NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
«Hacker» la constitution : la démarche constituante comme expérience de traduction de la culture Internet dans la grammaire politique islandaise

The severe economic crisis that struck Iceland in the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis has profoundly and lastingly shaken the Icelandic population’s confidence in its political representatives and its institutions. In the context of popular unrest that followed the crisis, many citizen-led initiatives have sprung up to try to reaffirm different forms of popular sovereignty. Several of these initiatives have focused on the participatory potential of information and communication technologies (ICTs), particularly those associated with participatory web (or web 2.0); but of all, it is probably the participatory constitutional process that has attracted the most attention on a global scale. Drawing on concepts, practices and tools borrowed from the field of software and web 2.0 development, this constitutional process, which took place between 2010 and 2011, directly solicited the participation of the population for the drafting of a new constitution supposed to correct some of the political imbalances that led to the 2008 crisis. Unprecedented in many aspects, this process offers a unique case to understand the role that actors associated with what Manuel Castells calls the "Internet culture" can play in redefining political institutions and imaginary representations of a nation. By investing the political field in the post-crisis context, these actors tried to translate certain conceptions of politics and society specific to the Internet culture (and in particular its hacker subculture) into an Icelandic political grammar strongly marked by liberalism and a postcolonial national imaginary. The analysis of the discourse of different actors of this constituent process and of the context in which it was enunciated shows that this translation intent draws on a common background: that of the vast political and philosophical register of liberalism. A register that the actors from the hacker subculture seek to "update" in order to exceed its limits, at a pivotal moment in the history of their country.

Keyphrases: Constitution, TIC, Web 2.0, Iceland, Constitutional process, 2008 global financial crisis, Participatory democracy, Digital democracy, Internet culture, Hacker culture, ICT, Liberalism, Neoliberalism
The effectiveness of written corrective feedback on French as a second language accuracy

This quasi-experimental study aims (1) to compare the effects of three written corrective feedback (WCF) techniques on linguistic accuracy in writing. The three techniques consist of direct WCF, a technique in which the teacher provides the correct form, and two indirect WCF types, underlining only versus underlining plus metalinguistic clues, techniques in which the teacher elicits the correct form from the student. This study also aims (2) to examine the moderating effects of error category, and (3) to explore the moderating effects of individual variables such as language proficiency and language analytical ability. Four groups of French as a second language students (n = 65) enrolled in enriched French language programs in English secondary schools in Montreal participated in this study. They were divided into three experimental conditions, namely 1) direct WCF, 2) underlining only and 3) underlining plus metalinguistic clues, and a comparison condition - no WCF. The experimental intervention, which consisted of three cycles of writing, feedback and revision, was completed over two-week intervals. It targeted five grammatical categories: agreement in the nominal phrase (NP), agreement in the verb phrase (VP), the structure of the NP, the structure of the VP as well as grammatical homophones. Each group completed six writing tasks (text-reconstruction tasks): one task during the pre-test and the immediate post-test, another task for the delayed post-test and three different tasks during the experimental intervention. All four groups revised the texts they completed during the intervention. All participants also completed a test of language analytical ability. Results indicate that (1) providing WCF was more beneficial than withholding it, (2) indirect WCF was better than direct WCF, (3) that indirect WCF plus metalinguistic clues was more effective than indirect WCF only. Regarding the second question, results suggest that some error categories were more responsive to WCF, regardless of its type, than others. While no improvement was found for agreement in the NP or for agreement in the VP, the accurate use of grammatical homophones increased for all groups. Such an increase was more lasting for the group that received indirect WCF that is combined with metalinguistic clues. As for the third question, results indicate that proficiency played a moderating role only for the group receiving indirect WCF that is combined with metalinguistic clues, but no such effects were observed for the language analytical abilities, irrespective of the experimental condition.

Keyphrases: Written corrective feedback, Direct WCF, Indirect WCF, Metalinguistic clues, French as a second language, Secondary classrooms, Accuracy, Proficiency, Language analytical abilities
Administration de substances actives dans la peau : rôle de la composition hydrophile de nanoparticules polymériques

