NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Droits de l’homme, principes éthiques et industrie pétrolière

The influence of Multinational oil corporations in contemporary society is becoming an increasingly central element of human rights and sustainable development problematic. There are now many MNOCs operating in both private and public sectors with remarkably diverse objectives and strategies. Thanks to large budgets and complex advanced technology, they are responsible for exploration, production, refining and crude oil distribution. In order to address the imbalance between industrial oil and lessdeveloped countries, the world commission on environment and development has early pointed up the term « sustainable development » which is « that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs ». As a result, the oil and gas sector has been among the leading industries in championing Corporate Social Responsibility a while ago. Oil companies attach greater importance to their economical, social and environmental impact and they also pay more and more attention to their image. Among other things, this phenomenon is demonstrated by the extraordinary growth in corporate codes of conduct and CSR initiatives such as Kofi Annan’s Global Compact. However, the effectiveness of these initiatives has been regularly questioned and there is a mounting evidence of a gap between the statements of principles and the real actor’s behaviour on the field. Finally, is a conciliation possible?

Keyphrases: Multinational enterprises, Ethics, Oil industry, Corporate social responsibility, Human rights, Codes of conduct
L’impulsivité en toxicomanie : un regard sur les mécanismes neuronaux de la rechute à la nicotine

Background: 90% of cigarette smokers attempting to quit smoking relapse by one-year following their quit date. Impulsivity, as well as cue-induced cravings, have been shown to be good predictors of relapse for tobacco smoking; however, no study to date has examined their interaction and its neural substrates. The goal of this study was to determine the neural influence of trait impulsivity during functional imaging of cue-induced cigarette cravings. Among the brain regions involved in nicotine craving, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the orbitofrontal as well as the cingulate cortex all play a significant role in self-control processes. Methods: Thirty-one chronic smokers passively viewed appetitive smoking-related and neutral images while being scanned. Participants also reported their level of craving and completed the BIS-11, a measure of trait impulsivity. Results: As hypothesized, we observed a significant positive relationship between impulsivity scores and reported craving. Impulsivity scores were negatively correlated with activity in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). The insula, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex presented a negative connectivity with the PCC. Conclusions: Given that the PCC is involved in mentalization and self-relevant processing, it is possible that greater trait impulsivity in smokers is associated to a lower tendency to understand and use one’s mental and physical state to guide behavior. This may weaken their capacity for self-control and consequently, promotes more automatic and stronger cue-elicited smoking urges. Furthermore, our results highlight the important but undervalued role of identity (the self and autobiographic memories) and mindfulness in addiction.

Keyphrases: Craving, Cigarette, Posterior cingulate cortex, Impulsivity, Cigarette smoking, Neural correlates
Histoires de plex à Montréal : cohabitation et solidarité intergénérationnelle

This thesis focuses on intergenerational cohabitation in multi-lodging dwellings (duplexes, triplexes and such) in Montreal. Considering the extreme residential proximity involved, this form of habitation is defined as a strategy of family solidarity. More specifically, the motivations, the day-to-day operation and the challenges of this form of living are at the core of the thesis. The specificity of this form of residential strategy concerns its deep interconnection with Montreal’s built form, which contains a high number of “plexes” throughout its territory, which facilitates intergenerational cohabitation. The method consisted of interviewing ten families on their use of this residential strategy. The canvas of the interviews was chronological in order to emphasize the idea of a “project” that is sometimes inherent to intergenerational cohabitation. This way, the different steps leading to this form of habitation have been identified. The two principal objectives were to outline the process leading to intergenerational cohabitation and to highlight the possibilities of solidarity permitted by the day-to-day side of intergenerational cohabitation. Three questions guided the analysis of the participants’ speech. First, what are their motivations? Second, how is their daily routine affected by the extreme residential proximity? Third, what are the challenges of this form of living? The results show many advantages of this way of living, such as a faster access to ownership and a greater sense of security for elders. Although, some disadvantages have also been observed, especially around the independence of the tenants. Independence is the main way individuals express those disadvantages. On one hand, they wish to keep a maximum of their independence, and on the other hand, they are aware of the necessity to limit it to ensure the cohabitation.

