NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Circuitos, perturbaciones y transformaciones de la modernidad/colonialidad :
análisis discursivo en contextos chilenos y canadienses

The present study constitutes a comparative analysis of discourses that articulate issues related to both Indigenous land claims and the colonial legacy of Chile and Canada. Specifically, we analyze social science textbooks, opinion discourses and Indigenous discourses. Our analysis shows that there are striking similarities between the Canadian and Chilean national contexts. We propose that these can be explained, in part, by their relationship with the global discourse of modernity/coloniality. On the one hand, textbooks and opinion discourses circulate discursive features of modernity, thus reproducing colonial forms of knowledge and speaking. On the other hand, the Indigenous discourses we exam seem to resemble each other to the extent that they interpolate the discourse of modernity/coloniality, thereby transforming the terms of intercultural engagement.  Despite efforts, in recent decades, by the Canadian and Chilean states towards  reconciliation with Indigenous peoples, social conflicts persist, involving the same actors as always: the state, different indigenous communities, private companies, and intellectual, political and business elites. In light of this situation, this thesis aims to better understand why these conflicts, far from being resolved, continue to occur. In these two countries, the issue of intercultural conflict primarily invoves the question of land rights. In this sense, the reproduction of conflict is inseparable from the colonial legacy of the Canadian and Chilean national states. This colonial dimension of conflict, however, is usually made obscure by both the multicultural rhetoric of national discourse and the polarizations produced by public opinion discourses, both of which tend to frame the question of land rights in terms of binary notions, such as “civilization/barbarism”, or “authenticity/illegitimacy.” Furthermore, western Canada and southern Chile can be considered comparable contexts, as they were colonized on the basis of the modern discourses of progress and civilization, which served to legitimize the expansion of the nineteenth-century nation state. However, there are few studies comparing the discursive productions related to the intercultural relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Canadians and Chileans. This is perhaps due to a perception of insurmountable linguistic, socio-historical and political differences between the two countries.

Keyphrases: Delgamuukw (Canada), Interpolation, Transformation discursive, Discourse analysis, Social science textbooks, Opinion discourse, Indigenous discourse, Mapuche conflict (Chile), Delgamuukw (Canada), Multiculturalism, Macro topics, Modernity/coloniality, Interpolation, Discursive transformation
Le capital virtuel : entre compétition, survie et réputation

Technological advances related to the Internet have led to a democratization of the tools of communication and transformation of interpersonal relationships. The impact of these changes is felt both in the legitimate sphere as well as in criminal markets. These markets have migrated in recent years to online platforms that allow them to better manage the risks associated with their illegal activities. This thesis focuses on the impact of the Internet on crime and criminal adaptation in this virtual environment. These individuals now form online communities and keep in touch with each other using chat rooms and forums. We focus in this thesis on three specific forms of crime: intellectual property fraud (the warez scene), the hacking of computers (botnets) and fraud of personal and financial data (carding). Each of these forms of crime will be analyzed in an article that has either been published or is currently under review. The article on the warez scene describes the social organization and the distribution of recognition in the hacker community. Crime behavior system (Sutherland, 1947) and networked individualism (Boase & Wellman, 2006) are used to theorize social organization and distribution of recognition in the warez scene. The article on botnets aims to understand the distribution of reputation in this community for offenders. Using data from a forum where botmasters rent and buy illegal goods and services, this research models the factors that increase the level of reputation of some actors. Finally the article on carding measures the link between reputation as developed by Glückler & Armbruster (2003) and criminal performance. Our thesis demonstrates that the Internet has had a transformative effect on crime at six levels: 1) increase of the ease of finding co-offenders; 2) increased competition between offenders; 3) increase in the number of victims; 4) decrease in the risk of arrest; 5) increasing the success rate of criminals and; 6) changes in the balance between offenders, victims and protecteurs. It also allows us to demonstrate the importance of reputation, the virtual capital, on online market criminals.

Keyphrases: Internet, Reputation, Criminal achievement, Social networks, Criminal markets
Guerre, communication, public : Walter Lippmann et l’émergence d’un problème

