NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Zooarchéologie des camélidés du site Moche Guadalupito, Secteur urbain (Guad-112) au Pérou

This study aims to understand the role of camelids in the Moche urban centre of Guadalupito in Santa Valley, Peru. The faunal data analyzed were acquired from the PSUM (Proyecto Santa de la Universidad de Montreal). A synthesis of the Moche culture is presented, the Guadalupito site is described and observations regarding South American camelids are included. Mostly zooarchaeological data were analyzed to answer questions about the way the Moche used camelids. However, ceramics, materials made from camelid fibres, ethnohistoric and ethnographic data were also examined in order to interpret the results from a holistic perspective. Results show a higher concentration of camelid remains in places associated with higher socioeconomic status. Many camelids were used for their meat and leather. In fact, camelids constituted a basic source of sustenance for those of elevated rank. Some camelids at the Guadalupito site were used to carry goods because they died at a more mature age. Exchanges between the coast and the mountains must have existed (even if they were not regular), as some camelid fibres incorporating a style distinct to the mountains were discovered at the Guadalupito site. Other camelids were used for rituals. Finally, llamas offered a stable source of protein to the Moche people who domesticated the animals to fulfill a variety of tasks. This confirms the perception of the lama as one of the most useful animals in this region prior the arrival of European animals.

Keyphrases: Moche, Lama, Stratification sociale, Archaeology, Zooarchaeology, Camelid, Peru, Social stratification, Llama
Impacts de l'écoulement souterrain sur la dégradation du pergélisol

Climate changes affecting the North West portion of Canada alter the thermal state of the permafrost and promote permafrost degradation. The results are permafrost thawing, ground ice melting, surface drainage changes and soil subsidence. Road infrastructures built on permafrost are particularly sensitive to permafrost stability and integrity. Depressions in the road pavement and development of cracks and potholes are recurrent problems for northern infrastructure. Field measurements done along a road transect in the discontinuous permafrost zone near Beaver Creek (Yukon) between 2008 and 2010 demonstrated that another process, advective heat transfer induced by groundwater flow, is promoting permafrost degradation. This process remains poorly known and has not been quantified sufficiently in permafrost environments. Field data on topography, soil geotechnical properties, water table and preferential flowpath characterization, ground and water temperature and active layer and permafrost depth were collected to build coupled models of seepage (mass transfer) and heat transfers. Results indicate that convective heat transfer processes associated with groundwater flow can have a substantial impact on permafrost degradation. Groundwater flow processes should therefore be taken into account in permafrost evolution models and climate warming scenarios. With a good characterization of the environment, the model that has been developed in this present research is relevant in other discontinuous permafrost environments.

Keyphrases: Global warming, Permafrost degradation, Groundwater flow, Road infrastructures, Heat transfer, Models
Caractérisation du cycle et des sources d'azote dans les lacs tempérés par l'utilisation d'isotopes stables

We studied the application of multiple stable isotopes measures with the overall objective of improving our understanding of nitrogen cycling and sources in temperate lakes over different spatial and temporal scales. Results from our study across 65 lakes on a trophic gradient demonstrated that surface sediment nitrogen stable isotope ratio (δ15N) is an indicator of the relative importance of anthropogenic N loads, but that diagenesis can alter this ratio. Nevertheless, sediment core δ15N is a powerful proxy for the determination of longterm changing anthropogenic N loads to lake ecosystems and the causes of lake eutrophication. Results from our second study on multiple stable isotopes seasonal variation in three shallow lakes along a trophic gradient and with different stratification regimes have demonstrated that such an approach is particularly promising in mesotrophic and stratified lakes. In these systems, our results showed that the suspended particulate organic matter (SPOM) δ15N could be used to assess the nitrogen sources assimilated by phytoplankton. However, measurement of carbon stable isotopes (δ13C) and C:N ratios from the SPOM showed that the observed relationships can be altered by watershed derived organic matter. We have also found a deviation from the 1:1 relationship between nitrogen and oxygen stable isotopes (δ18O) of nitrate (NO3-) indicating a simultaneous NO3- assimilation and nitrification in our stratified system. The application of dual nitrate isotopes is promising in the study of nitrification since this process is not well understood in lakes and can increase the severity of eutrophication symptoms.

