NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Facteurs linguistiques et sociolinguistiques de l'intégration en milieu multilingue : le cas des immigrants à Montréal

Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Factors of Integration within a Multilingual  Context : the case of immigrants in Montreal The purpose of this study is to define and describe the linguistic and sociolinguistic factors of integration of immigrants within the multilingual context of Montreal.  Based on a corpus of interviews (discussions, conversations) with immigrants enrolled in government-sponsored French language training programs, our work focuses mainly on linguistic integration, understood here as both a political and sociolinguistic notion.  We examine the policies of immigration management and linguistic plurality which influence the assimilation of immigrants into a francophone and culturally diversified society.    Our approach to the research subject and the methodology applied to it is both macro-sociolinguistic and micro-sociolinguistic.  We attempt to determine the impact of linguistic policy measures on preserving the use of the French language.  To do this, we study how immigrants perceive the social functions of languages in Montreal.  Since francization is presented as the most significant political measure, we analyze training course content, on a cultural and linguistic level.  In order to determine the level of skill obtained by the immigrants at the end of their training program, we use an original scale measuring observable cognitive, structural and normative items.  After assessing immigrants’ degree of linguistic autonomy, we describe their social mobility to see how well they are actually assimilated into the francophone living environment.  We analyze the type and frequency of the interactions in which immigrant are called upon to use the different languages making up their language repertoires.  This data allows us to show how immigrants’ command of the French language affects their feeling with regard to social integration.  Our results demonstrate that the linguistic vitality of the french-speaking community in Montreal is increasing.  Indeed, French is the primary language of communication in all aspects of social life.  The ability to communicate easily in standard French is, therefore, a linguistic factor contributing to successful social and cultural integration.  However, at the completion of their French language training program, immigrants’ linguistic and sociolinguistic skills allow them only limited linguistic and social mobility.  This linguistic facet of cultural integration must necessarily be accompanied by other means to facilitate and consolidate the process of integration.

Keyphrases: Immigration, Francization, Linguistic and social integration, Norm, Multilinguism, Linguistic policy, Montreal, Mobility
Entre cohésions et divisions : les relations entre femmes auteures en France et en Italie (1770-1840)

This thesis documents, catalogues, and analyses relationships between female authors in France and Italy, and between French women and Italian women, from 1770 to 1840.  It results from a study of the correspondence and published works of twelve women authors (Anne-Marie de Beaufort d’Hautpoul, Sophie Gay, Félicité de Genlis, Marie-Émilie de Montanclos, Constance Pipelet Salm, Germaine de Staël, Teresa Bandettini, Elisabetta Caminer, Carolina Lattanzi, Diodata Saluzzo, Fortunata Sulgher Fantastici, and Isabella Teotochi Albrizzi) over the course of a period marked by important developments in print culture, the significant involvement of women in the querelle des femmes, and the increased presence of women authors.  These transformations, together with the international political upheaval caused by the French Revolution, saw attacks on female authorship pursued with increased vigour. The relationships between women authors within such a context illustrate the challenges faced in implementing a “common action” aimed at defending a female cause (that of female authors) before the advent of the feminist movement.  Often described as either “rivals” or “sisters”, this study demonstrates that the nature of relationships between women in this period was in fact far more complex. On the one hand, the community of female authors examined was marked by a certain degree of cohesion. These writers had wide-ranging networks of contacts, and could rely on each other for support in times of crisis. They constructed female literary genealogies and deconstructed the discourse used by others in reference to their community, particularly that relating to the “exceptionality” of and “rivalry” between women authors. On the other hand, significant differences also ran across the membership of these networks, notably in terms of nationality, political opinions, and the position each woman occupied within literary circles. Over and above these social and political divisions, this thesis illustrates the difficulties women faced in reconciling their individual interests (the advancement of their own careers, the divisive impact of their multiple identities with the cohesion of their sex/gender) with those of the collective (legitimizing female authorship). In short, this study examines the ways in which female authors recognized the importance of their community and faced the challenges of maintaining its cohesion, at a time when not only literary activity, but also the political and cultural context in which it was framed, were undergoing great transformation.

Keyphrases: Femmes, Relations, France, XVIIIe siècle, XIXe siècle, Women, Women writers, Relationships, Feminism, France, Italy, Eighteenth century, Nineteenth century, Sociability, Strategies
Approximation du calcul de la taille
échantillonnale pour les tests à hypothèses
multiples lorsque r parmis m hypothèses doivent être significatives

Generally, in multiple endpoints situations we want to reject all hypotheses or at least only one of them. For some time now, we see emerge the need to answer the question : "Can we reject at least r hypotheses ?" However, the statistical tools to answer this new problem are rare in the litterature. We decide to develop general power formulas for the principals procedures : Bonferroni’s, Hochberg’s and Holm’s procedures. We also develop an R package for the sample size calculation for multiple endpoints, when we want to reject at least r hypotheses. We limit ourselves in the case where all the variables are continuous and we present four different situations depending on the structure of the data’s variance-covariance matrix.