In this dissertation, I question the emergence of what I call the war/communication/public problem in the work of renowned journalist and writer Walter Lippmann (1889-1974), before addressing the subsequent unfolding of two contemporary power formations, namely the spectacle and the biopolitical control society. At a theoretical and methodological level, this dissertation is based upon Michel Foucault’s (1997) analytics of power as war, which links historical enquiry and power analysis. Through this perspective, this dissertation relates both to historical inquiry and to power analysis, and aims both to produce original historical knowledge and to mobilize that knowledge in order to shed light on some aspects of contemporary exercise of power, especially with respect to the knowledge it mobilizes. The first part of this dissertation addresses the reversal of Clausewitz’s relation between war and politics, which characterizes Lippmann’s work and is central to the war/communication/public problem. In order to highlight this reversal, this dissertation revisits the question of Lippmann’s intellectual influences, thanks of archival work as well as to the genealogical analysis of the notion of cold war (which is usually attributed to Lippmann). In doing so, this first part of the dissertation contributes to the historiographical debates relating to the Lippmann’s contribution to communication theory (debates with which this dissertation converses), especially by suggestion a new outlook on the Dewey-Lippmann debate and the latter’s relationships to pragmatist philosophy. The second part of this dissertation questions the functioning of contemporary power as a spectacle and as a biopolitical control society, through the war/communication/public problem. This endeavor allows pinpointing some aspects of these power formations, especially with respect to their historical events, their modes of operation, their anchoring in war and strategy, as well as their respective relationships.

Keyphrases: Fabian Society, outlawry of war, spectacle, history of communication, war and politics, war and power, Dewey-Lippmann debate, pragmatism, control society, biopolitics
Les représentations sociales de la pharmacogénomique au Québec : éléments de prospective

This thesis pertains to social representations of pharmacogenomics (PGx) in two groups of central actors in PGx development and application in Québec. The objective is to understand how PGx researchers and medical students stand with regard to PGx discoveries and their potential medical practice applications. This study also aims at better understanding how the arrival of PGx in medical practice can be anticipated, by contrasting researchers’ and students’ representations, and at grasping how the information flows between these two groups.  To meet these objectives, the theoretical framework of social representations, and more particularly the so-called professional social representations, is used. The two groups’ representations are identified through a multi method approach. Indeed, a qualitative method consisting of semi-structured interviews with the researchers is used, followed by a questionnaire survey of the medical students.  The two groups’ positions are compared with respect to three key concepts: medication, genomics and PGx. The organizing principles of the medical students’ and researchers’ social representations, in consideration of these three concepts, enables us to position the social representation levels of the medical students relative to their professionalization in a chart proposed by Bataille (2000). The medical students’ representations of medication are thus similar to those of the researchers. Their representations of advances in genomics are far less professionalized, while there is an absence of organization in their representation of PGx. The medical training context is questioned in this thesis since it leaves little room for discovery and advanced research. Researchers and students both say that the solution for improving their knowledge in the field of PGx is to make it part of their medical training.

Keyphrases: Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacogenetics, Social representations, Medical students, Genomics researchers, Clinical practice, Quebec context, Openess, Personalized medicine
Symbolisation et vie spirituelle : analyse de l'humain comme être de symbolisation en devenir, entre psychanalyse (Winnicott) et vie spirituelle (Légaut)

Questioning with J.-C. Breton the new anthropological situations which call out to the spiritual life, this study proposes an approach under the angle of the symbolization. A reading of the symbolization from the structure of the symbol, precedes the analysis of its psychoanalytical use according to Donald W. Winnicott, with his notions of potential space and transitional phenomena. Follows the presentation of key points of Marcel Légaut's testimony on the spiritual life. The synthesis part details three key elements of the symbolization: the crack-fault ligne, the creativity-welcoming and the passage to another level. Two levels of symbolization, primary and secondary sector, complete the weft shared by the reading of the psychoanalysis and the spiritual life. The study demonstrates that the symbolization allows a passage into the human being towards his own mystery and that of the God in him. The human being appears then as a being of symbolization in the process of becoming.

Keyphrases: Psychoanalysis, Anthropology, Creativity, Becoming, Symbol, Potential space, Transitional phenomena, Faith in itself, Deficiency of being
Construction d'une échelle décrivant les niveaux de compétence de collaboration, à partir d'indicateurs validés par des enseignants cliniciens en médecine

Being able to collaborate is a key competence that physicians need to learn. Determining competence levels is crucial to planning the learning process. By defining performance levels in qualitative terms, descriptive scales are a promising avenue. We developed a five-stage competence-level scale based on Blais, Laurier & Rousseau (2009) mixed methodology: 1) having researchers (n= 3) and a group of educators (n= 7), pedagogical leaders with expertise in the field of collaboration, list indicators that apply to the four training levels (preclinical, clerkship, junior and senior residencies); 2) conducting with clinician teachers, representative of various specialties (n= 277), an online survey that includes four questionnaires on the 118 indicator levels; 3) performing an analysis using the Rasch partial credit model on responses to questionnaires linked through concurrent calibration; 4) having educators and researchers determine the indicator levels; 5) creating a scale based on indicators at each level.  The iterative analysis of the responses shows that it fits the Rasch model and distributes indicators on the linear scale on the four levels. The educators were responsible for determining the level of 111 selected indicators by taking into account the results of the survey and coherence with the curriculum. The scale includes a descriptive paragraph for each level as it applies to the 3 abilities : 1) taking part in running the team; 2) preventing and managing conflicts; 3) planning, coordinating and providing care as a team.  The scale explains the collaborative behaviors expected at the end of each level and can be used to plan learning and evaluate competence. The source of disagreement between the levels set by the educators and those resulting from the analysis of clinician teacher responses are mostly explained by the low response by teachers at the preclinical level and misfit issues for the indicators describing conflict management. The research provided a broader understanding of collaboration competency and demonstrated the effectiveness of the Blais et al.1 methodology within the context of cross-curricular competency in health sciences. The methodology could be useful to go deaper into other competencies development path.

