NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Papyres : un système de gestion et de recommandation d’articles de recherche

Graduate students and professors (researchers, in general) regularly access, review, and use large amounts of research papers, yet none of the existing tools and solutions provides the wide range of functionalities required to properly manage these resources. Indeed, bibliography management systems manage the references and citations but fail to help researchers in handling and locating resources. On the other hand, research paper recommendation systems and specialized search engines help researchers to locate new resources, but again fail to help researchers in managing the resources. Finally, Enterprise Content Management systems offer the required functionalities to manage resources and knowledge, but are not designed for research literature. Consequently, we suggest a new class of management systems: Research Paper Management and Recommendation System. Through our system Papyres (Naak, Hage, & Aïmeur, 2008, 2009) we illustrate our approach, which combines bibliography functionalities along with recommendation techniques and content management tools, in order to provide a set of functionalities to locate research papers, handle and maintain the bibliographies, and to manage and share knowledge related to the research literature. Additionally, we propose a novel research paper recommendation technique, used within Papyres. Its uniqueness lies in the multicriteria aspect introduced in the process of collaborative filtering, allowing researchers to indicate their interest in specific parts of articles. Moreover, we suggest test and compare several approaches to determine the neighbourhood in the Multicriteria Collaborative Filtering process, such as to increase the accuracy of the recommendation. Finally, we report on the implementation and validation of Papyres.

Keyphrases: Research Paper Management, Reference Management, Enterprise Content Management, Research Paper Recommendation, Multicriteria Collaborative Filtering, Recommendation Systems’ classification
Décombres de l’avenir et projets rudéraux : les métamorphoses de Paris chez Verne, Hugo et Zola

Between 1853 and 1870, many areas of the French capital are torn down to allow the establishment of new avenues by Baron Haussmann, Paris’ prefect under Napoleon III. These major urban projects have struck the social imaginary and became an object of fascination for literature. This essay is located on the grounds of sociocriticism and seeks to understand how Verne’s, Hugo’s and Zola’s texts interpret the Paris’ new urban conformation. In Paris au XXe siècle (1863) Jules Verne is planning future destructions and, in turn, imagines the strange constructiveness of residual past. Although in exile, Victor Hugo is very aware of urban and social changes under way. In Paris (1867) his writing works to make compatible the ideas of ruin and progress. Émile Zola with Paris (1898) reflects the contradictions accompanying urban change through medical and organic metaphors close to "the decadence’s spirit" that characterizes the end of the century. In accordance with the aims of the sociocriticism’s approach, the research develops itself from an internal reading of works, drawing on the resources of texts’ analysis, poetics and narratology. The essay also mobilizes diverse works on relations between literature and the city, as well as works of synthesis produced in the fields of general history and of urban planning history.

Keyphrases: literature, sociocriticism, city, Haussmann, Haussmann, second Empire, Second Empire, ruin, Hugo, Victor, Hugo, Victor
Détermination des effets de l'administration des probiotiques sur l'attachement d'Escherichia Coli Entérotoxinogène F4 et l'expression de cytokines chez le porcelet sevré

Postweaning diarrhea (PWD) associated with F4-positive enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC F4) causes important economic losses in swine production. Since a couple of years, the use of probiotics as feed additives to prevent such enteric infections and reduce the use of antimicrobial treatments, has gained in interest. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of Pediococcus acidilactici (PA) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii (SCB), on ETEC F4 colonization and attachment, accumulation of intestinal fluid and cytokines expression in weaned pig’s ileum. At birth, different litters of pigs were allocated to the following treatments: PA, SCB, PA + SCB, control (CTRL) and control with antibiotics (ATB). Probiotics (1 × 109 CFU) were administered daily to probiotics group during the lactation period and after weaning. One week after weaning, at 28 days of age, all F4-receptor-positive pigs were orally challenged with an ETEC F4 strain. Pigs were slaughter 24 hours later (day 29) and different intestinal samples were collected. In pigs treated with PA or SCB, the attachment of ETEC F4 to the ileal mucosa was significantly reduced in comparison with the ATB group. Finally, intestinal cytokines were upregulated in PA + SCB group in comparison with the CTRL group. In conclusion, these results suggest that administration of probiotics could be an alternative to attenuate ETEC F4 infection in pigs.

