NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Écrire la souffrance de l’enfant au tournant du XXIe siècle : le récit à l’épreuve de l’innommable

This thesis is dedicated to the analysis of six novels published in France during the last fifteen years that explore childhood suffering : Viol by Danièle Sallenave (1997), L’Enfant éternel by Philippe Forest (1997), Le Cri du sablier by Chloé Delaume (2001), Tom est mort by Marie Darrieussecq (2007), Les Mains gamines by Emmanuelle Pagano (2008) and Un petit viol by Ludovic Degroote (2009). Although the unhappy childhood has long been addressed in fiction, these novels operate a unique deflection in their treatment of the theme. While acknowledging that this scandal defies reason, the authors of these texts, rather than attempting to explain, seek to invent the linguistic, stylistic and narrative means by which to express childhood suffering, without diminishing its unfathomable nature. In diverse ways, each looks to reproduce within the text this failure of reason, to question where axiology commands definitive judgments. According to these authors, the suffering of the child, before it can be denounced, must first be announced. In this way, the treatment of this theme may be perceived as a touchstone for speech, language, narrative – literature itself.  The study of this corpus first requires meticulous analyses that employ tools and concepts drawn from diverse theories and methods – linguistics, stylistics, rhetoric, pragmatics, semiotics, narratology –, in order to shed light on the semantics and semiotic displacements operated by the six authors on the lexicon and the usual modes of signification. In the spirit of the sociocritical perspective, the results of these analyses will then be projected upon the French imaginaire social for the purpose of assessing the epistemological pertinence and the uniqueness of these literary strategies in regard to other contemporary discursive practices.

Keyphrases: Style, Marie Darrieussecq, Ludovic Degroote, Chloé Delaume, Philippe Forest, Emmanuelle Pagano, Danièle Sallenave, French contemporary literature, Childhood suffering
Elenchos et poésie : l'effet esthétique de Socrate dans le "Charmide" de Platon

Plato's Charmides is part of what we refer to as the «early dialogues», and we find in these dialogues a major feature of Socrates's philosophy, mainly refutation. However, while these refutations don't have any effects on the young Charmides, he still reacts to Socrates's refutation of Critias. We wonder how this indirect refutation produces such a reaction on Charmides. We look at how refutation represents here a purgative treatment not by using contradictory propositions, but with the use of a certain dialectic of the image, the ones of Critias and Socrates facing Charmides. Examining this dialectic, which refers to the study of the mimetic dimension that the young boy maintains with the two men, we wish to reflect on how the indirect refutation of Charmides draws the outline of Socrates's possible poetical activity. This poetry resists to the critics made later in the Republic pertaining to the use of images relating to certain models of virtue, by showing the motion of thought, and hence guiding Charmides in his own intellectual motion. By reflecting on the «poetical  refutation» we find in Plato's Charmides, this thesis explores the possibility of linking what seems to ground Socrates's intellectualism in the early dialogues to the poetry that is rejected par Socrates in the Republic, besides the one that pertains to the «defense of good men».

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Plato, Socrate, Socrates, Charmide, Charmides, Refutation, Poetry
Éloge et critique de l’empereur chez Ambroise de Milan et Symmaque : au confluent de deux conceptions idéologiques du pouvoir impérial romain

The ideological expression of Roman Imperial power in the fourth century AD was profoundly marked by the religious, cultural and literary contexts of which it was a part, and within which two religions, and thus two different systems of thought and of representation of the world, co-existed: paganism, the traditional cult of the Roman state, and Christianity, increasingly ascendant throughout the Empire beginning notably during the reign of Constantine. Contrary to the long-held view, this framework, far from signifying a complete end to paganism to the benefit of the Christian religion (which, with Imperial support, engaged in a new relationship with political power), in fact conditioned new criteria for the exercise of power and for the conceptions of the Imperial ideal expressed in the panegyric discourse directed at the Emperor. As mirrors of the prince and means of communication between him and the elite, the encomia of Ambrose and Symmachus became part of the political debate of their time, constructing an archetype of the Emperor and determining his duties. To gauge the full scope of the symbolism conveyed by such discourse, it is important, with regard to the fourth century AD, to consider the mentalities of the authors, both Christian and pagan, who praised—as well as criticized—the Imperial person.  In analyzing the ideology of Imperial power according to the Christian and pagan discourses through the encomia of Ambrose and Symmachus, the author seeks to discern points of contact, influence or divergence between these representations of the world—and, more specifically, of Imperial power—which have long been viewed as entirely antithetical and incompatible.

