NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Dificultades en el uso de las preposiciones en estudiantes francófonos de ELE

This MA thesis is dedicated to the learning of the Spanish prepositions by French-speakers. We are interested in identifying and analyzing the most frequent errors in the use of the prepositions by French-speakers, which will bring us to create activities that will help them make fewer mistakes.  We believe that the difficulty partly lies in the fact that students don’t know how to use them correctly. Therefore, we find it important to present the uses of the main prepositions in Spanish given by the Manual of Nueva gramática de la lengua española and other studies. The teaching of grammar in classes of Spanish as a foreign language (SFL) in Quebec follows the guidelines established by the Common European Framework and the Plan curricular of the Cervantes Institute. The students develop their grammatical competence in an inductive way; they try to understand the rules by themselves and create their own hypotheses which they will later confirm or refute thanks to some formal explanations from the teacher and practice. On the other hand, this tendency to leave the learning of the grammar mostly in the hands of the students can also bring about the fossilization of certain errors if there aren’t enough explanations or practice.  The method of Error Analysis is the most effective to analyze the process of Spanish learning as a foreign language. The errors are a starting point to understand where the difficulties of the students lie and allow the teachers to bring the necessary changes in their teaching methods. Our revision of some investigations made with this method of analysis will allow us to better understand the causes of the most frequent errors French-Speakers make using Spanish prepositions. Our analysis of three textbooks used today in the classrooms of cégeps and universities of Quebec will prove that the prepositions are not practiced enough, especially in the intermediate level. We will consequently propose activities that will allow the students to practice the Spanish prepositions in a more effective way.

Keyphrases: Spanish as a foreign language (SFL), French-speaking learners, Error Analysis, Grammar, Prepositions
Fuir pour mieux s'établir: Étude sur la gouvernance des déplacés climatiques au Bangladesh dans le cadre de l'adaptation au changement climatique

The challenges wrought by climate change involve not only managing existing consequences, but also future ones. It is no surprise that population displacements are one of those consequences, and one that must be addressed as quickly as possible since those displacements have already begun. Bangladesh is a prime example of population displacements linked to climate change; its geography is conducive to natural disasters, it is densely populated and strongly reliant on natural resources. These and other socioeconomic factors are the underlying reasons of Bangladesh’s vulnerability. It did not take long for the media to raise the alarm in the international community about the impacts of climate change on civil society and international law is paying more and more attention to the problem. What protections are available for these climatic exiles? The question raises new legal conundrums. We will quickly discover that such displacements, whether they are domestic or international, have no legal international protection. In light of this legal vacuum, several options have been considered and analyzed by researchers.  To go or not to go, that is the question that must be answered by the population. We will discover that this choice can be greatly influenced by government policy. This will shed light on the perception of Bangladesh’s choice in the matter; does the country consider the migration a coping strategy or a failure?

Keyphrases: Protection, Bangladesh, Climate Change, Population displacement, International law
Application de la notion d'intention artistique dans l'enseignement des arts plastiques dans les écoles primaires au Québec

This research focuses on the existence of a gap between artistic creativity in contemporary art and visual arts education in elementary schools in Quebec. More precisely, after observing the importance of artistic intention in contemporary artists’ creation mechanisms, this research analyzes how art teachers incorporate it (artistic intention) in their teaching.  Based on the research question: “Are Quebec primary school art teachers – by not taking into account the student artistic intention in the production of individual art work – maintaining the gap between artistic creativity in contemporary art and visual arts education?” this thesis consists of several sets of analysis. This research defines attributes that outline and distinguish artistic paradigms in order to comprehend their impact on arts education and art teachers’ different representations of artistic creation particularly in the contemporary art paradigm. This distinction allows a comparison between two representations of the dynamics of creation: one in the concept of creative process and another in the concept of artistic intention. The results of the semi-structured interviews of twelve primary school visual art teachers in Quebec confirm the existence of the gap between artistic creativity in contemporary art and visual arts education in elementary schools. Furthermore, this paper also shows a lack of thought in the Quebec Education Program (QEP), for the creation mechanisms present in the contemporary art paradigm.

