NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Délibérer avec un misanthrope? : la misanthropie face à l’éthique de la discussion de Jürgen Habermas

The misanthrope is best known as a character of comic theatre, from Menander to Shakespeare and Molière. However, this threatens to confine misanthropy to romanticized fantasy, making it apolitical and something fixed within intemporate characters on a stage. In philosophy, some writers (Plato, Kant, Judith Shklar) have written a little about misanthropy, but always through the moralist’s lenses of good and bad, that is, as an ethos to avoid. Yet what about justice? Could misanthropy be considered a viable norm within the political realm? By focusing on the idea of humans as rational animals in order to grasp the misanthrope’s object of hatred, it is argued that misanthropy is best understood in terms of its repudiation of logos as an ontological foundation of humanity. Whether he or she attempts to respond by either withdrawing or fighting, the misanthrope is trapped, unable and unwilling to contribute to moral deliberation. Jürgen Habermas’ ethics of discussion, it is claimed, can help us to fathom the dead-end in which misanthropes finds themselves, as well as to understand how their hatred of logos hinders moral deliberation, at least when it is carried out according to deontological principles.

Keyphrases: Solitude, Jürgen Habermas, Misanthropy, Ethics of discussion, Animalism
La stratégie numérique des partis politiques québécois lors de la campagne électorale de 2018

Through a series of 10 semi-structured interviews with campaign staff from four Quebec political parties (Coalition Avenir Québec, Quebec Liberal Party, Parti Québécois, Québec Solidaire), this master’s thesis draws a portrait of the digital practices and strategies put in place in the context of the 2018 election campaign. We note that the studied parties show a very high level of digital deployment, integrating as much as possible the best practices observed internationally. Thus, the parties have set up new platforms to compile data, mobilize their supporters, and optimize their advertising. In particular, we conclude that digital technology affects the distribution of campaign resources, the structure of organizations and the level of refinement of political messages. New technologies are central to the exercise of political communication in Quebec, and no party seems to be excluded from this digital convergence.

Keyphrases: Québec, Data-driven campaign, Political communication, Election campaign, Political party, 2018 Quebec general election, Digital strategy, Political marketing, Digital data
L’esprit de la philosophie de Martin Buber

For some time now, political philosophy in the West has been dominated by two streams of thought: ‘‘theoretical’’ philosophy, rooted in the thinking of classical Greek theorists (Socrates, Plato and Aristotle), and ‘‘difference’’ philosophy, rooted in (Rabbinic) Jewish thought. Our thesis formulates and defends a philosophico-political reflection directed towards a potentially superior alternative, that of ‘‘practical’’ philosophy. While theoretical philosophy and difference philosophy aim for ‘‘creation,’’ practical philosophy aims for ‘‘interpretation.’’ The latter is based on the minority traditions within both Greek and Jewish thought: led by Protagoras in the former and the ancient Levite priests in the latter. Martin Heidegger (1889-1976), Hans-Georg Gadamer (1900-2002), Isaiah Berlin (1909-1997), Stuart Hampshire (1914-2004), Bernard Williams (1929-2003) and Charles Taylor (1931-) – to mention only these representative thinkers – are part of the hermeneutical tradition of practical philosophy. The purpose of the present work is to enrich the study of practical philosophers by proposing the critical analysis of a philosopher whose political thought so far is too little studied within the family of practical philosophy: Martin Buber (1878-1965). Philosopher at the crossroads of various ontological sources of Western culture – those of Jewish biblical revelation and Greek philosophical reason, among others – Buber has developed a political thought based on the interpretation of a priori (a)political symbols. Hence the difficulty of studying him as a political thinker. Generally, we tend to study political thinking as based on dialogue and listening – both receptive and reciprocal – as a response to the conflict of values in public. For the interpretations exchanged by political actors open the way to the possibility of arriving at a shared understanding and thus resolving the initial conflict. Our thesis is divided into two parts. The first identifies the structural constitution of Buber's political thought from the angle of dialogue as a response to political conflict, since his philosophy tends towards practical orientation and is, in consequence, misunderstood by theorists. The second part situates Buber's philosophy within the tradition of practical philosophy by demonstrating how his line of reasoning encourages genuine listening – as opposed to contemplation – and for this reason it tends to be misunderstood by difference philosophers. Our study shows that Buber's philosophy would have ‘‘the ear’’ replace ‘‘the eye’’: when Buber refers to the Jewish tradition, he asserts that the Jew of antiquity is more of a ‘hearing-man,’ than a ‘seeing-man’. The approach taken is also sensitive to the different elements of context and historical development of Buber’s philosophy. In the end, it becomes clear that Buber should be seen as a political thinker who can be situated within the tradition of practical philosophy.

