NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Amphilochos : étude sur la légende du héros grec et le sanctuaire oraculaire de Mallos

The Greek hero Amphilochos, the mythical descendant of the famous family of the Melampodides hero-prophets, was, like his father Amphiaraos, a recognized soothsayer and a soldier with formidable military skills. After taking part in the second expedition against Thebes and the Trojan War, he is said to have wandered in many a land and founded several cities lying between Spain and Syria. Soon after his sudden death in a single combat with another seer named Mopsos, he was elevated to the rank of oracular divinity in Mallos of Cilicia, a city which he himself founded. During the Roman period, Amphilochos, indued with increased ontological status, got into high repute in this region where he gave oracles to the pilgrims who came and visited him by themselves in his abode. This research, which aims first to explore exhaustively the legend of Amphilochos, attempts above all to determine the terms of the oracular revelation in the sanctuary of Mallos of Cilicia, in spite of little compelling evidence.

Keyphrases: Amphilochos, Oracles, Divination, Ancient history, Greek religion, Mythology
Le discours de guerre tenu aux enfants montréalais au sujet de la Première Guerre mondiale entre 1914 et 1918

Canadian historians have neglected World War I’s discourse of war aimed at Montréal children between 1914 and 1918. Yet, through an analysis of Montréal newspapers, Québec pedagogical magazines, and some governmental publications, it is possible to understand how the war is explained to children.   This thesis aims to highlight the characteristics and objectives of the discourse of war aimed at primary-age children in Montréal. The first chapter focuses on the factual information transmitted to children to determine how the origins of the war were explained to them. We observe the establishment of a triple discourse: a discourse of fear, a reassuring discourse, and a discourse to encourage guilt to sensitize children to the Canadian war effort. The following chapter analyses the principal characteristics of war stories for children. Thus, we will be able to distinguish the objectives of these types of stories. Finally, we will see the role of the child in the discourse of war. We will show how the child in war narratives becomes an actor in the conflict and how the publications use children’s heroic acts.   In this war that stresses the mobilization of the entire population, the discourse is addressed to girls and boys, but especially the latter. The First World War is a rich subject in as much as it serves as a pretext for inculcating children with certain traditional and newer knowledge. It finds its way into children’s daily routines, into their leisure activities and household tasks. Children must develop their patriotism and the “natural” virtues appropriate to their gender: boys must learn to make war and girls to support them.  The discourse of war seeks to draw the child into the Canadian war effort. It stresses a number of new themes not previously part of an ordinary education, such as Belgium’s geopolitical situation. It encourages young Montrealers to become model future citizens who, when the occasion arises, will know how to give their life for their country, but, in the shorter term, it particularly encourages them to participate in the war effort.

Keyphrases: Children, First World War, Canada, Canada, Montréal, Montreal, Propagande, Propaganda, Leisure activities, Education, Child rearing, Patriotism, Stereotypes, Masculinity
Accès aux médicaments : comment expliquer et améliorer la situation au Brésil

Brazil is amongst the largest markets for medication and, even though the access to it is guaranteed by Brazilian Federal Constitution, it cannot be taken for granted. This situation is due to several factors: Brazil is not capable of fulfilling its needs and the consumption of drugs does not follow a balanced pattern. Given these facts, we will analyze Brazil's current legal system in order to assess which barriers and gaps prevent the population from gaining full access to medication and, most importantly, what could be done to change this reality. Brazil's government agencies involving in the development of new drugs will be presented, followed by an analysis of the legal norms applicable to clinical research and authorization to market new drugs; also, a brief assessment of the generic drugs legislation will be made. Besides, the access to new drugs issue will be put under light: Brazilian legislation concerning patents and compulsory licensing will be analyzed; as a complement, we will evaluate the compatibility of these rules with the system implemented by the TRIPS Agreement and the international conflicts related to this issue will be shown. Aiming at finding a solution to these issues, this study will focus its final part on the Canadian initiative to improve medication access on the South countries (CAMR). We find that CAMR's initiative could, on the short run, improve medication access in Brazil and, later on, could help to decrease international conflicts. On the long run, we believe Brazil could play a key role in the international scene by adopting a law similar to the Canadian one in order to be able to help countries in need that lack local production capacity, e.g., most of African countries.

