NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
L’étiologie des différences individuelles dans le contrôle de soi à la petite enfance : une étude des facteurs génétiques et environnementaux

Context and goals. Self-control is described by Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) as the most reliable predictor of delinquency. The authors suggest that self-control is determined primarily by environmental factors, including parental monitoring of their children, the recognition of bad behaviors, the appropriate correction of the bad behaviors, of which the individual differences are deemed stable by age seven. The main goal of this study was to examine the genetic and environmental etiology of self-control in toddlerhood. Specifically, this study aims to 1) evaluate whether self-control can be reliably operationalized in toddlerhood; and 2) estimate the genetic and environmental contributions of individual differences in self-control in this period of development.   Methods. The sample consisted of 672 pairs of monozygotic or dizygotic twins who grew up in the greater Montreal area. Information about the twins were collected from the parent that knows the child best using the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach, 1994) whereas the zygosity was determined by the Zygosity Questionnaire for Young Twins (Goldsmith, 1991). For the purpose of this study, only three waves of data collection were used: 18 months (n = 332 pairs), 30 months (n = 309 pairs) et 48 months (n = 266 pairs).   Results. The results support the idea self-control can be estimated from six behavioral and attitudinal indicators (impulsivity, disobedience, bad temper, aggressive behavior, hyperactivity and inattention) and derived in a single factor as early as 18 months of age. At 18, 30 and 48 months of age, the best fitted models indicated that only genetic and uniquely experienced environmental factors underlined individual differences in self-control.   Interpretation. Contrary to Gottfredson and Hirschi’s (1990) hypothesis, individual differences in self-control in toddlerhood is moderately explained by genetic factors, the reminder being relegated to uniquely experienced environments. Also noteworthy is the absence of a shared-environmental etiology, part of which is expected to comprise family influences experienced by both twins, such as the parental monitoring of their children, the recognition of bad behaviors and the appropriate correction of the bad behaviors.

Keyphrases: Self-control, antisocial behavior, genetic, environment, twins, development, Toddlerhood
L’infrastructure de la science citoyenne : le cas eBird

This research explores the evolution of the infrastructure and uses of eBird, one of the world’s largest citizen science projects. It concentrates on the work of eBird with two of its local partners in Latin America who manage regional portals in Mexico and Peru. eBird allows users throughout the world to contribute their observations of birds online and so to advance the case of science and conservation. These observations are stored and managed in a unified, global database that is freely accessible to all who are interested in birds and their conservation. Participants can use the platform’s various functionalities to organize and visualize their data as well as that of others. The research follows a qualitative methodology based on observation of the eBird platform and on interviews with members of the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, the eBird team and members of local organizations responsible for eBird in Peru and Mexico. We analyze eBird as an infrastructure whose technical and social sides are interrelated and need to be examined simultaneously. We also explore how the eBird team conceives the uses of the eBird platform and the data it contains. Three major themes emerge: the philosophy of collaboration underlying the development of eBird, the extension and diversification of eBird through its network of partnerships and a corresponding increase in both participation and volume of data. Finally, we also observe an evolution in the type and variety of uses for eBird observations and the eBird infrastructure itself.

Keyphrases: eBird, Infrastructure, Science participative, Citizen science, Participatory science, Data-driven science, Imagined uses
Production et articulation des appartenances au mouvement Slow Fashion sur Twitter

