NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Les distances entre les attributs internes du visage humain

According to an influential view, based on studies of development and of the face inversion effect, human face recognition relies mainly on the treatment of the distances among internal facial features. However, there is surprisingly little evidence supporting this claim. Here, we first use a sample of 515 face photographs to estimate the face recognition information available in interattribute distances. We demonstrate that previous studies of interattribute distances generated faces that exaggerated 4 times this information compared to real-world faces. When interattribute distances are sampled from a real-world distribution, we show that human observers recognize faces poorly across a broad range of viewing distances (with a maximum accuracy of 65%).  In contrast, recognition performance is restored when observers only use facial cues of real-world faces other than interattribute distances.  We conclude that facial cues other than interattribute distances such as attribute shapes and skin properties are the dominant information of face recognition mechanisms.

Keyphrases: information configurale, relations de second-ordre, Facial recognition, interattribute distances, relational information, second-order relations, holistic processing
La métrique de la juste peine : une analyse des décisions de justice prises par les acteurs judiciaires et le public

This thesis neglects the analysis of external influences, such as biases and errors, which may interfere in court judgments and propose that when facing a normative dilemma (What is the just decision?), individuals are driven by a concern for justice. This concern has not been properly scrutinized. When studying legal decisions, we note that a large proportion of all judgments and evaluations made by interviewed citizens and judicial actors are coherent and moderated, which demonstrates a concern for justice and equity. The results of the thesis are based on a sentencing survey conducted among citizens (n=297) and criminal justice professionals (n=235) who had to adjudicate upon three detailed case studies and specific sentencing questions. The thesis examines the process of determining the just sanction and is concerned with three types of judgments.    The first chapter explores the quality of different penal severity scales that can be used to punish a criminal convicted of a crime. Results indicate that citizens, as well as criminal justice professionals, have different ways of conceptualizing penal severity, and that some of these views are more coherent and more reasonable than others. This chapter shows that one way of assessing penal metrics quality is to look at the exchange rates among qualitatively different sanctions (months of prison, years of probation, hours of community work and dollar amount of fines).    The second chapter examines the sentencing choices. Two important judicial criteria are used to distinguish just sentences from unjust ones: 1) proportionality or internal consistency (are sentences always given in accordance to crime seriousness?); and 2) moderation or external consistency (is the sentence able to merge opposite points of views?).  Both criteria are important in reducing a portion of uncertainty that is intrinsic to the sentencing dilemma. Indeed the search for the just punishment and strategies for uncertainty reduction are intimately connected.   The third chapter takes into account the fact that sentences are not fully determined at the judicial level. This is especially the case for prison sentences since conditional release mechanisms drastically shorten the time actually spent behind bars. We attempt to understand the differential propensity among judges, crown and defense attorneys and probation officers to anticipate the likely impact of conditional release in determining the presumptive duration of the court sentence. Some court players will incorporate parole outcomes in determining their prison sentence while others refuse to do so. The chapter examines the reasons why they do so and also identifies under what conditions anticipation of parole outcomes are more likely

Keyphrases: Sentencing, Penal metric, Conditional release, Proportionality, Moderation, Fairness
Macrobius, the classical paideia, and table etiquette c. 420 CE : a commentary on the Saturnalia 7.1-3

This thesis deals with the Saturnalia of Macrobius, the 5th century senior civil servant and Latin encyclopedist. Despite the scholarly consensus that the Saturnalia is virtually exclusively dependent on a small number of sources, usually copied verbatim, it has long been recognized  that Macrobius independently alters at least one of these sources, the Quaestiones Convivales of Plutarch, in his seventh Book. This thesis demonstrates that Macrobius was familiar enough with the text of Plutarch, as with the texts of several other minor Latin and Greek sources with which he supplements him, in order to use him to articulate original concepts important to the Saturnalia as a whole; the work cannot, therefore be cited as evidence for the cultural decadence of the later Roman Empire. This thesis provides a translation and commentary of chapters 7.1-3 of the Saturnalia, explaining their relation to Quaest. conv. 1.1 and 2.1 of Plutarch and the original readings and structure of Macrobius, in order to determine his method of composition and his expectations of his Late Antique reader. The commentary is preceded by an introduction of the author, the work, and the seventh Book.

