Développement des habiletés linguistiques chez les enfants porteurs d'un implant cochléaire

This dissertation examines language development in children who received a cochlear implant (CI) at a young age. A systematic review studied the main outcomes reported in the literature concerning vocabulary and grammar development of profoundly deaf children who received a CI before the age of 3 years. A total of 28 studies met inclusion criteria. Studies varied widely in participant characteristics, assessment tools, study designs, and overall methodological quality. A descriptive synthesis and a meta-analysis were completed separately for each language domain (receptive and expressive vocabulary and grammar). Results showed a positive impact of cochlear implantation on language development, but only a minority of children achieved language levels on par with their hearing age-mates. The majority of the children involved in the primary studies continued to exhibit varying levels of delay in receptive and expressive vocabulary and grammar after up to 5 years of cochlear implant use. Results showed that the minority of children who achieved language levels on par with hearing children were likely to have received their implant by the age of two, thus suggesting that age at implantation influences language achievement.    A second study examined receptive and expressive vocabulary and grammar achievement of 27 French-speaking children who received a CI between the age of 8 and 28 months. Standardized measures were administered and the language levels attained by children with CIs were compared with those of the normative sample of same-age hearing peers for each measure. As a group, children exhibited language levels within normal limits on all standardized language measures. Examination of individual patterns in a subgroup of children revealed 4 different language profiles: a) normal language levels in all domains, b) general language delay, c) vocabulary within the norm with morphosyntactic delay, and d) an atypical profile (discrepancies across language domains). In three of these profiles, comprehension of sentences was impaired. Findings suggest that receiving a cochlear implant between the age of 1 and 2 years does not ensure that language abilities will be within normal limits after up to 6 years of experience with the implant.   An earlier stage of formal language was examined in the third study. Vocabulary size and grammatical composition in 11 children who received their CI at a mean age of 15 months were compared to that of the Quebec French normative sample for the Words and Sentences questionnaire of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (MBCDI). Results showed that age equivalent scores according to total vocabulary size were superior to hearing age (equivalent to the duration of device use) but inferior to chronological age. Distribution of grammatical categories according to vocabulary size followed the same pattern as in the normative sample. These results suggest that the lexical profile of children with implants was very similar to that of normally-hearing children who had the same number of words.    Taken together, results of this dissertation suggest that the cochlear implant can have a “normalizing” effect on language. However, they also suggest that improved access to auditory input does not seem sufficient to allow children to attain language levels within normal limits in all components. Whereas early lexical abilities were comparable to typical development, receptive morphosyntactic abilities remain severely impaired in a majority of children.

Keyphrases: Language acquisition, Lexical development, Morphosyntactic development, Cochlear implant, Hearing impairment, Preschool and school-aged children, Systematic review, Meta-analysis