Rôle de l’autophagie dans la biogenèse des vésicules membranaires apoptotiques

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) occurring in all solid organ transplantation, constitute a proautophagic / pro-apoptotic stimulus on endothelial cells. We recently demonstrated that apoptotic endothelial cells (CEapo) secrete apoptotic exosome-like vesicles (ApoExo) that induce autoimmune response and accelerate vascular rejection in a mouse aortic transplant model. These ApoExo, that differ from classical apoptotic bodies in structure and protein content, contain the C-terminal fragment of perlecan, LG3. LG3, an autoantigen of importance in transplantation, promotes vascular remodeling and is increased in circulation in renal transplant patients undergoing vascular rejection. In addition, the presence of anti-LG3 antibodies prior to transplantation is associated with a higher risk of developing vascular rejection in kidney transplant patients and long-term graft loss. It is known that the generation of LG3 fragment involves the proteolysis of perlecan by cathepsin-L, a lysosomal protease, but the mechanism of export of this fragment within ApoExo is still unknown. We hypothesized that lysosomal activity and autophagy play an important role in the maturation and the secretion of LG3 in ApoExo vesicles secreted by CEapo. Longitudinal electron microscopy study after 1h, 2h and 3h in serum starved endothelial human cells revealed the presence of perlecan / LG3 fragment within autophagic compartments (autophagosomes and autophagolysosomes) at different stages of the autophagic process. After 3 hours of serum starvation, we identified LG3 fragment in membrane vesicles located within large vacuolar networks reminiscent of autophagolysosomes. Inhibition of cathepsin-L, of lysosomal acidification and of autophagy decrease the presence of LG3 fragment in ApoExo vesicles without affecting vesicle secretion thus demonstrating the role of autophagy in the secretion of LG3 fragment within ApoExo. However, Injection of ApoExo LG3- vesicles from bafilomycin-treated aortic murine cells into a murine aortic transplant model induces autoimmune anti-LG3 response and vascular remodeling at levels similar to the ApoExo vehicle mice control group. Proteomic analysis of ApoExo from bafilomycin-treated aortic murine cells has demonstrated that bafilomycin modifies ApoExo protein content by inducing an increase of the presence of lysosomal proteins and the extracellular matrix, including perlecan. This suggests that the presence of LG3 motif in uncleaved native perlecan in ApoExo LG3- could be responsible for the establishment of the anti-LG3 response as well as the vascular remodeling observed in mice. Collectively, these results demonstrate that autophagy in endothelial cells producing ApoExo does not regulate the immuogenicity of ApoExo. However, it regulates within apoptotic endothelial cells the processing and cleavage of perlecan who is immunogenic. Indeed, autophagy modulates the different forms of native and cleaved perlecan secreted in ApoExo. Grafted mice study thus allowed us to consider neither the involvement of the LG3 fragment but the implication of the LG3 motif present in the uncleaved native perlecan and its intermediate forms in the anti-LG3 autoimmune response and vascular rejection. Modulating perlecan and LG3 secretion in ApoExo vesicles is a potential therapeutic target to reduce the autoimmune response that can increase vascular damage after transplantation.

Keyphrases: Apoptose, Apoptotic Exosome-like vesicles (ApoExo), Cell death, LG3 fragment, Autophagy, Apoptosis, Endothelial cell, Bafilomycin, Aortic transplantation