Keyphrases: pollution, assimilation, nitrification
Les enclaves résidentielles introverties dans la communauté métropolitaine de Montréal, une étape ultime vers la fermeture résidentielle

This research focuses on the validation of our hypothesis which states that residential introversion in the metropolitan community of Montreal (MCM) is only the last step of residential closure. These developments are taking other forms of enclosure which differ from the design of American gated communities (GCs). These communities are characterized by the enclosure, private governance, policing through video surveillance and the marking of entry by gates. The introverted enclosure is achieved by the urban form semi-closed of residential development. However, these enclaves are like the model of closed developments in Île-de-France. This later is characterized by the uncontrolled progression to closed residential development (Paquot, 2009). Precisely, we shall study the typo-morphology of the phenomenon of GCs and their impacts of physical rupture and social-space segregation of urban and suburban territory. Our area of experimentation is the MCM, however, a criticized review of literature that analyses the phenomenon in four countries (the Canadian West; Île-de-France, France; Puebla, Mexico; and Los Angeles, United States of America) allowed us to draw conclusions regarding the divergence of definitions. The definition of GCs according to the current literature is very limited. It excludes other types of residential closing that are not characterised by their fences, but more with their semi-enclosed urban forms. So, we have refuting the label of "residential enclave" used by French authors, and then we have assigned these types a new designation: introverted residential enclaves (IRE). Our resentment is that the term of enclave residential is not precise: it includes the residential development that stands out with individual style by contributing to its surroundings, even if the urban form is open. Furthermore, we show that these semi-enclosed urban forms are indeed gaps in conventions between the local authorities and developers in Quebec. These urban forms are in contradiction with the principles of sustainable development. They imped the possibility of providing an ecological transport. Their structure is irreversible, without the demolition of certain houses in order to open up the whole. These shapes prevent also pedestrian traffic. Sometimes the panel "cul-de-sac" guarantees exclusivity of internal streets to their resident.

Keyphrases: Gated community, Sinus incurvés, Introverted residential enclaves, Master planned, Residential closure, Garden-city, Defensible space
Profils de prise en charge médicale chez les enfants et adolescents traités par antidépresseurs : effet des mises en garde réglementaires et publications de guides de pratique clinique

Following reports of a potential association between antidepressants (ADs) and suicidal behaviour in youth, a regulatory warning was issued in Canada in May 2004, and clinical practice guidelines on recommended medical follow-up were published in the literature in November 2007. This Master's thesis aimed at assessing the association between these communication interventions and medical follow-up practices. A retrospective cohort study (1998-2008) was conducted among 4,576 children (10-14 years) and 12,419 adolescents (15-19 years) members of the Quebec public drug plan. Medical follow-up was ascertained through patterns of physician billing practices found in the RAMQ medical services databases. Study outcomes consisted of occurrence and frequency of visits in the first three months of AD treatment. Factors associated with follow-up consistent with recommendations were identified through multivariate logistic regression models. The main independent variable was exposure to each of the communication interventions. Covariates included: gender, class of AD, number of concomitant chronic diseases, psychiatric conditions, prescriber’s specialty, and potential exposure to each intervention.  Only 20% of children or adolescents received at least one visit each month.  The probability of receiving adequate follow-up was greater when treatment was initiated by a psychiatrist. Occurrence and frequency of visits did not change after the warning nor the publication of the recommendations.  From this thesis, one may conclude that further interventions to optimize medical follow-up practices should be envisaged.

Keyphrases: Adolescents, Antidepressants, Children, Risk communication, Warning, Clinical practice guideline, Medical follow-up
Effets de la croissance des capacités respiratoires sur la longueur des énoncés et sur la diversité lexicale

Brown (1973) proposed the « mean length of utterance » (MLU) as a standard index of language development. MLU is calculated by counting the mean number of morphemes in 100 utterances of spontaneous speech. The underlying hypothesis of this index is that syntactic complexity rises with the number of morphemes in utterances. According to Brown, MLU indexes the development of a « grammatical competence » up to about four morphemes. However, authors have criticized the lack of reliability of the MLU and the limit of four morphemes. Reported variations in MLU with age also suggest that factors such as the growth of respiratory capacities can influence Brown’s index. The present study reviews those problems and examines how the MLU and certain measures of lexical diversity vary according to the development of respiratory capacities. We calculated the MLU and the lexical diversity in the spontaneous speech of 50 male speakers aged 5 to 27 years. We also measured, with a pneumotachograph, the vital capacity (VC) of the speakers. The results show that MLU and measures of lexical diversity strongly correlate with the growth of VC. Thus, the growth of respiratory functions constrains morphosyntactic and lexical development. Our discussion focuses on the necessity to revaluate the MLU index and a « linguistic » conception of language development as a mental competence emerging separately from the growth of performance structures.

