NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
La reconnaissance visuelle à travers le temps : attentes, échantillonnage et traitement

Visual recognition is a temporal process: first, visual information is continuously received through time on our retina; second, the processing of visual information by our brain takes time; third, our perception is function of both the present sensory input and our past experiences. Interactions between these temporal aspects have rarely been discussed in the literature. In this thesis, we assess the sampling of visual information through time during recognition tasks, how it is translated in the brain, and how it is modulated by expectations of specific objects. Several studies report that expectations modulate perception. However, how the expectation of a specific object modulates our internal representations remains largely unknown. In the first article of this thesis, we use a variant of the Bubbles technique to uncover the precise time course of visual information use during object recognition when specific objects are expected or not. We show that expectations modulate the representations of different features differently, and that they have distinct effects at distinct moments throughout the reception of visual information. In the second article, we use a similar method in conjunction with electroencephalography (EEG) to reveal for the first time the processing, through time, of information received at a specific moment during an eye fixation. We show that visual information is not processed in the same way depending on the moment at which it is received on the retina, that these differences cannot be explained by simple adaptation or repetition priming, that they are of at least partly top- down origin, and that they correlate with behavior. Finally, in a third article, we push this investigation further by using magnetoencephalography (MEG) and examining brain activity in different brain regions. We show that the sampling of visual information is highly variable depending on the moment at which information arrives on the retina in large parts of the occipital and parietal lobes. Furthermore, we show that this sampling is rhythmic, oscillating at multiple frequencies between 7 and 30 Hz, and that these oscillations vary according to the sampled feature.

Keyphrases: EEG, MEG, Vision, Visual perception, Object recognition, Face recognition, Sampling, Information use, Temporal perception, Spatial frequencies
L’apport respectif des habiletés politiques et du sentiment d’efficacité personnelle en regard de la santé psychologique en emploi des directions d’établissement scolaire

Psychological health at work is a subject of interest in Quebec because of is many important repercussions on workers and organizations. Among the different sectors of activity, workers in the education sector, more specifically school principals, have a lower level of psychological health than the general population. Professional responsibilities composed of relational conflicts and overwork, generate a psychological cost for these workers. It is therefore important to identify ways to improve and maintain good psychological health. The Employment Resource Requests model suggests that resources interact with demands to reduce the negative impact of demands on psychological health in employment. The aim of the thesis will be to validate the protective effect of certain resources according to the main causes of poor health of school management. Indeed, some resources would be more appropriate depending on the characteristics of the job. Considering that their psychological state of health is mainly caused by relational conflicts and the overload of work experienced in employment, political skills and the feeling of personal efficiency were retained as resources. Indeed, previous studies show that having a high level of political skills would protect relational difficulties, while the feeling of self-efficacy proved useful in the face of a large workload.  From this perspective, the first article aims to study the factorial structure of the dimensions of the inventory of political skills in a management position and more specifically school management. An earlier study of managers shows that the tool is deployed in five factors in this population. The findings indicate that the tool is deployed in four factors for a population of principals, such as the original tool validated with a non-executive population.  The second article validates the role of political skills as a personal resource to minimize the adverse effect of interpersonal conflict on psychological health in employment, in line with the employment demand model. Self-efficacy will also be considered as a personal resource to counter the effect of job demands on psychological health in employment. The results find that only the dimension of political skills, social trick, moderates the relationship between anxiety and job demands.

Keyphrases: Psychological health at work, Political skills, Self-efficacy, Job demands, Personal resources, Anxiety, Serenity, School principalship, Psychological well-being at work, Psychological distress at work
Assimilation des données et apprentissage profond pour la prédiction de l'activité solaire à court terme

Eruptive events of the Sun, which often occur in the context of flares, convert large amounts of magnetic energy into emission and particle acceleration that can have significant impacts on Earth's environment. However, the mechanism responsible for such phenomena is not sufficiently well understood to be able to predict their occurrence. Satellites and ground-based observatories probe the Sun's photosphere, chromosphere and corona and are key in studying solar activity. Numerical models have attempted to bridge the gap between the physics of the solar interior and such observations. The next step for realistic simulations would be to forecast the short term evolution of the Sun's photosphere. The following work explores how notions borrowed from meteorology (e.g., data assimilation) and artificial intelligence (e.g., neural networks) could be used to forecast short term solar activity for space-weather modelling purposes. More specifically, we present an implementation of data assimilation in a radiative MHD model of the Quiet Sun (i.e., in the absence of significant magnetic activity) to forecast its evolution over a short period of time. However, not all model variables are directly observable. For example, direct measurements of plasma motions at the photosphere are limited to the line-of-sight component. Multiple algorithms were consequently developed to reconstruct the transverse component from observed continuum images or magnetograms. We compare velocity fields inferred by different methods, including a neural network, to identify the method best suited to generate instantaneous synthetic observations in a data reduction pipeline that would included in our data assimilation framework.

