NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Étude clinique randomisée prospective du taux de survie d'un fil lingual mandibulaire de rétention utilisant les méthodes de collage direct et indirect à court et moyen termes

Background: The lingual wire has been shown to be an effective way to ensure the retention of the lower anterior segment after orthodontic treatment.  As it is increasingly used, it is important to achieve proper bonding of the wire to ensure stability. Objective: The aim of this prospective randomized clinical study is to assess the short and medium term survival rate of the mandibular lingual retention wire using 2 different bonding techniques (direct and indirect).  Materials and Methods: The sample of 117 consecutive patients was randomly distributed into 2 groups: direct bonding (n=58) and indirect bonding (n=59). The multi-strand twist wires (0,0175”) used were all preformed by a technician and prepared for either direct or indirect bonding technique with a transfer matrix. Assure® and Filtek™ Flow were used for direct bonding. Filtek™ Flow, Assure®, and Sondhi™ were used for indirect bonding. The lingual wires were evaluated for bonding failure, infiltration, breakage, and distortion at 2 months (T1) and 6 months (T2).  Results: At T1, survival rate for the lingual wire was 90,2% for direct bonding and 79,5% for indirect bonding (p=0,232).  At T2, the lingual wire was intact for 74,1% of the participants in the direct bonding group and 70,0% for the indirect bonding group (p=0,481).  The differences between the 2 groups were not statistically significant. Debonding was more frequent than all other problems at T1 (p<0,022), accounting for 85,7% of the failures. At T2, debonding was more frequent than distortion and breakage (p<0,04), but not statistically more frequent than infiltration (p=0,109). It then accounted for 86,4% of the failures.   Conclusion:  Debonding is the main cause of failure for a lingual retention wire.  There is no statistically significant difference in the survival rate of a lingual retention wire using direct and indirect bonding techniques in the short and medium term.

Keyphrases: Retention, Lingual retainer, Lingual wire, Fixed retainer, Survival, Debonding, Direct bonding, Indirect bonding
Les appareils myofonctionnels de correction de la Classe II : l’EMG

Background: Myofunctionnal appliances are common in the treatment of class II treatment in growing children. Electromyography (EMG) of the masticatory muscles to measure adaptation has not been assessed with fixed Class II corrector (FCC) appliances, but was shown with Twin Block.  Objectives: Assess muscle adaptation in two myofunctionnal appliances with different biomechanics.  Methodology: In a pilot study, 24 patients in their pubertal growth spurt and with a class II malocclusion were randomly assigned to either appliance. EMG of the masseter and temporal muscles were measured at different times.   Results: Results were analyzed with a mixed linear model and repeated measurements for each muscle were done according to the following four conditions : i – with Twin Block in the mouth ii –without Twin Block iii- with FCC in the mouth iv- without Twin Block compared to the FCC group. Significantly different results were associated with bilateral masseters and left temporal  muscles (p<0.005) at rest with the Twin Block inserted and, with the right masseter and left temporal muscles (p<0.05) at maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) with Twin Block inserted. There was also a significant difference with the bilateral temporal muscles (p=0.005) when the appliances were compared when patients were in centric occlusion. Conclusions: According to our results, EMG activity increases over time in MVC but decreases in centric occlusion (CO). There is significant difference in muscle adaptation between both appliances when patient is in CO. This may be explained by the fact that patients in the FCC group are able to obtain posterior intercuspidation throughout time. The measurements for each treatment were analyzed individually and showed no significant changes throughout time.

Keyphrases: EMG, Twin Block, Myofunctional appliances
Effets sur l'articulation temporo-mandibulaire du Twin-Block et d'un appareil myofonctionnel de classe II

Introduction. This research consisted of a randomized controlled trial who’s goal was to evaluate the pain felt in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) during an orthodontic orthopedic treatment to bring the mandibule forward. Two appliances were compared : a fixed class II corrector (CC), and a removable Twin-Block (TB). Materials and Methods. This study consisted of 26 subjects (11 males and 15 females), averaged age of 12y 10m (10y 4m to 15y 10m). The inclusion criterias were : be in good health and have a classe II malocclusion with a growth potentiel CVM 2 or 3 that was determined by the Cervical Vertebral Maturation (CVM). Subjects were divided in two groups; TB and CC. Pain was evaluated using the RDC/TMD (Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders) axe I examination criteria and measured at 7 different times (T0 to T6). Also, for the first 30 days post-insertion, subjects were asked to complete a questionnaire related to pain felt and medication taken. Pain was evaluated before any treatment started (T0), than at 1 week post-insertion (T1), 4 weeks later (T2), at 8 weeks (T3) where a maxillary expansion of 20 turns (5 mm) was started, then 8 weeks later (T4) and again another 8 weeks later for both (T5) and (T6). Statistical analyses were done using these tests : Wilcoxon one sample and Mann-Whitney two independent samples. Results and Discussion. Pain fluctuated and had a tendency to decrease over time. No differences were observed between the two groups in relation to the palpations effectuated. 40% of the subjects who reported pain experienced it more in the morning and 63,3% said it lasted less than an hour up to a few hours. Conclusion. From this study, we can conclude, that during a myofonctional orthodontic therapy with a Twin-Block or a class II corrector , there will be no difference in the pain experienced by the subjects in the TMJ.