Keyphrases: Consensus, Emperor, Imperial ideology, Ceremonial, Official communication, Consensus, Panegyric, Funeral oration, Ambrose, Symmachus
Représentation et détection des images et des surfaces déformables

The representation of a surface, its smoothing, and its use in identification, comparison, classification, and in the study of changes in volume, curvature, and topology are ubiquitous in the area of the scanning. Among mathematical methods, we have retained the diffeomorphisms of a reference pattern. There is a considerable interest, both theoretical and numerical, in approximating an arbitrary diffeomorphism by diffeomorphisms generated by velocity fields. On the theoretical front the question is : "is the subgroup of diffeomorphisms generated by velocity fields dense in Micheletti's larger group endowed with the Courant metric ?" In spite of some progress, the question remains open. The tracks followed have converged towards the subgroup of Lipschitzian diffeomorphisms of Azencott and Trouvé and its metric developed for imaging. It corresponds to a notion of geodesic between two diffeomorphisms in their subgroup. Optimization is then used to obtain a system of equations of the state adjoint state type characterizing the optimal solution of the identification problem from observations. This approach is adapted to the identification of surfaces obtained from a scanner such as, for instance, the scan of a face. This problem is much more difficult than the one of imaging. We introduce a curvilinear reference system and a faceted surface for numerical computations. We provide a formulation of the identification problem and of the computation of the change of volume from a reference scan.

Keyphrases: Scanning, Images, Surfaces, Metrics, Diffeomorphisms, Representation, Identification
Les mémorandums d’entente sur le contrôle des navires par l'État portuaire comme mécanisme de renforcement de la sécurité maritime : une approche prometteuse du transgouvernementalisme

Traditionally, shipowners, flag states and classification societies have ensured the implementation of international security standards aboard merchant vessels.  Yet, in recent years, globalization has created an environment of ferocious competition that has forced these actors to reduce their controls, principally with regard to security, in order to attract new clients or to conserve an existing clientele. Such disengagement from the established system of legal enforcement of international norms, as well as the “race to the bottom” it induces with regard to security, are both elements of an ongoing erosion of the seaworthiness of vessels. In order to reduce the number of substandard vessels sailing in their regions, members of the maritime authorities of port states have executed and implemented Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control (MoU), which establish rules coordinating the inspection of ships on layover. These administrative agreements, which now regroup countries from nine international maritime regions, have in fact become transgovernmental networks composed of complex transnational relationships between managing civil servants who are also experts in maritime security. Thus, beyond their respective nationalities and cultures, these civil servants share, on the professional scale, common interests and values. This contributes to the internal cohesion of these organisations, even though they are concerned with non-binding soft law instruments. Nevertheless, even outside the obligatory framework of positive law, these « interstitial » rules may have a quasi-normative, if not fully normative, effect.  Such a normative value for the coordination measures put in place by the MoU may be established by demonstrating their effectiveness as well as their efficacy.  First, by assessing whether the rules are applied to those toward whom they are directed; and second, by verifying that they work toward the objectives that have been set. Moreover, it is necessary to ask whether the assessment of the legal normativity of these rules must be limited to the previous two aspects. Indeed, the rules put forth by the intergovernmental networks should ensure a minimum of transparency, lest it become a body of dark law.

