Les R-loops et leurs conséquences sur l'expression génique chez Escherichia coli

Important fluctuations of DNA supercoiling occur during transcription in the frame of the “twin supercoiled domain” model. In this model, transcription elongation generates negative and positive supercoiling respectively, upstream and downstream of the moving RNA polymerase. The major role of bacterial topoisomerase I is to prevent the accumulation of transcription-induced negative supercoiling. In its absence, the accumulation of negative supercoiling triggers R-loop formation which inhibits bacterial growth. R-loops are DNA/RNA hybrids formed during transcription when the nascent RNA hybridizes with the template strand thus, leaving the non-template strand single stranded. In cells lacking DNA topoisomerase I, a constant and selective pressure for the acquisition of compensatory mutations in gyrase genes reduces the negative supercoiling level of the chromosome and allows growth. One of these mutations is a thermosensitive gyrase expressed at 37 °C. The overexpression of RNase HI, an enzyme that degrades the RNA moiety of an R-loop, is also able to correct growth inhibition in absence of topoisomerase I. In the presence of topoisomerase I, R-loops can also form when RNase HI is lacking. In these mutants, R-loop formation induces SOS and constitutive stable DNA replication (cSDR).  In our study, we show how R-loops formed in cells lacking topoisomerase I or RNase HI can affect bacterial growth. When topoisomerase I is inactivated, the accumulation of hypernegative supercoiling inhibits growth by causing extensive R-loop formation which, in turn, can lead to RNA degradation. As a result of RNA degradation, the accumulation of truncated and functional mRNA instead of full length ones, is responsible for protein synthesis inhibition that alters bacterial growth. The mechanism by which RNA is degraded is not completely clear but our results strongly suggest that RNase HI is involved in this process. More importantly, the major endoribonuclease, RNase E, is not involved in RNA degradation because RNA is degraded before its action. We show also that there is a perfect correlation between RNase HI concentration, the accumulation of hypernegative supercoiling and bacterial growth inhibition. When RNase HI is in excess, no accumulation of hypernegative supercoiling and growth inhibition are observed. The opposite is true when RNase HI is at its wild type level. By preventing the accumulation of hypernegative supercoiling, the overproduction of RNase HI inhibits extensive R-loop formation and RNA degradation, thus, allowing growth.   In absence of RNase HI (rnhA) and in presence of topoisomerase I, R-loops are also responsible for an inhibition in gene expression, including stress genes such as rpoH and grpE. The inhibition of gene expression is not related to RNA degradation as seen in absence of topoisomerase I but it is rather related to a reduction in gene expression. In absence of RNase HI, the diminution of genes expression is responsible for a reduction in the cellular level of proteins, which negatively affects bacterial growth and bacterial survival to heat shock and oxydative stress. Additional mutations in RecA, the protein that activates SOS and cSDR after R-loop formation in rnhA, do not correct this phenotype in rnhA. Thus, SOS and cSDR are not directly involved in the inhibition of gene expression in the absence of RNase HI.  In absence of topoisomerase I, growth inhibition resumes when hypernegative supercoiling is reduced. When compared to wild type strains, DNA is very relaxed in absence of RNase HI and topoisomerase I. It seems that R-loop formation induces the relaxation of negatively supercoiled DNA. All this strongly supports the idea that negative supercoiling plays an important role in R-loop formation. Finally, our work shows how essential negative supercoiling regulation is for cell physiology. By preventing R-loop formation, regulation of negative supercoiling allows optimal gene expression, which is crucial for cellular growth and for stress survival. Both topoisomerase I and RNase HI play an important and complementary role in this process.

Keyphrases: DNA supercoiling, Hypernegative supercoiling, Bacterial topoisomerase I, Transcription, Transcription, R-loop, R-loop, RNase HI, RNase HI, Gene expression