NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Conditions d’articulation urbanisme-transports : le cas de l’agglomération d’Alger

The articulation of urban planning and transport has become a central issue in the sphere of planning a space implications. Sustainable development as a concept framework has highlighted this problem whose stakes decide the quality of urban life on a daily basis. The objectives of this articulation coincide with the master of urban sprawl and the postponement of the modal car to public transport. To achieve these objectives, the coherence of planning responsibilities and their implementation must be ensured. What appeals to satisfy conditions techno-political and organizational. The city of Algiers in this framework, is an ideal case study for evaluating the degree of articulation-urban transport by the characteristics of its urban development and infrastructural public transportation.

Keyphrases: Coordination, Articulation, Planning, Town planning, Transport, Coherence, Coordination, Institutional, Pronunciation, Facilities
Impact de la collaboration entre médecins et infirmières sur la communication entre professionnels/patient et famille

Problem : The collaboration between nurses and physicians is a key element when the patient's condition is unstable. Good collaboration between these professionals allows improvement on the quality of care by identifying patients at risk and by establishing priorities so that we work towards the same goal. Patients and their families who experience the Intensive Care Unit improved when the messages provided are coherent, giving the sense of control and decision making back to the patient and their families. Objectif : The goal of this qualitative research is to better understand the mechanisms of collaboration between nurses and physicians during the daily interdisciplinary rounds the Intensive Care Units. It will also attempt to understand the influence of these behaviours on the communication between these professionals, the patients and their families. Method : The data collection is carried out via 18 interviews, which will first be recorded and then retranscribed. The interviews are done with 2 managers, six following with medical staffs and nurses and ten patients and close family members. These interviews have been coded and analyzed using the interprofessional collaboration model of D‟Amour (1997) in order to obtain the collaboration tendencies. Lastly, the impact of the different dimensions of collaboration on the communication between professionals/ patients and families have been analyzed. Results : In order to establish common objectives, all healthcare professionals must work together with the patients and their family to develop a trusting relationship and an effective communication. Patients and their family want to see professionals who are open, possessing communication and interpersonal skills. They must also be transparent, taking the time to provide popularized explanations and offer question periods to the patients and their family.

Keyphrases: Interprofessional collaboration, Doctors, Nurses, Patients, Families, Patients
Régulation de la proprotéine convertase subtilisine / kexine type 9 (PCSK9) dans les cellules intestinales Caco-2/15

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) posttranslationally promotes the degradation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) in hepatocytes and increases plasma LDL cholesterol. It is not clear, however, whether PCSK9 plays a role in the small intestine. Here, we characterized the patterns of variations of PCSK9 and LDLr in fully differentiated Caco-2/15 cells as a function of various potential effectors. Cholesterol (100 µM) solubilised in albumin or micelles significantly down-regulated PCSK9 gene (30%, p<0,05) and protein expression (50%, p<0,05), surprisingly in concert with a decrease in LDLr protein levels (45%, p<0,05). 25-hydroxycholesterol (50 µM) treated cells also displayed significant reduction in PCSK9 gene  (37 %, p<0,01) and protein  (75% p<0,001) expression, while LDLr showed a decrease  at the gene (30%, p< 0,05) and protein (57%, p<0,01) levels, respectively. The amounts of PCSK9 mRNA and protein in Caco-2/15 cells were associated to the regulation of HMG-CoA reductase and sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) that can transcriptionally activate PCSK9 via sterol-regulatory elements located in its proximal promoter region. On the other hand, depletion of cholesterol content by hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrine up-regulated PCSK9 transcripts (20%, p<0,05) and protein mass (540%, p<0,001), in parallel with SREBP-2 protein levels. The addition of bile acids, taurocholate and deoxycholate, to the apical culture medium lowered PCSK9 gene expression (30%, p<0,01) and raised PCSK9 protein expression (43%, p<0,01) respectively, probably via the modulation of farnesoid X receptor. Combined, these data indicate that PCSK9 functions as a sensor of sterol in the small intestine.

Keyphrases: Pcsk9, Régulation, Srebp-2, Enterocyte, Cholesterol, Regulation
Évaluation pré-clinique du (–)-[18F]FEOBV: Profil métabolique plasmatique