Keyphrases: Martin Buber, dialogue, political philosophy, conflict of values, interpretation, creation, political theory, hermeneutics
Les régions rurales québécoises face à la décentralisation : une scène politique oubliée

Between urban and rural areas, disparities are increasing in Quebec and elsewhere in the West, with many rural areas even facing devitalization. Rural studies question abundantly the productive forces of the territories but fail to analyze the socio-political issues that determine them. Scholars studying federalism and decentralization focuses mostly on the allocation of state resources according to its jurisdictional components, thus obscuring several local informal dynamics. We thus find ourselves in the face of a process of decentralization that inevitably affects the development capacities of the territories, but without grasping how local authorities appropriate the political spaces liberated by this process of decentralization.  Mobilizing the theory of the commons, this exploratory research proposes an analysis of the rights governing the common resources of the territory of Charlevoix. Based on the notion of situational rationality, it is important to understand how institutionalized social norms condition the collective choices of actors and, in turn, their potential to influence institutions.  Regarding rural development, the structural constraints of collective choices would be 1) an ineffective municipal representative democracy; 2) an ambiguous division of powers resulting from an imprecise definition of local development; 3) a municipal tax system placing the territories in competition, encouraging them to practice fiscal urbanism and encouraging selfish behavior within the local community. This exploratory research fits more broadly into the discussion that seeks to go beyond the socialist / liberalism dichotomy that underlies the debate on the role of the state.

Keyphrases: commun, rural, institution, governance, decentralization, territory, common, rural, development, resource, right, welfare state
Le vote eurosceptique parmi l'électorat europhile

After the 2014 European elections, a significant number of seats in the European Parliament (EP) were gained by Eurosceptic parties, those parties showcasing a position that is strongly opposed to the European Union (EU). Interestingly, among their voters can be found several citizens who believe their country’s membership of the EU to be a good thing. Hence, this research proposes to analyse the Europhiles’ underlying motivations to vote for a Eurosceptic party. With data made available by the European Election Study – Voter study of 2014, three hypotheses based on the concepts of diffuse and specific support, issue voting, opposition voting, and salience are tested with logistic regressions. The results from the quantitative analysis are then taken further with the help of data from interviews conducted in April and May 2019 with voters of la France insoumise.

Keyphrases: opinion publique, France insoumise, European Union, Issue voting, Salience, Opposition voting, Public opinion, Logistic regression, Semi structured interviews, Mixed methods
Du Front national au Rassemblement national : l'évolution du parti à l'aune des théories du marketing politique et du rebranding

From frowned upon topic to increased visibility, extreme right-wing parties are gaining more and more traction in Western landscapes. In recent years, we observe a true asymmetrical rise of the aforementioned parties in the West as they became unavoidable in electoral contexts. In France, the party dubbed Rassemblement national (RN) - formerly Front National (FN) - is a strinking example. The RN indeed managed to qualify himself for the second round of voting in the 2017 presidential election. Through the lens of political marketing, we examine the evolution of the French party in light of political marketing's theories and the "rebranding" at various key moments : the presidential elections of 2007 and 2017, as well as during the ballot regarding the party's name change reform in June 2018. The concepts offered by Lees-Marshment (2014) about the various types of party’s orientation structure our study. Analyses conducted on "New Labor" by Gould (1988) and Evans and Norris (1999) also guide our study. Among the main results obtained, it appears that the FN’s rebranding as RN is similar to that of the rebranding of the British Labor Party around its new tag line: the "New Labor Party" (NPTB). The results thus demonstrate a repositioning of FN to RN. It indeed started off in 2002 as a product-oriented party with a reaffirmation strategy. In 2017, it shifted its focus on sales with a strategy of de-demonisation – commonly called “dédiabolisation”. In 2018, it finally turns to the market with a strategy of refoundation.

Keyphrases: Front national, Rassemblement national, political marketing, political communication, rebranding, types of political party's orientation, extreme right-wing
Autonomie bureaucratique et la lutte contre la corruption : le cas de l'Unité Permanente Anticorruption

The creation of the Permanent Anti-Corruption Unit (UPAC) has had a major impact on the political world in Quebec. For the first time in Canada, a police unit was fully dedicated to the fight against corruption. However, many disputes the independence and autonomy of this unit. With the theory of bureaucratic autonomy developed by Daniel P. Carpenter in his book The Forging of Bureaucratic Autonomy; Reputations, Networks and Policy Innovation in Executives Agencies, 1862-1928, this paper will determine whether the UPAC has bureaucratic autonomy or not. According to Daniel P. Carpenter, bureaucratic autonomy is the ability of an organization to impose its policy agenda on public decision-makers. To do this, the organization needs to have a good organizational reputation, multiple support networks and political legitimacy. If the bureaucratic reputation is not yet fully developed at the UPAC, this memoir will show that the foundations on which this autonomy is based are under construction.