Keyphrases: Patents, Compulsory license, TRIPS, CAMR, License to market, Governance, Clinical research, The Jean Chrétien Pledge to Africa Act
La responsabilité des intermédiaires techniques en droit pénal canadien, à la lumière des pratiques internationales

Criminal liability of technical intermediaries is a central and actual issue in the regulation of cyberspace. Not also their vast economic implications in the cyberspace are in question, but also their entire legal framework regarding criminal liability of technical intermediaries is an unresolved issue. This is because a liability allegation to the author for an illicit activity can be difficult or impossible thanks to the complex nature of cyberspace and the insolvent status of the technical intermediaries Considering their state of solvency and identification facility, taking legal actions against the technical intermediaries will be a conceivable solution to the jurists. Having implied legal proceedings, even the fact that a judicial action will be taken against them will prevent them from involving illicit activities. Non-existence of a liability regime which is specifically applicable to the technical intermediaries in the Canadian legislative corpus makes us obligated to apply to the «guiding principles» of imputability which can be released from several national and international texts. In this essay, we will study, at first, the conditions of applicability of the criminal liability for the technical intermediaries with regard to Canadian Criminal Law and, in second time, will answer the following question: Is Canadian Criminal Law complied with guiding principles arising from International norms and practice in terms of imputability of the technical intermediaries?

Keyphrases: Criminal Liability, Technical intermediaries, Internet environment, Illicit activities, Information technology
Trafic intracellulaire de l’ARN de la télomérase chez
Saccharomyces cerevisiæ : relation entre biogénèse de la
télomérase et homéostasie des télomères

Telomere length control is a critical step that governs the replicative potential of eukaryotic cells. Due to the end replication problem, chromosomes shorten at each round of division. This attrition occurs in specialized sequences at the extremity of chromosomes called telomeres. Telomere size is in direct relationship with proliferative potential and responsible for Hayflick’s division limit. However, in different cell type and in cancers, an end-specialized enzyme called telomerase maintains telomere length. Reactivation of telomerase in somatic cells triggers a pre-tumoral phenotype and more than 90% of cancers highly express this enzyme. Still today, understanding how telomerase is synthesized and reactivated can be a key step for the understanding of cancer arising and progression. Since the discovery of this enzyme in 1985, several factors involved in the regulation of this enzyme have been discovered. However, the spatio-temporal regulation of telomerase biogenesis and regulation has not been determined. We used the yeast S.cerevisiæ to study the biogenesis and recruitment of telomerase to telomeres. The first step in my work was to determine the factors required for the biogenesis and recruitment of telomerase to telomeres using fluorescence in situ hybridization. We have shown that the telomerase RNA component shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in wild type endogenous conditions. We have shown that this intracellular trafficking is used as a quality control mechanism that prevents the nuclear localization of miss assembled telomerase complexes. Moreover, we have identified the import/export pathways of the telomerase RNA. In a second step, we developed an in vivo localization system to follow the telomerase RNA dynamics. We used the MS2-GFP system to track this RNA in vivo. Our study shows that, contrary to what was previously described, telomerase is not stably associated to telomeres during the cell cycle but freely diffuses in the nucleus of G1 cells. In late S phase, at the moment of telomere replication, telomerase clusters in 1 to 3 big foci vi that colocalizes with telomeres clusters in vivo, suggesting the visualization of active telomerase particles replicating telomeres. Disruption of gene coding for telomerase activators triggers a great reduction of telomerase RNA clusters in a cell population. Altogether, our results shows for the first time the localization of the endogenous form of the telomerase RNA and propose an integrated view of telomerase biogenesis and recruitment to telomeres.