Background.  Several neurodegenerative diseases would benefit from better diagnostic tools, and Alzheimer’s disease is an obvious point in case.  Of interest, that disease par-ticularly affects CNS cholinergic systems.  Many studies have evaluated neurodegenera-tion in that system during the course of Alzheimer’s disease, some using imaging tech-niques with radioactive ligands targeting the cholinergic system.  However, most of those studies have shown rather unsatisfying results.  Therefore, our team has decided to evaluate a so far never used in primates positron emitting ligand of the VAChT which reversibly binds to its target, (-)-[18F]Fluoroethoxy-benzovesamicol ((-)-[18F]FEOBV).  Of course, before being able to use this ligand in a clinical setting, a multi-step animal validation needs to be performed.  As initial experiments with PET imaging yielded encouraging results, assessing the metabolism of (-)-[18F]FEOBV was the next logical step.  First, an HPLC methodology had to be developed to analyse blood metabolites.   Then, we were able to use that methodology to analyse metabolites and their kinetics in the rat.  That data will allow quantitative studies in humans with PET.  Study #1: After the chromatographic parameters had been optimised, the TR of (–)-FEOBV was established at 7.92 ± 0.18 minutes.  Study#2 In vivo metabolism was found to be fairly rapid and somewhat temporally variable, but a lone hydrophilic metabolite was identified.  The plasmatic input function was obtained and corrected for metabolism.  Conclusion.  Overall, (–)-[18F]FEOBV holds promise as a potential ACh system pre-synaptic marker.

Keyphrases: Rat, Alzheimer's disease, Metabolism, Vesicular acetylcholine transporter, Positron Emission Tomography
L’intégration de la perception visuelle du mouvement

Motion perception ensures the execution of safe navigation, as well as efficient interaction with the environment. As such, it is essential to understand the nature of mechanisms ensuring motion perception, as well as effects of aging on their response. Two studies will be presented. The first aimed at identifying the nature of mechanisms responsible for the perception of fractal rotation, a novel stimulus introduced by Benton et al. (2007). This stimulus has been created to isolate form sensitive mechanisms. Several authors have suggested that second-order motion sensitive mechanisms use position cues to extract motion (Seiffert & Cavanagh, 1998). Hence, the following study aimed at determining whether fractal rotation is analyzed by such mechanisms or not. Results suggest fractal rotation sensitive mechanisms use orientation changes, whereas first-order sensitive mechanisms use energy. Moreover, dissociation between first-order and fractal rotation mechanisms has been observed. The second study aimed at establishing the effect of aging on first- and second-order motion integration. Results indicate second-order sensitive mechanisms would be more affected by aging, than first-order mechanisms. Accordingly, visual functions requiring higher order cortical integration are more likely to be more affected by aging.

Keyphrases: Rotation, Fractal, Motion perception, First-/second-order mechanisms, Rotation, Fractal, Aging
Étude exploratoire et comparative du trouble bipolaire et du trouble de personnalité limite à l'adolescence

Presently, differential diagnosis between bipolar disorder (BD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) in adolescents remains difficult and affects therapeutic choices. This master’s thesis reviews current scientific literature, both in adults and adolescents. It examines feasibility and presents results of a study on clinical dimensions and endophenotypes in adolescent BD and BPD. Seven BD and eight BPD adolescents (12-17 years old) were evaluated by self-reported questionnaires for clinical variables (affective instability, impulsivity, hostility and temperament) and by actigraphy and sleep diary for sleep-wake circadian rhythm. No significant difference was found between BD and BPD for the clinical variables. BD adolescents wore actigraphic device for 9.9 days and completed the sleep diary for 5.7 days on average; for BPD subjects, the numbers were respectively 9.8 days and 8.9 days. Compared to BPD, BD patients had longer active interval (p=0.035), tended to sleep longer, and had more intradaily variability (p=0.04). Subjective data (sleep diary) and objective data (actigraphy) did not significantly differ on sleep onset latency, last awakening duration and total sleep time, which suggested that BD and BPD adolescents had a good estimate of their sleep patterns. Literature review showed a dearth of research done on adolescent BD and BPD. Feasibility of this study was verified, since data was successfully collected. Research on these variables should continue, so differential diagnosis can be done in adolescent BD and BPD.

Keyphrases: Affective instability, Impulsivity, Hostility, Temperament, Sleep, Actigraphy, Feasibility, Circadian rhythm, Endophenotype
Assessing waiting times in the clinical trajectory of patients with lung cancer

Lung cancer is among the most lethal and the most diagnosed cancers in Canada. Given the poor prognosis and symptom burden of the disease, timely access to treatment and quality care are essential. In spite of government commitments to reduce waiting times in cancer care, national clinical benchmarks for cancer care have yet to be established, and waiting time reporting by provinces is inconsistent. One of the proposed strategies for reducing waiting times in cancer care is the use of interdisciplinary teams. I undertook an audit of the interdisciplinary pulmonary oncology program at the Jewish General Hospital from 2004 to 2007. The primary objectives of this study were: (1) to audit the performance of the interdisciplinary pulmonary oncology service at the Jewish General Hospital with respect to waiting times for key intervals and subgroups of patients; (2) to compare waiting times in the clinical trajectory of lung cancer patients seen at the Jewish General Hospital with existing waiting time guidelines; (3) to determine those factors associated with longer waiting times in this population. A secondary objective was to suggest measures to be considered in order to reduce waiting times. The JGH’s lung cancer service was compared against benchmarks developed by the British Thoracic Society, Cancer Care Ontario, and the pan-Canadian waiting time benchmarks for radiation oncology. Patients waited a median of 9 days from the time they were ready to treat until their first treatment, and a median of 30 days from their first contact with the pulmonary service until their first treatment. Patients over age 65, those with early-stage disease and those with good performance status were less likely to meet the recommended guidelines.

