Étude de l’interface lithium métal/polymère pour l’optimisation des batteries lithium métal tout solide

The increased use of electricity witnessed during the past few decades emphasizes the urgency of developing efficient and performing energy storing devices. Present on the market since the beginning of the 1990s, Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have reached the theoretical limit inherent to their components. Research efforts currently aim at developing all-solid batteries composed of a negative lithium electrode. This type of electrode uses only lithium in its pure metallic state and it has the capacity to attain higher energy densities than those attributable to the lithium-ion batteries. Despite the potential of this promising technology, there is an obstacle that must be overcome in order to ensure its viability: the formation of dendrites and mossy lithium on the surface of the lithium metal negative electrode causes the batteries to short-circuit and reduces their life expectancy. Several solutions have been proposed in the literature in order to either eliminate or mitigate the issues of dendritic growth and mossy lithium. However, published studies do not specifically address the correlation between the state of the surface of the lithium metal and its electrochemical performance when used as the negative electrode (anode). This research project therefore focused on evaluating the impact of the state of the surface the lithium metal negative electrode on its electrochemical performance, such as its lifetime, polarization, and impedance. The lithium sheets and the lithium metal/polymer electrolyte interface were characterized in order to better understand the problematic processes related to the use of the lithium metal in batteries. In addition to studying the sheets in their native form, a protective gold deposit was applied by physical vapor deposition (PVD) on the lithium sheets to determine whether the deposit improved the electrochemical performance of the cells. The physical characterization was performed by using tunnelling atomic force microscopy (Peakforce-TUNA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Each lithium x sheet used was then characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). These chemical characterizations allowed to determine the surface and bulk chemical compositions of the lithium sheets. Finally, in order to understand the impact of the lithium metal/polymer electrolyte interface on the viability of complete cells, galvanostatic cycling, similar to true operating conditions of a battery, was performed. Cross-sections of these batteries were assessed post-mortem by SEM in order to analyze the impact of the cycling density on the internal state of the cells. It has been determined that the morphology of the lithium foils and the lithium metal/polymer electrolyte interface impacted the lifespan and the polarization of the studied cells. An electrochemical surface preparation method was therefore designed by cycling the lithium electrodes at a low current density (0.130 mA.cm-2), thus improving the life of the symmetrical cells composed of lithium metal electrodes.

Keyphrases: Lithium, Interface, Metal, Solid polymer electrolyte, Solid state battery, Protective deposit