Keyphrases: Telomerase, yeast, intracellular trafficking, in vivo dynamics, telomere, cancer, cancer
Déterminants de l’observance aux corticostéroïdes inhalés chez les enfants asthmatiques suite à une visite médicale d’urgence

Inhaled corticosteroids are recognized to prevent asthma related hospitalizations, morbidity and mortality. However, inhaled corticosteroids adherence among children with asthma remains suboptimal. Objective: This master’s thesis aimed to identify predictors of inhaled corticosteroids adherence during the 28 days following an emergency department visit. Methods: This study is a secondary analysis of data collected during a randomized control trial conducted among children presenting at an emergency department for an acute asthma exacerbation. Inhaled corticosteroids use was electronically monitored during the 28 days following the hospital discharge. Results: Two hundred and eleven children were included in the analyses and 76.8% were aged less than 7 years old. Mean adherence over the 28 days observation period was 62% (±29%). Predictors of a better adherence were: shorter prescribed duration of treatment, maternal university degree, more frequent use of rescue medication, more severe index exacerbation, younger age and Caucasian ethnicity. Conclusion: This study distinguishes itself by including a large proportion of preschool aged children, an especially vulnerable population of patients with asthma that is understudied despite its high morbidity. A short duration of treatment prescribed was the strongest predictor of inhaled corticosteroids adherence. This result highlights a medical practice that is contrary to guidelines on asthma management.

Keyphrases: Asthma, Children, Inhaled corticosteroids, Determinants, Auto-gestion, Self-management
Homocystéinémie, apports en vitamines B et facteurs de risque cardiométabolique au Bénin, Afrique

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) appears to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This study aims to determine the prevalence of HHcy in Benin, to explore its relationship with intakes of folate, B12, B6 and B2, with alcohol consumption and with socioeconomic status (SES) and to verify whether it is associated with classical risk factors of cardiovascular diseases.  541 apparently healthy subjects were randomly selected in tree areas of Benin. Hcy was measured in serum using ELISA commercial kits. Nutrient intakes were assessed on the basis of three non-consecutive 24-hour recalls. Alcohol consumption, socio-demographics and SES were documented in personal interviews. Obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and hyperglycaemia were defined according to WHO and NCEP-ATPIII. HHcy (> 12 μmol/L) was detected in 52.2% of men and 24.7% of women. In multivariate models, Hcy in men was positively associated with alcohol intake, but only alcohol in beer. In women, Hcy was negatively related to vitamin B12 intake. HHcy was associated in women with more than twice the odds of hypertension and with the CT/HDL-c ratio. In men, Hcy was positively and independently associated with diastolic blood pressure and with LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol.  In this Beninese population, the prevalence of HHcy is particularly high among men, and it appears to be related to alcohol consumption. Inadequate intake of vitamin B12 may be a risk factor for HHcy which could be related to some of cardiovascular factors.

Keyphrases: Hyperhomocysteinemia, Cardiovascular risk factors, B vitamins, Africa, Benin
L’impact du polymorphisme du gène E2 sur la quantification de la charge virale du
VPH-16 dans les maladies précancéreuses du col utérin

Episomal and integrated HPV-16 loads are currently estimated by quantitation with real-time PCR of HPV-16 E6 (RT-E6) and E2 (RT-E2-1) DNA. We assessed the impact of HPV-16 E2 polymorphism on quantitation of integrated HPV-16 DNA in clinical specimens. First, HPV-16 E2 was sequenced from 135 isolates (123 from European and 12 from non-European lineages). A novel assay targeting conserved HPV-16 E2 sequences (RT-E2-2) was optimized and applied with RT-E6 and RTE2- 1 on 139 HPV-16-positive cervicovaginal lavages collected from 74 women (58 HIV-seropositive, 16 HIV-seronegative). Ratios of HPV-16 DNA copies measured with RT-E2-2 and RT-E2-1 with European (median, 1.02; range, 0.64-1.80) and African 1 (median, 0.80; range, 0.53-1.09) isolates were similar (P=0.08). Ratios obtained with African 2 (median, 3.23; range, 1.92-3.49) or Asian-American (median, 3.78; range, 1.47-37) isolates were greater than those with European isolates (P<0.02 for each comparison). Distributions of HPV-16 E2 copies measured in 139 samples with RT-E2-2 (median, 6150) and RT-E2-1 (median, 8960) were different (P<0.0001). HPV-16 total (odds ratio (OR) OR, 2.16 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-4.19), episomal (OR, 2.14 95% CI 1.09-4.19) but not integrated (OR, 3.72 95% CI 1.03-13.4) load, were associated with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN-2,3) after controlling for age, CD4 count and HIV, and HPV-16 polymorphism. The proportion of samples with an E6/E2 ratio >2 in women without SIL (7 of 35) was similar to that of women with CIN-2,3 (5 of 11, P=0.24) or CIN-1 (4 of 14, P=0.65). E2 polymorphism was a factor that influenced measures of HPV-16 integrated load.

