Étude fonctionnelle et génétique d'une population de lymphocytes T CD4-CD8- impliquée dans la résistance au diabète auto-immun chez la souris

Autoimmune diabetes results from the destruction of the insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells by the T lymphocytes of the immune system. This leads to a hormonal deficiency that can be regulated with daily injections of exogenous insulin. However, to date, there is no cure for autoimmune diabetes. A healthy immune system generally recognizes a multitude of antigens in order to ensure our defence against different pathogens and tumor cells. Yet, depending on genetic and/or environmental factors, individuals may develop T cells that are aberrantly activated following the recognition of self-antigens. This break in tolerance leads to the development of autoimmune pathologies, such as autoimmune diabetes. In order to limit autoimmunity, rigorous selection mechanisms eliminate the vast majority of the T lymphocytes that present a high affinity for self-antigens during their thymic development. However, some of these auto-reactive lymphocytes escape from the elimination processes and migrate to the periphery where they might encounter a self-antigen. It is then essential that peripheral mechanisms maintain the immune tolerance by abrogating the activation and the proliferation of these self-specific T lymphocytes. One of the means to inhibit aberrant immune responses is the generation of regulatory T lymphocytes. These cells, which can be of thymus or peripheral origin, display various phenotypes and can mediate their action through several mechanisms in order to inactivate and/or eliminate the cells that are implicated in the development of autoimmune diseases. The use of transgenic mouse models made it possible to identify a poorly characterized population of T lymphocytes that exhibit a regulatory potential, namely CD4-CD8- (double negative, DN T cells). Indeed, the proportion of DN T cells in lymphoid organs is inversely correlated to autoimmune predisposition. The main objective of this thesis is to determine the immunoregulatory function of the DN T cells, as well as to reveal the genetic factors underlying the regulation of the proportion of DN T cells. iv We observed that through the release of cytolytic granules containing granzyme B and perforin, DN T lymphocytes exert a cytotoxic activity towards B cells in an antigen-specific manner. In addition, we have established that a single injection of those DN T cells is sufficient to inhibit the development of autoimmune diabetes in highly susceptible transgenic mice. The use of CD47 deficient mice also demonstrated that the CD47-Sirp pathway is essential to maintain DN T cell proportion. Also, we identified that the autoimmune diabetes susceptibility locus Idd13, which contains Sirp participates in defining the proportion of DN T cells. Finally, a genetic analysis revealed that other loci are implicated in the control of the DN T cell population. Among those, the role of a locus situated in the proximal region of chromosome 12 has been validated through to the generation of congenic mice. The results presented in this thesis have allowed us to enhance our understanding of the biology and genetic regulation of DN T lymphocytes. This knowledge constitutes an important step towards the creation of innovative cellular therapies that may prevent and cure a diversity of autoimmune pathologies.

Keyphrases: Autoimmune diabetes, Transgenic mouse, Immune tolerance, Double negative T lymphocyte