NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the gentleman : a study of hegemonic masculinity in the works of Jane Austen

The increasing amount of attention to literature and female novelists in masculinity studies invites academics to revisit iconic figures like the gentleman in order to explore how literature responds to idealizations of manliness in eighteenth-century society and how these standards contribute to our own view of gender differentiation. This thesis analyses male characters in Jane Austen’s Emma, Persuasion and Mansfield Park under the scope of R.W. Connell’s concept of “Hegemonic Masculinity,” a concept that has been influential in the study of how history and hegemony influence social and national expectations of English masculine character. Conduct books that instructed genteel men how to be a manly gentleman perpetuated these ideals. Through the study of how politeness, sincerity, and heroism were continuously transformed to incorporate new ideals of manhood, this thesis examines influential conduct books by Locke, Knox, and Secker in order to understand how hegemonic masculinity became an essential part of Regency masculine education and discourse. Austen’s works highlight the vulnerability of hegemony by reminding the reader about the importance of human experience and growth regardless of gender. Nevertheless, her novels respond to appropriate education that instructs on principle, self-governance, industry, and sincerity, all of which, as the history addressed in this thesis demonstrates, also belonged to ideals of English nationalism and masculinity.

Keyphrases: Jane Austen, Masculinity, Hegemony, Gentry masculinity, Politeness, Sincerity, Gallantry, Hegemonic masculinity, Sailor
L'alliance thérapeutique et le sentiment d'impuissance de l'aidant : l'expérience des intervenants en centre jeunesse et en milieu communautaire

This study aims at understanding feelings of powerlessness of the helper and its place in the development of the therapeutic alliance with youths. The workers perceptions about the feeling of powerlessness and the possible consequences it has on their practice are analyzed.  A number of solutions are proposed, based on strategies developed by workers. With a qualitative methodology, the twenty-five interviews from the research «Alliance building interventions with youth offenders», conducted by Louis-Georges Cournoyer, professor at the University of Montreal’s School of Criminology, are used. In order to complete this data, a focus group was held with community workers. The therapeutic alliance ruptures, who is mediated by team’s support and worker’s self-perceived role and control, can engender the feeling of powerlesness. This feeling might lead to a positive self-questioning. However, it might also lead to the development of learned helplessness, which manifest itself by cognitive, motivational and affective deficits. Among the other consequences of the feeling of powerlesness, is a struggle that is expressed by withdrawal, anger and control, whom are not suitable in an intervention context. By focusing on the team’s support and on the self-perceived role and control of the worker, it is possible to prevent and counter the feeling of powerlessness.

Keyphrases: Feeling of powerlessness, Therapeutic alliance, Youth offenders, Intervention, Intervention
Association supramoléculaire à l'état solide des fullerènes C60 et C70 avec le centrohexaindane

Spherical fullerene C60 and C70, its ellipsoidal analogue, are convex aromatic compounds consisting exclusively of carbon atoms. The aromatic nature of the surface of these carbon cages enables their solid-state association with aromatic molecules that have complementary shapes. In particular, the association of fullerenes with compounds that have concave aromatic units, by a concave-convex type of association, is favored. Indeed, concave-convex π•••π interactions are enhanced because of the topological complementarity of the partners. Centrohexaindane is a rigid nonplanar hydrocardon that was first synthesized in 1988 by Kuck and coworkers. It contains four concave aromatic surfaces, oriented in a tetrahedral geometry, that are likely to interact favorably with fullerenes. To study this phenomenon, we successfully cocrystallized centrohexaindane with fullerenes C60 and C70. We then resolved the structure of the resulting solid-state assemblies by X-ray diffraction. The concave aromatic surfaces of centrohexaindane proved to be conducive for an association with fullerenes involving concave-convex π•••π interactions, as expected. In addition, we found that C-H bonds located at the periphery of centrohexaindane participate in a variety of C-H•••π contacts with the fullerene partners. Samples of cocrystals containing centrohexaindane and fullerene were also characterized using powder X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis in order to assess their homogeneity.

Keyphrases: C60, C70, Centrohexaindane, Fullerene, Centrohexaindane, Supramolecular association, Cocrystals, X-ray diffraction, π•••π interactions, C-H•••π contacts, Powder X-ray diffraction
Molecular Networks Created by Charge-Assisted Hydrogen Bonds Between Bis(aminidinium) Cations and Carboxylates, Sulfonates, Phosphonates and Phosphates

The goal of this study is to learn how to create new molecular materials by design. At present, there is no general method for predicting structures and properties, but significant progress is being made, particularly in making ordered molecular materials such as crystals. In such materials, organization can be controlled effectively by the strategy of molecular tectonics. This approach uses molecules called “tectons”, which can associate in ways directed by predictable non-covalent interactions. In this way, the position of each molecule relative to its neighbors can be programmed with a high degree of reliability to create crystals and other ordered materials with desirable structural features and properties. The work that we will describe focuses on using the association of bis(aminidinium) cations with carboxylates, sulfonates, and phosphates to create predictable molecular networks. Such networks promise to be unusually robust because they are held together by multiple charge-assisted hydrogen bonds.

