NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Prevalence et caracterisation de Staphylococcus aureus resistant a la methicilline d'origine aviaire au Quebec

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is of critical concern for public health. It is responsible for a wide range of infections. Livestock-Associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) refers to MRSA of animal origin, like pork, cattle or poultry, and constitutes a risk for transmission to humans. LA-MRSA can also form biofilms enhancing their environmental survival. Biofilms are partly regulated by the Agr system. There is no data on LA-MRSA of poultry origin from Québec, Canada.  The objectives of this project were: (i) to determine the prevalence of LA-MRSA from chicken meat and broiler chickens from the Province of Quebec, and (ii) to molecular characterize these MRSA. A total of 309 chicken drumsticks and thighs were randomly collected. In addition, nasal swabs and caeca samples from 200 chickens were randomly collected at slaughterhouses. LA-MRSA was recovered from 1.29% (95% CI: 0.35-3.28) of chicken meat samples but none were recovered from poultry. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed resistances to beta-lactam antibiotics (n=15), tetracycline (n=10), oxytetracycline (n=10), spectinomycin (n=10) and tobramycin (n=1). Molecular typing revealed two types of clones (ST398-V, n=10; and ST8-IVa ’USA300’, n=5). DNA microarrays determined the presence of the antibiotic resistant genes blaZ, blaR, blaI, erm(A), lnu(A), aad(D), fosB, tet(K), tet(L) and spc. In addition, genes encoding for toxins, biofilm formation and the human-associated Immune-Evasion-Cluster (IEC) were also detected. High biofilm production was observed in most isolates (n=11) with the exception of some ST398. Quantitative PCR of Agr expression revealed no specific difference among MRSA isolates. To conclude, our data show that the prevalence of the MRSA lineages ST398 and ST8 is low in broilers and chicken meat in the Province of Quebec. ST398 demonstrated more antibiotic resistant genes while ST8 harboured more virulence genes.

Keyphrases: Biofilm, Canada, Chicken meat, Broiler chickens, Prevalence, Molecular typing, Antimicrobial resistance, Agr system, Virulence genes, DNA microarray, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Campylobacter dans différents environnements aquatiques : quantification et génotypage afin de mieux évaluer les risques potentiels d’infection pour l’être humain

Campylobacter is a zoonotic pathogen that is responsible for the majority of cases of bacterial gastroenteritis. Among the numerous Campylobacter transmission routes including direct contact, food and water, poultry consumption has been recognized as the major route.  A strong seasonal variation in campylobacteriosis cases exists for reasons that are not well understood; environmental water is suspected to be involved. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Southeastern region of Quebec (Canada), wherein Campylobacter from different waters (drinking water source, recreational and sewage) and clinical sources was quantified and genotyped in order to evaluate the potential risks posed by environmental water. Several real-time PCR assays were compared for specific application to environmental water: two were selected for their specificity and sensitivity of quantification. Standard curves were calibrated using digital PCR to accurately determine concentrations. Campylobacter isolates from clinical and water sources were genetically compared using CGF (comparative genomic fingerprinting). Sewage waters showed the highest Campylobacter concentrations, while drinking water source and recreational waters showed the lowest (average of 3.9Log, 1.7Log and 1.0Log cells/L, respectively). CGF revealed that 6% of water isolates were genetically similar (100% homology) to clinical isolates. Summer cases of campylobacteriosis revealed isolates showing more genetic similarities with environmental water isolates compared to other seasons (p<0.01). The low Campylobacter concentrations and genetic similarities between water and clinical isolates from the same region, suggests that these environmental waters pose a real, but low risk of transmission.

