Legislation, health policy, and the utilisation of sexual and reproductive health services by people with disabilities : a mixed methods study in post-conflict Northern Uganda

Introduction: Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) rights are essential to achieve universal health coverage (UHC) for all, including people with disabilities. Uganda emerged from a 20-year armed conflict which created both disability and damage to health systems, especially in the Northern region. One Ugandan in five lives with some disability. Uganda adopted a series of normative tools promoting the rights of people with disabilities. However, their access to SRH services remains limited. More broadly, ableist gendered roles remain pervasive and men and youth with disabilities are less targeted by SRH programmes (Article 1). Health policies and their implementation need deeper contextualised analysis  to protect the right to health of people with disabilities. This thesis aimed to examine the perceived and empirical relationships among legislation, health policies, and SRH service utilisation among people with disabilities in post-conflict Northern Uganda.  Methods: A sequential exploratory mixed methods design was informed by the Intersectionality-based Policy Analysis (IPBA) framework. First, I conducted a multiple case study with five groups of policy actors (people with disabilities, service providers, disabled people’s organisations, national and international organisations, and national policy-makers). I thematically analysed 45 in-depth interviews and nine focus groups and observed seven health facilities regarding accessibility. Second, I analysed secondary data with multivariable logistic regressions, from the 2006, 2011, and 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Surveys regarding SRH service use among 15,739 individuals in the decade following the adoption of national legislation promoting the rights of people with disabilities. Third, I conducted a systematic review examining the relationships among legislation, health policies, and SRH service use among vulnerable populations in sub-Saharan Africa (1994-2019).  Results: This thesis highlights four main findings. First, the IBPA framework revealed complex relationships among legislation, health policy, and the use of SRH services by people with disabilities in Northern Uganda. These relationships were marked by policy implementation challenges, disability rights violation through multiple barriers to access, and intersecting vulnerabilities experienced by people with disabilities, exacerbated by underlying societal power structures. On one hand, the perceptions of different groups of policy actors converged by emphasising the ongoing SRH inequities faced by people with disabilities  (Articles 2 and 3). On the other hand, although SRH service use improved over time, it did not improve equally for everyone. The 10-year SRH service use trend showed nuanced patterns across people with different impairments; notably, richer women with hearing impairments were less likely than poor non-disabled women to have used safe motherhood services (Article 4). Second, despite identifying legislation and policy implementation challenges, the five groups of policy actors suggested several concrete and complementary recommendations to address barriers and operationalise transformative measures, such as disability data collection and budgeting (Articles 2 and 3). Third, research findings at the local level (Uganda) contextualised the findings at the regional level (sub-Saharan Africa), and vice versa. A 25-year systematic review showed that people with disabilities continue to be a blind spot in research on SRH service use and policy analysis (Article 5). Finally, the practice of reflexivity throughout the research revealed tensions in the application of ethics norms in the context of global health qualitative research with people with disabilities conducted in the Global South (Article 6).  Conclusion: The IPBA framework proved to be a useful and transformation-oriented analytical tool to disentangle complex policy implementation issues and multiple intersecting vulnerabilities and barriers to SRH service access and utilisation by people with disabilities. This thesis proposes two adapted conceptual frameworks for future disability-sensitive research focusing on equity-focused policy analysis in global health, integrating IBPA with Kingdon’s Policy Streams framework to enhance sensitivity to equity and Walt and Gilson’s Policy Triangle model to enhance sensitivity to the multiple dimensions of (in)equity. The Sustainable Development Goals emphasise inclusiveness and accountability. UHC for all is only possible through transformative action and research to fill knowledge and programmatic gaps, focusing on equity and human and disability rights. This thesis provides evidence enabling policy actors at different levels to act – now – to address and redress the social health inequities experienced by people with disabilities.

Keyphrases: Global health, People with disabilities, Intersectionality-based policy analysis, Health equity, Sexual and reproductive health, Health policy, Use of services, Mixed methods, Uganda, Post-conflict