NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
La compétence du tribunal arbitral dans l'arbitrage commercial

The objective of this study is to define and specify the scope as well as the content of the concept of arbitral tribunal jurisdiction in commercial arbitration. An analogy between the status of national judge and of arbitrator enables us to expand the application of certain concepts specifie to national justice, such as "jurisdiction", "authority" and "powers", to commercial arbitration. Thus, in the first part, by identifying the principal powers an arbitral tribunal has or could have, we specify the concept of arbitral authority. The study focuses on determining the content and identifying the source of each of the powers treated. Moreover, in the second part, identifying the limits of said powers enables us to specify the concept of arbitral jurisdiction. The study allows us to conclude that, with a few exceptions such as physical imposition, the powers of a national judge are the same as those of an arbitral tribunal. In fact, the latter, owing to the intention of the parties, may have more than the former. However, the hybrid character of arbitration leads us to assert that, with a few exceptions such as natural justice, the limits of the national judge's powers differ from those of the arbitral tribunal.

Keyphrases: Powers of the Arbitral Tribunal, Arbitration Agreement, Arbitrate Contract, Arbitrability, Scope of the Powers of an Arbitral Tribunal on the Subject-Matter, Scope of the Powers of an Arbitral Tribunal on the Person, Time Limit, Natural Justice
Aspects de droit d'auteur liés à la distribution d'oeuvres cinématographiques par Internet au Canada

This work addresses three questions related to the distribution of cinematographic works by Internet in Canada. Those questions reflects the fundamental concerns of a budding industry and are examined under a practical angle. The first question deals with the applicability of the Canadian law regarding copyright. Indeed, the global aspect of Internet raises important issues related to international private law. We examine different scenarios in order to determine the scope and the circumstances under which the Canadian law applies. The second question examines the scope of the protection provided for under the Canadian law. The different rights provided to authors under the Canadian law were adopted before the Internet era and it is important to verify the applicability of those rights to the specifie technical environment of Internet. Finally, the third question addresses the issue of the ownership of a copyright related to a cinematographic work. The Canadian law doe not provide for an express answer to that question. Moreover, it is complicated by the specifie creation process leading to the production of a cinematographic work. This work undertakes to answer the question by examining different scenarios.

Keyphrases: Films, Communication, Reproduction, Web, Copyright, Internet, Cinematographic work, Intellectual property, Movies, Digital
Fédéralisme, concurrence intergouvernementale et intérêt national dans le domaine des valeurs mobilières au Canada

Public debate over the structure of Canada's securities regulation occurs periodically, with the constitution al division of powers being one of its underlying issues. The debate was reignited in 2003 when a Wise Persons Committee recommended that securities be regulated centrally by the federal government. The provinces, other than Ontario, maintain their opposition to this proposai, seeking instead regulatory harmonization. To alleviate the regulatory burden on issuers, the provinces are also implementing a "passport system". However, the debate appears to present the alternatives as a zero-sum game, thereby overlooking some of federalism's fundamental principles: provincial innovation, within a national economic union. This thesis proposes a regulatory structure, based on the theory of intergovernmental competition, that remains in harmony with the constitutional powers of the federal government and the provinces, while optimizing their respective strengths.

Keyphrases: Constitutional law, Law and economics, Intergovernmental competition, Federalism
Le service minimum et les services essentiels : étude française confrontée au droit québécois

Every public sector strike brings up the question of a need for a skeleton service. In this area French law is extremely fragmentary and vague. In spite of numerous attempts to introduce legislation no law has been voted. The main reason has been the considerable technical difficulty in reconciling the two basic constitutional principles ofthe right to strike and the continuity of public services. This study brings into focus the problems and questions arising from the idea of a skeleton service and attempts to identify the most practical solution in the context of French law. To give clearer defmition to the study, the Quebec legislation in this field was used as a model. It has been in force for twenty years and this offers many practical lessons. Setting up a skeleton service in the public sector has to be based on an accurate definition of the notion itself as well as its concrete application. Its underlying principles and field of application have to be defined. Qualitative and quantitative aspects, bargain procedures and partners, necessary resources, all have to be identified.

