NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Comparaison des effets sur la croissance des maxillaires de l'utilisation du Forsus® versus celle des élastiques de classe II

Objective : To compare the effects on jaw growth of using Forsus Springs versus class II elastics.  Material and Method : A sample of 30 patients was treated non extraction.  Following a preliminary alignment phase with full fixed braces,  23 patients (14 girls, 9 boys)  were treated with Forsus and 7 patients (4 girls, 3 boys) were treated with elastics (mean age : 14,3yo).  Average wearing time : 0,5 y.  Cephalometric radiographs were taken at the end of the alignment phase and at the end of the functional phase.  Radiographic measurements were taken to assess the effects of both appliance types (ANS-PNS, SNA, SNB, ANB, Go-Pg, Ar-Go, Co-Gn, axe Y, Ar-Gn, Ar-Go-Me, FMA, POF/FH, PP/FH, B-Pg(PM), 1/-FH, 1/-/1, /1-PM).  Questionnaires to assess comfort with the appliances were given to the patients approximately halfway through treatment.  Results : No statistically significant differences in maxillary growth (ANS-PNS p = 0,93, SNA p = 0,12) or mandibular growth (Ar-Gn p = 0,03, SNB p = 0,02 and for the other 6 measurements p > 0,05) were noted between groups.  Both treatments proclined lower incisors and retroclined upper incisors, with the Forsus causing more retroclination of the upper incisors (1/-FH p = 0,007, /1-PM p = 0,10).  Forsus caused a statistically significant steepening of the occlusal plane (POF/FH p = 0,001).  With respect to patient comfort, there was no statistically significant difference between the two treatments, although maintaining oral hygiene was easier in the elastics group (for daily activities p = 0,19, oral hygiene p = 0,03, sleep p =0,76, general comfort p = 0,08).   Conclusions : The aim of this study being to assess the effectiveness of well worn class II elastics versus the effectiveness of Forsus, we can conclude that their effects are relatively similar on the maxillary bones.  However, Forsus cause a statistically significant increase of the inclination of the occlusal plane and greater retroclination of upper incisor.

Keyphrases: Forsus, intermaxillary elastics, class II, functional appliance
L’expérience de proches aidants au regard de leurs interactions sociales avec un parent atteint de démence et présentant un comportement d’errance en centre d’hébergement

This study aimed to explore and understand the experience of family caregivers in their interactions with wandering loved ones during their visits to long-term care facilities. A qualitative study was designed based on Khosravi’s (2003, 2007) concept of social interactions and Rogers’ (1970-1990) notion of the unitary human being. Using a semi-structured interview guide, individual interviews were conducted with five caregiving daughters of wandering parents residing in a nursing home.   Thematic analysis suggests that these caregivers are able to explain wandering by identifying several causes, including the search for known reference points, resurgent habits, the need for freedom and the desire to return home. The ability to explain the behavior was found to facilitate acceptance. This understanding and acceptance of the need for constant movement allowed caregivers to interact with their parents and enjoy “quality time” during visits. The caregivers had developed nonverbal communication strategies such as touching and fast walking to preserve these still meaningful interactions. They had also adapted by avoiding confrontation with the parent and showing creativity during wandering episodes.   The study’s findings shed light on potential intervention strategies for nurses to promote harmonious interactions between wandering residents and their caregiving loved ones.

Keyphrases: Wandering, social interaction, family caregiver, visit, long-term care
Les motivations des acteurs étatiques dans les interventions humanitaires : les États-Unis face aux cas du Rwanda (1994), du Kosovo (1999) et du Darfour (2003 à 2008)

This master’s thesis seeks to analyze what motivates a state’s military intervention in another state in order to stop mass human rights violations such as ethnic cleansing and genocide. Particularly, it tries to explain the United States inconsistent behavior towards genocide and ethnic cleansing during the Rwanda 1994, the Kosovo 1999, and the Darfur 2003 to 2008 humanitarian crisis. Using arguments of the realist approach in International Relations, whose main explanatory factor for state behavior is egoistic national self- interest, this paper examines the United States position during these three human rights crisis. Specifically, we seek to understand the United States non intervention during the Tutsi genocide in Rwanda in 1994, the United States intervention in Kosovo in 1999, and finally the United States non intervention during the mass killings in Darfur in 2003 to 2008. These case studies demonstrate that shifting definitions of the national self-interest motivate states to intervene or not intervene in ethnic cleansing and genocide crisis. First, during the 1994 Tutsi genocide in Rwanda, the United States chose to not intervene because the national interest, defined as the concentration on domestic affairs, would not be maximized by a military intervention. Secondly, the United States and NATO military intervention during the Kosovo crisis in 1999 can be explained by the pursuit of national self-interest maximization: in the post cold war context, the United States seek to strengthen their security engagements in Europe, to preserve their position and prestige in the international arena, to ensure regional stability as well as the NATO credibility. Finally, it will be argued that the national security self-interests motivated the United States non intervention in Darfur 2003 to 2008.