Keyphrases: Theory of Law, International, International, Maritime, Maritime, Safety, Seaworthiness, Port state, Globalization, Governance, Soft law, Soft law, Network
Étude du mécanisme par lequel la thérapie à l'IL7 induit l'expansion homéostatique des lymphocytes T CD4+

In lymphopenic settings, residual T lymphocytes typically undergo exaggerated proliferation via homeostatic peripheral expansion (HPE). While HPE efficiently regenerates CD8+ T cells, it is unable to normalize CD4+ T-cell counts. Interleukin-7 (IL7) is a homeostatic cytokine, currently used in trials in order to increase T-cell counts in lymphopenic humans. Nowadays, it is still not known why IL7 therapy is more effective toward the expansion of CD8+ T cells rather than CD4+ T cells. Here we show that CD8+ T cells preferential expansion is due to IL7-induced efficient proliferation of peripheral CD8+ T cells (CD8+PERI) and CD8+ recent thymic emigrants (CD8+RTEs). In contrast, the proliferative action of IL7 is largely restricted to CD4+RTEs although CD4+PERI survive better than CD4+RTEs. Interestingly, CD4+RTEs require lower concentrations of IL7 in order to phosphorylate STAT5 or proliferate when compared to CD4+PERI, and we demonstrate the requirement for TCR/MHCII contacts to support the IL7-induced HPE of CD4+RTEs in the periphery. Furthermore, augmenting the number of MHCII expressing cells in the periphery of donor mice by treating them with Flt3 ligand (Flt3L) prior transferring their TPERI cells in IL7 therapy-treated recipients, significantly enhances the IL7-induced proliferation of CD4+PERI. Our results indicate so far that the abundance of TCR triggering occurring inside the thymus drives IL7 responsiveness of CD4+RTEs. Moreover, the observation that CD8+PERI and CD8+RTE proliferate similarly during IL7 therapy, while proliferation of CD4+ T cells is largely restricted to RTEs, may explain why CD4+ T cells regeneration in lymphopenic settings is highly dependent on thymopoiesis.

Keyphrases: Interleukin-7, Recent thymic emigrants, Lymphocytes T, T lymphocytes, CD4, CD4, CD8, CD8, Homeostasis, Lymphopenia, TCR, TCR, Dendritic cells, Flt3 ligand, Flt3 ligand
Les prédicteurs dynamiques (pré-traitement et en cours de traitement) en lien avec la récidive criminelle chez les agresseurs sexuels adultes

Repeat sexual offence is a subject of interest for several researchers and workers who intervene with sexual offenders. In order to prevent having second or habitual offenders, it is important to better understand the causes underlying this issue. This will help for the elaboration of more specific and efficient treatment programs. In recent years, research on predictors of sexual recidivism essentially focused on static predictors, but also, and more and more, on dynamic predictors. However, looking at those studies, it is realized that the characteristics of the offender’s participation in his treatment program have not been the subject of much study. Therefore, the goal of the present study is to analyse the dynamic indicators of repeat offence, therapeutic alliance, motivation during treatment and the social support related to repeat sexual offence. For the study, we took a sample of 299 subjects, adult male sexual offenders. Data for the statistical analyses were gathered before and during treatment. Three types of repeat offence are considered: 1) sexual, 2) violent, 3) general. Independent variables are of two kinds: 1) pre-treatment variables, 2) in-treatment variables. Psychometric tools are used here for the independent variables. Two control variables are used: 1) complete or incomplete treatment, 2) type of treatment (cognitive-behavioural versus mixed). Preliminary analyses (T-test for independent groups) were effectuated in order to select the variables to be used in the final analyses. Due to the low rate in regard to repeat sexual offence (5,4%), only violent (18,7%) and general (16%) repeat offences are considered in the final analyses. The study shows that the results for violent and general repeat offences tend to agree with what has been reported in prior studies on the subject. Effectively, the present study informs as to the pertinence of elaborating treatment programs in terms of protection factors so as to reduce the risk of a repeat offence. The fact of holding paedophile beliefs or, still, of not presenting traits of compulsive personality are factors that contribute to increase the risks relatively to a repeat general offence.

