Supercomplexes multifonctionnels chez les mitochondries, et chez E. coli

It is known that processes such as transcription, translation and intron splicing require a multitude of proteins (plus a few non-protein components) organized in large ‘molecular machines’. But, according to traditional views, processing of RNA precursors (e.g., tRNA and rRNA) and metabolic pathways are pools of individual enzymes (single proteins or small complexes), with sequential enzymatic reaction steps connected via diffusible metabolites. This perception is incompatible with the ‘molecular crowding’ in most cellular compartments (e.g., 60% in the mitochondrial matrix). It is also not in line with the cumulating indirect evidence from comprehensive studies of protein-protein interactions and affinity purification, showing that numerous protein complexes involving different metabolic and regulatory processes are interconnected. However, direct evidence of extensive cross-talk among diverse cellular processes remains to be clearly demonstrated. Here we show that in mitochondria of yeast and other fungi (Neurospora crassa and Rhizopus oryzae), animal (Bos taurus), plant (Brassica oleracea), and in E. coli (standing for the “bacterial ancestor” of mitochondria), metabolism is physically interlinked (in supercomplexes) with translation, replication, transcription and RNA processing. Further, the supercomplexes also contain a variety of helper proteins, in support of earlier reports that describe such proteins as important structural units assisting complex assembly. Whereas the composition of supercomplexes in fungi (e.g., Neurospora crassa), animals and yeast is relatively similar, plants and E. coli present substantial compositional differences (e.g., plant-specific enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of sugars and secondary metabolites). In yeast, the supercomplex pattern of glucose-repressed cells is completely different from that of cells grown on galactose/glycerol, and the protein composition perfectly correlates with known regulatory changes under glucose repression. The destabilization of the complex organization is also illustrated by the deletion of genes in the mitochondrial fatty acid type II biosynthetic pathway (mutant strain oar1Δ). Mutants have both, a defect  in fatty acid synthesis and in 5’ processing of mitochondrial tRNA, and no longer have a supercomplex containing Oar1p and components of RNase P (5’ tRNA processing). The pleiotropic mutant phenotype is best explained by a structural (assembly) defect.  Also in yeast mitochondria, we demonstrate that RNase P and tRNA Z activities are part of a large complex, which further includes the RNA degradosome complex, five additional RNA processing proteins, and several other mitochondrial pathways. 5’ and 3’ tRNA processing enzymes are also associated in a large, multifunctional supercomplex in E. coli that includes six out of the seven proteins of the RNA degradosome, nine aminoacyl-tRNA synthases, RNA polymerase plus four transcription factors, eleven ribosomal proteins plus four translation factors, several components of protein folding and maturation, and a small set of metabolic enzymes. Apparently, not only is RNA processing coordinated, but it is also structurally connected to aminoacylation, transcription and other cellular functions.  The number of documented cases where functionally related activities are structurally integrated is definitely increasing (e.g., editosome, glycolysis complex, etc). Indeed, structural integration of related functions and pathways may turn out to be a principle and the analyses of such super-structures may become a next structural biology frontier.

Keyphrases: E coli, process of mitochondria, E coli, multifunctional supercomplexes, metabolic channeling, maturation of tRNA precursors, tRNA aminoacylation