NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
L’émergence du racisme

This study arose from the observation that racism is not a universal phenomenon transcending time and space. Therefore, we propose to situate the birth of racism in a historical context by giving particular attention to its discursive portrayal. For this purpose, we successively examine speeches produced under three historical circumstances, Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and Modernity. First, we question the representations of the subject and the Other in the societies of ancient Greece. In this context, identity is essentially defined in political terms and does not have the characteristics of racist discourse. Second, the analysis focuses on representations of the Other in Christian societies of medieval Europe, as well as the practices of exclusion and discrimination reserved for religious minorities in Spain. The analysis reveals that in the context of medieval Christianity, Christian universalism and monogenism were two dominant standards that have hindered the development of ideological racism across Europe. We argue that it is only during the European Modernity that racism fully emerges and develops. In accordance with this argument, we attest to the presence of racism in European Modernity by examining its discursive events in the field of science and of political thought.

Keyphrases: Race, Discours, Europe, Racism, DIscourse, Modernity, Enlightenment, Political philosophy, History of ideas
Le traitement politique de l'allocation universelle en France

This thesis proposes an analysis of the treatment of basic income in the French political environment. This concept has benefited from an unprecedented publicization and politicization since 2016 through the Universal Income of Existence proposed by Benoît Hamon. That is why this thesis focuses mainly on the political debate of the last two years. In a political context where actors seek to reconfigure the social protection model, we first show that the renewed attention for this idea in the French institutional scene is the result of windows of opportunity created both by certain political actors in their diagnosis of certain "problems" and by individual political entrepreneurs seeking to legitimize the basic income as a solution. We then study the French political debate through three factors of analysis: the political balance of power, the institutional framework and the values of public opinion. This approach allows us to highlight the pathways and political constraints of the transition from idea to implementation. The "dispersion" and "division" of the universal allocation in the French institutional spectrum, the technical and psychological difficulties of moving from one social, fiscal and cultural reference system to another, as well as the necessary incremental process observed, make it difficult the transition from idea to public policy. Finally, we are interested in the impact of the political debate on the political projects of a basic income, by studying the planned experimentation of the Gironde department as well as the current experiment in Finland. One sees a modification of both the original political proponent but also an alteration of the defended principles, denaturing the universalist component.

Keyphrases: Redistribution, Basic income, Inequalities, Social policies, Merit, Politicization, Labor value, Labor changes
Modèle espace-état : estimation bayésienne du NAIRU américain

Phillips (1958) in his study on England, showed the existence of a relationship between the unemployment rate and inflation, and the potential existence of an arbitrage between those two aggregates. Indeed, when the unemployment rate decreases, the costs of production of fi rms tend to increase, which results in an increase of prices. Yet, a good economic health requires a decrease in unemployment and a bearable inflation rate. Thus, it is necessary to determine the unemployment rate that allows a stable inflation, so called NAIRU (Non Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment). Since the NAIRU cannot actually be observed (Blanchard (2003)), it is difficult to measure it. Several unclear estimates have been made on the american NAIRU . Thus, the present study aims to contribute to this literature by a rigorous estimation of the American NAIRU with Bayesian estimation methods including MCMC (Markov Chain Monte Carlo) in a state space univariate gaussian model. In our strategy, the latent variable (NAIRU) is obtained using a Kalman fi lter and a backward smoothing algorithm as introduced by de Jong et Shephard(1995) ; the draw of parameters is performed through a Gibbs sampling. All those steps are realized many times by MCMC simulations for convergence requirement.

Keyphrases: Space-state model, Gibbs sampling, Kalman Filter, Backward smoothing, NAIRU
Quantification des effets du superparasitisme sur la valeur adaptative et la survie des couvées chez Trichogramma euproctidis Girault

In insect parasitoids, superparasitism influences the fitness of both the adult and its progeny. Most studies on superparasitism found that the first clutch laid in a host had the highest probability to survive and that this probability increased with the time interval between ovipositions. To examine the effects of superparasitism time intervals on survival and fitness (parasitoid size) of both clutches, we allowed two genetically distinguishable lines of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma euproctidis to parasitize previously parasitized Ephestia kuehniella host eggs at different time intervals. We investigated females’ behavior at oviposition to detect infanticide attempts then allowed immatures to fully develop in order to determine the winning clutch. We measured body size of winning individuals as a proxy of their fitness. We finally dissected host eggs to determine duration of embryonic development in T. euproctidis, and examined eggs to detect damages. In short intervals (0-1 h), we found a significant advantage for the second clutch over the first clutch, with over 90% survival. In contrast, the second clutch was outcompeted in longer delays (< 4% survival), except when females hyperparasitized larvae (39-41 h; 57% survival). Winning individuals were smaller than control individuals in treatments where the second clutch was competitive. Trichogramma euproctidis embryos hatch in 32 to 35 hours at 24 ± 1 °C, but hatching started at around 28h in conditions of superparasitism. These results suggest that a competition-induced development rate acceleration is triggered, but only in conditions of polygynous superparasitism.