Keyphrases: Latin, Latin, Late Antiquity, Education, Pagan Revival, History of Ideas
À la convergence des savoirs : la transmission des connaissances entre des Atikamekw et des archéologues

This thesis concerns the relation between archaeologists and the Atikamekw from the Wemotaci community, located in the Haute Mauricie region. This relation will be studied from the perspective of knowledge transmission. Archaeologists and Native Americans each possess a distinct knowledge and it is the dynamic nature of the encounter between these two knowledge systems that will be discussed here. Different viewpoints on many themes, such as the way the past, territory or the objet are perceived do not, however, impede a mutual recognition between the archaeologists and the Atikamekw. Indeed, each group gains and incorporates the knowledge of the other according to their preoccupations and needs. This transmission of knowledge is not limited to that between archaeologist and Atikamekw; it also occurs between the different Atikamekw generations. Within the history of colonization, education and settlement in sedentary communities, Atikamekw knowledge is changing. Thus, archaeology can become a way to promote Indigenous knowledge by favouring an intergenerational encounter on an archaeological field project. Finally, within a context where First Nations want to become more involved in their cultural heritage, archaeology can also be a means of cultural reappropration.

Keyphrases: Atikamekw, transmission, Indigenous knowledge, archaeology, Atikamekw, knowledge transmission, knowledge systems, cultural heritage
De l'organisation au déroulement d'événements rave à Montréal : étude des mécanismes de régulation sociale

Raves are festive events dedicated to dance and techno music, different from other places of gathering such as bars and discotheques by the fact that they take place in all night venues converted for the occasion and where there is generally no sale of alcohol.  Synthetic drug consumption such as ecstasy and speed is largely widespread in these events. The existence of these gatherings poses a series of problems from the point of view of the police authorities, such as the presence of drug dealers as well as the safety of the venue where the raves are held.   In the particular context of these events, social control practices are subjected to a certain number of ambiguities. The general goal of this study is to allow an understanding of the way the rules, that constitute the framework of this type of gathering, are determined and applied.  Three specific objectives pursued in this study are 1) to understand how authorities tried to control these types of events in Montreal, 2) to understand how the various actors responsible for the organization of these events establish a series of rules, formal and informal, and negotiate their application within the framework of their practice, and 3) to understand how these actors identify certain situations as problematic and eventually react to them. The main data collection method consisted in carrying out semi-directed interviews with rave Producers, Security Agents, Police Officer, Fire Marshal, Artists of the rave scene and other parties involved. Participating observation in actual events was a complementary method.   This study demonstrates how the police service faced a legal void regarding rave events and how the regulatory framework was rather introduced by the fire department. The authorities also tried to control the rave phenomenon by modifying certain regulations, such as those applicable to alcohol licence. The study also demonstrates how and why key stakeholders negotiate the rules in the course of action in this particular context where the frontier between the licit and the illicit is woolly.

Keyphrases: Rave, Techno, Ecstasy, Police, Subculture, Deviance, Drug, Social regulation, Security, Harm reduction
Consommation de substances psychotropes et violence chez les jeunes décrocheurs canadiens : analyse des liens distaux (capital social, familial, délinquant et individuel)

This paper explores the links between different types of capital (social, familial, criminal and individual) and some deviant acts, consumption of psychotropic drugs and violent criminal involvement among Canadian school drop-outs. In first place, the prevalence and habits of alcohol and drug consumption of this population alienated from the education system will be established. Moreover, this study concerns violence involvement of school drop-outs. More specifically, in determining the frequency of aggressive events and types of violence perpetrated by these young people, and to examine the relationships between the use of psychotropic substances and the commission of violent acts. Then, there is the impact of various capitals (social, familial, criminal and individual) on the consumption of psychoactive substances and violent criminal involvement of school drop-outs. In a more clinical perspective, the last goal will be to identify different types of school drop-outs. This analysis is based on a sample of 339 young school leavers in Montreal and Toronto. The information collected in relation to the use of psychotropic substances and the commission of violent acts involve the twelve months preceding the award of the questionnaire. Briefly, the prevalence of consumption of drop-outs is more important than the student population; their use is even more disturbing as well as the self-assessment of their dependency. The results also show a significant violent criminal involvement, especially among boys and consumers of psychotropic substances. Moreover, the criminal capital appears to have a major impact on the use of alcohol and drugs as well as the manifestations of violence perpetrated by drop-outs. Finally, three types of school dropouts have been identified: the invisible, the detached and the rebels.

