Caractérisation de la migration du virus Herpès simplex de type 1 (HSV-1) par protéomique

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), the etiological agent of cold sores, has a multilayered structure that includes an icosahedral capsid that protects the viral DNA genome, a highly structured proteinaceous layer called tegument and a host-derived lipid envelope studded with viral glycoproteins. All these constituents are sequentially acquired from the nucleus, the cytoplasm and the trans-Golgi network. This multilayered structure confers to HSV-1 a considerable potential to incorporate viral and cellular proteins; however, all the proteins that compose this virus have not yet been elucidated. Moreover, despite its critical role at different stages of infection, the tegument is still poorly defined both in its composition and its sequence of addition of proteins. All these uncertainties about the mechanisms involved in the morphogenesis of the virus lead us to the goal of this project, which is the characterization of the maturation process of HSV-1. The first article presented in this thesis and published in Journal of Virology focuses on the protein characterization of extracellular mature virus. After developing a protocol for the isolation and purification of these virions, a proteomics study was performed. It allowed us to map the global viral protein composition of mature virions (8 capsid proteins, 23 tegument proteins and 13 glycoproteins), which made the cover page of Journal of Virology. Moreover, the potential incorporation of 49 cellular proteins was revealed. During this proteomics study, we confirmed the incorporation of novel virion components including UL7, UL23, ICP0 and ICP4. The second article published in Journal of General Virology focuses on these viral proteins by using a biochemical analysis to better understand the interactions and dynamic of the tegument. Our results revealed that, unlike ICP0 and ICP4 proteins, UL7 and UL23 can be released from the capsid in the presence of salts and that free cysteines play a role in this release. Moreover, this article highlights the presence of ICP0 and ICP4 on the nuclear capsids suggesting a potential acquisition of tegument proteins in the nucleus. The complexity of the viral morphogenesis process and the discovery of the tegument acquisition in the nucleus led us to pursue our research on the virus composition at an early stage of its viral cycle. The nuclear C capsids, precursors to the extracellular virus, were isolated and purified with an innovative protocol based on fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). The preliminary analysis of these capsids by proteomics allows us to identify 28 viral proteins and 39 cellular proteins. The collected data, compared to those obtained with extracellular viruses, clearly suggest a sequential process of tegument proteins acquisition starting in the nucleus, the assembly site of HSV-1 capsids. Finally, all these results contribute to a better understanding of the complex process of HSV-1 maturation by using varied and innovative techniques such as proteomic and FACS, which can be applied to other viruses and allow the development of better treatments to fight HSV-1.

Keyphrases: Herpes simplex type 1, Extracellular virus, Nuclear capsid, Proteomic, Tegument, Facs