Keyphrases: Infanticide, Trichogramma, Oviposition time intervals, Facultative intraspecific hyperparasitism, Scramble competition, Host discrimination, Biological control
Protection conférée à l’accréditation par le droit du travail québécois en cas de sous-traitance : analyse jurisprudentielle

The willingness of firms to achieve greater flexibility in their operations and increase their profitability has influenced their organizational strategy. Thus, the refocusing of business activities has favoured the use of subcontracting as strategy for organizing work. Its use is increasingly widespread and its effects on workers are manifold. In order to provide a framework for the employment relationship, Québec labour law legislates this use of subcontracting in an attempt to ensure the protection of trade union certification through section 45 of the Labour Code (L.C.). However, the legislative amendment made in 2003 led to the relaxation of this framework. This dissertation tries to answer the following research question: what protection is given to certification by Québec labour law in the event of subcontracting?  A qualitative analysis of the jurisprudence subsequent to the 2003 legislative amendment will provide an answer to this question. In a first step, this paper seeks to sketch the typical portrayal of companies using subcontracting. In order to do so, it focuses on the sectors of activity of subcontracting firms as well as on the link between subcontracted positions and the firm’s core activities. In a second step, the study of the possible limitations existing in the application of section 45 L.C. is carried out by analyzing the recognition of the continuity of the firm, the existence of a link between successive undertakings and the use of the theory of business retrocession. Finally, this dissertation seeks to evaluate if the consideration of  the functions privileged by Québec labour law has an  impact on cases’ outcome in the event of subcontracting. The results tend to show that, although firms using subcontracting are diverse, the wording of section 45 L.C. limits its application. Moreover, these results show a virtual absence of taking into account representations of the functions of labour law in the case of subcontracting. Thus, the protection of certification in the event of subcontracting remains very limited.

Keyphrases: Article 45 C.t., Subcontracting, Transfer of part of the operation of an undertaking, Refocusing of activities, Section 45 L.C., Protection of certification
L’action collective chez les travailleuses et les travailleurs précaires : étude comparative des dynamiques en milieux syndiqués

The context of precarity in the labour market in Quebec reveals legislative and structural challenges surrounding collective representation of precarious workers. This research proposes an analysis of precarious workers’ collective action dynamics under the scope of collective identities, socialisation mechanisms and democratic structures (Dufour-Poirier and Laroche, 2015). Moreover, we explore the mechanisms at play in institutional change under the pressure of collective actions towards work’s institutions (laws, working conditions) and unions themselves. In the sense of institutional work (Ben Slimane and Leca, 2010 ; Lawrence and Suddaby, 2006) we understand institutional change as a multi-actor process in which actors mobilize different strategies (Mahoney and Thelen, 2010) and are influenced by the effect of specific (Murray and al., 2010) resources (precisely power resources, organizational and external network). On the theoretical plane, this research proposes new ways to approach union renewal through precarious workers, thus revisiting the organizing model.  Data presented in this thesis emerges from two case studies. Literature research and a series of individual and group interviews with two unions (n=8 and n=12) operating in two distinct companies were operated in that matter.  In regard to our results, we suggest a revision of collective action’s framework focused around collective identity. By doing so, socialisation mechanisms and democratic structures appear as tools in the process of identity’s construction in the collective action. Thus defined, collective identity would determine the strategic comprehension of institutional change’s initiation. Furthermore, power resources would allow collective action’s engagement in the process of institutional work while reinforcing pre-existing collective identity.

