Analyse systématique de la relation entre l’exposition prénatale aux biphényles polychlorés et les effets neurodéveloppementaux et thyroïdiens chez l’enfant

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) ubiquitously present in the food chain, and with a propensity to bioaccumulate in the human body. They can cross the placental barrier and are suspected of inducing mental and motor development alterations in children prenatally exposed to PCBs. These contaminants could injure brain development by disrupting thyroid homeostasis in pregnant women or newborns. Despite the large number of epidemiological publications on PCBs, “biological concentration – response” relationships between PCB exposure and mental and motor development or thyroid function in pregnant women and newborns are not well established; a direct comparison of biological levels between published studies is limited by the heterogeneous biological PCB measurements (different PCB congeners or groups of congeners measured, variations in biological matrices sampled or units chosen to express biological results), and causal relationship between PCBs and a studied effect has not been verified with recognized epidemiological criteria.  This research was performed to analyze “biological PCB concentration – effect” relationship between prenatal PCB exposure and children mental and motor development as well as parameters of thyroid function in pregnant women and newborns by conducting a systematic analysis of available epidemiological studies and by standardizing biological data between studies.  Reported PCB concentrations in the different reviewed studies were standardized in terms of total PCB equivalent per kilogram of lipids in maternal plasma (µg PCBMPEQ/kg of lipids), by taking into account PCB toxicokinetics and using conversion factors based on published epidemiological data. To analyze a possible causal association between PCB exposure and studied effects, Hill criteria were consistently applied to all “standardized biological concentrations – response” associations.  The systematic analysis of “standardized biological concentration – birth weight” relationship across 20 reviewed studies did not show any association between prenatal exposure to PCBs at the described levels (mean < 1920 µg PCBMPEQ/kg de lipids) and abnormal birth weight (< 2500 g). Furthermore, combining data from nine children cohorts to assess the “standardized biological concentration – development” relationship during follow-up of each cohort showed that risk of mental or motor development should be negligible for prenatal PCB concentrations below ≈ 1000 µg/kg of lipids in maternal plasma. Also, the systematic analysis of data from 17 epidemiological studies indicated that the weight of evidence of a significant impact of PCB exposure on TSH and thyroid hormone levels was low at reported levels in pregnant women and newborns (mean < 1000 µg PCBMPEQ/kg de lipids). The PCBMPEQ biological reference value of 1000 µg/kg lipids that should prevent neurodevelopmental effects should also prevent effects on birth weight and on thyroid function in pregnant women or newborns.  Results presented in this thesis should provide useful information to public health authorities for the revision of guidelines and standards ensuring protection from PCB effects on child development and thyroid function in pregnant women and newborns.

Keyphrases: Polychlorinated biphenyls, Prenatal exposure, Exposure standardization, Systematic analysis, “Biological concentration – response” relationship, Pregnancy, Birth weight, Thyroid hormones, Development, Children cohorts