Keyphrases: Recidivism, sexual offence, adult sexual offenders, dynamic predictor
Prédiction de boucles de régulation associant
microARN et gènes régulés par le récepteur de
l'acide rétinoïque dans le cancer du sein

The retinoic acid receptor (RAR) is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by the ligand retinoic acid (RA). In the presence of ligand, RAR induces the transcription of its targets whereas in the absence of ligand the transcription is blocked. The mechanism of regulation of RAR is altered in breast cancer cell lines due to a reduced capacity to synthesize RA. Also aberrant patterns of microRNA (miR) expression have been reported in human breast cancer and a number of genes involved in breast cancer progression have been identified by in-silico analysis to be targets of miRs. The miRs could be controlled by transcription factors and via the regulation of their mRNA targets, the miRs could promote apoptosis and even inhibit cell proliferation. Hence, the miRs may play a role in the mechanism of regulation of RAR and could be involved in regulatory loops with this receptor.  In this work, we describe an approach developed for the prediction and characterization of mixed transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory circuits in breast cancer. We concentrated in particular on feed-forward loops, in which RAR regulates a miR, and together with it, a set of joint target protein coding genes in human breast cancer cell lines MCF7 and SKBR3. These loops are constructed by combining ChIP-chip datasets of RAR with datasets of DNA microarrays and by using miR target prediction tools. In order to predict the appropriate model of regulation, in-silico analysis was performed to look for retinoic acid response element (RARE) in miR promoter. This step could identify if the regulation by RAR is direct or indirect. The regulatory loops will be then filtered, in order to reduce the number of false positive, based on databases designed to represent human miR expression profiles in different tissues or cell types. Moreover, only biologically relevant circuits enriched in Gene Ontology were retained. Also, we propose to infer miR activity in order to detect their regulation by RAR. This approach was able to find some existing experimental data. Several regulatory circuits seem to be involved in various aspects of organism development, proliferation and cell differentiation. Furthermore, we were able to validate the induction of let-7a by RA in MCF7 cells.

Keyphrases: RAR, RARE, transcription, post-transcription, regulatory loops, microRNA
Étude du « Livre Roisin » : recueil médiéval et moderne de la loi de Lille

The Livre Roisin is one of the rare french customary of the XIIIth century. It contains the customs of the city of Lille, written down in 1267, then copied and expanded in 1297, 1349 and from then continuously until the XVIth century. One last manuscript copy was made in 1618-1619. Thorough analysis of the oldest manuscript of the Livre Roisin to have survived, that of 1349, reveals the secrets of its development. Numerous charter, acts, bans, and judgments that have been added to the customary for more than two centuries give an overview of the laws that governed the medieval Lillois. Incidentally, the producers of the collection, the clerks of town, have left traces of their work, so it is possible to take stock of their work and understand the importance of these officers both in view of municipal institutions and the medieval historian, for whom they are part of the chain of transmission of the texts. On the other hand, the receivers, just as discreet but nonetheless present, are evident in the detail of the proceedings contained in the document. Thus, the document was both practical and memorial. It was used as a reminder and as a powerful instrument to preserve urban and picard identities. Finally, the Livre Roisin is a tool for studying the history of the city, as his writing and each of its copies are rooted in political events with major consequences for the city of Lille.