The design of clinically efficient polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) for skin drug delivery is based on the understanding of the influence of NPs chemical composition on their interactions with the skin tissue, notably the pathological skin. The aim of this work was to determine the influence of the hydrophilic component of polymeric NPs on the delivery of a lipophilic model drug (cholecalciferol). It was noticed that the polymeric hydrophilic composition of amphiphilic PLA-based NPs conditioned the NPs physico-chemical properties, notably in terms of size, surface properties, structure and drug protection. With regard to absorption into intact skin, the hydrophilic composition of 100 nm NPs had little impact. Only a slightly greater skin absorption was obtained from NPs with high hydrophilic PEG content compared to weakly PEGylated NPs. On the contrary in impaired skin, hydrophobic and negatively charged non-PEGylated NPs (PLA NPs) provided the best drug absorption.  On the one hand, the dynamic structure of highly PEGylated NPs providing better skin wettability and potential skin lipids extraction may have contributed for increased absorption in intact skin. On the other hand, skin condition altered the NPs structure since it was observed that a non-negligible quantity of ionic species was released from impaired skin, triggering the destabilization of weakly or non-PEGylated charged NPs. However, only PLA aggregates sedimented/adhered onto the skin surface, which could have facilitated absorption in impaired skin.  The polymeric hydrophilic composition of NPs and the pathological skin condition are therefore essential points to consider when designing nanoformulations.

Keyphrases: Polymeric nanoparticles, Poly(lactic) acid PLA, Poly(ethylene glycol) PEG, Hydrophilic composition, Skin absorption, Interaction mechanisms, Impaired skin
Global mental health : building the capacity for the integration of mental health in primary care in Tunisia

Background: In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), addressing the burden caused by mental health conditions, substance use disorders, and self-harm/suicide may be challenged by the limited number and/or unequal distribution of mental health personnel. Integrating mental health into primary care settings through the training of non-specialists such as primary care physicians (PCPs) is an internationally acclaimed solution to address such challenges. To facilitate this integration, the World Health Organization (WHO) developed the Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) Intervention Guide (IG), regrouping evidence-based interventions for what the WHO considers priority mental health conditions. This dissertation presents the implementation and evaluation of an mhGAP-based training offered to PCPs working in the Greater Tunis area of Tunisia, a lower middle-income country located in North Africa. Methods: Evaluation of the training program employed a mixed-methods approach. First, evaluation for effectiveness was conducted using a randomized controlled trial (RCT). We assessed the short-term (six weeks post-training) and long-term (18 months post-training) impact of the training on PCPs’ mental health knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, and self-reported practice. Second, a case study design was used to explore how contextual factors interacted with the implemented training program to influence its expected outcomes. Results: The training had a statistically significant short-term impact on mental health knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy, but not on self-reported practice. When comparing pre-training results and results 18 months after training, these changes were maintained. In addition, PCPs reported a decrease in referrals to specialized services 18 months after training in comparison to pre-training. However, PCPs identified more barriers than facilitators when describing contextual factors influencing the training program’s outcomes. Hence, qualitative methods helped identify practical challenges that decision-makers could address to further promote PCPs’ involvement in mental health care in primary care settings and thus impact the health of people with mental health problems. Conclusion: A mixed-methods approach helped create a comprehensive understanding of the implementation and evaluation of the mhGAP-based training in the Greater Tunis area of Tunisia. Findings may also be useful in other settings with similar profiles that aim to target untreated mental health symptoms by building individual and system-level capacity.

Keyphrases: mhGAP, Mental health, Program evaluation, Primary care, Physicians, Mixed-methods, Tunisia
Quand les professionnels de l’aménagement s’approprient l’urbanisme tactique : regard sur la production de connaissances dans des projets récents au Québec

Stemming from civil society, tactical urbanism advocates for incremental urban interventions through the implementation of an inexpensive, quick to implement and easily adaptable prototype. Inspired by the flexibility of the approach, professionals in several cities have recently started to experiment with tactical urbanism as a new design protocol to produce public spaces because it authorizes quick adjustments of the less successful aspects in physico-spatial interventions. By bringing the concept of prototyping into the planning field, tactical urbanism represents a change in the way professionals deliver their projects. In doing so, it provides a different context for exploring how knowledge is produced by action. Building on a conceptual framework that emphasizes the link between knowledge and action in planning, the research aims to explore what characterizes the knowledge production process when planning professionals use tactical urbanism as a tool for carrying out interventions. Ten semi-structured interviews were conducted with professionals who experimented with this method as part of their projects. Research shows that the use of tactical urbanism introduces a new stage – a new space-time – into the design process that promotes a form of learning by doing. During this stage, the production of empirical, experiential and normative knowledge is done in different ways: knowledge emerges i) from the prototype as a measurable object; ii) according to an alternative experience of the place that enriches the public participation process; iii) around a new space of dialogue and observation as well as iv) in a more permissive temporary context. In addition, the research notes that certain motives underlying the use of tactical urbanism by professionals (i.e. experimentation, collaboration, and demonstration) characterize knowledge production process in this context.