Keyphrases: UPAC, Corruption, Bureaucratic autonomy, Political legitimacy, Organizational reputation, Networks
L'incorporation des normes internationales de droits humains dans la législation bolivienne : lorsque les mouvements d'enfants et d'adolescents travailleurs s'en mêlent

After ratifying a human rights treaty, states are required to incorporate the treaty’s standards into their domestic legislation. Why then some states decide not to incorporate these standards into their laws? For answer, I suggest that it is necessary to analyze how domestic politics affects treaty incorporation. I use the case of non-alignment between the Bolivian legislation and the ILO C138 convention. This case highlights three points. First, civil society encompasses a multitude of organizations that are not always in favor of treaty incorporation. Second, the government sometimes has to adapt his behavior face competing pressures from rival domestic groups in favor of and against treaty incorporation. Third, when groups that oppose incorporation are strong and more influential than groups in favor of incorporation, they can hinder the incorporation of conventions into domestic legislation. This is important because, until now, only few scholars have examined these groups disagree about the incorporation of a treaty. This empirical study reveals how the civil society organizations influence the alignment of national policies to international standards after the ratification of a treaty.

Keyphrases: Amérique latine, Bolivia, Children's rights, State/civil society dynamic, political reforms, working children's movements, Norm compliance, Child Labor, ILO, Latin America, International Norms
L’effet de la loi «Paid Family Leave» établie en Californie en 2002 sur le développement cognitif, le développement ambulatoire et le développement de l’autonomie des enfants âgés de 5 à 7 ans

Most of OECD countries invest a lot in their family policies knowing the impact of such investments on the development of a newborn later in life. Such policies include paid family leave if an employee is absent to take care of a family member. The United States of America is not investing a lot in their family policies, leaving lots of families with difficulties taking care of a family member. It was not until February 1993 that the United States of America enacted a federal law providing 12 weeks of non-paid leave for employees who leave work temporarily for family issues. Nonpaid leave discourages lot of employees and specially those who are in need to take these 12 weeks off. California is the first state in the United States who realized the importance of paid family programs and enacted in 2002 a new law “Paid Family Leave” offering 6 weeks of paid leave for employees who are absent to take care of a newborn, adoptive child, sick family member. The purpose of the study is to see the impact of the implementation of such a law providing women 6 paid weeks to take care of a new born on the cognitive ambulatory and self-care development of children aged between 5 and 7 born after the implementation of the law. To do so the empirical literature will be presented and the contribution to this literature will be advocated. IPUMS USA is the database that this study relies on. The empirical strategy consists of a Difference-In-Difference approach. The results of this approach confirm that the law enacted had no impact on the cognitive development of the child but had a significant impact on lowering the risk of having ambulatory or self-care difficulties 0.4 to 0.3 percentage point.

Keyphrases: stress post-partum
Disintegration methods in the optimal transport problem

The present work hopes to illustrate certain techniques that can be applied to certain classes of Optimal Transport problems. Today, the Optimal Trans- port problem has come to be a mathematical formulation of very diverse problems (meteorology, astrophysics, image processing, etc.) Thus, the per- tinence of the methods described is much larger than mathematical problems. In particular, it is shown how certain theorems that are usually approached with combinatorial tools over  nite sets can be extended by measure-theoretic tools to in nite sets. We see that this higher level of abstraction gives rise to more powerful and widely-applicable tools, in very concrete problems.

Keyphrases: Optimal Transport, Disintegration of Measures, Optimization, Duality, Transport Optimal
Impact des fongicides foliaires et des néonicotinoïdes sur le puceron du soya et ses ennemis naturels

The use of neonicotinoid seed treatments to control the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines, has increased in soybean culture in North America over the last few years. Similarly, the preventive use of foliar fungicides has increased in recent years in Quebec, not because of significant risks of fungal diseases, but rather to increase crop yield through non-fungicidal physiological effects. These practices are generally economically unprofitable and may compromise the biological control offered by aphid natural ennemies. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of commonly used phytosanitary products on the soybean aphid and its natural ennemies. A laboratory experiment was first conducted to test the toxicity of two foliar fungicides to soybean aphid. Next, a field study was conducted over a two year period to evaluate the effects of neonicotinoid seed treatments and foliar fungicides on populations of soybean aphid and its natural ennemies. Our results indicate that neonicotinoid seed treatments can help control soybean aphid populations, however their use is unnecessary in most cases. Foliar fungicides were found to be toxic to soybean aphid and reduced populations in the field and in the laboratory. Natural ennemies were reduced by both foliar fungicides and seed treatments, probably due to their effects on aphids.