Keyphrases: Contemporary art, Visual arts education, Gap, Artistic intention, Creative process, Artistic creation, Artistic paradigm, Quebec education program
Élaboration d’un modèle théorique pour étudier le rapport au savoir en didactique de l’histoire et en éducation à la citoyenneté

This thesis explores the relation to historical knowledge of high school students from the province of Quebec. More precisely, we will discuss the relations between student’s conception of history and of the work of historians, student’s conception of human action in history and student’s feeling of their own capacity to effectively participate in the democratic process. The context of this study is the introduction of the recent history and citizenship curriculum in Quebec’s high school that set new objectives in terms of citizenship education: students must now understand the role of human action in history in order to become conscious of their own value as participatory citizens.  In this regard, researches show that teachers are resisting this new direction and that they perpetuate a way of teaching in which historical narratives and men of influences are predominants (Bouhon, 2009 ; Moisan, 2011). Furthermore, the textbooks they are using give little importance to ¨ordinary¨ individuals and groups of individuals whose actions were politically effective (Éthier, 2001 ; Lefrançois, Éthier et Demers, 2011). Researches also show that students have the tendancy to explain historical change by attributing to single exceptionnal individuals the responsability for this change (Hallden, 1986 ; Carretero, Jacott, Limon, Lopez-Manjon et Leon, 1994 ; Carretero, Asuncion et Jacott, 1997 ; Tutiaux-Guillon et Fourmond, 1998). This situation brings to light the distorsion existing between the prescriptions of the new history and citizenship education curriculum and the reality of the classroom.  While exploring the complex consequences and imbrication of these differents statements, we came upon a sense of insatisfaction towards the concepts and notions that exist in didactic of history. In consequences, this thesis will transfer from sociology and anthropology to our field the notion of ¨relation to knowledge¨ (rapport à l’histoire). The theoretical model that is proposed has been obtained by applying Martineau, Simard and Gauthier (2001) and Van der Maren’s (1996) method of theoretical research.

Keyphrases: rapport à l’histoire, relation to knowledge, relation to history, citizenship education
Noam Chomsky, un représentant de la tradition humaniste et critique en éducation

Noam Chomsky, a notorious figure of nativist cognitivism in psycholinguistics, is also an important American thinker and political activist who writes on a variety of topics from various fields : internal and foreign policy of the United States, criticism of mass media and social issues related to human rights, to name a few. However, despite the abundance of his writings on this subject, Chomsky has been, to this day, rarely studied in philosophy of education: this thesis is thus part of an exploration perspective, definition and analysis of Chomsky's educational thought, in order to present and consider the possible scope of such thinking in the philosophical aspects of research in education. Considering the absence of academic French or English research on this object of study, more than a hundred books, articles, interviews and videos on the chomskyan educational philosophy and other great humanist, critical or opposed thinkers to chomskyan postulates have been selected, read and analyzed as part of this project. Two specific objectives guided this thesis : first, to present and analyze Chomsky's educational thought in terms of its philosophical influences and its anchoring in the intellectual humanist and critical traditions in educational philosophy, and to highlight the uniqueness of his thought in relation to these traditions and some opposing theories or points of view. At the end of this thesis, we hope to answer the following questions: to what extent Chomsky fits into humanistic and critical traditions in education? Can he be considered an heir to the thought of specific philosophers? How  does  his  thoughts  on  philosophy  of  education  are  relevant  and  innovative  in  this fundamental field? And, finally, what critics can we address it?