Keyphrases: ATM, Classe II, Twin-Block, TMJ, Classe II, myofonctional, pain, orthodontics
La rationalité paysanne dans le Québec préindustriel : une approche historiographique

The issue of French-Canadian peasants' socio-economic rationality holds a place of choice in the Canadian historiography of rural Quebec, having been used both to glorify and condemn the behavior of a population considered to be in many respects different from its Anglo-Saxon neighbors. However, as important as it may be, this subject has rarely been addressed directly by historians, who instead chose to study it indirectly as part of more targeted interpretations of its related realities. We therefore aim in this study to identify, through the critical analysis of a number of historical productions we believe to be representative of the broader currents from which they derived, the main representations of the French-Canadian peasants' socio-economic rationality conveyed by Canadian historians (both anglophones and francophones) since 1960, to explain them in the light of the particular contexts in which they were produced , as well as to trace their historiographical fate. This approach allow us to clearly see the existence of three interpretative paradigms that have successively dominated the historical discourse on the issue since 1960. This trend, even though it indeed follows the rhythm of methodological progress in history, is also firmly rooted in the peculiarities of the context in which it took place, the main ones being the omnipresence of the national debate, the ethnolinguistic dichotomy of Canadian historiography and the significant social impact of the proposed interpretations.

Keyphrases: historiography, preindustrial Quebec, peasantry, rationality, mentality, rural economy, social relations
Le mouvement pour les droits civiques afro-américains au cours de la seconde guerre mondiale : stratégies électorales, politiques et économiques

The Second World War was a period of opportunities for African-Americans. The Black leadership, aware of the favorable context, tried to exploit it to the fullest. Internal migrations from the South to the industrial centers of the North and West were facilitated by the war economy. Participating in this exodus, Blacks extirpated themselves from the politically constrictive region that often deprived them of their voting rights. By the end of the war, African-American leaders were able to wield a new weapon to pressure political parties and the government: the electoral weight of Blacks in northern States. The war was also characterized by heightened black activism. The ideals of democracy and liberty defended by the U.S. provided a new legitimacy to African-American yearnings. Ultimately, the full-employment that resulted from the war allowed Blacks to improve their economic status while their leaders were actively working to secure these gains in the long term.

Keyphrases: African-Americans, World War II, Civil rights movement
Les personnages comme maîtres d'œuvre du récit de l'actualité dans le journal Le Fantasque de Napoléon Aubin (1837-1845)

Many political upheavals occurred in the early nineteenth century, including the rebellions of the Patriots and the Act of Union that followed, involving a strong presence of censorship in the Canadian press of this time period. In order to avoid the censorship, several political journals shifted from the factual to the fictional. The most notable example of this choice of literariness is the newspaper Le Fantasque, edited by Napoleon Aubin and published from 1837 to 1845 in Quebec City. In this journal, the news is reported through different characters and stories. The flâneur is the central character of Le Fantasque. By the story of his walks and meetings and by inserting fictional letters, the flâneur provides access to a multitude of disparate voices, which are acting like spokespersons of the news. The use of characters makes the newspaper a literary text, and the news a story. In this thesis, we study the system of the characters which is developed in Le Fantasque from 1837 to 1842 and the effect of its use on the news and on the act of reading. Our analysis was primarily based on the analysis of texts. It aims to add to the understanding of the early Canadian literature, to show its vitality and openness to the world. We also want to provide tools for the analysis of journalistic form and recognition of literary qualities of several texts published in Le Fantasque.