Keyphrases: Waiting times, Lung cancer, Cancer treatment, Interdisciplinary teams, Quality of care
Optimisation de la domiciliation des cellules CD34+ de sang de cordon ombilical: élucider les mécanismes en cause dépendant du CXCR4

Since the first successful cord blood (CB) transplant was performed there has been a gradual increase in the use of CB for haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation, but the number of stem cells per CB is in general too low to ensure successful transplantation in adult patients. We would like to bypass the limitation of insufficient number of these cells in CB by enhancing the engraftment efficiency. The chemokine stromal-derived factor (SDF)-1, that binds to its receptor, CXCR4, plays an important and unique role in regulating the trafficking of HSC and their homing/retention in bone marrow (BM), but molecular regulatory mechanism of niches for HSC maintenance remains unclear.  The complement C3 cleavage fragments, C3a and C3adesarg, modulate the responsiveness of CXCR4-expressing cell lines to SDF-1. We assessed the effect of the non anaphylatoxic complement fragment, C3adesarg, on SDF-1 responsiveness and engraftment of CB-HSC transplantation in a NOD/SCIDyC- mouse model. Complement breakdown products C3a and C3adesarg both increase the responsiveness of CD34+ cells to SDF-1. We find no evidence for direct interaction of complement fragments with CXCR4. Our data suggest that C3adesarg might contribute to optimize CB-HSC homing to bone marrow, and therefore efficacy of cord blood transplantation.  We quantified the number of CXCR4 on the surface of CB-CD34+ after transplantation in mice. Our results showed that there is a transient overexpression of CXCR4 on the surface of HSC CD34+ found in the BM of NOD/SCIDyC- mice after 4-5 days post-injection. This transient overexpression correlated with multiplication of CD34+ cells in the BM. We confirm that the cells with an overexpression of CXCR4 are in a proliferation state. Our data suggested that this transient overexpression is caused by an interaction with the stomal cells.

Keyphrases: Sang de cordon ombilical, Transplantation, C3a, Homing, CXCR4 receptor, Chemokine SDF-1, Cord blood, Transplantation, G proteins coupled receptors, CD34+
Mesure clinique des conduites addictives

Aims: To conduct a systematic review of instruments for the clinical measurement of established and emerging addictions; and to determine whether these addictive behaviours are similarly conceptualised in clinical research. Methods: The analytic strategy employed comprised three steps: 1) major search engines were used to do an inventory of available psychometrically validated clinical instruments for assessing addictions; 2) an analytical grid was developed and validated, covering 21-parameters related to four conceptual categories: dependence (DSM-IV-TR), temperament (Cloninger and Zuckerman), social handicap (Fougeyrollas), and cognitive behaviour analysis (Beck); 3) all instruments were analysed and compared through the grid. Results: The method yielded 191 questionnaires covering 21 addictive behaviours. The most prevalent behaviours were those best represented in terms of number of questionnaires. The criteria categories most evaluated by the questionnaires were dependence and cognitive behaviour; temperament and social handicap were much less often considered. Patterns were generally similar in terms of parameters, whether questionnaires concerned substance or non-substance addictions. Conclusions: The measurement of addictions appears clinically cohesive, as determined by a validated analysis grid applied to an exhaustive set of questionnaires identified via a systematic literature review.

Keyphrases: Questionnaire, Addictive behaviour, Toxicomania, Measurement, Questionnaire, Psychometrics, Alcohol abuse/dependence, Substance abuse/dependence, Pathological gambling
Caractérisation de la voie de signalisation AMPK/ACC dans le foie et l’intestin du Psammomys obesus, un modèle animal de résistance à l’insuline et de diabète de type 2

