NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Analyse comparative pour comprendre la résistance des jonctions neuromusculaires des muscles extraoculaires dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a motor neuron (MNs) disease characterized by the precocious loss of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and muscular paralysis. The denervation of NMJs at striated muscles is an early event that occurs before the loss of spinal cord MNs. Recent data revealed an alteration of synaptic transmission, morphological instability and inappropriate repair in NMJs of SOD1 mice model prior to motor symptoms. Interestingly, these mechanisms are known to be regulated by Perisynaptic Schwann cells (PSCs), glial cells at NMJs, suggesting that the alteration of PSC functions may contribute to NMJ vulnerability. While numerous studies demonstrated a motor unit type-dependent susceptibility to denervation, the extraocular muscles (EOM) innervation shows a prominent resistance to disease progression. We hypothesized that PSCs functions and intrinsic properties at extraocular NMJs contribute to the resistance of the disease progression.  NMJ morphological analysis by immunostaining and confocal imaging, functional properties of PSCs by calcium imaging and a differential proteomic analysis using Tandem Mass Tags coupled to quantitative mass spectrometry was performed between the resistant EOM and the vulnerable, soleus (SOL) or Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles in SOD1G37R mice. Fewer denervated NMJs and no alteration of NMJ integrity was observed in the EOM in comparison to the EDL. Sensitivity of EOM PSC to local application of ATP and muscarine are not altered in the EOM SOD1G37R in comparison to WT suggesting an adequate decoding of synaptic activity of PSC. Proteomics analysis between EDL and EOM at symptomatic stage demonstrates distinct cellular pathway. In the EDL, at symptomatic stage, catabolism and proteasome cellular pathways are upregulated reflecting the undergoing denervation processes observed. In the EOM, overall lower expression of SOD1, up-regulation of oxidoreduction process, of mechanism against protein unfolding, of neurofilament and distinct expression of enzymes regulating neurotransmitter homeostasis is observed in the resistant NMJ.  Understanding PSC functions and investigating the distinctive protein expression profile between vulnerable and resistant NMJs during disease progression will help provide insights into the denervation mechanisms involved and help identify potential proteins that could favor NMJ repair and integrity. Also, this study may lead to the identification of muscle biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets moving toward curative perspectives.

Keyphrases: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Neuromuscular junction, Perisynaptic Schwann cell, Extraocular muscles
Effet du traitement par pression positive continue sur les changements de flot sanguin cérébral dans l’apnée obstructive du sommeil

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an important health problem, affecting up to 38% of the general population and increasing in prevalence with age. OSA causes blood flow changes leading to vascular and neuronal damage. Indeed, decreases in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) have been observed in OSA. The treatment of OSA is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). CPAP treatment has been associated with increases in rCBF. However, studies evaluating rCBF in OSA were predominantly composed of middle-aged people. Therefore, we don’t know if these results could be generalized to the aging population. Thus, this master's project aims to determine whether an 18-month CPAP treatment for apneic individuals older than 55 years normalizes the rCBF measured in single-photon emission computed tomography. In addition, this project aims to investigate the longitudinal effects of untreated OSA relative to a control group. We hypothesized that treated subjects will have rCBF increases in previously hypoperfused regions while individuals with untreated OSA will have decreased rCBF over time in OSA-sensible regions. We evaluated 12 control participants and 23 newly diagnosed participants with OSA. The latter were referred to an OSA clinic and 13 of them followed a CPAP treatment. For the analysis of single photon emission imaging, we used a voxel-based method and an extraction method to measure changes over time in each of the groups. We observed an increased rCBF in the treated group in the left inferior temporal gyrus. In addition, we observed decreased rCBF in the untreated group in the left hippocampus, the right parahippocampal gyrus, and left superior temporal pole. No change was observed in the control group. The decreased rCBF seen in the untreated group could be caused by the consequences of OSA, including a combination of decreased blood vessels caliber and cell loss. By eliminating these pathological mechanisms, CPAP treatment would allow revascularization and cell proliferation. Since brain regions affected by OSA in this project are associated with cognitive decline, further studies are needed to clarify the link between OSA, its treatment, and dementia.