Keyphrases: Data assimilation, Deep Learning, Magnetohydrodynamics, Numerical Simulations, Photosphere, Predictions, Solar Activity, Solar Physics, Velocity Fields
Polynômes orthogonaux : processus limites et modèles exactement résolubles

This thesis is concerned with the study of families of orthogonal polynomials and their connection to exactly solvable models. It comprises two parts. In the first one, four novel families of orthogonal polynomials are caracterized through limit processes applied to families belonging to the Askey and Bannai-Ito schemes. Singular truncations of the Wilson and Askey-Wilson polynomials are considered. The first two bivariate extensions of families of the Bannai-Ito tableau are also introduced. The second part presents four exactly solvable models connected to the theory of orthogonal polynomials. The perfect transfer of quantum information and entanglement generation properties of an XX spin chain model whose couplings are linked to the para-Racah polynomials are examined. Two superintegrable models containing reflexion operators are proposed. Their solutions are obtained and their symmetries are encoded respectively in the rank two and arbitrary rank Bannai-Ito algebra which leads to conjecture the apparition of multivariate Bannai-Ito polynomials as overlaps. Finally, via the representation theory of the osp(1|2) Lie superalgebra, two convolution identities for families of orthogonal polynomials of the Bannai-Ito tableau are offered. Realizations in terms of Dunkl operators lead to a bilinear generating function for the Big −1 Jacobi polynomials.

Keyphrases: Orthogonal polynomials, Exactly solvable models, Bannai-Ito scheme, Dunkl operators, Lie superlagebras
Search for resonant WZ production in the fully leptonic final state with the ATLAS detector

Diboson resonance searches are an essential test of electroweak symmetry breaking theories beyond the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. Vector or scalar resonances decaying to dibosons are predicted by various models going beyond theSM, such as Grand Unified theories, Little Higgs models, Composite Higgs models or models with extended Higgs sector (such as Super Symmetry (SUSY) or two-Higgs-doublet models). This thesis presents a search for resonant WZ production in the fully leptonic decay channel ℓν ℓℓ (ℓ = e or μ) with two production modes : quark-antiquark fusion or vector-boson fusion. Using 36.1 fb−1 of recent data collected by the ATLAS detector in pp collisions delivered by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at 13 TeV, constraints are obtained on models going beyond the SM. Since this analysis considers the fully leptonic decays of the vector bosons, events with exactly three leptons in the final state and a substantial missing transverse energy are selected. One signal region is established for each production mode of the resonance, either by quark-antiquark or vector boson fusion. For heavy vectorial resonances produced by quark fusion the W and Z bosons are required to carry a substantial fraction of the resonance energy (pWT /mWZ > 0.35 and pZT /mWZ > 0.35)). Events with resonances produced by vector boson fusion are characterised by two jets with a large invariant mass and a large separation in pseudorapidity. Therefore, in the search for this production mode, events are required to have at least two jets with an invariant mass (mj j ) greater than 500 GeV and a separation in pseudorapidity ( ηj j ) of at least | ηj j | > 3.5. In each signal region the distribution of the invariant mass of the WZ system will then be examined to determine the presence or absence of new resonances that manifest themselves as localised excesses in the invariant mass of the diboson system (mWZ). No significant excess was observed in the signal regions. Limits have then been set on the cross section times branching ratio for a heavy vector resonance produced by either quark-antiquark or vector boson fusion. Additionally, limits on the coupling parameters and masses are obtained for a charged Higgs boson in the Georgi-Machacek produced by vector boson fusion.

Keyphrases: ATLAS, Particle physics, Gauge bosons, Electroweak symmetry breaking
Characterization of the radiation field in ATLAS using Timepix detectors

