Complications cardiométaboliques chez les survivants de la leucémie lymphoblastique aiguë pédiatrique : rôles de la dysbiose intestinale et de la nutrition dans leur développement

As a result of therapeutic advances, more than 90% of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survive the disease. However, many survivors are at risk of developing long-term morbidities caused by the cancer and its treatments, especially since these are administered during a crucial period of their development. Long-term adverse effects include cardiometabolic disorders such as obesity, dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes. Although their precise etiology is not fully understood, some mechanisms underlying the development of long-term complications have been proposed. Surprisingly, few studies have evaluated the relationship between diet and cardiometabolic complications in childhood cancer survivors. In the general population, poor dietary habits are associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome components and atherosclerosis. Also, the intestinal microbiota appears to play a major role in the pathogenesis and progression of cardiometabolic disturbances in the general population. This role has been poorly studied in cancer survivor populations, where treatments could lead to significant changes in intestinal microbiota composition, diversity and function. We studied the cardiometabolic and nutritional health status of childhood ALL survivors and determined the associations between the two. In addition, we explored the intestinal microbiota as an underlying mechanism of cardiometabolic complication development. This work was carried out as part of the PETALE (Preventing Late Effects of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatments) study at the Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine in Montreal. Our results highlighted the high prevalence of cardiometabolic complications in adolescent and young adult survivors of childhood ALL. They also confirmed their increased cardiovascular risk compared to the general Canadian population, particularly those exposed to cranial radiotherapy. In addition, alterations in lipoprotein and apolipoprotein profiles, indicative of an increased risk of atherosclerosis, were identified.  We observed that survivors have poor compliance with dietary recommendations and that poor eating habits affect their nutritional and metabolic status. Our results confirm the association of diet quality and a better survivors’ cardiometabolic health. We identified an inverse association between a high intake of specific macro- and micronutrients (protein, selenium, zinc, copper, riboflavin and niacin) as well as meat and the risk of having low HDL-C levels in survivors, while fast food was positively associated with this risk.  It should be noted that despite low vitamin D intake, the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency is no greater among survivors than in the general Canadian population. We identified associations between plasma biomarkers of visceral inflammation and endotoxemia and cardiometabolic complications in childhood ALL survivors. We also demonstrated the relationship between metabolic endotoxemia, inflammation and the presence of cardiometabolic complications. A review of the literature detailed the emerging role of intestinal dysbiosis in the metabolic sequelae found in survivors. In our exploratory work, we found that, in a large proportion of metabolically unhealthy survivors, there was a reduced abundance of bacteria families with protective role towards endotoxemia. We also demonstrated the feasibility of using a xenogenic mouse model of ALL to study the mechanisms explaining the development of cardiometabolic complications.  The identification of biomarkers and biological mechanisms and a better understanding of how diet and nutritional components may affect survivors of childhood ALL will allow the development of prevention strategies to minimize long-term sequelae, improve patient follow-up and optimize the quality of life of this high-risk population.

Keyphrases: nutrition, inflammation, Cancer survivors, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, nutrition, dysbiosis, endotoxemia, oxidative stress, inflammation