Keyphrases: Pediococcus acidilactici, Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii, Cytokines, Probiotic, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Postweaning diarrhea, pig
La mélancolie même de la photographie : Roland Barthes

In any body of knowledge, from humoral medicine to psychoanalysis, from art history to philosophy, melancholy has been defined by a gap. Unless he becomes apathetic, the melancholic will try to cope with this deficiency by engaging in intellectual or artistic activities: melancholy is both genius and inadequacy. Melancholy is a labour that deals with absence – but what kind of absence? Arts and scholarly literature has portrayed melancholy as a result from a flaw in the image: a memory or an accurate representation is missing in the melancholic mind. We do not see much of melancholy but an ongoing process of imagination, craft and organization that we call “intellectualization” or “creation”. Melancholy supposes a tendency to formalize: it is the search of the ideal mode of representation, be it a graphic, a name or a literary genre.  Few productions allow the study of melancholy at work as well as Roland Barthes’ (1915-1980). Intellectual, his written works question the meaning and the forms of literature and the world in a melancholic way. Creative, his production shows a figure of melancholy that varies from one book to another, depending on what is missing – though it always has something to do with a defect in the image. In this sense, photography has been used as the image of both reality and memory for the writer-to-be. The photographic image is a key to understand his theoretical quest and desire to write a novel. With photography, melancholy appears in the city (L’Empire des Signes), on the mirror (Roland Barthes par Roland Barthes), in love (Fragments d’un Discours Amoureux), and on a grave (La Chambre Claire). Figuring what literature cannot grasp, a photograph sets the conditions of a melancholic narrative. Thus, fragmentation, collection, speculation, investigation, and formalization are the many operations that describe Roland Barthes’ poetics. In these operations, we see as well a model for the melancholy of the creative process.

Keyphrases: amour, creative writing, literary criticism, narrative, referential writing, memory, city, childhood, love, mourning
Studies toward the total synthesis of natural and unnatural aeruginosins

We have demonstrated the usefulness of tert-butylsulfonyl (N-Bus) protecting group in amino acid and peptide chemistry. It is formed in a 2-step procedure involving reaction of an amine with tert-butylsulfinyl chloride, followed by oxidation with m-CPBA to obtain the corresponding tert-butyl- sulfonamides in excellent yields. The N-Bus group can be cleaved to regenerate the corresponding amino salt in 0.1 N TfOH/DCM/anisole at 0 oC for 10 h.  A variety of N-Bus protected amino acids and other common amino acids can be used to form dipeptides and tripeptides. With the exception of the N-Fmoc group, the conditions required for the N-Bus group cleavage also cleaved the N-Boc, N-Cbz and O-Bn groups. Selective and orthogonal deprotection of N-Boc, N-Cbz, N-Fmoc and O-Bn groups could be achieved in the presence of the N-Bus protecting group. The new unnatural amino acids (3R, 2R) 3–methyl-D-leucine (β-Me-Leu) and its 2-methyl regioisomer were synthesized by ring opening of an N-Ts aziridine intermediate with excess LiMe2Cu. The 1:1.2 mixture of regioisomers were each converted to the corresponding methyl leucines, then coupled to D-phenyllactic acid, followed by coupling with 2-carboxyperhydroindole 4-amidino-benzamide core in the presence of DEPBT. Further elaboration led to linear peptidic unnatural analogues of known aeruginosins such as chlorodysinosin A. The two analogues were also evaluated in enzymatic assays for their inhibitory activity against thrombin and trypsin. The presumed 3-sulfated aeruginosin 205B and its β–anomer were successfully synthesized from 5 subunits: 3-chloroleucine, D-phenyllactic acid, D-xylose, 2-carboxy-6-hydroxyoctahydroindole, and agmatine. Comparison of 1H and 13C NMR reported data with that of synthetic aeruginosin 205B revealed a disturbing discrepancy with regard to the position of the presumed 3'-sulfate on the D-xylopyranosyl unit. We synthesized methyl α-D-xylopyranosides with sulfates at each of the hydroxyl groups and conclusively demonstrated the the presence of a C-4'-sulfate by comparison of the 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data. Thus, the structure of aeruginosin 205B should be revised. One of the key steps in the synthesis is glycoside formation of the axially oriented C-6 hydroxyl group in the Choi subunit. The 2-thiopyridyl carbonate was a suitable method for anomeric activation, followed by treatment with AgOTf and tetramethylurea in ether-DCM solution to give the desired α-anomer, which was easily separable from the β-anomer by column chromatography.

