Obésité abdominale et autres déterminants du risque cardiométabolique dans deux populations urbaines noires apparentées : Port-au-Prince (Haïti) et Cotonou (Bénin)

Obesity is recognized as a major public health problem. In the last decade abdominal obesity (AO) was considered as a metabolic disorder which further contributes to the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than the general obesity defined by body mass index. However, in African origin population groups, the relationship between AO and other cardiometabolic risk (CMR) biomarkers remained unclear because of the lack of studies in these population groups and the lack of specific cut-off values to define AO. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of CMR biomarkers (OA, hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and subclinical inflammation) in Beninese from Cotonou and Haitians from Port-au-Prince (PAP), to assess the association between AO and other CMR biomarkers in relation to Cotonou and PAP participants’ socioeconomic and lifestyle parameters and to define anthropometric indicators of AO -waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR)- and specific thresholds that best predict the CMR in both Cotonou and PAP. The cross-sectional study included 452 apparently healthy adults (52 % men), aged 25-60 years, 200 subjects from Cotonou (Benin) and 252 subjects from PAP (Haiti). The CMR biomarkers were: the metabolic syndrome (MetS) according to the harmonized criteria of 2009, its individual components - AO defined by a WC ≥ 94cm in men and ≥ 80 cm in women, hypertension, dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia - Insulin resistance was set at the 75th centile of Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR) for the whole sample of subjects. High atherogenicity index (total serum cholesterol/HDL-Cholesterol), subclinical inflammation according to high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) concentration between 3 to 10 mg/L was also assessed. WHtR from a cut-off point of 0.5 was also considered to assess AO. Data on dietary habits, alcohol consumption, tobacco, sociodemographic and socioeconomic status, including education level and a proxy of income (based on principal component analysis of property and possessions) were documented by a questionnaire. Dietary patterns were generated from Western, urban and traditional food frequency in each city by cluster analysis. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the performance of specific WC and WHtR cut-offs to predict the CMR. MetS was present in 21.5 % and 16.1 % of participants in Cotonou and PAP respectively. AO was higher in Cotonou (52.5 %) than in PAP (36 %) with higher prevalence in women than in men. The serum lipid profile was more atherogenic in PAP with 89.3 % of low HDL-C in PAP comparing to 79.7 % in Cotonou and high seum TC / HDL-C ratio of 73.4 % in PAP versus 42 % in Cotonou. The specific WC and WHtR cut-off values were respectively 94 cm and 0.59 in women and 80cm and 0.50 in men. Multivariate analysis of AO with the most prevalent CMR biomarkers in these two population groups showed that AO was associated with increased risk of insulin resistance, high atherogenic index and high blood pressure, irrespective of socioeconomic and lifestyle factors. Two dietary patterns were defined: transitional and traditional in each city, but these were not associated with the CMR biomarkers although they were related to socioeconomic variables. This study confirms the presence of several CMR biomarkers in apparently healthy subjects. Additionally, AO was a key element of the CMR in both population groups. However, current WC thresholds should be reconsidered in light of larger studies to better define AO among Black African groups, which will improve the epidemiological surveillance of the CMR biomarkers.

Keyphrases: Abdominal obesity, Cardiometabolic risk, Specific cut-off values, ROC curves, Cluster analysis, Nutrition transition, Africa, Caribbean