Keyphrases: Sample size, Power, Multiple endpoints
Immigration et alimentation à Montréal aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles : essai d’interprétation à partir d’analyses isotopiques sur des populations archéologiques

In order to study whether the migration had an influence on diet in Montréal during the 17th and 18th centuries, 64 human skeletons from Notre-Dame cemetery were used for osteological and isotopic analysis. The latter was carried on bone collagen (carbon (d13C) and nitrogen (d15N)) and on carbonate apatite (d13C and oxygen (d18O)) from bone and tooth (premolars and third molars). d18O obtained on the two types of teeth revealed approximately three origins (Montréal, region enriched in 18O (i.e. Acadia, Louisiana, France, New England, Antilles and Africa) and region depleted in 18O (inland or northern territories)) for 58 persons. Seven possible mobility patterns were also proposed (N=27). More than half of the sample was born in Montreal (55%). It appears that people were often not mobile under the age of 16. However, 12 of the specimens migrated from an 18O enriched environment to Montréal (N=5) or from Montréal to a more 18O depleted area (N=5). The recruiting age of the French “mousses” on transatlantic ships, the fur trade, the wood industry and possibly the slavery could explain that migration at a young age. The diet included C3 plants, meat from animal fed on C3 plants and fish. People of Montreal consumed C4 resources (mostly maize, but sugar cane too as in rhum) in different proportions. We were unable to explore thoroughly whether the migration had an influence on diet due to biases related to the d18O of bone carbonate apatite. Combining data from different sources (osteology, isotopes and spatial organization of the cemetery) allowed us to address issues related to funerary archaeology on an individual level (possibly identity), without any concluding results on a broader level (organization of the cemetery).

Keyphrases: isotope, Montréal, XVIIe siècle, 17th century, 18th century, carbon, immigration, oxygen, Montreal, nutrition, New France
Paternalisme et acrasie

The purpose of this master thesis is to analyze paternalistic justifications for State intervention in cases of acrasia. We first start by exploring some theories and conceptions of acrasia showing the necessity to develop a conception of the acratic agent as somehow subdivisible. We then show that this conception of the individual challenges some of the most central presuppositions for political liberalism. Our second chapter means to redefine some liberal principles according to our conception of individuality. This redefinition will enable us to explain how paternalistic State intervention can sometime be justified from a liberal point of view. Our argumentation will focus on the importance for the State to ensure the autonomy of its citizens by securing the role of their reason as a faculty of personal integration. Our third chapter means to explore diverse practical cases in which the principles developed earlier can apply.

Keyphrases: Acrasia, Weakness of will, Liberalism, Autonomy, Personnal identity
Effect of levodopa on cortico-striatal and cortico-cerebellar circuits in Parkinson's disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, mainly manifested by tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia and postural instability, and often an asymmetry of symptom severity of the left and right sides of the body. The depletion of dopamine of the nigrostriatal pathway is the primary cause of the motor symptoms observed in patients with PD, leading to an imbalance in basal-ganglia prefrontal circuits. In the protocols described here, patients with PD before and after levodopa administration and healthy participants performed self-initiated (SI) and externally triggered (ET) movements with the left and right hand during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In the chapters of this thesis, we argue and provide evidence for four main points. The first portion (chapter 2) provides a literature review on cortico-striatal and cortico-cerebellar circuit disruption in PD. Using neuroimaging techniques, changes in cerebral and cerebellar activity have been observed in patients with PD compared with healthy participants. Although increases in activity in the cerebellum have often been interpreted as compensatory mechanisms, we provide evidence that they are more likely to be related to pathophysiological changes of the disease, and the disruption of the cortico- cerebellar circuit. In general, we argue (1) is that activity in the cerebellum is linked to the pathophysiology of PD. In the second section (chapter 3) we discuss the effect of levodopa on the patterns of cortical hypo- and hyper-activity in PD, as well as the activity of the putamen in SI and ET movements. Many studies have shown cortical hypo-activity in relation to nigrostriatal dopamine depletion. In contrast, some cognitive studies have also identified increases in cortical activity in patients with PD as compared with healthy control participants. We have previously suggested that cortical hypo- and hyper-activations depend on striatal recruitment. In this thesis, we further show that hyper-activations in the prefrontal cortex are not reestablished with levodopa administration. We suggest (2) that they are rather associated with mesocortical dopamine circuit dysfunction, and perhaps linked with long- term dopaminergic medication administration. Furthermore, we show (3) that levodopa has a non-task specific effect on the motor cortico-striatal loop, but does not affect the cognitive cortico-striatal circuit. Finally (chapter 4), we show that the effect of levodopa on movements of the left and right hands is not symmetrical. Previous studies have shown that in about 50% of patients, one side of the body is more severely affected, and this asymmetry persists throughout the duration of the disease. Our results suggest (4) that levodopa may have stronger effects on the cerebral hemodynamic patterns related to the movements of the more affected hand than on those of the less affected hand.

