NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
La constitutionnalité du par. 515(6) du Code criminel et d’autres sujets touchant la libération provisoire au Canada

Section 515(6) of the Criminal Code (“Cr.C.”) is one of the judicial interim release procedures. This type of procedure determines in which circumstances justices can grant bail to an accused awaiting trial.  Frequently used, s. 515(6) applies when a police officer refuses to release an accused after his arrest, and brings him before a justice to be charged with an offence of cocaine trafficking or for breaching a condition of bail.  Again pursuing s. 515(6), the justice shall order the accused be detained in custody for an indeterminate period, except if he provides reasons why his pre-trial custody is not justified.  In 1992, the Supreme Court of Canada upheld the constitutionality of s. 515(6). The Court held this rule is consistent with two guarantees of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which are the fundamental principles of the presumption of innocence and the right to bail.  This paper aims to find new arguments that would enable the Court to overrule its judgments of 1992 and to declare s. 515(6) unconstitutional. This research will also explain why this section contributes to the over-incarceration of vulnerable accused, such as drug addicts, homeless and Aboriginal peoples in Canada.  Furthermore, this research gives us the opportunity to describe numerous statistics, practices and procedures related to sections 503 to 526 Cr.C., which are the scheme of judicial interim release procedures. In fact. this text, in Chapter 2, provides the law students and the practitioners with a comprehensive analysis of those procedures.  On balance, this paper contributes to the advancement of knowledge in the field of criminal procedure and constitutional law, in the context of the paucity of research in French on bail proceedings.

Keyphrases: Droit criminel – Canada, Gladue, Criminal law – Canada, Constitutional law – Canada, Bail hearing, Judicial interim release, Conditions of release, Pre-trial detention, Practices and procedures, Charter of rights, Aboriginal accused
Les travailleurs migrants occupant un emploi peu ou pas spécialisé au Qatar : évolution de la situation juridique entre 2012 et 2018

Ever since the 2010 announcement that the 2022 World Cup would be held in Qatar, the number of temporary migrant workers there has increased significantly, and they now represent 90% of the Qatari population. In 2012, a Human Rights Watch report criticized the abuse of law, bordering on modern slavery, to which these workers were subjected. In addition to a vigorous intervention from the International Labour Organization in 2016, a great deal of criticism emanating from several actors and observers lamented the deficient legal framework of the work and stay conditions the migrant workers are subject to, all with employment requiring little or no skill in Qatar. This thesis focuses on the evolution of the legal situation of these workers from the time of the publication of the report by Human Rights Watch in 2012 and the present day. To achieve this, we examine the legislation in effect as well as author commentary on the subject, namely the different international organizations and NGO’s reporting on same. Despite some legislative improvements and greater understanding of the issues in the discourse of Qatari authorities, many challenges remain, especially insofar as the implementation of application legislation is concerned as well as the transmission of information insofar of measures currently underway.

Keyphrases: Qatar, Kafala, Temporary foreign workers, Migrant workers, Sponsorship, Labour migration, Circular migration, International Labour Organization
Les minorités linguistiques et l'accès à la justice : pour une pratique conforme aux Chartes

The current context of globalization and mobility of citizens of all countries, who speak different languages, changes the cultural and linguistic composition of the Quebec society.  This diversification of society challenges the validity of certain practices in our justice system, in particular the accessibility of justice for all citizens.  The notion of access to justice implies that everyone has the right to participate fully in the proceedings before the courts, as well as the right to a fair trial. This study examines the practice of one of the largest administrative tribunals in Quebec, the Tribunal administratif du travail (TAT), Health and Safety Division.  The TAT provides workers with equal access to justice, complying with the rules of natural justice with respect to claims affecting their rights, but without providing free interpreter services to minority language workers.  These are workers who do not speak and do not understand the language used in a hearing, namely French or English.  The author examines the right of these workers to free services of an interpreter before the TAT, pursuant to their right to equality and the right to a fair trial guaranteed by the provisions of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms.