Keyphrases: Immigrants, Precarity, Collective action, Immigrants, Union renewal, External networks
Blessures professionnelles et détresse psychologique chez les travailleurs immigrants au Canada : une analyse longitudinale de l’Enquête nationale sur la santé de la population

The goal of this thesis is to study the impact of the immigrant status on the relationship between immediate work environment as defined by Karasek & Theorell (1990) on one hand, and the onset of accidental occupational injuries and psychological distress on the other hand. Our samples include both immigrant workers in Canada and Canadian-born workers (N = 6,448 for analyses on accidental occupational injuries; N = 5,431 for those on psychological distress) come from longitudinal data of all nine cycles of Statistics Canada’s National Population Health Survey (1994-2011).  Multilevel longitudinal analyses do not make it possible to confirm the moderator effect of the immigrant status on accidental occupational injuries nor on psychological distress over time. However, they show that immigrant workers are less likely to suffer an accidental occupational injury. This result is out of step with most patterns described in research emanating from industrialized countries, with the notable exception of Canada. This could be explained by the sociodemographic profile of immigrants to Canada, who tend to have a particularly high level of education. This result also stresses the importance to consider the under-reporting of occupational injuries by immigrant workers, especially when studying self-reported data.  Likeliness of declaring psychological distress over time is not significantly different for immigrant or Canadian-born workers, but this result raises the importance of taking into account cultural differences in perception and evaluation of psychological distress. Being a visible minority worker greatly increases the likeliness of suffer psychological distress, but this result is completely mediatized when considering immediate work environment characteristics.  This research also focuses on the factors of immediate work environment (psychosocial risks, work contract) that influence the likeliness to suffer from an accidental occupational injury or psychological distress over time. None of the factors studied impinges both accidental occupational injury and psychological distress, which supports the thesis that immediate work environment is distinctly associated to damage to workers’ physic and psychological health.

Keyphrases: Occupational health and safety, Immigrant workers, Immediate work environment, Accidental occupational injuries, Psychological distress, Multilevel longitudinal regression, National Population Health Survey
Les déterminants des pratiques sécuritaires de travail : le cas des chauffeurs d'une multinationale du secteur du transport des matières dangereuses au Canada

This research aims to identify explicatory factors of safety practices (SP) arising from immediate work environment, leadership and safety climate in the Transportation of Dangerous Goods’ (TDG) industry. Although recent meta-analyzes have shown that SP are explained by a plurality of determinants such as workers’ individual characteristics, immediate work environment and broader organizational variables (Christian & al., 2009; Clarke, 2012), no study to this day has investigated TDG drivers in terms of SP and their corresponding determinants. Following the case study approach, quantitative and qualitative primary data were collected from Canadian drivers working for a multinational in the TDG industry. The quantitative component of our research is based on a self-administrated questionnaire, which has been designed to explore explicatory factors of two (2) SP: safety compliance and safety participation. In total, N=132 drivers have completed their questionnaire and returned it. In addition of the qualitative component involving two (2) collective interviews during which N=8 drivers were met, internal data were also consulted in order to deepen our understanding of the organization. Our results have partially validated a direct link between the immediate work environment (H1, H2), leadership (H3) and SP, plus the mediating effect of safety climate on these explicatory factors and SP (H4). Only physical efforts (H1a) have been associated with safety participation contributing to reduce it. Contrary to expectations, our results indicate a negative relation between organizational rewards and safety compliance. Nonetheless, social support from colleagues (H2) has shown a positive association with safety participation, while use of skills (H2) has also shown a positive effect increasing safety compliance. Moreover, we have observed the suppression effect of safety climate on the association between immediate work environment and SP (H4). With regard to leadership (H4), it has not been found significantly associated to any of the drivers’ SP. Finally, our results have shown that only safety knowledge and safety climate stood out as common explicatory factors of both safety compliance and safety participation, increasing each one of them. The qualitative component improved our understanding of the quantitative results. The contribution of this research in Industrial Relations (IR) enables us to grasp the multilevel dynamics of SP in the TDG industry: societal dynamics (e.g., production-oriented economy), sectorial dynamics (e.g. changes in SP associated with the implantation of GHS in the industry), and organizational dynamics (e.g., safety climate, leadership and work organization). Ultimately, three (3) recommendations have emerged from this case study, whose scopes for practice and research are discussed.

Keyphrases: Leadership, Canada, Drivers, Transportation of dangerous goods, Safety practices, Safety climate, Immediate work environment
Associations longitudinales entre la relation coparentale et la qualité de l’amitié de l’enfant à l’âge scolaire

There is increasing evidence that the quality of the coparenting relationship is linked to the quality of social relationships in middle childhood. However, few studies have investigated the contribution of the coparenting relationship to the child’s best friendship, and this link has not yet been studied longitudinally. The present master’s thesis includes an empirical article aimed at determining whether the quality of the coparenting relationship, as perceived by each parent when the child is in second grade, predicted children’s perception of the quality of their best friendship two years later. The sample included 88 intact families (mother-father-child). Results indicated that friendship quality was uniquely predicted by mothers’ but not fathers’ perceptions of the quality of their coparenting relationship. Indeed, mothers who perceived a more harmonious and cooperative coparenting relationship when their child was in the second grade had children reporting a higher quality relationship with their best friend in grade 4. Theoretical and empirical implications are discussed.

