Étude de la traduction IRES-dépendante du VIH-1

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the causative agent of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Viral strains that are resistant to antiretroviral agents used for the treatment of HIV-1 infected patients rapidly emerge. It is thus important to study the viral replication cycle in order to discover new targets for the development of novel agents against HIV-1. Translation of structural proteins and viral enzymes is a key step of the viral replication cycle. These proteins are translated from the HIV-1 full-length mRNA during late stages of the replication. This mRNA can be translated by a cap-dependent mode which is used by the majority of cellular mRNAs. However, since its 5’ untranslated region (5’UTR) contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) that we call IRES5’UTR, it can also be translated by an IRES-dependent mode. The IRES-dependent mode enables the full-length mRNA to be translated  when the cap-dependent mode is impaired. The activity of the IRES5’UTR is weak in physiological conditions, but it is stimulated when the cell cycle is arrested at the G2/M transition, an arrest induced by HIV-1 infection. A large portion of this IRES, which we name IRES5’UTRc, is present in all HIV-1 mRNAs and its activity is similar to the activity of the complete IRES, which indicates that the IRES-dependent mode can be used by all HIV-1 mRNAs. During my doctoral studies, I investigated how the HIV-1 IRES5’UTR functions. I transfected Jurkat T cells, a lymphocytic cell line derived from the natural target cells of HIV-1, with a dual-luciferase reporter containing the coding sequences of the Renilla luciferase (Rluc) and the firefly luciferase (Fluc) separated by the complete 5’UTR of the HIV-1 full-length mRNA. Translation of Rluc is cap-dependent while translation of Fluc depends on HIV-1 IRES5’UTR. First, I performed a mutational analysis and I discovered three regions that stimulate the activity of IRES5’UTR and a stem-loop that represses its activity, which we named IRENE (IRES negative element). I showed that the repression induced by IRENE is relieved when cells are exposed to oxidative stress, a type of stress caused by HIV-1 infection. We propose that IRENE maintains the IRES5’UTR in a weakly active conformation in physiological conditions. It is known that IRESes are activated by cellular factors, called ITAFs (IRES trans-acting factors). We propose that the IRES5’UTR adopts an active conformation triggered by the binding of an ITAF that is expressed or relocalized during oxidative stress. These results generated a publication (Gendron et al. Nucleic Acids Research, 2011, 39, 902-912). I then decided to study the effect of the viral protein Tat on the IRES5’UTR activity. In addition to its essential role in the transcription of HIV-1 mRNAs, Tat stimulates the cap-dependent translation of HIV-1 mRNAs by interfering with the inhibition of a canonical initiation factor, eIF2, induced by the protein kinase modulated by double-stranded RNA (PKR) and by unwinding the TAR structure present at the 5’end of all HIV-1 mRNAs. Tat also affects the expression of several cellular genes. I showed that the Tat86 and Tat72 isoforms, but not Tat101, stimulate the activity of the IRES5’UTR. This effect is independent of PKR and TAR, but appears to be dependent upon the conformation of Tat. We suggest that Tat could activate a transcription factor that controls the expression of an ITAF of the IRES5’UTR or else that Tat could directly activate such an ITAF. I also showed that PKR stimulates the IRES5’UTR activity, which is surprising since PKR is an antiviral protein. This effect is independent of the inhibition of eIF2 by PKR and could result from the activation of an ITAF. Knowing that IRES5’UTRc, an active portion of IRES5’UTR is present in all HIV-1 RNAs, our hypothesis is that the stimulation of the IRES activity by PKR would allow Tat mRNA to be translated in the beginning of the replication cycle. This would subsequently allow the cap-dependent translation of HIV-1 mRNAs to proceed, which is stimulated by Tat. These results generated a manuscript that is submitted for publication to RNA. Altogether, my results, coupled to data from literature, lead me to conclude that, in the late phases of the replication cycle, the activity of the HIV-1 IRES5’UTR is stimulated by oxidative stress, by the cell cycle arrest in G2/M and by the presence of high amounts of Tat, while cap-dependent translation is impaired. The IRES5’UTR would thus be critical to translate the HIV-1 full-length mRNA. Consequently, the IRES5’UTR would constitute a very interesting target for the development of novel anti-HIV agents.

Keyphrases: Tat, HIV-1, IRES, translation initiation, oxidative stress, PKR