Keyphrases: Action, Prototype, Tactical urbanism, Planning, Knowledge, Learning
Liens entre l'agression sexuelle vécue à l'enfance, les troubles mentaux et les maladies infectieuses: une étude de cohorte appariée

Child sexual abuse (CSA) has been strongly associated with a range of psychological and physical problems in childhood and adulthood, such as anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and infectious diseases. Despite the strength of these associations, no studies to date have investigated biological processes that might underlie the relationship between CSA and physical health problems occurring during childhood, such as infectious diseases. The goal of the current study is to evaluate PTSD as a potential mediator between CSA and the occurrence of infectious diseases among children and adolescents. Furthermore, we postulate that PTSD plays a specific role as an indicator of chronic stress during childhood, in comparison to other mental disorders, such as anxious and non-anxious disorders (e.g., depression). Via a prospective matched-cohort design, administrative data were used to document PTSD, anxious and non-anxious disorders, and infectious diseases. The sample size was 882 persons with a substantiated report of sexual abuse and 882 matched controls. Negative binomial regressions revealed that CSA is associated with a greater number of anxious diseases diagnoses that, in turn, predict more infectious diseases diagnoses. These findings highlight the importance of preventing and intervening among sexually abused youth with anxious disorder symptoms to limit negative outcomes on physical health.

Keyphrases: Clinical psychology, Child sexual abuse, Infectious diseases, Post-traumatic stress disorders, Anxious disorders
Effets de la gestion liquidienne sur l’insuffisance rénale et les complications postopératoires en transplantation hépatique

Liver transplantation is associated with many complications and few perioperative interventions have been shown effective to reduce this risk. Fluid management is a critical aspect of perioperative care in major surgery and its role has mainly been explored in major surgery excluding liver transplantation. We conducted a systematic review and a retrospective cohort study to better define the effects of fluid management on the incidence of acute kidney injury and other complications in liver transplantation. A systematic search of the literature was carried out. Any study comparing a restrictive fluid strategy to a more liberal one and measuring at least one postoperative complication or mortality was included. Seven clinical trials were included. The fluid strategy had no effect on the risk of developing postoperative acute kidney injury, but an intraoperative restrictive fluid management strategy was possibly associated with decreased intraoperative bleeding, pulmonary complications, duration of mechanical ventilation and intensive care length of stay. However, the level of certainty was either low or very low. A retrospective cohort study was then conducted in 528 patients who received a liver transplantation at the CHUM between July 2008 and December 2017 to evaluate the effects of fluid balance on postoperative complications. After statistical adjustment for many confounding factors, fluid balance was not associated with the risk of acute kidney injury, but a higher fluid balance was associated with an increased time before extubation and a reduced survival. Thus, a lower intraoperative fluid balance or a more restrictive intraoperative fluid management strategy appeared to be associated with decreased pulmonary complications, duration of mechanical ventilation and mortality. This association needs to be further explored.

Keyphrases: Liver transplantation, Fluid management strategy, Acute kidney injury, Postoperative complications, Mortality
Entre "ignorance politique", ingérence et contrôle de l’État : quelles politiques publiques pour la filière girofle à Madagascar, aux Comores et à Zanzibar

Clove has two commercial products: the clove bud and the essential oil. In Madagascar, clove and vanilla are first or second agricultural export product depending on price. It is the same in the Comores where clove and ylang-ylang essential oil occupy the first places in the country's exports. Tanzania is in the top 3 of the world's clove exporters. Incomes from cloves make a very significant contribution to food security in the production areas of the three countries: on the northeast coast of Madagascar (bud and essential oil), in the islands of Anjouan and Mohéli in Comoros (only bud), and in the islands of Pemba and Zanzibar in Tanzania that produce mainly bud and a little bit some essential oil. The aim of this paper is to analyze the structure and functioning of the clove industry in highly differentiated public policy contexts according to the three neighboring, competing and meantime complementary countries, since they fuel global demand, which mainly involves the Indonesian market which absorbs most of the Malagasy and Comorian exports.

