Gestion de diabète insulino-traité et hypoglycémie : rôle de la technologie et révision des recommandations de traitement

Living with diabetes, a chronic disease, has multiple implications for a person and their loved ones. These implications are major in the case of insulin-treated diabetes such as type 1 diabetes (T1D) and advanced type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although optimal glycemic control is essential to prevent and slow chronic microvascular complications, achieving such a goal through intensive insulin therapy has the drawback of increased risks of hypoglycemia. Technological advances: insulin pumps, continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMS) and coupling of these devices with an algorithm in artificial pancreas (AP) systems, mono-hormonal (insulin) or bi-hormonal (with glucagon), can make diabetes treatment simpler (automation), more effective (less hyperglycemia) and safer (less hypoglycemia). However, these technologies bring up new challenges that we have explored through the projects of this thesis: 1) We have examined the use of technology in diabetes management from the perspective of current users for insulin pumps and potential future users for AP systems. Our online surveys highlighted the enthusiasm of patients for technology adoption and the positive perception they hold about its role in glycemic management; nevertheless, several technical problems have been reported with insulin pumps (hence the need to improve the identification of adverse events) and a preference to ignore AP recommendations if necessary. 2) We have tested for the first time the mono-hormonal AP system developed in Montreal for patients living with insulin-treated T2D and demonstrated its applicability for this population with improved glucose management in comparison to conventional treatments opening the door to larger studies in real life settings. 3) Three strategies in AP were also tested for the first time to improve glucose management during exercise practiced in the postprandial period (a situation of hyperinsulinemia and rapid changes in blood sugar). We compared: a) glycemic control based exclusively on CGMS data, b) a pre-meal announcement of exercise to the algorithm that increases target glucose levels, and c) a combination of exercise announcement with meal bolus reduction. The last strategy offered the most practical approach to avoid hypoglycemia during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise of one hour duration that is practiced 90 minutes post-meal. 4) The bi-hormonal AP system is advantageous for the reduction of hypoglycemia but the current commercial glucagon formulation (lyophilized powder) is not stable in liquid form and is only approved for immediate use post reconstitution in an acid solution. We have however demonstrated its stability for 24 hours in the context of AP use (mini-boluses through pumps), which makes it possible to conduct studies to explore the benefit of bi-hormonal AP until new stable formulations are approved. 5) We have also explored the question of the safety of this new use of glucagon in mini-bolus and in chronic way. We have proposed a list of parameters to be monitored in prolonged bi-hormonal AP studies given the pleiotropic effect of glucagon on the majority of organs. 6) We have demonstrated that during AP control (mono-or bi-hormonal), residual non-severe hypoglycaemic episodes remain difficult to treat with a resolution of only 17% of these episodes 15 min after ingestion of the recommended 15 grams of carbohydrates (CHO). 7) We have finally investigated whether non-severe hypoglycaemia treatment with oral CHO could be modulated according to the hypoglycemia threshold reached and the initial amount of CHO consumed. We have thus tested 16 g CHO (recommended by guidelines) versus 32 g CHO (closer to patients’ practices) at two hypoglycemia thresholds (3.0- 3.5 mmol/L and  3.0 mmol/L). Our results confirm the difficulty of treating these episodes (slow correction and frequent need for a second treatment) regardless of the treatment threshold and/or initial CHO dose consumed. Therefore, we have demonstrated the advantages and limits of technology in insulin-treated diabetes including AP systems, by revealing the preferences of patients for technology use, the usefulness of AP in insulin treated T2D, the need of pre-meal announcement to the algorithm during postprandial exercise, the stability of commercial glucagon formulation and the clinical parameters to be monitored in long-term trials. This thesis finally showed the compromised efficacy of non-severe hypoglycaemia treatment with recommended oral CHO even in the context of AP.

Keyphrases: Technologie, Glucagon, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, Insulin therapy, Hypoglycemia, Technology, Artificial pancreas, Carbohydrates