Keyphrases: Intergenerational solidarity, Intergenerational cohabitation, Modes of inhabitation, Montreal’s built form, Family trajectories, Independence, Discourse analysis
Analyse de la transformation du métier d’auxiliaire familiale et sociale en CLSC au Québec depuis les années 1990

The aging population and the various reforms within the health system in Quebec have led to various changes over the years. Professional groups working in the field of home care services have seen their work transformed and evolved over the past decades. According to Bourque (1992), who was interested in the professionalization of  home-care workers  in the 1980s and the early 1990s, home-care workers are among the workers who experienced the most change in the nature of their tasks since their integration in the Health and Social Services in 1972. Our research focuses on the evolution of the professional practices of home-care workers in CLSC in Quebec since 1990. This study that was realized with semi-structured interviews with eight home-care workers led to understand the evolution of the tasks and functions of these workers. The result of this research shows a growing specialization of their work as well as increased tasks related to nursing care. However, the heterogeneity of these practices demonstrates the survival of certain tasks, particularly in terms of the activities of daily living. The major challenge in this group lies in the consolidation of a stronger and more inclusive association to assert their claims and to meet the challenges they face every day in order to recognize their work.

Keyphrases: reconnaissance, home-care workers, home care services, labor division, professional group, recognition
La voix et le bruit, processus et parcours de création de mes œuvres

This Master’s thesis presents the creation path and process of works that I have composed during my studies at the Faculté de musique of the Université de Montréal between Fall 2010 and Winter 2013: Petite Toccata pour Orchestre (Little Toccata for Orchestra - Symphonic Orchestra), Définitions (prepared piano and voice), Accumulations (wind orchestra), Analogies (flute, bass clarinet, violin, cello, bass and percussion), Souffles (Breath - music for contemporary dance, electroacoustic support and female voice), 19 06 (viola), L’art de conjuguer (The art of conjugation - female voice), Miniature acousmatique (acousmatic music), Relinquere (guitar and electronic support), The Corporate Silence (string quartet). These works are made of common elements: noise as generative material, procedure generated by the creation process of electroacoustic music and the use of voice. This thesis is divided in three parts: First part: Presentation of a research, La voix et le bruit, I carried out during my studies.     Second part: Presentation of a catalog of compositions that I created during my studies.  Third part: Musical analysis of Analogies (for flute, bass clarinet, violin, cello, bass and percussion)

Keyphrases: voix, bruit, Contemporary music, research, voice, noise, electroacoustic music, sound recording
De l’or et des putes : vie et mort d’un village de 'squatters' abitibien

This research is about the squatters’ village of Roc-d'Or nicknamed Putainville. It was established in 1936 and demolished by the Québec government in the mid 1940. Our objective is to learn why this town with a lawless reputation that was built on the government fields has been tolerated for a decade even if it was considered as illegal by the authority and to learn why all the buildings were destroyed or moved to Malartic.  First of all, we will explain why this village without any legal status was built in the 1930s and why all the people who have lived in Roc-d'Or were not owners of their field. After that, the memoires will focus on the geographical and architectural aspect and on the population of Roc-d'Or. We'll explore the gender rate, the mobility of the people, the different kinds of jobs we found in Roc-d'Or and the ethnical origins of the inhabitants. Furthermore in this research, it will be about how was the reputation of the town. We will develop about the judicial intervention and the underworld. Finally, the last part of this dissertation will look at the idea that Roc-d'Or was shut down by the clerical authorities due to the deviant behavior, or we will try to see if it's a myth.

Keyphrases: Prostitution, Violence, Vice, Urban history, Boom-town, Mining town, Squat, Public health, Mining development
Comprendre l'image de Mérida vue par ses habitants : un lieu et ses représentations

This research looks forward to knowing and understanding the state of Mérida – Venezuela through the analysis of the image that its residents build of Mérida. The project proposes to use some promotional touristic photographs taken from promotional material produced by Mérida’s tourism office, CORMETUR. This research is designed based on a creative methodology. The participants were invited to make –and to comment- a collage by using a selection provided of photos, in order to recreate the image they have of their state. My aim is to understand how its residents consider Mérida. This research is theoretically supported by the definition of “image” and by the concept of “representation”, in specific through Hall’s (1997) constructivist approach. This last one particularly allows me to interpret what the participant Merideños express in their collage. The analysis of the representations they construct allows to understand Mérida as a “place” (Escobar, 2001) that is composed by an “everyday-life context” and a “touristic context” that integrate each other. Additionally, it is possible to grasp in their representations a question of “cultural identity”, as Cuche (1997) and Hall (2007) understand it.