Keyphrases: Le Fantasque, Canadian press, Flâneur, Nineteenth century, Political satire
Postures littéraires et modernité dans les chroniques sur les régions d'Arthur Buies

In our study, we focus on demonstrating that Arthur Buies presents himself as a witness of a form of modernity in his chronicles on the country published in the 1870's in three collections. We lean on the idea that he would observe approximately the same characteristics in his rural chronicles as in his urban chronicles. We also think that the 'literary postures' (Jérôme Meizoz) adopted by Buies allow him to pass on - in a formal way - his vision of modernity. By the research's end, it stands out that Buies, aware of the concept of modernity, judges that it doesn't inevitably appear in the cities. For Buies, Paris and San Francisco are modern whereas Quebec City is not. Furthermore, for him, there really is a form of modernity in his rural chronicles because he notices in them more or less the same characteristics as the ones he found in the chronicles about Paris and San Francisco. Also, Buies is convinced that the colonization in Quebec stagnates. He comes to this observation when he compares it to the American colonization happening simultaneously. However, he notices some progress regarding Quebec colonization over the decade, but insufficient, according to him, to make up for the absence of a railroad on the northern bank of the St. Lawrence River. Based on our analysis, we conclude that the 'literary postures' chosen by Buies - especially the 'flâneur' and the geographer ones - are figures through which the characteristics of modernity are conveyed within the writing of the chronicles itself.

Keyphrases: Arthur Buies, XIXe siècle, chronicles, 19th Century, Quebec literature, modernity, 'literary postures', city, country, geography, colonization
Die Alraune als künstliches Geschöpf in der deutschen phantastischen Literatur : Eine Studie zu Achim von Arnim, E.T.A. Hoffmann und Hanns Heinz Ewers

The fascination with the mandrake for thousands of years originates, without a doubt, from the human form of the plant root. Many supernatural qualities are linked to the mandrake. It is believed, among other things, to be able to make its owner rich. The gloomy details surrounding the mandrake myth make it a theme of predilection for fantastic literature. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the legend of the mandrake in three works of German fantastic literature — Achim von Arnim’s Isabella of Egypt (1812), E.T.A. Hoffmann’s Little Zaches, Surnamed Zinnober (1819) and Hanns Heinz Ewers’ Alraune (1911). These authors also combine the mandrake motif with another theme, much appreciated by the fantastic genre: the artificial man. In an intertextual perspective, I will examine how each author adapts the mandrake myth and represents his mandrake character. Then, I will analyze the new qualities created by their artificial creature status and the relationship of the character with its creator. Finally, I will bring to light the role of the mandrake character in each work in regards to the historical context. It will be proven that the mandrake characters do own qualities that refer to the mandrake mythos, but that their nature as artificial creatures puts them, in their story, in the antagonist role that is similar to the trickster’s one. In the end, I will explain how the authors use the mandrake motif and the fantastic literature to respectively denounce corruption, criticize the Enlightenment advocates and create a decadent atmosphere that justifies the use of the femme fatale theme. 

Keyphrases: femme fatale, trickster, mandrake, artificial man, fantastic literature, German literature, Romanticism, intertextuality
Droites sur les hypergraphes

The Sylvester-Gallai theorem states that in a finite set S of points in the plane, not all on the same line, there is a line passing through exactly two points of S. Chvátal [14] extended the concept of lines to arbitrary metric spaces and made a conjecture generalizing the Sylvester-Gallai theorem. Chen [10] proved this conjecture which is now called The Sylvester-Chvátal Theorem. In 1943, Erdos [18] noticed a corollary to the Sylvester-Gallai theorem stating that, in a finite set V of points in the plane, not all on a line, the number of lines that pass through at least two points of V is at least |V |. De Bruijn et Erdos [7] generalized this corollary, using a generalized definition of a line (see Chapter 2) and proved that any set of n points, not all on the same line, determines at least n distinct lines. In this master’s thesis, we will study the theorems mentioned above. We will also look at the Theorem of De Bruijn-Erdos within the framework of hypergraphs and various metric spaces.

