Mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la régulation de l’acide polysialique (PSA) dans le néocortex visuel des souris durant la maturation des synapses GABAergiques

The functioning of the cerebral cortex requires coordinated action of two major neuronal subtypes - the glutamatergic projection neurons and the GABAergic interneurons. GABAergic interneurons represent 20 to 30% of all cortical cells. Even though they are a minor cell population in the cerebral cortex compared to glutamatergic neurons, they are key modulators of network dynamics and plasticity of neocortical circuits. It is therefore not surprising that aberrant development of GABAergic circuits is implicated in many neurodevelopmental disorders including epilepsy, Rett syndrome and schizophrenia. Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing the development of GABAergic inhibitory synapses in neocortex is important towards a better comprehension of how abnormalities in this developmental process can occur. Therefore, we focus specifically on the role of polysialic acid (PSA) in the development of GABAergic synapses. PSA is a α-2,8 polysialylated homopolymer, which is exclusively linked to the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM) in the mammalian brain. It is involved in several developmental processes including formation and plasticity of glutamatergic synapses; however its role in GABAergic circuit formation has not been explored so far. Previously in Dr Di Cristo’s lab, we showed that PSA is strongly expressed post-natally and its expression steadily declines during development in mice neocortex. We also showed that the developmental and activity-dependant regulation of PSA expression is inversely correlated with the maturation of perisomatic GABAergic innervation. Our aim is to characterize the molecular mechanisms regulating PSA expression in mouse iv visual cortex during post-natal development. Two polysialyltransferases, ST8SiaII (STX) and ST8SiaIV (PST), are responsible for PSA attachment to NCAM. By controlling the amount of PSA on NCAM, they can influence GABAergic synapses development. The mechanisms regulating STX and PST expression is crucial but remain still unknown. My research project focused on the mechanisms regulating STX and PST transcription in the mouse postnatal cortex. We used an organotypic culture system, which recapitulates many aspects of GABAergic synapse maturation as observed in vivo. Polysialyltransferases transcript levels were measured by qPCR and showed that STX and PST mRNA levels steadily decline during post-natal development in the mouse cortex; the sharpest reduction in the expression of both enzymes correlate with eye opening. We further demonstrate for the first time that STX mRNA levels is activity-dependant, requires the activation of NMDA receptors, an increase in intracellular Calcium levels and is PKC-dependent. Altogether, we show that the regulation of the expression of STX is the main mechanism responsible for PSA expression levels in the cortex around eyes opening. We next investigated whether epigenetic mechanisms regulate STX transcription and preliminary data suggest that histone acetylation and DNA methylation may contribute to STX expression during development. However, further experiments are required to confirm this hypothesis. In summary, understanding the mechanisms modulating STX and PST expression in the neocortex is essential for the comprehension of their precise role in GABAergic synapse maturation. This knowledge could allow us to modulate pharmacologically the expression of these enzymes; in turn overexpression of STX and PST may re-induce PSA expression, thereby destabilizing GABAergic synapses, and ultimately facilitating cortical plasticity in the adult.

Keyphrases: NMDA, GABAergic interneuron, Plasticity, Polysialic acid, Polysialyltransferase, Activity-dependent transcription, NMDA, Epigenetic