Keyphrases: Image, Creative methodology, Image, Touristic photography, Representation, Place, Cultural Identity
La Commission royale d’enquête sur la fonction publique de 1907-1908 : un projet de réforme libérale de l’appareil administratif canadien

The 1908 reform of the civil service marked a turning point in the development of the Canadian State, as it rejected a system based until then on patronage and introduced the principles of merit, independence and neutrality of civil servants, principles that remain grounding forces of today’s civil service. These changes occurred after a long reflection over the nature of the civil service. Such reflection, which resonates with the Anglo-American world, took place over the course of the latter half of the 19th century, though it was often obstructed by a politically favoured status quo. Although ideas for reforming the civil service were put forward by some as early as in the 1870s, it is only with the report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry 1907-1908 that politicians were finally willing to undertake a comprehensive reform, in 1908.   Our thesis focuses on this Royal Commission of Inquiry and on the legislative reform that followed, in 1908, events that have drawn little attention from political historians and are rather underdocumented. Our first aim is to explain the political and ideological context surrounding the creation of this commission. We then analyze how it came to its observations and recommendations, which in turn led the Canadian government to reform the civil service as well as its guiding principles. We then scrutinize the various elements of the reform itself, with a view to showing how it broke free from the beliefs of the time and embraced a new ideological framework, the product of a liberal vision of the State.

Keyphrases: Canada, John Mortimer Courtney, civil service (1867-1914), public inquiry, liberalism, merit, civil service reform, depoliticization, government, John Mortimer Courtney, State formation
Esprit du don, dispositifs et reconnaissance : de "Diaries, Notes and Sketches : Also Known as Walden" (1969) à "The First Forty" (2006) de Jonas Mekas

Having spent more than 4 years in camps of forced labor, Jonas Mekas, Lithuanian, is deported by the United-Nations in 1949 to the United States. With his brother, both survivors of the Second World War, they manage to acquire a bolex 16 mm camera. Outside the Hollywood cinematographic industry, Mekas participates to the institutionalization of the underground artistic community by creating cooperatives, associations and magazines. Mekas is devoting his time to make experimental film genre accessible and allows it to become publicly recognized for its artistic value, which would lead towards protecting and preserving it. In 1969, Mekas produced "Diaries, Notes and Sketches: Also Known has Walden" which condense 4 years of capturing everyday events, people, New York, nature. From his Walden, Mekas will reuse some sequences found in this first draft when comes the time to edit new films. In 2006, Mekas produces his “first digital essay” entitled "The First Forty" (2006). It consists in a presentation of his cinematic labor to a new public, his “new Internet Audience”, in which sequences of Walden appear. Accessible on his official website, this digital piece is composed by videos and their textual descriptions, reminding us of Diaries, Notes and Sketches: Also Known has Walden and its table of content drafted by the artist in 1969. These two apparatus  have a similar function : by them, Jonas Mekas explicitly gives these two pieces to the spectators. By investigating the sociological “gift theory” developed by the Jacques T. Godbout, our project was to reveal how “the gift spirit" can be found within those two creations. This study allows us to believe that audiovisual/cinematographic apparatus created by Mekas are “objects” which can be received such as gifts leading to arrouse the spectator’s desire to give in his turn. In this way, they are personal and collective symbolic cement necessary for the fulfillment of the process of “recognition” which involves the gift spirit.

Keyphrases: Jonas Mekas, film, underground community, experimental cinema, gift theory, recognition process, digital, apparatus
La logique d’action de l’acteur patronal organisé au Québec : le cas des associations provinciales

This research sheds new light on the employers’ associations in the province of Quebec, and contributes to the development of theoretical tools that can be used in future research. Provincial business associations are dedicated to defending the collective interests of their members, generally guided by values of economic liberalism. Members have an influence on the strategic agenda of their association. The image of the organisation will vary depending on its sources of funding, with greater financial independence bolstering an association’s perceived legitimacy. Furthermore, the level at which the activities of the business associations take place influences the type of strategies used to attain their goals. Finally, they can use their power resources to implement institutional innovations in order to renew processes that have become obsolete.  Several factors determine the means used by business associations to influence public policy, work relations and labor market institutions. The State constitutes the main target of action for business organisations, with a usual focus on economic matters. The combination of individual and collective interests of members determines whether the association mobilizes its power resources to generate institutional change, which would place it in a proactive logic of action. However power resources are not always used in this manner; associations in fact mostly behave reactively, without trying to modify their institutional environment.

