Dveloppement de nouvelles mthodes d'identification des sites de SUMOylation par protéomique

Protein regulation by post-translational modification (PTMs) is a key event in regulating cellular function. These modifications include a group termed Ubiquitin-Like modifiers (UBLs) that contain, but is not limited to, ubiquitylation, neddylation and SUMOylation. While conventional modifications, such as phosphorylation or acetylation, involve a small chemical group, UBLs are proteins attached from their C-terminus to the epsilon amine group of a lysine contained in the targeted protein, thus generating branched proteins. While the main function of ubiquitylation is protein degradation by the proteasome, other UBLs remain mostly unexplored. In this context, the aim of this thesis was to develop new proteomics strategies to characterize SUMOylation in human cells. Indeed, identification of SUMOylation sites by mass spectrometry (MS) is a challenge. This is due to the low abundance of SUMOylated proteins in the cells as well as the long 19 to 34 amino acid SUMO remnant left of the target after trypsin digestion. In this context, our research group has developed a mutant of SUMO containing two mutations. The first mutation consists of a 6xHis tag at the N-terminus of SUMO in order to facilitate SUMOylated substrates enrichment at the protein level. A second mutation was also introduced at the 6th position from the C-terminus and consists in a glutamine to arginine substitution in order to release shorter SUMOylated peptides after trypsin digestion. The first goal of this thesis was to develop a targeted approach to specifically fragment SUMOylated peptides during an LC-MS run. This was enabled by the common fragmentation pattern of all SUMOylated peptides arising from the five amino acid SUMO remnant. Digested peptides were first analyzed using SequentialWindow Acquisition of all THeoretical Mass Spectra (SWATH). In this experiment, large mass windows are fragmented. A custom algorithm is then used that detects mass windows in which candidates are located and determine their intact mass. In subsequent injections these peptides were then specifically targeted. This method was complementary to data dependent acquisition and enabled the identification of 54 SUMOylated peptides. In a second approach, we wanted to enrich for SUMOylated substrates at the peptide level. An antibody was raised against the five amino acid SUMO remnant and used for immunopurification of SUMOylated peptides. In total, we identified 954 SUMOylation sites in human cells. Moreover, functional analysis of the newly identified substrate CDC73 revealed that SUMOylation on K136 is required for its nuclear retention, thus showing a new role for the SUMOylation of this protein. Although this approach gave new insights into the characterization of SUMOylated substrates, high amounts of material were still required to obtain such results. The last goal of this thesis was to optimize the previously developed immunopurification. Systematic optimization of every analytical parameter was done and enabled the reduction of the number of cells required by a factor of 50, without affecting the number of SUMOylation sites identified. Moreover, we used this approach to profile for SUMOylation and ubiquitylation dynamics in human cells upon proteasomal inhibition with MG132. This revealed an unexpected regulation mechanism of deubiquitinating enzymes by UBLs and unraveled translocation mechanisms of the proteasome in the cell. Our SUMO proteomic approach demonstrates capability for the concomitant analysis of SUMOylation and ubiquitylation. In the future, we hope to extend this approach to endogenous SUMOylation.

Keyphrases: SUMOylation, Ubiquitylation, Proteomics, Mass spectrometry