Contribution des légumineuses, des champignons endophytes et mycorhiziens dans la nutrition azotée des prairies indigènes semi-arides

The native grasslands are considered as the main feed source for livestock grazing, in semi-arid regions of the Canadian prairies. The addition of N fixing legumes and phosphorus to semi-arid native grasslands may increase the productivity and nutritive value of forage. However, these practices may also shape the structure and diversity of soil fungal communities which in turn may impact forage production and nutritive value.  The global objective of this research was to design productive, self-sustaining, permanent and with low inputs pastures. The specific objectives were 1) to demonstrate the effect of N-fixing legumes (the cultivated legume Medicago sativa or the native legume Dalea purpurea) and soil P fertility on the productivity and nutritive value of native grasses mixes in comparison to the mixture of the introduced grass Bromus biebersteinii and M. sativa, 2) identify the effect of these practices on the diversity and community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and total fungi, and 3) identify the effect of legumes and AM fungi on competitive interactions between native cool-season grasses and native warm-season grasses.  The field experiment showed that M. sativa improved the nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of native grasses mixes early in the summer, as well as the N concentration of the warm-season grass B. gracilis, in late summer of the driest year 2009. In contrast, the soil phosphorus fertility had no effect on plant productivity. On the other hand, the inclusion of legumes to the mix of native grasses generally increased AM fungal diversity. This shift was positively correlated with the productivity and nitrogen uptake by M. sativa and with the phosphorus concentration of native grasses mixes in early summer. The structure of the total fungal community was affected by the interaction between species mixtures and soil P fertility only in the wet year (2008), suggesting that this effect was likely driven in part by plant productivity and soil moisture.  The growth chamber experiment showed that the AM fungi may favoured the growth of warm-season grasses under competition with cool-season grasses. However, Glomus cubense increased the productivity of warm-season grass B. gracilis when growing with M. sativa. This effect might be related to a negative impact of G. cubense on the nitrogen-fixing activity of M. sativa and to a lower N-use efficiency of certain cool-season grasses, which resulted in increased soil N availability for B. gracilis. In contrast, Glomus sp. enhanced the growth of S. scoparium, another warm-season grass in the absence of legumes, and this may be related to improved P-use efficiency in this grass.  We concluded that the cultivated legume M. sativa can improve the nutritive value of native grasses mixes early in the summer and also of warm season grass under severe drought conditions in late summer. In addition, the inclusion of M. sativa within native grass mixes may contribute to promote beneficial AM fungi taxa that were involved in forage production and nutrition early in the summer.

Keyphrases: Prairies semi-arides, Nutriments, Semi-arid grassland, Native grasses, Legumes, Total fungi, AM fungi, Productivity, Nutrients, Forage