NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
French Kiss : les fêtes nationales françaises et américaines dans la France en guerre (1914-1918)

The French national holiday, Bastille Day, was established in 1880 to strengthen popular support to the Third Republic, a disesteemed political regime born ten years earlier. Despite the government’s efforts to rally French people of all allegiances, ideological discord persisted and the parties involved were unable to reach a unanimous decision regarding the national holiday of July 14. Such was the political and social situation in France in 1914, at the dawn of the Great War. While battles and military losses multiply, convictions of a short war gave way to the reality of an endless and destructive conflict. During the years of ceaseless battles, the celebrations of the Bastille Day demonstrated the necessity of adapting national holidays to the context and needs brought to a country by a total war. In parallel, the mourning and suffering birthed by the Great War revived pre-war oppositions, both social and political, thus undermining the Union sacrée, as well as the Republic. The United-State’s involvement in World War I, beginning in April 1917, offered to a few passionate and far-sighted political figures the opportunity to restore consensus among the French people on republican values. In 1917 and 1918, the French government united both French and American national holidays, in the hope to revive optimism, courage and patriotism amongst the population. Beyond the initial tribute to a long sought-after ally, the union of national holidays became a symbol of solidarity and fraternity between both republics, thereby reaffirming the strength and legitimacy of the French political regime in place. The French national holiday, emblematic of the social and political evolution of its people, faced a sense-defining mutation during the Great War. The “Modern” Bastille Day, as developed during the war, never ceases to adapt to the needs and image of the ever-growing society it celebrates.

Keyphrases: France, United-States of America, Great War, 4th of July, 14th of July, Republicanism
Les intellectuels chrétiens face au Talmud : l’antijudaïsme chez  Eudes de Châteauroux lors du procès du Talmud à Paris (1240-1248)

This thesis sheds light on the evolution of antijudaism amongst Christians Parisian intellectuals – such as Odo of Chateauroux – between the first year of the trial of the Talmud (1240) and the year of the final sentence (1248) of Talmudic texts. With the creation of universities in the twelfth century, intellectual curiosity and the thirst of knowledge started to spread. Simultaneously, the church’s presence and its doctrinal orthodoxy strengthens, with an even stronger desire to control its worshipers. When Nicolas Donin reports the Talmud to the Pope in 1239, Gregory IX requested Christian scholars to study and analyze it. Once properly examined, the texts were condemned and Jews were accused of turning away from the Old Testament in order to follow the Talmud, a book full of errors. Thus, what will be brought to light in this work is that the virulent antijudaism of Odo of Chateauroux, exhibited during the trial of the Talmud, stems from a misunderstanding of the Talmudic books.

Keyphrases: Talmud, Paris, XIIIe siècle, Antijudaism, Odo of Chateauroux, Christian intellectuals, Talmud trial, Thirteenth century
Analyse et modélisation de la réponse des détecteurs du projet PICASSO pour la
recherche de la matière sombre

The latest cosmological measurement showed the presence of a type of exotic matter constituing of 85% mass-energy of the universe. This type of non-baryonic matter would consist of neutral, non-relativistic, massives particules which are weakly interacting with normal matter. All the candidates are grouped under the generic name of WIMPs (Weakly Interactive Massive Particles). The PICASSO project (Project In CAnada to Search for Supersymmtric Objects) is an experiment using superheated liquid C4F10 as target material. The detection principle is a variant of the bubble chamber technique and the experiment ins installed in the SNOLAB underground laboratory in Sudbury (Ontario). The goal of this project is to make a direct measurement of a dark matter particle. The detection principle is that a dark matter particule interacting with the active liquid produces a nuclear recoil of 19F. The energy deposition of the recoiling fluorine nucleus triggers a phase transition accompagnied by an acoustic signal recorded by piezoelectrics sensors. In this work, the simulation of the count rate of PICASSO detectors subjected to monoenergetic neutron beam was performed using the theory of Seitz which describes particle induced phase transitions in supherheated liquids. which describes the criteria for a phase transition to occur in a superheated liquid. In addition, a model calculating the acoustic signal emitted during a phase transition caused by different types of radiation has been developped which allowed the characterisation of the discrimination between different kind of background events as a function of threshold energy. Finally, an acoustic signal analysis tools, the localisation of events, was used to apply fiducial cuts to the detectors in order to improve the alpha-neutron discrimination.

