NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
The politicization and depoliticization of ethnicity : a constructivist approach to power-sharing

Since the 1990s, power-sharing has become the favoured option for peacebuilding in multi-ethnic societies. An important literature has however shed light on the limits of this approach and put into question its capacity to establish sustainable peace. This thesis questions three elements of powersharing theory: its approach of ethnicity, institutions and its elite-bias. It proposes to approach power-sharing theory through the lenses of a constructivist theory of ethnicity, which acknowledges the multiplicity and limited fluidity of ethnic identities; a neo-institutionalist approach of institutions, which pays attention to the interaction of institutions with their environment; and in paying attention to citizen-elite linkages. Three main arguments are developed: 1-The politicization of the ethnic cleavage is problematic since it hinders the good functioning of a democratic system, threaten the sustainability of peace, and transform the nature of violence. “Success” of power-sharing is thus defined as the depoliticization of ethnicity. 2-The politicization of ethnicity is not natural but results from a process in which formal and informal institutions as well as violence pay a key-role. 3-The depoliticization of the ethnic cleavage is, at least theoretically, possible if sufficient guarantees for the political representation and the security of the groups are established, and incentives are provided for the mobilization of non-ethnic identities. These principles may guide the design of power-sharing systems. This “theory proposing” thesis is complemented by a plausibility probe which focuses on the crucial case of Burundi.

Keyphrases: Ethnicity, Power-sharing, Constructivism, Neo-institutionalism, Burundi, Ethnic conflict, Conflit ethnique, Ethnic violence, Violence ethnique
La migration brésilienne lifestyle à Montréal

Studies on the migration of people from developing countries often use macroeconomic approaches that describe the basis for emigrants’ decision to leave their native land in economic terms. I found that many Brazilians in Montreal often invoked other kinds of reasons for their migration, and so I focus on these in the thesis. Middle-class Brazilians often decide to migrate to Montreal in order to have a way of life different from what they knew in Brazil, to find a balance between personal and professional life. The purpose of this research is to find out, among other things, what factors affected their decision to migrate and whether their priorities changed after arriving in Montreal. This study uses the lifestyle migration approach and seeks to disprove the supposition that Brazilians migrating to Montreal is only for financial gain.

Keyphrases: Migration, Lifestyle, Anthropology, Brazilians, Montreal migrants
La mixité d'usages verticale depuis une perspective habitante : étude de cinq produits immobiliers résidentiel et commercial montréalais récents

Mixed use has become a key planning principle, promoted as essential for urban quality, vibrancy, and sustainability. However, in practice, mixed use remains mostly a tool for the intensification – notably on a vertical dimension – of inner-city districts with tight housing market and land scarcity. Still, in that context, it encounters cultural barriers. It is therefore appropriate to examine the opportunities and issues – from the perspective of occupiers – in vertically mixed residential and commercial development (functions usually considered as complementary and compatible, and frequently combined at the building scale), and the conditions in which such experiences arise. To address this, semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten residents and six retailers of five new vertically mixed residential and commercial properties located in Montreal. Benefits in terms of proximity to retail stores and services, economic vitality, quality of the built environment, vibrancy, perceived security and community life have been highlighted. Land-use conflicts (direct), conflicts of scale, conflict of interest (indirect), and space and use constraints have been discerned from the cross-case analysis. The study illustrates a dialectic relation between building-complex and local scales; the difficult task of implementing a mix limited to compatible functions; and the challenge of integrating various uses to capitalize on synergies and prevent conflict and constraints. In this last respect, the study considers the opportunity presented, in Quebec, by the by-law on conditional use. It also points out the significance afterwards of the property management in the harmonious integration of various uses.

Keyphrases: Approche inclusive, Vertically mixed-use development, Opportunities and issues, Scales, Complementarity, Diversity, Compatibility, Balance, Inclusive approach, Integration, Management
Les laboratoires de l’architecture : enquête épistémologique sur un paradigme historique