Keyphrases: Rwanda (1994), Kosovo (1999), Realism, National self-interest, Military humanitarian intervention, The United States, Genocide, Ethnic cleansing, Rwanda (1994), Kosovo (1999), Darfur (2003 to 2008)
The relationship between product design and
business models in the context of sustainability

Certain drivers in the fields of sustainability, business models, and product design are making the intersection between these three fields increasingly relevant. At this intersection is the opportunity to understand the relationships that exist between product design and business models to help decision makers develop more sustainable solutions. The methodology of this research uses a complex systems approach and is grounded in a pragmatist paradigm. To answer the question “In the context of sustainability, in what way are business models and product design related?”, this research has carefully analysed three cases: Better Place, a US based company that has developed a charging infrastructure for electric cars; Interface Inc., a global commercial carpet tile manufacturer based in Atlanta, Georgia; and Metacycle, a company concept developed by a team of design researchers in Montréal, Québec. Each case is analysed by correlating aspects of product design to elements of the business model and assessing how these relationships affect the sustainability of the company. The results show that product design, business models, and sustainability are inextricably connected. The results can be summarized in six key insights: there are universally applicable relationships; discontinuous design innovation can play a vital role in sustainability; sustainability is an emergent quality of a business model; key partnerships support systems level integration; a service revenue model has significant benefits and limitations; design innovation can help drive the shift to renewable energy. Conducting business model innovation and product innovation simultaneously can have large payouts in the form of creating new value, uncovering opportunities, and increasing efficiencies many fold, however the risks and costs of such a process are often very high. Applying the methodology and lessons of this research to one’s own organization could help to uncover new opportunities for innovation and help create more sustainable solutions. This research, by helping to understand and define how these areas are inextricably related and interdependent, will hopefully inspire further research on the subject and help others to use the intersection between product design and business model innovation to solve complex problems, be they social, environmental or otherwise.

Keyphrases: Sustainability, Product Design, Business Models, Innovation, Strategy, innovation
Étude des fonctions immunomodulatrices des lymphocytes T « Doubles-Négatifs »

Graft-versus-Host Disease (GvHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients receiving an allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT). Many regulatory T cell populations have been studied and shown to have immunosuppressive properties in GvHD. Among these populations, Double Negative CD4-CD8-TCRαβ+ regulatory T cells (DN T) have been described. These cells represent 1-3% of all T cell lymphocytes and are known to have antigen-specific inhibitory functions of the immune response. The suppression of an immune response by DN T cells seems to be an important mechanism involved in the induction of tolerance to allo-antigens. Moreover, these cells also confer immune tolerance in models of allogeneic and xenogenic grafts. DN T cells have the ability to suppress syngeneic T CD4+ and T CD8+ cells in an antigen-specific manner. Therefore, these DN T cells can inhibit the reaction caused by syngeneic effector cells against a specific alloantigen to which they have been previously exposed. However, they cannot inhibit a reaction directed against an unknown alloantigen. Human DN T cells have been isolated and characterized as cells that have the capacity to interact with APCs by cell-to-cell contact, just like in mice. However, their immunomodulatory properties are still unknown in humans. The goal of our project was to study the role and immunomodulatory functions of human DN T cells in Mixed Lymphocyte Reactions (MLR).   The MLRs have allowed us to demonstrate that DN T cells, after having been stimulated by an allo-antigen, have an antigen-specific inhibitory function towards the syngeneic effector cells reacting against the same alloantigen that they have been exposed to. Interestingly, they do not inhibit the reaction of these effector cells against an unknown alloantigen. However, stimulated DN T cells did not modulate the expression of the activation markers expressed by the effector cells and did not give a death signal to these cells either. Moreover, we also wanted to study how DN T cells have an immunosuppressive activity. Therefore, we compared the expression of Granzyme B in stimulated versus non-stimulated cells. Our results suggest that DN T cells may use the Granzyme B pathway to immunosuppress the effector cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that DN T cells have an antigen-specific inhibitory function. The mechanism used by these DN T cells remains to be confirmed with our future experiments.