Keyphrases: Campylobacter, Environment waters, Real-time PCR, Digital PCR, Comparative genomic fingerprinting, Molecular epidemiology, Environmental isolates, Clinical isolates
Les Escherichia coli pathogènes extra-intestinaux (ExPEC) et la résistance aux antimicrobiens des carcasses de poulets au détail au Vietnam

Traditional markets and recently supermarkets are meeting the continually rising demands for chicken meat of consumers in Vietnam. Little is known of the presence of Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), a recognized cause of urinary tract infections in humans, as well as of multidrug resistance and E. coli producing ESBLs or AmpC beta-lactamases in this meat. The objective of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial resistance and virulence of E. coli in chicken meat from various retail systems in Vietnam and to compare resistance profiles of E. coli between Canada and Vietnam. Fresh and frozen chicken carcasses from traditional markets and supermarkets were sampled in Vietnam. E. coli isolates from carcass rinses were characterized for ExPEC virulence factors (iucD, cnf, papC, tsh, Kps, afa, sfa) and for antimicrobial resistance phenotypically by Sensititre Aris® as well as genotypically by PCR. Multi-drug resistance and a high frequency of resistance to antimicrobials of high importance for human medicine were detected in ExPEC isolates. Extended spectrum (ESBL) and AmpC beta-lactamase producing-E. coli with CTX-M and CMY resistance genes respectively were found. Multi-drug resistant putative ESBL-producing ExPEC isolates from the phylo-group F were identified. Antimicrobial strategies on poultry farms in Canada and in Vietnam could influence resistance profiles of E. coli from chicken carcasses. In conclusion, ExPEC presence with high frequency of antimicrobial resistance and multi-drug resistance in addition to detection of ESBL producing-E. coli of phylo-group F underline the current potential health threat for humans associated with handling undercook or raw chicken meat in Vietnam.

Keyphrases: Vietnam, retail, antimicrobial resistance, poultry, meat
In vitro and in vivo effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in piglets

Cereal crops are often contaminated with moulds that grow during harvest and storage and produce secondary metabolites called mycotoxins. Pig is known to be sensitive to deoxynivalenol (DON). On the other hand, infection by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes a flu-like syndrome and reproductive disorders. The objectives of this project were to determine the in vitro effect of DON on the replication of PRRSV in permissive cell lines, MARC-145 and PAM and the in vivo impact of DON-naturally contaminated feed on PRRSV infection in piglets. Firstly, cells were incubated with gradually increasing doses of DON and were infected with PRRSV to evaluate cytopathic effect and to assess cell viability, virus replication and cytokine mRNA expression on infected and uninfected cells. Results showed that DON concentrations of 560 ng/ml and higher were significantly detrimental to the survival of MARC-145 cells infected with PRRSV. In contrast, there was a significant increase of cell viability and decreased of cell mortality at DON concentrations within 140 to 280 ng/ml for PAM cells and 70 to 280 ng/ml ranges for MARC-145 showing a reduced cytopathic effect (CPE) caused by PRRSV. In vivo study was carried out on 30 piglets divided into 3 groups of 10 piglets fed naturally contaminated diets with different levels of DON; 0, 2.5 and 3.5 mg/kg. After 2 weeks, pigs were further divided into 6 subgroups, 3 subgroups of 6 piglets were infected intra tracheally and intramuscularly with PRRSV. The other 3 subgroups of 4 piglets were used as uninfected controls. Clinical signs were recorded for 21 days post-infection (p.i.). Sera were evaluated for viremia by PCR. At the end of the experiment, piglets were euthanized and pulmonary lesions were evaluated. Results showed that ingestion of diet highly contaminated with DON at 3.5 mg/kg increased the effect of PRRSV infection on the severity of clinical signs, weight loss, lung lesions and mortality. Diet with DON at 2.5 mg/kg showed an increase of viremia at day 3 but had not significant impact on clinical signs and lung lesions. Keywords: DON, PRRSV, MARC-145, PAM, cytopathic effect, cytokines, PCR

Keyphrases: DON, MARC-145, PAM, Cytokines, PCR, PRRSV, Cytopathic effect
Le cinéma des premiers temps à Montréal et l'institution du théâtre

This article presents a detailed portrait of the relationships between early cinema and theatrical institutions in Montréal. Early cinema played a key role in the strategies of emergence of the city's Francophone theatre, then in the process of distinguishing itself from Anglophone theatre, its New York based rival, as well as acting as an attraction in a context of fierce competition. This led not only to mixed houses, where theatre and cinema shared the stage, but also to a deeper interpenetration of the two an forms, resulting in the first appearance of a dramatic cinema in Québec.