Keyphrases: tert-butylsulfonyl (N-Bus) group, amino acid protection, β–methyl-D-leucinyl aeruginosin, (3R, 2R) 3–methyl-D-leucine (β-Me-Leu), aeruginosin 205B, axially oriented glycoside synthesis
Étude du polymorphisme intra- et inter-spécifique du gène β-tubuline chez des
espèces de champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules en vue de développer des
marqueurs moléculaires

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are classified in the phylum Glomeromycota. This fungal group cannot be easily identified using morphology of their spores and hyphae inside or outside plant-roots. This fundamental problem renders the study of their diversity extremely difficult, particularly in their natural habitat (soil and roots). The ribosomal genes have been widely used to develop specific primers and to infer phylogenetic trees. However, these genes are highly polymorphic and exist in multiple copies in the genome of the AMF. This leads misinterpretation of the results. In our study, we analysed the intra- and inter specific polymorphism of the β-tubulin gene, which is present in low copy number in AMF genome, to obtain further nucleotide sequences to develop molecular markers. β-tubulin genes were sequenced from genomic DNA of five Glomus species. PCR amplified β-tubulin genes were cloned and sequenced. Intra- and inter-specific polymorphism analyses indicate the polymorphic nature of β-tubulin gene in three AMF species. Two highly variable β-tubulin paralogs were newly identified in G. aggregatum, G. fasciculatum and G. cerebriforme. No evidence for the presence of paralogs was found in G. clarum and G. etunicatum. All AMF sequences show the presence of two introns, which are highly variable. The majority of substitutions are located in the exons and 90% are synonymous. The conservation of amino-acids level suggests a high level of negative selection acting on the β-tubulin gene and allows us to consider that the AMF represent an ancient fungal group (400 million years). A phylogenetic analysis, carried out with twentyone β-tubulin nucleotidic sequences, revealed that the sequences of Glomeraceae form a highly supported monophyletic group with Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae as sistergroup. The newly identified paralogs from G. aggregatum and G. fasciculatum were not found to be monophyletic within each species. Oligonucleotides were designed in the conserved and variable regions. PCR amplification test of β-Tub.cerb.F / β-Tub.cerb.R revealed specific bands of 401 bp for the G. cerebriforme paralogs. Two pairs of primers were developed to identify sequences of the group named Tub.1. PCR tests have allowed us to identify certain sequences of Tub.1 group. A primer pair of β-Tub.2.F / β-Tub.2.R we identified some sequences paralogous group named Tub.2. Analysis of other genes combined with that of β-tubulin gene enable the development of more specific molecular markers for AMF identification.

