NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Une évaluation de la dimension de la lumière de boîtiers 0,018" provenant de quatre différents manufacturiers. Existe-t-il un standard dans l’industrie?

Introduction: The objective of this experimental research was to evaluate the slot’s vertical dimension and profile of four different 0.018″ self-ligating brackets and to identify the level of tolerance accepted by manufacturers during the fabrication process. It was then possible to calculate and compare the torque play of those brackets using the measured values and the nominal values.  Material and Methods: Twenty-five 0.018″ self-ligating brackets of upper left central incisors from the following manufacturers, Speed® (Strite Industries, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada), InOvationR® (GAC, Bohemia, NY, USA), CarriereLX® (Ortho Organizers, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and SmartClip® (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA), were evaluated using electron microscopy with 150X images. The height of each bracket was measured at every 100 microns of depth from the lingual wall at five different levels. A Student T test was then used to compare our results with the manufacturer’s stated value of 0.018″. To determine if there was a significant difference between the four manufacturers, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed at the significance level of p<0.05. The torque play was then calculated using geometrical formulas.  Results: On average, Speed brackets were oversized by 2.7%[MV 0.0185″ (SD:0.002)], InOvationR by 3.7% [MV 0.0187″ (SD:0.002)], CarriereLX by 3.2% [MV 0.0186″ (SD:0.002)] and SmartClipSL by 5.0% [MV 0.0189″ (SD:0.002)]. The height of all brackets was significantly higher than the nominal value of 0.018″ (p<0.001). The slot of SmartClip brackets was significantly larger than those of the other three manufacturers (p<0.001). None of the brackets studied had parallel gingival and occlusal walls; some were convergent and others divergent. These variations can induce a torque play up to 4.5 degrees with a 0.017″x0.025″ wire and 8.0 degrees with a 0.016″x0.022″ wire. Conclusion: All studied brackets were oversized. None of the brackets studied had parallel gingival and occlusal walls and there was no standard between manufacturers for the geometry of their slots. These variations can cause a slight increase of the torque play between the wire and the bracket compared with the nominal value.

Keyphrases: dimension, Speed, CarriereLX, InOvationR, SmartClip, self-ligating, brackets, slot, size
Étude rétrospective des malocclusions dento-squelettiques associées à la scaphocéphalie

Introduction: Scaphocephaly, the most common unisutural craniosynostosis (1/2000), results from a premature fusion of the sagittal suture. Usually, cranial vault corrective surgery is performed during the first year of life. There is currently no scientific data regarding occlusion of scaphocephalic patients, or the potential effect of craniovault surgery on the occlusion.  Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to describe occlusion in scaphocephalic patients and to compare with a general pediatric population matched for age and gender. The second objective is to compare the difference in occlusion of surgically treated scaphocephalic subgroup versus unoperated scaphocephalic subgroup. Methods: Ninety-one scaphocephalic patients (2-11 y.o.; 71 boys) from the craniofacial clinic of CHU Ste-Justine’s database formed our experimental group. All patients received an orthodontic assessment and were followed up. Among them, forty-four underwent craniovault surgery while forty-seven remained unoperated. Thirty-eight (33 boys; 17 operated) had lateral cephalometric radiographies, some of whom also had cephalometric growth follow-ups.  Results: Clinical values for dental classification and overjet indicate an increased prevalence of class II malocclusions in scaphocephalic patients. However, cephalometric values indicative of skeletal class II malocclusions (i.e. N-A perp HP, N-B perp HP, N-Pog perp HP, Wits, N-A-Pog) remained within normal limits. Some cephalometric values present statistically significant differences between operated and unoperated patients (ANS-PNS t2, p=0.025; /1-FH t2, p=0.028), but these are individual variations not related to scaphocephaly. Conclusion: Scaphocephalic patients clinically present more class II malocclusions when compared with normal children. Radiographic values remain however within normal limits for both antero-posterior and transverse dimensions. Corrective craniovault surgery does not affect occlusion in these patients.

Keyphrases: scaphocephaly, sagittal suture, craniofacial growth, dento-skeletal malocclusion
Pharmacocinétique de population du propofol chez le chien

The variability of plasma concentrations measured during general anesthesia with propofol is directly related to inter-animal variability of its pharmacokinetics. The objective of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of propofol and to investigate the effects of demographic variables on the pharmacokinetic parameters. Dogs (n = 44) that participated in this study were anesthetized with propofol at 6 months (n = 29), 12 (n = 21) and/or 24 months (n = 35). Anesthesia was induced with propofol (average dose of 5 mg) and maintained with an infusion (initial rate of 360 mg/kg/h). Infusion adjustment and bolus doses were performed if required by the behavior of the animal . A stratified randomization of both sexes on two premedications groups [acepropmazine (0.05 mg /kg I.M) or Acepropmazine (0.05 mg /kg I.M) and butorphanol (0.1 mg /kg IM)]. Blood samples were collected from t = 0 to t = 300 minutes or more. A total of 1339 samples were analyzed. A 3-compartment mamillary model showed good predictive performances. The average values of CLt  V1, CL2, V2, CL3 and V3 were 0.65 L/min (SD=0.24), 2.6 L (SD=2.04), 2.24 L/min (1.43), 9.6 L (SD=7.49), 0.42 L/min (SD=0.199), 46.4 L (SD=40.6) respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters obtained showed a large inter-individual variability, in particular CL2, V1, V2 and V3. Adding to the model the covariates weight to CLt and V2, age to CL3 and V3, and kinship to V2 and V3 to the model to improved the performance and the quality of adjustment. Therefore, V1 and CL2 are constant parameters in this population.