Keyphrases: Montréal
La modernisation navale chinoise : défense active, ambitions nouvelles et réalisme stratégique

For quite a few years, some analyses have claimed that Beijing has committed China to a naval modernization program. Equipment acquisition, budget increase and especially the deployment of the so-called “String of Pearls” (naval bases from the East and South China Seas to the Persian Gulf) are considered proof of new Chinese ambitions. In our view, this naval modernization does not represent an imminent threat, but rather a tool of the defensive realism strategy practiced by Beijing with the national goal of avoiding naval marginalisation, thereby permitting the United States and other regional competitors to pressure Chinese development.

Keyphrases: Chine, Beijing, Defense active
La littérature numérique, existe-t-elle?

This article attempts to analyze the definition of "electronic literature" as given by the Electronic Literature Organization and to understand the relationship between electronic literature and digital literature. The thesis defended here is that this change of adjective hides a change in the theoretical status of the object that it attempts to define. The definition of electronic literature once concentrated on the tools used in the production of literary works and the critical analysis concentrating on the objects produced with the aid of new technologies. The move to the adjective "digital" marks a change in perception: now, from this perspective, the challenge is no longer to study works produced thanks to computers, but to understand the new status of literature in the age of the digital. To demonstrate this thesis, the article proposes to analyze one recent literary example: the 1984 trilogy by Eric Plamondon.

Keyphrases: Mayonnaise, Pomme S, Plamondon, Éric
Démarche de création d’une formation en ligne sur la pratique transfusionnelle dans le cadre d’un programme de baccalauréat en sciences infirmières en approche par compétences

The main topics are the competency-based approach and e-learning. E-learning has a significant educational potential and offers the opportunity to develop lifelong learning. Given that e-learning can become an interesting educational resource, a literature review and critical analysis of the literature related to it have been completed. Following this analysis, the creative process of e-learning is proposed. This approach uses the competency-based approach as a pedagogical approach. The interest and innovative element of this creative process are that it offers the possibility of developing an e-learning course influenced by the competency-based approach. Indeed, no written identified clearly demonstrated the links between this educational approach and this type of course.

Keyphrases: Compentency-based approach, E-learning, Nurse education
Explorer l'expérience vécue de la personne/famille tout au long du parcours de chirurgie pour un cancer pancréatique

Cancer patients are faced with varying needs through each milestone of their oncological surgery treatment. When these needs are not identified right at the start, patients and their family may suffer from distress. At the present time, there are few studies, to our knowledge, that have focused on exploring the particular needs that are to be met when treating pancreatic cancer patients who must undergo the long process of oncological surgery. The lack of conclusive results regarding specific needs and supportive care for patients’ families limits the aid that can be provided by nurses working in oncology. In order to address this shortcoming and for the purposes of a masters’ degree internship, the research student sought to build a support and accompaniment intervention based on a systemic family approach for pancreatic cancer patients and their family for each step of the oncological surgery treatment; during investigation, preadmission, hospitalization and convalescence (N = 4). Furthermore, borrowing from the Calgary systemic approach model by Wright and Leahey (1984) and the Supportive Care Framework for Cancer Care by Fitch (1994), the research student developed the structure of family care sessions and thus facilitate the identification of needs and preoccupations of the patients and their family using the distress screening tool developed in 2009 by the psychosocial and spiritual oncology staff at the CHUQ in collaboration with the Canadian Partnership Against Cancer.