Keyphrases: Parkinson's disease, levodopa, cortico-striatal, cortico-cerebellar, self-initiated, externally triggered, fMRI
Le contrat du peintre : l'interartialité comme réflexivité dans le cinéma de Peter Greenaway

Taking its theoretical starting point from the work of Walter Moser in interartiality, this thesis explores the place and function of interatiality (relationships between the arts) in the cinema of Peter Greenaway. The Draughtsman’s Contract and Nightwatching, two films that focus on the figure of the painter and the form of the contract, are examined for the purpose of identifying and analysing some of the interartial relationships at work in them and thereby demonstrating that the interconnecting of painting, theatre and cinema in bi- and pluri-artial relationships constitutes a basic framework of “non-hierarchical interartiality” in Greenaway’s films.   The conclusion is reached that reliance on interart dialogue allows the filmmaker to assume an implicit critical stance in regard to art and the artist – a “theory of art” that expresses a point of view on the artist’s role and status in society.

Keyphrases: Cinema, Painting, Theatricality, Intermediality, Interartiality, Peter Greenaway
Brisure de symétrie par la réduction des groupes de Lie simples à leurs sous-groupes de Lie réductifs maximaux

In this work, we exploit properties well known for weight systems of representations to define them for individual orbits of the Weyl groups of simple Lie algebras, and we extend some of these properties to orbits of non-crystallographic Coxeter groups. Points of an orbit of a finite Coxeter group G are considered as vertices of a polytope (G-polytope) centered at the origin of a real n-dimensional Euclidean space. Products and symmetrized powers of G-polytopes are introduced and their decomposition into the sums of G-polytopes is described. Several invariants of G-polytopes are found. The orbits of Weyl groups of simple Lie algebras of all types are reduced to the union of orbits of the Weyl groups of maximal reductive subalgebras of the algebra. Matrices transforming points of the orbits of the algebra into points of subalgebra orbits are listed for all cases n<=8 and for many infinite series of algebra-subalgebra pairs. Numerous examples of branching rules are shown. Finally, we present a new, uniform and comprehensive description of centralizers of the maximal regular subgroups in compact simple Lie groups of all types and ranks.  Explicit formulas for the action of such centralizers on irreducible representations of the simple Lie algebras are given and shown to have application to computation of the branching rules with respect to these subalgebras.

Keyphrases: Matrices de projection, Weyl groups, Simple Lie algebras, Maximal reductive subalgebras, Reduction, Projection matrices, Centralizers
Mercure, arsenic et sélénium au Burkina Faso : bioaccumulation, transfert trophique dans les systèmes aquatiques et évaluation de bioaccessibilité chez les humains

Mining of gold is one of the human activities that have increased the inputs of trace elements into the environment. Mercury (Hg) arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) are trace elements that are of environmental importance. Under aquatic environmental conditions, they can be transformed into organic forms which can bioaccumulate through aquatic food webs to reach high concentrations in predatory fish posing harmful effects to wildlife and humans due to their toxicological properties. This study assessed mercury (Hg), arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) levels in aquatic systems and their potential health risk for humans and wildlife in African sub-Saharan region of Burkina Faso where small scale gold mining practices are widespread. Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of Hg and Se through food webs were also assessed. Human Hg exposure from fish consumption was also assessed in vitro by measure of bioaccessibility as proxy of Hg bioavailability to improve risk assessment. Water and fish levels of these elements were relatively low and did not reveal an important impact of gold mining activities. However some fish, mainly from deepest reservoirs, exhibited Hg concentrations above the international marketing limit of 500 ngHg/g (w.w.) recommended by WHO/FAO. These levels may be harmful for these fish and their predators including human. However, when taking into account the antagonistic effect of Se on Hg toxicity, up to 99 % of all fish could be protected from Hg toxicity by their Se content. When considering both As/Se and Se/Hg antagonism, 83% instead the 99% of fish should be considered safe for consumption. Stable isotope ratios of nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) allowed us to draw food webs structure and pathways of Hg and Se bioaccumulation and biomagnification through food webs. We reported that food webs structure were similar across the three reservoirs. Many fish were found to rely on littoral habitat and were associated with short food chains (3-4 levels). However isotopic analyses were not sufficient to understand seasonal variation of Hg from fish linked to seasonal variation of main food items and subsequent analyses of gut contents suggest that stomach content analysis and invertebrate functional groups dynamics may be complementary to isotopic analysis in ecosystem dynamics studies. Bioaccessibility assessment indicated that cooking and addition of tea or coffee led to very low levels of Hg bioaccessibility suggesting that Hg bioaccessibilty from fish can be modified by cooking and by the co-ingestion of tea and coffee. These in vitro results should be further validated using in vivo approaches with animal models, thereby for each community, risk assessment should consider the impact of dietary habits on mercury bioavailability.