Keyphrases: Neuroimagerie, Obstructive sleep apnea, Continous positive airway pressure, Aging, Neuroimaging, Regional cerebral blood flow, Single-photon emission computed tomography
Insulin-induced retinal ganglion cell dendrite regeneration : characterization and identification of novel molecular mechanisms

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. High intraocular pressure (IOP) is the most important risk factor to develop the disease. The retraction of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dendrites is one of the earliest pathological changes leading to substantial functional deficits. We recently demonstrated that insulin, administered after arbor retraction, promoted remarkable RGC dendrite and synapse regeneration. Here, we asked the following questions: 1) is insulin effective at promoting RGC dendrite regeneration in experimental glaucoma? 2) is reduction of IOP sufficient to promote dendrite regeneration in the absence of exogenous insulin? 3) what are the signaling components downstream of insulin that stimulate RGC dendrite regeneration in glaucoma? Thy1-YFP mice, which allow visualization of RGC dendritic arbors, received an intracameral injection of magnetic microbeads to induce ocular hypertension. RGC dendrites were imaged by confocal microscopy and arbors were 3D reconstructed. Total RGC dendritic length and complexity increased in glaucomatous eyes treated with insulin to values similar to those found in intact non-injured controls, but not in eyes treated with brinzolamide, to lower IOP, or vehicle. RGCs were isolated by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) from insulin- or vehicle-treated glaucomatous retinas as well as shamoperated controls, followed by RNA sequencing analysis (RNA-seq). Our data show a global decrease in transcriptional efficiency in glaucomatous retinas. In addition, we identified a number of key regulatory pathways potentially implicated in insulin-induced RGC dendrite regeneration including: the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, DNA repair, and myc-targets. These data allow us to draw the following conclusions: 1) insulin promotes robust RGC dendrite regeneration in glaucoma, 2) IOP reduction alone is not sufficient to promote dendritic regrowth, and 3) multiple molecular pathways are activated during insulin-mediated regeneration. These findings support a critical role for insulin administration to restore RGC dendritic structure, and identify differential gene expression that might reveal novel therapeutic targets for glaucoma.

Keyphrases: Dendrites, Glaucoma, Insulin, RGCs, Dendrites, Regeneration
Caractérisation des approches de stimulation tactile suite à une lésion nerveuse périphérique avec allodynie à la main : une étude de cas et une revue systématique

Context: Peripheral nerve lesions can lead to mechanical allodynia (MA), that is a neuropathic pain provoked by touch. MA can limit patients’ activities and life habits. Tactile stimulations are promising approaches to treat MA. However, to our knowledge, there is no study that has investigated how such approaches can be integrated into a multimodal rehabilitation program. In addition, there is no synthesis of current knowledge on the tactile stimulation approaches for treating MA.  Objectives: 1- To describe the integration of a tactile stimulation approach in a multimodal rehabilitation program; 2- To identify existing tactile stimulation approaches and to assess evidences of the use of these approaches to MA in the hand following a peripheral nerve lesion.  Method: 1- Case report. 2- Systematic review on tactile stimulation approaches.  Results: The case report shows an abolition of MA and an improvement of incapacities in a patient with a complex regional pain syndrome who participated in a multimodal rehabilitation program including a tactile stimulation approach. The systematic review identified two tactile stimulation approaches (desensitization and somatosensory rehabilitation of pain). Those approaches do not differ in their level of evidence in the treatment of MA following a peripheral nerve lesion.  Conclusion: The two approaches can be used by clinicians to treat MA. The choice of these approaches should be based on clinical reasoning and patients’ characteristics.

