La tagatose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase et la fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase de classe I : 
mécanisme et stéréospécificité

Tagatose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from Streptococcus pyogenes is a class I aldolase that shows a lack of stereospecificity that is rare in enzymes in general, and in aldolases in particular. This aldolase catalyzes the reversible cleavage of tagatose-1,6-bisphosphate (TBP), fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), sorbose-1,6-bisphosphate and psicose-1,6-bisphosphate, four stereoisomers, in dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). A class I aldolase, the aldolase TBP S. pyogenes shares 14 % identity with the model enzyme of this family, mammalian FBP aldolase. Although the catalytic mechanism of the class I FBP aldolase has been examined in detail and it is appropriate to infer information as to the class I TBP aldolase, the singular lack of specificity of the latter enzyme both in the direction of cleavage and condensation is still not elucidated. To better comprehend the characteristics of the enzymatic mechanism, a structural study of the TBP aldolase of S. pyogenes, an extremely versatile human pathogen, has been undertaken. It has allowed the resolution of high resolution structures of the native and mutated enzyme in complex with subtrates and competitive inhibitors. These same structures allowed us to gain information as to the active site of the enzyme in general and the catalytic residues in particular. TBP aldolase native and mutated soaked in a saturated solution of FBP or TBP also trapped an iminium intermediate covalenty bound to Lys205, the Schiff base-forming lysine. The determination of the pH profiles of the native and mutated enzyme, carried out to assess the influence of pH on FBP and TBP cleavage and identify the residue(s) involved, in conjunction with the structural data provided by crystallography, identified unequivocally Glu163, corresponding to Glu187 in FBP aldolase, as the residue responsible for substrate cleavage. The substantially different binding mode of the ligands, according to the stereochemistry of their C3 and C4 carbons, indeed allows Glu163 to abstract the proton in C3-OH and thus initiate C3-C4 bond cleavage. The study of the inverse mechanism, the condensation one, using for instance the crystallographic structure of native TBP aldolase in complex with DHAP and G3P, its three carbons substrates, has led us to believe that a possible isomerism of the G3P substrate was the reason for the synthesis of both C4 isomers by this enzyme. This result, as well as the discovery of a possible cis-trans isomerism around the C2-C3 bond of the Schiff base formed with DHAP, identified previously, almost completely elucidated the features of this enzyme`s mechanism. In addition, these structures have highlighted three highly mobile regions of the protein, which may be related to the role of its isozyme in the regulation of gene expression and virulence in S. pyogenes.  Lastly, the resolution of the structure of the FBP aldolase mutant Lys229 → Met in complex with the cyclic form of FBP, as well as crystallographic studies of the corresponding mutant in TBP aldolase, Lys205→Met and ITC experiments, allowed the identification of two particular residues, Ala31 and Asp33 in FBP aldolase, as responsible for this enzyme discrimination against 3(R) 4(S) substrates, by steric hindrance of the cyclic substrates.  X-ray crystallography, enzyme kinetics and isothermal calorimetry thus enabled advances in the elucidation of the mechanism and structural properties of this enzyme with singular characteristics.

Keyphrases: Streptococcus pyogenes, Enzyme mechanism, Aldol condensation and cleavage, Schiff base, Class I aldolase, Stereospecificity and lack thereof, Isothermal calorimetry, Enzymology, X-rays crystallography