Étude fonctionnelle d’un nouveau complexe multi-enzymatique régulant l’épigénome

The reverse reaction of ubiquitination, a crucial post-translational modification, is catalyzed by deubiquitinases (DUBs). BAP1 is an ubiquitously expressed nuclear DUB that recently emerged as an important tumor suppressor highly mutated and inactivated in an increasing number of cancers of diverse origins. Both somatic and germline mutations with loss of heterozygosity were observed in tumors, making BAP1 the most mutated DUB in human malignancies. We previously reported that BAP1 is a component of a large multi-protein complex that includes several transcription regulators. The Drosophila homologue of BAP1, Calypso, forms the Polycomb-repressive DUB (PR-DUB) complex with Additional Sex Comb, ASX. This complex catalyzes the deubiquitination of histone H2A, an essential chromatin modification that regulates gene expression. Despite the ever increasing number of findings describing the occurrence of BAP1 mutations in cancers, few studies investigated the mechanisms of action of this DUB as a tumor suppressor. Therefore, the biological function and the mechanism of action and regulation of BAP1 remains largely uncharacterized. In the work described in this thesis, we investigated the roles of BAP1 partners in modulating its catalytic activity and tumor suppressor function. More specifically we discovered a unique mechanism of regulation between two major components of BAP1 complexes, namely HCF-1 and OGT. Indeed, HCF-1 is important for the maintenance of the cellular levels of OGT. OGT, in turn, is required for the proper proteolytic maturation of HCF-1 by promoting its O-GlcNAcylation. This signaling event is required for HCF-1 function as a cell cycle regulator. On the other hand, we deciphered an intricate mechanism of regulation of BAP1 by the atypical E2/E3 ligase, UBE2O. UBE2O, promote the multi-monoubiquitination of BAP1 on its NLS mediating its cytoplasmic sequestration and thus inhibition of its tumor suppressor function. Another aspect of modulation of BAP1 H2Aub catalysis is provided by the association of BAP1 with ASXL1 and ASXL2 (ASXL1/ASXL2), two orthologs of ASX. We investigated the role of BAP1/ASXL1/2, particularly in the mechanisms of deubiquitination and tumor suppression.  We have demonstrated that BAP1 interacts directly via its C-terminal domain with the ASXM domain of ASXL1/2, thus forming two mutually exclusive complexes. Significantly, ASXM promote, through assembly with BAP1, the generation of a composite ubiquitin binding domain (CUBI), indispensable for inducing the deubiquitinase activity of BAP1 towards H2Aub. The interactions between BAP1 and ASXL1/2 regulate cell cycle progression. In addition, overexpression of BAP1 or ASXL2 in fibroblasts induces senescence in CTD- and ASXM-dependent manner. We also identified cancer-derived mutation of BAP1 that selectively abolish its interaction with ASXL1 and ASXL2 as well as its H2A deubiquitinase activity. Significantly, this mutant suppressed senescence induced by BAP1 overexpression. Thus we provided a link between the tumor suppressor BAP1, its deubiquitinase activity and the control of cell proliferation.

Keyphrases: Chromatine, Histone H2A K118/K119 monoubiquitination, Complexe PR-DUB, Ubiquitination, BAP1, HCF-1, OGT, O-GlcNAcylation, ASXL1, ASXL2, Chromatin, Histones post-translational modifications, Polycomb proteins, Proteolytic cleavage, Cell proliferation, Deubiquitination, PR-DUB complex