Keyphrases: Alcohol consumption, Drug use, Violence, Violence, School leavers, Capital (social, familial, criminal and individual)
Effets de l’alcoolisme fœtal sur le développement du corps genouillé latéral du singe

An alcohol exposition during the gestation is recognized as the leading causes of preventable developmental disorders. A heavy exposure to ethanol can lead to a litany of symptoms ranging from cranio-facial dysmorphology and mental retardation to developmental learning and behavioural disorders. The visual system development is also the target for a high percentage of children exposed prenatally to alcohol. When the concentrations are relatively high, the visual system can show signs of increased tortuosity of the retina vessels, myopia, hyperopia, strabismus and hypoplasia of the optic nerve. Few studies have examined the effects of a moderate exposure to alcohol on the development of the primate visual system. The monkey is an excellent model to study the visual system because this model owns a lot of similarities with human at the developmental and structural levels. Moreover, the monkey used for this study, Chlrocebus sabeus, naturally and voluntarily consumes alcohol. One study (Clarren et al., 1990) suggested that a low dose exposure of alcohol induce a diminution of neurons in the ganglion retinal cell population. But, no information is given about the numbers and the cell population of neurons. We hypothesized that the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) should show a decrease in the number of neurons after moderate prenatal exposure to alcohol. The LGN is a key region because it is situated between the region that receives visual information, the retina, and the first visual region that analyzes the visual information, the primary visual cortex (V1). We utilized a stereological method to study the effects of moderate doses of alcohol on the neuronal population of the LGN in the non-human primate. In opposition to our hypothesis, we have not observed any diminution in the number of neurons or the volume of the LGN. However, we have found a diminution in the neuronal volume of only the magnocellular (M) region. These results suggest that the visual system is affected by a low dose of alcohol that should translate into deficits in the functions of the M pathway.

Keyphrases: Vision, FAS, FASD, LGN, Vision, FAS, FASD, Development, Stereology, Monkey
L’institutionnalisation de la migration masculine chez les Mossi : une étude d’un changement socioculturel au Burkina Faso

For the past hundred years, the Mossi of Burkina Faso have evolved with labor migration. Between the force labor of the colonial era and the current migratory currents, labor migration has become a veritable institution for the Mossi. It has imposed itself as the de-facto solution to the cultural disruption of a market economy, the degradation of their environment and their internal tensions. An entire system of norms has evolved from this phenomenon and continues to encourage and perpetuate this behavior. This integration into their lifestyle has had the side effect of diminishing the gerontocracy and patriarchal nature of their society, resulting in instability with their traditional social organization. Based on the anthropological method of social change, this dissertation proposes a local and diachronic study of the transformations caused by the labor migration process. It explains how the migration has institutionalized itself, what the consequences are on the power structure and what innovations; resistances and cultural mediations have been created. As such, the labor migrations that were intended to be the response to the Mossi society’s social and economic crisis have become, through its institutionalization, the prime cause of this very crisis.

Keyphrases: Institution, Mossi, Burkina Faso, Institution, Labor migration, Mossi, social change, cultural mediation, power relationship
Variations colorées d’une pratique mondialisée : l’appropriation culturelle du graffiti hip-hop à Montréal et à São Paulo

I propose to examine the local appropriation of hip-hop graffiti, a transnational youth expression, that originated in the East-Coast of the United States, through a micro and a macro perspective applied to a multi-site ethnography of hip-hop graffiti in two cities of the Americas, Montreal (Canada) and São Paulo (Brazil), among, respectively, French and Portuguese speaking graffiti artists.  The micro level analysis will focus on the creative process by which graffiti artists combine imitation and transformation; and the macro perspective will bring into relief the complex ensemble of dimensions which influences the appropriation process in a given locality. Based on this double-leveled analysis, I shall 1) describe the similarities and differences between the hip-hop graffiti scene in Montreal and São Paulo; 2) identify key elements of the process of cultural appropriation; and 3) reexamine the notion that globalization results in cultural homogenization.

Keyphrases: Canada, Anthropology, Ethnology, Globalization, Homogenization, Americanization, Graffiti artist, Graffer, Quebec, Canada, Brazil
Les quais de l'estuaire du Saint-Laurent, 1870-1930 : une étude en archéologie historique

In the St. Lawrence estuary, there are many ancient wharves whose mutual resemblance of their remains suggests they are contemporaneous. The remains of the “government wharves” relate an important conjecture (1870-1930) formed by the integration of the coastal localities in an interregional economic network. The wharf, formerly an interface between the rural land and the estuarial cabotage, presents an opportunity for the archaeologist to recognize the architectural character of the conception and the realization of the wharves. The examination of their frame construction allows us to distinguish the architectural character of the government wharves among the techniques already employed in the estuary in the 19th century.

