Les mécanismes de régulation du métabolisme lipidique par les peptides QRFP (pyroglutamylated RF-amide peptides)

Anti-obesity therapies mostly focused on development of centrally-acting drugs, which also promote weight loss properties. Many studies have documented the relevance of neuroendocrine peptides in the hypothalamus and their influence on the regulation of energy balance. Some neuropeptides have been reported to be expressed and secreted by the adipose tissue where they modulate lipid metabolism, reflecting the importance between hypothalamus and adipose tissue. Among neuropeptides that regulate appetite, QRFP (pyroglutamylated RF-amide peptides) was reported to have hyperphagic properties associated with an increase of adipose mass over lean mass in mice. Both QRFP and its receptor GPR103 are expressed in the hypothalamus of many spices. However, whether QRFP peptides and its receptor are involved in peripheral lipid metabolism is still unknown. This thesis focused on the peripheral effects of QRFP and the role of its receptor on adipose tissue.  The results presented here show that QRFP-43 and -26 have direct adipogenic effects on both 3T3-L1 adipocytes and isolated adipocytes from white adipose tissue (WAT). Indeed, we found that prepro-QRFP and the GPR103B receptor, which is one of the two GPR103 sub-types found in mice, are expressed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and in WAT isolated adipocytes. When mice are fed with high-fat diet, prepro-QRFP expression was reduced whilst GPR103B was increased in different WAT. In human omental adipocytes, both prepro-QRFP and GPR103 are expressed. QRFP treatment on 3T3-L1 adipocytes inhibits isoproterenol (ISO) induced-lipolysis and promotes adipognesis trought fatty acid uptake and expression of key adipogenic transcription factors, PPAR-gamma (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) and C/EBP-alpha (CCAAT-enhancer binding protein alpha). The functionality of the GPR103B receptor was studied using short hairpin RNA to knock down its expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Knockdown of GPR103B resulted in complete loss of QRFP peptides antilipolytic effects and fatty acid uptake. GPR103B signaling pathways in antilipolytic effects of QRFP-43 were investigated using 3T3-L1 adipocytes model. Stimulation of GRP103B induced PI3-K/PKB (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B) pathway. QRFP-43 attenuates lipolysis by inhibiting ISO induced-phosphorylation of perilipin A (PLIN1a) and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL). Moreover, we have underscored the mechanisms of GPR103B mediating inhibition of PLIN1a in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Activation of GPR103B prevents the translocation of caveolin 1 and the catalytic subunit of PKA induced by ISO on lipid droplets. This latter mechanism is the result of the inhibition of Src kinases and PKC induced by ISO following QRFP-43 treatment in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.  In conclusion, the work conducted in this thesis demonstrates a new role of QRFP peptides and the receptor GPR103B as modulator of lipid metabolism in adipose tissue. We have also underscored GPR103B signaling pathways leading to inhibition of lipolysis in adipocytes.

Keyphrases: GPR103B, QRFP, adipogenesis, lipolysis, G-coupled receptors, protein kinase