Mesurer l'apport unique de l'adhésion à la culture des gangs de rue à l'explication des conduites délinquantes chez les adolescents et les hommes contrevenants

The disproportionate contribution of street gang members to a city's crime rate is, no doubt, a strong empirical proposition. Numerous studies have concluded that street gang association is an additional risk factor tied to the association with delinquent peers which constitutes among the best predictors of delinquency along with criminal history and antisocial personality traits. However, the specific role that street gang association plays in explaining delinquency is largely unknown. Nevertheless, among the variables most often cited to explain this is the concept of adherence to the gang culture which has however never been specifically operationalized.  The aim of this thesis is to study the specific contribution of an offender's adherence to the street gang culture to an explanation of delinquency. More specifically, its objectives are to define the street gang culture, operationalize adherence to the street gang culture, examine the reliability of the measurement of adherence to the street gang culture, and study its relationship with the nature, variety and frequency of delinquent behaviour of offenders placed under the responsibility of youth centres and correctional services in Quebec. Three scientific papers, to which a regular chapter has been attached, were used to demonstrate the thesis.   The first paper presents the steps taken toward the development of the first Measurement of Adherence to the Gang Culture, the MACg. More specifically, the paper reviews the literature that led us to propose an initial definition of the gang culture and operationalize the concept. It also describes the approach to validating the relevance of its content and the preliminary data that demonstrate the measurement's strong internal consistency. This first study is followed by an examination of scoring of the main indicators of the gang culture, presented as a regular chapter. This approach is a necessary complement to the examination of the face validity of the MACg. The results indicate very satisfying levels agreement between observations of the various Quebec youth centre and correctional services professionals who were invited to score indicators of the gang culture based on two fictional stories of a juvenile offender and an adult offender.   Then, the second paper presents results of an initial study of the reliability of the MACg using the Rasch model approach to item response theory. Its findings support the one-dimensional nature of the MACg and its ability to distinguish groups of items and persons along a severity continuum of adherence to the gang culture. However, the differential functioning and poor fit of certain items were observed, in addition to the inadequacy of the type of response structure (Likert scale) chosen during the development of the MACg. Therefore, an adjusted version of the measurement is proposed.  The third and final paper presents the results of a study examining the relationship between delinquency and an offender's adherence to the gang culture as measured by the MACg. The results support the unique contribution of an offender's adherence to the gang culture to the diversity and frequency of self-reported delinquent behaviour by offenders placed under the responsibility of youth centres and correctional services in Quebec. Moreover, the score on the original and adjusted MACg scales turned out to be a more powerful explanatory factor than age, criminal precocity, delinquent peers and psychopathy when it came to the best predictors of delinquency. The study also highlights the close relationship between a strong adherence to the gang culture and the marked presence of psychopathic traits which were warning signs of particularly serious problems.  Despite its limitations, this thesis will significantly contribute to developing the foundation of a new model to explain the influence of street gang association on human behaviour. The MACg can also aid the risk assessment of male offenders placed under the responsibility of the criminal justice system and improve the quality of the treatments available to them.

Keyphrases: MACg, Rasch, gang culture, adherence, measurement construction, delinquency, reliability, statistical tests