This research explores the productions and the articulations of belonging to Slow Fashion on Twitter. In reaction to the current model of the garments fashion industry, the Fast Fashion, based on overproduction and overconsumption, Slow Fashion aims at raising awareness of the actors of the fashion industry concerning the impacts of their practices on workers, communities, ecosystems (Fletcher, 2007) and suggests a deceleration of clothing production and consumption cycles. The aim of this research is to show how the relationships between the participants are surfacing on Twitter and how those interactions are organized as a rhizome ; a assemblage where elements and components don’t follow a tree-like hierarchy or linearity and don’t emanate from a single point of origin. (Deleuze & Guattari, 1976) On Twitter, Slow Fashion belongings emerge and connect to each other through different kind of links. Consumers, designers, companies, journalists, etc., collectively build the Slow Fashion as an alternative movement to the current hegemonic fashion model. My theoretical framework is based on a litterature analysis which explores the concepts of fashion, identity, and belonging in order to contextualize the emergece of Slow Fashion. I also conducted an exploratory netnographic study on Twitter : I observed and participated in interactions addressing Slow Fashion and/or ethical Fashion. The « creative presentation of research » (Chapman & Sawchuk, 2012) published in this blog (http://belongingtoslowfashion.blogspot.ca) does not propose a history of the Slow Fashion and its origins. Rather, it offers a partial picture of a certain moment of the movement. Build as a rhizome, this research has no beginning, no ending, no hierarchy. I invite readers to start by any entry point and to abandon any kind of deductive or linear logic. This exploration will be guided by hyperlinks or annotations that will connect to other parts or that will make emerge other questionings. It offers an introduction to the challenges of Slow Fashion, it opens the way for further research, other reflexions and the issues it raises.

Keyphrases: Slow Fashion, Twitter, rhizome, mode, belonging, identity, becoming, Fashion, sustainable fashion, netnography
Les liens entre les émotions, les médias et la mobilisation sociale : une étude de cas sur la révolution égyptienne en 2011

In this master thesis, we question the links between the emotions, Medias and the sequence of events during social mobilization. This research is a case study on the Egyptian revolution of 2011. In the chapter on literature review, we summarize the studies on social movements of Castells (2012). We then present the theory of affective intelligence in order to understand what has been said on the presence of emotions during time of mobilization. For the methodology, we have done semi-structured interviews with Egyptians who have either participated or followed the revolution in 2011. Cognitive maps were used to understand what the research’s participants have experienced. The results show that at the beginning of the revolution, Facebook was used by the participants to learn about protests. Later on, other forms of communication became really important to learn about what was happening in the country and to mobilize others. Moreover, anger was highly felt during and before the revolution. The discussion led to the analysis and interrogation of social mobilization with the arrival of Web 2.0, the importance of interpersonal communication as well as the significance of emotions during a revolution.

Keyphrases: Communication, Social media, Arab spring, Revolution, Emotions, Politics, Affective intelligence, L'intelligence affective, Egypt, Social mobilization
Étude sur les propriétés physicochimiques et électrochimiques des liquides ioniques redox et leur application en tant qu’électrolyte dans les supercapaciteurs

This thesis is focuses on the development of redox ionic liquid electrolytes for supercapacitors. A new family of redox ionic liquids (RILs) based on ferrocenylsulfonyl(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) (FcNTf) is reported, which show great potential as functional materials for energy storage devices. For the first part, RILs with electro-active anion and alkylimidazolium cations are synthesised and characterized. The impact of the variation of the imidazolium cation alkyl chain on the electrochemical and physicochemical properties is analysed. At lower concentrations of RIL, the cation structure has little impact on the solution properties. However, at higher concentrations, (>50 wt. %) and without supporting electrolyte, formation of a thin film on the electrode surface accompanies the oxidation process. The thin film formation has great impact for the control of deposition of the charged species on the electrode. The influence of the cation structure on the RIL and film deposition during the oxidation reaction is not well understood in the literature so far. In addition, optimisation of RILs as electrolytes for supercapacitors is also presented. In the second part, the RIL electrolyte is tested in supercapacitor cells. With faradaic contribution from the redox electrolyte, an increase of 287% in the energy is observed versus capacitive electrochemical systems. Furthermore, the film layer formation achieved by the use of FcNTf redox ionic liquid is an effective way to prevent the self-discharge of redox-active electrolyte supercapacitor. This thesis has helped to understand the structure-property relationships of redox ionic liquids.

