Le rôle de la protéine tau dans la mort des cellules ganglionnaires de la rétine : cas du glaucome et de la maladie d’Alzheimer

Proteostasis refers to a set of strategies developed by the cell to ensure the maintenance of its proteome. These strategies include the control of protein folding, the amount, and the distribution of the proteins. Neurons are endowed with a high metabolic rate and, as such, are highly vulnerable to alterations in proteostasis, a situation referred to as proteinopathy. Tauopathies and β-amyloidopathies are two such instances wherein tau and amyloid-β, respectively, undergo dysfunction. Tau protein is a microtubule stabilising protein which function is regulated by its phosphorylation state, while Aβ a product of the cleavage of APP (Amyloid Precursor Protein) which is thought to be involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity. Therefore, functional or proteostatic alterations of these proteins result in harmful consequences for neurons. Glaucoma, the main cause of irreversible blindness, is a degenerative optic neuropathy characterised by the selective loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and their axons in the optic nerve. Although ocular hypertension (OHT) is the main risk factor for the development of glaucoma, the cause of the disease is still unknown. There is currently no cure for glaucoma and the only available treatment is to reduce OHT pharmacologically or surgically. Alzheimer’s disease, the main cause of dementia, is characterized by the presence of neurofibrillary tangles made of tau protein in neurons and senile plaques made of Aβ in the cerebral parenchyma. Intriguingly, several studies have shown that glaucoma and AD share several common features. For instance, aggregates of tau and Aβ have been described in the retina of glaucoma subjects. Likewise, AD patients show visual defects associated with RGC degeneration. Mindful of the importance of tau for neuronal physiology, and of its role as mediator of Aβ toxicity, we put forward the hypothesis that tau protein alterations leads to RGC dysfunction and death. vii The results presented in this thesis were based on two experimental models of neurodegeneration: a model of OHT-dependent glaucoma in rats leading to RGC death (Morrison model), and the 3xTg model of AD wherein mice overexpress mutant forms of tau and Aβ (PS1M146V, APPSWE, TauP301L). Using these animals, we collected retina, optic nerve, and brains which we used to study tau expression, distribution and neurotoxicity by western blot, immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. Our results show that, when compared to healthy controls, the diseased retina (glaucoma or AD) display accumulation of abnormally phosphorylated tau while its gene expression remains unchanged. The increase of retinal tau protein might result from the redistribution of the protein in the somatodendritic compartment and intraretinal axonal segment of RGCs at the expense of the extraocular axonal segment enclosed within the optic nerve. Our data also demonstrate that RGCs from 3xTg mice show a drastic reduction of anterograde axonal transport suggesting that missorted tau might underlie these functional deficits. Lastly, we demonstrate that tau accumulation in the diseased retina eventually promotes RGC death. Altogether, this thesis demonstrates that the glaucomatous and AD retinas present the cardinal features of tauopathies including tau accumulation, altered phosphorylation, and mislocalization which contribute to RGC dysfunction and subsequent death.

Keyphrases: Tau, Tauopathie, Retinal ganglion cell, Glaucoma, Alzheimer's disease, Neurotoxicity, Anterograde axonal transport, Proteostasis, Tauopathy