Keyphrases: Association patronale, Action collective, Business association, Employer's association, Collective action, Logic of representation, Logic of action, Power resource, New institutionalism, Institutional innovation
Les rétractations et leurs conséquences sur la carrière des coauteurs : analyse bibliométrique des fraudes et des erreurs dans le domaine biomédical

Over the last few years, major cases of scientific fraud shocked the scientific community, and the number of retractions each year increased considerably. Scientific misconduct accounts for approximately more than half of those retractions. It is assumed that co-authors of retracted papers are affected by their colleagues’ misconduct, and the aim of this study is to provide empirical evidence of how researchers’ careers are affected by a retraction. We retrieved all (443) publications retracted from 1996 to 2006 from PubMed, signed by 1818 authors. Using the Web of Science (WOS), we measured the productivity, impact and collaboration of each of those authors for a period of five years before and after the retraction. Our results show that retractions affect the career of co-authors, mostly in terms of scientific output. This impact is felt more strongly in cases of fraud and for first authors.

Keyphrases: collaboration, scientific misconduct, retraction, collaboration, authorship, bibliometrics, fraud, error, research ethics, biomedical literature
Étude de la variabilité spectroscopique d’un échantillon d’étoiles Wolf-Rayet de type WC9

We know that the majority of WC9 stars produces carbon-based dust. To survive in the hot and harsh environement that is the wind of a WR star, the dust grains must be formed in regions of very high density. We know that WC stars that are part of a WR + O system can produce dust at periastron passage where the collision of the two stellar winds is strong enough to produce shocks that compress the gas to densities up to a factor  103 higher than that of the WR star. However, so far, many WC9 stars have shown no signs of a companion. The goal of the current project is to identify a mechanism that could be responsible for the formation of dust in single WC9 stars. We present the results of an observing campaign which aimed to characterize the spectroscopic variability of eight WC9 stars and one WC8d star. Our results indicate that most stars show large scale variations of their C III 5696 emission line that reach at least 5% of the total line flux, and that the structures in the wind have a mean velocity dispersion of  150-300 km/s. In general, the radial velocity variations are anti-correlated with the skewness variations. This seems to indicate that the variations are not due to the presence of a companion. Photometric observations of WR 103 show a period of 9.1  ± 0.6 days that agrees with the spectroscopic variations and does not seem from binary origin.

Keyphrases: Wolf-Rayet stars: spectroscopic variability, individual stars: WR 103
La croisade tardive : des plans du début du XIVe siècle à la défaite de Nicopolis

The idea of the crusade remains present throughout the course of the XIVth century as evidenced by the many projects written during the century. The authors describe in detail the steps to follow to recover the Holy Land. Two elements are needed to undertake a new expedition: peace between Christian princes and church union. In the fourteenth century, a transfer takes place naturally, and the movement of recuperatio of the Holy Land is projected against the closest enemies of the Christianity: the Turks. From the second half of the fourteenth century, diplomacy plays a crucial role in the preaching of the crusade. A new Crusade is preached, at urging of Sigismund of 4 Luxembourg the Hungarian king, and the Christian powers are trying to unite to stop the Ottoman advance in Europe, but they were defeated at Nicopolis in 1396. For the French chivalry, the campaign was an opportunity to show his courage but for them the crusade was a ride and a quest of personal glory rather than holy war.

Keyphrases: Propagande, Ottoman, Sarrasins, Crusade, Crusading, Projects, Jerusalem, Preaching, Propaganda, Turks
Étude des artefacts en tomodensitométrie par simulation Monte Carlo

Computed tomography (CT) is widely used in radiotherapy to acquire patient-specific data for an accurate dose calculation in radiotherapy treatment planning. To consider the composition of heterogeneous tissues, calculation techniques such as Monte Carlo method are needed to compute an exact dose distribution. To use CT images with dose calculation algorithms, all voxel values, expressed in Hounsfield unit (HU), must be converted into relevant physical parameters such as the electron density (ED). This conversion is typically accomplished by means of a HU-ED calibration curve. Any discrepancy (or artifact) that appears in the reconstructed CT image prior to calibration is susceptible to yield wrongly-assigned tissues. Such tissue misassignment may crucially decrease the reliability of dose calculation. The aim of this work is to assign exact physical values to CT image voxels to insure the reliability of dose calculation in radiotherapy treatment planning. To achieve this, origins of CT artifacts are first studied using Monte Carlo simulations. Such simulations require a lot of computational time and were parallelized to run efficiently on a supercomputer. An sensitivity study on HU uncertainties due to CT artifacts is then performed using statistical analysis of the image histograms. Beam hardening effect appears to be the origin of several artifacts and is specifically addressed. Finally, a review on the state of the art in beam hardening correction is presented and an empirical correction is exposed in detail.

Keyphrases: Parallel programming, Image reconstruction, Scatter correction, Beam hardening correction