Keyphrases: Alkylimidazolium, Redox ionic liquid, Pseudocapacitor, Faradaic supercapacity, Alkylimidazolium, Structure-property relationship, Self-discharge mechanism
Fonctionnalisation covalente de monocouches et bicouches de graphène

Graphene is a sp2 hybridized carbon nanostructure with incredible electronical and optical properties that make it interesting for various applications. Its large scale production is still a challenge and there is still some physical and chemical properties that need further studies to better exploit them. Covalent functionalization is a chemical reaction that can be used as a tool to study those properties because it breaks the sp2 crystalline structure, so it modulates the properties of graphene. There are not many studies of that reaction on graphene deposited on a surface because the chemical reactivity depends greatly on the chemical environment. That is why it is important to study the functionalization of graphene on surfaces to understand chemical reactivity and the modification of electronical and optical properties in order to potentially exploit the benefits. This master thesis is focusing on the chemical reactivity of graphene to covalent functionalization and the study of its optical properties. First, we grow graphene using the chemical vapour deposition method. After the growth of monolayer, we change the parameters and we observe the formation of bilayers if the carbonated gas is present during the cooling step of the growth. From that observation, we propose a kinetic model of bilayer growth. Then we proceed to a detailed study of monolayer and bilayer graphene functionalization. First, we demonstrate that there is a substrate effect that inhibits greatly the grafting of organic molecules on the graphene surface. However it is possible to overcome this substrate effect by different ways: 1) chemical doping of the graphene with reducing molecules can modify the electrochemical potential to enhance the reaction; 2) transferring graphene on a substrate that doesn’t affect the electronical properties of graphene; 3) the use of an electrografting method with an electrochemical cell can also modulate the potential so the efficiency of the reaction is enhanced. Also, we observe that the chemical reactivity of bilayer graphene is lower compared to the monolayer because of structural rigidity caused by interlayer interaction. Finally, we demonstrate that the infrared spectroscopy is a powerful tool to study the effect of functionalization and the effect of bilayers on the optical properties of graphene. We observe some bands in the region of the mid-IR, while the infrared selection rules don’t predict any. Also, the shape of those bands change greatly depending on the doping level when there is bilayers or when the graphene is functionalized.

Keyphrases: Graphene, Bilayer, CVD growth, Covalent functionalization, Electrografting, Infrared Spectroscopy, Electron-Phonon interaction
Détermination de la spéciation du samarium dans l'environnement

Samarium is present in several high technology products such as magnets, lasers, etc., however little is known about to what extent it can pollute environmental matrices. For divalent metals such as Cd, Cu and Ni, toxicity has often been closely correlated with the free ion concentration. Unfortunately, there are currently no techniques available for evaluating the speciation of samarium in environmental matrices. In this study, an economical and easy to use ion exchange technique (IET) using a resin has been studied for use in measuring free samarium. In order to optimize the IET for free samarium determinations, equilibrium times were first determined for pH buffered solutions of samarium (6.7x10 8 M Sm, 1.0 mM MES, pH 6.0) in the presence of different concentrations of sodium nitrate (NaNO3: 0.01 M to 0.5 M). Equilibrium was only attained for the highest concentration of NaNO3. Therefore, another technique using dynamic measurements on the Dowex resin was developed. Thus, the impacts of different organic ligands such as EDTA, citrate, malic acid and Suwannee River fulvic acid Standard I (SRFA) have been investigated using IET in dynamic mode. The calibration of the technique using different concentrations of NTA, EDTA, citrate, malic acid and fulvic acid (SRFA) allowed the determination of accumulation rates. Strong correlations were found between accumulation rates and the free samarium when using EDTA and NTA to control free samarium. The correlation was very low in case of citrate and malic acid suggesting that their complexes with samarium were adsorbed on the resin. Finally, fluorescence quenching titrations (FQT) and SP-ICPMS were used to determine samarium speciation.  The free samarium determined by IET is strongly correlated to that calculated by WHAM 7.0 using the stability constant from FQT and that from Sonke (2006). However, the free Sm resulted from IEC-SP-ICPMS technique has been overestimated once compared to that found using VMinteQ or WHAM 7.0 models. The Sm particulates determined by SP-ICPMS have demonstrated that pH has a great influence on Sm exchange on resin and has to be considered while measuring free samarium. Thus, the IET should be associated to other techniques such as fluorescence quenching titration and SP-ICPMS for evaluating the bioavailable Sm concentrations in natural waters.