Understanding the cellular mechanisms involved in the development of insulin resistance, and later on the occurrence of type 2 diabetes and its metabolic complications, is a perquisite step toward the identification of new therapeutic targets to fight against the development of these metabolic diseases. In the present studies, we used the gerbil Psammomys obesus, a well-established animal model of obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), to characterize the hepatic and intestinal signaling abnormalities associated with lipid metabolism disorders during the pathogenesis of IR and T2D. Thus, we are able to demonstrate that the development of these metabolic diseases in Psammomys obesus animals, is accompanied by increased hepatic and intestinal lipogenesis with very high efficiency to form triglycerides rich-lipoproteins. In the liver, we observed an increase in mRNA levels of key lipogenic enzymes (ACC, FAS, SCD-1 and mGPAT) and transcription factors (SREBP-1, ChREBP), which modulate the expression level of lipogenic enzymes. Thereafter, our detailed analysis of the AMPK/ACC signaling pathway revealed a rise in the gene expression of the cytosolic ACC1 isoform of ACC(involved in de novo lipogenesis) concomitant with a constant expression of the mitochondrial ACC2 (negative regulator of β-oxidation). In spite of an adaptive state characterized by higher protein expression and phosphorylation (activation) of AMPKα, the kinase that phosphorylates and inhibits ACC, the activity of the later remains very high in IR and T2D animals. In the small intestine of IR and T2D animals, we demonstrated that the increase in intestinal lipogenesis is mainly associated with a decrease of AMPK signaling pathway (i.e. reduced expression and protein phosphorylation/activation of the two AMPKα1 and AMPKα2 isoforms). The main consequence of the decline in AMPK activity is the reduction of ACC phosphorylation. Given that, the expression levels of ACC remain unchanged; our results thus suggest an increased activity of both ACC isoforms, ACC1 and ACC2. Next, we observed a reduction in protein and gene expression of CPT1 [key enzyme in fatty acid (FA) β-oxidation]. Taken together, these results suggest an inhibition of FA β-oxidation concomitant with a stimulation of de novo lipogenesis. Finally, we demonstrated that the small intestine is an insulin sensitive organ and that the development of IR affects two signaling pathways (i.e. Akt/GSK3 and p38MAPK) essentials for several metabolic processes.  In conclusion, our results indicate that increased lipogenesis, in IR and T2D, which exacerbate the dyslipidemia associated with these diseases, might be, at least partially, a result of AMPK signaling defects. In addition, our observations illustrate the crucial role of AMPK/ACC in the liver and intestine and validate AMPK as a potential target to treat the metabolic diseases.

Keyphrases: AMPK, Intestin, Psammomys obesus, Insulin Resistance, Intestine, Liver, Lipogenesis, Type 2 diabetes
Les terrains vacants et la lisibilité du centre-ville de Montréal

In Montreal, vacant lots are undeniable elements in the composition of the urban pattern. For a long time, their sustained presence has interested various authors (Lévesque, Prost, etc.) and municipal authorities. However, it turns out that we know little about the landscape character assessment of these spaces. This research seeks to complete our knowledge of this typology of urban spaces in Downtown Montreal trough a landscape character assessment and a study of their visual potential. Those two studies will underline the role of these voids in the urban landscape perception. Some vacant lots are maybe part of a good urban imageability. This study assumes that vacant lots have an important role with regards to the urban landscape perception. By collecting information which refers to urban, contextual, visual and physical characteristics, observations were able to prove that there is a relationship between the urban imageability and the voids generated by the vacant lot. It demonstrated the potential of those spaces to enhance the urban landscape by their structuring abilities. This study proposes a first glimpse of a coherent planning for the development of downtown vacant lots, in particular, through the notion of imageability as an integral part of the urban quality.

Keyphrases: Terrain vacant, Urban vacant lot, imageability, Inventory, Landscape character assessment, Visual analysis
La protection des droits de l'homme dans l'Union européenne avant et après le traité constitutionnel. La Constitution représente-t-elle la bonne voie?

The European Communities and the Union have always expressed their commitment to the respect of Human Rights. Since the first EU Convention drafted the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights in 1999/2001 a second Convention has been and gone proposing a Constitution to the Union which was subsequently rejected during the ratification phase in two national referenda raising a number of questions about the Union and its future. Recently, the European Council has decided to abandon the Constitution project and opened the way to the reform treaty. Let aside the legitimacy of the Union as international organization or legal order and all the ancillary problems that this constitutionalization entails, this whole process is genuinely and inextricably linked to another controversial point - the Human Rights policy. According to the Constitutional treaty the Charter on the one hand and the ECHR on the other hand, were to be internalized within the EU's constitutional system. As opposed to the Constitutional treaty the new reform treaty will only make reference to the Charter. Nevertheless, the real problem of the EU is the absence of a human rights policy with everything this entails, legally binding instruments assessing the fundamental rights, effective remedies, a human rights agency, a budget and a horizontal plan. While the Constitutional Treaty without entirely solving the problem marked important developments to this effect, the new reform treaty seems to be a compromise.

Keyphrases: Human rights, European union, Constitutional treaty, Reform treaty, Human rights policy