Étude sur le biofilm et les mécanismes de résistance à la bacitracine chez Clostridium perfringens

Clostridium perfringens is ubiquitous in the environment. This microorganism can be found in the intestinal tract of mammals as normal flora and can also cause many gastrointestinal infections. Phenotypic bacitracin resistance has been reported in the literature for C. perfringens but the genes responsible for this resistance have not yet been characterized. In this study, twenty-four of the 99 poultry isolates tested showed bacitracin resistance. Analysis revealed putative genes encoding for both an ABC transporter and an overproduced undecaprenol kinase. These two mechanisms were shown to be both encoded by the putative bcrABDR operon.  An IS1216-like element was found upstream and downstream from the bcr cluster, which may play a role in the dissemination of this resistance determinant. DNA hybridization analyses revealed that the bacitracin resistance genes bcrABDR were located on the chromosome. Moreover, this gene cluster has been showed to be expressed under bacitracin stress.   Many studies have associated tolerance to antibiotics and disinfectants to biofilm. In the literature, very little is known on the biofilm formation by C. perfringens. Most of the C. perfringens isolates tested in this study were able to form biofilms. Matrix composition analysis revealed the presence of proteins, extracellular DNA and beta-1,4 linked polysaccharides. Biofilm could also protect C. perfringens bacterial cells from an exposition to high concentrations of antibiotics. Exposition to low doses of antibiotics tended to lead to a diminution of the biofilm formed but for few isolates, the biofilm formation was increased. In the present study, susceptibilities of C. perfringens biofilms to disinfectants were also analysed. Results showed that biofilms can protect the bacterial cells from the action of potassium monopersulfate, quaternary ammonium chlorides, hydrogen peroxide and gluteraldehyde solutions. However, sodium hypochlorite solution was shown to be effective on C. perfringens biofilms. Our investigation of dual-species biofilms of C. perfringens with the addition of Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli demonstrated that these dual-species biofilms were more tolerant to disinfection with sodium hypochlorite than the mono-species biofilms of S. aureus or E. coli.  However, further disinfection studies using sodium hypochlorite suggest that the mono-species biofilms formed by C. perfringens is more tolerant to this disinfectant than the dual-species biofilms of C. perfringens with S. aureus or E. coli.   Finally, the differential gene expression patterns between planktonic populations and biofilms of C. perfringens were investigated by RNA sequencing. The transcriptomic analysis identified 238 genes that were significantly differentially expressed between both conditions. Genes that were down-regulated in biofilm cells, relative to planktonic cells, included those involved in virulence, energy production, carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acids and amino acids biosynthesis. On the other hand, genes up-regulated in biofilm cells were involved in oxidative and stress responses, fatty acids and phospholipids biosynthesis and few genes were involved in virulence.   This study reports on the discovery of genes associated to bacitracin resistance of C. perfringens. Our work brings also new data on matrix cohesion of the biofilm, tolerance to antibiotics and disinfectants, and on the transcriptome of the biofilm of C. perfringens.

Keyphrases: Clostridium perfringens, Transcriptome, Bacitracin resistance, Biofilm formation