Keyphrases: Dark matter, Simulation, Discrimination, Superheated droplets detector, Data analysis, Alpha-neutron discrimination
Interprétation du patrimoine culturel immatériel au musée du quai Branly : la (re)découverte de l’«autre» dans l’exposition «Kanak. L’art est une parole»

The goal of this thesis is to propose a critical point of view about the exhibition of the kanak intangible cultural heritage, recently offer at the musée du quai Branly. It’s with a postcolonial point of view, which the subject will be approached. Designed to correct the elitism of eurocentrism, postcolonialism is a school of thought that seeks to reposition the fringe players and challenges in the international arena. Polysemic, postcolonial discourse creates a plurality of perspectives including the voice of the “other”. In our study, we choose to approach this subject with a particular viewpoint. Our approach will devote to the interpretation of the “other” in the musée du quai Branly to understand what, today, exposed the particularity of kanak cultural heritage. This thesis proposes to do a feedback on arrival of the musée du quai Branly througt many recurring questions about perception and handling of the non-western object. This feedback seems to be necessary to make a balance sheet on exhibitionary process of the intangible cultural heritage in the exhibition “Kanak. L’art est une parole”. For that, the issues raised will be to approach with perspective of history of art, anthropology and museology.  By the museography developed, the museum share with public his commitment about didactic discourse that it would like transmits. Choices done for the exhibitionary process and his context determine the object definition that is in the museum. The musée du quai Branly is a special case. Promoted to the rank of museum of “primitive art” at his opening, it exhibits ethnographic objects came to Africa, Oceania, America and Asia for them aesthetic qualities. Far away to our western precepts, the challenge of this museum is to report on object’s history. The example of kanak artistic expression raises an issue insofar as it takes the form through intangible resources.

Keyphrases: Musée du quai Branly, Kanak, Museography, Object, “other”, Intangible cultural heritage, «autre»
Le trafic de drogue dans les écoles secondaires vu par les jeunes vendeurs

The reality of the drug market, run by adolescents on the very grounds of their high school remains unknown. The present study was undertaken with the aim of exploring this particular universe. To accomplish this, twelve young adolescents having sold drugs at their place of education were asked to share their thoughts. The four specific objectives, which had been previously defined, were achieved. First, according to the young dealers’ accounts, a phenomenon of normalization of the use of cannabis and certain other drugs is clearly present within this population. However, the youths explained that their definition of “normal” fluctuates depending on which stage of their lives they are in. Second, still according to the understanding of the interviewed adolescents, their involvement in drug trafficking would be explained by three factors: financial, networking, and prestige and power. Third, these young dealers gave their opinions on the suppression and situational prevention measures introduced in the schools, as well as on their tactics for defeating them. They also spoke of a reality of violence that appears to exist within these networks. Finally, the youths explained their understanding of the impact of the interventions, attempted by the high school, to divert them from their criminal trajectory. The essential conclusion of this thesis remains the need, expressed by these adolescents, to be supervised and limited by their school environment, their parents and other adults in their circle. Since self-discipline would be difficult for them, they ask to be protected from themselves.

Keyphrases: Adolescent, Intervention, Trafficking, Drugs, High school
Représentations sociales de la dangerosité psychiatrique chez les intervenants en santé mentale : une anthropologie du risque

The present thesis analyzes social perceptions regarding danger and risk experienced in a psychiatric setting. We seek to explore how psychiatric practitioners and staff, who are confronted daily with aggressivity, perceive the risks inherent in their work and how they react in situations of uncertainty. The concepts of “dangerousness”, “dangerous subjects” and of “risk” in psychiatry are considered in this thesis, through anthropological, historical and sociological perspectives based on the work of Michel Foucault, Robert Castel, Ian Hacking and Mary Douglas. Participant observation in an acute care psychiatric unit, along with semi-structured interviews were carried out with more than ten practitioners (including nurses, beneficiary attendants, and security agents). The use of both an ethnographic and interpretative approach highlighted similarities, disparities and contradictions between the narratives of different categories of staff, as well as between individual staff and practitioners, regarding danger and risk in psychiatry .The results are divided into three disparate themes: 1) social perceptions of dangerousness and risks associated with aggression 2) perceptions of risk in the workplace 3) reaction towards perceived risk. This analysis demonstrates that staff and practitioners’ implicit knowledge regarding ‘dangerousness’ is derived from a continuous incorporation of expert knowledge, based on objective risk factors, and the clinical reality in which they interact on a daily basis. Moreover, contrary to the predictions of experts, the difference between practitioners control practices does not derive from an overestimation of risk, nor is it the consequence of a lack of objective information regarding such risk. It can, instead, be explained by the presence or absence of a therapeutic relationship and by the degree of social recognition between caregiver and patient. The elements that strengthen or limit the establishment of trust will be further elucidated in the present discussion.

