The inflammatory role of angiogenic growth factors : a neutrophil perspective

Endothelial cells (ECs) form a monolayer that lines the inside of all blood vessels; thus, as the first barrier that separates blood elements from all things that fall beyond the blood vessel, ECs are strategically placed to play a central role in many essential physiological processes. While it is found mostly in a quiescent state in adult organisms, the endothelium retains a high level of plasticity that allows it to react to stimulus and dynamically control the passage of blood components to and from the bloodstream. For instance, upon detecting an activating angiogenic signal, ECs forgo their quiescence and undergo biochemical and structural changes necessary for the initiation of angiogenesis. Thus, activated ECs down-regulate their own expression of junctional molecules and secrete proteins to digest the extracellular matrix (ECM), thereby giving them the space to proliferate and migrate. Relaxing endothelial junctions also increases permeability, opening up the doorway for leukocyte infiltration. These cells can then modulate angiogenesis via their own set of mediators. Though the instigating stimuli may differ, the biochemical sequence of events that initiates angiogenesis is also common to the inflammatory response. In the latter case, changes in EC biochemistry include the release of chemotactic agents and expression of surface adhesion molecules, increasing the efficiency of leukocyte infiltration, particularly those of the myeloid lineage. Evidently, because angiogenesis and inflammation can be initiated by the same sequence of events, they will inevitably share effector molecules.  Of the recruited leukocytes, neutrophils are generally the first responders at the site of inflammation, contributing mediators that propagate and eventually resolve inflammation. We and other groups have shown that endothelial modulators such as angiogenic growth factors exert a direct action on neutrophil activity independently of the presence of the endothelium. In particular, our laboratory has shown that members of the angiopoietin family and their receptor Tie2 are expressed by neutrophils and are capable of activating neutrophil intracellular signalling pathways that impact their survival, adhesion, migration, and protein production. The ability of angiopoietins to directly engage neutrophils illustrates an intimate link between angiogenesis and inflammation, and provides an explanation for why vascular pathologies are often accompanied by an exacerbated inflammatory response.  In the studies presented herein, we sought to expand our understanding of the relationship between angiogenic growth factors and neutrophil behavior. In a pilot experiment using in vivo subcutaneous matrigel plugs, short-term treatment with fibroblast growth factors (FGF) 1 and 2 resulted in significant neovascularization; interestingly, the tissues surrounding the matrigel plug showed an increase in polymorphonuclear cell infiltration. Encouraged by the paucity of information in the literature regarding FGF-neutrophil interaction, we looked at the expression of FGF receptors (FGFRs) on neutrophils from different human donors, as well as the ability of FGFs to induce neutrophil chemotaxis. We demonstrated that the expression of FGFR was strongly dependent on genetic background: Overall, FGFR2 showed the highest incidence as a neutrophil cell-surface receptor, but none of the receptors were universally or uniformly expressed. Despite the genetic factor, neutrophils migrated in response to both FGF1 and FGF2 in vitro, suggesting that other neutrophil adaptors may be engaging FGFs.  Given the shared ability of FGFs and angiopoietins (Ang) to induce neutrophil migration, we performed a wide-scale RNA assay to determine which genes were being engaged by the main ligands of both families.  While none of FGF1, FGF2 or Ang2 had a strong effect on the 84 inflammatory cytokine genes tested (FGFs - unpublished data, 2011), at least two target genes belonging to the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family were significantly upregulated following Ang1 treatment. Further analysis showed that Ang1 not only stimulates gene transcription, but also translation and processing of the precursor of IL-1β (pro-IL-1β), and both precursor and mature proteins accumulate in the cell simultaneously. Interestingly, although no IL-1β is secreted from neutrophils after Ang1 or endotoxin (LPS) treatment, substantial quantities of the naturally occurring IL-1β antagonist (IL-1RA) are released, thereby tipping the balance in favor of inhibiting IL-1β activity. Finally, the activities of Ang1 on IL-1β and IL-1RA production and/or release are largely mediated by p42/44 MAPK; in contrast, the effects of LPS are driven by recruitment of p38.

Keyphrases: angiogenesis, angiopoietin, neutrophils, interleukin-1, FGF, FGF receptors