Keyphrases: Collaboration, Rasch, Clinical competence, Cooperative behavior, Competency-based education, Interprofessional relations, Undergraduate medical education, Graduate medical education, collaboration, Conflict, statisticals models, Rasch
Unintended Consequences of Strategies Implemented in Canadian Healthcare Organizations to Reduce Wait Times for Elective Hip and Knee Surgeries

Introduction: In response to federal government requirements regarding wait times for elective hip and knee surgeries, Canadian healthcare organizations have adopted wait list management strategies. However, there is currently no information available regarding the unanticipated effects, positive or negative, of these strategies.  Methodology: A model was constructed that broke down the management of elective hip and knee surgery into different steps, in order to identify the unanticipated potential effects for each step; the model was validated with a panel of experts. This study chose four case studies based on their sustainability: one case that was sustainable, one case that was moderately sustainable, and two cases considered unlikely to be sustainable. In this qualitative study, we conducted 31 semi-structured interviews between November 2010 and June 2011 with managers, nurses, therapists and surgeons involved in wait time management strategies for hip and knee surgeries. The four cases were selected from three provinces/areas. We analyzed potential unintended consequences at the systemic and organizational levels of using these strategies in each setting. Interview recordings were transcribed verbatim and subjected to framework analysis.  Results: Negative effects were the strategies’ precariousness due to non-recurrent funding, anxiety in patients not ready for surgery, a redistribution of surgical time toward orthopaedics at the expense of other surgeries, tensions between surgeons and between orthopaedic surgeons and anaesthesiologists, and significant pressure on personnel in the operating suite and in post-operative care. Conclusions: Strategy implementation at the national and local levels should take into consideration any potential consequences, positive and negative. There are unintended consequences at each level of healthcare organization. Individually and jointly, these consequences can positively and negatively affect outcomes. Therefore, health planning should analyze and take into account unintended consequences in terms of serendipities, trade-offs and negative consequences in order to improve results.

Keyphrases: Unintended consequences, serendipities, trade-offs, negative consequences, wait time strategies
L'évaluation des tests génétiques : considérations normatives et contextuelles

The objective of this paper is to outline the genetic tests evaluation methods. The paper also examines the growing use of genetic services provided by international laboratories.  The first article provides a review of the evaluation models specific to genetic testing and an analysis of their location on the translational pathway. The article outlines the origins of these models, their attributes and distinctive features and specifies the target audience to which they are intended. The comparative analysis of evaluation models highlights their strengths and limitations. The evaluative criteria of each model are located along the translational pathway to highlight the types of evaluations required at each stage of the genetic tests leading to their use.  The second article focuses on the effective use of genetic testing in a pediatric university hospital centre. More specifically, the article provides a comprehensive overview of all molecular genetic tests done outside of Québec by the CHU Sainte-Justine in 2009 due to the increase of available tests internationally compared to those offered in-house. The objective is to describe the state of the current situation and identify potential targets for process improvement and development of local testing.  The evaluation of genetic tests is approached from two perspectives: normative considerations related to the evaluation of genetic tests as recommended by the various evaluation models as well as a practical point of view in a university hospital.

Keyphrases: genetic testing, health technology assessment, cross-border genetic testing
Facteurs influençant l'implantation des adjoints au médecin au Québec

The intent of this exploratory study is to identify the factors that could influence the implementation of Physician Assistants in Quebec's medical system based on the opinions of General Physicians and Medical Specialists. The data were collected from semi-structured interviews conducted with 13 generalists and specialists from hospitals in the Montréal area and from the military clinic located in the Canadian Forces Base St-Jean (Québec).  The study showed that perceived obstacles such as corporatism and the lack of information about the profession could interfere with physician assistant integration.  However, participants agreed that these obstacles could be overcome. They have, at the same time, identified many very positive factors in favour of this integration. Physician assistants have unique skills and are already fully integrated in provincial health care systems in other Canadian provinces.  This study offers a better understanding and greater awareness of this expanding profession in our country and the progress towards its possible integration in Québec.

