L’axe SCD40L/NF-κB/Protéasome est un amorceur des fonctions plaquettaires

Platelets are the principal source of soluble CD40L (sCD40L), a thrombo-inflammatory molecule whose high levels in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients predict atherothrombotic events. We have previously demonstrated that sCD40L activates two signaling pathways in platelets, p38 MAPK and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), both of which were unaffected by the anti-platelet activity of aspirin (ASA). We have also shown that sCD40L, in response to suboptimal doses of platelet agonists like thrombin and collagen, potentiates platelet aggregation through CD40 receptor and its downstream effector target NF-κB. Indeed, NF-κB belongs to a family of cytoplasmic dimers that are inactivated by the inhibitor IκB and regulated by IκB kinase (IKK). Following immunological signals, IKK phosphorylates IκB, driving the degradation of its phosphorylated form (p-IκB) by the proteasome. Consequently, NF-κB becomes free to translocate to the nuclei of immune cells where it acts genomically to maintain survival and proliferation. That is the case in immune cells, but in platelets which are devoid of genome, the regulation and functions of NF-κB are less understood. Herein, we hypothesized that sCD40L/NF-κB/proteasome axis primes platelets, predisposing them to pronounced activation and aggregation. We thus aimed to (i) assess the interplay between NF-κB and proteasome in response to sCD40L and (ii) investigate the roles of this axis at the level of platelet functions.    For this purpose, platelets were freshly isolated from the blood of healthy human donors who are not on anti-platelet or anti-inflammatory medication and then stimulated with sCD40L. In monitoring the activation of NF-κB, western blot analysis showed that sCD40L induces the phosphorylation of IκB and the degradation of p-IκB during a 30-mins time window, in a similar fashion to the most potent platelet agonist thrombin. The pre-treatment of platelets with two classes of NF-κB inhibitors, an IKK repressor (BAY 11-7082) and a proteasome antagonist (MG132), showed that the activation of platelet NF-κB is regulated by IKK and the proteasome as in nucleated cells. The examination of the functional signaling events induced by sCD40L showed that NF-κB inhibition does not affect the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK or the proteasomal cleavage of shape change-involved Talin-1. In functional studies, NF-κB or proteasomal inhibition did not influence the aggregation of platelets induced by high doses of collagen or thrombin; however, it markedly reduced platelet aggregation primed with sCD40L followed by stimulation with sub-optimal doses of collagen or thrombin. We also found that sCD40L exacerbates the retraction of fibrin-platelet clots formed by low doses of thrombin. This priming effect was regulated by NF-κB/proteasome dyad.       In brief, sCD40L/NF-κB/proteasome axis primes platelets and functions non-genomically, inducing the potentiation of platelet aggregation and augmenting the retraction of fibrin-platelet clots. Hence, targeting this axis in platelets might have a therapeutic potential in CAD patients whose platelets are not or less responsive to conventional antiplatelet therapies.

Keyphrases: sCD40L, NF-κB, Platelets, Proteasome, Priming, Aggregation, Clot retraction