Keyphrases: Sylvester-Gallai, De Bruijn-Erdos, Points and lines, Hypergraphs and metric spaces
Protection de la vie privée chez les jeunes adultes dans le contexte de leur utilisation de Facebook : ce qui dessine leurs choix

The research presented in this thesis explores what leads young adults (18-25) to display some elements and not others on Facebook in accordance with their personal conception of privacy. I approach this question using the concepts of self-presentation, public behavior and more particularly the territories of the self as developed by sociologist Erving Goffman (1973).The territories of the self are defined here as that which belongs to the individual privately and which he or she seeks to protect. Goffman’s notions seem to me to be interdependent since the territories of the self of a person are influenced both by the individual’s role and by the norms and rules governing the interaction. This study was conducted with eight young adults between the ages of 18 and 25. An in-depth interview was performed with each of them. During these interviews, the participants presented and explained their Facebook accounts. They were encouraged to explain why they choose to display certain things, who has access to their posts and, on the contrary, what does not belong on their Facebook page and who is not authorized to see some of their publications. Following this field study, the analysis highlights seven dimensions in relation to Goffman’s thoughts around the protection of what one might call privacy. We separate them as follows: Seeing through the eyes of the other and feeling concerned, Projecting a positive self-image, Facebook friends: we have never had so many friends, Courtship, couples’ relationship and broken hearts: romantic relationships and Facebook, Playing multiple roles on a single platform: or where the family does not have its place, Managing Facebook settings is not that simple and The evolution of Facebook usage: a question of age and a learning process. Most of them have as a common thread the gaze of the other since the general concern vis-à-vis the latter often influences the choices of the user’s publications.

Keyphrases: Facebook, young adults, Facebook, privacy, territories of the self
Les rapports entre les amateurs et les professionnels dans les sciences participatives basées sur Internet : une exploration de Foldit

This project explores the relationships between amateur and professional scientists within Foldit, a participatory science project on the Internet. Foldit is an online game in which participants fold proteins in novel ways.  The long history of cooperation and differentiation between amateurs and professionals in science is becoming increasingly complex in digital environments as « amateur » participation gains in importance and is channelled by Web-based platforms, notably in the production of knowledge. While participation on the Web is considered by some as providing the seeds of a new economy or even a new society (Benkler, 2006; Bauwens, 2012b), others associated with a critical approach to informational capitalism, decry this type of participation as unpaid immaterial labour, carried out in a relation of exploitation (Moulier Boutang, 2007; Pasquinelli, 2010). In this context, my thesis proposes an exploration of participatory science, with a view to examining the relationships that develop between the different actors involved in these knowledge - and data - production exercises. We identify these relationships between the members through analysis of the exchanges that they produce on the site. This qualitative research also draws on observation, and semi-structured interviews with both amateur players and members of the Foldit team. We conclude by proposing a performative view of the development of relationships in Foldit, which prove to be highly dependent upon contextual factors and shaped to a large extent by the skills of the various actors. In the particular context of the New Chapter, negotiations are marked by both asymmetry and cooperation. This research helps develop a better understanding of the development and maintenance of relationships in online collectives.

Keyphrases: Foldit, Amateur, Citizen science, Internet, Game, Protein, Digital labor, Participation
Étude de dépendance des dynamiques de Polarons avec microstructures des semi-conducteurs polymériques

This work presents a study of the polymer P3EHT (poly (3 - (20-ethyl) hexyl-thiophene)). Among the many features of the dynamics of polarons that could be studied further, we chose those related to changes in morphology. In addition, the verification of the model HJ can explain the photophysics of conjugated polymers, through the study of photoluminescence spectra.  The study of the dynamics of polarons through photoinduced absorption as a function of frequency allowed us to find the lifetimes of our sample with different morphologies.  Our results demonstrate that the morphology is not only to the study of polarons, but is also an essential feature to understand the new model HJ.

Keyphrases: organic semiconductor, P3EHT, polarons, morphologie, quenching, morphology, HJ model
«Comment continuer de chanter l'Amérique?» : appartenance des Afro-Américains à la nation américaine et victoire de l'intégrationnisme de Martin Luther King

How can one understand the African American community's will to belong to the American nation despite a past made of humiliation and an accumulation of setbacks? At several times during American history, elites have proposed so-called « radical » solutions that challenged the dominant paradigm of integration to the American nation. This thesis attempts to identify the reasons why, during the civil rights movement, the black community chose integrationnism championed by Martin Luther King, and rejected separatism advocated by Malcolm X. The specificity of this thesis lies in the use of the literature on the formation of nations, which allowed me to better understand the African American community's choice. The nation is seen as the product of a construction where elites and masses interact. « From the top », I analyzed how ethnic entrepreneurs King and Malcolm X redefined Americanness. « From the bottom », I analyzed how masses received the elites' discourse. My first assumption focuses on the strategic alliance between King and the American executive, which allowed King to define the legislative agenda and base his speech on actual gains he obtained. The second assumption focuses on the structure of the opportunities for African Americans that oriented the choices they made.

Keyphrases: Humiliation, Nationalism, United States, Civil rights movement, Integrationism