Des femmes converties à l'islam en France et au Québec : religiosités d'un nouveau genre

In present-day Europe and in North America, conversions to Islam suggest that modernity and secularization have engendered new unusual forms of subjectivity. However, the seemingly incompatibility between Muslim identity on the one hand, and Quebecois or French ones on the other hand stems more from the sociopolitical context where those identities are built, than from any obstacle related to Muslim and Western visions of the world. This research draws on an ethnographic study I have conducted in France and in Quebec. It shows that although conversion to Islam is part of an hermeneutical project of the self that is accomplished in the course of a spiritual trajectory, the action of conversion is framed by the social and political that shapes its meaning and impact. In this regard, the new Muslims' identities are negotiated through the social relationships that build their local universe of discourse. The social and political projects around conversion aim at transcending dominant models by proposing an alternative that combines inherited and chosen symbolic resources. My project is based on a comparative perspective conducted in two political spaces that differ in their ways of governing religious and ethnic diversity, and in how they manage religious belongings in the public domain. Considering that the change of religion is both a subjective and social process, I argue that the convert's new identity is continuously and dynamically organized around the realization of the self and the reconstruction of social belonging. In consequence, the act of conversion reveals as much a critical and constructive discourse about the social and political environment for which it proposes an alternative as a quest for spirituality and a pious way of life Drawing on theoretical perspectives from Ricœur, Foucault, and Calhoun, I examine the process of formation of the subject and the construction of its identity, as much through the production of discourse (conversion narrative), as through the modeling of the body (learning of religious and social practices). This performative approach of everyday rituality emphasizes the fluidity, idiosyncrasy and historicity of belongings and subjectivities. For the women I met, the narrative production of their conversion trajectory plays a key role in the constitution and actualization of their Muslim self. Through the subject's reflexivity, narratives produce indeed a new hermeneutics of the self, one driven by the objective of personal accomplishment, worked through the médium of spirituality.  I identify standardized discourses that represent nodes of tension around which converts build piety, subjectivity and identity. Among them, the gender model they formulate displays their wish for acquiring new morals of modesty, intimacy, body and the care of the self. This new code of conduct revisits the polarized rhetorics between the Western feminism and the patriarchal excesses of political Islam, both seen as extreme. In this sense, I consider that women converts to Islam represent an archetype of Muslim feminist subject.  The formation of conversion identities reveals the social and political forces underlying national contexts as well as global dynamics. The converts' performances compete with the discourses constructed as much by Muslim born groups as by the host society. Accordingly, conversion involves the recomposition of gendered, national and biographic identities of new Muslim women. As the attributes of alterity are enmeshed with those of the self, such referents are constructed at the limits of the new categories of modernity (knowledge, religion and gender). They also reconfigure social relationships at the frontier of new groups of inclusion and exclusion (ethnicity, piety, generation, etc.).  In Quebec, the attraction toward Islam is part of a new quest for meaning and a desire for participating in the dominant cosmopolitan rhetoric of the society. Adhering to Islam celebrates the return to community solidarity, after accelerated processes of modernization and secularization. In France, the turn to Islam exemplifies a critique of modes of social differentiation, and a new strategy of belonging to a stigmatized group classes. Adhering to the religion of the minority highlights the failure of the Republican model and its ambition of universalism. In both Quebec and France, the project of conversion is presented as an alternative to dominant secular models; at the same time, it redefines the domains of public and private, while revealing the contradictions of the center as opposed to peripheral groups.

Keyphrases: Conversion, Islam, France, Religion, Performance, Anthropology, Ethnology, Conversion, Islam, Woman, France, Quebec, Religion, Narrative, Performance