Keyphrases: GvH, MLR, Immunomodulation, GvHD, allo-antigen, regulatory DN T cells
Intervention orthophonique et neurobiologie du cerveau : apports de la neuroimagerie à la prise en charge de l’aphasie chronique

Aphasia is an acquired language impairment leading to communication disorders which may affect comprehension and/or expression. When aphasia follows a stroke, major recovery of the communicative deficits is initially observed after the lesion, but for some the aphasia may remain severe and is considered to be chronic after a year. Furthermore aphasia can be observed in primary progressive aphasia, a degenerative disease only affecting language in the early years. The impact of therapy in chronic aphasia is the subject of growing literature in recent years and has shown language improvements after several years of therapy. The left hemisphere seems to have a crucial role and is associated with greater language improvements but our understanding of brain plasticity mechanisms is still lacking. In primary progressive aphasia, few studies have examined therapy effectiveness.  Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the aim of these studies was to examine therapy-induced brain plasticity mechanisms following Semantic Feature Analysis in ten participants suffering from chronic aphasia and one participant with primary progressive aphasia. The results suggest that brain reorganization is possible several years after injury and in degenerative disease. At the individual level, greater language improvement is associated with the recruitment of the left hemisphere and less activated areas. Group analysis shows the recruitment of left inferior parietal lobule, whereas the activation of left precentral gyrus predicts improved response to therapy. Functional connectivity analysis allowed for the first time the identification of the default-mode network in aphasia. Following therapy, the integration of this well-known network is comparable to that of the controls and the correlation analysis suggests that the default-mode network integration has a predictive value for improvement. Therefore, the results of these studies support the idea that the left hemisphere has a major role in the recovery of aphasia and provide evidence on therapy-induced neuroplasticity in aphasia. In addition, the identification of key areas and networks will guide future research in order to possibly maximize the recovery of aphasia and to better predict the prognosis.

Keyphrases: Chronic aphasia, Primary progressive aphasia, Language therapy, Brain plasticity, Neuroplasticity, Functional resonance magnetic imaging, Functional connectivity, Default-mode network
Mesure du développement de la capacité de discrimination auditive et visuelle chez des personnes malentendantes porteuses d’un implant cochléaire

The cochlear implant is an important resource for deaf people, as it is known that an auditory deprivation alters the auditory and the visual systems. We aimed to study the impact of deafness on the development of the auditory and visual systems. First, the study of these systems in a hearing population has shown that both systems develop at different rates and reach adult-like levels at different ages. These conclusions suggest that the mechanisms underlying these treatments are different and that their developments are independent. Moreover, as shown with the behavioral and the electrophysiological study, auditory frequency discrimination in cochlear implant users is altered and correlated with the speech perception performance. These two studies suggest that following deafness, the auditory discrimination is different from one individual to another, and also that these differences affect lower processing, as shown by differences found in auditory discrimination. Finally, a hearing deprivation also modifies the visual system, as shown by a reduction in the visual frequency discrimination. This last study suggests that normal development in one modality is required for the efficient development of the other modalities. Globally, the results shown in this thesis suggest that the auditory and visual systems have a distinct development, but are however linked and suggest the interdependence of the two systems.

Keyphrases: Audition, Vision, Cochlear implant, Development, Hearing, Vision, Frequency discrimination
Facteurs d’agrégation de l’anémie dans les ménages au Cameroun

The aggregation of anemia in a household is underlined when the anemia affects the entire household. The involvement of dietary and infectious factors in the etiology of anemia was demonstrated in the literature. Nevertheless, if the main cause of anemia in a population is iron deficiency, children and women are much more affected than men. If instead of that, anemia is associated with an infectious cause that affects the entire population, anemia will also reach the men. This work was initiated to test the hypothesis that, anemia is not specific to iron deficiency when it affects the entire household. This study examines survey data collected in Cameroon. Our analysis is based on a sub sample of 2331 subjects, including 777 women, 777 men and 777 children. The prevalence of anemia was 58% in children, 48.48% for women and 20.82% for men. Anemia was found concentrated in 34% of households. The SPSS program version 17.0 and specifically the logistic regression analysis were used to test the impact of each group of variables (factors related to the individual, health, household and community) on the aggregation of anemia in the households. The results of this study suggest that the aggregation of anemia occurs mainly when the child's health is compromised. The risk of aggregation is four times higher in homes where children are underweight and 6 times higher in households where children have a fever. Being from the region of southern's forest and belong to a household with average socioeconomic level would also be the risks factors for the aggregation.

Keyphrases: anemia, aggregation, underweight, logistic regression, Cameroon
Une tentatrice redoutable : la télévision chez Jean-Philippe Toussaint et Serge Joncour

If, since its emergence, television has created numerous reactions of contempt amongst the cultivated elites, its influence on individuals and society is undeniable. Literature could not have passed up on taking an interest in the nature and evolution of this so often discuss media with whom she maintains relations more complex than they appear. This study focuses on two novels that offer an especially elaborate and particular representation of the small screen and its role, La Télévision from Jean-Philippe Toussaint and Que la paix soit avec vous from Serge Joncour. Each of these is the object of one chapter. Besides offering an insightful criticism of the television media, these works of fiction bring forward its relations with the contemporary social imaginary. Toussaint highly focuses on the sociocultural turnovers caused by television and illustrates that it has so well invested itself in our everyday life that, henceforth, we may constantly confuse the real and virtual worlds. Joncour carefully describes its weight on our perception of reality and criticizes the superficial view of the world it inflicts. However their critical work, both novels connect to underline its power of fascination and present it such a fearsome temptress. Because it begins with an internal reading of the texts to relate them to the way that television, as a semiotic device, meaning as a sense producing machine, informs human reality, our study is positioned on the grounds of the sociocriticism of the texts.

