Le rôle de l’inflammation dans le développement des complications neurologiques associées à l’insuffisance hépatique aiguë chez la souris

Acute liver failure (ALF) is the clinical manifestation of an abrupt loss of hepatic function resuting from a massive hepatocyte necrosis in a patient with no preexisting liver disease. ALF is associated with metabolic and immunological disturbances that may lead to peripheral and cerebral complications such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), hepatic encephalopathy (HE), brain edema, increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and ultimately death by cerebral herniation. ALF is frequently complicated by infections, which are known to increase the risk of developing a SIRS with a subsequent worsening of HE and higher mortality rates.  Ammonia plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to HE and brain edema, and recent studies suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokines may also be involved. The aim of this thesis is therefore to investigate the role of circulating and cerebral pro-inflammatory cytokines in the setting of HE and brain edema during ALF.  In article No. 1, we demonstrated that peripheral inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)  by etanercept delays the progression of HE by reducing hepatocellular damage, decreasing peripheral and cerebral inflammation as well as associated oxidative/nitrosatif stress in mice with ALF induced by azoxymethane (AOM). These findings demonstrate an important role of TNF-α in the pathophysiology of HE during toxic liver injury and suggest that etanercept may provide a therapeutic approach in the management of patient awaiting liver transplantation.  In article No. 2, we mimicked infection in mice with AOM-induced ALF in order to better understand the effects of an increased inflammatory response. We demonstrated that endotoxemia induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) precipitates the onset of coma and worsens the liver pathology. Peripheral and brain pro-inflammatory cytokines are synergistically raised by LPS during ALF and result in a large increase in cerebral matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) activity that was associated with immunoglobulin G (IgG) extravasation in the brain parenchyma. These results demonstrate a major increase of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability that contributes to the pathogenesis of HE during ALF with superimposed infection.  Results from article No. 3 demonstrate that increase of BBB permeability during AOM-induced ALF without superimposed infection is not due to alteration of BBB constitutive proteins.   In article No. 4, we demonstrated that exposure of cultured astrocytes to pathophysiological concentrations of ammonia or interleukin-1β results in an alteration of the expression of astrocytic genes implicated in cell volume regulation and oxidative/nitrosative stress. An additive effect on astrocytic genes implicated in oxidative/nitrosative was made evident in case of co-treatment.   Taken together, results of the present thesis demonstrate a major role of peripheral and cerebral inflammation in the onset of neurological complications during ALF and a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms implicated may contribute to new therapeutic strategies for ALF patients awaiting transplantation.

Keyphrases: Hepatic encephalopahy, Acute liver failure, Azoxymethane, Astrocytes, Astrocytes, Ammonia, Pro-inflammatory cytokines, Neuroinflammation, Neuroinflammation, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, Infection, Blood-brain barrier