The work presented in this thesis focuses on the ATLAS-TPX pixel detector network, in- stalled in the ATLAS experiment for studying the radiation environement using the Timepix technology. The achievements are presented in two parts, on one hand the analysis of data acquired between 2015 and 2018, on another hand the study of new detectors for an upgrade of the network. In the first part, a method to extract properties of MIPs (Minimum Ionizing Particles) is developed, based on the analysis of clusters left by the interaction of these particles in the pixel matrixes of the ATLAS-TPX detectors. It is shown that the direction of MIPs and their energy loss (dE/dX) can be determined, allowing the evaluation of their origin. Moreover, the method for mesuring the thermal and fast neutron fields is explained, and applied to the data. The thermal neutron fluxes at the different detector locations are reported, whereas the fast neutron signal cannot be distingished from the background. Thoses results are described in a publication, and their use for benchmarking simulations of the radiation field in ATLAS is discussed. In the second part, the thesis presents a study of Timepix detectors equipped with gallium arsenide (GaAs) and cadmium telluride (CdTe) sensors. These semiconductors offer some advantages over silicon and could be used for upgrades of the ATLAS- TPX network. Since they are known to suffer from time instabilities and incomplete charge collection efficiency, they are tested using several types of irradiation. This is described in two publications, one focusing on a 500μm thick GaAs sensor, another focusing on a 1mm thick CdTe sensor. Despite the appearance of noisy pixels during the measurements, the detectors are found to be reasonably stable in time. However, the charge collection efficiency is found to be inhomogeneous across the sensor surfaces, with significant fluctuations of mobility-lifetime (μτ) products. These results show that  vi it is necessary to study the influence of these material defects on the pattern recog- nition algorithms before the integration of such sensors in the ATLAS-TPX upgrades.

Keyphrases: Atlas, Timepix, Radiation monitoring, GaAs detector, CdTe detector
L'information algorithmique en physique : émergence, sophistication et localité quantique

This thesis explores aspects of the physical world through the lens of algorithmic information. The notion of emergence, intuitively linked to many natural phenomena, is offered a definition framed in the field of algorithmic statistics. Both capturing non-trivial organization of an object, sophistication and logical depth are compared once relativized to an auxiliary object. Finally, models proposing a local description of the quantum systems are shown equivalent, have their description cost quantified and are generalized to continuous systems.

Keyphrases: Sophistication, Logical depth, Halting probability, Emergence, Structure function, Deutsch-Hayden formalism, Parallel lives
S'approprier son chez-soi dans une résidence privée pour aînés au Québec : le point de vue des résidents

In our aging society, we are seeing more and more older adults leave homes where they lived for years to move into residences especially designed for the elderly. According to Canada’s Mortgage and Housing Corporation, in Canada, by the age of 90, more than half of older adults have made the change. As a result, there’s been an exponential increase in the construction of residences for the elderly. In this context it seems relevant to ask ourselves how individuals appropriate their new homes in private seniors’ residences in Quebec and if the layout of these housing facilities support or impede this appropriation. In order to understand this situation, this research is based on two concepts. That of the chez-soi (home) as defined by Serfaty-Garzon which suggests a connection between the spatiality of the house and the personal identity of the occupant, and that of the appropriation characterized by a series of actions by which spaces can be transformed into places. This study also questions the standardized design model of these facilities and it’s rationalized interiors that do not seem to take into account the specific needs of the occupants dictating instead a way of living and restricting the personalization of the space thus limiting the feeling of being “home”. Through a phenomenological approach, using the walking interview method, this research has explored the sensitive experiences of the seniors in their private spaces and discovered how they transformed these standardized apartments into personalized homes. The results show that seniors’ needs cannot be presumed since they are not a homogeneous group. Therefore, we must avoid standardization and provide spaces that are multifunctional and adaptable, offering the occupants maximum control, thus encouraging their appropriation and creating a greater sense of being at home.

Keyphrases: Chez-soi, Appropriation, Private seniors' residences, Home, Appropriation, Standardization
Penser le palimpseste numérique : le projet d’édition numérique collaborative de l’Anthologie palatine

The Canada Research Chair on Digital Textualities'sAnthologie Palatine project aims to demonstrate the anthology universe and its richness. Within the framework of this project, the Anthologia platform was designed, which allows the user to participate in the constitution of a collective imaginary by associating anthological material with other references. This collaborative digital edition questions the phenomena of remediation and the figure of the palimpsest.

Keyphrases: Imaginaire-réel
Martin Bertrand, du Maroc à l’Indochine : microhistoire d’un « tirailleur métropolitain » (1943 -1951)