Keyphrases: Arsenic, Bbioaccumulation, Burkina Faso, Mercury, Selenium, Biomagnification, Food webs, Stable isotopes, Risk assessment
Intégration de services de raisonnement automatique basés sur les logiques de
description dans les applications d’entreprise

This master thesis presents a software architectural pattern for use in an object oriented environment to simultaneously access objects in multiple functional hierarchies. A Description Logics (Semantic Web) reasoner is used to classify the objects in the hierarchies. Object creation is simplifed by the use of an ORM - Object Relational Mapper. The pattern effectively allows automatic reasoning procedures to be used in an enterprise application context. All concepts required to understand the architectural pattern and the tools are presented. Usage conditions for the pattern are discussed and research projects are presented to widen the pattern’s applicability. A prototype applying the pattern on a simple problem is presented. A methodology is also presented. Finally, other potential uses of Description Logics based automatic reasoning procedures are discussed.

Keyphrases: OWL, ORM, Software Engeneering, Object orientation, Semantic web, Architectural pattern, Class hierarchies
La citoyenneté chez les musulmans du Québec : analyse qualitative d'entrevues avec des personnes influentes

We are focusing on the study of citizenship as seen by a group of influential Muslim people, extensively involved in public affairs in various fields: social, religion, politics, community and academic. This group of thirteen persons has been questioned in an open interview manner about citizenship with a goal to understand how they perceive their citizenship and which social experiences influence that vision and shape their position. The qualitative analysis using a discourse analysis methodology brings out a “Muslim Quebecers theory of citizenship” based on different definitions of citizenship: a "global citizenship" that is "full" at odds with one another labeled as "second class citizenship", both defined by a set of rights and duties. This logic of definition is defined by a set of identities cumulated during their personal experience and shaped by their current priorities as social actors. It has its roots in Islam as a spiritual referential. In other cases the citizenship is defined by the completion of the local Canadian/Quebecer nationality by Islam as a lifestyle within a Canadian nationalist ideology.

Keyphrases: Canada, Islam, citizenship, Quebec, choice, inter-acquaintance, full citizenship, second class, rights, duties, reconciliation, contribution, identities
Carbon metabolism in transgenic roots with altered levels of hexokinase and triosephosphate isomerase and growing under different nitrogen status

This study investigates the capacity of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (oxPPP) and nitrogen metabolism in transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum) roots modified to express different levels of hexokinase (HK) or cytosolic triosephosphate isomerase (cTPI) growing under different nitrogen regimes. The flux of carbon through the oxPPP in cTPI antisense roots is higher than control roots growing under high supply of N. On the other hand, the conversion of Glucose (Glc) to Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) is higher in roots overexpressing HK than in antisense HK roots growing at a high level of N. Therefore, overexpression of HK or down regulation of cTPI activities in transgenic roots might be compensated by increased C catabolism through the oxPPP. In order to see the affect of HK and cTPI manipulation on N assimilation, the transgenic roots were grown on media with low or high concentration of ammonium nitrate as the N source. The specific activity of the oxPPP enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) were both increased by an increased N supply in HK and cTPI transgenic roots. This is consistent with the provision of reducing equivalents for N assimilation. The data also show that the capacity of the oxPPP is higher in roots with high HK or cTPI activity. We were able to detect higher HK specific activity in N deficient conditions. These data were complemented with measurements of amino acid pools in transgenic roots. No trend in amino acid pools was found in roots modified for HK activity. However, down regulation of cTPI led to higher Gln, Gln/Glu and Asn/Asp ratios, indicating higher assimilation of N. These results demonstrated the activation of N assimilation in cTPI antisense clones while the manipulation of HK is unlikely to affect the N assimilation.

Keyphrases: Hexokinase, Triosephosphate isomerase, Nitrogen assimilation, Oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, Amino acid content