Keyphrases: Psychiatry, Dangerous subjects, Risk, Social perceptions, Risk management practices, Control measures, Social recognition, Medical anthropology
L’implication du réseau fronto-pariétal dans le raisonnement 
est-elle atypique chez les autistes?

Having a distinct cognitive profile, autistic individuals, as opposed to non-autistics, tend to obtain higher scores at the Raven’s Progressive Matrices test (RSPM), than at the Wechsler IQ tests and to resolve the items of the RSPM more quickly. Though, the cerebral processes underlying these differences are not well known. Re-analyzing data previously published (Soulières et al., 2009), this study aims to characterize the modulation of the reasoning network by task complexity in the fronto-parietal reasoning network in autistic individuals (AUT) in comparison to a control group (Non-AUT) during a fluid reasoning task. 15 AUT and 18 Non-AUT resolved the 60 RSPM problems while lying in an MRI. As reasoning complexity was increasing, an increase in the activity in the occipital areas in the AUT group, and in frontal and parietal areas for the Non-AUT group were observed. Moreover, as task complexity was increasing, the modulation of the connectivity between areas involved in reasoning was lower in AUT, and they showed a more narrowly focused implication of occipital areas in this modulation as opposed to Non-AUT. These results suggest that autistic individuals are less affected by task complexity, given a lower modulation of the reasoning network that they exhibit for a similar accuracy, and rely more on visuospatial processes to solve complex matrices. These results give us a better understanding of the cognitive processes engaged in autistic intelligence and on the positive influence that the autistic enhanced perceptual functioning has on it.

Keyphrases: IRMf, RSPM, Autism, fMRI, reasoning, RSPM, connectivity
Le respect dans le cinéma de Jia Zhang-ke ou les empreintes fertiles du conteur ignorant

What can be images for peace? We suppose that the fictional arrangements of the expressive materials able to expand the usual perception of things and provoke new visions of the world, in direction of a better living together, are the ones which are based on three modalities of respect. Firstly, respect of the spectatorial subjectivities’ intelligence, of their capacity to read and translate by themselves what they are seeing. Secondly, respect of the beings in their multiplicity, of the fundamental in-between-forms attribute of the existence. Finally, respect of the expressive potentials carry by the anonymous bodies, human as well as material, of the virtualities of creation contain in their mute impressions. We find those three aesthetical and political postures in the cinema of Jia Zhang-ke. In effect, the fictional work of this true teller consists in finding the “sensible richness” of the common experience and in operating a fertile reimagination of this one, for instance by interbreeding, with a fabulating manner, various historic speeches or by revitalizing sceneries of ruins in animated still lifes. The mischievous gestures of this artist trouble and multiply the figure given to the real and, consequently, develop new ways of perceiving, knowing, thinking, and even of emerging. Through his images, the common express himself, creates himself a memory and has the opportunity to become something else.

Keyphrases: Image, Fiction, Respect, Ruine, Nature morte, Image, Fiction, Respect, Reason, Interbreeding, Ruin, Still life, Memory
L’expérience de la violence en milieu psychiatrique : l’hypervigilance généralisée et le rôle du caring dans la modulation de la peur