Keyphrases: Respiration, Utterance length, Lexical diversity, Breathing, Speech, Language development of spoken language
L’Anthropologie de l’Alcibiade de Platon : l’être humain considéré comme la partie rationnelle de son âme

What does it mean to be human? Plato is one of many to have pondered the eternal question and followed the famous Temple of Delphi inscription, “Know thyself.” While the quest for the essence of humanity is present in many of Plato’s writings, I believe that the Alcibiades gives us his clearest definition. Indeed, the entire ending of the dialogue is devoted to it, with Socrates enthusiastically offering his thoughts on the matter. Scholars are of different minds as to the proper interpretation of this somewhat obscure passage on the essence of human nature. Some argue that Plato is portraying man as primarily defined by his soul, others that the body and soul are both part of the definition of man, and others still, that man is the rational part of his soul. The three chapters of this thesis outline and analyze the main arguments of each school of thought in the hopes of resolving this contentious question. The argument will be made that in the Alcibiades, man is defined broadly as his soul, but more specifically as the dominant part of himself, his reason in other words. It will also be suggested that a similar portrayal of humanity is found in other works by Plato.

Keyphrases: Alcibiade, Plato, Alcibiades, anthropology, self-knowledge, human nature, philosophy
Les déterminants de l’engagement de carrière par rapport à l’engagement organisationnel chez les professionnels en ressources humaines

The purpose of our research is to study the influence of the fulfillment of the employer’s promises in regard the employment conditions and the fulfillment of the employees’ expectations related to their practices roles on the organizational commitment as well as on the occupational commitment. Our study is empirical and based on a survey conducted among 636 HRP practicing in Quebec.    Our study uses the theoretical framework of the psychological contract suggesting the reciprocity of the mutual agreement between the employer and the employee has an impact on the workers’ behaviours including the organizational commitment. We are finding an interesting link to establish between the fulfilment of the promises related to the employment conditions and the expectations related to the professional roles.   Our findings reveal that fulfilment of the promises made by the employer in regard to the employment conditions will affect the organizational commitment and the occupational commitment. In particular, the fulfilment of the promises link to the work content and the social atmosphere will influence the affective commitment, whereas keeping promises related to external development has an impact on limited alternatives. Also, the fulfilment of the expectations associated to the professional roles will influence the organisational commitment and the occupational commitment. Particularly, the fulfilment of expectations related to business partner role has an influence on affective commitment.

Keyphrases: psychological contract, violation, organizational commitment, occupational commitment, human resources professionals
L'impact de la densité syndicale et du salaire minimum sur l'inégalité des revenus dans les provinces canadiennes, 1981-2008

While some consensus exists that labor institutions (such as unionization and minimum wage) narrowed wages inequality among workers in Canada, as well as in other industrialized countries, there is little agreement about their outcome on income inequality among families or households. This study investigates how union density and real minimum wage affected the evolution of market income inequality among Canadian households between 1981 and 2008. Utilizing a dataset that incorporates annual data aggregated by province, and holding constant for a range of other factors, fix effects estimates indicate that union density narrowed income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient, while real minimum wage widened it instead. Estimates further suggest that participation rate and educational attainment are the main factors to have dampened income inequality in recent years, whereas unemployment rate, technological change (measured in different ways) and recent immigration are found to have contributed to greater income inequality.

Keyphrases: Income inequality, Labor institutions, Unionization, Minimum wage
La présence de symptômes émotionnels chez l’enfant placé et les liens avec son intégration familiale, sociale et scolaire

Exposed to multiple risk factors prior and during the placement, foster children have a high prevalence of internalizing disorders. These disorders can interfere with their ability to integrate with their foster family and to participate in social and school activities. The aim of this thesis is to draw a picture of children with high emotional symptoms, a proxy of internalizing disorders, in order to better identify and to better support them as well as adults who care for them.  The sample consists of 62 children, aged between 10 and 12 years old in family foster care and involved in the project Looking After Children (LAC). The analyzed data come from the Assessment and Action Record (AAR-C2), a clinical tool (with standardized measures) in which the social worker, the foster parent and the child recorded information on various aspects of child development. Variables related to placement of foster children, along with other variables related to their familial, social, and school integration were related to the scores of the emotional symptoms subscale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire with Pearson correlations and ANOVAs.  Nearly 19% of the 62 children experience high emotional symptoms. The results reveal the strong presence of externalizing disorders (hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder) in foster children with high emotional symptoms. These children also experience more problems with peers. Those who lived more than three placements have more severe emotional symptoms.

