Conception des jeux sérieux éducatifs : comment concevoir une expérience optimale d’apprentissage?

Serious games are part of a movement that seeks to explore digital games in contexts where the primary purpose is other than pure entertainment. In education, this use is justified by the ability of these games to impact cognitive, emotional, and social learning. Empirical studies conducted to verify the presumed benefits of these games tend to confirm their relevance and instructional effectiveness. Nevertheless, they suggest that these benefits depend on the quality of their design and implementation.  However, the existing approaches and theories related to serious games design are at an early stage of construction and are far from consensual. More specifically, these approaches have limitations in terms of theoretical foundations, a lack of detailed design methodologies, and a difficulty of integrating, in a balanced way, the elements that promote motivation and those that promote instruction. In this context, this thesis aims to remedy these limitations by proposing a serious game design model that supports the design and development of serious games for an educational purpose. To this end, we have implemented a methodology based on the Design-based research approach to answer the following research question: how to design serious games that are pedagogically effective and intrinsically motivating? Therefore, our methodology consisted, following Reeves’ model (2006), of four phases: analysis of a practical problem, development of a solution informed by existing design principles and technological innovations, iterative cycles of testing and refinement of the solution, and reflection to produce new design principles generalizable to other contexts. Our goal was to develop a comprehensive, coherent, and integrated approach to serious game design. As a result, our research proposes a theoretical model describing an optimal learning experience through serious games, a set of five design principles that should guide the design process, and tools to support instructional designers during the design process. The implications of the proposed approach are multiple. It helps to fill knowledge gaps concerning the design of serious games. More specifically, it describes the expected learning experience through these games and determines the characteristics and conditions of emergence of this experience. It reduces the complexity inherent to the design process by proposing design principles, detailed methodology, and practical tools. It structures the design process based on principles from the instructional design and game design fields. Finally, the approach links theory to practice by providing a descriptive theoretical framework of the design process and clear practical implementation guidelines. Likewise, the accompanying tools can serve as educational support to initiate instructional designers into the design process and as a communication tool to support the relationship between different stakeholders during a participatory user-centred design process.

Keyphrases: Serious games, Serious games design, Learning by playing, Instructional design, Fun pedagogy