Keyphrases: Services essentiels, France, Sanction, Lock-out, Skeleton service, Essential services, Strike, Public service, Continuity principle, Bargain, Bargain partners, Control, Responsibility, Right to work, Replacing strikers
L'autonomie de la clause compromissoire en matière d'arbitrage international

The autonomy of the arbitration clause is an ambiguous principle which contains several shutters. It's sometimes used - traditionally - to refer that the arbitration clause must (agreement) be treated and appreciated separately from the main contract. This conception of autonomy gives rise to two consequences: first, the arbitration agreement is unaffected by the invalidity of the main contract and second, it may be governed by a Law different from that governing the main contract. However, the evolution of this traditional sense has given another shutter to the principal of the autonomy which refers to the arbitration agreement from "all national laws". This new concept of autonomy is entirely different and which means that the existence and the validity of the arbitration clause must be examined under special material mIes, isolating the arbitration agreement from the conflict of laws but with full respect to the international law. In addition, the link this principle has with certain effects of the arbitration agreement proves to be delicate. Indeed, the principle of autonomy is often associated with another principle of the international arbitration which is kompetenz-kompetenz. The close links that the two principles maintain generate a risk of amalgam between two mIes which are actually different. On another level, would be blamed, in the name of the legal inconsistency, the capacity of the principle of autonomy "of coexisting" with another characteristic of the arbitration clause, namely, its transmissibility. We will try to clarify this "doubtful" articulation.

Keyphrases: Transmission, Arbitration clause, Autonomy, Kompetenz-kompetenz
Pour une constitutionnalisation du droit à la sécession au Canada

By imposing a constitutional obligation to negotiate to aIl parties of the federation, the Supreme Court of Canada in the Secession Reference legitimizes the aspirations of Quebec's sovereignist movement. However, the Supreme Court's ambiguity, in regards to the process leading up to the constitutional obligation to negotiate, is the cause of the current juridical debate. The doctrine is divided on the meaning of the expressions "political actors", "clear question" and "clear majority" and the lack of precision of these expressions allows the political parties in power to justify their respective laws on Quebec secession. The two laws in force, an Act respecting the exercise of the fundamental rights and prerogatives of the Quebec people and the Quebec State and the Clarity Act, are at polar opposites on issues as important as the formulation of the question and the required majority. Both legislatures have proceeded unilaterally without any concem in creating a coherent juridical framework. Elected representatives should consider the constitutionalisation of the mIes leading to secession as a solution to solve the current juridical deadlock. Canada would not be the first country to provide such provisions in its Constitution.

Keyphrases: Constitution, Secession Reference, Clear majority, Clear Question, Clarity Act, Fundamental Rights Act
De la consultation des peuples autochtones : structure institutionnelle d'un dialogue appelé à renouveler la notion des droits ancestraux : essai fondé sur la jurisprudence de la Cour suprême du Canada (1984-2004) et la théorie du droit

In this essay, we study the Canadian State's duty to consult Aboriginal peoples when it purports to infringe on their rights and interests. We start with the following question: What meaning, if any, does the duty to consult have, if it does not include a duty to reach a consensus ? Our study is divided in two parts. First, we trace the evolution of the duty to consult in the decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada. Secondly, we discuss a theoretical model for the consultation process. Our study of the genesis and subsequent evolution of the duty to consult reveals that this duty gains some ambit when the Court is called upon to define the notion of aboriginal title - the type of aboriginal right that cornes closest to full aboriginal self-government on a piece of land. In its effort to construct the consultation process, the Court soon realizes that if it wants both parties to really engage in it, it has to balance their relationship, something the Court does by admitting the State's lack of legitimate authority over the Aboriginals. But affirming the equal status of both parties in the consultation process leads to further consequences than the mere effectiveness of that process. Aboriginal equality does not fit weIl within the Court's cultural approach to aboriginal rights. The common law doctrine of continuity of the aboriginal legal orders is more congenial to that equality, as it leads naturally to the legal recognition of a measure of aboriginal autonomy within Canada. Thus, after giving birth to the consultation process, the law of aboriginal rights could itself be substantially modified through the logical implications of its own offspring. Having exposed the egalitarian logic inherent to the consultation process, we proceed to study that logic in further detail. We ground our quest for the inherent structure of consultation in a larger understanding of the law itself, which proceeds from Lon Fuller' s view of law as facilitating human interaction. We then discuss the principles that give content to a consultation process directed to achieve reconciliation. Effective consultation depends on the quality of the dialogue that it generates. Appropriately conceived and implemented, the consultation process between Aboriginal peoples and the State embodies a unique moral relationship, one of mutual recognition, capturing the' spirit of giving'.