Keyphrases: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Foster child, Anxiety, Depression, Foster family, Internalized disorder, Externalized disorder, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire
Délinquance des filles et délinquance des garçons : différence dans les comportements ou différence dans la gestion des comportements? Une étude du point de vue des intervenants

Juvenile delinquency has often been described in a global way, without any distinction regarding the gender, or it has been described mainly regarding teenage boys. The fact that there is a low representation of teenage girls taken in charge according to the Youth Criminal Justice Act, compared to teenage boys, leads to several explanations. Some, focusing on the individual aspects, point out that girl delinquency is different, less frequent and especially less violent. Others are pointing out how protectionist the judicial proceedings are towards girls, which leads them to be referred mostly to child protection for behaviour disorders. Considering this difference in the explanations, we wanted to understand if the low representation of girls in the youth criminal justice system was due to teenage behaviour itself, or to the way behaviours were perceived and dealt with by the interveners working with these teenagers involved in problemsituations, which could possibly be subject, or not, to judicial control. Our study looks at the start of the judicial process which teenagers must face, meaning their arrest or their reporting to an official organization, from the point of view of the interveners and how they perceive the teenagers. In order to do this, we have met school interveners, because schools are ranked second after the parents for referring teenagers to the system that will take charge of them. We have presented them with test cases in order to have their perceptions and reactions concerning problematic situations involving teenage girls and boys, aiming to determine if it would vary according to the gender. Even if in theory the vision of the interviewed persons concerning juvenile delinquency is somewhat uniform, regardless of the offender’s sex, our results show that in practice, there is a double standard. Therefore, if the rules are made for all and the consequences of not obeying them are equal without gender distinction, when it comes to the way they act on it, interveners agree that their approach is different if they are dealing with a girl or a boy. Incidentally, they are concerned about the critical lack of resources and question the will of some parents to assist their kids towards school success. Ultimately, they are substantially questioning Quebec’s educational system. As social stakeholders, interveners have some power to promote their point of view. The analysis of this point of view in the framework of our thesis, shows the importance of their role in the path of the teenagers, boys and girls, especially when they are involved in problematic situations.

Keyphrases: Construction sociale, Féminsme, Juvenile delinquency, Sex differentiation, Social reaction, Social representations, Social construction, Gender construction, Feminism
L'évolution de la protection de la liberté d'association des travailleurs agricoles salariés en droit international et en droit canadien

This study analyses the difficulties faced by agricultural workers exercising their rights to freedom of association and collective bargaining. These workers often find themselves excluded from national legislation providing for the protection of union rights, and when these rights are provided to them, their ability to exercise them is limited. Being amongst the poorest human beings on earth, agricultural workers would instead require stronger protection. What are the historical causes of this discriminatory treatment (part one) ? How has international labour law helped to correct this situation (part two) ? In what way did international labour law influence canadian domestic law in regard of the protection of wage earning agricultural workers (part three) ? The reasons for the singular treatment of this class of workers go back to agriculture’s very roots. Conscious of the particular characteristics of this activity, the International Labour Organisation asserted, at the very beginning of the 20th century, that no justification stood to limit the rights of agricultural workers to unionize. It later insisted on the fundamental value of union rights in front of diverse UN forums and favoured their promotion for agricultural workers through the elaboration of labour standards as well as extensive use of soft law tools, considered more suited to the globalised world. International labour law also contributed to the interpretation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom by Canadian courts in their analysis of the constitutionality of total or partial exclusion of agricultural workers from legislation protecting union rights.

Keyphrases: Agriculture, soft law, International labour law, Agriculture, Freedom of association, Collective bargaining, International labor organisation, Global governance, Canadian charter of rights and freedom, Food security, soft law
La divine comédie de Stan Brakhage : une lecture du film lyrique The Dante Quartet

The Dante Quartet by Stan Brakhage is a personal adaptation of The Divine Comedy of Dante who took the form of an abstract movie made from hand painted images on recycled footage. Acting as a palimpsest in which each layer reveals characteristic features of Brakhage's work and the influence of different poets and artists on it, The Dante Quartet also includes some features of ekphrasis. In this thesis, I work with the heuristic assumption that The Dante Quartet is an ekphrasis, specifically a reverse ekphrasis. This thesis looks at what remains of the pre-text after the transfer from one medium to another. Given the temporal interval between these two works, I will also discuss of certain contemporary influences to Brakhage's work. As the filmmaker based his work on vision phenomena (especially on hypnagogic visions in that movie), the point will be made regarding Brakhage's thinking about this, thought that he describes in his manifesto Metaphors on Vision.

Keyphrases: Stan Brakhage, The Dante Quartet, Metaphors on Vision, The Divine Comedy, reverse ekphrasis, experimental film, american postmodern poetry