Prédicteurs de l'issue neurologique : adapter la conduite chirurgicale chez les blessés médullaires thoraco-lombaires

Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) is a debilitating condition that leads to many adverse consequences on a personal, physical and social standpoint for the injured victim. Medical and surgical care evolved along with the progression of understanding regarding what factors lead to better neurological recovery and overall quality of life in paralyzed patients.   With respect to surgical care, modifiable factors significantly related to neurological recovery in thoracolumbar TSCI are not well known. In this regard, the optimal timing threshold for surgical spinal decompression and stabilization has not been demonstrated objectively. Moreover, there are no radiological parameter on the pre-operative computed tomography scan (CT scan) that have been shown to predict long term neurological outcome. The main goal of the presented work is to provide precise identification of such factors, and therefore evaluate the impact of the spine fracture specific morphological features on the effect of early surgical care.   The first part involves the assessment of the optimal surgical timing threshold for neurological recovery. A retrospective clinical study was conducted to evaluate several neurological outcome measures in a prospective cohort of 35 thoracolumbar TSCI patients. Thresholds were obtained from the elaboration of prediction models with the use of Classification And Regression Tree (CART) statistical analysis. The first article demonstrated that for optimal recovery of the neurological level of injury, a timing threshold of a maximum of 21 hours should ideally be respected between the traumatic event and the beginning of the surgical intervention.   The second part encompasses the study of the morphology of the fractured vertebrae in thoracolumbar burst fractures. Many radiological descriptors are used to describe these severe spine compression injuries but few have been evaluated with regards to neurological recovery. A second retrospective clinical study was conducted and associated a thorough examination of the preoperative CT scan reconstructions to the assessment of long term neurological outcome. Three morphologic parameters were found to be linked to poor prognostic of neurological recovery: complete lamina fracture, comminution of the posteriorly retropulsed fragment and vertebral body postero-inferior corner translation of 4 mm or more. Such features, all three describing the disrupted anatomy of the spinal canal, could be potential indicators of the amount of energy locally dissipated to the neural elements. These parameters were found to be more important to predict neurological outcome than the initial neurologic examination and global trauma energy indicators.   The third part integrates the notions derived from the two presented studies and aims to assess for the influence of the presence of specific fracture parameters on the effect of early surgery regarding neurological outcome. Additional analyses did not show that the advantage of early surgery, defined in the first article, was influenced by the presence of any of the relevant fracture features demonstrated in the second article.  Therefore, this work emphasizes on the importance of early surgery for better neurological recovery and serves to guide the surgeon in planning the timing of the intervention. Defining the concept of early surgery is key in implementing future retrospective or prospective research protocols. It also highlights the importance of new morphological features of the most common type of thoracolumbar fracture. It sets standards for further research involving preoperative CT scan parameters and their potential relationship with surgical approach, neurological and non-neurological outcomes.

Keyphrases: spine, spinal cord, trauma, spinal cord injury, thoracolumbar fracture, surgical timing, neurological outcome prediction