Keyphrases: Molecular materials, Tectons, Crystal engineering, Charge-assisted hydrogen bonds
La bioaccumulation d’une nanoparticule d’argent (nAg) par l’algue verte Chlamydomonas reinhardtii : distinguer la contribution de la particule de celle de l’ion Ag+

The recent developments in nanotechnology have given rise to a new and increasing economical market where nanoparticles are at the forefront. Recent inventories of the nanoparticles-containing products have shown that silver nanoparticle- containing products are the most frequently used consumer nanomaterial. Due to the fear of a large scale contamination-and even pollution- of the aquatic environment from silver nanoparticles (nAg), studies have been conducted to assess their toxicities, which, in many cases, have been found to be mediated by the concomitant presence of Ag+. Notably, few studies have found evidence of toxicity due to the nAg, per se. Since numerous non-labile complexes are formed with Ag+ in freshwaters- especially with thiols and sulfides-, nAg toxicity might be more relevant in comparison to laboratory tests where the Ag+ tends to dominate toxicity studies. Therefore, this study investigated the mechanisms underlying silver bioaccumulation by the green alga, C. reinhardtii upon exposure to solutions of nAg (nominal size of 5 nm; poly-acrylate coating). Silver bioaccumulation upon exposures to the free ion alone served for comparison. In parallel, the abundance of two mRNAs- ICL1 and CTR2- were used to better understand the mechanisms underlying the bioaccumulation of Ag+ (and potentially nAg). The experiments were conducted in pH buffered solutions (NaHEPES, 2 x 10-2 M; Ca2+, 5x 10-5 M) at pH 7.00. For 2-hour exposures, the silver bioaccumulation for solutions of nAg exceeded what was expected from their Ag+ content only; however, no differences were noticed in the abundance of the expression of ICL1 and CTR2. For variable time exposures, the silver bioaccumulation for solutions of nAg exceeded what was expected from their Ag+ content only. Moreover, the expression of ICL1 was significantly higher for nAg than what was expected based upon an exposure to Ag+ only. When exposed to nAg, expression levels of CTR2 could be predicted from levels based solely on the Ag+ concentrations. The addition of a large excess of L-Cysteine, which is a very strong silver ligand (log K =11.5), to a nAg solution largely decreased silver bioaccumulation, however, bioaccumulation remained significant and the expression of both ICL1 and CTR2 were significantly higher than that of the control solutions (without Ag+). The results strongly suggest that nAg generated Ag+ ions when in contact with C. reinhardtii and that the nAg released to freshwaters might exert its toxicity through organism-contact-dependant release of Ag+.

Keyphrases: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Bioaccumulation, Silver nanoparticles, mRNA
Le lien intervenant-jeune en unité de réadaptation : de la relation d’aide à l’alliance thérapeutique dans un contexte d’autorité

Psychosocial intervention with children living in Youth Centers is legislated by the Youth Protection Act (YPA). The professional position of the youth workers is characterised by a relationship of authority, reinforced by an institutional framework and numerous legal obligations, and a counselling relationship. This research paper focuses on this double mandate and its impacts on building a connection between the children and their youth workers. The research’s fieldwork took place in a unit of a Youth Center of Montreal (YCM). The analysis is mostly based on a corpus of data, from living environment observations to the protagonist’s very own narratives throughout semi-directive interviews. The present approach combines the ethnographic and phenomenological traditions, enabling the interpretation of the children and youth workers’ perceptions on the questions of the relationships of authority and counselling. The research results pertain to the conditions supporting the conciliation and polarisation of these sometimes antagonistic mandates. Elements weakening the construction of meaningful bonds between the parties, or, to the opposite reinforcing them, were highlighted. Conclusively, this research illustrates the obstacles in creating a therapeutic alliance and its impossible concrete fulfilment within the context of Youth Centers.