Keyphrases: charge virale, Human papillomavirus, viral load, quantitative real time, cervical cancer
Allergies and asthma: employing principles of social justice as a guide in public health policy development

The growing epidemic of allergy and allergy-induced asthma poses a significant challenge to population health. This article, written for a target audience of policy-makers in public health, aims to contribute to the development of policies to counter allergy morbidities by demonstrating how principles of social justice can guide public health initiatives in reducing allergy and asthma triggers. Following a discussion of why theories of social justice have utility in analyzing allergy, a step-wise policy assessment protocol formulated on Rawlsian principles of social justice is presented. This protocol can serve as a tool to aid in prioritizing public health initiatives and identifying ethically problematic policies that necessitate reform. Criteria for policy assessment include: 1) whether a tentative public health intervention would provide equal health benefit to a range of allergy and asthma sufferers, 2) whether targeting initiatives towards particular societal groups is merited based on the notion of ‘worst-off status’ of certain population segments, and 3) whether targeted policies have the potential for stigmatization. The article concludes by analyzing three examples of policies used in reducing allergy and asthma triggers in order to convey the general thought process underlying the use of the assessment protocol, which public health officials could replicate as a guide in actual, region-specific policy development.

Keyphrases: Ethics, Health policy, Public health, Asthma, Allergy
Le Sylvicole moyen ancien de l’Estrie et du Nord-Est américain : une étude descriptive et comparative de la poterie du site Vieux-Pont (BiEx-1), Lennoxville, Québec

This thesis focuses on the culture history of Amerindian groups from north-eastern North America. It aims to document one of the prehistoric cultural periods of the Eastern Townships, the early Middle Woodland period, which lasted between 400 BC and AD 500. Pottery characteristic of this period has been found by many amateur and professional archaeologists on the Vieux-Pont (BiEx-1) site in Lennoxville since its discovery. The analysis of pottery sherds revealed a high homogeneity of the rocker stamping technique on the interior face and the body of the vessels. It also allows us to propose a late occupation during the early Middle Woodland period, between AD 1 to 500-600. The comparative analysis suggests the participation of the Vieux-Pont inhabitants in the same network of interactions and exchanges as those of the Montreal, Quebec, upper-Richelieu and New England regions.

Keyphrases: Anthropology, Archaeology, Prehistory, Early Middle Woodland period, Ceramic, Pottery, Cultural chronology, Stylistic variability
De l’aller-retour au point de non-retour : Étude comparative de l’expérience interculturelle et du sentiment d’épuisement culturel des expatriés occidentaux en Inde

