NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Méthodes de génération et de validation de champs de déformation pour la recombinaison de distribution de dose à l’aide d’images 4DCT dans le cadre d’une planification de traitement de cancers pulmonaires

Purpose: To allow a reliable deformable image registration (DIR) method for dose calculation in radiation therapy and to investigate an automatic vessel bifurcations detection algorithm for DIR assessment to improve lung cancer radiation treatment.   Methods: 15 4DCT datasets are acquired and deep exhale respiratory phases are exported to Varian treatment planning system (TPS) Eclipse^{\text{TM}}   for contouring. Voxelized contours are smoothed by a Gaussian filter and then transformed into a surface mesh representation. Such mesh is adapted by rigid and elastic deformations based on hierarchical surface deformation to match each subsequent lung volumes. The segmentation efficiency is assessed by comparing the segmented lung contour and the TPS contour considering two volume metrics, defined as Volumetric Overlap Error (VOE) [%] and Relative Volume Difference (RVD) [%] and three surface metrics, defined as Average Symmetric Surface Distance (ASSD) [mm], Root Mean Square Symmetric Surface Distance (RMSSD) [mm] and Maximum Symmetric Surface Distance (MSSD) [mm]. Vesselness filter was applied within the segmented lung volumes to identify blood vessels and airways. Segmented blood vessels and airways were skeletonised using a hierarchical curve-skeleton algorithm based on a generalized potential field approach. A graph representation of the computed skeleton was generated to assign one of three labels to each node: the termination node, the continuation node or the branching node.   Results: The volume metrics obtained are a VOE of 7.6 ± 2.5[%] / 6.8 ± 2.1[%] and a RVD of 6.8 ± 2.4 [%] / 5.9 ± 1.9 [%] respectively for left and right lung. The surface metrics computed are an ASSD of 0.8 ± 0.2 [mm] / 0.8 ± 0.2 [mm], a RMSSD of 1.2 ± 0.2 [mm] / 1.3 ± 0.3 [mm] and a MSSD of 7.7 ± 2.4 [mm] / 10.2 ± 5.2 [mm] respectively for left and right lung. 320 ± 51 bifurcations were detected in the right lung of a patient for the 10 breathing phases. 92 ± 10 bifurcations were found in the upper half of the lung and 228 ± 45 bifurcations were found in the lower half of the lung. Discrepancies between ten vessel trees were mainly ascribed to the segmentation methode.   Conclusions: This study shows that the morphological segmentation algorithm can provide an automatic method to capture an organ motion from 4DCT scans and translate it into a volume deformation grid needed by DIR method for dose distribution combination. We also established an automatic method for DIR assessment using the morphological information of the patient anatomy. This approach allows a description of the lung’s internal structure movement, which is needed to validate the DIR deformation fields.

Keyphrases: Hierarchical surface deformation, Four dimensionnal radiation therapy, Deformable image registration, Skeletonization, Graph
La compétence internationale des tribunaux dans les poursuites civiles contre les sociétés transnationales pour violation des droits humains : une critique de la jurisprudence québécoise

Internationally, there is no specific forum to institute civil proceedings involving the violation of human rights by a transnational corporation (hereafter, « TNC »). Therefore, national courts remain the appropriate legal venue for hearing private international legal causes. However, home state courts are reluctant to recognize and exercise their competence in this type of litigation, whereas host state forum often lack effective governance. Victims are therefore often left with no adequate forum where their request for damages can be addressed. The purpose of this thesis is to research and elaborate different arguments that may change the currently preferred interpretation concerning the competence of Québec courts based on two landmark rulings on the activity of TCNs in foreign countries: Canadian Association Against Impunity (CAAI) v. Anvil Mining Ltd., and Recherches Internationales Québec v. Cambior Inc. In the first chapter, the rules that form the basis of the competence of the Québec authorities will be described, as well as the principles underpinning them. The second chapter is devoted to a search for arguments within the body of foreign case law. The third chapter presents the theoretical arguments found in the field of global law. Several theoretical propositions will be examined in order to further explore the problems associated with the lack of jurisdiction affecting the victims of human rights violations by TNCs. This theoretical contribution will also serve to justify the role of private international law in obliging TNCs to respect human rights standards.

