Régulation de l'orientation du fuseau mitotique des divisions cellulaires asymétriques pendant le développement de la rétine : rôles de SAPCD2 et LGN

The control of cell division orientation is an integral processing during asymmetric cell division, a critical process ensuring cell diversity by asymmetrically distributing cell fate determinants between daughter cells. Cell fate determinants in invertebrate model organisms such as the C. elegans nematode and Drosophila fruit fly have been well characterized, and genetic analyses in these organisms has identified the evolutionarily conserved ternary protein complex Gai-LGN-NuMA as essential molecules involved in mitotic spindle orientation, as well as the polarity protein complex PAR3-PAR6-aPKC. Precisely how the Gai-LGN-NuMA complex achieves proper sub-cellular localization in vertebrate neural progenitors to induce planar cell division remains unclear.  We used the developing vertebrate retina as a model system to study the role of cell division orientation in cell fate decisions. We have previously demonstrated a link between cell division orientation and daughter cell outcome in neural retina. Specifically, vertical cell divisions have a tendency to give rise to asymmetric pairs of daughter cells, and appear in later stages of retinogenesis. We wished to elucidate the mechanism underlying the switch from planar to vertical cell divisions over time during the neurogenic vs. proliferative developmental phases of retinogenesis.   With our collaborators from the University of Toronto in the lab of Dr Stéphane Angers, we identified a novel Gai, LGN and PAR3 interacting protein, named SAPCD2 (suppressor APC domain containing 2). SAPCD2 is a poorly characterized protein, but known to be expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner with higher expression during mitosis and elevated expression in many human cancers.  We first analyzed Sapcd2 and Lgn expression in the developing retina, and found strong expression during proliferative phases, with its subcellular localization dependent on mitotic phase and developmental stage. During mitoses at P0 (birth), SAPCD2 and LGN display complementary localization with an apical or cortico-lateral enrichment, respectively, suggestive of a role in planar cell division induction. However, at E14.5, SAPCD2 and LGN have a highly similar localization, independent of spindle orientation, suggesting different roles during retinal development.  We then analyzed mitotic spindle orientation in Sapcd2 and Sapcd2/Lgn DKO mice at E14.5 and P0, and Lgn mutant mice studied in parallel by Dre Marine Lacomme, post-doc in the Cayouette lab. In the absence of Sapcd2, vertical divisions drastically increased, whereas in the absence of Lgn, horizontal cell divisions increased.   To test if this reorientation affects cell fate outcome, we analyzed the lineage of individual progenitor cells. As expected, in absence of Sapcd2, we observed a drastic increase in terminal asymmetric cell divisions, leading to two different neurons; whereas in the absence of Lgn, we observed an increase in terminal symmetric cell divisions, leading to two photoreceptors. Mechanistically, we showed that SAPCD2 negatively regulates LGN cortical localization, by competing with NuMA for its binding.  In Lgn;Sapcd2 DKO mice, the mitotic spindle reorientation phenotype is even more drastic, containing almost exclusively vertical cell divisions, combined with an increase of proliferation and non-apical mitoses. This leads to a drastic expansion of the neuronal population, which forms an extra-layer containing many different retinal cell types. This over-proliferation could be due to the increase of vertical cell divisions, leading to an asymmetrical distribution of cell fate determinant, NUMB, an antagonist of Notch, between daughter cells. We hypothesize that the retinal basal progenitor, without NUMB, has a higher proliferative potential than the apical progenitor. Contrary to previous studies, this suggests that retinal progenitors are not equipotent.   This work identifies a new regulator of mitotic spindle orientation and clarifies the sub-cellular localization of the LGN-NuMA complex. Our results also suggest that SAPCD2 and LGN change their role and the way they interact throughout the course of retinogenesis. This research contributes to an understanding of both how neural number is regulated, and how cell diversity is generated during vertebrate central nervous system development.

Keyphrases: SAPCD2, LGN, Cell diversity, Development, Asymmetric cell division, Retina