NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Évaluation des effets de l'utilisation des aides à la mobilité motorisées chez les personnes âgées de plus de 50 ans

Mobility-related subsidy programs are being challenged by the aging of the population as adults aged over 50 years become the most prevalent users of power mobility devices (PMDs), such as power wheelchairs and scooters. The thesis examines the impacts of PMDs for middle-aged and older adults during the first 18 months of use. Our research question concerns the nature and magnitude of outcomes pertaining to effectiveness, social significance and subjective well-being, as well as the factors associated with outcomes. The thesis comprises three sections: conceptual, methodological and analytical. The main results are presented in four manuscripts. The conceptual section includes a systematic review that reveals the limited coverage and low level of evidence of PMD outcomes for middle-aged and older adults. Moreover, this section supports a conceptual framework linking intention to use the PMD, mobility habits, three dimensions of outcomes (effectiveness, social significance, subjective well-being) and four categories of co-factors asociated with the use of assistive technology (person, assistive device, intervention, environment).  The methodological section assembled 5 questionnaires and 18 indicators, matched to the conceptual framework, and verified their applicability for a telephone administration. Two questionnaires required transcultural validation studies with PMD users (n=45, age 50-84 years) that confirmed the test-retest reliability and the equivalence of the questionnaires with the original versions. Finally, the analytical section examined the impact of PMDs on 3 cohorts (n=116, age 50-89 years), recruited as a function of stage of usage, and explored key factors asociated with greater life-space mobility. Cohort comparisons showed significantly greater life-space mobility for initial and long term users than for the reference group waiting for the PMD. Moreover, frequency of outings was higher for PMD users in the neighbourhood and around home. Age-adjusted linear regression analyses found greater life-space mobility associated with gender, the nature of PMD activities and device type.  The thesis supports considering the environment and a combination of personal and device factors to appreciate PMD outcomes during the first months of use. The results are useful for rehabilitation services as they confirm the utility of following up PMD outcomes and identify key determinants of mobility for middle-aged and older PMD users.

Keyphrases: Satisfaction, Power mobility devices, Wheelchairs, Self-help devices, Mobility, Systematic Review, Outcome Assessment (Health care), Aged, Middle-aged, Disabled persons/Rehabilitation
Le processus de co-rumination entre amis chez les jeunes victimes de harcèlement par les pairs : impact sur le développement des symptômes dépressifs à l’adolescence

Victimization is an important risk factor for depression in early adolescence. On the other hand, having friends is an important protective factor susceptible of moderating the negative effects associated with victimization. However, the benefits associated with friendships may vary according to some of their characteristics. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether friendship characteristics (i.e. intimacy and support as well as co-rumination) moderate the association between victimization experiences and depressed feelings a year later. The sample is composed of 536 high school students whose victimization level, friendship quality and tendency to co-ruminate were self-reported at the first time point. Depressive mood were self-reported at the end of two consecutive years. Results show that victimization, friendship quality and co-rumination are respectively associated with concurrent depressive mood. However, only co-rumination predicted depressive mood a year later after controlling for initial adjustment. The link between peer victimization and depressive mood was not moderated by friendship characteristics.

Keyphrases: Depressive mood, Peer victimization, Friendship quality, Co-rumination, Co-rumination, Adolescence, Adolescence, Longitudinal study
Développement logiciel par transformation de modèles

Software engineering researchers have long tried to understand the software process development to mechanize it or at least to codify its good practices. We identify two major approaches to characterize the process. The first approach—known as transformational—sees the process as a sequence of property-preserving transformations. This idea was recently adopted by the OMG’s model-driven architecture (MDA). The second approach consists in identifying and codifying proven solutions to recurring problems. Research on architectural styles, frameworks and design patterns are part of this approach. Our research recognizes the complementarity of these two approaches, in particular in the design step. Indeed within the model-driven development context, we view software design as the process of applying codified solution patterns to input models.  Software design is typically defined in terms of architectural design and detailed design. Architectural design aims at organizing the software in modules or components that meet a set of non-functional requirements while detailed design is—in some way—concerned by the contents of the identified components. Architectural design relies on architectural styles which are principles of organization to optimize certain quality requirements, whereas detailed design relies on design patterns to assign responsibilities to classes. Both architectural styles and design patterns are design artifacts that encode proven solutions to recurring design problems. While these design artifacts are documented, the decision to apply them remains essentially manual. Besides, once a decision has been made to use a design artifact, there is no adequate support to apply it to existing models.  As design patterns present an ‘‘easier’’ problem to solve, and because architectural styles implementation relies on design patterns, our strategy for addressing these issues was to try to solve the problem for design patterns first, and then tackle architectural styles. Hence, in this thesis, we propose an approach for representing and applying design patterns. Our approach is based on an explicit representation of the problems solved by design patterns. Indeed, and explicit representation of the problem solved by a pattern enables to: 1) better understand the pattern, 2) recognize the opportunity of applying the pattern by matching the representation of the problem against the models of the considered system, and 3) specify declaratively the application of the pattern as a transformation of an instance of the problem into an instance of the solution. To verify and validate the proposed approach, we used it to represent and apply several design patterns. We also conducted practical tests on models generated from open source systems.