Exposure to violence in the mental health sector both affects employees and has implications for the quality of care provided. These acts of aggression can have important effects on workplace conduct, generating various emotions and behaviors in healthcare workers, such as fear and avoidance of patients (Gates et al., 2011). This phenomenological study aims to describe and understand the ways in which acts of aggression from a patient may affect the health of workers in a psychiatric institute, their relationships with the patients and the services offered. The phenomenological approach allows for a novel outlook on this problem by diving into the experiential world of each participant and encouraging reflections on his or her own understandings and interpretations of violence. In this way, we gain key insight into the specific ways in which workplace violence affects daily life.  Two semi-structured interviews were conducted with each of the 15 participants (11 women and 4 men) from various professional fields within a psychiatric hospital, totalling 30 interviews. The analyses are based on Karlsson’s "Empirical Phenomenological Psychological" technique (1993). Our analysis reveals four main themes that are present regardless of the sex of participants: hypervigilance, caring, specific fear towards the aggressor and generalized fear of all patients. A state of hypervigilance is found among all participants who have been victims of assault by a patient. Yet, compared to participants who witnessed the escalation of a patient's aggression, those who were taken by surprise in the attack more often reported that this hypervigilance extends beyond the workplace and into their personal lives. An emphasis on caring is present among the majority of participants. This outlook implies kindness and authenticity in the treatment of patients. Putting patients at the heart of one's work, the healthcare worker develops a relationship of trust and acts as an agent of change. A feeling of fear is also expressed by participants and is modulated by the presence or absence of caring. Those approaching patients with a caring disposition developed a specific fear of their aggressor, while those showing little or no caring developed a generalized fear of all patients. Following a violent event, caring participants maintained this outlook, while those demonstrating little to no caring were more inclined to disinvest and disengage from all patients. Moreover, hypervigilance and fear (both specific and generalized) caused by experiences of violence impact the quality of care provided. Considerable interest should thus be paid to caring, which can modulate fear and its effects. Additional research could shed light on the origins of caring: Is it learnt or does it result from a vocation? Finally, studies of this kind could establish or strengthen ways of developing this outlook.

Keyphrases: Violence, Psychiatrie, Psychiatry, Hypervigilance, Fear, Caring
Enhancing well-being in Iranian residential dwellings by exploring traditional techniques for using daylight in Iranian courtyard houses

In the past several decades, the morphological changes of Iranian houses, the advent of artificial lighting and the lack of knowledge about the value of daylight on occupants’ well-being have caused a decrease in the use of daylight in contemporary Iranian dwellings. As a consequence, there was a reduction in occupants' well-being that may be correlated with the reduced use of daylight. Considering Iranian traditional architecture and the significance of daylight in traditional dwellings, this research has studied using daylight in traditional dwellings and has explored how extrapolating these techniques into contemporary houses might increase the use of daylight and consequently to enhance occupants’ well-being.  The required data for this research were collected through literature review, the survey of Iranian experts and the case study of traditional courtyard houses in Kashan city. Kashan city was selected as the context of this research mainly because of its pure historic texture. Amongst the traditional courtyards of Kashan city, three traditional courtyard houses were chosen according to the same features of their winter living rooms and analyzed by daylight simulation software in the worst-case design scenario. The winter living rooms were selected as the focus area based on the extracted results of the survey of Iranian experts and literature review.  According to the results that were extracted from this research, it was clarified that extrapolating the traditional techniques of using daylight into modern dwellings can be considered as a design option to optimize the use of daylight and as a result to enhance occupants’ well-being. The approach utilized in this research has provided an opportunity for studying the past architecture more precisely and evaluating its significance. Thus, this research contributes to define a pattern by learning from the past in order to solve the current problems.

Keyphrases: Residential dwelling, House, Daylight, Natural light, Iranian traditional courtyard, Iranian contemporary house
Peut-on donner d’une clause et reprendre de l’autre? Essai sur la cause comme instrument de contrôle de la cohérence matérielle du contrat

Can one provision take away what another has given? While two hundred years of contradictory decisions and commentaries renders this question difficult to answer with certainty and confidenc – two things we’ve grown accustomed to from civil law doctrine, we can safely assert that civil law prohibits provisions allowing a contracting party to completely renege on his obligations. By depriving the co-contractor’s undertaking of all reasons, and the contract of its purpose, such “contract-killing” provision runs counter to a fundamental concept of general contract law: “la cause”. This notion, which constitutes the first article of the “Obligations” book and which is said to be one of the most important of French contract law, was imported and kept by Quebec legislature to ensure that contracts providing no benefits to one of the parties would not be validated. Although its role is often fulfilled by other mechanisms, “la cause” remains the “guardian” of synallagmatic contracts. As such, it can not only nullify contracts without valuable consideration, but it can also, and especially, control those whose content can’t form the negotiated benefits. By giving judges the power to ensure that contracts contain the tools needed to achieve its objectives, “la cause” offers them the best way to guarantee the alignment of end and means. In other words, it offers judges a way to control the material coherence of contracts.

Keyphrases: cause, synallagmatic contract, cause, immunization by contract, material coherence, exclusion and limitation of obligations, exclusion and limitation of liability, partial nullity, provisions deemed unwritten