Architectural sites and practices are commonly described in terms borrowed from the arts (studio, creation, masterpiece) and yet, the architectural field relies increasingly on scientific terms (laboratory experimentation, research). This contemporary interest in activities related to scientific research appears to coalesce around the now common notion of "architectural laboratory". Its first materialization dates back to the late nineteenth century and its presence has greatly increased since the recent "digital turn", although this term remains, to this day, still not properly defined. What is an "architectural laboratory"? What elements form its theoretical model? What are the issues related to the emergence of the figure of the "architectural laboratory"? Why and for what purpose do architects refer to the figure of the laboratory? The thesis is organized into two parts, each part being structured around a series of additional questions in order to access the complex nature of the architectural laboratory. The first section provides a historical perspective on the appearance of the figure of the architectural laboratory and concludes with an analysis of the major components of the architectural laboratory model. The case studies are the Architectural Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the numerous architectural laboratories of the 1920s Russian avant-gardes and the remarkable case that is the Laboratory for Design Correlation founded and directed by Frederick J. Kiesler at Columbia University (1937–1942). This case study results in the formulation of the three major components of a model of architectural laboratory: 1. the material instrumentation, 2. the working method, and 3. the social exchanges. The second part will clarify each of these three axes, showing how they have structured three major categories of architectural laboratories, being 1. the laboratory as a set of instruments, 2. the laboratory as application of a method, and 3. the laboratory as social exchange flows. The conclusion of the thesis tackles the multiple issues raised by the architectural laboratory by considering the impact of this notion both within the discipline of architecture and outside of its limits. The thesis concludes with the formulation of a theoretical model of the architectural laboratory. Through the clarification of what appears to be a "paradigm of the laboratory", this epistemological research is a contribution to the theory of contemporary architecture.

Keyphrases: instruments en architecture, Frederick J. Kiesler, architectural laboratory, experimentation in architecture, instruments in architecture, methods in architecture, networks in architecture, russian avant-garde
La circulation d’une idée : une cartographie des réseaux de politique publique autour de la sécurité citoyenne

Since the 1990s the idea of citizen security (seguridad ciudadana) has been promoted at all levels of government in Latin America by a growing number and range of transnational actors. The rise of the idea of citizen security occurred with the emergence of a new transnational policy network. In this thesis, we analyse the circulation of citizen security as a policy idea and the network that carries it. We show how the polysemy of the concept of citizen security is key to understanding its success in the region. First used in Spain in 1978 as a legal concept intended to break with the concept of public order as used by the Franco regime, the idea of citizen security began to circulate in Latin America at the time of the transitions to democracy. Post-authoritarian Chile in the 1990s provided the main anchorage for the concept on the continent. The take-up of the idea resulted from the learning process of several state and non-state actors involved with security reform for a democratic context. Starting from Chile, a network began to develop around the concept. However, the meaning of citizen security also began to change when, in the transnational arena, it came in contact with other actors – such as in the field of public health – who were also engaged in a learning process, but less one about security and democracy than one about solutions for urban violence other than the traditional reliance on police and prisons. The Inter-American Development Bank played a major role in the redefinition of the policy idea. Relying in part on the epidemiological approach of several Colombian idea brokers, this international organization presented and diffused the idea of citizen security as a set of action items considered useful to effectively reduce the urban violence that plagued most of the countries in the region. No longer associated with any post-authoritarian context, from then on it was as a solution to urban violence that the idea of citizen security spread throughout the region, where breaking with the authoritarian past was no longer a major concern.

Keyphrases: Citizen security (seguridad ciudadana), Polysemic idea, Policy network, Idea broker, Social learning
Les origines de la sophistication politique

This thesis by articles investigates the origins of political sophistication. Chapters one, two, and three investigate the impact of a series of variables on political knowledge, while Chapter four looks at the impact of political knowledge on how individuals update their opinions.   The first paper explores the effects of college education, political interest, and cognitive abilities on the development of political knowledge. It is shown that general college education has a minimal impact on political knowledge development, but college education in social sciences and humanities has a positive impact on political knowledge, highlighting a substantive effect of education. Moreover, it is shown that cognitive skills determine one's general knowledge level, while political interest and education also affect political knowledge variation over time.  The second paper looks at the impact of early verbal skills on political sophistication. This paper investigates the impact of verbal skills at five years of age on three important indicators of political sophistication: political knowledge at 16, as well as political interest and turnout at 30. It is shown that verbal skills at 5 years of age have a strong and non-linear impact on political knowledge at 16, and political interest at 30, while their impact on future turnout is strong and linear. Finally, the impact of parental variables on political knowledge is significantly reduced when early verbal skills are accounted for.   The third article looks at the impact of openness to experience on political sophistication. This paper seeks to investigate this relation by distinguishing two different aspects of openness to experience that are sometimes overlooked: the aesthetic and the intellectual components of openness. It is argued that the latter explains the relation found between openness and political knowledge in past research, and that new research using the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) should not be expected to replicate this finding. The paper argues that this is because the TIPI scale assesses the aesthetic aspect of openness and is ill suited to capture its intellectual component. It is also shown that the impact of intellectualism as a personality trait also holds when cognitive skills are taken into account.   The last paper has two goals. The first is to consider the impact of political knowledge on perceptions of media bias.  The second is to extend research on media bias perceptions to a non-American electorate. It is shown that, as found in the US, Conservatives are more prone to believe in the existence of media bias. It is also shown that the most knowledgeable citizens are more likely to think that the media are biased, but they are not more likely to perceive bias when they disagree with a journalist. These results hold true even when a variety of potential confounding factors such as personality traits are taken into account.

