NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
La maternité aux âges élevés : une analyse des trajectoires féminines au 18e siècle canadien

This thesis examines the probability that a French Canadian woman born between 1700 and 1749 and married had at least one birth in her forties, taking into account her particular individual profile, family characteristics and historical context.  Our analyses confirm that among the 14,727 Quebec women at risk of pregnancy between the ages of 40 and 49, 62% of them gave birth after the age of 40. Tangible differences are recognized in the probability of bearing children after age 40. Our results suggest a positive association between late maternity and several life course characteristics: a first union between the ages of 20-24 years, a spouse of the same age or younger, a continuous union (non-fractured by the death of a spouse) before and after 40 years, the survival of the previously-born child and a family history where her mother and at least one of her sisters gave birth over the age of 40. In addition, we observe a decrease of the proportion of Quebec women giving birth past 40 over time, especially among female cohorts giving birth after 1765. Furthermore, we found a negative association between an urban place of birth and late maternity. Perhaps the deterioration of general living conditions in the late 18th century, correlated with recurrence of infectious diseases, lack of hygiene and insalubrious environments explains the decreasing chances of giving birth at elevated ages.  Our results attest to the importance of contribution of French Canadian women to the phenomenon of natural fertility at older ages. Our exploratory study also provides useful insights on contemporary late childbearing, currently a hotly debated topic.

Keyphrases: Late motherhood, Natural fertility, Historical demography, Life course analysis, Women life course, French Canadian women, 18th Century
Des jeunes contrevenants discutent de leur connaissance et perceptions des gangs, membres de gangs et activités de gangs

This report joins in a lineage of researches having for theme street gangs. The objectives of this research is to define and to specify how the young offenders perceive the universe of the street gangs and its constituents, these last ones being the perceptions that have the participants of a street gang of street, a member, activities (delinquent or other), ex-member and the life after the gang. To distance itself from the other researches, we realized focus group with 13 young offenders currently doing time in the units of rehabilitation of the Centre jeunesse de Montréal-Institut universitaire. These participants, belonging or not to a street gang, shared their representations and their perceptions on the universe of gangs and his constituents.   In the light of the analysis of the contents of the focus group, a community of ideas gets free of it. The young people share representations and similar perceptions as for the street gangs and its constituents. The street gangs are, as for them, a group of young people who commit offences, with violence or not and who becomes identified with something. To identify a member it is necessary to be a part of this middle. They are very often to be over identified by the police authorities and other participants because of the used criteria. Although criminal activities made integral part of their lifestyle, we should not neglect the positive and pleasant activities which are a part of their everyday life. To leave this universe, it is enough to inform its gang about it. No specific things must be made. However, the enemies and the police continue to identify as member these young people who try to take out and continue their life. This stage is not made without trap and obstacles. With updating our knowledge and making a more current portrait on the subject gives the possibility of sharing them with the various participants, the police and other, so that they can take into account in their interventions with this youths. In particular in the centres de réhabilitation, where the need to express himself freely on the subject and to be listened to was named loud and clear.

Keyphrases: Gang, Membership, Activities, Ex-member, Life after gang, Focus group
Prisons provinciales : regards sur les pratiques professionnelles médicales à l’égard de la santé des détenus

This thesis examines the professional practices of prisons’ medical staff in order to provide an understanding of inmates’ medical care. Our qualitative approach includes 14 interviews with nurses and general practitioners working in six different provincial jails in Quebec. Our research illuminates how health professionals view their roles and tasks, as well as how they perceive their patients in custody. While our study highlights the autonomy and independence of the medical staff on a professional level, it also shows the constraints imposed by prisons as a work environment. We also analyze the fragmentation of their tasks – between care, psychological support and control – combined with the dichotomy of their representations of the inmates – between risk and protection. Moreover, our results lead us to establish parallels with the theoretical literature of risk management and new public health, with an emphasis on the concept of empowerment. We suggest that empowerment plays an important role in the medical practices in custody, despite the obstacles related to the prison environment and to the specifically therapeutic relationship, both of which can hinder the patient’s full emancipation. Lastly, we question whether the incarceration period can truly be a “privileged moment” for empowering inmates vis-à-vis their health, given the punitive character of the prison environment.

Keyphrases: Prison, Custody, Health care, Professional practices, Risk management, Public health, Representations
Crime organisé et construction : un duo indissociable?