Keyphrases: discipline, Youth Center, psychosocial intervention, care, therapeutic alliance, counselling, readaptation, context of authority, discipline, bond
Les navires vikings : conception géométrique et architecture traditionnelle au Moyen Âge scandinave

According to the popular image of the Vikings, this people embodied a spirit of immense solidarity that resisted the yoke of Christianity and the dominance of Latin in Western Europe. This image is not without its contradictions, and while it is true that writing was unknown in Scandinavia during the early centuries of the Viking expansion, we now know that trade and colonization, as much as their famous raids, motivated the irruption of the Scandinavian people on the medieval stage. However, there is an important area where the contradictions between the image of the Vikings and archaeological data still remain intact : the Vikings ships. These ships were designed for traders, settlers, fishermen and warriors. Like the Vikings themselves, their ships reflect a genius of  unparallelled originality and high performance. How did the Vikings build their ships, conferring them with such impressive  symmetry, balance and finesse? The first ethnologists who studied this issue favoured ideal notions of traditions compiled over generations of builders, along with simple tips for balancing portside and starboard. Following this reductive cultural representation, they then quickly turned to the essential elements of clinker built construction: use of split planks and a great number of iron rivets, evidence of a new metallurgy. The problem with these ships  is that, while their construction is made using traditional methods fitting to the popular image of the Vikings, their architectural design, deriving from very refined knowledge, contradicts the idea of an illiterate medieval Scandinavia cut off from the main centres of learning. This work focuses on the architectural design of Scandinavian ships from the eighth to the eleventh century, to show their place in high European knowledge. It then seeks to understand the links between the theoretical and practical aspects of Vikings ships : the clinker built construction and a great homogeneity over more than five centuries. Analysis of the master frames of five wrecks – three Viking ships, one Ancient wreck and a pre-Viking Scandinavian vessel – has found positive indicators of the use of geometric design principles that were formerly thought to be original in Renaissance shipbuilding treatises. Each wreck showed signs of the application of these design principles. The results show moreover that it was possible to use a transverse system of hull design for ships that were built shell-first in the clinker style.

Keyphrases: Scandinavian Middle Age, Viking ships, naval architecture, clinker built boats, maritime archaeology, process of hull design
Les approches théoriques classiques de la révolution et une approche religiologique de la révolution sandiniste au Nicaragua

This memoir is essentially a critical, comparative and complementarist literature review of some of the major theories on revolutions. The author seeks, through exploring the particular topic of revolution, to better understand some of the critical issues of social change. He notably interrogates the nature and importance of the revolution project in relation to mobilization and the destiny of revolutions. Most of the memoir is dedicated to the exposition of the so-called « classical » theories of Marx, Moore, Gurr, Tilly, Johnson, Wallace, Brinton, also included the less known, original approach of religiologist Jean-Jacques Dubois. After demonstrating the essential themes, the author attempts to critically compare and discuss the epistemic relevance of each concept. In a synthetic perspective, he concludes by attempting to fill in the gaps through focusing on their complementary aspects.

Keyphrases: Affect, Revolution, Theory of revolution, Mobilization, Interest, Authority, Sacred, Affect, Complexity, Order / disorder
Entre modernité et tradition : le cas du yoga du Cachemire à Montréal

The ancient practice of Yoga has seen a phenomenal revival in the last forty years.  It has become integrated into a world in which the individual and their relationship with their environment are no longer perceived the same way; yoga conveys malleable concepts, custom-fitting to the ever-changing Western landscape.  The province of Quebec, and more specifically the city of Montreal which is the site of my ethnography, has a rich religious past and present where one finds an effervescence of new spiritualities that have developed since the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s.   In this setting, I discovered a form of yoga originating from the northwestern Indian region of Kashmir and which is founded on the traditions of “non-dualistic tantric kashmir sivaism”.  This form of yoga is not yet well known, despite having been studied by academics in India, France, England, Italy, United States, and Canada.  It is referred to as “traditional” owing to its non-dualistic orientation of its teachings, based on the tantras.  Kashmirian yoga, which is fundamentally based on the senses and tactile exploration, does not exhibit the same characteristics as other mainstream yogas such as ashtanga, Iyengar, or hatha.   Our ethnographic exploration focuses on the members of this group and the practice and discourse of its teacher.  The members, predominantly of French-Canadian origin, grasp this approach and its soteriology with a uniquely identifiable cultural-religious background, whether it be at the level of the body, ideas, or an amalgamation they envision.  The teacher presents the practice as the direct application of the doctrines expressed in the traditional sciptures, the tantras, of Kashmirian Saiva tradition. The practice of Kashmirian yoga therefore seeks to remain traditional while nonetheless being acculturated within the contemporary context in which it is taught.  It is therefore crucial to comprehend the dynamics inherent in this process of transposition of tradition within a contemporary context. It is therefore this process of construction and transformation that we will attempt to explain; the latter seemingly established between traditional continuity and the breach of redefined and reinvented elements.  We will see that within this dynamic, observed as frequently in its discourse as in its practice, the limits are not as hermetic as they may appear, rather the concepts of cultural identity and temporality clash, building up one on top the other in a incessant and living movement.

