≥90 consecutive days or ≥120 cumulative days during the 12-month follow-up. Multivariate logistic regression models were performed to evaluate the association between patient or treatment characteristics and the likelihood of becoming a chronic user. The area under the curve (AUC) of the Receiver Operating Characteristic was used to evaluate the predictive performance of the models. Among the 124,664 new opioid users who were eligible, 3.4% transitioned to chronic use and accounted for 51.1% of all opioids dispensed to the cohort. The most parsimonious model with acceptable performance (AUC≥0.70) included the following factors: An initial dispensing of ≥30 days as well as a diagnosis associated with chronic pain. Many risk factors for chronic opioid use were identified. It is possible to predict which patients will transition to chronic use using the duration of the initial prescription and the indication. These predictors are therefore adapted to clinical practice.

Keyphrases: Opioid, Drug utilization, Chronic use, Substance abuse
The design of polymeric microneedles for the delivery of sensors for real-time physiological monitoring

This Master’s thesis concerns the development of a microneedle (MN) delivery system for fluorescent dyes and sensors in the context of diagnostics and healthcare monitoring. While sometimes overlooked in favor of treatment-focused healthcare, early disease diagnosis and preventative monitoring of biological parameters can meaningfully improve healthcare outcomes and will likely play a greater role in coming years. However, significant obstacles to this approach remain, namely the relatively invasive and disruptive nature of biological analyses. The need to travel to a clinic and undergo invasive blood (or biological fluid) sampling presents significant inconveniences relative to common treatments, often consisting of medications that can be taken painlessly at home. A solution to these problems lies in the development of minimally invasive systems for diagnostics and healthcare monitoring, ideally ones which can be used at home without the need for trained personnel. In this regard, MNs are a technology with tremendous potential, as their small size renders them minimally invasive and virtually painless, and their simple, single-use nature potentially allows for at-home administration by the patient. Showing particular promise for diagnostic and monitoring applications are dissolving polymeric MNs; made from injectable synthetic or biological polymers, these MNs are solubilized after breaching the skin, releasing any compound contained within. Though initially envisioned for the delivery of therapeutic agents, by using these MNs to deliver specifically designed fluorescent molecules, it is possible to create a diagnostic medical tattoo displaying a precise fluorescent signal. By pairing this technology with a portable fluorescence detector, real-time monitoring of a wide range of biological parameters could become accessible outside of a clinical setting. To provide context for the development of this technology, this thesis begins with a review of the principles and major recent advances in the field of diagnostic applications of MNs (Chapter 1). Subsequently, a proof-of-concept MN tattoo is introduced in the form of a ROS-sensor delivered to the skin, with diagnostic implications for UV-related skin aging and carcinogenesis, as well as inflammatory conditions such as psoriasis (Chapter 2). Further, another MN tattoo is introduced, consisting of a specifically tailored sensor targeting the lymphatic system, allowing the real-time quantification of lymphatic drainage, with implications in the early detection of several conditions, including lymphedema (Chapter 3).

Keyphrases: Diagnostic, ROS, Diagnostics, Lymphatics, Monitoring
Analyse phénoménologique interprétative de l’expérience de femmes qui ont une fratrie ayant souffert d’anorexie mentale

Eating disorders are a mental health problem that have many consequences for those affected (American Psychiatric Association, 2013; Mitchell & Crow, 2006) and their loved ones (Coomber & King, 2013; Treasure et al., 2001). Some studies have explored the experience of individuals with a sibling who has an eating disorder and suggested that they may experience various difficulties and negative emotions (Garley & Johnson, 1004; Scelles et al., 2009). However, these studies have varied and heterogeneous samples (e.g. age differences among participants, siblings with different types of eating disorders). Yet, it is important to consider sample characteristics, as they could potentially influence participants’ experience. The purpose of this study was to explore, describe, and interpret the experience of five women with a sibling who has suffered from anorexia nervosa, using a qualitative methodology. An interpretative phenomenological analysis was conducted to explore the participants’ experience in a detailed and idiographic way, while integrating an interpretative component to enrich the understanding of these individuals. The results suggest that the women interviewed experience an upheaval in their lives as a result of their sibling’s anorexia. The disorder occupies a central place in the family. Support is lacking for many who rarely, if ever, discuss what is happening and who may feel cast aside. Among the emotions expressed by the participants with regards to their lived experience, anger, often associated with incomprehension, is experienced in different contexts. The participants also feel helpless, an emotion that is central to their experience and that is often associated with their involvement in the family unit. They disregard their own needs in order to help their relatives and few of them realize the disorder’s impact on themselves when it is active. Emotional and relational repercussions are present in the short, medium, and long term. Finally, the participants’ experience appears to be unique, which shapes their needs in terms of services. The results of the study are discussed in relation to the theoretical models of stress and coping elaborated by Lazarus and Folkman (1984) and Mackay and Pakenham (2012). Based on the themes that have been identified, potential avenues of intervention are proposed in order to promote reflection on the potential services to offer this population.

