The role of EphB6 and ephrinbs in blood pressure regulation

Hypertension is the most important risk factor for the cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and strokes. The essential hypertension is a complex, multifactorial and polygenic disease. Although many hypertension risk factors have been identified, the comprehensive understanding of mechanisms remains elusive. Erythropoietin-producing hepatocyte kinases (Ephs) are the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases, which bind to cell surface ligands called ephrins on neighboring cells. Eph and ephrin interactions are known to be essential in developmental processes, as well as in functions of adult organs and tissues. However the relationship between Ephs/ephrins and hypertension has not been studied. Ephb6-/-, Efnb1-/- and Efnb3-/-knockout mice models were established for this study. In the EphB6-/- model, we observed that the castrated Ephb6 KO mice but not female or uncastrated male mice presented heightened blood pressure (BP) compared to the wild type (WT) counterparts. This suggests that Ephb6 needs to act in concert with sex hormone to regulate blood pressure. Small arteries from castrated Ephb6-/- males showed increased contractility, RhoA activation and constitutive myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation compared to their WT counterparts. The latter two findings indicate that RhoA and MLC phosphorylation are in the signaling pathway of Ephb6 in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC). We demonstrated that, crosslinking of Efnbs but not Ephb6 resulted in reduced VSMC contractility. This indicates that the effect of Ephb6 is via reverse signaling through Efnbs. In smooth muscle-specific conditional Efnb1-/- model, no difference was observed between Efnb1-/- and WT mice in BP measurement under a normal condition. However, the BP of Efnb1 KO mice during immobilization stress were higher than that of WT mice. In the small arteries from Efnb1 KO mice, the constriction and MLC phosphorylation were elevated. In vitro, the contractility and RhoA activation of WT VSMC were augmented when their Efnb1 was crosslinked. These results corroborate the findings from Ephb6 KO mice, and prove that the effect of Ephb6 in BP control is at least via one of its ligand Efnb1 in VSMC. In the Efnb3-/- model the heightened BP and increased vessel constriction were observed in Efnb3-/-females but not males; the echography also revealed the increased blood flow resistance of female KO mice. However the mutation of Efnb3 doesn’t alter the MLC phosphorylation or RhoA activation in vivo. In in vitro experiment, VSMCs from Efnb3-/- female mice showed increased contractility but did not Efnb3-/- male mice. Crosslinking of VSMCs from WT males or females with solid anti-Efnb3 Ab can reduce their contractility. Our study is the first to assess the role of Eph/ephrins in BP regulation. Eph/ephrins signalings are involved in the regulation of BP. The reverse signaling is mainly responsible for the elevated BP phenotype. Although the Efnb1, Efnb3 belongs to the same family, their function and effectiveness in the regulation of BP might be different. The discovery of Eph/Efnbs allows us to further explore the mechanism in BP.

Keyphrases: Eph, Efnb, Hypertension, Vascular smooth muscle cell, Blood pressure