Keyphrases: Political sophistication, political knowledge, verbal abilities, cognitive abilities, political interest, personality traits, media bias
Not Again. The fear factor in policy complementarity

This study revisits the question of governance regarding economic policy. Agents within the political economy will seek to produce political-economic stability through the creation of institutional complementarities. This is specially the case in moments of reconfiguration of economic policy when such changes challenge significant vested interests. Institutional complementarity is understood as the situation in which one institution takes advantage of other institution’s presence to fulfill its structuring role in the political economy. We demonstrate that economic governance is crucially affected by the fear of repeating past institutional traumas that disrupted economic and political stability and policymaking routines. The central hypothesis is that the threat of reproducing the conditions of past institutional traumas leads actors to carry institutional reforms that take advantage of other institutions’ presence to structure stability in the political economy, that is, they create institutional complementarities. The dissertation examines three cases of liberalization processes in Latin America: Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. These countries suffered profound economic crises in the 1980s partially as a consequence of a final demise of the previous model. Subsequently all implemented liberalizing reforms for the next decades. In the process of reform, the threat of instability appeared in those countries with a different intensity. When the threat was imminent the institutional complementarity consolidated, whereas when it disappeared no institutional complementarity was effectively constituted. The methodology used is a cross- comparison of case studies within which theory-building process tracing will be used in so far as this method is used when we do not know the causes leading to a given outcome, which in turn can be generalizable. While the concept of institutional complementarities has been used extensively in comparative political economy, not much has been done yet to understand why in some cases institutional complementarities appear, yet not in others.

Keyphrases: Institutional complementarity, Latin America, Economic governance, Fear
Une intervention éducative sur l’approche systémique familiale auprès d’infirmières d’une unité de soins intensifs néonatals

Considering the impact of a newborn’s hospitalization in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) on the well-being of the whole family, nurses should be prepared to adequately support the holistic needs of each member. This is even more important with the growing interest of research and practice towards two recent philosophies of care in the NICU, which are Family Centred Care and Family Integrated Care. The scientific literature highlights the lack of knowledge and skills of NICU nurses regarding family care. Therefore, an educational intervention based on a Family Systems Nursing Approach, including a Family Assessment and Intervention Tool©, was developed and implemented with 13 NICU nurses as a clinical project, in a Mother and child university hospital center in Montreal. The nurses who took part in this project attested that the intervention tends to improve their knowledge and skills, and that the Family Assessment and Intervention Tool© was useful in their clinical practice. It would be relevant to implement this educational intervention in all NICU’s. Generalizable to other contexts of care, this intervention could optimise the continuity of intra and interdisciplinary collaborative care and could promote the role of the NICU nurse towards families.

Keyphrases: Educational intervention, Nurses, Family nursing, Intensive care neonatal, Family systems nursing
Identité ethnoculturelle, bien-être psychologique et performance académique de jeunes adultes issus de couples mixtes au Québec

There are more and more mixed couples throughout Canada (Milan, Maheux & Chui 2010) and elsewhere in the world (Cooney & Radina, 2000 ; Kalmijn, 2010 ; Neyrand, 2006 ; Shih & Sanchez, 2005) ; however, research on mixed couples and their offsprings is still scarce, and even more so in Quebec. These studies generally portray a negative picture emphasizing identity problems, mental health issues, behavioral problems and educational problems (Hud-Aleem & Countryman, 2008 ; Udry, Richard, Rose, & Hendrickson-Smith, 2003 ; Unterreiner, 2011). Our study aims to compare the experiences of young adults with one parent is of Quebec descents and the other parent immigrant, with young adults of which both whose parents are from Quebecois origine, for our control group. We focused our interest on their ethnocultural identification, the potential stress linked to that identification and it’s effect on their well-being. We also wanted to evaluate different aspects of the psychological well-being of these young adults, especially regarding self-esteem, psychological distress and problematic behavior. And finally, we wanted to investigate the academic performance of these young adults and see if one group has better results than the other one.

