Étude de la régulation des tachykinines et son impact sur l’expression des peptides opioïdes à l'aide de la chromatographie liquide à haute performance
et de la spectrométrie de masse

SP is a major proteolytic product of the protachykinin-1 primarily synthesized in neurons and plays a central role in nociceptive transmission. The SP does not acte alone to cause nociceptive discharges, but it potentiates the effect of various neurotransmitters such as glutamate. For these various reasons, much research has been carried out with antagonists of neurokinin receptors and in particular NK1 receptors. However, despite promising pre-clinical studies, NK1 receptor antagonists have not shown significant effect in Humans. The proteolysis control of endogenous protachykinins has a profound impact on pain perception. Proprotein convertases (PCs) are extensively expressed in the central nervous system and specifically cleave at C-terminal of either a pair of basic amino acids, or a single basic residue but the role of PCs remains  unclear. The first objective of this study was to decipher the role of PC1 and PC2 in the proteolysis of protachykinins using cellular fractions of spinal cords from wild type (WT), PC1 -/+ and PC2 -/+ mices and mass spectrometry. The results clearly demonstrate that both PC1 and PC2 mediate the formation of SP and β-Tachykinin58-71, an important SP precursor, with over 50 % reduction of the rate of formation in mutant PC1 and PC2 mouse S9 spinal cord fractions. The results obtained revealed that PC1 and PC2 are involved in the C-terminal processing of protachykinin peptides and suggest a major role in the maturation of the protachykinin-1 protein.    The proteolysis is suspected to regulate extracellular SP concentrations but few studies were conducted on the metabolism of proneuropeptides and neuropeptides. In the present study, we provide evidence that proteolysis controls SP levels in the spinal cord leading to the formation of active C-terminal fragments. The metabolic stability of β-Tachykinin58-71 and SP were very short resulting in half-life of 5.7 and 3.5 min, respectively. Several C-terminal fragments were identified, including SP3-11, SP5-11 and SP8-11, which conserve affinity for the neurokinin receptors. Interestingly, the metabolic stability of C-terminal fragments were significantly superior. Two specific Prolyl endopeptidase inhibitors were used and showed a significant reduction in the rate of formation of SP3-11 and SP5-11 providing strong evidence that Prolyl endopeptidase is involved  into N-terminal processing of SP in the spinal cord.    The role of proprotein convertases (PCs) in the proteolysis of proneuropeptides was previously established but few studies have shown the direct impact of PCs on the regulation of specific tachykinin and opioid peptides in the central nervous system. This study has determined the relative concentration of targeted neuropeptides in the spinal cord of WT, PC1- / + and PC2- /+ mice to establish the impact of a restricted PCs activity on the regulation of specific neuropeptides. The results revealed a significant decrease of Dyn A (p < 0.01), Leu-Enk (p < 0.001), Met-Enk (p < 0.001), Tach58-71 (p < 0.05), SP  (p < 0.01) and NKA (p < 0.001) spinal cord concentrations in both, PC1 -/+ and PC2 -/+ mice. Therefore, the modulation of PCs activity has an important impact on specific pronociceptive peptides (SP and NKA), but the results also showed that endogenous opioid system is hindered and consequently it will affect significantly the pain modulatory pathways. Tachykinin and opioid peptides play a central role in pain transmission, modulation and inhibition. Recent investigations suggest that both pronociceptive tachykinins and the analgesic opioid systems are important for normal pain sensation. The analysis of opioid peptides in Tac1-/- spinal cord tissues offers a great opportunity to verify the influence of the tachykinin system on specific opioid peptides. Our results reveal that Endomorphin-2 (EM2), Leu-Enk and Dyn A were down regulated in Tac1-/- spinal cord tissues that strongly suggest a significant impact on the endogenous pain-relieving mechanisms. These results may have insightful impact on future analgesic drug developments and therapeutic strategies.    Key words: Tachykinins, substance P, proprotein convertases, proteolysis, opioid peptides, spinal cord, pain, high performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry.

Keyphrases: Substance P, Tachykinins, Proprotein convertases, Proteolysis, Opioid peptides, Spinal cord, Pain, High performance liquid chromatography, Mass spectrometry