Improvements in Fermentative Hydrogen Production through Physiological Manipulation and Metabolic Engineering

Biological hydrogen (H2) production represents a possible technology for the large scale sustainable production of H2 needed for a future hydrogen economy. However, the major obstacle to developing a practical process has been the low yields that are obtained, typically around 25%, well below those achievable for the production of other biofuels from the same feedstock. The goal of this thesis was to improve H2 production through physiological manipulation and metabolic engineering.   One investigated hypothesis was that H2 production could be improved and made more economical by using a microaerobic dark fermentation process since this could provide the extra reducing power required for driving substrate conversion to completion and hence more H2 production might be obtained without using light energy. The optimal O2 concentrations for microaerobic H2 production were examined as well as the impact of carbon and nitrogen sources on the process. The research reported here proved the capability of Rhodobacter capsulatus JP91 hup- (an uptake-hydrogenase deficient mutant) to produce H2 under microaerobic dark conditions with limiting amounts of O2 and fixed nitrogen. Further work should be undertaken to increase H2 yields using this technology.  In addition, a photofermentation process was established to improve H2 yield from glucose using R. capsulatus JP91 hup- strain either in batch and/or continuous culture conditions. Some technical challenges in establishing the proper operational conditions for increased H2 yield were overcome. A maximum yield of 3.3 mols of H2/ mol of glucose was found for batch cultures whereas in continous cultures it was 10.3 mols H2/ mol glucose, much higher than previously reported and close to the theoretical maximum value of 12 mols H2/ mol glucose. In batch cultures the maximum light conversion efficiency was 0.7% whereas it was 1.34% in continuous cultures with a maximum conversion efficiency of the heating value of glucose of 91.14%. Various approaches to further increasing yields in photofermentation processes are proposed. The overall results suggest that an efficient single stage photofermentative H2 production process from glucose using continuous cultures in photobioreactors could be developed which would be a much more promising alternative process to the previously studied two stage photofermentation or co-culture approaches.   Furthermore, the heterologous expression of hydrogenases was used as a metabolic engineering strategy to improve fermentative H2 production. The capability of expressing a hydrogenase from one species with the maturation genes from another was examined. One strategy demonstrated that the orphan hydA of R. rubrum is functional and active when co-expressed in E. coli with hydE, hydF and hydG from different organisms. Co-expression of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase structural and maturation genes in microorganisms that lack a native [FeFe]-hydrogenase can successfully result in the assembly and biosynthesis of active hydrogenases. However, other factors may be required for significantly increased protein yields and hence the specific activity of the recombinant hydrogenases.   Another strategy was to overexpress one of the highly active [FeFe]-hydrogenases in a suitable E. coli host strain. Expression of a hydrogenase that can directly interact with NADPH is desirable as this, rather than reduced ferredoxin, is naturally produced by its metabolism. However, the successful maturation of this type of hydrogenase in E. coli had not been previously reported. The Desulfovibrio fructosovorans hnd operon (hndA, B, C, and D genes), encoding a NADP-dependent [FeFe]-hydrogenase, was expressed in various E. coli strains with the maturation genes hydE, hydF and hydG of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Hydrogenase activities were detected in vitro, thus a multi-subunit NADP-dependent [FeFe]-active hydrogenase was successfully expressed and matured in E. coli for the first time. Future research could lead to the expression of this hydrogenase in E. coli host strains that overproduce NADPH, setting the stage for increased hydrogen yields via the pentose phosphate pathway.

Keyphrases: Hydrogen production, Photofermentation, Microaerobic dark fermentation, Heterologous expression of hydrogenases