Keyphrases: longitudinal, Coparenting, Friendship quality, Middle childhood
La relation entre le niveau de testostérone et le sommeil chez les hommes

Men show significant changes in sleep and testosterone levels as they age and there appears to be a concurrent age and testosterone-related decrease in quality of sleep. Additionally, testosterone reaches peak concentration during sleep and concentration levels decrease after waking up in the morning. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between age, testosterone levels and sleep in men and whether testosterone changes may partly explain the effects of age on sleep. A night of sleep was recorded among 78 men aged between 20 and 66 years (M = 36.90 years, SD = 16.10) and a blood sample was collected in the morning to measure testosterone level. Polysomnographic measures of sleep, spectral power in frequency bands from 0.6 to 32 Hz in non-paradoxical sleep, slow oscillations and spindles characteristics were analyzed. Correlations showed significantly less testosterone (r = -0.285, p < 0.05) with age. Furthermore, age was associated with shorter sleep duration (r = -0.366, p < 0.01), more minutes of wakefulness during sleep (r = 0,376, p < 0,01), lower sleep efficiency (r = -0.382, p < 0.01), higher percentage of stage 1 sleep (r = 0.444, p < 0.0001), lower percentage of stage 3 (r = -0.409, p < 0.0001), more minutes spent in stage 1 (r = 0.300, p < 0.01), less minutes spent in stage 3 (r = -0.490, p < 0.0001) and REM sleep (r = -0.355, p < 0.01). Age was also associated with a lower SO density and amplitude (r = -0.514, p < 0.0001 and r = -0.685, p < 0.0001, respectively) and sleep spindles (r = -0.381, p < 0.01 and r = -0.336, p < 0.01 respectively). Moreover, lower spectral power in the delta, theta and sigma frequency bands in slow wave sleep was associated with age (r > -0.491 et p < 0.000). Partial correlations, controlling for the effects of age, showed no association between testosterone levels and polysomnographic variables, slow oscillation and spindle characteristics and EEG spectral power. In conclusion, although testosterone level and sleep parameters change at similar times in men, testosterone level is not associated with sleep characteristics in men of this age.

Keyphrases: Testosterone, Sleep, Aging
L'expérience des jeunes, des parents et des intervenants impliqués dans le volet pédopsychiatrique de la Clinique Cormier-Lafontaine

This project focuses on emerging adults presenting mental health and substance use co- occurring disorders. The high number and complexity of their needs mean that a large number have difficulties accessing and remaining in services (Carter, Watson and Manion, 2014, Kirby and Keon, 2006, Swenson and Bradwejn, 2002), particularly during their transition from paediatric to adult health services. Poor fluidity during this transition may lead to a disengagement or abandonment of services that may have a negative impact on the recovery prognosis and the continuation of their treatment (Singh, 2009). In order to reduce the risks associated with a difficult transition and to offer an adapted service to the specific needs of these young adults, the volet pédopsychiatrique – the child psychiatry section - of the Cormier-Lafontaine Clinic (CLC) offers integrated treatment services for persons between 14 and 25 years old. The aim of this qualitative study is to examine the experience of emerging adults, parents and professionals involved in the program offered by the CLC. Using semi-structured interviews, this case study with multiple perspectives describes the level of satisfaction among participants, the experience of collaboration between professionals and institutions, and the recommendations of our participants concerning the services received or offered in the child psychiatry section of the CLC. Results show several satisfactory elements associated with the participation in this program, such as parental involvement, diagnostic assessment, and easier access to different professionals. However, there is also less satisfying elements including an absence of organizational and clinical structure and a lack of follow-up following the interdisciplinary assessment. This research project highlighted the need for specialized programs in the treatment of co- occurring disorders among young adults transitioning in health services. This study also highlights the challenges associated with the implementation of the program under study. Thus, this study makes recommendations to improve the child psychiatry section of the CLC or to serve as inspiration for other programs. These suggestions include defining clear organizational and clinical structures, implementing a case manager for every user and adapting evaluation and treatment to the unique and complex situation of each user.

Keyphrases: transition, co-occuring disorders, emerging adulthood, integrated treatment, qualitative study