Keyphrases: Télévision, Contemporary french literature, Sociocriticism, Television
Discours sociaux et aliénation dans deux romans de Gary Victor

Alienation, a major problem in Haitian literature, has been widely addressed by writers and scholars alike. Examples of this can be found and have been renewed in Haitian writer Gary Victor’s works, À l’angle des rues parallèles and Je sais quand Dieu vient se promener dans mon jardin. The aim of this research is to look at alienation brought on by the assimilation of discourses circulating within society. Victor’s works not only exhibit both collective and individual alienation and reveal the various mechanisms that provoke this « mania». He sets his narratives in a chaotic universe where the interdiscursive modalites of representation − namely of places and environments − come to reinforce the somewhat generalized impression of alienation.  Consequently, it is the most deranged of Victor’s characters that are seemingly the most lucid.  Borrowed notions of sociocriticism have aided in the development of the theoretical framework of this research.            This work is divided into five chapters. The first four chapters analyze the discourses presented as the character’s source of alienation. Chapter one focuses on the impact of these discourses with regard to the consumer society which no longer solely consists of the production, distribution and consumption of goods, but also management and interpersonal relations. Chapter two looks at religious beliefs including traditional indigenous beliefs and Catholicism. This chapter illustrates how such religious beliefs can be a potential danger-namely for the more credulous of people-and explains how they can even become a weapon for those with ill-intentions. Chapter three explores the political and historical discourses within Haitian society. It looks at how such discourses have become pernicious references to the Haitian society and how they are used by politicians to manipulate their own people.  Chapter four focuses on the perverse effects of the different discourses in social sciences, mainly philosophy and psychoanalysis, and shows the disastrous consequences that these discourses can bring when they are transformed into immovable principles.          The last chapter analyzes some of the modalities of this unique representation of alienation. Hostile settings, violent characters as well as the use of literary and cinematographic references which mark the social imaginary are some of the techniques utilized by Victor. This chapter highlights different characters, each of whom reveal a resistance to this demonic universe.          Studying the works of Victor gives way to reflection and encourages us to ponder the meaning of popular novel linked with modernity as defined by Alexis Nouss.  Through Victor’s work, one can begin to appreciate that this genre though frequently perceived as mere entertainment, can lend hand in the remedying of a society that is losing it’s bearings.

Keyphrases: Contemporary Haitian literature, Alienation, Sociocriticism, Interdiscursive, Popular novel, Modernity
Vérification temporelle des systèmes cycliques et acycliques basée sur l’analyse des contraintes

We present a new approach for formulating and computing time separation of events used for timing analysis of different types of cyclic and acyclic systems that obey to linear-min-max type constraints with finite and infinite bounded component delays. Our approach consists of formulating the problem as a mixed integer program then using the solver Cplex to get time separations between events. In order to demonstrate the practical use of our approach we apply it for the verification and analysis of an Intel asynchronous differential equation solver chip. Compared to previous work, our approach is based on exact formulation and it allows not only the maximum separation computing, but it can also provide cyclic schedules and compute bound on possible periods of such schedules.

Keyphrases: System verification and analysis, Time separation of events
La qualité de vie et la capacité fonctionnelle chez les patients
atteints de fibrillation auriculaire et d'insuffisance cardiaque
congestive

To determine if a rhythm control strategy improves quality of life and/or functional capacity compared to a rate control strategy in patients with atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure. Methods: To assess QoL, the Medical Outcomes Short Form-36 (SF-36) was administered to 749 patients included in the AF-CHF study at baseline and at 4 months. Functional capacity was assessed by NYHA class determined at baseline, 3 weeks, 4 months, and at 4-month intervals thereafter in 1376 patients and by 6 minutes walk test conducted at baseline, 3 weeks, 4 months, 1 year, and annually thereafter in 1099 patients. Results: The type of the assigned treatment had no significant impact on quality of life scores nor on functional capacity. Conclusion: Quality of life and functional capacity improved to a similar extent in patients randomised to rhythm versus rate-control strategies. Non-obese male patients with less comorbidities seem more likely to improve.

Keyphrases: AF-CHF, NYHA, AF-CHF, Atrial fibrillation, Congestive heart failure, Quality of life, NYHA, Six minutes walk test, Rhythm-control, Rate-control