Étude de la différenciation des lymphocytes T CD8+ effecteurs et mémoires : rôle de la cellule présentatrice d’antigène et de la voie de signalisation Notch

Following an infection with a pathogen, antigen-specific naive CD8+ T lymphocytes (Tn) will proliferate and differentiate into effector (Te) cells. Those Te cells will produce different cytokines and acquire a cytotoxic activity, leading to pathogen clearance. Only 5 to 10 % of Te cells will survive and differentiate into memory CD8+ T lymphocytes (Tm) able to respond rapidly following a second encounter with the same pathogen, contributing to the success of vaccination. However, the mechanisms regulating Te and Tm cells development remain incompletely understood. To better understand the signals required for CD8+ T lymphocytes during an immune response, we proposed two hypotheses.    First, we propose that different antigen presenting cells (APCs) can deliver different signals to CD8+ T lymphocytes at the time of priming leading to different outcome. Given their potential for use in immunotherapy, we compared the ability of CD40 activated B lymphocytes (CD40-B) and dendritic cells (DCs) to activate CD8+ T lymphocytes. We have shown that CD40-B cell immunisation leads to an effector response but very few Tm cells are generated compared to DC immunisation. The Te cells generated following CD40-B cell immunisation are functional because they secrete cytokine, are cytotoxic and control a Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) infection. We propose that CD40-B cells secrete less cytokines and interact during shorter period of time with the CD8+ T lymphocytes, without engulfment, contributing to the decreased Tm generation observed following immunisation with CD40-B cells.   Second, among the signals provided by APC at the time of CD8+ T lymphocyte priming, we have hypothesised that the Notch signalling pathway influences Te and Tm cell differentiation by inducing a particular genetic program. Using an in vitro system, we first studied the role of the Notch signalling pathway in the hours following CD8+ T lymphocyte priming. We demonstrated that Notch signalling directly regulates PD-1 expression. Then, studying mice where Notch1 and Notch2 receptor genes are deleted only in mature CD8+ T lymphocytes, we characterised the role of the Notch signalling pathway on Te and Tm differentiation during an immune response. Our results show that following Lm infection or a DC immunisation, the Notch signalling pathway promotes the differentiation of short lived effector cells Te cells (KLRG1highCD127low) meant to die by apoptosis. However, the Notch signalling pathway did not influence the generation of CD8+ Tm cells. Most interestingly, IFN- regulation by the Notch signalling pathway depends on the activation context. Indeed, following Lm infection, lack of Notch receptors does not impact IFN- secretion by Te cells while it is significantly decreased following a DC immunisation suggesting a context dependant role for the Notch signalling pathway.   Our findings provide a better understanding of the key signals provided by APC as well as the Notch signalling pathway, and thus the molecular mechanisms leading to CD8+ lymphocyte effector and memory generation which is crucial as this knowledge may ultimately lead to improved vaccination.

Keyphrases: PD-1 (Programmed death-1), CD8+ T lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells (APCs), dendritic cells (DCs), CD40-actived B lymphocytes (CD40-B), Notch signalling pathway