Rôles de la protéine tyrosine phosphatase DEP-1 dans l'angiogenèse, la perméabilité vasculaire et la progression tumorale

Angiogenesis and increased vascular permeability are key component of tumor growth and progression. Consequently, numberous efforts are currently deployed to illucidate the molecular mecanisms contributing to the formation and remodelling of blood vessels in oder to identify new potential therapeutic targets. In that thought, the work of this thesis was focused on the protein tyrosine phosphatase DEP-1, initially identified as a negative regulator of proliferation and VEGFR2 phosphorylation when highly expressed in endothelial cells. However, using RNAi, it was shown that through its capacity to dephosphorylate the inhibitory tyrosine of Src (Y529), DEP-1 could also positively regulate Src activation in endothelial cells in response to VEGF. As Src is a central promoter of angiogenesis and vascular permeability, we showed that DEP-1 was a promoter of these vascular functions in vitro and that the tyrosine phosphorylation of its C-terminal tail, allowing interaction and activation of Src, was required. Interestingly, the catalytic inactivation of DEP-1 in mice resulted in increased proliferation in endothelial cells, but also in desorganization of vascular structures which contrast the absence of phenotype in DEP-1 complete knock-out mice (KO).  The work of this thesis demonstrates for the first time that DEP-1 deletion causes inhibition of Src and one of its substrate, VE-Cadherin, activation in response to VEGF in Dep-1 KO mice, which develop normally. Our results show the crucial role of DEP-1 in VEGF-induced vascular permeability and capillary formation in vivo. Consequently, tumor growth and lung metastases formation were inhibited due to reduced tumor vascularisation causing reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis of tumor cells. Accordingly, high expression of DEP-1 in tumor-associated blood vessels of breast cancer patients correlates with greater tumor vascularisation.   In addition to DEP-1 role in post-natal angiogenic response, our work also demonstrates the important role of DEP-1 during retinal vascularisation, an in vivo developmental angiogenesis model. In this context, DEP-1 inhibits proliferation of endothelial cells and limits their sprouting by allowing adequate β-catenin-dependant expression of Dll4, a Notch ligand regulating developmental vascularisation organisation. DEP-1 allows β-catenin stabilisation via inactivation of GSK3β, an important regulator of β-catenin degradation, in response to VEGF through VEGFR2-Src-PI3K-Akt-GSK3β signaling pathway. Thus, this work identifies DEP-1 as an important regulator of retinal vascular sprouting.  The positive roles of DEP-1 in endothelial cells depend on it ability to bind and activate the kinase Src. In addition to its contribution to angiogenic response, Src is also a well-characterized oncogene notably for its contribution to invasive program of mammary cancer cells. This work illustrates that DEP-1 is preferentially expressed in invasive mammary cancer cells and that it regulates Src activation, pro-invasive signaling pathways and, consenquetly, cell invasiveness in vitro and in vivo. All these activities are dependant on DEP-1 catalytic activity and ability to bind Src. Interestingly, these results correlate with clinical data where moderate expression of DEP-1 is associated with poor pornostic of survival and relapse.   Collectively, the results presented here demonstrate, for the first time, the crucial role of DEP-1 in Src activation in endothelial and breast cancer cells, leading to endothelial sprouting, vascular permeability, normal or pathological angiogenesis, and breast cancer invasiveness and metastases formation.

Keyphrases: DEP-1, Phosphatase, Src, protein tyrosine phosphatase, angiogenesis, Vascular permeability, endothelial cells, breast cancer