Discours sur l'État de la nation : pensée d'État, esprit du capitalisme et nationalisme dans la construction de la Bolivie, 1880-1905

Opposing Bolivia and Peru to Chile, the War of the Pacific (1879-1884) stands in Bolivia’s national memory as a humiliating moment, a fracture in the country’s territorial integrity, a bitter defeat. If this defeat left a pungent taste in Bolivian patriot’s mouth, it also signified the effective transition (that would last for decades) from military to civilian government. In fact, while nineteenth century Bolivia is characterized by a slow political, economic and social development – which can be perceived as lagging behind in comparison to its closest neighbors – the War of the Pacific marks a turning point as the weak State starts to grow significantly stronger. We consider this bellicose context as a critical juncture in the development of the Bolivian State, and it represents the starting point from which our thesis commences.  Looking back at the quarter of century that begins with the War of the Pacific and that runs until the juridical aftermaths of the Federalist War (1898-1899), we first suggest that this period witnesses a strengthening of the State structured around a formal reinforcement of republican institutions (political parties, elections, etc.). This consolidation is especially evidenced by the development of a powerful pensée d’État expressed along the lines of a modern liberal capitalist democracy. Hence, the State emerging at the end of nineteenth century presents itself as a very restrictive republican democracy in which meshes an economy of capitalist nature – such harmonization becoming possible with the development of a “spirit of capitalism” among the Creole elite.  Secondly, we argue that this capitalist republican State allows the emergence of a Bolivian nationalism – mostly inexistent until then – supported by the Creole elite. This nationalism will serve, in return, as a legitimizing cultural tool for the State for which stabilizing and reinforcing the Creole elite’s power remains its chief function.  This history of State and national development is not however a history of the institutional evolution of the nation-State in the material sense of the word. It is rather a study of the development of the ideas that allow these institutions to emerge and to be imposed. It is, in other words, an intellectual history of political ideas inscribed in the social. Focusing on the political discourses (electoral speeches, pamphlets, manifestos, scientific literature, pleas, etc.) mobilized and deployed among the Creole elite during the nineteenth century’s last 25 years, it is not specifically the institutions that are studied but the mentalités that support them: pensée d’État, spirit of capitalism, nationalism.   Without denying the real and effective agency of the indigenous groups and communities regarding the political, cultural, economic and social transformations that have marked Bolivia’s history, the central idea that supports our thesis is that it is ultimately the State that dictates the country’s political, social and economic agenda. Our work aims to reposition the State as the main changing force in Bolivia at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Through its institutions, its monopoly of legitimate violence, and the pensée d’État that supports it, the State commands all of Bolivia’s society other forces that gravitates in its web of power to adopt a reactive or reactionary position. Despite resistances that lead it to change, despite oppositions that coerce it to bend, the State remains the first and last force for change at the end of nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth. This thesis intends to show how this remarkable and singular power apparatus came to life and evolved.

Keyphrases: État, Bolivia, State, Capitalism, Nationalism, Republic, Democracy, Patriotism, War of the Pacific, Federal War