Keyphrases: Tribunal administratif, Access to justice, Right to equality, Fair trial, Administrative tribunal, Interpreter, Linguistic minority, Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms
Repenser la nature juridique de l'expertise dans l'instance civile

In a society dependent on scientific and technical knowledge, expert evidence is critical to the court’s process of seeking the truth. However, under the effect of the adversarial system, experts are being criticized for their lack of impartiality. Expert evidence has also been identified as one of the main causes for the increase of costs and delays of justice. For these reasons, the reform of theCode of Civil Procedure addressed the issue of expert evidence. As a guiding principle, the Code states that the expert has the mission to enlighten the court objectively, impartially and thoroughly. This mission overrides the parties’ interests. However, the other measures included in the Code as to expert evidence seem to only focus on reducing manifestations of a problem whose causes remain existent.  The purpose of this master’s thesis is to offer a renewed understanding of the legal nature of expert evidence. Expert evidence should be considered as a tool for the court rather than a means of evidence for the parties, and the expert, as an officer of the court, rather than a witness. This demonstration will be carried out through three different dimensions of the expertise, namely referential, normative and practical. Specific elements that characterize the expertise and its mission will be identified. The point of this demonstration lies in its effects, since it calls for a transformed, and sometimes more rigorous, treatment of expertise by courts, practitioners and experts, particularly as to the impartiality of the laters. The master’s thesis concludes with the formulation of simple, concrete and feasible solutions.

Keyphrases: Expertise, Expert, Civil Procedure, Evidence Law, Mean of Evidence, Expert Evidence, Science and Law, Access to Justice, Reform of Civil Procedure, New Code of Civil Procedure
Adhérer ou adhérer : essai sur la notion de contrat (par adhésion)

The subject of this thesis is related to the contract of adhesion.

Keyphrases: Contract, Adhesion
Les voies d’avenir du commerce physique à l’ère du numérique

At the crossroads of the disciplines of interior design, marketing and social sciences, commercial architecture is a domain in perpetual evolution. As a field that is well-suited to adapt to both the shifts in the marketplace and the evolution of the consumer, it aims to maintain a competitive advantage notwithstanding market fluctuations through its continuous innovation and reinvention. The traditional store’s future remains under-documented in the field of commercial design despite the peer research undertaken in economic, social science and marketing disciplines. The limited documentation on the subject can't be justified by a lack of resources or research skills, but rather is due to unforeseeable social, economic and cultural transformations. The current research therefore, aims to understand and analyze the current consumer sphere, identify the emerging conceptual strategies which are specific to commercial environments, and identify the possible future path of streetfront commercial environments. Driven by the goal of offering tools that would lead to enhanced design of commercial space, a methodological strategy based on a theoretical framework and field survey have been established. The rigorous exploration of previous bodies of work covering the topic's multiple facets laid the foundation to build the questionnaires and analysis chart which are necessary for planning semi-structured interviews and observations of various commercial environments that meet well-defined selection criteria. The outcome of this research and the results extracted from the different methodological components led to the proposal of a guide that includes a set of planning recommendations, in order to guide design professionals in the conceptualization of a commercial space whose competitive advantage would be most likely guaranteed.

Keyphrases: Retail design, Retail space, Shopping experience, Branding
La diffusion des idées pédagogiques de Maria Montessori en France durant l’entre-deux-guerres à travers l’analyse de la revue pédagogique la Nouvelle éducation

Maria Montessori didn’t spread her pedagogy herself in France between the two World War, at a time where her ideas where broadcasted the most, including France. This thesis, incorporated into history of pedagogical ideas, and more specifically in journals’ role in broadcasting of those ideas, has for object the broadcasting of Dottoressa Montessori’s pedagogical vision through the study of La Nouvelle éducation, French educational magazine linked to the international movement of Progressive education. By analyzing the corpus composed of all of the journal’s releases between 1921 and 1939, we can identify the main actors of the spreading of Maria Montessori’s pedagogical ideas and bring to light the terms of this spreading.

Keyphrases: Maria Montessori, La Nouvelle éducation, impregnation, history of educational ideas, magazine, Progressive education, new pedagogies, education actors
Percepciones de directores de establecimientos acerca de los impactos de las políticas de regulación sobre su trabajo : estudio comparado Quebec y Chile

During the last three decades, several countries made transformations in their educational system that obeyed structural changes towards decentralized governance and implementation of intermediate management levels. Therefore, this decentralization is related to a gradual power delegation and more autonomy for institutions that have to meet accountability requirements which are embedded in the system rules. Autonomy, accountability, and school competition, as well as the resulting student selection processes and standardized testing, are some of the characteristics of modes of regulation that are sometimes described as “near-market” or “evaluative state”, that usually govern the educational system of OCDE countries. These modes of regulation had various effects on the way the school operates and the functions that are assigned to principals whose responsibilities are increasingly heavier and workload more complex. This study aims at replicating in Chile a study that had been previously conducted in Canada, in order to identify the principals’ perceptions about the impact of these changes on their school and their role asking them about their satisfaction level with regard of the work to be done and the ideals to be reached. Various forms of difference and similitude have been found in comparing the perceptions of Quebec school principals with principals from the Greater Chile Region (GR). This can be observed in spite of sociocultural and economic differences that are particular to each region and the fact that the Chilean decentralization was so major that it led to a greater privatization of the educational system. This is the reason why the modes of regulation in the Chilean system seem to be more obvious in the principals’ perceptions of GR who feel that they impacted their role and their school.

