Représenter et construire la psychiatrie en France, 1801-1863 : l'art des premiers aliénistes

Over the last four decades, famous publications have analyzed the history, art, and architecture of late nineteenth-century psychiatry to denounce the negative aspects of this science: the voyeurism directed toward the person of the insane, the dehumanization of the asylum, the self-glorification of the psychiatrist, the abuse of power. It is this one-sided view that I seek to undermine in this dissertation by focusing my analysis on artworks produced at the birth of psychiatry in the early nineteenth century. It reveals another side of the psychiatric science, one that is philanthropic, humane and motivated by a real hope of cure. By examining unpublished or neglected iconographic material, I construct a new history of the birth of psychiatry – that of its visual culture – which reveals both its ideals and the distance from its own aspirations brought about by this new science’s need for legitimation and professionalization. My dissertation proposes an epistemological investigation of the history of French alienism by studying the rhetorical discourse of the artworks commissioned by its founders. The first chapter is dedicated to the earliest asylums. Designed as the continuation of the body of the psychiatrist, they are analyzed in relation to the values of the new science. I demonstrate that the concept of asylum, affecting our sensations and our cognition, both followed the Enlightenment theories of architecture and expressed the specific needs of psychiatry.  The second chapter identifies, for the first time, a set of portraits of the first generation of psychiatrists and their pupils. I argue that this corpus sought to impose the image of the psychiatrist as a model of reason and to establish the profession. In the process, the image of the psychiatrist gradually lost its paternalist and humanist characteristics. The third chapter analyzes the illustrations of the insane produced for the founding treatises of psychiatry published in France. The vector of my analysis and the big challenge for art and for science come from the ethics of the first psychiatrists: how to represent mental illness without reducing the sick person to alterity? One of the first phases of production grants autonomy and subjectivity to the insane individual. But in order to objectify the patient to fulfill the scientific needs of psychiatry, the madman was once again relegated to otherness. The fourth and last chapter focuses on the ornamental cycle in the chapel of the Hospice de Charenton (1844-1846), the main Parisian asylum at the time. It reveals how religious art played a role in psychiatry by borrowing from the force and power of religious iconography to mark the presence of the psychiatrist’s authority even in the asylum chapel.  The nineteenth century generated hopes for the recognition of the freedom of individuals and of equality between people. While these hopes were ultimately disappointed, the artworks produced for alienism show the promises that had been made to the weaker groups of society, promises of recognition of their subjectivity, of their autonomy, and of their dignity.

Keyphrases: Architecture, Portrait, Art and psychiatry, Romanticism, France, nineteenth-century, Otherness, Subjectivity, Religious painting, Alienism