NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
L’adoption intrafamiliale réalisée en Haïti par des Haïtiens québécois vivant à Montréal

Child protection in developing countries is, still today, an important social problem that continues to nourish preoccupations and debates on children’s future on the national and international levels. In spite of repeated interventions done by international organizations in the domain of child protection and advocacy throughout the world, the socioeconomic conditions of millions of children are worsening, leaving them with an astounding amount of despair for their future. The concern of helping these children in any given ways opened the path to the amplification of the international adoption phenomena throughout the world which seems to reflect a kind of international solidarity in favor of these children, but seems also to impose a sort of social protection of children that transcends national frontiers on the long run. In Haïti, the overload of poor life conditions, throughout it’s history for the majority, favored the onset, installment and perpetuation of a set of «helping hand strategies» based upon strong community links, that had a role of a buffer to help diminishing the impacts of poverty on the family and all of it’s members, but expending also, on some instances, on all the concerned community. In the particular Haitian dynamic, the child benefits of a sustained and durable attention. Thus, some members of the Haitian diaspora in North America, and most precisely in Montreal, have proceeded in adopting a child from their extended family still living in Haiti. The main objective of this study is to get an understanding of the inner motives for the Haitian within family adoption, and more specifically those realized by Haitians living in Montreal. More specifically, we wish to 1) understand the nature of the adoption decisions and it’s specificity in the context of the Haitian within family adoption for Québec adopting Haitian parents, 2) establish the steps and the context of adoption processes that characterizes the Québec Haitian parents and, 3) understand in which manner child protection is a concept within the concern of adoption from the standpoint of these adoptive Haitian parents.  This study enabled us to understand that the Haitian Montreal within family adoption process is marked by a great diversity of motives like : wanting a child, saving a child, social contribution, child’s social success, access to a better education, social disengagement, concern of keeping at distance clan spirit and child donation. If these motives have to do for the most part with the concept of child protection, they are also linked within the Haitian culture that sees, in the child, a true glimpse of hope for the improvement of the parents’ life conditions in their old ages.

Keyphrases: Haïti, within family adoption, child protection, international adoption, epi Ayiti
Terreur au féminin : érotisation, regard et pouvoir dans le cinéma d'horreur contemporain

Horror cinema, more specifically the slasher, a sub-genre that obtained its popularity during the 1980s, has often been the place for a discourse about sexual politics. The evolution of the heroines from some of the films of this decade is indissociable from the importance of context and culture. This work concentrates on the transformation of this female protagonist during the years. First, I will take a look at Judith Butler’s notion of gender performativity. My approach will also emphasize the gaze of the spectator with “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema’’ by Laura Mulvey and the Carol J. Clover’s theory of the Final Girl, the latter regarding those slasher female leading characters. Then, three movies of the new millennium will be analyzed: All the Boys Love Mandy Lane (2006), Teeth (2004) and May (2002). These analyses will serve to demonstrate the mechanisms at play in the construction of gender and sexual identity. Furthermore, they will reveal a new kind of female character, one who is both aware of her femininity and her/its power.

Keyphrases: Genre, Femme, Slasher, Horror films, Gender, Woman, Slasher
Décisions et perspectives : de la théorie de l'utilité à la philosophie de la volonté

The philosophical implications of Prospect Theory (1979), notably those concerning the introduction of a value function on outcomes as well as a weighting function on probabilities, have not been explored until now. The goal of this thesis is to construct a philosophical theory of the will based on the results of Prospect Theory. In order to understand how Prospect Theory was arrived at, it is necessary to study the Theory of Expected Utility of which it is the critical culmination, in particular the mathematical treatments of decision and utility by Ramsey (1926), von Neumann & Morgenstern (1947), and Savage (1954), which together constitute the foundations of classical decision theory. It was primarily the critique – from economics and cognitive psychology – of the axiom of independence, the ordering axiom and the transitivity axiom that gave rise to the subjective representational elements on the basis of which Prospect Theory was elaborated. These criticisms were made by Allais (1953), Edwards (1954), Ellsberg (1961), and Slovic & Lichtenstein (1968); studying their articles will elucidate how the transition from Expected Utility Theory to Prospect Theory occurred. Following these analyses, the concept of a Decisional Frame of Reference is introduced, which is the natural generalization of Prospect Theory’s concepts of a value function and a weighting function. This system, whose function is sometimes heuristic, serves to model decision-making in the element of representation, and consists of three phases: decisional scope, edition, and evaluation. Based on this structure a philosophical theory is proposed, including a new typology of decisions and an original explanation of the phenomena of weakness of will (akrasia) and of procrastination founded on the concepts of risk aversion and present overweighting, both of which stem from Prospect Theory.