Keyphrases: Acculturation, Psychological distress, Self-esteem, Behavior problems, Ethnocultural identity, Academic performance, Mixed couples, Mixed children, Acculturation styles
Vers la validation de stimuli idiosyncrasiques pour l’évaluation des intérêts sexuels d’agresseurs sexuels d’enfants

Penile plethysmography is currently considered the most rigorous objective method for determining the presence of deviant sexual interests. Despite its importance in evaluating these interests, several questions remain about the content of the sexual stimuli that should be used or that are being used. This thesis presents two empirical articles examining the feasibility of developing idiosyncratic stimuli on the basis of morphological characteristics, and the relevance of their addition to a standardized stimulus bank being used to evaluate sexual interests. A first study, conducted with men who did not have a sexual problem, aims to describe the process of creating idiosyncratic computer generated characters (CGCs) that correspond to the specific sexual interests of participants, and to evaluate their ability to generate profiles of sexual arousal. A second study aims at comparing males with sexual behavior towards minors to those without on their ability to identify characteristics that they consider sexually attractive and transpose them on so-called idiosyncratic CGCs. It also attempts to compare the profiles of erectile responses, as well as their ability to discriminate between auditory stimuli, standardized characters, and the combination of standardized and idiosyncratic characters.  Overall, the results presented illustrate the importance of developing methodologies that enable the identification of idiosyncratic characteristics associated with sexual attraction. They display moderate results, for participants in both groups, as to the development and use of idiosyncratic characters on the basis of morphological characteristics. This exploratory project presents promising advantages for the malleability of computer generated characters in developing a better understanding and a more accurate assessment of sexual interests.

Keyphrases: idiosyncratic stimuli, penile plethysmography, sexual interests, virtual reality
Étude des inducteurs de l’intention de quitter chez une population infirmière québécoise

In a global context where turnover rates among the nurse workforce vary between 5% and 17% and where the OECD (2016) stresses more than ever the importance of understanding nurse retention and acting on their intent to quit, this thesis aims to understand the differential effects of tyrannical and authentic leadership, psychological work climate and well-being and/or psychological distress on one’s intention to quit. Based in part on the works of Hayes et al. (2012) and Blau (1964), an analysis framework that includes the following was conceptualized: 1) organizational factors –that is psychological work climate and style of leadership, 2) individual factors, including psychological health, and 3) external factors, that is the personal and demographic characteristics such as age, sex and education level.  Intent to quit is the variable which we aim to predict and explain by the organizational and individual factors. Specifically, it is hypothesized that the style of leadership when authentic will positively influence psychological work climate as well as psychological health, which will in turn diminish one’s intent to quit. Conversely, it is hypothesized that when the style of leadership is tyrannical it will reflect negatively on psychological work climate, which will in turn augment psychological distress as well as one’s intent to quit.  Considering this, a Quebec sample of 903 nurses from a multitude of healthcare sectors completed an online questionnaire in which they were asked about their current immediate superior, the psychological work climate in their organization, their degree of psychological health as well as their intention to quit. The statistical relationships between the independent as well as the dependent variables were analyzed using structural equation modelling. The results show that the variables targeted explain more than a third of the variance in intention to quit across all at all levels (quit one’s unit, one’s organization, one’s profession) as well as both the psychological well-being and the psychological distress. Organizational factors are instrumental in understanding and acting on psychological health as well as intent to quit. This study identifies the immediate superior as a key contributor to psychological work climate, psychological well-being and/or distress as well as intent to quit. Practical implications of the study, as well as further research are discussed accordingly.

Keyphrases: Leadership authentique, Intention to quit, Psychological health, Psychological work climate, Authentic leadership, Tyrannical leadership, Psychological well-being, Psychological distress