Keyphrases: Omatosensory rehabilitation, Desensitization, Allodynia, Hand therapy, Sensibility, Pain, Neuropathic pain, Nerve lesion
La détermination d’un seuil moteur pour la stimulation vestibulaire galvanique (GVS) basé sur l’évaluation de l’accélération de la tête

INTRODUCTION: Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) is used to assess the integrity of the vestibular system and to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of balance. However, the GVS-induced responses show great inter-individual variability, which makes it difficult to understand the contribution of the vestibular system in maintaining balance. OBJECTIVE: To develop a protocol identifying an objective vestibular threshold for GVS in order to limit this variability observed on GVS-induced responses. METHODS: Eighteen healthy right-handed subjects stood on a force platform, eyes closed, head forward. The head acceleration was recorded when the GVS (duration: 200 ms) was applied at intensities varying between 1 and 4.5mA. Recruitment curves were reconstructed to determine the objective threshold (T). Then, the participants were stimulated at different intensities relative to threshold (0.5T; 0.75T; 1T and 1.5T). The 95% confidence ellipse area, the velocity of the center of pressure (CoP) displacement and the electromyographic activity of the soleus muscle (SOL) were measured. RESULTS: 1) An objective threshold was determined for each subject based on the acceleration of the head. 2) The area of the ellipse, during stimulation, correlated with the stimulation intensity (r = 0.95; p = 0.03). 3) The amplitude of the 1st peak of the three-phase CoP velocity pattern also correlated with the stimulation intensity (r = 0.98; 0.04). 4) In addition, the amplitude of the medium latency response induced by the GVS on the SOL showed a significant correlation with the stimulation intensity (r = 0.7; p = 0.045). DISCUSSION: An objective vestibular threshold can be identified by an accelerometer. The vestibular responses measured by the ellipse area and the CoP are proportional to the stimulation intensities relative to the determined objective threshold.

Keyphrases: Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation, Vestibular system, Vestibulospinal tract, Center of pressure, Balance
Rééducation sensitive chez des personnes présentant de l’hypoesthésie tactile et de la névralgie à la main suite à des neuropathies focales

Introduction: Focal neuropathies (FN) can lead to tactile hypoesthesia and spontaneous neuropathic pain (neuralgia). The Somatosensory Rehabilitation Method described by Spicher and collaborators (SRM) proposes an innovative approach to treating sensory symptoms in patients with FN. Objectives: In patients with tactile hypoesthesia and hand neuralgia arising from FN: 1) Describe the use of SRM, 2) Verify its applicability, 3) Determine if there is a correlation between the duration of treatment and patients’ clinical characteristics (tactile sensitivity and pain intensity) before therapy. 4) Describe changes in tactile hypoesthesia and pain measures subsequent to treatment with SRM, and 5) Determine if there is a correlation between changes in tactile sensitivity and changes in pain intensity in patients treated with SRM. Methodology: A retrospective case series study was carried out using data from patients admitted to the Somatosensory Rehabilitation Centre of Fribourg (Switzerland) from July 2004 and October 2018. Results: Of 58 patients included in the study, 42 completed SRM until the end of the therapy with an average duration of treatment of 124 ± 104 days. The duration of treatment was moderately correlated (rSpearman= 0.395) with the severity of sensory symptoms (tactile hypoesthesia and pain intensity) before therapy. There was a significant decrease (p <.001) in tactile hypoesthesia and pain intensity between the beginning and the end of treatment. The decrease in tactile hypoesthesia was moderately correlated (rSpearman=0 .336) with the decrease in pain. Conclusion: SRM can be used for treating tactile hypoesthesia and hand neuralgia arising from FN.

Keyphrases: Mononeuropathie, Stimulation tactile, Peripheral nerve injury, Mononeuropathy, Neuropathic pain, Tactile hypoesthesia, Tactile stimulation, Mechanical vibration, Somatosensory rehabilitation
Effect of spatial learning on the protein tyrosine phosphatase STEP

