Mécanismes moléculaires de l’hypertrophie vasculaire dans le modèle animal d’hypertension essentielle (SHR)

Vascular Gqα signaling has been shown to regulate cardiovascular contractility and growth. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from SHR have been shown to exhibit enhanced endogenous production of angiotensin II (Ang II) and endothéline-1 (ET-1). In addition, exogenous Ang II was shown to induce VSMC hypertrophy through Gqα and PKCẟ signaling. However, studies on the role of Gqα/PLCβ1 proteins and PKCẟ signaling in VSMC hypertrophy in animal model of essential hypertension are lacking. The objective of the present thesis is to examine the role of Gqα/PLCβ1 proteins and the associated signaling pathways in VSMC hypertrophy using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). VSMC from 16 week-old SHR (presence of cardiac hypertrophy) and not from 12 week-old SHR (absence of cardiac hypertrophy) exhibited enhanced levels of Gqα/PLCβ1 proteins as compared to age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. The knockdown of Gqα and PLCβ1 in VSMC from 16 week-old SHR by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and/or siRNA resulted in attenuation of protein synthesis. In addition, the enhanced expression of Gqα/PLCβ1 proteins, enhanced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and enhanced protein synthesis in VSMC from SHR were attenuated by Ang II AT1 and ET-1 ETA receptor antagonists losartan and BQ123, respectively, but not by ETB receptor antagonist BQ788. In addition, PD98059 decreased the enhanced expression of Gqα/PLCβ1 and protein synthesis in VSMC from SHR. Since oxidative stress has been shown to be increased in hypertension, we tested the role of oxidative stress in enhanced expression of Gqα and PLCβ1 proteins and VSMC hypertrophy in SHR and further explore the underlying mechanisms responsible for this response. The increased expression of Gqα and PLCβ1 proteins as well as increased protein synthesis exhibited by VSMC from SHR were significantly attenuated by antioxidants: N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a scavenger of superoxide anion, DPI, an inhibitor of NAD(P)H oxidase, PP2 (c-Src inhibitor), AG1024 (IGFR inhibitor), AG1478 (EGFR inhibitor) and AG1295 (PDGFR inhibitor). In addition, the levels of IGF-1R and EGFR proteins and not of PDGFR were also enhanced in VSMC from 16 week-old SHR which were attenuated significantly by NAC, DPI and PP2. Furthermore, the inhibition of oxidative stress and c-Src molecule also attenuated the enhanced phosphorylation of IGF-1R, PDGFR, EGFR and EKR1/2 in VSMC from SHR. To further confirm our results, the knockdown of EGFR and c-Src with specific siRNA was also associated with a significant decrease in the enhanced expression of Gqα and PLCβ1 proteins and enhanced protein synthesis in VSMC from SHR. In another study we showed also that VSMC from 16 week-old SHR exhibit enhanced phosphorylation of PKCδ at Tyrosine 311 (Tyr311) as compared to VSMCs from WKY rats which was attenuated by rottlerin (PKCδ inhibitor) in a concentration dependant-manner. Furthermore, rottlerin also attenuated the increased production of superoxide anion, NAD(P)H oxidase activity, c-Src phosphorylation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in VSMC from SHR. In addition, rottlerin and PKCδ-siRNA also attenuated the enhanced protein synthesis in VSMCs from SHR. The increased expression of Gqα, PLCβ1, IGF-1R and EGFR exhibited by VSMC from SHR were also attenuated by rottlerin in a concentration dependant manner. Rottlerin also inhibited significantly the enhanced phosphorylation of IGF-1R, PDGFR and EGFR in VSMCs from SHR and WKY. These results suggest that the enhanced levels of endogenous Ang II and ET-1 enhanced the expression of Gqα/PLCβ1 proteins in VSMC from 16 week-old SHR and result in VSMC hypertrophy. On the other hand, the enhanced oxidative stress, c-Src and PKCẟ activation, through the transactivation of growth factor receptors and MAPK signaling contribute to enhanced expression of Gqα and PLCβ1 proteins and resultant enhanced protein synthesis.

Keyphrases: Gqα, PLCβ1, PKCẟ, SHR, Oxidative stress, VSMC, Hypertrophy