Keyphrases: Relation, Eating disorder, Anorexia nervosa, Sister, Sibling, Relative, Experience, Emotion, Relationship, Interpretative phenomenological analysis, Clinical psychology
Interculturalité et éducation : la pratique pédagogique des formateurs d’enseignants dans le cadre de la formation initiale autochtone de l’État de Michoacán au Mexique

This doctoral research focuses on the practices of teacher educators in the context of indigenous initial training in Michoacán State, Mexico. It aims to describe, analyse and promote understanding of how indigenous teacher training colleges, through their curricula and pedagogical practices, are currently preparing future indigenous teachers to deal with the cultural diversity of the school population. In studying the case of the Indigenous Teacher Training College in Michoacán State, Mexico, we focused our attention on the practice of indigenous teacher trainers. We have hypothesized that Aboriginal teaching practice occurs in a context of unresolved tensions, dilemmas and difficulties, not only because of the training of Aboriginal teachers and the methodological and material resources on which they rely, but also because of their role as cultural intermediaries between the needs and aspirations of Aboriginal communities and the formal policies of federal and state curricula. Our research is based on qualitative methodology as well as on the analysis of cultural diversity using the theoretical approach of critical and decolonizing interculturality. The results of this research confirm that, even though indigenous teacher educators are aware of their role as cultural intermediaries, they do not have the theoretical, practical and pedagogical means to overcome this mision. The data collected allowed us to reveal how these contradictions provoke in them a kind of inner division that is difficult to overcome between their values and traditions from their communities; as if by being teacher trainers and bending to the role that the school makes them play, they tended to become "other", to be finally shared between two cultures with different, even antagonistic values and references, finding only individual pedagogical strategies or empirical and ad hoc solutions to get by in their teaching practices. On the basis of such findings, this research seeks to counter-propose, as outlines of practical solutions, a new definition of the teacher trainer i.e. a trainer who is capable of rediscovering the profound meaning of what "a teacher" can mean in his broadest and most noble understanding: more than a pedagogical technician, more than a specialist in skills, more than an operator of institutional prescriptions, it should first and foremost be considered as a "knowledge broker": complex theoretical and practical knowledge; knowledge rooted in the past, but also in relation to contemporary knowledge.

Keyphrases: Cultural diversity, Critical and decolonizing interculturality, Indigenous teaching practice, Initial training, Indigenous knowledge
Apprentissage de l’orthographe lexicale : évaluation de l’efficacité de pratiques d’enseignement auprès d’élèves francophones de la deuxième année du primaire

Learning to spell in French is a challenge for many children (Fayol and Jaffré, 2014). Descriptive studies conducted on French-speaking children show that the majority of spelling mistakes are related to visual aspects of words and more precisely, to multigraphic phonemes (same sound written in many ways) and silent letters that do not carry meaning (Daigle, Costerg, Plisson, Ruberto & Varin, 2016 ; Plisson, Daigle & Montésinos-Gelet, 2013). In the current research, we conducted a quasi-experimental study on 131 French-speaking children (mean age: 7.5) to define the most efficient teaching contexts to learn these visual aspects. Two teaching devices were tested in four second-grade elementary school classes: 1) teaching of visual and semantic aspects of words (TVS, n = 43) and 2) teaching of only the visual aspects of words (TV, n = 44). Two other classes formed the control condition (CC, n = 44). In both teaching conditions, the same 24 words were taught. Half of these words were trained in a reading context while the other half were trained in a reading and writing context. To assess their knowledge, participants performed a gap dictation of the 24 targeted words before (pretest), one week after the intervention (immediate posttest) and six weeks after (delayed posttest). ANOVAs were conducted to compare the students’ performances between groups (TVS, TV and CC) before and after the intervention. Results showed that children who benefited from the intervention (TVS and TV) progressed further than the ones who did not (CC). Furthermore, the gains made are maintained more than one month after the end of the intervention. Finally, the results indicate that words trained in a reading and writing context are learned more effectively than words trained in a reading-only context. These results provide interesting insights into the practices that teachers should focus on to promote spelling acquisition.

Keyphrases: spelling, teaching, spelling acquisition, French, writing