Keyphrases: Pancreatic cancer, Family, Systemic approach, Oncology, Distress screening, Needs, Concerns, Nursing interventions
La relation infirmière-patiente dans un contexte d’hospitalisation pour anorexie mentale : état des connaissances et recommandations

Despite a rising orientation towards prioritizing outpatient hospital services, there is an increasing amount of hospitalizations of anorexia nervosa cases in Canada, especially in teenagers. Hence, the context of hospitalization of these patients deserves interest. Nurses, by their round-the-clock-presence, occupy a prominent place with adolescents hospitalized for anorexia nervosa. The therapeutic relationship has been identified as a major factor in the patients’ experience of care in anorexia nervosa. However, establishing a therapeutic relationship between nurses and patients may be challenging on either side. This paper explores this phenomenon in the form of an integrative review of literature. The caring school of thought as well as Ray’s theory of bureaucratic caring were used as conceptual frameworks, in a mean of understanding the complexity of the nurse-patient relationship in a context of care. Recommendations, elaborated to be used as clinical and organisational guidelines, are proposed to help and support nurses in their daily practice with adolescents hospitalized for anorexia nervosa. The importance of specific training among staff nurses, the establishment of a holistic care program, progressive, personalized and focused on accountability and greater involvement of nurses in the development and evaluation of such programs are the main recommendations.

Keyphrases: adolescent, caring, teenager, anorexia nervosa, nursing, nurse-patient relationship, therapeutic relationship, bureaucratic caring theory, hospitalization, therapeutic alliance
Soutenir le développement des compétences reliées au préceptorat auprès d'infirmières préceptrices

The development of preceptors skills is a major issue for the development of nursing students skills. Several teaching strategies exitent, including the discussion group structured according to critical incidents method. This strategy was tested during this internship. This helped identify the benefits, barriers and fell back positive for the professional development of preceptors and therefore it becomes a tool for any professional who wishes to use this educational strategy.

Keyphrases: nursing, preceptorship, reflective practice, professional development
Intervention infirmière auprès des familles afin de prévenir le délirium chez un proche âgé admis dans une salle d’urgence

In people over 65 years, the prevalence of delirium in the emergency room is between 8 and 10% (Elias et al,. 2000). Twenty-five to sixty percent of patients, however, will have a delirium during hospitalization (Inouye, Westendorp, & Saczynski, 2014). Yet, 30% to 40% of cases could be prevented (Inouye et al., 2014). Martinez et al. (2012) evaluated that a brief prevention intervention, intended to be implemented by the families, was effective in reducing the incidence of delirium. As part of a master degree internship, we adapted and implemented a brief delirium prevention intervention in an emergency room by supporting the involvement of family members accompanying an older person. In order to clarify the family approach, we used the “Care Partner Engagement model” developed by Hill et al. (2014). Six activities aimed at reducing the risk factors for delirium in the emergency room were proposed to families. Ten families were met twice with a day apart. Despite the difficult context of the emergency room, the families met were willing to participate in prevention activities. It was possible to achieve this intervention in 5 to 10 minutes, which confirms the feasibility of this delirium prevention intervention with families in the context of the emergency room. Nurses can play a decisive role in preventing delirium by developing a partnership approach with the families.

Keyphrases: Partnership, Family, Emergency room, Nursing care
Interventions infirmières de stratégies de transfert de connaissances pour prévenir et dépister le délirium chez la clientèle âgée

The delirium evaluation process, namely recognition, screening and diagnosis, is intended as a collaborative practice between orderlies, nurses and physicians. The role of the nurse is important at this level, especially since the consequences of delirium are serious and can cause death. Signs and symptoms of delirium, often associated with normal aging or confused with those of dementia, are frequently under-diagnosed, only 13 % of cases are detected. There are validated, reliable tools that can help detect the risk of delirium, such as the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). This masters project sought to test, for 11 weeks, different knowledge transfer strategies (and their combination) with nurses (N= 9) for the detection and prevention of delirium. A pre and post intervention survey as well as a logbook (post-strategy) was completed by nurses, to get their views of the perceived effect on the development of their skills. It appears, according to the nurses’ perception, an elaborate CAM tool that includes details of criteria to evaluate, examples of questions and observations, as well as training, role-modeling and coaching promotes learning, skills development pertaining screening and prevention of delirium, and how to use the CAM. This project offers, we hope, new insight on knowledge transfer strategies that promote development of nursing skills.