Keyphrases: Livre Roisin, France, Lille, Livre Roisin, France, Lille, Custom, Codicology
Antiproliferative effects of retinoic acid in breast cancer

Retinoids are being used in the treatment of several malignancies and precancerous lesions. Their effects on cell lines derived from solid tumors, such as breast cancer, have also been described extensively. Their benefit in breast cancer, however, remains unclear. This might be because of the high levels of heterogeneity of breast tumors and the very variable response to the antiproliferative effects of retinoic acid. In mammary tumor cell lines, the response to retinoic acid is highly correlated with the expression of the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), which regulates the expression of the retinoic acid receptor alpha gene RARA. However, some ER-negative cell lines, such as the HER2 positive SK-BR-3 cell line, have been reported to be RA-sensitive.  In Chapter 2: of this thesis we have investigated the mechanisms of ER-dependent and ER-independent RA signaling in breast cancer cells. Using ER-positive and ER-negative cell lines, we show that part of the response to RA is independent of ER signaling. Several direct retinoic acid targets were identified that could mimic antiproliferative effects of retinoic acid when overexpressed in breast cancer cells. This study has provided better insight in the complex mechanisms that lead to RA-induced growth arrest in breast cancer cells. In Chapter 3: we looked further into the ER-independent RA signaling in HER2/RARA-amplified cells and identified a synergy between RA and Herceptin in these cells. We propose a role for FOXOs in mediating this synergy. HER2/RARA coamplified breast tumors might represent a subclass of tumors that could benefit from retinoid treatment, both increase antitumor effects of Herceptin, as well as in potentially reducing Herceptin resistance. In conclusion, data presented in this thesis give better insight in the mechanisms of RA induced growth arrest in breast cancer cells and provide a potential application of retinoids in a subset of breast tumors.

Keyphrases: HER2, ERalpha, Herceptin, Breast cancer, Retinoic acid
The effects of oxidative stress on the retinal structure and function

In previous studies it has been shown that retinal metabolism, blood flow and oxygen consumption are significantly higher during dark adaptation (Riva C.E. et al. 1983, Wang L. et al. 1996, Tam B.M. and Moritz O.L. 2007). Physiological stimuli are supposed to play an important role in development of different neural systems (Arthur W. Spira, David Parkinson 1991). One way to demonstrate the accuracy of this statement is depriving the retina of its physiological stimulus: light.  It has also been shown that an intravitreal injection of paraquat dichloride causes a severe retinopathy (Paraquat-Induced Retinopathy: PIR) resulting from the reactive oxygen species (ROS) that it generates (Cingolani C. et al. 2006, Lu L. et al. 2006). The purpose of our first project (''Dark rearing project'') was to determine whether the harmful effects of postnatal hyperoxia in albino SD rats could be decreased by dark rearing the rats. Our results would suggest that the increase in the retinal metabolic rate triggered by the dark-rearing period, would protect (or mask) some of the deleterious effects of postnatal hyperoxia. The purpose of our second study (''Paraquat project'') was to examine how the PIR could be compared to the other models of oxidative retinopathy currently studied by our team, namely: Oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) and Light-induced retinopathy (LIR).  Our results suggest that an intravitreal injection of paraquat causes a severe functional but not structural retinopathy, the severity of which appears to be inversely related to the state of retinal maturation reached at time of injection.

Keyphrases: oxydative stress, retinal electrophysiology, retinal function, retinal structure
Mémoire juive et espace urbain dans Dora Bruder et La Québécoite

This thesis offers crossed readings of urban memory in Dora Bruder from Patrick Modiano and La Québécoite from Régine Robin. Both stories depict narrators heirs of the Holocaust memory who roam the cities of Paris and Montreal. The city is a space of intelligibility whose signs are meaningful to the observer. Using the semiotics of the city (Benjamin), the practices of the city (De Certeau) and taking into account the specific position of both narrators on the issues of testimony and writing, this study seeks to explore how the city spreads the Jewish memory while at the same time contributing to its inevitable loss. The Second World War took partly place in Paris, which bears the traces in a high density of memory, while Montreal, a city where Holocaust events did not unfold, is hosting memories otherwise within its urban space. In both stories, the city is necessary to the writing of the breakdown and loss, which reveal themselves both in the background (urban destruction, repeated failures, loss of identity) and form (question of the story, generic hybridity.)

Keyphrases: city, memory, jewishness, Régine Robin, Patrick Modiano