Effets d’un programme prénatal de groupe adressé aux couples parentaux
pour prévenir la dépression postnatale des femmes de classes moyenne et défavorisée  
habitant en Catalogne Nord et en France Sud

Postnatal depression (PD) is a universal problem for public health (Affonso and al, 2000),as indicated in studies on its prevalence as between 10% and 15% (Gorman and al, 2004). The prevention of this problem is the main objective of several programs that are applied before and after birth (Dennis, 2004; Lumley and al, 2004). Some authors have noted that it is difficult to access women who are most at risk in the postnatal stage (Evins and al, 2000;Georgiopoulos and al, 2001). During pregnancy, women use healthcare centres very often and it is possible to detect the risk of having PD. There are also many women who indicate a risk of PD due to somatic or depressive symptoms (Riguetti-Veltema and al, 2006), above all, because the majority of risk factors are present during pregnancy (O’Hara and Gorman,2004). Therefore, this study was started during the first three months of pregnancy with early detection of women at risk based on a validated questionnaire used in the interview. The study was carried out in three cities: Barcelona, Figueres (north of Catalonia) and Béziers (south of France), between 2003 and 2005. General aim: This study intends to assess the effects of a prenatal group program directed at future parents on postnatal depression symptoms in women considered at risk. The specific aim is compare the depressive postnatal symptoms of the women in the experimental group with the depressive postnatal symptoms of the women in the control group. Hypothesis: The women taking part in the prenatal group program (directed at future parents, with 10 weekly sessions, and based on a psychosomatic approach) present, at least a 6% lower rate of postnatal depression than women who did not take part, once assessed with the EPDS (≥12) scale 4 weeks after the birth. Materials and method: This assessment study is a random, longitudinal clinical trial; it starts from the first or second ultrasound scan of the pregnancy and concludes between the 4th and 12th postnatal week. Those taking part in the study are women of middle, low, or very low socioeconomic status who have been identified as being at risk of PD, and their partners or husbands. All the women (n=529) fulfilling the criteria for being included during the selection period have been interviewed at the hospital on the same day as the antenatal scan. Only women indicating a risk of PD were selected (n=184). They were then distributed into two random groups (n=92) experimental group (EG) and (n=92) control group (CG) – by means of a software program in which a statistic considering PD risk, according to the validated questionnaire developed by Riguetti-Veltema et al (2006) used in the interview,was applied. The experimental program consisted of 10 weekly sessions of two hours twenty minutes long; a telephone calls between sessions to be ensured the continuity of the participants in the program. The control group had access to the usual care and assistance. The experimental program started at the end of the second trimester of the pregnancy and was put into practice by specially trained midwives, who led the birth preparation sessions using a psychosomatic approach. The variables associated to PD (not psychotic), such as, for example, prenatal depressive symptoms, social support, stress, and couple relationships were assessed before and after the birth (pre/post-test) in all the women from both study groups (EG and CG), using the EPDS scale (Cox et al,1987), the Functional Social Support Questionnaire (Broadhead et al, 1988), the stress test developed by Holmes and Rahe (1967), and the Spanier dyadic adjustment scale (1976). The prenatal data was gathered at the hospital where the women received the questionnaire, which they filled in at home and returned on their following visit. The postnatal data was sent by mail by the women taking part in the study. Results: Once the depression symptoms were assessed with the EPDS scale between the 4th and 12th postnatal week, and considering PD risk at the cutting point (≥ 12) of the scale, the percentage of women with a risk of PD is 39.34%; globally, the women studied have a high rate of risk of PD. We noticed that the two groups were comparable in all the prenatal variables, and that there is a difference in the EPDS (≥12) postnatal assessment of 11.2% between group C and group E (45.5% and 34.3%, respectively). In the postnatal analysis between both groups, the difference of means of the postnatal EPDS is 1.76( x =11.10 ±6.05 in group C and x =9.34 ±5.17 in group E); this difference only approaches the significance limit (p=0.08). This is due to several factors; the number of correctly filled-in questionnaires in the last part of the study, among them.The control group has an evolution without modifications between pre- and post-natal assessments, with a very slight increase in symptoms after the birth (t=-0.92 / P=0.36). In contrast, women from the experimental group have a significant decrease in depression symptoms (t=2.50/P= 0.01), in comparison to the pre-test. Recommendations: The results obtained suggest we consider the following aspects: 1)measures to detect the risk of PD during the prenatal period should be applied, when women come for their antenatal scans, because practically all women are willing to be approached; it is possible to use, in that moment, a validated detection tool, since its effectiveness appears to be demonstrated; 2) although the prenatal group intervention seems effective, it is not a sufficient strategy to significantly prevent the risk of PD. Women identified at risk during the prenatal period, therefore, should be worked with on condition that the preventive program is prolonged after the birth, as other studies have indicated, and as the women under study have indicated with a strong demand for continuity; 3) individual interventions should be added for more serious cases; and finally, 4) it is necessary to increase social support for low-income, vulnerable women,because this variable is very related with the risk of PD. Keywords : postnatal depressive symptoms, depression postnatal risk, social support, stress, couple relationship, psychosomatic approach, randomized trial, prenatal group programme, low socio-economic level women.

Keyphrases: stress, postnatal depressive symptoms, depression postnatal risk, social support, stress, couple relationship, psychosomatic approach, randomized trial, prenatal group programme, low socio-economic level women