The expatriation of Westerners in India is a sociocultural phenomenon, and I shall first highlight a few characteristics of modernity in the West - the feeling of alienation, the subjective turn, globalisation as well as the most significant mythical models of India - to understand which conditions provide the impulse to expatriation projects. An experiential approach will then enable me to understand how expatriation is lived by the actors concerned. Ethnographic data collected in India in three different borderzones give me access to these experiences. Accounts were collected : 1) in Rishikesh with spiritual expatriates; 2) in Calcutta with humanitarian expatriates; and 3) in Goa with hedonistic-expressive expatriates seeking a new lifestyle. These accounts are presented in three different chapters. Following these, a comparative chapter focuses on convergence among the three types of expatriation : local insertion within specific communities highly associated with significant myth models of India; self-renewal deriving from cultural encounters; and lastly, impact of transnationalism on the reinforcement of the malaise of modernity experienced by those I interviewed. The theoretical argument presents the general answers that expatriates find to alleviate their malaise of modernity : 1) a deep commitment to a lifestyle that allows them to find fulfilment according to their own aspirations; 2) gathering with people sharing the same interests and commitment to a clearly defined social role; and 3) liberation from social pressure and integration of transnational practices allowing them to protect affective ties while adopting a convenient outsider status. The study also reveals that we cannot set aside the history of Western encounters with India if we want to understand specific encounters of Westerners with local Indians. While Western socioeconomic privileges in India are clearly described as a basic condition for expatriation, I nevertheless conclude that expatriation is mainly motivated by a feeling of cultural exhaustion with Western lifestyles. Analysis of critical standpoints on modernity (reinforced by cultural encounters) finally leads me to formulate some avenues that need to be explored to develop an anthropology of the West, meanwhile implicitly calling into question the anthropological project.

Keyphrases: Anthropology, Ethnology, India, Modernity, Otherness, Spirituality, Humanitarianism, Hedonistic lifestyle, Communities, Transnationalism
Modèle de structuration des relations lexicales fondé sur le formalisme des fonctions lexicales

This thesis proposes a model for structuring lexical relations, based on the concept of lexical functions (LFs) proposed in Meaning-Text Theory [Mel’cuk, 1997]. The lexical relations taken into account include semantic derivations and collocations as defined within this theoretical framework, known as Explanatory and Combinatorial Lexicology [Mel’cuk et al., 1995]. Considering the assumption that lexical relations are neither encoded nor made available in lexical databases in an entirely satisfactory manner, we assume the necessity of designing a new model for structuring them. First of all, we justify the relevance of devising a system of lexical functions rather than a simple classification. Next, we present the four perspectives developped in the system: a semantic perspective, a combinatorial one, another one targetting the parts of speech of the elements involved in a lexical relation, and, finally, a last one emphasizing which element of the relation is focused on. This system covers all LFs, even non-standard ones, for which we have proposed a normalization of the encoding. Our system has already been implemented into the DiCo relational database. We propose three further applications that can be developed from it. First, it can be used to build browsing interfaces for lexical databases such as the DiCo. It can also be directly consulted as a tool to assist lexicographers in encoding lexical relations by means of lexical functions. Finally, it constitutes a reference to compute lexicographic information which will, in future work, be implemented in order to automatically fill in some fields within the entries in lexical databases.

Keyphrases: collocations, Lexical functions, system of lexical functions, non-standard lexical functions, lexical relations, semantic derivation, collocations, structuration of lexical data bases
Synthèse de couches ultra-minces de siliciures sur silicium cristallin et
endommagé étudiée par microscopie et profilométrie en profondeur

Currently metal silicide constitutes a crucial component in the formation of electrical contacts for transistors that forms the heart of modern day integrated circuits. As we reduce the dimensions of the latter, we are faced with serious problems of formation, related for example to the process limitation due to the weak density of germination sites. The objective of this project is to study at small scale the synthesis mechanisms of metal silicide, in particular NiSi, and to determine the effect of Si implantation damage on the phase sequence. We have determined the different phase sequences of the Ni-Si system for samples composed of a 10 nm Ni surface layer deposited on a-Si. These were obtained by time resolved x-ray diffraction (TR-XRD) measurements. As for samples quenched at critical temperatures we identified the different phases, their composition and their microstructure were determined by pole figures, Rutherford back scattering (RBS) spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We noted that for approximately half the samples, a spontaneous reaction happened before annealing. The result of the reaction was hexagonal Ni2Si, a phase unstable at room temperature, mixed with NiSi. In theses samples, the temperature of formation for the phase of interest, the NiSi, was lower.

Keyphrases: a-Si, a-Si, NiSi, NiSi, Couche mince, Thin layer, Silicide