NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Hispanité, Hispanophonie : étude de la rhétorique des discours et de l'agir

The general purpose of this thesis is to delimit a field of reflection about the notion of Hispanophony, the Spanish-speaking World, through a transversal approach of the linguistic, cultural, political and economic Hispanic community. Our aim is to try to comprehend the mechanisms of its definition and assertion and to question its foundations and challenges. We have identified two angles to pursue in this analysis of the construction of Hispanophony: the register of speech and the register of action. In order to pursue this research, we will combine two types of reflection, deriving from these two axes of the general structure: (a) one centered on the register of discourse, and the idea of elaborating the notion of Hispanophony, by analogy to that of the Francophony, taking as our basis the existence of a “Community of Fact” or “Established Community” and highlighting its historical and political construction; (b) the other focused on the register of action, based on the comprehension and the deciphering of the logic of social networks that actively mobilize the nations of the South-American continent, in their quest for political, economic, diplomatic, linguistic and cultural presence on the international stage. Starting from an analysis of discursive strategies, we will examine the ideological currents and different ways of expressing them from Hispanity to the Ibero-American Community of Nations which underlie the construct of Hispanophony. We will demonstrate that the close links that create the feeling of belonging and sense of community, in the register of discourse, are not exclusive in the register of action. If political speeches, by celebrating these links, succeed in defining the Hispanic community and making it symbolically exist; beyond the rhetoric of discourse, Hispanophony is seeking for itself in its quest for self-construction and remains unable to clearly affirm its existence within its core, and, consequently, its legitimacy on the international scene, in the register of action.

Keyphrases: Hispanity, Hispanophony, Ibero-American Community, rhetoric of Hispanity, language policy, network
Improving automation in model-driven engineering using examples

This thesis aims to improve automation in Model Driven Engineering (MDE). MDE is a paradigm that promises to reduce software complexity by the mean of the intensive use of models and automatic model transformation (MT). Roughly speaking, in MDE vision, stakeholders use several models to represent the software, and produce source code by automatically transforming these models. Consequently, automation is a key factor and founding principle of MDE. In addition to MT, other MDE activities require automation, e.g. modeling language definition and software migration.  In this context, the main contribution of this thesis is proposing a general approach for improving automation in MDE. Our approach is based on meta-heuristic search guided by examples. We apply our approach to two important MDE problems, (1) model transformation and (2) precise modeling languages. For transformations, we distinguish between transformations in the context of migration and general model transformations.  In the case of migration, we propose a software clustering method based on a search algorithm guided by cluster examples. Similarly, for general transformations, we learn model transformations by a genetic programming algorithm taking inspiration from examples of past transformations.  For the problem of precise metamodeling, we propose a meta-heuristic search method to derive well-formedness rules for metamodels with the objective of discriminating examples of valid and invalid models.  Our empirical evaluation shows that the proposed approaches exhibit good results. These allow us to conclude that improving automation in MDE using meta-heuristic search and examples can contribute to a wider adoption of MDE in industry in the coming years.

Keyphrases: GÉNIE LOGICIEL GUIDÉ PAR LES EXAMPLES, MODEL-DRIVEN ENGINEERING, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING BY EXAMPLES, AUTOMATED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, METAMODELING, SEARCH-BASED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Le traitement de l'oubli : épreuve de l'incorporation des antirétroviraux et temporalités des traitements du sida en Centrafrique

This thesis proposes an ethnographic description and a sociological analysis of the arrival of antiretroviral (ARV) in Bangui. It highlights the encounter between an international program with an unprecedented scale and a local society hardly hit by the HIV infection. The qualitative approach, based on three years of fieldwork from 2005 to 2011, aims at answering the following question: what are ARVs really the incorporation of? Treatment programs represent a therapeutic power that is structured as a « politics of life » linking medicines, NGOs and postcolonial history. The distance between the claims and the realities of therapeutic power explains the ambivalence felt in the biological and social inclusion though ARVs. Eventually, we observe that the therapeutic power in the Central African social context is less characterized by exclusive biomedical forms of subjectivity than by a fragmented process of individuation based on flexible, demonstrative and forgetful biomedical practices  It appears then increasingly clear that international programs for the treatment of HIV infection contribute to produce oblivion or more precisely write oblivion with "scriptural practices", which is to say the oblivion of individual stories embedded in insurmountable social inequality, but also the omission of a longer history which shows that HIV infection is the incorporation of a colonial past. Taking time to recognize these temporalities of treatment then appears increasingly necessary to build a present that empowers, rather than repeats.

