The relationship between parental practices and suicidal behaviors in Québec adolescents

Abstract  This thesis explores the relationship between the risk of suicidal behaviour in adolescents and their perception of parental practices used in their families. This study is primarily aimed at investigating the association between suicidal behavior in a Montreal sample of adolescents and several aspects of their parents’ parental practices including parent-child bonding, parental psychological and behavioral control, and parent- adolescent conflict. The second goal of this thesis was to examine the effect of parents’ marital status on adolescents’ suicidal behavior. The final objective of this study was to explore the link between gender difference and vulnerability to suicidal behavior in adolescents. The participants of this study included 1096 Montréal high school students, aged between 11 and 18 years, equally divided in boys and girls, in the province of Québec, Canada. There were two groups involved in this study: non suicidal and suicidal behavior. The suicidal behavior group included both suicidal ideation and suicide attempt behaviors. A self-report questionnaire was administrated to evaluate the level of parent and child bonding, the quality of parental psychological and behavioral control, and the level of adolescent’s conflict with each of the parents and risk of suicide in young individuals. A series of descriptive analysis and a multivariate analysis of covariant (MANCOVA) was performed in order to test the hypotheses of the study. The general hypotheses of the study postulating that adolescents who perceived a more troubled relationship with their parents, were at a higher risk of suicidal behaviors were confirmed. The evaluation of parental practices characteristics after being controlled for psychological distress and family structure concluded that in the case of intact families the high emotional impact and frequency of conflict with the mother, lack of maternal emotional bonding, excess of maternal psychological control, and lack of maternal supervision are significantly related to adolescents’ suicidal behaviors. In both families structures, the strongest significant characteristics of paternal parental practices perceived by adolescents with suicidal behavior was the lack of emotional bonding between father and child, the high impact and frequency of conflict between them, and lack of paternal supervision respectively. These results are interpreted in the light of socialization theory which emphasizes on the crucial role of the quality of the parent- adolescent bonding as a protective factor against suicidality in adolescents.  The result also revealed that adolescent girls are at a higher risk of demonstrating suicidal behaviors such as ideation and attempt than boys. The findings of this study demonstrate an urgent need for more research on adolescent’s suicidal behavior and risk factors especially on parents’ marital status. The study also highlights the necessity of designing prevention programs specifically aimed at adolescents with an elevated risk of suicide.

Keyphrases: suicide attempt, suicide ideation, parental practices, parent-child bonding, psychological and behavioral control, parental tolerance, impact and frequency of parent-adolescent conflict, gender difference, family structure