Keyphrases: Design patterns, Design problems, Model transformation, Meta-modelling
N-acétyltransférase lysosomale : organisation, fonctionnement et défauts moléculaires chez les patients atteints du syndrome de Sanfilippo type C

The acetylation of terminal glucosamine residues by lysosomal N-acetyltransferase (HGSNAT) is an essential part of the catabolic breakdown of heparan sulfate. Defects in this reaction result in the rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder Sanfilippo syndrome type C (SFC). To date 54 mutations in SFC patients have been reported including 13 splice-site mutations, 11 insertions and deletions, 8 nonsense, 18 missense and 4 polymorphisms, with different phenotypic manifestations. We have identified 10 of them and conducted a comprehensive review discussing the spectrum of Sanfilippo C mutations, their distribution within the patient population as well as how the mutations could potentially affect the structure of HGSNAT. Splicing errors, nonsense mutations, insertions and deletions were all predicted to result in non-functional RNA which is rapidly degraded by cellular quality control mechanisms. The 4 identified polymorphisms resulted in amino acid changes which did not affect the enzyme activity, glycosylation or targeting and were therefore not clinically significant. Polymorphisms, in the context of enzymes are amino acid changes not affecting function, but in the context of nucleic acids can still be considered as missense mutations. Eighteen missense mutations were expressed and shown be inactive due to errors in protein folding providing an explanation for the severe disease progression seen in individuals with these mutations. Misfolded mutants were abnormally glycosylated and retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. Enzyme enhancement/chaperone therapy is a potential treatment option specifically designed to exploit the residual enzyme activity of misfolded mutants in order to clear stored substrates. We demonstrated that treatment of several fibroblast lines of SFC patients with a specific inhibitor of HGSNAT; glucosamine-hydrochloride partially rescued mutant enzyme activity providing a proof of principle for the future use of chaperone therapeutics in the treatment of SFC.

Keyphrases: Lysosomes, Mucopolysaccharidose IIIC, Metabolic disorders, Mutational analysis, Protein folding, Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIC, Sanfilippo syndrome C, Enzyme enhancement therapy
Étude de la régulation du facteur de transcription NF-kB dans l'infection par le RSV

The infection by the Respiratory Syncytial Virus causes acute respiratory tract affections among children characterized by an excessive inflammatory response mediated by airway epithelial cells production of cytokines. The genes coding for theses cytokines are regulated by the transcription factor NF-κB (p50/p65) which is classically activated by phosphorylation of its inhibitor IκBα, permitting the nuclear accumulation of the heterodimer. The work presented in this master’s thesis allowed demonstrating that the inhibition of either RIG-I, Cardif or TRAF6, 3 proteins implicated in the cellular recognition of virus, leads to the inhibition of this phosphorylation in response to RSV. Moreover, we established with pharmacological inhibitors and siRNA that, among all kinases known to phosphorylate p65 in response to various stimulus, IKKα/β are essential to this phosphorylation in RSV stimulation. Since TRAF6 is a well-known IKK complex activator in the literature, we propose that TRAF6, after the recognition of the RSV viral RNA by RIG-I, activates the IKK complex witch induces the phosphorylation of the NF-κB subunit p65, allowing the expression of targets genes. Furthermore, we had previously demonstrated that Nox2, a NADPH oxydase isoform, controls the activation of NF-κB by regulating the phosphorylation of IκBα and p65. We show here that the inhibition of Nox2 by siRNA reduces strongly the activity of the IKK complex. Moreover, the basal level presence of Nox2 is critic for the messenger RNA level of Cardif. Thus, we propose that the Nox2 regulation of p65 ser536 is done by its effect on Cardif, which allows the integrity of the RIG-I pathway.