Keyphrases: sida, Bangui, AIDS, sociology, anthropology, oblivion, ordeal, scriptural practices, Central African Republic (CAR), Bangui, global health, antiretrovirals
Avoir ou être dans les formes verbales composées : conflits, usages et choix des grammairiens dans l'histoire du français de 1500 à 1789

In contemporary French, the hesitation in the choice between être and avoir as an auxiliary verb in compound verb forms (i.e. the passé composé) of certain intransitive verbs (i.e. tomber), especially in non-standard varieties of French, clearly demonstrates the gap that exists between normative French and everyday spoken French. This hesitation, or uncertainty, in the choice of the auxiliary is not an arbitrary or random characteristics of contemporary French; it falls squarely within a diachronical and cross-Romance trend that can be observed in the French language since its emancipation from Latin.  This study, which is based on Grammaticalisation Theory, is an analysis of grammatical discourse from 1500 - the era when the first grammars of French appeared - to 1789 and the French revolution, a period when the language is said to have been standardised and its modern form established.  The three centuries that this study covers are divided into four distinct periods, already well  established by previous historical studies. These periods are :    - The 16th century (1530-1599)   - The first half of the Classical Period (1600-1650)   - The second half of the Classical Period (1651-1715)   - The Enlightenment (1716-1789)   For each of these four periods, there are three levels of analysis. First, we identify the grammarians, lexicographers and essayists who, explicitly or implicitly, express their views on the use of the auxiliaries avoir and être in compound verbs forms, as well as, where possible, their native dialect and the model of French (usage) they promote. Second, we summarize the observations and commentaries of each author on the choice of auxiliary in compound verb forms, including any attempts to explain the variation attested during the period. Finally, we look at the description, for each period, of the use of auxiliaries in compound verb forms put forward by historians of the French language.  Our study has allowed us to confirm certain established trends related to auxiliary use in compound verb forms in French and to identify others. As well, we identify, or define, the factors that influence auxiliary selection, such as the verbs most likely to alternate between the two auxiliaries, the grammarians who had the greatest influence or who set the groundwork for establishing the norm for this grammatical point, the social contexts in which the grammatical debate took place and the periods during which the concern over auxiliary selection was the most intense.

Keyphrases: XVIIe siècle, XVIIIe siècle, Diachronie, Grammaticalsiation, Auxiliary, French grammar, 16th century, 17th century, 18th century, Diachrony, Linguistic change, Grammaticalisation
Régulation juridique du travail, pouvoir stratégique et précarisation des emplois dans les réseaux : trois études de cas sur les réseaux de services d’aide à domicile au Québec

The increasing trend towards organizing the production of goods and services into networks as a result of the quest for flexibility in the face of fierce economic competition raises critical issues for industrial relations. Our thesis examines the precarization of jobs in the externalized segments of production networks. It is based on three case studies focusing on the networks of public and private homecare services in Quebec.  Critical law studies have shown that labour law, based on the model of the integrated firm and the binary employment relationship, fails to identify as employers some organizations whose action nevertheless has a decisive impact on working conditions in these networks. Our thesis thus aimed to shed light on the empirical reality of the power relations prevailing throughout the networks and their effects, using an interdisciplinary analytical model that integrates the legal and sociological dimensions. Results indicate that the legal employer of workers – most of them women – employed by private service providers integrated into the networks is most often an employment agency, a social economy enterprise or the individual using the homecare services. This employer is rarely identified as being among the public organizations which, under the aegis of state, exercise predominant power over these networks. The gap between the legal regulation of labour and the empirical reality of intra-network power leads to a precarization of the social protection and working conditions of these women workers. Thus, the weak protection of their rights to collective representation and collective bargaining facilitates the imposition of “just-in-time permanent availability”, combining lean management logic with domestic work logic, and leads to a gendered and racialized deskilling of their jobs compared to the situation prevailing in the public sector. Our study nevertheless shows that some innovative practices involving reticular collective action – in particular practices implemented by local associations of disabled persons using the services and by a union of female agency workers – have had an influence on these power dynamics.

Keyphrases: production network, triangular employment relationship, precarious employment, unionism, homecare services, gendered labour division, intersectionality, employment agencies, social economy, outsourcing
Hétérogénéité stylistique

We define « stylistic heterogeneity » as the synchronic cohabitation of heterogeneous styles within an artist’s body of work, rendered particularly visible when appearing in a single medium. Such a cohabitation may be observed in the works of artists such as Tintoretto, Sébastien Bourdon, Pablo Picasso, Francis Picabia and Gerhard Richter, which are used here as case studies. Stylistic heterogeneity, being unevenly distributed throughout the field of art production, is generally not correctly identified by art history. Indeed, the difficulties encountered in trying to define and interpret this particular phenomenon may be linked to the methodological foundations of the discipline (and more specifically to the complex history of the notion of style). The history of stylistic heterogeneity’s critical reception, from the Renaissance to the present, underscores the numerous ideological underpinnings that have conditioned the processes of its definition and interpretation. Now that the issues raised by stylistic heterogeneity can be assessed with greater clarity, a new structural and contextual reading of this aesthetic apparatus may be undertaken, based on a series of historical facts and epistemological models (such as the history of subjectivity, the evolution of techniques for art and information’s production, management and dissemination, and so on).