Keyphrases: Educational system, Decentralization, Privatization, Modes of regulation, Managerial responsibilities, Accountability, School competition.
Première évaluation de l’intégralité des propriétés synaptiques des terminaisons en compétition lors du développement de la jonction neuromusculaire

Synaptic competition is a fundamental process of development of the nervous system that allows the establishment of functional and reliable neural circuits. The processes that underlie it are multiple and complex, and their study in the CNS is complicated by the size and reduced accessibility of the structures of interest. On the other hand, the neuromuscular junction offers a favorable environment that allows the setting up of robust experimental conditions where these processes can be probed. The characterization of these processes would lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of several neuromuscular diseases. In addition, it would significantly improve our chances of understanding CNS-level processes by providing new hypotheses to test. On the other hand, the development of experimental protocols to study synaptic competition at the JNM remains difficult. The processes that influence competition and the properties of synaptic inputs are interdependent and the inability to simultaneously measure these different synaptic properties is a major constraint. The objective of this research project was to develop tools to better measure and characterize the synaptic properties of competing endings at the developing NMJ and to use these tools to better understand the dynamics of competition. We were able to characterize the relationship between facilitation and release probability at the NMJ. Since facilitation and quantum content can be measured simultaneously, this relationship allows for knowledge of synaptic inputs strength and release probability ratios. We also show this information can be used to deduce the ratio of their territorial coverage. Together, these results represent the first simultaneous and integral evaluation of the synaptic properties of competing inputs at developing neuromuscular junctions. We further used these tools to evaluate the relationship between the different synaptic parameters. First, we were able to conclude that the release probability and territorial coverage ratios have little correlation with synaptic strength ratios in the initial stages of competition, but that a stronger correlation occurs when one input becomes at least twice as strong as his competitor. In addition, our data suggest that the release probability and the territorial coverage are both dynamically regulated during the process. Finally, our data suggest that the relative importance of release probability and territorial coverage ratios in the determination of synaptic strength ratios remains constant throughout the process and that this importance is equivalent.

Keyphrases: Synapse, Facilitation, Synaptogenesis, Synaptic competition, Territorial coverage, Synaptic strength, Quantal content, Release probability, Neuromuscular junction
Développement d'un nouveau modèle de souris humanisée de sclérose en plaques

Introduction: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a widely used animal model for the study of multiple sclerosis (MS). Although instrumental in MS research, this model fails to replicate some characteristics of this highly complex demyelinating disease. Our hypothesis is that we can develop an innovative humanized mouse model of MS that can replicate the human pathology more accurately. Such an improved model would be instrumental in achieving a better understanding of the disease and in facilitating the identification of novel therapeutic targets. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from MS patients and healthy donors were injected intraperitoneally into NOD/LtSz-scid IL-2Rγc(null) (NSG) mice in order to achieve immune reconstitution, which was then evaluated by flow cytometry. A clinico-pathological characterization was also performed on these mice. Results: Immune reconstitution was observed in all of our mice that received PBMC from either MS patients or healthy donors. These humanized mice however did not present any clinical manifestation of a (developing) demyelinating disease. Indeed, histological examination was consistent with this finding, showing the absence of central nervous system (CNS) demyelination. Immune cells isolated from the CNS of mice injected with MS patient PBMC did not show a distinctive immune phenotype when compared with immune cells isolated from mice that received healthy donor PBMC. Conclusion: The intraperitoneal injection of MS patient PBMC into NSG mice induces immune reconstitution, but these mice do not develop any clinicopathological manifestation of a disease suggestive of multiple sclerosis.