In its definition, collusion is an uncompetitive practice where individuals cooperate for a specific goal, mainly for profit. Different methods have been documented in the construction industry such as rotation of contracts, fixing prices, or unbalanced payment slips. Collusion has often been associated with organised crime; however, this study will offer the idea that the market is not controlled by organised crime but rather an organising crime group. The construction industry would be influenced by a constant evolving and expanding organisation that can organise itself and other smaller groups. The analysis of the economic market in the industry sector, through the use of quantitative methods such as the classification analysis, permits this study to identify the influence of a particular group of recurring enterprises over the years. The interviews, done with actors of the industry, support the idea that the industry sector is controlled by organising crime and not organised crime. The qualitative analysis focuses on the motivational factors of these individuals in determining their participation in uncompetitive practices and their own comprehension of the emergence of collusion in the construction sector. The discussion identifies the different criminal opportunities and challenges that arise in construction and offers a correlation to the emergence of collusion. Specifically, these challenges are the problematic contributions to political parties, the rigging of cost estimates and payment slips by consulting firms, the impunity of authorities, the historicity of entrepreneurs, the ideology of the market and the problems linked to the use of bank guarantees. Lastly, solutions tailored to the reality of the construction industry and its risk factors are presented.

Keyphrases: Collusion, Construction, Criminologie, Organized crime, Organizing crime, Collusion, Construction, Criminology
Le contact des policiers avec les citoyens : les perceptions de jeunes hommes noirs de la ville de Montréal

Relations between the police and the citizens who are members of the cultural communities represent a challenge for the police department of the City of Montreal. Indeed, relations between the police and ethnic minorities have been at the center of debates and consultations for several decades. It is clear that even today tensions remain. Several studies have examined citizen perceptions of their police department, but few have studied in details perceptions of young Black men even though it has been shown that this group has the least favourable perceptions of the police and that they are more likely to have contact with the police. Perceptions can have a real influence on the response to police contact. Therefore, it appears important to understand the root of these perceptions. This paper aims to identify the formative elements of the perceptions of young black men living in Montreal between the ages of 18 to 25. To do this, the qualitative approach was used and semi-structured interviews were conducted. The analysis of the participant’s discourses reveals predominantly that personal interactions with the police build the perceptions and / or strengthen existing perceptions. In addition, during the interviews, the police officer’s approach is often mentioned by the young men showing that the first moments of the interaction are sufficient for the establishment of a positive or negative perception. It is also clear according to the collected data that indirect experiences have some impact in the development of perceptions especially when these were experienced by a relative or a friend. These indirect experiences are part of a context where the neighbourhood’s subculture and the young men’s cultural background tend to dictate what these young people need to think of the police organization. Therefore, the lack of understanding of the underlying issues that are building the perceptions of these young men by the police departments seems to be an obstacle to the establishment of effective and meaningful interventions for this population.

Keyphrases: Perceptions, Police, Young men, Black, Perceptions, Culture, Neighbourhood
Demi-vérités et vrais mensonges : une analyse des processus liés à la dissimulation dans les questionnaires informatisés

Many researchers and clinicians are skeptical towards the validity of self-reported assessment used within a forensic population (Gendreau, Irvine, & Knight, 1973), especially when used within a sexual offender population (Marshall & Hall, 1995). The sensitivity of the topics addressed as well as the transparency of the questions expose the evaluator to possible dissimulations or distortions in the subject responses (Tierney & McCabe, 2001). Responses of 282 sexual offenders who completed the Multidimensional Inventory of Development, Sex, and Aggression (MIDSA) were analyzed in order to understand the interaction between response time, social desirability scales and Rasch person-fit scores in order to account for response distortion. The convergence of latency times and social desirability scales seems to indicate that certain participants consciously manipulate their responses. Notably, participants detected by social desirability scales seem to respond more slowly to particular items. Other participants may answer in ways that are incoherent with the predicted responses according to the Rasch model. Hypotheses as to potential mechanisms underlying this process will be discussed.

Keyphrases: Social desirability, Denial, Sexual offenders, Self-report, Response time, Rasch model
Les femmes qui agressent sexuellement en compagnie de leur conjoint : trajectoire de vie et passage à l’acte

Although knowledge about female sexual offenders has become more extensive in recent years, our knowledge of co-offenders, who account for an important part of all female sexual offenders, is still sparse. The aim of the present study was to better understand the life course history of female sexual co-offenders and to develop a descriptive model of their offending process. Systematic qualitative analyses of 17 interviews with female sexual co-offenders incarcerated for sexual offenses in France were conducted. Results show that the majority of female sexual co-offenders had problematic life-course histories that include emotional, relational, financial and educational difficulties. Many of these difficulties emerged during childhood and grew more important as a result of abusive and negative experiences that set the stage for the co-offending relationships. The analysis of the co-offending process showed that the coercive basis for female sexual co-offending changes over time. Results also revealed the presence of three sub-groups of female co-offenders with different roles and motivations, indicating the need for differential assessment and intervention strategies with female co- offenders.