Keyphrases: Procrastination, Decision, Will, Utility, Prospect Theory, Decisional frame of reference, Weakness of will, Procrastination
Du dialogue entre pensée et poésie chez le second Heidegger

The awakening of the question of Being was the great leitmotiv in Heidegger’s thought. This question does not exactly present a uniformity of formulation from Sein und Zeit to the last writings. In fact, if the main work of our thinker prepares the ground for a questioning of language and authentic speech, it does not yet explicitly link the problematic of Being to that of poetry. However, starting in the thirties, a turn will take place: poetry will become a privileged partner in the implementation of the question of Being. This tendency will become more radical in the subsequent decades, when the understanding of true language as poem will become increasingly focal. What lies behind this role allotted to poetic discourse in the work of Heidegger? What place has been reserved to the poetic saying in the larger frame of a philosophical hermeneutics directed towards the linguistic aspect of all existence? How shall one understand the link between a thought of the Ereignis, a quadripartite conception of the world and the foundation of Being through the saying of the poets? What parallels shall one draw between the respective tasks of the thinkers and poets in the context of an authentic dialogue? These questions will guide our journey and therefore trace the path for an interpretation with a particular emphasis on the privileged themes of the overstepping of traditional philosophy’s conceptual language, of the determining place of the Sacred and of the decisive responsibility of poets and thinkers in the project of the care of Being. Our aim will be to clarify the meaning of this recourse to poetry for a better understanding of how Heidegger has found in such a dialogue the conceptual resources that will fuel the momentum of his unique quest: an authentic approach of Being. The importance of this dialogue is indubitable: knowing that the history of metaphysics was characterized by the “forgetfulness of being” (Seinsvergessenheit), Heidegger thinks that another thought (das andere Denken) is still possible, but that it would have to unfold as a dialogue between thinking and poetry.

Keyphrases: Divin, Silence, Philosophy, Poetry, Metaphysics, Language, Nihilism, Sacred, Divine, Retreat, Danger, Difference, Silence
Le «travail du négatif» comme purification dans les Leçons sur la philosophie de la religion de Hegel

Purification is what moves the content of Hegel’s philosophy of religion. It is first active in the creation of Nature, which consumes itself in order to liberate the divine self-consciousness through human spirit. Secondly, it is active in the process of the objectivation of human spiritual productions, which are purified until Spirit comes to know itself in the world. The third form of purification is moral and gets its theoretical foundation in the Genesis.  According to Hegel, Judaism was the first belief system to identify the unity between divine and human natures; however, the myth is also about the birth of guilt as man does not immediately express his divinity, but his finiteness. As such, the divine process implies purification from naturality in favour of substantiality. Christianity will explicit this task through Jesus’s heroism and heroism in general will maintain itself until the rise of modern individualism and the rise of a religion capable of producing social cohesion—Lutheran Protestantism. However, individualism will eventually show its defectiveness since it will create more egoism than reconciliation. This problem will be the opportunity to criticize Hegel’s analysis of Christianity. Indeed, it seems that Hegel came to believe that religious vitality was necessary to the State's proper functioning, even though Christianity is no longer capable of creating guilt and responsibility by itself.  Nevertheless, as Christian values are now purified forms their contingencies and are now recuperated by customs and the State, it appears that society can now function without such a tradition.

Keyphrases: Absolu, Purification, Culture, Negativity, Absolute, Guilt, Jesus of Nazareth, Heroism, Modernity, Social cohesion, Civil religion
Quand l’appel à l’aide n’est pas entendu : l’expérience de femmes en processus de sortie de la prostitution

This thesis focuses on the experiences of women in the process of leaving prostitution. It aims to understand the barriers these women face in order to receive social interventions that are accessible and that facilitate their exit from prostitution. This qualitative research builds on 11 individual interviews with women aged between 26 and 55 years and living in Montreal, the Laurentians and Abitibi.  Although many women in prostitution want to exit, there are few social interventions to help them in this regard. Public services are largely inadequate both regarding their accessibility and their response to the needs of these women. Few studies have focused on support services to facilitate exiting prostitution, especially in Quebec. This thesis is anchored in a feminist abolitionist perspective with standpoint theory as the epistemological framework. The results highlight the barriers to accessibility of services including compartmentalisation of services and a manifest refusal to provide social support interventions for women. This study also gives an account of the experience of interventions that hinder the exiting process: 1) punitive practices, 2) those providing limited assistance to women or 3) their adaptation to prostitution. The conclusion proposes the implementation of innovative social practices that take into account the social constraints that lead women into the sex industry and keep them there as well as the consequences of the very experience of prostitution on them.