Keyphrases: Style, Heterogeneity, Picasso, Picabia, Richter
La vie des autres. Sophie Calle et Annie Ernaux, artistes hors-la-loi

This dissertation analyzes how contemporary French artist Sophie Calle and contemporary French writer Annie Ernaux transgress the discursive, aesthetic, and social boundaries between public and private life. Taking a feminist perspective and drawing on theories of everyday life, this dissertation asks: what liberties are the female artist and writer permitted today? Where, how and by whom are the ethical limits of creative practice established? In light of often stereotypical literary and artistic representations of the female criminal, the first chapter examines the accusations of obscenity, shamelessness and indecency levelled against Calle and Ernaux by their critics. The following three chapters identify the diverse, innovative and subversive ways in which Calle and Ernaux question accepted perceptions of femininity in order to seize creative freedom: they assume the distinct and tactical positions of flâneuses, heart-broken women avenging their ex-lovers, and theorists manipulating the reception of their own works. Together, these four chapters trace the artwork’s resonance in the public sphere, insist on the fruitful relationship that exists between a work of art and its frame, and consider the ethos of the artist as well as that of art. Sophie Calle’s and Annie Ernaux’s practices suggest that in order to achieve creative autonomy, art and writing must function outside of the constraints of moral, ethical, social and even civil laws. By examining instances in which artists, writers, curators and publishing houses have been subject to lawsuits in France since 2010, the conclusion of this dissertation studies a recent increase in the litigation of art and outlines some of the limits of representation as defined by the law.

Keyphrases: Sophie Calle, Annie Ernaux, Contemporary women's writing, Art and everyday life, Ethics, Intime, Intimate, Public sphere, Flâneuse
La cinéphanie et sa réappropriation : l’«affect originel» et sa réactualisation par le fan, un spectateur néoreligieux

Mostly theoretical in nature, this thesis looks into a subject that has been little researched by the francophone academia both in Europe and in Québec: fans. Though fan studies are an active field of study in English-language universities (see Henry Jenkins and Matt Hills, among others), there exists no body of work in French that summarizes and speculates about the affective experience of fans. My thesis intents to fill this gap. Inspired by the concept of hierophany that was formulated by the famous religious historian Mircea Eliade, I created the neologism cinephany to describe the following concept: any affective expression spreading over a short period of time which culminates into a high level of emotional satisfaction. From this concept, I will define the typology which will illustrate the various types of cinephanic experiences that can drive viewers and fans to get emotionally involved in cultural reappropriation activities (alone or within a fandom) in order to adapt the emotions linked to the source cultural object. Using anthropologist Victor Turner's work on rituals, I suggest a tripartite organization of the cinephanic experience into the following phases: premilimal cinephany, cinephany (liminal) and post-liminal cinephany.  My research objectives are threefold. The first is to speculate about the intense affective relationship between consumers and a pop culture object in a diachronic and synchronic manner. There currently exists no such body of work in the world, including among English-language researchers. My second aspiration is to secularize the terminology used to describe the intense episodes fans experience. Some still use religious analogies with words such as epiphany and revelation to adequately illustrate the importance fans attach to the emotions they feel towards a specific cultural object. Finally, my last objective is to synthesize – in an openly transdisciplinary perspective – the work from various disciplines in regards to media affect. This will allow me to paint a clear picture highlighting the implicit existence of theoretical traces of cinephany within the work of other researchers.