Keyphrases: Anthropology, Cultural and social anthropology, New spiritualties, Kashmir Saivism, Yoga, Modernity, Quebec, Religion
Étude sociojuridique des représentations de la laïcité indienne et des positionnements à l’égard de lois différenciées selon l’appartenance religieuse

In 1947, India became a secular democratic republic proposing a new organization of society. Family laws, established according to religious affiliation and affirmative action policies, were recognized by the state without unanimity. In the political climate of the nineties, such secularism and group rights were questioned.   From a socio-historical perspective, this research focuses on the practices & representations of Indian secularism and its potential relationship with laws differentiated by religious affiliation. Based on the notion of equality, the present research explores the rights and obligations associated with the just approach to religious diversity in independent India. Particular attention is given to the contemporary period and to Indian Muslims’ group rights. In this research, legal representations that emerge from the analysis of public and intellectual debates are paralleled with the viewpoints of seventeen of Kolkata’s middle-class informants (summer 2011).  Using this approach, the discourse analysis informs the reader on the conception of secularism discussed in contemporary, independent India. Recognising the value of diversity, duties and self regulation, the majority of respondents reject differentiated rights for Muslims. Two approaches of the state emerge; one in which the State is more directive and one which provides more autonomy to the group.

Keyphrases: Justice sociale, Inde, Political and legal anthropology, Religious diversity, Social justice, Secularism, Group law, India, Indian Muslim
Travail en mode projet distribué géographiquement : mesure des compétences, de la collaboration et des performances individuelles selon le degré de virtualité

In a context where workplaces are becoming more internationalized, and where innovation is critical, today's organizations must structure jobs by taking into account geographical distance and the need to perform well in tasks related to different projects. However, innovative projects and access to communication tools are not sufficient conditions to ensure adequate performance. Various factors, such as skills relevant to teleworking and the degree of virtuality that separates people must be factored in to achieve good performance. Furthermore, in order to select candidates who will be able to perform well in this context, the use of appropriate and available assessment tools in several languages is essential.  First, this thesis presents a process of translation, adaptation and validation in French and English of a German questionnaire used for the assessment of skills when work is organized in a distributed mode. The first article address limitations that characterize studies that perform such adaptations.  A second article then highlights the relative importance of a set of competencies related to two types of individual performance suitable for projects in virtual mode. Results show that creativity, independence, integrity, loyalty and conscientiousness are directly related to proactive performance. However, it is necessary to take into account the positive effect of the perception of collaboration and the negative effect of the degree of virtuality to understand how competencies such as learning motivation, independence, integrity, loyalty and conscientiousness affect adaptive performance.  In sum, this thesis first proposes a rigorous process to adapt, translate, and validate instruments in several languages. This process helps avoid common limitations simpler methods are prone to and is better adapted to an international context where it is essential to have great confidence in the equivalences of the instruments. This thesis is also an interesting advancement in regard to understanding the various determinants of individual performance when work is organized in virtual projects. Recommendations are given to foster individual performance, and suggestions for future research are also presented in order to further deepen knowledge on the subject.

Keyphrases: Competencies, Adaptive performance, Proactive performance, Distributed project team, Degree of virtuality, Translation
Référentiel de compétences infirmières : soins intensifs, traumatologie

This training report is a nursing competence-based learning that will serve to build a continuous professional development program which will be used to improve nurses’ skills in trauma intensive care unit.  This competence-based learning will be used for beginner to expert nurses.  It has been inspired from the competence-based learning of the Nursing Faculty of the Montreal University, from the continuous vocational training literature and from the competence approach in academic and professional environment.   It has been developed in collaboration with many different professionals working in traumatology at the intensive care unit of the Montreal Sacré-Coeur Hospital.   First of all, we find the elaboration steps, and the description of the different components of the competence-based learning.  Second, we present the entirety of the nursing competence-based learning in a table form.  Each of the seven competences is defined and described according with competency factors, development indicators, and internal and external resources to be mobilised and combined.  After we find a rigorous critical analysis of the different stage steps progress in which we described the stages and personal learning objectives, their realisation and observation of the training course.  We present recommendations from collected comments of the competence-based learning presentation to different intensive care unit trauma professionals and to the hospital nursing care director.  The recommendations suggest mainly the elaboration of other level competence and the implantation of the competence continuous formation in the hospital.

Keyphrases: Competence-based learning, Continuous professional development, Nurse, Intensive care, Traumatology