Étude exploratoire du recours à des interventions médicales de type "lourd' pour soulager la souffrance existentielle en fin de vie

Until the beginning of the 20th century, death was a relatively brief process occurring in the home, most often resulting from diverse infectious diseases. Nowadays, death predominantly occurs inside institutions, after a long battle with an incurable disease or due to the multiple debilities of aging. To understand and address patients' suffering at their end-of-life today, we must better grasp what this new type of death engenders in terms of emotional experience as much for the patient as for the clinician taking care of him. This thesis is an exploratory and analytical study of the psychological issues related to contemporary death with a prime interest for the optimization of existential suffering relief in this context. First, I will focus on the patient's suffering. Through an analytic review of the literature, I will propose a precise and operational definition of existential suffering in the end-of-life context, with some distinctive features. I will propose the hypothesis that suffering can be defined as a construction of the mind. This hypothesis will be articulated around the idea that existential suffering stems from three sources: integrity, otherness, and temporality. First, integrity in the sense that the patient initially feels threatened in his own person (relation to the self). Then, otherness in the sense that the perception of his external conditions has an impact on his distress (relation to the Other). And finally, temporality in the sense that the patient suffering existentially often seems trapped in a specific time frame (relation to time). After, I will focus on the clinician's suffering. In the end-of-life context, high-stake interventions such as palliative sedation or invasive treatments are sometimes brought up or even proposed by a clinician. I will describe many sources of suffering affecting the clinician and generated by his contact with the patient (examples of clinician's sources of suffering: damaged ideals, personal values, sense of failure, transference and countertransference reactions, identification processes, death anguish). Then, I will illustrate how these sources of suffering can constitute barriers to addressing the patient's suffering by influencing the choice of therapeutic approaches. Through this exercise we will discover that the clinician's suffering sometimes causes him to initiate interventions aimed at relieving his own distress at the expense of his patient. Finally, I will elaborate on how the encounter between a patient and a clinician can become a privileged context to address suffering. I will suggest ways of improving end-of-life care by providing a context of care that manages to put biotechnology in the service of compassion and by maintaining the singularity of the patient's experience. For the clinician, this will require an improvement of his training, an acknowledgement of his own sources of suffering and an understanding of his limits to help others.

Keyphrases: Suffering, Existential suffering, Palliative care, Death, Sedation, Overtreatment, Caregiver, Compassion fatigue, Countertransference, Euthanasia