Keyphrases: Quebec private international law, jurisdiction, human rights, civil procedure, transnational corporations
Una aproximación evolucionista para la generación automática de sentencias SQL a partir de ejemplos

At present the use of the technologies is basic for the advance of the society; these have allowed that persons without knowledge or so called "non expert" users are interested in this use, is for it that the researchers have seen the need to produce studies that allow the adjustment of the systems the existing at the problematic inside the area of the technology.  A need of every user of a system is the management of the information, which can be manage by a database and specific language for these as the SQL (Structured Query Language), which forces the user to come to a specialist for the design and construction of this one, which represents costs and complex methods, but what to do when they are small investigations where the resources and processes are limited?  Taking as a base the research of the university of Washington [32], this report automates the process and applies a different learning technique, for which uses an evolutionary approach, where the application of a genetic adapted algorithm generates query SQL valid that answer to the conditions established by the given examples of entry and exit given by the user.  There was obtained as a result of the approach a tool named EvoSQL that was validated in the same 28 exercises used by the investigation [32], of which 23 exercises were obtained by ideal results and 5 not successful exercises, which represents 82.1 % of efficiency, superior in 10.7 % to the established one for the tool developed in [32] SQLSynthesizer and 75% higher than the following near tool Query by Output QBO [26].   The average obtained in the execution of every exercise was of 3 min and 11seg that is superior to the time established by SQlSynthesizer, Nevertheless, being a genetic algorithm where the steps existence makes that the ranges of times are extended, the obtained one is acceptable with relation to the applications of this type.   In conclusion et according to previously exposed, we have obtained an automatic tool, with an evolutionary approach, with good results and a simple process for the « not expert » user.

Keyphrases: Genetic programming, Generation from examples, Software engineering, SQL Query generation from examples
La culture matérielle de l’Auguste (1761) et le rapatriement de l’élite coloniale au sein de l’État moderne

This thesis focuses on the study of the material culture of the Auguste, a cartel ship wrecked in 1761 northeast of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) in New France entailed the surrender of Louisbourg in 1758, Quebec in 1759, and finally, Montreal in 1760. France consequently lost an important colony. The establishment of a temporary British military regime caused the departure of many members of higher social classes from the colony towards France. To this end, ships were requisitioned and travelled as cartel ships, in other words, they navigated to France under a white flag with the “prisoners”, their families, and their possessions. In 1761, three departures from Québec City occurred in May, July, and October. The Auguste, a British merchant ship, was requisitioned in Quebec as a cartel ship during the fall of 1761. A month after its departure, the ship grounded in Aspy Bay and wrecked, bringing death to the majority of the passengers. More than two centuries later, a partnership between Parks Canada and local divers led to two archaeological excavations in the late 1970s, revealing a collection of over four thousand artefacts. This thesis’ analysis of the material culture includes an outline of the history and the discovery of the ship and a classification of artefacts along functional categories related to maritime archaeology. The different analytical steps in this study ultimately lead to the integration of archaeological data towards understanding the repatriation of elites within the Modern State, and to define relationships between the wealthiest families of the colony and certain artisans of New France. The study of the Auguste finally seeks to understand the function of a cartel ship and the maritime organisation of a passengers ship’s transatlantic voyage.

Keyphrases: Maritime Archaeology, Shipwreck, Material Culture, History, Maritime Capitalism, Power Elites, Governing Classes, Modern State, New France
Segmentation du rein fonctionnel à partir de CTdouble énergie injectés

Post-radic nephroaties (illness of kidney tissues) are one of the limitating factors when realising treatment planning for abdominal radiotherapies. The present process which consists in evaluating the Differential Kidney Function with a two-dimensional gamma scintigraphy, does not allow any identification of functional parts that could be taken  into  account  during  planification.  The  method  presented  in  this  document gives  a  three dimensional  functional  map  of  the  kidney  and  a  functional  contour usable in planification, using double energy CT images with iodine contrast agent.The concentration in contrast agent is assumed to be related to kidney function. The proposed method is based on a three-materials decomposition allowing to reconstruct images of iodine concentration. The functionnal contour is extracted through a semi-automatic algorithm based on hierarchic and anamorphic surface deformation. First results obtained  with patient images  demonstrate the  possibility  of several  future clinical applications.

Keyphrases: DECT, Computed tomography, radiotherapy
The erring archive in Anne Carson