Keyphrases: Prostitution, Women, Prostitution, Exit process, Social interventions, Public services, Accessibility of services, Adequacy of services, Barriers to services, Feminist abolitionism
Étude des tensions au sein de la cellule familiale dans l’œuvre de Ying Chen

If the first novels of Chinese born Canadian author Ying Chen could easily be linked to migrant literature, her latest books do not fit so neatly into this corpus. However, critics generally still approach her work from that same perspective. This study aims to analyse Chen’s novels that depict the ‘‘same’’ anonymous narrator from a more appropriate viewpoint: the perspective of the family unit.  The feminist works regarding women role within patriarchy and the critical studies on the narratives of filiation shape our own analysis of the tensions within the family in Chen’s novels. The corpus of study consists of Immobile, which rejects parentage in favour of imaginary ancestors, Le Mangeur, focusing on an overbearing fatherhood and Un enfant à ma porte, that recounts a failed experience of maternity.

Keyphrases: Ying Chen, Quebec literature, migrant literature, Novel, Feminism, Narratives of filiation
The Transnational Diffusion of Contemporary Violent Resistance : The Case of New Insurrectionalism

This thesis aims at understanding the transnational diffusion of the contemporary phenomenon of 'new insurrectionalism'. It is a novel form of contestatory violence, based in the anarchist philosophy, and in opposition to the domination of the State and capitalist systems. This subject is particularly interesting due to its innovative understanding and organization of revolutionary struggle, and because of its novel forms and interpretations of violent action. The study is situated within the contemporary context of globalization, since it is the growth of this phenomenon that is said to have contributed to the emergence of new insurrectionalism. In order to demonstrate this link, we will examine several types of literature: authorship concerning transnational diffusion of politics and struggles; analyses about the use of terrorist and insurrectionary violence; and, finally, communiqués and statements published by insurrectionalist actors and thinkers.   The methodology employed here is that of a qualitative study of a transnational phenomenon, in the form of a comparative study of new insurrectionalism in five countries (Greece, Italy, Mexico, Chile, and Indonesia). The analytical frame is that of the 'comprehensive approach', placed in the context of transnational diffusion, which seeks to understand a social movement from the inside, giving voice to those who participate in it.  New insurrectionalism is a transnational struggle, an opposite reflection of economic and political globalization, and it is diffused more easily due to its flexibility, the primacy of local struggles, decentralization, horizontal relations, and a struggle against hierarchy, domination and exploitation.

Keyphrases: insurrection, diffusion, transnational, violence, terrorism, anarchism, insurrectionalism, globalization, ideology
Le parcours en emploi des immigrantes sélectionnées au Québec : quelles différences avec leurs homologues masculins ?

Quebec’s retrospective survey on selected workers (Enquête sur les travailleurs sélectionnés) was used to analyze the relationship between education and employment for immigrant women, arrived as primary movers. The analysis also offers a perspective on their integration in the labour market, as compared to that of their male counterparts. A special attention is placed on the effect of gender and the region of origin, as well as the interaction of these two variables for access to employment. Semi-parametric Cox models highlight how individual characteristics, as well as training in the host country, affect the hazard rates of first employment corresponding to pre-migration levels of education. Linear regressions are then used to show the determinants of wage after a two-year residence period in Quebec. The results reveal no differences regarding access to qualified employment for women and men. Differences appear, however, when looking at the country of origin, with a clear advantage for migrants from Western Europe and the United-States. Gender based distinctions are therefore shown on access to first employment and wages, with female doing worst in these two outcomes. Among this group, almost no distinctions appear according to their region of origin, whereas when looking at male immigrants, the group proofs to be more heterogeneous. Moreover, individual characteristics, such as French knowledge and the admission category, have been found to have different effects on women and men regarding access to first employment.

Keyphrases: Immigration, Travailleurs sélectionnés, Canada, Migration, Gender, Employment, Selected workers, Points system, Quebec, Canada
La vente de contrefaçon d’objets de luxe à New York

Present since Roman Empire, and that well beyond the simple "articles de Paris", counterfeiting has been introduced in all areas of manufacturing. The objective of this research is to determine what are the reasons and motivations for an immigrant group to specialize in selling counterfeiting luxury. To answer this, we propose two hypotheses. On the one hand, the international politico-economic context is such that it favors a small group of countries and limits, in return, the opportunities of in many countries in development. Developed countries modulate, or lobby, international organizations according to their values and they want to draw the greatest benefits. Often, these benefits are harmful to the others. Secondly, within moving populations, some people are choosing (inevitably or strategically) to confine themselves in a street trade, sometimes illegal, as is the case of the counterfeiting luxury’s selling. On the other hand, illegal trade cannot be fully imposed to individuals by external forces. Thus, it is shown in this work that the sale of counterfeit features meets some expectations and constraints of sellers: illegal immigrant status, no job experience in the host country, no schedule constraints, working outside and, especially, promoting social life jobs.

