Caractérisation des mesures d’exposition recueillies par l’agence fédérale américaine OSHA pour l’estimation des expositions professionnelles en Amérique du Nord

The Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) contains exposure measurements taken by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) inspectors to verify compliance with permissible exposure limits. Supplementary data containing analytical results of the field samples are available in the Chemical Exposure Health Database (CEHD). These databanks represent a major potential source of information on exposure conditions in North American workplaces. However, the degree to which they represent the actual distribution of the exposure levels found in the workplace is largely unknown.The objective of this thesis is to examine the extent to which exposure data collected by OSHA can be used for estimating occupational exposure in North America.  Analyses focused on 511 047 and 588 818 exposure measurements in IMIS and CEHD respectively, for the period 1979-2011. First, generalized additive models were used to explore associations between exposure levels in IMIS and ancillary variables reflecting characteristics of establishments and inspections for 77 chemical agents (90% of IMIS content). Second, modified Poisson regression was used to identify determinants of recording or not of CEHD samples in IMIS by linking both databanks for 78 agents. Finally, Classification And Regression Tree (CART) models were applied to predict which non-detected (ND) results stored in IMIS are 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) or short-term samples, based on common variables available in IMIS and CEHD databanks.  In the first analysis, statistical modelling showed that measurements collected under federal OSHA plans were more likely to have a sample result exceed the TLV compared to measurements collected under state OSHA plans (odds ratio (OR) of 1,22 across agents). An increase in the total amount of penalty assessed to a company was associated with higher odds of having a sample result exceed the TLV (OR of 1,54 across agents for « high » vs. « none »). Follow-up inspections were more likely to have a sample result exceed the TLV compared to planned inspections (OR of 1,61 across agents). In the second analysis, linkage between CEHD and IMIS showed a 38% overall proportion of CEHD samples recorded into IMIS. Non-detects (especially ND records corresponding to analytical panels – e.g. panel of metals) were less likely to be recorded in IMIS (relative risk ~0,6). Finally, CART models predicted more accurately which IMIS ND results were TWA or short-term samples compared to simple methods of assignment (e.g. assignment of the most frequent category from detected values) for the most relevant agents (i.e. with high proportions of ND, short-term, and TWA results).  Our findings showed the presence of several selection mechanisms in the process leading up to the recording of a sample in IMIS, which suggest systematic differences exist between OSHA measurements and actual occupational exposures in the general U.S. working population. These biases can be partially controlled by using ancillary information on exposure measurements together with predictive methods, thus helping to draw more accurate portraits of exposure levels from OSHA data.

Keyphrases: IMIS, CEHD, CART, Occupational exposure databanks, Statistical models of exposure, Meta-analysis, Measurement strategy, Exposure assessment, Industrial hygiene