Keyphrases: Samarium, Samarium, speciation, resin Dowex, spectroscopy
Avancement vers la synthèse du (+) et du (-)-hodgsonox

This master thesis describes various strategies towards the total synthesis of (+)- and (-)-hodgsonox, a tricyclic sesquiterpene containing a diallylic ether functionality fused into a tetrahydropyran ring. The first synthetic approach involved the formation of the fivemembered ring followed by the formation of the tetrahydropyran moiety. The second approach consisted in the synthesis of both carbon cycles in a single stage. In the first part, is described the synthesis of an acyclic precursor to assemble the fivemembered ring via a ring-closing metathesis reaction. This approach proved unsuccessful and was not pursued. In the second part, is reported a Pauson-Khand cyclization to produce the bicyclic compound. The Pauson-Khand precursor was synthesized in 9 steps (30% overall yield) from diethyl tartarate. The cyclization was successful, but the isopropyl moiety could not be introduced. A former Lebel’s PhD student, Lise Brethous had also worked on the total synthesis of hodgsonox. She established that the 5-membered ring could be prepared from a-acetyl gbutyrolactone and observed the formation of the tetrahydropyran moiety via an OH-insertion reaction with a diazo intermediate. In the last part of this master thesis, some steps from Brethous’s approach were optimized. Unsuccessful attempts to tackle the last steps of the synthesis are also described.

Keyphrases: Hodgsonox, Total synthesis, Pauson-Khand, OH insertion, Sesquiterpene
Complexes cationiques POCOP de nickel : synthèse, caractérisation, réactivité et étude catalytique

This thesis describes the chemistry of nickel (II) cationic pincer complexes bearing a POCOP ligand. The content is divided into two parts. The first part (chapter 2) concerns the synthesis, characterization and reactivities of nickel (II) cationic POCOP pincer complexes with an acetonitrile ligand coordinated to the metal center via the nitrile moiety, [(R-POCOPR’)Ni(NCMe)][OSO2CF3] where R is a ring substituent and R’ is a P-substituent (R’ = iPr : R = H (1), p-Me(2), p-OMe(3), p-CO2Me(4), p-Br(5), m,m-tBu2(6), m-OMe(7), m-CO2Me(8); R’ = t-Bu : R = H (9), p-CO2Me(10)). The cationic complexes are synthetized by reacting the neutral nickel (II) bromide derivatives R-(POCOPR’)Ni-Br with Ag(OSO2CF3) in acetonitrile at room temperature. The impact of R and R’ groups of the POCOP ligand on the structure and electronic proprieties of the complexes has been studied by NMR, UV-Vis and IR spectroscopy, as well as by single crystal x-ray diffraction studies and cyclic voltammetry measurements. The observed ν(C≡N) values were found to increase with the increasing electron-withdrawing nature of R, i.e., in the order  7 < 3 ~ 2 ~ 6 < 1 < 5 ~ 8 < 4 and 9 < 10. This trend is consistent with the anticipation that enhanced electrophilicity of the nickel center should result in an increase in net MeCN→Ni σ-donation. It is also interesting to note that all cationic complexes show a much higher Ni(II)/Ni(III) oxidation potential than their neutral Ni-Br analogues. Following this, an equilibrium study is presented that shows the facile exchange of the MeCN/Br ligands between the charge-neutral and cationic complexes (R-POCOPR’)NiBr and [(R-POCOPR’)Ni(NCMe)][OSO2CF3]. The second part of this thesis consists of two chapters describing, respectively, structural studies that are relevant to our understanding of the mechanism of hydroamination reactions promoted by the title complexes (chapter 3), and reactivity and kinetic studies aimed at understanding the impact of different variables (R and R’; temperature; substrates; solvent; etc.) on the Michael-type hydroamination and hydroalkoxylation of acrylonitrile and its substituted derivatives (chapter 4). Chapter 3 will also discuss the attempted synthesis of new amine and nitrile POCOP cationic and neutral complexes, as well as the facile displacement of the amine moiety by a nitrile.