The Erring Archive in Anne Carson investigates the responsiveness of Anne Carson’s poetry to the classical archive and argues that Carson works from within the space between the critical and the creative, generating what I call a “poetics of error.” Carson’s poetics is distinguished by a predilection for accidents, imperfections, and the contingencies of transmission. My dissertation also responds to and emerges from the ambivalent critical attitudes to Carson’s dual identity as both a scholar and a poet. While the traditional aim of the classical philologist is to reconstruct the meaning of the “original” text, Carson’s poetic approach self-consciously undermines scholarly pretensions to accuracy, precision, and totalization. Rather, Carson’s encounter with the classical archive embraces the mistakes, misreadings, and mistranslation inherent in classical transmission and reception.  Carsonian poetics is ludic, gendered, and political. Her play with the wreckage of the classical past undermines the patri-archive, as critiqued by Derrida in Archive Fever; that is, an archive that is considered to be a stable, governing point of origin. Furthermore, by challenging the notion of the classical archive as the origin of Western civilization, Carson simultaneously offers a critique of Humanism, particularly the stability, measurability, and autonomy of “Man.” The archive, for Carson, is open, ongoing, and incomplete; the linguistic, temporal, and affective gaps of the classical archive are thus opportunities for poetic production.   My dissertation examines four dimensions of the classical archive: the critical, the sapphic, the elegiac, and the erotic. By means of these coordinates, I establish the fragmentary and ruptured status of the classical past, as conceived by Carson. If the classical bedrock upon which Western culture has been conceived is fractured, what does this mean for the stability, borders, and categories of genre, language, and the text? The openness of the archive implicitly critiques related desires of totality associated with the textual body, narrative, translation, and Eros.  The Erring Archive in Anne Carson is keen to analyze Carson’s own vexed reception and contributes to growing Carsonian scholarship, as it provides a comprehensive entry into her poetics and anticipates her current generic and media shift from the page to the stage.

Keyphrases: Anne Carson, archive, psychanalyse, contemporary poetry, feminist criticism, classical reception, Ancient Greek, translation, Sappho, psychoanalysis, deconstruction
Attention an-archaïque : la tâche de traduire à l’ère séculière

Our age is one fashioned by an unresolved and deeply problematic process of secularization. The waning of the hegemony of religion in the West and the reconfigurations of values, beliefs and representations in a global cultural economy calls for a certain mode of inquiry able to reflect changing social, political and aesthetic conditions of our discrepant contemporaneity. This thesis contends that translation embodies a relevant ethos for the humanities and a critical fulcrum to investigate an experience of incommensurability sustained in the tensions within secularization manifested through literary works and especially poetry. Secular imagination is bound to the problem and practice of translation that is framed here as a poïetic process, a model of ethical subjectivity and a figure of thought. This is exposed through a constellation of cultural inscriptions that reflect a sense of sundered transcendence in the midst of a secular world, most notably through the construction of a dislocated relationship to time. These inscriptions are examined along two lines of investigation that bring into focus a radical form of secular thought cultivated through an ambiguous relationship to a spiritual experience of fidelity deprived of a fixed, metaphysical, grounding: first, the emergence of a translational ethos from the distortion of the sacred/poetical economy of texts; second, the distortion of humanism in light of the untimely experience of catastrophe and how this ethos may be a way of working through it. This thesis aims to show how the task of translation shapes a certain critical attitude embedded in one’s affective dispossession that upholds the task of a return to the human. It fashions a mode of attention to radical human finitude that, in the end, does nothing more than expose its inhumanity. Anne Carson’s poetics of translation is exemplary of such an attention, of a daring spiritual disposition that may be a way to understand how literature and comparative literary inquiry can learn to regenerate the unresolved sense of secularization.

Keyphrases: attention, ethos, Anne Carson, Heiner Müller, translation, attention, secularization, ethos, Anne Carson, Heiner Müller
Ciudadanos del Atlántico : las redes de aprovisionamiento trasatlánticas de las pescas vascas en Canadá a través de su cerámica, siglos XVI-XVIII

Since the 1980s, archaeologists have remarked the originality of the ceramic collections found on sites occupied by Basque fishermen during the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries on the Atlantic coasts of Canada. The site of Red Bay (Labrador) was the first to provide a rich collection of common coarse earthenware, stoneware and majolica that allowed archaeologists to recognise a distinctive pottery tradition. For over two centuries, these ceramics form a continuous thread of materials showing the permanence of Basque commercial activities in Canada. Using a mutualistic and comparative approach to four Basque fishing sites – Red Bay (1530-1580), Anse-à-la-Cave (1580-1630), Petit-Mécatina (1630-1713), Pabos (1713-1760) – and their outfitting ports in Atlantic Europe, we will observe how this mid-sixteenth century ceramic collection was transformed from one place to another without losing its distinctive nature until the early eighteenth century, when the Basque ceramic record changes radically. Finally, through a global perspective that links the two Atlantic shores by way of these ceramic materials, we discover the supply networks for the Basque fishery, and the complex economic space that articulated its maritime and continental routes, two elements that are key to understanding the European overseas expansion and its configuration within the world economy of the early modern era.