Keyphrases: co-offender, female sexual offender, life course histories, offense process
Personnalisation et adaptation d’environnement multimédia pédagogique :
le cas de ScienceEnJeu

The goal of this case study is to promote, customize and adapt the integration of a multimedia educational environment depending on the personality of the learner, his progression, his preferences and the context of application. The control of some of these options must be given to the teacher in order to follow the progress of his students, prescribe activities in the game and manage groups.  We participated in the development and evaluation of an application to aid the monitoring of activities and provide support to the players in a science learning environment available for free online named ScienceEnJeu. ScienceEnJeu is an environment where learners can explore different worlds and learn on numerous subjects such as mathematics, ecology, physics, genomics, etc. Our system uses a database that is based on conditions such as the users activities or progression in the game and offer the possibility of linking the above to the structure of concepts from the program of the Ministère de l’éducation, des loisirs et du sport (MELS).  An interface allows parents or teachers to see the progress of a student and/or a group in the environment according to the structure of the activities and/or concepts. Teachers can find an activity related to a particular concept and set it as a task for the group of students on a set schedule. A set of rules based on the personality of the learner in also integrated. These rules support strategies derived from different context specific parameters and the learning style preferences of the student. From these rules, different animated avatars are displayed with written messages to support the learning personality of the student and increase his motivation.

Keyphrases: interface adaptive, human-computer interaction, learning, adaptive interface, system consultant, personality, school
Visible-light-mediated synthesis of helicenes in batch and continuous flow systems

The present work describes the development of a visible-light-mediated method for the synthesis of helicenes. The conditions for the formation of [5]helicene were established in a batch process as a result of an extensive optimization of the photosensitizer, solvent, oxidant system and reaction time. Following preliminary mechanistic studies, an oxidative reaction mechanism was proposed. The optimized conditions were applied to the synthesis of [6]helicenes and the regioselectivity of the reaction was improved through substitution along the helicene backbone. Synthesis of thiohelicenes was also explored under the same conditions and although ineffective for the formation of benzodithiophenes and naphthothiophene, it did provide phenanthro[3,4-b]thiophene in a moderate yield. In an effort to extend the π-surface of the helical backbone, a pyrene moiety was fused to the [4]- and [5]helicene core. Three pyrene-helicene hybrid derivatives were synthesized under the visible-light-mediated cyclization conditions and their physical properties investigated.  The visible-light-mediated method for the formation of helicenes was also explored using the continuous flow method. An optimization of the reaction set up, the reaction medium as well as the light source was conducted with the [5]helicene model system. The optimal conditions were applied to the formation of various pyrene-helicene derivatives. In most cases the reaction yields were maintained or significantly improved when compared with the batch process. Also, the reaction concentration was conserved while the reaction time was decreased tenfold from the batch method to the continuous flow process.

Keyphrases: Flow Chemistry, Photochemistry
Assemblage moléculaire régi par la formation de bifluorènes : vers la formation de réseaux organiques covalents retenus par des liaisons carbone-carbone

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are ordered two-dimensional and three-dimensional frameworks assembled only from light atoms in the first and second rows of the periodic table. These frameworks have shown properties that make them potentially useful in the storage of molecular guests, in catalysis and in separation. COFs are typically obtained by a final condensation reaction, which makes their crystallization difficult and leads to materials that are inhomogeneous and impossible to characterize in detail.  The p-xylylenes of Thiele and Tschitschibabin are molecules that have attracted interest because of their structures and magnetic properties. Subsequently, Wittig demonstrated that replacing diphenylmethylene fragments in these structures by fluorenylidene units allowed their oligomerisation to form tetrameric structures. In our study, we have investigated the assembly of fluorenylidene derivatives to obtain COFs. First, a linear derivative similar to that obtained by Wittig was prepared to verify the feasibility of assembly from a spirobifluorenyl core. These compounds were found to oligomerise to form a tetramer, as expected as well as a hexamer. Both results have been rationalized by a study of the crystal structures by X-ray diffraction. The three-dimensional packing has also been analyzed. Subsequently, tetrahedral derivatives were synthesized to study the possibility of analogous assembly leading to COFs. A first derivative was found to remain in its quinoidal form rather than oligomerise and a second derivative resulted in a partially assembled dimer. The structure of the latter suggests that a linear polymer could be formed by a further reaction.