Keyphrases: Fuller, Aboriginals, Aboriginal rights, Duty to consult, Consultation process, Legal theory, Equality, Recognition, Spirit of giving
Les politiques et pratiques commerciales québécoises en matière de boissons alcooliques dans le contexte du droit commercial international

This thesis analyses the impact of international trade law on Quebec's commercial policies and practices relating to alcoholic beverages. More specifically, it examines their conformity with GATT's obligations and other bilateral agreements. The first chapter presents the legal framework pertaining to alcohol trade in the context of the constitutional powers prevailing in Canada and the delegation of Quebec's authority to its liquor board, Société des alcools du Québec. The second chapter reviews the historical evolution of Quebec's a1cohol market and studies its actual structure, which is divided between a state monopoly on one side (wine, spirits and imported beer) and the private sector on the other side (domestic beer). The third chapter outlines how SAQ's practices were declared inconsistent with GATT, namely discriminatory mark-ups, listing and delisting procedures and restrictions on access to points of sale. This section also covers the bilateral agreements subsequently negotiated by the federal govemment and accepted by the provincial monopolies to resolve these conflicts. The final chapter examines the compliance of today's SAQ's policies with GATT's requirements. Particularly, it looks at its practice ofpricing method with respect to Article II:4 (import monopoly) and at its new concept of category management in relation with Article XVII (state trading) and Article XI (quantitative restrictions).

Keyphrases: GATT, OMC, Société des alcools du Québec, WTO, State trading, Discriminatory practices, Wine, Spirits, Beer
Intégration scolaire des élèves handicapés par une déficience intellectuelle et droit à l'égalité

Does the decision not to integrate an intellectually disabled student in a regular c1ass constitute a discriminatory action in the sense that it violates equality rights guaranteed by section 10 of the Quebec Charter and by section 15 of the Canadian Charter ? The hypothesis formulated as an answer to that question is : yes, that decision is discriminatory because it is based on a forbidden ground, namely disability. The conceptual framework of this research is established by defining the concepts of discrimination, disability and integration. Then, the study of sorne Quebec Court of Appeal's decisions shows that in this Court's view the equality standard is not the regular c1ass, a position that underscores the conception of integration as an objective right ensuring equality. Next, the analysis of the Ontario Court of Appeal's decision in Eaton shows how that decision has aroused the enthusiasm of those who thought that they had found a firm support for integration in the equality rights guaranteed by section 15 of the Canadian Charter. However, the Supreme Court's ruling in Eaton has dampened that enthusiasm by rejecting any presumption in favor of integration, and rather adopting the child's best interest criterion as ensuring equality rights for intellectually disabled students. Thus, in the Court' s view, the fact of non integrating those students does not by itself constitute a form of discrimination.

Keyphrases: Discrimination, Public school, Canadian Charter, Quebec Charter
La contribution du tribunal pénal international pour l'ex-Yougoslavie au développement des sources du droit international public : le dilemme normatif entre droit international classique et droit international pénal

This thesis studies the contribution by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former- Yugoslavia ("ICTY") to the development of Public International Law. Specifically, it analyses the normative dilemma between sources ofClassic International Law - correlated to the will ofStates, as wel/ as legal formalism - and the "International law ofsubstantial unity" - which codifies the Kantian myth of ''peace by law" and moves the classic idea of legality from formalism to legitimacy by using ethical references. The analysis assumes Law's retroactive effect on its sources and considers ideological movements of Contemporary International Law in the jurisprudence of the ICTY. The thesis concludes to a clash between ICTYabstractfindings related to sources ofInternationallaw and the actual "day-by-day" normative practices ofthe Tribunal. While the first brings into play Classic International Law and the rule of law, the second looks more like a neo-naturalism, fashioned by moral and ethical values.

Keyphrases: Conceptions of legality, Positive Law, Natural Law, Ethical Standards, International Legal Norms, International Humanitarian Law, International Human Rights Law, International Criminal Law, Customary International Law, General Principles ofInternational Law, Holocaust
Encadrement normatif visant l'utilisation de la marijuana à des fins médicales en Occident

The marijuana has been known to humanity for thousands of years, for its recreational as weil as medical uses. In this contexts, it seems to be seen as "not dangerous" and even useful. However, among medical and scientific experts, discussions still occur about its medical characteristics. This paper studies the normative structures applicable to the use of marijuana for medical purposes. Firstly, it presents in a simplified way the chemical composition of this plant and describes its history. Chapter II introduces the International Conventions adopted in order to supervise the production, distribution and use of marijuana. Chapter III is dedicated to the European legislation and in particular the situation in France, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Finally, the situation in North America is presented in chapter IV comparing the positions of the United States of America and Canada. In this document, the author observes the interaction between the legislative regulations and the courts leading to the legal right to use marijuana for therapeutic purposes.

