NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
L'analyse économique du droit comme outil du raisonnement juridique

The economic analysis of law, or law and economics for short, borrows from economics tools that allow one to get a sense of the social effects of legal rules. Besides the coherence of legal rules, one can thus pursue the other component of legal reasoning which asks how a legal rule affects society. This supports the social function of law, which is to allow citizens to coordinate their actions in nonviolent ways. Law and economics proposes a consequentialist approach to law.  Experience shows that the law and economics perspective sheds interesting light on many legal questions. Most rules contained in the Civil Code make sense in this light and appear to form a coherent whole. This approach is helpful to doctoral students in that it often allows them to develop a coherent structure, an intelligent reading of the as yet unstructred field of law which is the object of their doctoral work. We have sought to illustrate this by way of a doctoral project bearing on blood donations.  The economic analysis of law also has interesting things to say to legal practitioners. Business lawyers called upon to draft the contract that sets the parameters of a business relationship, and possibly to take part in the negotiations leading to it, better understand the negotiating space and the cost attached to clauses seeking to protect their client. Litigators who need to convince the court of an interpretation of a law text may draw inspiration from what law and economics scholarship has identified as the overall policy objectives pursued in different fields of law. Pleadings can then insist on the conformity of the proposed interpretation to such overall objectives. At times, a micro-analysis of a particular provision, by contrasting it with the opposite rule, allows one to identify the interpretation that would be socially most beneficial.  We submit that law and economics has useful contributions to make to all aspects of lawyering. It does not replace traditional legal reasoning but offers a method that is at once complementary and essential. This justifies that it be given a place of choice in legal education.

Keyphrases: Civil law, Methodology, Law & economics
Flesh, Foil, and Authenticity: Reflections on Johann AR Roduit’s “Flesh and Foil”

Johann AR Roduit’s poem, “Flesh and Foil,” raises a number of issues regarding enhancement, especially the need for principles to guide the process of human enhancement. The guidance that the poem seeks can be found in a combination of virtue ethics and authenticity.

Keyphrases: amélioration biomédicale, human enhancement, biomedical enhancement, authenticity, virtue ethics, eudaimonia
Les structures spatiales de l’éditorialisation. « Terre et mer » de Carl Schmitt et l’espace numérique

How to think space in a digital era? In the wake of the « spatial turn », we propose to combine the theory of editorialization and the reflection on space by means of a confrontation with « Land and Sea », by the theoretician of geopolitics Carl Schmitt.

Keyphrases: Espace architectural, Imaginaire-réel, Schmitt, Carl
Trafic intranucléaire de l’ARN de la télomérase et la réponse aux dommages à l’ADN chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae

DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) constitute a threat to genome integrity and cell survival if they are not repaired. In addition to canonical DNA repair systems such as nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) in G1 and homologous recombination (HR) in S and G2 phases, DSBs can also be repaired by addition of new telomeres by telomerase. This phenomenon is referred to as telomere healing or de novo telomere addition. This process threatens genome stability since it results in chromosome arm loss, which could be lethal in haploid cells and lead to loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in diploid cells. Therefore, cells possess mechanisms that prevent the untimely action of telomerase on DSBs. One of the questions driving this field is to understand how telomere addition by telomerase is inhibited and DSBs repair can be efficiently performed by canonical DSB repair (NHEJ and HR). In this project, we used fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to detect the endogenous TLC1 RNA, which is the limiting component of telomerase of the budding yeast. Using this technique, we found that TLC1 RNA traffics inside the nucleus during the cell cycle of wild-type cells. In G1 and S phases, TLC1 RNA adopts a nucleoplasmic localization, which is related to its function in telomere elongation, while it accumulates in the nucleolus in G2/M. We hypothesize that the nucleolar accumulation of TLC1 RNA in G2/M may reduce the possibility that telomerase interferes with HR to repair DNA DSB, since HR is excluded from the nucleolus and occurs only in the nucleoplasm. To test this hypothesis, we treated wild-type and rad52 (HR deficient cells) with bleomycin, a radiomimetic agent that generates preferentially DSBs. Our results show that after induction of DSB with bleomycin, TLC1 RNA remains nucleolar in wild-type cells in G2/M, but accumulates in the nucleoplasm and colocalizes partially with DSBs sites in rad52  cells, suggesting that RAD52 inhibits the nucleoplasmic accumulation of TLC1 RNA in the presence of DSBs. Nucleoplasmic accumulation of TLC1 RNA after DSB induction requires the DNA damage pathway (MRX, ATM/Tel1 and ATR/Mec1), and the SUMO ligase E3 Siz1. Interestingly, association of TLC1 RNA with DSBs depends on the single-strand telomeric binding protein Cdc13, which rapidly accumulates at sites of DNA damage, while Rad52 suppresses this process by inhibiting Cdc13 accumulation at DSBs. These results suggest that telomerase is normally excluded from sites of DNA repair. In the absence of functional homologous recombination, telomerase leaves the nucleolus and accumulates partially at DSB in the nucleoplasm in a Cdc13- and Siz1-dependent manner.