Keyphrases: Identification, AMF, β-tubulin gene, Intra- and inter-specific polymorphism, Molecular markers, Identification
"Quasi eingebettet in die Schrift" Der doppelte Erzählboden popmoderner Oberflächenbeschreibung 
und der ästhetische Fundamentalismus 
in Christian Krachts Roman 1979

This master's thesis is an analysis of the subtext immanent in the novel "1979" (2001) by Swiss author, Christian Kracht, who is best known for his debut, "Faserland" (1995). These works are situated in and result from the 1990's movement of German pop literature. In that context, the socio-political climate after the re-unification, most notably the Literaturstreit, plays an important role in my interpretation as the background to Kracht's poetics. I delineate the difficulties that the pop literature discourse carries both, as a literary category and in regard to this author's work, taking into consideration his notoriously problematic statements to the effect that he does not consider his texts to be pop literature, in spite of being commonly regarded as the founder of this literary form in Germany. I shall argue that Kracht engages in a stylistic and more often than not ironic play with pop literature, which transgresses the dominant narrow definition of it. He does so by adopting on the one hand its most-defining feature of extreme descriptive superficiality, yet by conveying on the other hand a moral message of profound dimensions, which renders impossible the classification of his texts as pop, neither in the sense of mere entertainment nor in the sense of Moritz Bassler’s archivism. In fact, the very arsenal of pop signifiers present in Kracht's texts create through their arrangement a web of meaning, which in the post-modern paradigm can be best described with  Gilles Deleuze's  and Félix Guattari's term “rhizome."  By doing so Kracht follows in the footsteps of another tradition which transgresses the boundaries of pop literature, as he reaches back to the aestheticistic décadence and symbolism at the fin-de-siècle of a Hugo von Hofmannsthal, a Stefan George, and a Joris-Karl Huysmans, with their strong undertones of warnings against the shortfalls of modernism, liberalism, and capitalism, in a fashion that is termed  “aesthetic fundamentalism” by Stefan Breuer.   This research draws on original interpretations of the source texts, on evaluations of secondary literature such as scholarly works in German literary criticism, sociology and history, on book reviews, essays and interviews, and on philosophical texts. The thesis is written in German.

Keyphrases: antimodern, aesthetic, fundamentalism, history, conservatism, liberalism, modern, capitalism, Literaturstreit, German pop literature
Cardiovascular effects of a medetomidine constant rate infusion at different dose levels in anaesthetized dogs

The cardiovascular effects of alpha-2 agonists, particularly pronounced in dogs, limit their use in veterinary practice. The use of these drugs, namely medetomidine (MED), by constant rate infusion (CRI), could allow more precise control of the cardiovascular effects. The haemodynamic responses of MED CRI at several dosages in dogs were investigated. In a prospective, blinded study, 24 healthy beagles randomly received one of 6 MED CRI regimens (4 dogs per regimen). Dogs were mechanically ventilated to maintain stable low-level isoflurane (ISO) anaesthesia in oxygen. A loading MED infusion was administered at 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.7, 4.0 or 12.0 µg•kg-1 for 10 min, followed by maintenance CRI for 60 min providing identical dose amounts for all dogs (total duration for MED and ISO: 70 min). Isoflurane was then administered alone for an additional hour. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and cardiac index (CI) were recorded. Blood sampling was performed to establish pharmacokinetic profiles.  Based on this study, the hemodynamic effects of MED CRI during ISO anaesthesia were found to be dose-dependent. Baseline CI decreased dose-dependently as MED dose increased by: 14.9 (12.7), 21.7 (17.9), 27.1 (13.2), 44.2 (9.7), 47.9 (8.1), and 61.2 (14.1) % respectively. The four lowest dosages created limited and transient changes in HR, MAP, and CI. Pharmacokinetics were dose-dependent. Further investigations for perioperative use are warranted.