Keyphrases: Hydroamination, Hydroalkoxylation, Nickel (II), Pincer Complexes, Cationic POCOP Nickel Complexes, Synthesis, Characterization, Electronic Effects, Steric Effects, Ligand Exchange, Oxidation by Ferrocene, Mechanistic Investigations, Amine Complexes, Kinetic Studies
Le dispositif de revitalisation du quartier Sainte-Marie à Montréal

This thesis addresses the tensions that arise when urban renewal policies are implemented in a Montreal neighbourhood. Urban renewal, along with other “processes” like public participation and institutional consultation, participates an attempt at governing urban spaces through what is called here an urban renewal apparatus (dispositif).  The Sainte-Marie urban renewal apparatus came about through a series of governmental actions as well as transformations in the way public affairs are managed in Quebec, and especially in the greater Montreal region. The analysis is centered here on the evolution of certain tendencies in the community, institutional and private sectors. I aim here to explore the dynamics of the inner workings of the apparatus in the Sainte-Marie neighbourhood. The birth of the apparatus is part of a larger phenomenon of transformation of urban spaces by governmental as well as private initiatives in an era of contemporary neoliberalism. This apparatus is constantly justified and explained through an original set of ideas and actions that are legitimised using a new vocabulary and new concepts that are voluntarily vague and ill-defined as to allow the actors to retain a certain freedom and expertise, and to limit access to its instances.

Keyphrases: dispositif, Sainte-Marie, urban renewal, apparatus, anthropology of policy
Lieu de liens, lieu de vie : oser le réseau comme alternative à la vulnérabilité : le cas des demandeurs d’asile à Projet Refuge (Montréal)

Vulnerability is a fundamental attribute which justifies the crossing of the Canadian refuge borders  (Rousseau et al., 2002 ; Clément et Bolduc, 2004). It is a proof of insecurity for the victim who requires asylum ; it also bears hope of security in the land of hospitality. However it is an updated potential of insecurity about an uncertain status in the host country (Agamben, 1997 ; D’Halluin, 2004). Violent immersion. Until the proofs of his original vulnerability are validated, the asylum seeker lies in an “in-between” with no defined territoriality or temporality (Agier, 2002 ; Le Blanc, 2010); and in a precariousness just as dangerous (Ouimet et al., 2009). Needs arise in this unknown land, yet the access to healthcare is limited by ambiguous laws and their inappropriate interpretation (Harris et Zuberi, 2015). So when he faces barriers erected by an erroneous transmission of information, his precariousness only spirals down. As a boomerang, this paradox maintains his vulnerability.  While researches have focused on the perceptions of various health practitioners (Asgary et Smith, 2013), I chose to let the concerned patient speak, and to relay their actual experience. Two key objectives are guiding my research : first, to examine their quest for health care with formal and informal information sources, aiming to sound out their feelings about the vulnerability ; secondly, to document their migratory path for their self in order to lighten the alternative strategies to create contact with the host society, negotiating or fully rejecting this vulnerable identity. To accomplish this research, I met asylum seekers during an eight months ethnographic fieldwork in a community organization of accommodation in Montreal. In that context of support and spatial stability, a welcomed respite at the end of a bumpy route, the informational resources are at their disposal and they at last encounter some social recognition. Meanwhile, many of the participants felt a lesser need for healthcare. In this therapeutic community (Pocreau, 2005), which is a real springboard to the host society while waiting for an accepted status, they enjoy an opportunity for social participation and a growing sense of belonging. Precarious conditions can exacerbate the vulnerability, however the tinkering of positive conditions favors resiliency (Cleveland et al., 2014) by creating a revitalizing environment which allows them to rebound.

Keyphrases: Anthropology, Asylum seeker, Refugee, Vulnerability, Resiliency, Health