The Striatal-Enriched Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP) plays an important role in the regulation of synaptic strength, namely through its ability to oppose synaptic strengthening and encourage long term depression. Abnormal levels of STEP can impair normal learning and memory, and have been implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease. Though there are many known substrates and regulators of STEP, the full range of STEP interactions remains to be discovered. In this study, we used Proximity-dependent Biotin Identification (BioID) and affinity-purified mass spectrometry (AP-MS) in order to identify novel interactors of STEP. We then used the Morris water maze (MWM) protocol in rats to determine the effect of a spatial learning event on STEP61, non-phosphorylated STEP, neuromedin U receptor 1 (NMUR1) and neurologin-1 (NLGN-1) levels in the hippocampus of rats. Throughout our experiments, we determined that a natural environment rich with dramatically different distal cues was more conducive to spatial learning than a more uniform environment with only images available to be used as distal cues. We found also that total STEP61, non-phosphorylated-STEP, and NMUR1 did not change as a result of a spatial learning event, but that NLGN-1 was increased in one of the protocols used. Finally, we were unable to induce changes in STEP levels through the use of NMDA or DHPG to induce long-term depression (LTD) in dissociated hippocampal cultures. Further research is required in order to determine the nature of the novel interactions discovered, as well as how these are impacted by a spatial learning event, and the role of LTD or long-term potentiation (LTP) in these processes.

Keyphrases: Memory, Learning, STEP, Animal models, Morris water maze
Développement d’un nouveau modèle de criblage tridimensionnel pour la découverte de médicaments épigénétiques contre le cancer du poumon

Small molecule development in oncology mainly involves high-throughput drug screenings and preclinical validation studies using cancer cells grown in two-dimension (2D). However, classical cell culture methods poorly reflect tumor biology and cell epigenome. Here, our objective is to develop a 3D model that displays key epigenetic features of solid tumors in order to identify new actionable targets. First, we determined culture conditions for long-term expansion of adenocarcinoma spheroids to allow cell adaptation and the occurrence of specific epigenetic features triggered by 3D condition. Our results demonstrate that cells cultivated in 3D spheroids exhibit significant phenotypic and epigenetic changes as compared to 2D monolayers. Notably, we observed numerous expression changes of key epigenetic regulators, all taken place at a different time-point of the 3D cell culture. We observed a decrease in the expression of the KAT3A/KAT3B complex as well as BRG1. HDAC6 expression also increased in 3D. Then, we asked whether epigenetic changes triggered by 3D culture would modify drug sensitivity. We performed a screening of 154 epigenetic drugs on cancer cells cultivated in 2D and in 3D at two different time points. 60% of epigenetic drugs showed significant anticancer activity against 2D monolayers. Interestingly, A549 cells in 3D spheroids became gradually resistant over time. Against 3D spheroids cultivated for 10 days, only 9% of epigenetic drugs in the drug library showed anticancer activity. Against 3D spheroids cultivated for 24 days, only a single epigenetic compound called MS023, a selective agent against type I PRMTs, reduced cell viability significantly. This sensitivity is correlated with an increase of arginine methylation observed within spheroids.  Taken together, we show that 3D spheroids trigger a time-dependent epigenetic context that increases lung cancer cells sensitivity to type I PRMT inhibition. 3D spheroids of well-characterized cancer cell lines will improve our understanding of tumor biology and drug discovery and can overcome the high false discovery rate associated with 2D classical models. 

Keyphrases: High Throughput Screening, Lung Cancer, Epigenetics, 3-dimensional Models, Pharmacology, Drug discovery
Artificial collagen for cornea repair

Patients with cornea blindness resulting from disease or injury in many countries are unlikely to be transplanted with human donor corneas due a worldwide severe shortage of donor tissues. However, even if donor corneas were available, patients with inflammation or severe disease would not be helped as they are at a high risk of rejecting donor corneas as these contain allogeneic cells. Cell-free corneal implants that do not trigger rejection were developed as alternatives to human donor transplantation by the Griffith lab, and shown in a first-in-human clinical trial to stably regenerate corneal tissue and nerves. These implants comprised recombinant human collagen, the main structural protein found in the human cornea. However, full-length collagens are difficult and expensive to produce, and cannot be customized. A wide variety of shorter peptides that mimic collagen and other extracellular matrix molecules have been developed and tested. This includes hybrid peptides combining collagen and silk (VBsilk). The aim of my thesis is to is to confirm simulations of VBsilk, a hybrid collagen-silk peptide that was produced in the Griffith Lab. A further aim is to determine the conditions for the production and purification to show that simulated peptide can be converted into an actual peptide. Briefly, the DNA coding for a VBsilk sequence was cloned into ClearColi, a strain of E. coli with low endotoxin. The bacteria were grown up in large volume cultures. The VBsilk was extracted and purified by FPLC. SDS-PAGE showed that appropriate-sized bands of protein were obtained. Hence, it is possible to produce VBsilk peptide.

