Étude de la résistance des sous-types non-B du VIH-1 aux antirétroviraux au Mali

We conducted this study to assess the impact of an increased use of antiretroviral (ARV) treatment on the emergence of resistance in a cohort of subjects infected with HIV-1 enrolled in Mali to receive antiretroviral therapy. The first part of this work evaluated the incidence of primary resistance with 101 ARV treatment naive subjects. We demonstrated that the majority of subjects (71.3%) were infected with subtype CRF02_AG. The prevalence of primary resistance was 9.9%. This rate exceeds the average of 5.5% observed in developing countries and the 5% threshold set by the WHO as part of the HIV drug resistance surveillance. The thymidine-associated mutations (TAMs) M41L, D67N, L210W, T215A/Y, K219E, which are associated with resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), and K103N, V108I, Y181C and V179E, which are involved in resistance to none nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), were predominantly observed. These mutations are compatible with the first line regimens used in Mali, including stavudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine. We did not find major mutations associated with resistance to protease inhibitors (PI) probably because this class of drugs is rarely used in Mali. However, several polymorphisms in the protease gene such as L10I and L10V were observed at a very high frequency (18.80%). Given these initial results, a logical extension of this work was to evaluate how these strains evolve under the selective pressure of ARV treatment. We have addressed these issues in a cohort study of 132 subjects predominantly infected with the subtype CRF02_AG that started a first-line therapy. Our results suggest that the presence of primary resistance mutation could affect treatment efficacy. For example, the presence of a single NNRTI mutation K103N or V179E before treatment initiation was sufficient to lead to treatment failure (viral load > 400 copies/ml). Otherwise, the role of L10I/V polymorphism remains uncertain in the CRF02_AG subtype. Therefore, we performed in vitro experiments to assess the impact of this polymorphism in subtype CRF02_AG on resistance to PI.  Our results indicate in wild type CRF02_AGwt_10L a slight increase of the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for darunavir, lopinavir and nelfinavir compared with subtype B reference HXB2_10L with a Fold Change (FC) 1.2, 1.3 and 1.5, respectively. This increase was the greatest for lopinavir with a FC (1.3) very close to his biological threshold (1.6). Compared to wild type CRF02_AGwt_10L, the two mutants CRF02_AGL10I and CRF02_AGL10V showed a slight increase of IC50 for indinavir (FC of 1.3 and 1.2, respectively) and lower for lopinavir (FC of 0.78 and 0.75, respectively). All these findings suggest that the mutation at position 10 may have an impact on resistance to PI in subtype CRF02_AG. However, the clinical significance of these observations remains to be determined. In conclusion, our results support the need for strengthening HIV drug resistance surveillance and provide information toward the improvement of therapeutic strategies to prevent treatment failure in non-B subtype, particularly the subtype CRF02_AG.

Keyphrases: HIV-1 subtypes non B, antiretroviral treatment, primary resistance, Drug Resistance, L10I/V impact in CRF02_AG