Keyphrases: Covalent organic framework, supramolecular assembly, bifluorene, X-ray diffraction, weak interactions
Dégradation chimique et biologique de neuf contaminants émergents dans les eaux de surfaces et les effluents primaires d’eaux usées municipales

A protocol inspired by the OECD 309 simulation test allowed us to measure the chemical (excluding photolysis) degradation in surface waters as well as the chemical and biological degradation potential of 9 emerging contaminants in urban primary settling tank (PST) effluents. The data confirmed that a pseudo first order kinetic model provided a good fit. The results suggest that chemical and biological degradation will not significantly contribute to the disappearance of atrazine, desethylatrazine, carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole in the aqueous phase of the tested systems given the reported persistency of more than a year in surface waters and 71 days in PST effluents. Other compounds were more easily degraded and 17ß-estradiol, ethinylestradiol, norethindrone, caffeine and sulfamethoxazole were all amenable to biological degradation in PST effluents, with measured degradation rate constants k and half-lives ranging respectively from 0.0082-0.59 d-1 and 1.2-85 days. Since PSTs in WWTPs generally have a water residence time of a few hours and considering the typical concentrations of such ECs’ in those compartments, it is unlikely that significant disappearance will occur during their passage through the PST.

Keyphrases: LDTD-APCI-MS/MS, Degradation, Biological degradation, Emerging contaminants, Water, Wastewater, Chemical degradation
Utilisation du motif imidazole en transport d'anions et en catalyse organométallique

The imidazole moiety is a 5-membered heterocyclic ring, containing 2 nitrogen atoms and 3 carbon atoms. It possesses interesting physico-chemical properties that make it an interesting choice for various uses. One of its most interesting properties is structural versatility, accessible by the simple alkylation of the two nitrogen atoms leading to the formation of an imidazolium salt. These salts are excellent N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursors and are frequently used to synthesize ligands used in organometallic catalysis. In addition, imidazolium salts possess anionophoric properties, allowing their use in anion transmembrane transport. The current work contains the results of research in these two fields: catalysis and anion transport. First, the properties of imidazole derivatives were used to synthesize a palladium-NHC catalyst that was used for the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling in neat water. The efficiency of this catalyst was demonstrated by using loading as low as 0,001 mol% to get quantitative yields. It is the first occurrence of a heterogeneous and recyclable process in neat water using a NHC-Pd catalyst without the need to use either a co-solvent or an additive. The recycling was demonstrated by performing 10 consecutive runs of the reaction, without observing any diminishing of the catalyst’s activity. Second, many imidazolium salts were tested as transmembrane chloride anion carriers. The intrinsic properties of these salts that make them potent anion transporters were elucidated. Specifically, small modifications to the structure of these salts turned out to allow better self-association by π-stacking interactions and to increase their activity. Similarly, changing the counter-anion of these salts affected their transport effectiveness. Moreover, the transport properties were studied and showed the formation of transmembrane channels that allow the diffusion of chloride anions, but also of protons and calcium ions. The interest of this research lies in the possible treatment of various pathologies that originate from faulty anion transport. In addition, the bactericidal properties of imidazolium salts were also identified and may prove useful in the future work.

Keyphrases: NHC, Suzuki-Miyaura, Liposome, Palladium, Couplage, Imidazolium salt, Carbene, Catalysis, Anion transport, Self-assembly, Coupling
Analyse documentaire en milieu universitaire : deux approches 
générales comparées

The topic of this dissertation is subject analysis in a university environment. Two major approaches are studied at first: subject analysis centered on the document (first chapter), historically predominant in librarianship, and subject analysis centered on the user (second chapter), mostly influenced by the development of Web 2.0 technologies. The opposition between those two approaches reflects a dichotomy which is at the very heart of the notion of subject, meaning the objective and subjective aspects of the subject. The outline of the dissertation has the distinct advantage of presenting well established practices in the field of librarianship as well as recent developments that do have an impact on subject analysis in a university environment. Our hypothesis is that both major tendencies must be highlighted to study the question of mapping the terminology (subject metadata) that comes from subject analysis with the terminology that users tend to favor while searching for documents. In the third chapter, we examine more closely particularities of the university environment in an effort to look at distinct possibilities and requirements for subject analysis in such an environment. Reinforced by elements taken from domain and facet analysis, the goal is to accentuate the potential interaction between users and indexers on a terminological level.

Keyphrases: Indexation, Classification, Subject analysis, Indexing, Classification, Controlled vocabulary, Folksonomy, University