Keyphrases: Aphis glycines, Soybean aphid, Foliar fungicides, Neonicotinoid seed treatments, Toxicity, Integrated Pest Management, Soybean, Predators, Parasitoids, Entomopathogenic fungi
Utilisation de microboutures de saule pour prévenir le développement d'espèces indésirables

Habitats degraded through anthropogenic pressure exerted on natural ecosystems are an issue for soil restoration. Restoration practices, such as subsequent plant colonization, focus on developing strategies to revegetate bare ground while reducing environmental impacts on ecosystems. The introduction of plant community covers composed of herbaceous or shrub species is a practicable strategy. However, the operational cost of implementing conventional shrub cover reduces its utilization on a larger scale. The alternative shrub vegetation cover method of using a willow plantation to restore soil and control undesirable vegetation under powerlines right-of way will be investigated in this study. The approach aims to reduce the size of willow cuttings (i.e. by implementing microcuttings). The shorter willow cuttings could rapidly create a plant cover while controlling undesirable vegetation. Three factors were compared: 1) assemblages of willow species; 2) the presence or absence of a companion herbaceous plant; 3) two types of substrate. The viability of this planting technique and the capacity of plant cover to limit the growth rate of two undesirable tree seedlings species (red maple and gray birch) were tested. Statistical analyses of establishment, growth and plant cover rates for this alternative planting technique were significant. Although willow covers did not significantly affect biotic resistance, a positive trend for plant cover to limit the relative growth rate of undesirable tree species seedlings was observed.

Keyphrases: Microcuttings, Willow, Restoration, Undesirable tree species, Powerline rights-of-way, Biotic resistance
An Upper Ordovician faunal assemblage from the Neuville Formation of Québec, including an exceptionally preserved soft bodied sea anemone, Paleocerianthus neuvillii n. sp.

Fossils are the primary source of information on ancient life and its biodiversity. Fossils are attributed to geological periods, and the Ordovician is the most significant, having yielded valuable information on the origins, paleoecology and the biodiversity of today’s taxa. Some Ordovician fossil deposits are distinguished by their diversity and exceptionally preserved soft bodied fossils – the two criteria for defining a Konservat-Lägerstatte. Konservat-Lägerstatten are rare and created under specific taphanomic factors that lead to exceptional preservation. Here we demonstrate a new Ordovician Period Konservat-Lägerstatte from the Upper Ordovician of the Neuville Formation, Québec based on high diversity and the preservation of tube-dwelling anemones Paleocerianthus neuvillii n. sp. (Anthozoa: Ceriantharia). This is a benthic organism, with tentacles and a long soft column projecting from the tube. The mouth is surrounded by the crown of tentacles. The tubes often share a base with two, three or more additional tubes. The total length of the tubes varied from 24.9 mm to 51.0 mm (+ 36.9 mm) with small change in width, representing allometric growth. P. neuvillii lived in fine sediment associated with brachiopods, trilobites and echinoderms. The specimens were buried rapidly by a sedimentary flow. Paleocerianthus neuvillii, is the oldest record of a fossil tube anemone. Current phylogenies of the Anthozoa based on morphology and 18S rDNA sequence data place the Ceriantharia as a monophyletic group among Ceriantipatharia, and as a basal group of the Anthozoa. P. neuvillii is the oldest tube anemone fossil and therefore the best proximate ancestor for the Anthozoa.

Keyphrases: Ordovician Period, trenton Group, Neuville Formation., sea anemone, Cerianthus, Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE)
Les effets non réciproques de l’activation du schéma hostile et non hostile sur le processus d’attribution d’intention chez les individus non agressifs

Intention attribution is a mental process used to explain ambiguous behavior of others.  According to research in social cognition, the intention attribution process is influenced by  mental structures called schemas. The main objective of this thesis is to study the effects of  schemas, more specifically the hostile and non-hostile schema, on the intention attribution  process related to negative and positive ambiguous behaviors of others in non-aggressive  individuals. To do this, we formed two groups, one primed with negative words to activate the  hostile schema and the other primed with positive words to activate the non-hostile schema.  Then, they were asked to read social scenarios illustrating positive or negative ambiguous  behaviors of others, followed by the intentions of others, whether hostile or non-hostile. Using  electroencephalography (EEG), we measured and analyzed the N400 ERP (event-related  potential) component associated with the presentation of unexpected intentions. The results  showed that the activated hostile schema leads individuals to attribute and to expect hostile  intentions regardless of the nature of ambiguous behaviors, while the activated non-hostile  schema leads them to attribute and to expect non-hostile intentions only when the ambiguous  behaviors of others are positive in nature. When the ambiguous behaviors of others are negative,  the hostile schema activates naturally and leads individuals to attribute hostile intentions,  without influencing previously activated non-hostile. The results demonstrate that the activation  of hostile and non-hostile schemas has non-reciprocal effects on the intention attribution  process.

Keyphrases: N400, Hostile, PRE, Schema activation, Intent attribution, Hostility, ERP