Keyphrases: Acceptation, Physician assistant, Physician, Integration, Québec health care system, Nurse practitioner
Le rôle de la MAPK non-conventionnelle ERK3 dans le développement thymique

Early thymic progenitor cells (ETP) enter the thymus and begin their differentiation process at the double negative (DN) stage, having no CD4 and CD8 expression. After a functional rearrangement of the beta chain of the T-cell receptor (TCR), the cells receive differentiation, proliferation, survival, and selection signals and pass to the double positive (DP) stage and acquire the expression of CD4 and CD8 molecules. Then, the TCR alpha chain is rearranged and the fully composed TCR is tested through positive and negative selection. If the TCR receives a signal that is just right (not too strong or too weak), the cells pass to the single-positive stage by acquiring either the CD4 or CD8 molecule. ERK3, an unconventional MAPK, plays an important role in thymic development. Previous studies have shown that a deficiency in ERK3 decreases by 50% the total thymic cellularity and by 75% the number of CD4 single- positive cells (CD4SP). We hypothesized that there is an increase in apoptosis in DP thymocytes of Erk3-/- mice for and that this deficiency would affect the positive selection of DP cells, resulting in a reduced number of CD4SP. To test the first hypothesis, we looked at apoptosis levels by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. In both cases, we were unable to detect a difference in the level of apoptosis in DP thymocytes from Erk3+/+ and Erk3-/- mice. We then made a second assumption, that the half-life of Erk3-/- DP thymocytes for was shorter, which was measured by secondary rearrangements of the RCT alpha chain by semi-quantitative PCR and cultures of fetal thymi. Indeed, ERK3 seems important to extend the half- life of DP thymocytes. Next, we used differential cell markers (CD69, CD5, and TCR) to see if the DP thymocytes are able to pass positive selection. Indeed, there are less DP thymocytes Erk3-/- that are CD69hi, CD5hi, and TCRhi. Finally, we wanted to know whether the functions of ERK3 passes through MK5, its only interacting partner known to date. After characterization of the thymus of Mk5-/- mice, we observe that only the reduction of CD4SP thymocytes is identical to that of CD4SP thymocytes of Erk3-/-mice. In conclusion, these results reveal important functions for the molecule ERK3 for maintaining the half-life of DP thymocytes, for the process of positive selection and for regulating T-cell development in a MK5-dependent and - independent manner.

Keyphrases: Thymopoisis, Thymus, Thymus, ERK3, ERK3, DP Half-life, Positive Selection, Apoptosis, MK5, MK5, CD4SP, CD4SP
Étude in vitro de l’implication des cytokines de type Th17 dans la fibrose hépatique

Background: Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are key initiators of the fibrogenic process. Intrahepatic CD4+ T cells are major producers of hepatoprotective cytokines such as IL-10 produced by regulatory T cells (Tregs) or inflammatory and regulatory cytokines like IL-17 and IL-22 produced by Th17 cells. Th17 cells have been implicated in various conditions or liver damage but the mechanism of action of Th17 cytokines on HSC is still poorly understood.  Aims: To understand the role of the different Th17 cytokines (IL17-A and IL-22) in modulating HSC activation. Methods: The HSC line LX2 was stimulated with increasing doses of IL-17A or IL-22, and compared to TGF-b and PBS-treated cells. Activation of HSCs was evaluated by examining the expression of the pro-fibrotic molecules alpha-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA), collagen type I (COL1A1) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase I (TIMP-I) by q-PCR. Protein expression was validated by either western blot or picro Sirius red stain. Cell surface expression of the cytokine receptors IL-10Rb, TGF-b-RII and IL-17RA was evaluated by flow cytometry.  Results: IL-17A and IL-22 alone did not induce LX2 activation, as no induction of a-SMA, COL1A1 and TIMP-I was observed. However, both IL-17A and IL-22 sensitized HSCs to the action of suboptimal doses of TGF-b, confirmed by strong a-SMA, collagen type I and TIMP-I gene expression and protein production. IL-17A but not IL-22 upregulated TGF-b-RII cell surface expression and partially inhibited TGF-b-RII downmodulation upon TGF-b stimulation. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated a pro-fibrotic function for IL-17A and IL-22, as both cytokines sensitize HSC to the action of TGF-b. IL-17A acts through upregulation and stabilization of the TGF-b-RII while IL-22 probably acts through an intracellular mechanism.

Keyphrases: Lymphocytes Th17, IL-17A, IL-22, Hepatitis, Liver fibrosis, Hepatitis C virus, Th17 lymphocytes, regulatory T lymphocytes, Hepatic stellate cells, IL-17A, IL-22