Keyphrases: Red Bay, Anse-à-la-Cave, Petit-Mécatina, Pabos, Basque fisheries, Basque pottery, Basque supply networks, Basque whalers, World-economy
Interprovincial migration among chinese skilled worker immigrants to Quebec

The purpose of this research is to find out whether higher levels of education cause the exodus of Quebec’s Chinese skilled worker immigrants to other provinces. I first examine the history of Chinese immigration in Canada; the federal and Quebec’s immigration policies and selection criteria, as well as statistics regarding Chinese migration to Quebec and their out- migration from the province. My study’s ethnographic findings suggest that higher levels of education are not the main cause of the exodus, nor is the lack of French language competence. Rather, kin ties, age, and marital status play an influential role on interprovincial-migration of Quebec’s Chinese skilled immigrants. While based on a small number of respondents, my study indicates that having personal networks in Quebec before immigration tends to retain immigrants in the province.

Keyphrases: Quebec, Chinese, skilled worker immigrants, interprovincial migration, education level
Entre répression et protection : l'Agence des services frontaliers du Canada (ASFC) et
la traite de personnes migrantes au Québec : points de vue des agents de l'ASFC et d'intervenants auprès de victimes migrantes

Laws are adopted, policies implemented, hundreds of thousands of dollars invested in staff training, then what ? This exploratory research seeks to shed some light on what is actually happening at Canadian borders offices across Quebec and highlight the discrepancies between Canada's engagement toward combating human trafficking and actual practices in the field by border services officers. To do so we interviewed seven Canada Border Services officers working at Montreal's Pierre- Elliott-Trudeau international airport, Canada's fourth biggest international port of entry and Quebec's first, so we could learn about their professional knowledge and experience in regard to human trafficking. We also spoke to four victim services providers so we could learn about the victims' experiences with this law enforcement federal agency and the impacts of those experiences on them. If the interviewed officers seem to have a good idea, albeit very much influenced by the media, of what is transnational human trafficking, few are those who have hands-on experience of the phenomenon. The lack of continuous and substantial information and training, the perceived role of the Canada Border Services Agency by its officers as well as the lack of leadership by its direction, all in regard to transnational human trafficking, seem to be major hindrances to the political willingness of the Canadian government at large, and the Canada Border Services Agency in particular, to fight the global war against transnational human trafficking on its own turf. The hurdles are plenty in the fight against transnational human trafficking at Canadian borders and they represent a sizeable challenge that is both complex and complicated. Since no amount of wishful thinking will stop transnational human trafficking from happening in Canada, an approach that is centred on prevention at the borders and a greater awareness by Canada Border Services officers of the matter might just get Canada a little bit closer to that goal.

Keyphrases: Transnational human trafficking, Canada Border Services Agency, Officers, Knowledge, Experiences, Challenges
Anthropologie de la parenté : la méconnaissance de la perspective évolutionniste et ses conséquences sur la théorisation

For more than 100 years, anthropologists have studied kinship phenomena such as marriage and family, in a vast array of human societies. In spite of those efforts, there is a clear lack of consensus on some of the most basic notions involved and many anthropologists are deeply dissatisfied with the current state of theory in this research area. The question I address here is whether the culturalist perspective, which ignores the biological foundation of human behavior and has dominated kinship studies ever since their beginning, may be responsible for this state of affairs. In order to test this hypothesis I compare two bodies of knowledge on basic aspects of human kinship. The first is based on the content of seven anthropology textbooks and on David M. Schneider’s influential monography, A Critique of the Study of Kinship (1984). The second includes knowledge from evolutionarily oriented disciplines on the same human kinship phenomena. The results of this comparative analysis indicate that anthropologists misunderstand the influence of biology on kinship and that the integration of the corresponding information in anthropological theories offers many solutions to the problems identified.

Keyphrases: Inceste, Schneider, David M., Culturalism, Exogamy, Family, Human Nature, Incest, Kinship, Marriage, Schneider, David M.
Méthode efficace d'assignation de tissus humains par tomodensitométrie à double énergie

A stoichiometric method is usually used to analyze computed tomography images. A curve links the Hounsﬁeld units on the images to the electron density in a given me- dium. Dual-energy computed tomography gives additional information on a scan. A stoi- chiometric method was developed to acquire both electron density and effective atomic number from a pair of images. The aim of this research is to develop a new method to identify tissues using the parame- ters extracted from dual-energy computed tomography. This new method is compared to the standard single-energy computed tomography segmentation method. Furthermore, the effect of correctly assigning tissues on dose distribution is studied. Monte Carlo simulations allow the use of perfectly known numerical phantoms. Dif- ferent phantoms allowed the calibration of the stoichiometric methods, the comparison of the versatility and the robustness of the dual-energy and the single-energy methods, and the comparison of dose distribution in phantoms of same densities, but of different compositions. The dual-energy identiﬁcation method gives more accurate values of electron density in any studied condition. This method is also more robust to tissues of variable density. The dosimetric impact of an accurate identiﬁcation becomes more important for treatments using lower energy photons, such as imaging energies and brachytherapy.

Keyphrases: dose distribution, tissue identification, effective atomic number, electron density