Keyphrases: Cassure double-brins, Rad52, Cdc13, Siz1, Nsr1, TLC1 RNA, Double strand-breaks, De novo telomere addition, Intranuclear trafficking, Telomerase biogenesis
Introduire le concept de personne en économie ? Des capabilités au care : réciprocité et responsabilité

T The concept of person has not been studied so far in economic. Instead the theory refers to an egoistic individual able to calculate and to predict the actions. Nevertheless, some recent studies (Loty et al. 2014; Ballet et al. 2014) have just intended to introduce the concept of person in economics. According to some authors, the person can be defined by its ability to assume its responsibilities, beyond Sen’s approach of capabilities. Others authors highlight a person's dehumanization, and seek to complete the reconciliation of reason, morality, responsibility and freedom. These studies offer a methodological viewpoint and a way to re-humanize the person. However none explore the link to care as an ethics neither a more socio-economic approach that could challenge the hegemony of the market as an economic integration principle. This is precisely what we aim to do in this communication: we seek to develop our own definition of the personalist philosophy connected to the care in ethics and the vulnerability and aiming empowerment.

Keyphrases: philosophy, ethics, economics, Capabilities, Care, Personalism, Reciprocity, Responsability., philosophy, ethics, economics, Capabilities, Care, Réciprocité, Responsabilité.
Politique agricole et capabilités : quel degré de compatibilité ?

Early awareness by famine in 1948 in India, Amartya Sen has produced many works on issues of social justice and economic ethics. “Capabilities” are of this view a flagship concept of his theory. The economist believes that the difficulties encountered by an individual to access to food that are not related to insufficient amounts of food. These difficulties are closely correlated to the institutional mechanisms that are intended to bring capacity to live better. Taking the food issue seriously, Sen said nothing on the way to reduce the constraints on the conditions of access to food. This article aims to see how the “capabilities” are compatible with the agricultural policy, and what is the degree of compatibility? Such an exercise has limits that it will bring to light.

Keyphrases: philosophy, ethics, economics, Capabilities, Justice, Agricultural Policy, philosophy, ethics, economics, Capabilités justice
Les liens entre la précarité d’emploi et les différentes formes de violence au travail

Precarious employment is a phenomenon that has been growing in the last years. This transformation of the workplace seems to affect negatively the psychological and physical health of the workers. In that way, many researchers are saying that the augmentation of the risks of experiencing physical, psychological and sexual violence in the workplace caused by the diminution of job security could explain that health deterioration. However, the results of the studies don’t seem to all go in the same way.  Objectives and method: A systematic review of the literature has been realised to observe and discern the relationships between job security and the three forms of violence in the workplace. Some of the words used within five databases included : workplace violence, psychological violence, harassment, sexual harassment, violent, aggression, assault, sex, sex differences, precarious*, security, minimum wage-work, part-time job, work-related, etc. Results: Many studies suggest that a positive and significant relation exists between some indicators of job precariousness and the risks of experiencing violence at work, like working at night and doing short term contractual work. It should be noted that the relationships vary between the numerous indicators of job precariousness and the three types of violence. Finally, sex differences seem to exist as to the relationships between job security and violence in the workplace.

Keyphrases: victime, job precariousness, job security, violence in the workplace, physical violence, psychological violence, sexual violence, harassment, victim, sex differences, systematic review
La réalisation d’instruments de mesure électroniques : une intervention didactique pour l’apprentissage interdisciplinaire en science expérimentale, en mathématique et en technologie

Our developmental research in didactics has focused on two distinct aspects : The students' active engagement under the constructivist paradigms of competency-based learning and the technological enhancement of laboratory settings using the new MicrolabExAO environment. Towards these ends, we have explored the teaching possibilities offered by MicrolabExAO which allows learners to design their own electronic measuring tools with the computer assisted experimentation. By developing an appropriated teaching intervention, we wanted to enable the student not only to build his/her tools, but also to understand how they work. Through the actual implementation of four measuring tools, the student has progressively developed his/her own approach to resolving complex problems which call upon knowledge and skills in experimental sciences, mathematics and technology. In the final activity of the teaching intervention, with the objective of assessing the level of integration of this technoscientific approach, we have asked the learners to apply their new knowledge within the framework of building a manometer on their own. In doing so, the learners have deployed their knowledge and skills in experimental sciences, mathematics and technology in order to build the measuring tool and to explain its functioning, thereby achieving interdisciplinary learning. Since they have been given neither instructions from the teacher, nor operating protocols, we can say that they have been put in an adidactical situation which allowed them to demonstrate interdisciplinary expertise in their approach.