Deprived of his land inheritance like many youngest-born of peasant descent, Martin Bertrand (1915-2008) eventually fled life as a seminarian in the French High-Alps by enlisting in the Mobile Guard and then being stationed in Casablanca, Morocco in 1941. Following the Anglo–American invasion of French North Africa, he was drafted in 1943 to lead a Moroccan colonial recruit unit. With “his” tirailleurs, he took part in the Italian campaign, the Provence landing, the liberation of Alsace, and the occupation of Germany. After the War, he returned to Morocco only to be deployed 3 years later with the same battalion to Tourane, Indochina where the French colonial administration attempted to retake control of the region. During each one of his long absences, Martin Bertrand wrote almost daily to his wife Hélène, descendent of Spanish settlers established in Algeria. By analyzing these letters, this master’s thesis proposes to integrate Martin Bertrand’s experiences, in his functions as a non-commissioned officer in a colonial regiment, into a broader imperial story where France led her armies through her last colonial wars and destabilized the colonial order under which each soldier was governed. Furthermore, this study compares Martin Bertrand’s private letters with more official sources like troop morale reports which allows for an analysis of the complex social and ethnic hierarchies between French non-commissioned officers and “indigenous” troops. At the same time, it explores the deeper questionings of a military intermediary’s self-identity.

Keyphrases: Moroccan colonial soldiers, French Colonial Army, non-commissioned officer, World War II, First Indochina War, microhistory, new imperial history, family history, identity, alterity
Le rôle du père dans le développement de l'anxiété chez l'enfant : recension des écrits

Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent disorders in children. They are related to many risk factors. Research has showed that some parental practices, such as overprotection and overcontrol, as well as an insecure parent-child attachment, may be related to child anxiety. Studies that address the association between these parental dimensions and child anxiety have focused on mothers more than fathers. Nonetheless, more and more studies focus on the father- child relationship and some theories highlight the importance of the father’s role in the development of anxiety in children. This literature review aims to identify studies published between 2008 and 2018 that focus on the father’s role in the development of anxiety in children through their parental behaviors and the child-father attachment. Thirty-eight studies that examined the father’s role in the development of anxiety in children were found in PsycINFO and Scopus. A wide range of variables were studied, many different methodologies were used and the results varied from study to another. This review classified the 38 articles according to the following parental dimensions: controlling behaviors, challenging behaviors, physical play, modeling, communication, attachment security and activation relationship. Some studies examined several parental dimensions simultaneously. Furthermore, a few studies focusing on the treatment of anxiety were identified. When we consider these parental dimensions, the father’s influence seems to be as important as the mother’s on child anxiety, although their influence is sometimes similar and sometimes different from the mother’s influence. Based on the results of these studies, intervention options can be considered in the treatment of child anxiety. The methodological limitations of these studies are discussed, as well as future research in this field. It is important to continue to study the father’s role in the development of anxiety and fathers should be included in the treatment of anxiety in children.

Keyphrases: Anxiety disorder, Anxiety, Child, Father, Parenting practices, Rearing practices, Attachment, Activation relationship, Clinical psychology
La lecture aristotélicienne du non-être chez Platon : le platonisme comme une pensée de l’être en puissance

It has often been said that Aristotle’s philosophy represents an overturning of Platonism. Yet, a close reading of the second chapter of Book N of the Metaphysics reveals that we call an overturning might be closer to a surpassing. This thesis will explore this surpassing from a specific point of view, that of potential being. Indeed, in the aforementioned second chapter of Book N, Aristotle criticizes Platonists for having believed that all beings would form a single one if they did not refute Parmenides’ argument against the being of non-being. Aristotle then situates the Platonists’ fundamental mistake as having argued that non-being in some way « is ». However, Plato did not need to make non-being « be » he simply needed to think the multiplicity of ways which being can be said. Only then would he have found the principle of multiplicity that he wanted : potential being (dunamei on). Hence, having failed to notice that being is said in many ways, he could never think « matter » through properly. This, according to Aristotle, condemns Plato to a thought of potential being and material being. In order to argue for this position, we will firstly establish the importance of the Sophist in the platonic project, for as we have said, Aristotle places the Platonist mistake squarely in this dialogue. Secondly, we will need to show how Aristotle’s concept of non-being is central to his conception of potential being. We will do this by offering a close reading of the relevant passages of Book Q of the Metaphysics. Having established in the first chapter that Plato does indeed integrate non-being into being in the Sophist and in the second that Aristotle considers being penetrated by non- being to be merely potential being, we can read N.2 with more precise knowledge of the platonic « error » and in turn liberate Aristotle’s conception of non-being from Plato’s ; the topic of our third chapter. Finally, in our fourth chapter we will show why platonic conceptions of matter can never be adequate for Aristotle and explore the consequences of not having properly distinguished actual being from potential being, namely all of Plato’s principles are merely potential principles and not actual ones. Hence, we can conclude that for Aristotle, Plato’s ideas and principles of being are composite potential beings, close to mere possibilities.

Keyphrases: Platon, ontology, matter, Metaphysics, Sophist, non-being, potentiality, power, Plato, Aristotle, Greek philosophy