Keyphrases: Confusion Assessment Method, CAM, Stategies, Knowledge transfer, Delirium, Screening, Confusion Assessment Method, Elderly, Acute care, Evaluation
Stratégies à privilégier pour permettre aux infirmières et infirmiers de déployer pleinement leur étendue de pratique

The optimal deployment of the scope of nursing practice appears to be a promising way to increase nurses' contribution to health care and access to services. However, research conducted on the subject suggest that nurses practice at less than their optimal scope, and this, in favor of other care activities that do not necessarily require the nurses' knowledge and skills. This work aims to documente the factors that influence the extent of nursing practice and identify strategies to encourage its deployment. A review of relevant literature was performed by soliciting the following databases: CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE and PubMED and relies on the components of professional practice model of the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH). The analysis of the literature has documented 26 factors that could influence the deployment of the scope of practice of nurses and identify 25 potential strategies to optimize deployment. In conclusion, recommendations for nurses themselves, policy makers and managers in regarding strategies to promote the deployment of the scope of nursing practice in Quebec are issued.

Keyphrases: Organisation des services infirmiers, Scope of practice, Professional practice models, Nursing practice, Factors, Strategies, Nursing role, Nursing organization
La résilience d'infirmières en soins palliatifs : bénéfices et risques en termes de santé mentale au travail

The nursing profession is a source of considerable suffering and hardship that can affect the mental health of its workers (Boivin-Desrochers & Alderson, 2014). Some environments and organizations within which nurses work can result first, in burnout among expert staff and discouragement among novice staff (Baumann et al., 2001) and second, psychological stress that may result in psychological distress (Bourbonnais et al., 2000). Nurses working in palliative care are exposed to an environment of end of life where human suffering and death are very present (Cherny, 2007). They are thus likely to work in an environment which is emotionally demanding (Twycross, 2002). Various authors support the suffering that nurses working in palliative care may encounter (Colombat, Mitaine & Gaudron, 2001; Ferrell & Coyle, 2008; Gremaud, 2013; Jacquemin, 2005), which leads them to deploy defensive strategies including, among others, resilience (Ablett & Jones, 2007). Resilience, while as a whole beneficial to wellbeing (Jackson, Firtko & Edenborough, 2007), does not only provide benefits for mental health (Anaut, 2005; Anaut, 2008; Bellenger, 2010; Hanus, 2001; Lecomte, 2010; Lighezzolo & De Tychey, 2004; Rousseau, 2010; Tisseron, 2008; Tisseron, 2011; Tomkiewicz, 2001; Tomkiewicz, 2005; Vermeiren, 2012). This integrative literature review aims to document the suffering experienced by nurses working in palliative care, the defensive strategies used by them as well as the benefits and risks associated with the resilience process in order to make a proposal to managers in palliative care that raises their awareness and heightens their understanding of the healthy use of resilience by nurses. Based on this integrative literature review, marked by the theoretical approach to the psychodynamic of work, it appears that the suffering of nurses working in palliative care is real and if there are benefits associated with resilience, its risks must also be considered and minimized. In this context, an organizational intervention addressed to managers in palliative care is proposed, the final aim of which is to improve the mental health of nurses.

Keyphrases: Resilience, Nursing profession, Palliative care, Nurses, Suffering, Psychodynamic of work, Defensive strategies, Work environment