Effets temporels et multi-échelles de l’urbanisation sur la diversité floristique et fonctionnelle des boisés

Urbanization transforms and fragments the landscape. It also changes its climate and induces a global biotic homogenization, namely a loss of between-habitat biodiversity. Whether historical or contemporary, natural or human, the numerous disturbances within a city make it difficult to study the relationships between plants and their environment. The originality of this thesis is to dissect them at various scales of time and space carefully. In this context, my main aim is to understand the effect of urbanization on the floristic and functional diversity of woodlands. My study takes place in Montreal and on three surrounding islands of the most populated region of Quebec. I first examine the temporal changes of communities in a forest park and identify the processes involved. The comparison of inventories carried out in the Bois-de-Saraguay (96 ha), with similar surveys conducted 30 years ago, made it possible to achieve this objective. Second, I consider the possibility of using pteridophytes to estimate the urban forest integrity. To this end, I recorded pteridological diversity among 82 woodlands (landscape) and 225 quadrats (microhabitats). I used metrics of disturbances to define the integrity levels. Third, I identify the roles of constraints (filters) associated with urbanization and underlying processes in the assembly of understorey communities. To this aim, I identified the diversity of understorey vascular plants in 50 woodlands and 431 quadrats. From these data, I examined 18 taxonomic and functional diversity aspects. I defined large (landscape) and fine (habitat) scale filters based on environmental and spatial variables. My final objective is to describe the flora of the study area. My analyses reveal that a functional homogenization occurred in the understorey communities of the Bois-de-Saraguay. This homogenization results from a spatial reorganization of communities in which species with similar traits — including woody plants with fleshy fruits and clonality — became dominant. According to my results, these changes began through species dispersal events, then following anthropogenic disturbances in place. Pteridological diversity decreases in woodlands disturbed by the heat island effect and by the edge effect, suggesting that this group of species is a good surrogate for urban forest integrity. My analyses of the understorey flora show that the contemporary features of forests, urban matrix and local habitats represent the three categories of filters that shape the most aspects of plant diversity. Forest history influences few aspects, apart from the presence of exotic plants for example. The assembly of communities is mainly controlled by the environment and secondarily by spatial processes such as plant dispersal. Analysis of the filters reveals that large woodlands are species rich, while small or elongated ones favor tall or clonal plants. Plants with unassisted dispersal are more common in forests located in weakly urbanized areas, exotic shrubs in residential areas, and adhesive-fruit species in highly built-up areas. Urban heat islands significantly reduced the diversity of functional traits. At the fine scale, tree and shrub cover strongly influences the type of understorey diversity. Finally, my inventories reveal that the studied forests are very rich in native plants. They still harbor unrecorded species for Québec and account for no less than 20% of the provincial flora. Overall, my thesis argues for the preservation of all the urban forests, even small ones.

Keyphrases: Biodiversity changes, Bioindicator, Biotic homogenization, Environmental filter, Flora of Montreal, Functional traits, Plant community, Spatial scales, Urban heat islands, Urbanization