Keyphrases: Fan, Cinema, Popular culture, Cinephany, Cinephanic emotion, Reappropriation, Cinephile
Rôle du régulateur Fur et des petits ARN non codants RfrA et RfrB dans l’homéostasie du fer et la virulence de Salmonella

Regulation of iron homeostasis is crucial for bacteria. For Salmonella, proper timing of the expression of iron acquisition and metabolism genes is important for survival and virulence. This regulation is mediated by the protein Fur and the small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) RfrA and RfrB. The role of these regulators is to assure that the iron level is high enough for survival and metabolism of Salmonella, and low enough to avoid the toxic effect of iron in the presence of oxygen. Thus far, information on the role of these regulators was principally obtained by studying S. Typhimurium, a generalist serovar causing gastro-enteritis in humans. Very little is known about the role of these regulators in S. Typhi, a human-specific serovar which causes typhoid fever. The goal of this study was to determine the roles of Fur, RfrA and RfrB in iron homeostasis and virulence of Salmonella, and to determine if they have a distinct implication in the serovars Typhimurium and Typhi. First, Fur, RfrA and RfrB regulate iron homeostasis in Salmonella. The results of this study have shown that Fur is required for resistance to oxidative stress and for optimal growth in different in vitro conditions. The sensitivity of the fur mutant is due to the expression of the sRNAs RfrA and RfrB, and this sensitivity is worse in S. Typhi than in S. Typhimurium. Also, Fur represses the transcription of the genes encoding siderophores in high-iron conditions, and the sRNAs RfrA and RfrB are required for enterobactin and salmochelins production in S. Typhi in low-iron conditions. Secondly, these regulators affect the virulence of Salmonella. Fur is important for the motility of Salmonella, especially in S. Typhi. Fur is required for the invasion of both serovars in epithelial cells, and for the uptake and survival of S. Typhi in macrophages. In S. Typhimurium, Fur is not required for the interaction with macrophages. Moreover, the sRNAs RfrA and RfrB are important for the intracellular multiplication of Salmonella within macrophages for both serovars. Finally, the Fur protein and the sRNAs RfrA and RfrB regulate the expression of the tcf fimbrial operon, absent from the genome of S. Typhimurium. A putative Fur binding site was identified in the tcfA promoter region of S. Typhi, but direct regulation has not been confirmed. tcf expression is activated by iron and Fur, and is inhibited by the sRNAs RfrA and RfrB. Therefore, these regulators affect virulence genes that are found specifically in S. Typhi. To conclude, this project demonstrates that the iron homeostasis regulators of Salmonella can affect the bacterial resistance to different stresses, espacially oxidative stress, the growth in iron-limiting conditions and virulence. These regulators have a distinct role in the serovars Typhi and Typhimurium.

Keyphrases: Salmonella, fer, virulence, Fur, RfrA, RfrB, Salmonella, iron, homeostasis, virulence, regulator, small RNA
Récit de l’événement et événement du récit chez Annie Ernaux, Hélène Cixous et Maurice Blanchot

This thesis focuses on three autobiographical texts: Annie Ernaux’s L’Événement (2000) [Happening], Hélène Cixous’s Le jour où je n’étais pas là (2000) [The Day I Wasn’t There] and Maurice Blanchot’s L’Instant de ma mort (1994) [The Instant of My Death]. Each presents a self-referential narrative of a traumatic event: respectively, Ernaux’s illegal abortion, the death in infancy of a child with Down’s syndrome for Cixous and Blanchot’s experience of having been aimed at by a Nazi soldier during World War II. These three texts work out a conception of the event and therefore question the conventional opposition between fiction and testimony. This corpus, although heterogeneous in many respects, is brought together under the sign of literary confessions, avowals and disclosures. Such literary writing is intent on unraveling or bringing to light what had hitherto remained impossible to say. This thesis analyzes the movements and returns of a trauma kept secret for over forty years which ultimately, by way of the event, resurfaces in writing. The thesis’s point of departure is the figure of shame found in the three works. Yet other texts of the same writers are summoned in an attempt to untangle the secrets and events woven in the main corpus. Under the impulse of both Jacques Derrida’s thought and that of psychoanalysis, this thesis focuses on the events in the making in Ernaux, Cixous and Blanchot’s writings. In each of these works, a traumatic event occurs and reveals the links between writing and a philosophy of the event, be it inscribed historically and politically (Blanchot) or intimately (Cixous and Ernaux). In their writings, these authors attempt to give an authentic account of the event as they experienced it, while at the same time problematizing the nature and function of both the real and the psychic event in self-writing. The event is addressed in its historical, psychoanalytical, and philosophical, ontological dimensions. Close attention to the texts of Ernaux, Cixous and Blanchot allows one to explore the figures of the date, the archive, as well as that of death and work of mourning. Moreover, a singular poetics emerge for each writer.  Finally, the thesis deals with the relationship between the acknowledgement of the event and language. Notwithstanding the traditional opposition between constative and performative speech acts, another event—the event of narration—arises at the same time as the traumatic event is narrated.

Keyphrases: Événement, Maurice Blanchot, Hélène Cixous, Annie Ernaux, Trauma, Psychanalyse, 20th century french literature, Autobiography, Event, Testimony, Psychoanalysis, Deconstruction