Contrôle de l'expression de la protéine PHEX et rôle de PHEX et FGF23 dans la minéralisation par les cellules MC3T3

PHEX is an important protein in the process of osseous mineralisation. Mutations or deletions of a part of the PHEX gene cause X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH). This disease is characterized by hypophosphatemia, accompanied by defects of bone mineralisation, rickets and osteomalacia. With the hypophosphatemia, the circulating levels of vitamin D should be increased, which is not the case where an abnormal regulation of the production of vitamin D takes place. However, in spite of the fact that this protein is a peptidase, no physiological substrate has been identified. PHEX is a membrane type II integral protein member of the M13 family of zinc metalloendopeptidasee. These proteins have a short N-terminal cytosolic domain, a transmembrane domain of approximately 20 amino acids and a large extracellular C-terminal portion where the active site of the enzyme is located. PHEX is expressed predominantly in bones and teeth in osteoblasts and odontoblasts, respectively. PHEX is expressed at initiation of mineralization. Patients suffering from XLH and the Hyp mouse, which has been used widely as an animal model of the human disease, show large quantities of the FGF23 protein. Moreover, FGF23 is implicated in another disease connected to phosphate metabolism, the autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR) where activating mutations in FGF23 cause roughly the same symptoms as XLH. FGF23 is produced mainly by osteoblasts and osteocytes. FGF23 causes hypophosphatemia by decreasing the expression of the type II sodium phosphate cotransportor, partly responsible for renal phosphate reabsorption. The hypothesis suggested in the literature would be that PHEX would activate or inactivate important peptides for osseous mineralisation. More specifically, the activation or the inactivation of these peptides would have a role in the control of FGF23 expression. According to the assumption mentioned previously, the regulation of PHEX could thus have an effect on mineralization. An increasing quantity of data on the regulation of PHEX is now available. For example, vitamin D decreases the expression of PHEX while glucocorticoids and growth hormone increase its expression. In a first study, we examined the possibility that a peptide connected to osseous mineralization could control the expression of PHEX. We determined that PTHrP1-34 can control in a negative way the expression of PHEX in UMR-106 cells, a cell line of osteoblastic origin. This regulation involves the cAMP/protein kinase A pathway. Moreover, this decrease in PHEX expression is also observed at day 7 in primary cultures of mineralizing rat osteoblasts. Next, we looked more closely at PHEX cellular localization. We used a mutant of PHEX, mutant E4Q identified in an XLH patient, where the mutated amino acid is found in the cytosolic domain of PHEX. This change does not interfere with the catalytic site of the enzyme since this PHEX mutant can still cleave a synthetic substrate as well as wildtype protein. This mutation disrupts a di-acidic motif present in the cytosolic domain of PHEX. We showed that this di-acidic motif is reponsible for the interaction of PHEX with COPII, a protein complex involved in the formation of secretion vesicles. Moreover, it would seem that this di-acidic motif is important, probably by its interaction with COPII, to the incorporation of PHEX in matrix vesicles, which are important in the mineralization process. Finally, competition assays showed that mineralization could be disturbed when the wildtype PHEX cytosolic tail is overexpressed, as opposed with the mutated cytosolic tail. This suggests that the interaction with COPII and the subsequent incorporation of PHEX in matrix vesicles or other proteins that possesses this motif could be important for mineralization. Finally, the last study examined the role of FGF23 on mineralization. We showed, by the overexpression of FGF23 in the mouse MC3T3 osteoblast cell line, that FGF23 can cause senescence of these cells. On the other hand, proliferation is not affected. Moreover, differentiation seems to occur at a faster rate, as indicated by earlier mineralization. Overexpression of FGF23 would accelerate differentiation and induce senescence. This is in agreement with the literature where KLOTHO, a FGF23 cofactor that increase the affinity of FGF23 for its receptor, when inactivated, shows a similar phenotype that includes senescence and aging.

Keyphrases: PHEX, FGF23, mineralization, osteoblasts, PHEX, FGF23