Keyphrases: developmental research, computer assisted experimentation, measuring tool, adidactical situation, teaching intervention, interdisciplinarity
Le rythme dans les musiques traditionnelles de l'Amérique du Sud : modélisation, typologie et signification culturelle

Our thesis is a comparative analysis that focuses on rhythm as a parameter. The corpus of study consists of forty of the most iconic music genres of South America. The main issue is to understand the relationship between the structure of the rhythms and their various vernacular names and to make their cultural meaning emerge. The goal of our analysis is to create typological alternatives that confront the observation plans (endogenous and exogenous). These typologies focus on the family similarities between the rhythms and their possible affiliations. This analysis is based on various transcription processes, modeling and comparison of polyrhythmic patterns. Several aspects and components relating to the rhythmic parameter will also be considered, such as timbre oppositions, tempo, multiple performance formulations, and agogic principles created by the musicians. Consisting of four chapters, our thesis is based on several methodological steps: our music analysis and our initial typological proposals (exogenous perspective) on one hand, and on the other hand, our investigation process lead with the owners of the traditions (endogenous perspective). Both perspectives are then related, or faced, all in the perspective of a cultural validation.

Keyphrases: Typologie, Rhythm, South America, Modeling, Typology, Comparing, Significance
Lecture de livres bilingues par six duos parent-enfant allophones du préscolaire : description des lectures et des interactions et relations avec l’acquisition du vocabulaire

To date, little research has focused on the use of bilingual books in the home environment, let alone with preschool–age children. This thesis, for which we filmed six pairs of parent–child learners of French as a second language (three Spanish–speaking families and three Bengali–speaking families) during their readings of two different bilingual books, seeks to explore and document the ways bi/multilingual families use this type of books. First, video recordings allowed us to describe the languages used by the parents when reading the books and interacting with their child. We noticed that parents use the languages of their linguistic repertoire in different ways and to different degrees in order to read the stories. On the other hand, we also focused our attention, more specifically, on the interactions about vocabulary that were initiated by parents and children. We described these interactions by considering three factors that might influence vocabulary acquisition: the child's activity level, the type of interaction and the languages of the interactions. Finally, through vocabulary tests given to the children before and after the reading of each book, we analyzed the relation between the aforementioned interactions and the acquisition of productive vocabulary in the first and second languages. All children have acquired vocabulary in each of their two languages. Furthermore, we found that factors other than the child's level of activity, the type of interaction and the languages used were likely to impact vocabulary acquisition – such as the initial level of vocabulary knowledge, the language of the reading, the proximity between the languages, etc.

Keyphrases: Lecture parent-enfant, Learners of French as a second language, Bi/multilingual families, Preschool–aged children, Vocabulary development, Parent–child reading, Use of bilingual books
Identification d’obstacles et de difficultés inhérents à l’apprentissage de l’algèbre abstraite

For university or college students, the learning of abstract algebra seems to involve a multitude of conceptual innovations. To better understand the reasons for the high failure rate in abstract algebra courses, we have aimed at identifying the obstacles or difficulties encountered and grouped them into four families. Based on an example from an introductory sequence in abstract algebra, we will show that in addition to having to reach an unprecedented level of abstraction, students, often for the first time in their mathematical instruction, have to face simultaneously an axiomatic theory developed with essential type definitions that seem to go against the usual meaning, a lack of graphical representation as well as a process of formal proof for which they had little to no training.

Keyphrases: Obstacle, Abstraction, Abstract algebra, Obstacle, Abstraction, Definition, Representation, Proof
Composition et direction, une démarche complémentaire

This work is about the composition part of a larger ambition that also includes conducting. Believing that those two disciplines are closely related, I took most of my time as a master's student composing for orchestra and for choir, two ensembles that require a conductor. This way I could deepen my understanding of those "instruments" with the help of rigorous teachers at Université de Montréal's music faculty. At the same time, my conducting activities also had an influence on my understanding of those ensembles therefore on my composition. This work goes through the material I wrote for those ensembles, pinpointing where I felt my experience as a composer was growing, and where my experience as a conductor influenced my composition choices.

Keyphrases: Orchestration, Contrepoint, Harmony, Counterpoint, Cell, Theme, Form, Crafting, Conducting, Choir
Le goût musical favorise-t-il le déplacement social chez les adolescents en milieu scolaire?