Keyphrases: Medetomidine, Constant rate infusion (CRI), Sedation, Analgesia, Anaesthesia, Dog
Epistémologie historique de l'étude du comportement animal

In this inquiry I undertake to explore the notion of animal behaviour as it is expounded in a contemporary field of inquiry: behavioural ecology. In order to carry out an analysis of such a complex notion, localized in a very narrow context, I design and use a specific tool of investigation called “historical epistemology”. Simply understood, this tool consists in the integration of diachronic and synchronic perspectives of investigation into a single approach to investigate a circumscribed theme. So, in order to proceed to the analysis of the notion of animal behaviour, I first draw into the recent history of behavioural ecology. I take special interest in its filiation with classical ethology and, after having reconstructed the historical frame that links the two fields together, I proceed to compare them. This comparison, the second step of my epistemology, is used to highlight the characteristics of the animal behaviour conceptions put forward by the two scientific disciplines. These distinctions, bringing to the fore the specificity of behavioural ecology, then allow me to scrutinize the notion of animal behaviour as it is instantiated in the main approaches mobilized by the discipline (especially what I identifies as the “phenotypic adaptationist”, the “phenotypic structural”, the “comparative” and the “by reduction” approaches). Last, I design two definitions of the notion of animal behaviour. The first one reflects the ontological status of the notion in this field of investigation, whereas the second corresponds to the conception underlying behavioural ecologist practices.

Keyphrases: instinct, Tinbergen, Lorenz, behavioural ecology, ethology, animal behaviour, instinct, philosophy, biology
Étude de réactivité et de sélectivité de nouveaux catalyseurs à base de
ruthénium

This research consists in the study of the reactivity and selectivity of new chiral Ru-based olefin metathesis catalysts in ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reactions. The study focused on evaluating new catalysts possessing C1- symmetric NHC (N-heterocyclic carbene) ligands developed in our laboratories for asymmetric desymmetrization reactions of meso-trienes. The research was divided into two distinct sections, the first concerns the asymmetric ring closing metathesis (ARCM) processes that form trisubstituted olefins from meso-trienes. The second concerns the RCM and ARCM processes that form tetrasubstituted olefins from meso-trienes. It can be observed that there is no precedent in the literature concerning the formation of tetrasubstituted olefins via ARCM. During the investigation concerning the formation of trisubstituted olefins, a kinetic study was done to have better understanding of the catalyst selectivity. With this study in hand, it was possible to observe the effect induced by the N-alkyl group on the catalysts’ reactivity. A selectivity study was done to observe if the Nalkyl group could affects the catalysts’ selectivity. These investigations were done using a variety of meso-trienes in desymmetrization reactions to afford trisubstituted olefins. Concerning the formation of tetrasubstituted olefins, the catalysts’ reactivity was investigated in RCM processes involving diethyldimethallyl malonates. Once again, an effect induced by the N-alkyl group was observed concerning the reactivity of the catalysts. A selectivity study was performed. As for ARCM processes forming trisubstituted olefins, the N-alkyl group also had an impact on the selectivity of the catalysts. This investigation was done with ARCM desymmetrization of meso-trienes.

Keyphrases: RCM, ARCM, C1-symmetric N-heterocyclic carbenes, olefin metathesis, RCM, ARCM, desymmetrization, tetrasubstituted olefins
La relation entre l’environnement de travail et l’engagement affectif envers l’organisation : l’effet modérateur de la génération

The objective of the present research is to study the effect that the work environment can have on affective commitment toward the organization. The concept of work environment is divided into three dimensions. They are the job characteristics, the communication with the supervisor and the perceived organizational support. This research also wishes to understand if there exists a moderating effect of the generation on the relationship between these dimensions of the job environment and affective commitment. The generations of the Baby-boomers, X and Y are the one selected for the purposes of this study.   The data were collected in two private and non-unionized companies. In total, 110 participants answered the questionnaire. Regression analysis were conducted to verify the distinct effect of each of the three dimensions of the work environment on the affective commitment and also to test the presence of a moderating effect of the generation in this relationship.   The results indicate that the only dimensions of the work environment having a direct and significant effect on the affective organizational commitment are communication with the supervisor and perceived organizational support. Concerning the generation of the worker, it seems that this variable does not moderate the relationship between the dimensions of work environment and affective commitment. The theoretical and practical implications of this research are discussed as well as its limits and recommendations for future researches.

Keyphrases: work environment, job characteristics, supervisor communication, perceived organizational support, affective organizational commitment, generation