Keyphrases: RSV, Nox2, RIG-I
Étude polarimétrique d’étoiles jeunes

To further understand the evolution of young stellar objects, we used a Monte Carlo code simulating their environment in order to study a new density distribution for the Herbig Ae/Be stars and to reproduce intensity and linear polarization maps obtained at the Canada-France-Hawaii telescope (CFHT) in November 2003. As the code was first created in the 80's, we had to correct some bugs and add new elements in order to take into account the latest advances in studies of polarization produced by circumstellar matter.  Since the stars studied are young (less than a few million years), their neighborhood still contains dust mixed with gas which will be distributed according to their age. Younger stars will have a disk structure inside a bigger envelope (class I) while older stars will exhibit only a disk (class II and III).  As we can expect, different structures create different intensity and polarization maps. We will discuss the variations induced in the polarization and intensity maps when changing the dust distribution.  Following the modifications to the code, we ran some tests to check its functionality. We developed some criteria that once they are satisfied, we can safely assume the Monte Carlo code is operational and that it will produce good results.  The code can now be used to increase our knowledge of circumstellar matter around young stellar objects. Indeed, Dullemond et al.(2001) proposed a new dust distribution around Herbig Ae/Be stars which explains better their spectral energy distribution (SED). However, there are still no studies to find out if the polarization maps resulting of this new distribution was also compatible with the observations. This problem was treated with our Monte Carlo code.  We then tried to reproduce, as well as possible and taking into account the limits of the code, the polarization and intensity maps obtained at the TCFH. Our study was focused on R Mon, which is presented as an article to be submitted, and V376 Cas. Also, our study of V376 Cas helped us to shed some light on the causes for aligned polarization vectors seen on our maps.

Keyphrases: Monte Carlo, R Mon, V376 Cas, Polarization, Young stars
Analyse de la couverture médiatique d'un leader émergent : le cas d'André Boisclair

This thesis focuses on the role played by mass media in the construction of the public personality of emerging leaders. When a political party chooses a new leader, this leader is often known by very few people. Since a majority of citizens rarely has the occasion to interact directly with political figures, it is exclusively through the media that most people are able to get acquainted with those who represent them – and with those who aspire to play that role. But the media do not only repeat what politicians say. The pieces of information they decide to include in their stories, the words they use, and the frames they select contribute to the definition of the public personality of the leaders they talk about. News media also choose to put the emphasis on particular personality traits, and to ignore others.  In order to have a better understanding of this phenomenon, we have studied the case of former Parti québécois leader, André Boisclair. We have tried to determine if the coverage he was object of has been stable over time, or if it has followed cycles, and we have studied the criteria used by the media to assess his personality. To achieve these ends, we have studied the volume, the format, the tone, the objects and the frames, which have characterized the coverage broadcasted on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and the TVA Network between June 4, 2005 and February 21, 2007 about André Boisclair. Our conclusions show that the coverage indeed follows cycles, and that the criteria used by the news media are very similar to those which have already been identified as important to the public in the selection of a political leader.

Keyphrases: Media, Emerging leaders, Political parties, Leadership races, Media coverage, Personality traits, Coverage cycles, André Boisclair, André Boisclair, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), TVA Network
Administration d'Eugénol intrathécal pour le traitement de la douleur neuropathique

The project is based on the study of the effects of eugenol, the main component of clove oil, on neuropathic pain. The main objective was to determine the central effect of eugenol. In a preliminary study we evaluated the penetrability of eugenol in the central nervous system of rats. Blood, brain and spinal cord samples were collected and concentrations were determined by mass spectrometry. Brain-toplasma and spinal cord-to-plasma ratios suggest that eugenol penetrates the central nervous system of rats relatively well, with a preferential distribution in the spinal cord. Following the induction of neuropathic pain in male Sprague-Dawley rats using the sciatic nerve ligation model, intrathecal injections of eugenol were done to evaluate the central effect of eugenol. Treatment with the high dose of eugenol significantly decreased secondary mechanical allodynia measured by the Von Frey test after 15min, 2h and 4h and improved thermal hyperalgesia measured by the Hargreaves device after 2h and 4h. Results support the hypothesis that eugenol may alleviate neuropathic pain, both allodynia and hyperalgesia. Eugenol, a vanilloid agonist/antagonist may therefore reduce neuropathic pain by acting on vanilloid receptors at the level of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

Keyphrases: Eugenol, Intrathecal injection, Neuropathic pain, Distribution in CNS, Sprague-Dawley rats
Electronic waste governance: sustainable solutions to a global dilemma

This thesis addresses the forms, characteristics and challenges of electronic waste governance. The author explores the socio-economic and environmental impacts of a diverse range of instruments that have been developed to mitigate the human health and environmental risks presented by end-of-life electronic equipment, namely: multilateral treaties restricting e-waste trade flows into developing countries, regional, national and provincial legislations imposing mandatory recycling systems for e-waste, as well as other public and private initiatives based on the principle of extended producer responsibility (EPR). The objective of this study is to understand how stakeholders implicated in the electronic equipment sector can model the systems of production, use, and discard of electronics, so that the latter may continue to raise living standards and propel human development while simultaneously respecting the international principle of global equity, the natural environment and the quality of life of future generations.