Keyphrases: Chomsky, philosophy, education, humanism, critical pedagogy
Lecture d'une ambivalence identitaire de la société  martiniquaise : essai psychanalytique d’une aliénation

As a large part of the islands of the Caribbean, for economic reasons based on mercantilism, justified by law, Martinique, created three centuries ago, was a massive tangle of various ethnic groups. Following the abolition of slavery in 1848 and the agricultural crisis that arose in this patch is a custom which took place with the immigration of Indians, Africans, Chinese and Indochinese. In doing so, these customs have preserved their traditions and beliefs, thus explaining the fusion of these cultures still present today. Abolishing slavery, the "Act" also abolishes reification, since the black slave was considered as furniture, restoring the Humanity of Man. This results in the creation of a new world, changing the culture, deploying habits and a way of thinking, acting and structuring a new language. In 1946, Martinique is renowned French department of America.           Today Martinique is at a state of economic and social dependence. In fact, a conflict requires the Afro-Martinique on the question of identity. The subject is divided between the Franco-European and Afro-Caribbean middle class. This contradiction comes as confrontation situations where it often follows a feeling of "fate" or "curse" causing "a sense of collective guilt" for daring to challenge the existing social order. » .

Keyphrases: Psychanalyse, Slavery, Colonization, Dependence, Curse, Guilt, Psychoanalysis, Alienation, Identity
L’inhibition des cytochromes P450 dans les cas d’insuffisance rénale chronique : rôle de l’hormone parathyroïdienne

Chronic renal failure (CRF) is associated with a decrease in drug metabolism, due to a down-regulation of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP450). Previous studies indicated that CRF modifies activity, protein and mRNA expression of different CYP450 isoforms in vivo and in vitro via circulating mediators and parathyroid hormone (PTH). This PhD project is divided in four parts. First, we have developed an assay in order to measure the CYP3A’s activity, using the production of 3-[(3,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-5,5-dimethyl-4-[4-methylsulfonyl)phenyl] furan-2(5H)-one (DFB). This method will be used in the next studies. Secondly, CYP450 activity and expression are decreased in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It has been shown that dialyzable uremic toxins could be implicated in these decreases. Recent studies indicated that hemodialysis can prevent the inhibition of P450 although the mechanism remains to be defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hemodialysis on P450 expression and activity using a rat hepatocytes culture model. Thirdly, calcidiol insufficiency is highly prevalent in CRF and the pathophysiology of this phenomenon is poorly understood. Recently, we have demonstrated that CRF is associated with a decrease in hepatic drug metabolism due to a reduction in liver CYP450, which is in part mediated by PTH. The formation of calcidiol, through hepatic 25-hydroxylation, is also mediated by several CYP450 isoforms (CYP2C11, 27A1, 2R1, 3A2 and 2J3) and could thus be altered in CRF. The objectives of the present study in rats presenting a CRF were a) to confirm the role of CRF on calcidiol levels and b) to evaluate the role of PTH in calcidiol apparent deficiency. Finally, in order to understand all the CYP450 inhibitions, we evaluated the mechanisms of action of CYP450. CRF and PTH cause an inhibition of CYP450 although the mechanisms remain to be defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of different nuclear receptors or transcription factors like; pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). The results obtained show that the hemodialysis of CRF patients improves the CYP450’s expression in the cultured hepatocytes, with the serum from these patients. Also, the vitamin D 25-hydroxylation is affected by CRF. The activation of NF-κB and nuclear factors PXR and CAR are implicated in the CYP450’s inhibition.   In conclusion, CRF affects not only drug metabolism but also vitamin D hydroxylation, one of the endogenous roles performed by CYP450. This study will enable us to understand the effect of CRFon CYP450 regulation in order to improve the treatment of CRF patients.

Keyphrases: Cytochrome P450, PXR, CAR, DFB, Cytochrome P450, Vitamin D, Parathyroid Hormone, Dialysis, Chronic renal failure, Nuclear factors, Hepatocytes, PXR, CAR, DFB
Immunothérapie cellulaire de la leucémie aiguë lymphoblastique de l'enfant à partir de sang de cordon dans un modèle murin xénogénique

Precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is the most common form of leukemia in children. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is required in around 20 to 30% of children with a B-ALL. The relapses occuring post-HSCT are usually insensitive to current therapy. Therefore, it is important to develop and optimize a new therapeutic strategy. In this study, we were interested to study « cytokine-induced killer » (CIK) cells. These cells have been shown to be very cytotoxic against many types of tumor. However, their cytotoxic activity against B-ALL cells is not very efficient. Consequently, we have studied the effect of combining adoptive immunotherapy of CIK cells with the interferon alpha (IFN-α) to increase their lytic activity against B-ALL cells. In addition, in the literature, the cytotoxic activity of CIK cells has been shown to come from the CD56+ fraction (CD56+ CIK), in particular CD3+CD56+ cells. Therefore, we used the CD56+ fraction in all the experiments. We have observed in vitro that CD56+ CIK cells killed more efficiently B-ALL cell lines than did non-purified CIK cells. Also, their cytotoxic activity could be enhanced with IFN-α. Moreover, we have demonstrated the efficacy of IFN-α-treated-CD56+ CIK cells against B-ALL cell lines in vivo in the model of NOD/SCID/gamma c- (NSG) mice by showing that the survival of mice injected with B-ALL cell lines was significantly increased when they were injected with IFN-α-treated-CD56+ CIK cells. Subsequently, we have studied the lytic mechanism of CD56+ CIK cells against B-ALL cell lines. We have observed that CD56+ CIK cells from cord blood were more efficient than CD56+ CIK cells from peripheral blood to kill B-ALL cell lines. CD56+ CIK cells used only the NKG2D pathway or the both NKG2D and TRAIL pathways depending on the B-ALL cell line and the source of CIK cells. In addition, we showed that CIK cells were sensitive to Fas apoptosis. This sensitivity ￼￼III influenced the cytotoxic activity of CIK cells against tumor cells. In conclusion, CD56+ CIK cells are cytotoxic against B-ALL cell lines, and their effect can be increased with IFN-α in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our pre-clinical data are very interesting for testing the potential clinical utility of purified CD56+ CIK cells as an immunotherapeutic strategy for B- ALL patients.

Keyphrases: Nkg2d, Trail, Cytokine-induced killer cells, Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Nsg mice, Immunotherapy, Cord blood, Peripheral blood
Optimisation du vecteur adénoviral pour la thérapie génique de la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe, progressive and orphan disease that is characterized by the absence of the functional muscle protein dystrophin. Gene therapy is currently investigated as a therapeutic approach to deliver dystrophin into muscles. Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors (HD) are promising gene transfer vehicles for gene therapy of DMD. Because HD are devoid of all adenoviral genes, they are weakly toxic, poorly immunogenic and possess sufficient cargo capacity to carry the full-length dystrophin cDNA. Although HD can provide dystrophin therapeutically in dystrophic mice, gene expression decays months after intramuscular injection. Two strategies that both aimed to stabilize dystrophin expression were explored here.  The first strategy involved the integration of HD DNA into cellular chromosomes. Stabilizing HD DNA could prevent its elimination from muscles. A site-specific integrase from phage ΦC31 was used to integrate an HD carrying a selection marker in human cells and murine myoblasts. Efficacy of integration (obtained after selection) reached up to 0.5% per cell, and up to 76% of integration events (in clones) were mediated site-specifically. Although some deletions in HD extremities occurred, 70% of clones analyzed showed one integrated copy of HD (as expected). Only a small increase in the number of double-strand breaks was found in myoblasts expressing the integrase. In conclusion, HD integration was relatively efficient, specific and safe. This method could be used to stabilize dystrophin expression in vivo.  The second strategy involved using a muscle-specific promoter (ΔUSEx3) to reduce potential toxicity induced by widespread expression of dystrophin. Because ΔUSEx3 would be delivered by HD, we investigated whether or not the viral context could affect ΔUSEx3 activity. We constructed an HD and a lentiviral vector (LV) carrying a reporter gene under its control. Strong, muscle-specific and stable (with LV) expression was obtained in vitro. Intramuscular injection of HD resulted into a powerful transgene expression contrasting with LV, where expression was relatively weak. Delivery of ΔUSEx3 in multiple tissues by HD demonstrated its muscle-specificity. Therefore, both the viral context and the muscular environments modulate ΔUSEx3 activity. Further studies are required to determine whether or not ΔUSEx3 can stabilize dystrophin expression in vivo.