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Ethics, Economics, Clove, Governance of value chain, Public policy impact, Madagascar, Comores, Zanzibar, Impact
Entre "ignorance politique", ingérence et contrôle de l’État : quelles politiques publiques pour la filière girofle à Madagascar, aux Comores et à Zanzibar

Clove has two commercial products: the clove bud and the essential oil. In Madagascar, clove and vanilla are first or second agricultural export product depending on price. It is the same in the Comores where clove and ylang-ylang essential oil occupy the first places in the country's exports. Tanzania is in the top 3 of the world's clove exporters. Incomes from cloves make a very significant contribution to food security in the production areas of the three countries: on the northeast coast of Madagascar (bud and essential oil), in the islands of Anjouan and Mohéli in Comoros (only bud), and in the islands of Pemba and Zanzibar in Tanzania that produce mainly bud and a little bit some essential oil. The aim of this paper is to analyze the structure and functioning of the clove industry in highly differentiated public policy contexts according to the three neighboring, competing and meantime complementary countries, since they fuel global demand, which mainly involves the Indonesian market which absorbs most of the Malagasy and Comorian exports.

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Ethics, Economics, Clove, Governance of value chain, Public policy impact, Madagascar, Impact, Comores, Zanzibar
La philosophie au secours des rapports de responsabilité sociale de l’entreprise, ou comment dépasser les limites d’un discours "aphilosophique" sur la responsabilité :
Première Partie – Responsabilité et humanisation du monde

Corporate moral discourse too often evolves without any philosophical foundation. It builds up its own rules and limitations of social acceptability. It does not bother with philosophical traditions. Corporate moral discourse then becomes « aphilosophical ». Nonetheless, it could benefit from a connectedness with various philosophies. In this article, we will see how some 20th century philosophies could shed new light on corporate moral responsibility and humanizing processes of the whole world : John Rawls, Hannah Arendt, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Emmanuel Mounier. The analysis of fifteen (15) corporate social responsibility/sustainable development reports from North America (USA and Canada), Europe (United Kingdom, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Spain) and Asia (Japan) will show the limitations of corporate moral discourse, from a perspective of conceptual unity and axiological coherence.

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Philosophie, Ethics, Corporate social responsibility, Humanizing processes of the world, Corporate moral discourse
Corruption et pauvreté dans les pays de l’UEMOA

Corruption and poverty are conceptually related issues in developing countries. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the causal relationship between corruption and poverty in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU). Based on a dynamic panel model of the eight (8) of the Union covering the period from 1995 to 2015 using the Generalized Moment Method (GMM), the results obtained suggest that there is a causal relationship bidirectional in the sense of Granger between corruption and poverty within the Union. To achieve this, we suggest reducing the supply of corruption by improving the salaries of civil servants and instituting effective controls and sanctions for corrupt practices; the progressive depoliticization of the administration and the real independence of the judiciary.

Keyphrases: Ethics, Economics, Corruption, Poverty, WAEMU, Philosophy
Analyse du contenu de vidéos YouTube d’adolescents québécois sur le thème de la cyberintimidation : vers l’identification d’objectifs pour une éducation critique aux médias numériques

The research presented is about cyberbullying (CB) and posting videos about this social problem in YouTube. It aims to describe the content of Quebec’s teenagers’ videos, in order to identify their limits in terms of potential for social change, then to target priority objectives for the field of critical digital media education. To do this, a content analysis of 47 videos was done. The results show that they have a limited potential for social change. They stick to a dramatic representation of the CB problem, without proposing concrete actions. Five educational objectives are targeted. They aim to develop cognitive, relational and techno-language skills among teenagers.

Keyphrases: Digital, Videos, Critical media education, Objectives, Cyberbullying
La sémantique, la lecture de mots irréguliers et les lobes temporaux antérieurs

This review presents the results of behavioural and neuroimaging studies that address the relationship between semantics, irregular word reading and the anterior temporal lobes (ATLs). In particular we focused on acquired surface dyslexia, i.e., irregular word reading impairment , in patients suffering from the semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia (svPPA). svPPA is a neurodegenerative disease that occurs following the atrophy of the ATLs. This disease is early characterized by semantic memory impairments. Taken together, behavioural studies show that svPPA patients often suffer from acquired surface dyslexia. This pattern highlights the relationship between acquired surface dyslexia and semantic knowledge degradation in svPPA. Moreover, the neurodegenerative nature of svPPA has pointed out to the relationship between semantic impairment and the ATLs. Neuroimaging studies in healthy participants have also provided evidence of the role of the ATLs in semantic processing and irregular word reading. The ATLs seem to be related to semantic processing in irregular word reading, more than to irregular word reading itself. In sum, the results of the studies reviewed here provide evidence for theoretical and computational models that predict semantic activation during irregular word reading. This semantic contribution can explain the profile of surface dyslexia in svPPA, as well as the brain network that sustains the processing of this type of words and that includes the left ATL.

Keyphrases: Reading, Semantics, Semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia, Anterior temporal lobes, Neuroimaging, Degenerative disease