Keyphrases: Immigration, New York, Counterfeit luxury goods, Globalization, Immigration, Informal economy, New York City
Le problème goth au IIIe siècle ap. J.-C. : perceptions et réalités, solutions et échecs militaires

At the very heart of the crisis of the Third Century, the Empire suffered all-out war from Barbarians, all of a sudden more numerous and eager than ever. Among these peoples were the Goths, recently arrived, who kept the Romans and their armies at bay for twenty long years. Considering the many defeats, sometimes catastrophic, and the numerous cities that fell and were sacked by the invaders, this work aims at developing a new approach to understanding the failures which the Romans experienced, as well as the military solutions they implemented against the Goths during the Third Century. The major defeats the Roman experienced during the decade 250 on the lower-Danube and then in the Black Sea region seem to partly find an explanation in the lack of knowledge the Romans had of the Goths. The first important Roman victories against the Goths under the reigns of Gallienus and after him Claudius Gothicus were made possible thanks to an evolution of the Roman strategy facing this enemy, including the promotion of the use of cavalry and the anticipation of the invaders’ attacking patterns. Aurelian’s political and military decisions in the region show that the Romans had at last adapted to the threat, changing the way they saw the now better-known Goths.

Keyphrases: Goths, Danube, Invasion, Roman History, Army, Seeing the other, Ethnography, Third Century, Crisis, Cniva, Gallien
Dompter le dragon : l’économie politique de la drogue et le conflit armé en Birmanie

Armed conflict in drug-producing countries such as Burma conflict, are among the longest in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. In these conflicts, the drug industry is often portrayed as the source of funding that allows insurgent groups to continue their struggle against the central government. However, the Burmese illicit economy grew both during armed conflict and during a period of increased stability. An analysis of the Shan, Kokang and Wa regions of Burma’s Shan State demonstrates that drug industries have flourished during armed conflict and in its absence when elites have agreed to share rents from the industry.

Keyphrases: Myanmar, Was, Kokangs, Shans, opium, ATS, Burma, drug trafficking, armed conflict, Shan State
La communauté à l’épreuve de la technologie : les groupes et centres autogérés de cinéastes au Québec et en Ontario à l’heure de la digitalisation

This thesis proposes to study the conditions and the perspectives of the artist-run centers faced with the changes caused by the digitalization of the factors of production and distribution. The analysis about the evolution of these organizations is illustrated by four specific cases: le Vidéographe and la Coop Vidéo in Montreal, and the Liaison of Independent Filmmakers of Toronto and V-Tape in Toronto. From a history of these groups, the social context and the artistic practices binding their emergence in the 70’s, this study highlights their transformations brought about by the arrival of the new medium and the Internet at the turn of XXIst century. The research is based on a detailed archival work of these groups and the governmental reports. Several interviews with the mains stakeholders bring out the currents issues and initiate some thought about the longevity of the artist-run centers.

Keyphrases: Autogestion, Culture ontarienne, Film cooperative, Self-management, Independent cinematography, Artist-run centers, Media arts, Digital, Quebec culture, Ontarian culture
Le masque de Géricault : une relique romantique

In 19th century’s France, the practice of death mask has reached a level of popularity rarely seen in history. The mask of Géricault is an emblematic object of french’s material culture of this time. By inscribing this object in romanticism, this thesis intends to elucidate its historical signification. The reproduction of the mask, its manipulation and its exhibition in the romantic artist’s studios contributed to construct the mythology and the posthumous figure of Géricault as a martyr of art. Thus, the mask fully pertains to romanticism. On the base of the research of Paul Bénichou and Éric Michaud, we understand this movement as “sublating” Christianity and its strategies of myth construction. We therefore acknowledge the necessity to consider our object as a secular relic, which supports the new cult of the artist. From that point, with respect to Hans Belting’s anthropology of images, we explore the way the production of this mask renews some Christian devotional practices, as well as some funerary practices of the first human societies. Concurrently to the painter’s work of art, the mask acquires the anthropological signification of being the corpse’s perennial substitute. Through the cult, the mask “resocializes” the dead and gives it a posthumous life. We next analyze the principal uses of the mask of Géricault in the 1830-40’s by focusing on the locations of its reception : the museum, the collection and the studio. Then, we examine the account of the historian Jules Michelet and the painter Eugène Delacroix. Finally, we articulate together the posthumous figure of Géricault and his work in its strategy of fragmentation.

Keyphrases: Géricault, Death mask, Romanticism, Relic, Anthropology of images