Keyphrases: Peptides, Simulation, Cornea, Collagen, Silk, Protein purification
Investigation of the effect of lymphocytic microparticles on the activity of Müller cells in the oxygen-induced retinopathy mouse model

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a potentially blinding ocular disorder in premature infants. It is caused by the formation of aberrant retinal neovascularization (NV). Recent studies have demonstrated that Müller cells are the primary producers of inflammation-inducing cytokines and growth factors in pathological conditions. Additionally, the recruitment of macrophages is significantly increased during retinal NV, which exerts a proangiogenic role in ROP. Lymphocytic microparticles (LMPs) are small membrane-wrapped vesicles released from human CEM T lymphocytes, which is a cell line of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In our previous studies, we demonstrated that LMPs derived from apoptosis-induced human CEM T lymphocytes possess potent angiostatic capacities. Therefore, we hypothesized that LMPs inhibit pathological retinal NV via targeting Müller cells in an ischemia-induced retinopathy mouse model. In this study, we investigated the effect of LMPs both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, we determined the influence of LMPs on Müller cell properties using rat Müller cells rMC-1 and murine macrophages RAW 264.7. The results revealed that LMPs were internalized and reduced cell proliferation of rMC-1 dose-dependently without inducing cell apoptosis. LMPs also inhibited the chemotactic capacity of rMC-1 on RAW 264.7, as well as the expression of the chemokines (VEGF and SDF-1) in rMC-1. In vivo, we intravitreally injected LMPs and found that LMPs was internalized by Müller cells. LMPs attenuated aberrant retinal NV and the infiltration of macrophages. LMPs also downregulated the expression of angiogenic factors/chemokines (VEGF and SDF-1) in Müller cells. Furthermore, LMPs downregulated the expression of ERK1/2 and HIF-1α in Müller cells. These findings expand our understanding of the effects of LMPs, providing evidence that LMPs are a potential treatment for retinal NV diseases.

Keyphrases: LMPs, macrophages, OIR mouse model, VEGF, SDF-1, anti-angiogenic effects, retinal NV, Müller cells
Role of Sirtuin-1 in the pathogenesis of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats : molecular mechanisms

Sirtuin-1 (Sirt-1), class III histone deacetylase, has been shown to be overexpressed in hearts from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). We recently showed that vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from SHR exhibit enhanced expression of Sirt-1 as compared to age-matched Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats, which contributes to the upregulation of Giα protein implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of upregulated Sirt-1 expression in the pathogenesis of hypertension in SHR and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in this response. For this study, a selective inhibitor of Sirt-1, EX-527 (5mg/kg of body weight), was injected intraperitoneally into 8-week-old adult SHR and age-matched WKY rats twice per week for 3 weeks. The blood pressure (BP) and heart rate was measured twice a week by the CODA™ non-invasive tail cuff method. Treatment of SHR with Sirt-1-specific inhibitor, EX-527, attenuated high BP by 76 mmHg and inhibited the augmented heart rate. The overexpression of Sirt-1 and Giα proteins in heart, VSMC and aorta was attenuated to the control levels by Sirt-1 inhibitor. Inhibition of Sirt-1 also attenuated the enhanced levels of superoxide anion, NADPH oxidase activity and the overexpression of NADPH oxidase subunits; Nox2, Nox4 and P47phox proteins in VSMC isolated from EX-527-treated SHR. Furthermore, the decreased levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) and increased levels of peroxynitrite (ONOO-) in VSMC from SHR were also restored to control levels by Sirt-1 inhibitor. These results suggest that the inhibition of overexpression of Sirt-1 through decreasing the enhanced levels of Giα proteins and nitro-oxidative stress attenuates the high BP in SHR. It may thus be suggested that inhibitors of Sirt-1 may have the potential to be used as therapeutic agents in the treatment of cardiovascular complications associated with hypertension.

Keyphrases: Sirtuin-1, EX-527, Giα protein, SHR, VSMC, Hypertension.