CD40 signalling in platelet function

CD40 is a member of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, originally identified on human bladder carcinoma cells. Interaction of CD40 with its ligand (CD40L) is of crucial importance for B cell development and immunoglobulin isotype switching during the adaptive immune response. Expression of the CD40/CD40L dyad was initially thought to be restricted to cells of the immune system, but today it is known to be also expressed on cells of the circulatory and vascular systems, and have important implications in various inflammatory reactions, such that CD40L is now regarded as a thrombo-inflammatory molecule and a reliable predictor of cardiovascular events. Platelets constitutively express CD40, whereas CD40L is expressed upon activation and subsequently cleaved into its soluble form (sCD40L), accounting for the majority of circulating sCD40L. Soluble CD40L has been shown to influence platelet activation but its precise effect on platelet function, and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain undefined; hence the purpose of this project. The specific aims of this study are: 1) to evaluate the in vitro effects of sCD40L on platelet activation and aggregation; 2) to determine the receptor(s) on platelets involved in the action of sCD40L; 3) to elucidate the intracellular signalling pathways induced by sCD40L; and 4) to evaluate the in vivo effects of sCD40L on thrombus formation.  We have showed that sCD40L strongly enhances activation and aggregation of washed human platelets in response to sub-threshold concentrations of agonists. Human platelets treated with a mutated form of sCD40L that lacks CD40 binding, and platelets from CD40 deficient mice failed to elicit such responses, indicating that CD40 is the major platelet receptor for sCD40L. Moreover, we identified the presence of multiple members of the TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) in platelets and showed that only TRAF2 associates with CD40 after sCD40L stimulation. Interestingly, sCD40L primes resting platelets through two distinct signalling pathways. The first pathway involves activation of the small GTPase Rac1 and its downstream target p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, leading to platelet shape change and actin polymerization; whereas the second pathway involves activation of the NF-κB signalling cascade. Furthermore, sCD40L exacerbates thrombus formation and leukocyte infiltration within the thrombus mass in wild-type mice but not in CD40 deficient mice following ferric chloride-induced arterial injury.  In conclusion, we have identified for the first time two distinct signalling pathways downstream of platelet CD40, and established their implication in platelet activation and aggregation in response to sCD40L. Noticeably, we established a direct link between elevated levels of sCD40L and in vivo thrombus formation, while emphasizing the requirement of CD40 in this process. Therefore, the CD40/CD40L dyad plays an important role in platelet priming that predisposes platelets to enhanced thrombus formation in response to vascular injury. These results may partly explain the correlation between elevated circulating levels of sCD40L and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases.

Keyphrases: CD40L, CD40, Platelets, Thrombosis, Signal Transduction