Keyphrases: Muscle, Helper-Dependent Adenoviral Vectors, ΦC31 Integrase, Lentiviral Vectors, mdx Mice, Muscle-specific Promoters, Gene Therapy
Sensibilité cérébrale à la lumière en fonction du vieillissement et d’aspects physiologiques fonctionnels de l’œil

Notwithstanding its effects on the classic visual system allowing image formation, light acts upon several «non-visual» functions including body temperature, hormonal secretions, sleep-wake cycle, alertness and cognitive performances. Results have shown that non-visual functions are maximally sensitive to blue wavelength (460-480nm), in comparison the longer light wavelengths (i.e. green: 550nm). Changes as to the sensitivity of these responses during the aging process were reported. In our research project, two groups of subjects, 16 young (18-30) and 14 older (55-70), followed a pupillometry protocol in order to measure the pupillary dynamic while being exposed to three different intensities of blue and green monochromatic lights. Results revealed more constrictions in blue than in green lights, and significant effects following the increase of light intensity. Our results also demonstrated a similar pupillary constriction between the two age groups, suggesting that this non-visual response remains intact with age. In the second phase, the same subjects executed cognitive tasks involving functional magnetic resonance imaging while maintained in darkness, or exposed to blue monochromatic lights. Results indicate a decrease of the impact of light with age namely, at the level of the thalamus, amygdala, insula and in the tegmental ventral area. These brain regions are involved in alertness, awakeness, attention and emotional processes. Consequently, the modifications which occur in the different non-visual responses during the aging process do not appear to be homogeneous. Our results are coherent with animal evidences which demonstrate different sensitivity thresholds to light and the presence of neuronal networks partially independent for various non-visual responses. In addition, they are the first indications of a decrease of the stimulating neuronal effects of light during the aging process. Future studies will help to verify whether the brain sensitivity reduction is linked to age-related behavioral differences. A better understanding of light effects on non-visual functions will permit an adapted light exposure in healthy aging and will also contribute to optimal lighting environment.

Keyphrases: Light, Non-Visual Response, Pupillary Constriction, Brain Sensitivity to Light, Alertness, Aging
La représentation de la tragédie humaine dans la littérature des génocides du XXe siècle : les enjeux de la mise en récit d’une expérience catastrophique

Although they are both accounts of events, the history and the novel are not commensurate; the novel’s content is usually considered as opposed to that of history. It is assumed that history relates real things whereas the novel excels in dealing with the imagination (fiction). In the representation of genocides, novels and history share numerous narrative strategies giving rise to the truth of the tragic experience. Many devices induce the discourse of representation to function as bearer of a sovereign self-consciousness that goes beyond reality that is time and space related to that event. Even though either history or the novel reconstitutes the experience, the act of creating discourse results in a multilayered content that can produce for the reader the representation of a world.       This dissertation deals with how literary narratives and stories attempt to inscribe and represent the experiences in a context of genocide. In analyzing this discursive apparatus that no longer distinguishes between reality, truth and resemblance, the texts of our corpus reveal the experience of genocide and think the fractures and ruins in different parts of the world (in the Ottoman Empire, in Nazi Germany, Cambodia, Bosnia, Rwanda, etc.). In this way, we examine the literary depiction of these horrible events that come to be according to a narrative schema that entwines sequences of fact alongside and underscores imaginary scenes the innovations and stylistic language that constitutes these novels’ uniqueness and originality. By means of these characteristics, the four primary books of our corpus (Journal de deportation, Fatelessness, How the Soldier repairs the Gramophone, The Past Ahead) elaborate a literary or poetic verisimilitude that allows them to go on the quest for truth, a truth not only subjective but imbued with the historical veracity.

Keyphrases: discours, history, novel, imaginary, representation, genocides, discourse, literature, reality, probability, thruth