Regulation of the Early Growth Response Protein-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells

Aberrant vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferative responses contribute to the development of neointimal lesions. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is believed to inhibit VSMC proliferation, and vascular diseases are associated with impairments in cAMP-induced signalling responses involving protein kinase A (PKA) signaling. An enhanced expression of the early growth response protein-1 (Egr-1), a zinc finger transcription factor, has been reported in models of vascular diseases and, a crucial role of Egr-1 in regulating the expression of genes implicated in neointimal formation leading to atherogenesis has been suggested. Various vasoactive factors have been shown to modulate Egr-1 expression in VSMC via mechanisms which remain to be completely understood. Angiotensin-II (Ang-II) is one of the key vasoactive peptides implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Ang-II elevates intracellular calcium (Ca2+) through activation of voltage-gated calcium channels as well as store-operated calcium channels. The store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) involves an inositol-3-phosphate receptor (IP3R)-coupled depletion of endoplasmic reticular Ca2+ and a subsequent activation of the stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM-1) /Orai-1 complex. Although Egr-1 has been demonstrated to be upregulated in a Ca2+-dependent fashion in response to several stimuli, the involvement of STIM-1/Orai-1-dependent signaling in Egr-1 expression in VSMC has never been addressed. Besides, whether Ang-II-induced signaling leading to Egr-1 expression is modulated by cAMP-dependent signaling pathway remains unexplored. Therefore, in the present studies, we have examined the role of Ca2+ signaling in Ang-II-induced Egr-1 expression in VSMC and investigated the contribution of STIM-1 or Orai-1. Additionnaly, we have examined the effect of cAMP on Ang-II-induced expression of Egr-1 and have investigated the associated signalling pathways. Pharmacological blockade of IP3R and SOCE by 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborate (2-APB) decreased Ang-II-induced Ca2+ release and attenuated Ang-II-induced enhanced expression of Egr-1 protein and mRNA levels. Egr-1 upregulation was also suppressed following blockade of calmodulin and CaMKII. Furthermore, RNA interference-mediated depletion of STIM-1 or Orai-1 attenuated Ang-II-induced Egr-1 expression, as well as Ang-II-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and CREB. Moreover, isoproterenol (ISO) and forskolin (FSK), two respective receptor and non-receptor activators of adenylate cyclase, attenuated Ang-II-induced Egr-1 expression in a dose-dependent fashion. Similar responses were observed using non-specific (dibutyryl-cAMP) and PKA-specific (Benzoyl-cAMP) analogs of cAMP, as well as a broad spectrum inhibitor of intracellular phosphodiesterase activity (isobutylmethylxanthine). The inhibition of Ang-II-induced Egr-1 expression was accompanied by an increase in serine 157 phosphorylation of the vasodilator-activated phosphoprotein (VASP), a marker of PKA activity, and this was associated with a concomitant decrease in ERK phosphorylation. Pharmacological blockade of PKA using H89 decreased VASP phosphorylation, restored Ang-II-induced ERK phosphorylation and abolished ISO- and FSK-mediated inhibition of Ang-II-induced Egr-1 expression.  In summary, our data demonstrate that STIM-1/Orai-1/Ca2+-dependent signaling pathways mediate Ang-II-induced Egr-1 expression in A-10 VSMC and suggest that PKA-mediated suppression of Ang-II-induced Egr-1 expression and phosphorylation of ERK may be among the mechanisms by which cAMP exerts its vasoprotective effects. In addition, our data supports the notion that stimuli-induced regulation of Egr-1 expression involves the participation of signaling cascades downstream of ERK in VSMC.

Keyphrases: Stim-1, Orai-1, Calcium, Egr-1, Creb, PKA, Angiotensin-II, VSMC