Keyphrases: Marijuana, Europe, Canada, Therapeutic use, Control, United States
Death for life : a study of targeted killing by States in international law

From the ashes of devastating acts of terrorism has arIsen a resolve so powerful that measures of counterterrorism risk being manipulated by states to justify excess. In an attempt to prevent armed attacks against their interests, a number of states have adopted policies of targeted killing to permanently incapacitate terrorists on foreign soil. The intentional killing of suspected offenders, however, cannot be lawfully carried-out by states in the absence of armed conflict without regard for the right to life. The following research attempts to determine whether it is permissible for nations to use force on foreign soil to . incapacitate dangerous individuals or rescue hostages under international law. By studying article 51 selfdefense of the United Nations charter, a number of conclusions are asserted, namely that operations to "arrest or neutralise" can only be carried-out in states that support terrorists or are complacent to their presence, and that declaring "war on terrorism" cannot allow governments to kill suspected terrorists in countries where there is no war, except in a manner that is reconcilable with the rights to life and selfdefense. Since division among members of the international community may ultimately diminish their ability to collectively suppress international terrorism, the potential for hindered cooperation between abolitionist states and those that carry-out targeted killings is also addressed. The current research concludes that targeted killings can only be justified outside the context of armed conflict when they are truly necessary as a last resort to prevent armed attacks and save lives.

Keyphrases: Article 51, Targeted killing, Self-defense, Right to life, Counterterrorism, United Nations
Juger les lois la légitimité démocratique et la fonction du contrôle judiciaire de constitutionnalité

Judicial review has been the object of substantial criticism since the enshrinement of the Canadian Charter ofRights and Freedoms. Political scientists and lawyers have contested the democratic legitimacy of judicial review by notably invoking that although judges are not elected and do not represent the population, they nevertheless impose their preferences and interpretations on legislators and governments alike. In response to this criticism, theories have been developed addressing the legitimacy of constitutional justice. The jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Canada has been influenced by this ideological debate, which has in turn, established different norms ofjudicial review. The choice between judicial activism and restraint is a determining factor resulting in judicial review under the Charter. While the criticisms ofjudicial review suffer from an inadequate conceptualization of legal judgment, attitudes of judicial restraint and activism seem equally problematic with respect to theoretical and philosophical issues. Under these circumstances, constitutional justice must be considered from the perspective of deliberative democracy. Moreover, it is possible to specify the function ofjudicial review within a legal system. This can generate renewed understanding of the approaches to interpretation and limitation of rights and freedoms, as well those applying to sanctions and reparation in case of a violation. The adoption of a contextual and systemic approach institutionalizes judicial review as an internaI review of the legal system and thus serves as an authority for the self-reproduction of the law.

Keyphrases: Constitution, Charte, Charter, Rights, Freedoms, Legitimacy, Democracy, Function
Le hardship : vers une reconnaissance du principe par les tribunaux arbitraux du commerce international

Is the arbitrator of international commerce entitled to adapt the contract when the parties did not provide so expressly and a supervening event provokes a substantiel change in the initial contractual equilibrum? The complexification of contractual schemes and the corresponding emergence of new values in contract theory made the reception of the rebus sic stantibus principle highly probable in international commercial law. These two phenomenas supplied keys for a revised perspective of the traditional objections to the application of the rebus sic stantibus principle. Arbitrators have a role to play in the movement of private harmonization of international commercial law. The international context in which they proceed, the inherent quality of appeasement in arbitration and the particularity of the relation between arbitrator and national law are making it possible for international arbitrators to give priority to adaptation of the contract when the circumstances are right. Many factors will have to be analysed by the arbitrator before he chooses to adapt the contract because adaptation is not always the best solution. Other remedies will have to be devised if it is the case.

Keyphrases: Rebus sic stantibus, Pacta sunt servanda, Adaptation, Arbitrage commercial international, sanctity of contracts, relational contracts, international commercial arbitration, harmonization, commercial law, UNIDROIT Principles
L'accord de Cotonou et les contradictions du droit international : l'intégration des règles de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce et des droits humains dans la coopération ACP-CE

This work pursues two aims. The first one is to seek to understand and to explain the stakes and the implications of the transformation of the Lomé convention into the Cotonou agreement, from a constructive approach of law. It is then a question of contributing to the legal thought concerning the degree of complimentary and coherence between the two fields of the internationallaw, human rights and international trade law. The second aim led us to look into the question of the real integration, which proved to be selective, of the standards coming from these two fields of law into the Cotonou Agreement. In the cooperation, the breach of human rights, as the OMC standards, is appreciated in a subjective and unilateral way by the E.U. Far from contributing to a complementary approach, the cooperation reinforces the dichotomy between these two fields of internationallaw, by treating them on a hierarchical basis.

Keyphrases: OMC, Article XXIV, Convention de Lomé, Cotonou Agreement, Human Rights, International Trade, WTO, Development cooperation, Lomé Convention