This project was conceived to allow us to illustrate in what ways musical taste intervenes in the social interactions of Montreal teenagers in their school environment.  In order to develop a working image of our target subjects, we polled over 150 students of the Montreal School Board in three learning establishments. This permitted us to identify and quantify the diversity of our subject’s musical tastes, how it affects their interactions with their peers, and how they use it to navigate their social environment. Using Glevarec and Pinet’s (2009) taste island concept, we were able to differentiate and organize the musical taste of our students by regrouping their favorite musical genres according to similarities (Rock, Punk, Metal) in style and by their social usage (Rap, Hip-Hop, Dance music).  Students who preferred genres who were closely related in any ways were not considered to have a diverse musical taste.  To have a diversified taste, the student needed to like more than two genres that belonged to archipelagos that were not linked.  With the data that was collected, we were able to produce a valid working image of our subjects.  Most of them had a limited musical taste but were still able to talk about music with people with different musical tastes.  They maximised their knowledge of popular music and social news about their favorite artists to create social networks with their peers.  They preferred listening to music in private and during their down time (in the bus, between classes), but tended to get their social knowledge and references from friends and via the internet and virtual networks.  Those who had a diverse musical taste liked mostly Rock music and had an eclectic group of friends.  The complexity of their taste made it harder for them to be recognized by the music they liked, but it made it a lot easier to join peer groups.  These students showed the most social competences and prosocial skills and had much more rooted relation with music, than their peers with a limited taste.

Keyphrases: Social Identity, Musical taste, Social Mobility
Gabriel Fauré et Portishead : l'art de l'équivoque : cadre d’analyse théorique de l’équivoque mélodique et harmonique comme principe de transversalité

This research provides a description of the melodic and harmonic style of the British band Portishead. It is based on analysis of the full repertoire or 33 songs over three albums (11 songs per album). Since the entire corpus is analyzed, one may be able to detect chronologically trends and perform statistical analysis of the evolution of the melodic- harmonic grammar and aesthetics of the group. The hypothesis of this research work is based on the idea that the evolution of the musical language of Portishead revolves around melodic and harmonic processes favoring an expansion of tonal ambiguity frame. To do this, Portishead uses several melodic and harmonic processes that maintain tonal ambiguity. However, these processes are similar, but not identical, to the six processes listed by Sylvain Caron (Caron 2002) about the grammar of Gabriel Fauré. For the implementation of various analysis tools, we perform a comparative and contextualized study of certain melodic and harmonic mechanisms that brings out the ambiguity, both in Fauré than Portishead. These analysis tools, such as analysis of melodic-harmonic vectors of ruptures, paradigmatic analysis or neo-Riemannian analysis were enhanced to reflect certain particularities of the studied corpus. This research consists of two parts preceded by an introduction, a manual and a review of literature analystique. The first part is divided into three chapters and focuses specifically on clear melodic treatment. The second part, consisting of the last two chapters address the ambiguity of harmonic processes. This research has shown that even if a century separates the compositions of Gabriel Fauré and Portishead, ambiguity is manifested by a common grammar. We also notice that ambiguity revolves formal speeches and determines the structuring of tension – release relationships.

Keyphrases: Portishead, Gabriel Fauré, Harmonie modale, Melodic-harmonic divorce, Paradigmatic analysis, Neo-riemannian analysis, Neo-riemannian theory, Modal harmony, Chromatic third related harmony, Harmonic ambiguity, Melodic ambiguity
Comparaison entre la simulation d’alignement du ClinCheck® et les modèles numériques finaux des patients traités par la technique Invisalign® avec ou sans l’appareil AcceleDent®

INTRODUCTION: While there are presently many different options for aesthetic orthodontic treatment, patients are now concerned with the length of treatment. The AcceleDent® device was introduced by OrthoAccel Technologies in 2009. This device is placed between the teeth for 20 minutes a day, vibrates at a frequency of 30 Hz and is recommended to accelerate orthodontic treatment. This study’s primary objective is to evaluate the accuracy of the ClinCheck® simulation versus the actual final results. The secondary objective is to determine if the end result is influenced by the increased rate of treatment progression with the aligners.   MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study design was used with 38 patients treated with Invisalign®. The experimental group consisted of 13 patients, while the control group included 25 patients. The severity of malocclusion was quantified with the Discrepancy Index approved by the American Board of Orthodontics. In addition, the ABO’s Objective Grading System was used to compare the prediction of the final result provided by the ClinCheck® simulation and the actual final treatment result. All data were taken from the OrthoCAD software (Cadent, Fairview, NJ).   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: There is no statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding their initial malocclusion (p= 0.761). For the final results, there is a statistically significant difference. The alignment is better in the control group (p = 0.002). Within each group, the difference between the predicted and the actual results are not statistically significant (p = 0.056). The use of AcceleDent® seems to give an overjet similar to that which was predicted; however, this finding is not clinically significant.  CONCLUSION: The use of the AcceleDent® combined with changing aligners every seven days negatively influence the final alignment in patients treated with Invisalign®.

Keyphrases: Invisalign®, AcceleDent®, ClinCheck®, Orthodontic, Alignment