Keyphrases: Maritime, St-Laurent, Nautical, Archaeology, Wharves
Influences des structures familiales sur les connaissances et comportements de prévention du VIH/SIDA chez les adolescents et les jeunes au Cameroun

In spite of numerous reproductive health interventions in sub-Saharan Africa, the trilogy “STDs/HIV/AIDS - Unwanted pregnancies - Abortion” remains at the highest rates compared with other regions of the world. In fact, youth-oriented reproductive health programmes did not work adequately in sub-Saharan Africa, as regards changes in risky sexual behaviors. These interventions have often focused on individuals, and have neglected socio-cultural environments in which sexual behaviors are shaped. One of the most influential contexts is the family in which young people are born, grow up, learn and internalize norms and values about socially acceptable behaviors and sexual conduct.  In order to fill this gap, this research aims to address the centrality of family structure in reproductive health debate in sub-Saharan Africa where little is known about its potential influences on sexual behaviors. Three issues are of interest in this thesis. Firstly, the study examines the interplay of family structure and premarital sexual intercourse. Secondly, it addresses the role of family structures in shaping accurate and inaccurate HIV/AIDS knowledge of transmission routes and preventive strategies. Thirdly, using the resilience theory, the study aims to determine the strengths within families “at-risk” that can prevent young people from engaging in risky sexual behaviors.  The research substantiates that living in two-parent families, higher levels of parent/guardian monitoring, and good parent/guardian-youth relationships are associated with lower rates of premarital sexual intercourse. By contrast, polygamous families, parent/guardian-youth communication about sexuality, higher household socioeconomic status, change in family structure, and orphanhood were significantly associated with higher rates of premarital sexual intercourse.  The study also finds that family structure as well as family/peer communication about sexuality is key explanatory variable on which HIV education and prevention efforts should be directed at. A more direct effect of family structure must be addressed in future research, using direct measures of parent/guardian’s HIV knowledge.  Finally, using the resilience theory, this thesis finds that good parent/guardian-youth relationships are associated with lower rates of risky sexual behaviors, captured by the co-occurrence of multi-partnership and condom non-use in the last 12 months preceding the surveys, irrespective of the type of family. Parental monitoring showed a protective effect only in two-parent families. This finding suggests that when young people are sexually experienced, parental monitoring becomes less efficient than when they are not. HIV interventions must put emphasis on these factors that help to reduce risky sexual behaviors among young people even among those living in the so-called “at-risk” families.

Keyphrases: Family Structure, Socialization, Social Control, Family Changes, Resilience, Premarital Intercourse, Accuracy of HIV/AIDS knowledge
Les relations entre catholiques et hindous chez les Tamouls sri lankais 
à Montréal et la notion de syncrétisme :
l’exemple des pèlerinages et de la dévotion mariale

In this study, the author discusses relations between Catholics and Hindus among Sri Lankan Tamils living in Montreal. By doing this, the author puts forward the prospects of Tamil Catholics through Catholic pilgrimages and Marian devotion. Thus, relations between Catholics and Hindus appear to be codified by social and cultural standards. Also, religious interactions seem to be transformed partly by migration and by the host society. In this context, « syncretism » becomes a secondary concept that is primarily studied in relations with Tamil social standards. Finally, through pilgrimages and Marian devotion, the author argues that Tamil Catholics maintain contradictory relations with Hindus.

Keyphrases: relation sociale, Anthropology, Sri Lankan Tamils, Catholicism, Hinduism, Syncretism, Social relations
La réponse au Farnésol de Candida albicans : production de biofilms et Parenté génétique

The opportunistic dimorphic yeast Candida albicans is frequently associated with mucosal infections in humans. It can colonize both oral and vaginal mucous membranes. One of its virulence factors is the capacity to form or participate in biofilms formation. Biofilms are a community of bacteria embedded in a matrix of exopolysaccharide and provide protection against environmental stress and antibiotics. The dimorphic characteristic of this yeast is involved in biofilm formation and is controlled in part by the quorum sensing system. Recently, it has been shown that farnesol, a quorum sensing molecule, can control the formation of biofilms through the inhibition formation of hyphae. However, we have shown that some oral and vaginal strains can still form biofilms under the influence of exogenous farnesol and these strains were named Non-Responders (NR). We hypothesized that: 1) The proportion of Non-Responders is similar between oral and vaginal strains; 2) biofilm formation differs between strains but Non-Responders produce more of it; 3) The technique of RAPD-PCR will allow us to group strains according to their origin, biofilm formation and response to farnesol. The discovery of a NR vaginal strain leads us to believe that the proportion of NR is similar between oral and vaginal strains. The NR strains seem to produce 30 % more biofilm than Responders in media without exogenous farnesol. This percentage increased to 70 % when exogenous farnesol was added to the media. The RAPD technique did not allow us to group strains according to their proposed characteristic. In conclusion, oral strains seem to produce more biofilm than vaginal strains. The NR’s are less affected by farnesol and may cause persistent biofilms. The primers used for RAPD technique were not effective to discriminate C. albicans strains according to origin, capacity to form biofilms and farnesol responding.  Key words: Candida albicans, biofilm, quorum sensing, farnesol, Non-Responders

Keyphrases: Biofilms, Candida albicans, Non-repondeur, Farnesol, Non-responders