Keyphrases: Multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, humanized mouse model, NSG mouse
Le tapis roulant à échelle comme nouvel outil d'étude de la locomotion, chez les rats intacts et suite à une lésion corticale

Current knowledge of motor control of the hindpaw in precision walking is limited. The objective of this study was thus to investigate the specific contribution of motor cortex (CM) in precision walking. Kinematic parameters were evaluated, in rats placed on a ladder (LTM) and a flat treadmill (FTM), before and weekly for 4 weeks after a unilateral injury to the representation of the hindpaw in the CM. Intact animals presented on the LTM a rostral shift of the step, as well as increased flexion for the ankle and the MTP causing changes in intra-limb coordination. Inter-limb coordination was also altered in favour of a tripod support. Following cortical injury, the kinematic parameters on the FTM were only slightly altered, while much more marked deficits appeared and persisted on the LTM. Those deficits included changes in angular excursions, intra-limb coordination, in addition to an important deficit of swing initiation and difficulty in correctly aiming for the rungs. To ensure accurate foot control on the LTM, the locomotor pattern had to be adapted. This study shows that the CM has an irreplaceable function on the control of certain locomotor parameters of the hindlimb when high precision is required. Late changes in kinematic parameters on the LTM after cortical injury suggest the development of individual strategies underlying improvement in overall performance on the LTM. This treadmill is therefore a new tool for assessing the contribution of various structures in precision locomotion.

Keyphrases: cortical lesion,, motor cortex, ladder treadmill, flat treadmill, kinematics, precision walking, motor control, hindlimb
Dérégulation de la synthèse protéique et dysfonction synaptique dans un modèle de souris d'autisme

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders defined by cognitive deficits, lack of social skills, and stereotyped behaviors. Tuberous Sclerosis (TSC) is one of the most important monogenic cause of autism and epilepsy in humans. The complex 1 of tuberous sclerosis (Tsc1) gene is one of the two genes most strongly associated with these diseases. In knockout Tsc1 mice, hyperactivation of the mTOR protein, the main regulator of the cell cycle and protein synthesis, is observed. In addition, it has been hypothesized that ASDs would result from imbalance in the excitation / inhibition ratio in certain areas of the brain (Rubenstein and Merzenich 2003). Thus, the goal of the project is to determine the mechanisms by which protein synthesis regulates synaptic functions in interneurons of the hippocampus. The Cre-Lox system was used to create the heterozygous KO mouse model of the interneuron-specific Tsc1 gene (Nkx2.1C/+; Tsc1f/+). Changes in the hippocampus were examined at the molecular (data not shown), behavioral and electrophysiological levels, including field potential recordings in acute hippocampal slices. The Nkx2.1C/+; Tsc1f/+ mutant mice demonstrated a deficit in contextual fear conditoning. Paired pulse and input/output experiments demonstrated intact short-term potentiation as well as late-LTP elicited by a 15XTBS protocol. However, E-LTP was altered in mutant mice using the 1XHFS protocol, but intact using the 4XTBS protocol. The laboratory also demonstrated in Nkx2.1C/+; Tsc1f/+ mice a decrease in mCPSI of interneurons when induced by optogenetics, resulting in a disruption of inhibitory transmission (data not shown). Overall, an alteration of the expression of the Tsc1 gene in the PV and SOM interneurons leads to a deficit in context discrimination, a task dependent on the hippocampus. These deficits could be explained by a decrease in inhibitory transmission, making the circuit hyperexcitable and disturbing the E/I equilibrium.

Keyphrases: synaptic plasticity, protein synthesis, memory and hippocampus
Une comparaison de l’utilisation de l’appareil mobile et des traits de personnalité selon le niveau de stress psychologique chez de jeunes adultes

The first mobile device only consisted of functions used to complete a task (utilitarian), to which functions used for pleasure (hedonistic) were added. Studies show that mobile device use is associated to psychological stress. However, no study has thus far separated participants according to their stress levels. We have recruited 87 healthy young adults (18-35 years old) claiming to be ‘Very stressed out’ or ‘Zen’ according to their self-categorization. These young adults completed questionnaires to measure total, hedonistic and utilitarian time of use of the mobile, involvement with the mobile and nomophobia level. In order to verify that groups were composed of distinct individuals, additional questionnaires measuring psychological stress, personality traits and emotion control were completed. Analyses of variance and covariance adjusted for age were used to compare groups. Results show that groups do not differ on total and utilitarian time of use and involvement with the mobile. We further showed that ‘Very stressed out’ individuals use hedonistic functions more and are more nomophobic than ‘Zen’ individuals. Finally, ‘Very stressed out’ individuals report higher levels of stress, ruminate more, are less able to control their aggression and impulsivity and are less agreeable and emotionally stable than ‘Zen’ individuals. To conclude, our results suggest that it is important to consider the nature of one’s mobile use in future studies on mobile device and stress, and that ‘Very stressed out’ individuals form a distinct group of mobile phone consumers than ‘Zen’ individuals.

Keyphrases: Stress, Mobile device, Nomophobia, Personality