Keyphrases: Production durable, Electronic wastes, End-of-life electronic equipment, Basel Convention, Extended producer responsibility (EPR), Lifecycle thinking, Sustainable production
Alternatives de partenariats pour la gestion de l’eau potable dans les quartiers pauvres des zones urbaines : cas de Kinshasa

Faced with incapacity of the State to offer basic services to households in poor urban neighbourhoods, informal operators, both individual and collective, are left to meet the current increasing needs of households. But as their actions are only occasional and randomly scattered throughout the region, and are not integrated into a local development plan, many households still do not have access to a secure water supply.  Our research investigates partnerships between the public sector and collective informal operators that is likely to create synergy between them, in order to provide a constant and reliable water supply to poor urban neighbourhoods. It seeks to analyze and understand the mechanisms of collaboration between the State and community organizations in order to improve the quality of life in poor urban neighbourhoods, by resolving the problems associated with access to water.  Using the case study of an area on the outskirts of the city of Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo), we seek to discover how State and collective informal operators could function in partnership to manage a grassroots urban water-delivery service. As a frame of analysis, we used strategic analysis ; to examine the type of partnership, we used the model by Coston (1998) and the approaches used to regulate State-third sector (socio-state approach ; socio-community approach). The qualitative method was emphasized. The data analyzed was derived from semi-directed interviews, documentary research and observation. The results obtained show that the relationships that best correspond to the desired partnership between the public actors and collective informal operators are a type of    « contracting » and relate to the socio-state orientation. But the current formal system of management of water supply and the relations of power are closer to the type of « rivalry ».  Our study also shows that the partnerships between the public actors and collective informal operators are very difficult to institute because public policies do not promote interdependence between local actors. The current institutional context is not favourable to the emergence of a dynamic partnership.   New forms of cooperation, negotiated between the State and collective informal operators will be successful only if new policies supporting democracy and decentralization are instituted. The promotion of associative movements with a strong and dynamic civil society, seeking the common good, must emphasize managerial qualities.

Keyphrases: water supply, partnership, public actors, collective informal operators, poor urban neighbourhoods
La phylogénie moléculaire du genre nord-américain Eurybia (Asteraceae : Astereae) et ses proches parents (Oreostemma, Herrickia, Triniteurybia)

Eurybia and it relatives, Oreostemma, Herrickia, and Triniteurybia, are collectively called the eurybioid grade.  Comprising 31 perennial species, this grade belongs to the North American clade of the tribe Astereae.  Early molecular analyses had inferred that this group is paraphyletic to the Machaerantherinae and sister to the Symphyotrichinae. The partially resolved and poorly supported relationships at the infrageneric level within the group, particularly within the core genus Eurybia, is preventing further insights into the evolutionary history of the group.  The aim of this study is to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among the eurybioids by including all species of the grade and by using both different types of regions and multiple phylogenetic inference methods.  The present study provides phylogenies based on nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS, ETS), chloroplastic DNA (trnL-F, trnS-G, trnC-ycf6), and a low-copy nuclear locus (CNGC4), in separate and combined datasets analyzed using maximum parsimony, Bayesian and maximum likelihood approaches.  In a separate analysis of the nrDNA dataset, the relationships of polyploids in Eurybia proved to be impossible to resolve. The nrDNA and nr+cpDNA combined analyses therefore were restricted to diploids. The combined analyses provided greater resolution and support than separate analyses.  The nr+cpDNA phylogeny was the best resolved and supported. The phylogenetic relationship of genera belonging to the eurybioid grade is as follows: Oreostemma (Herrickia s.str. (Herrickia kingii (Eurybia (Triniteurybia – Machaerantherinae)))).  Based on the nr+ cpDNA combined topology, we performed biogeographical analyses using DIVA and LaGrange.  These analyses revealed an initial radiation of the eurybioids in western North America, with two independent migrations to eastern North America within Eurybia.  Based on the relative lack of variation in nrDNA, cpDNA and CNGC4, where incomplete lineage sorting was dominant, the origin of the grade is interpreted as recent, probably from the Pliocene. Diversification of the group was probably favored by the Pleistocene glaciations.

Keyphrases: ITS, ETS, cpDNA, Machaerantherinae, trnS-G, trnL-F, CNGC4, trnC-ycf6