Keyphrases: Co-variables, Propofol, Pharmacokinetics, Population, Covariates, Dog
La survie implantaire suite à une réhabilitation par mise en charge immédiate d’une prothèse totale mandibulaire reliée à deux implants non jumelés :  une étude pilote expérimentale

Problem: There is a theoretical and practice knowledge gap in regard to immediate loading of unsplinted implants in edentulous individuals. Objectives: This study aimed to: (1) determine the implant survival rate of 2 unsplinted implants supporting a mandibular complete overdenture following an immediate loading protocol, (2) assess marginal bone level and implant stability changes of these immediately loaded implants in a 4-month period and compared them to a control implant, and (3) describe the clinical complications associated with this mode of loading. Methods: In 18 edentate individuals (mean age 62±7 years), this phase-I trial with a pre/post design assessed the clinical outcomes following the immediate loading (<48 hours) of 2 unsplinted implants supporting a mandibular overdenture.  Periapical radiograhs, bone probing measurements and resonance frequency analysis were used to assess marginal bone losses and implant stability changes of these two implants inserted in the mandibular parasymphyseal region, at baseline (T0) and 4-month follow-up (T1).  A non-submerged and non-loaded implant inserted in the mandibular symphysis was used as a control.  Data were analyzed using linear mixed models, adjusted Tukey tests, Friedman’s analysis of variance and Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests. Results: From T0 to T1, 3 immediately loaded implants failed in 2 patients.  This resulted in an implant survival rate of 91.7% (33/36), and, per patient, of 88.9% (16/18).  No control implant failed.  The marginal bone losses around loaded implants were -0.2 ± 0.3 mm for radiographic measurements and -0.5 ± 0.6 mm for probing measurements.  There was no statistically significant difference between immediately loaded and control implants in regard to the supporting marginal bone losses.  The implant stability levels increased of 5 ISQ units regardless of loading.  There was no statistically significant difference in the mean ISQ levels between immediately loaded and control implants at T0 or T1.  Five out of 18 patients experienced no clinical complication, while 9 of them had at least two.  Apart from implant failures, none of these clinical complications led to changes in the protocol.  Conclusion: The short-term results suggest that: (1) the implant survival rate following the immediate protocol is similar to those reported during a conventional loading protocol, (2) marginal implant supporting bone and stability changes are not different compared to those of a control implant, (3) a high level of clinical and surgical experience is required to perform the procedures and to manage the associated complications.  These preliminary results should be confirmed in a phase II clinical trial.

Keyphrases: dental implant, immediate loading, mandibular complete implant-retained prosthesis, unsplinted abutments
Utilité de pictogrammes pour améliorer la santé bucco-dentaire et le comportement des enfants autistes

Introduction : Dental care for children with autism is a challenge for parents and dentists. Efforts should be made to improve preventive measures and education of parents.  Literature review : Autism is defined as a qualitative disorder of social interaction and communication, repetitive and stereotyped behaviors or activities and by a hypersensitivity to physical stimuli. The lack of cooperation for brushing teeth prevents good oral hygiene in autistic children. Problem : The autistic child is a challenge for the dentist, but also for his parents during daily hygiene. Few clinical studies have examined the utility of pictograms in the delivery of daily dental care and professional. Hypothesis : The use of pictograms improves cooperation of autistic children at the dentist and at home for daily dental care, giving them a better oral hygiene. Materials and methods : According to an experimental randomized design, 17 experimental subjects (with pictograms) and 18 control subjects were recruited at the CHU Sainte-Justine, then reassessed six times over a period of 12 months. Hygiene was marked by a plaque index and the behavior by the Frankl scale. Results : No significant difference was observed between the experimental and control group for the plaque index and the Frankl scale. Overall, lower plaque index and improved behavior were noted for both groups over the 12-months study period. Conclusion : The results of this study do not confirm that the pictograms help to improve oral health and behavior of children with autism in daily and professional dental care.

Keyphrases: Verbal, Non verbal, Autism, Autistic, Verbal, Nonverbal, Visual support, Systematic desensitization, Frankl scale, Plaque index
La recherche comme partage. Compte-rendu de La recherche en contexte de vulnérabilité – engagement du chercheur et enjeux éthiques, sous la direction de Nathalie Mondain et Arzouma Éric Bologo

La recherche en contexte de vulnérabilité – engagement du chercheur et enjeux éthiques, edited by Nathalie Mondain and Arzouma Eric Bologo, presents a series of lucid articles and valuable lessons about the limits of a rigid application, in the field, of a priori methodological and research ethics procedures. The authors suggest that these limits may be countered by the participation of all stakeholders in the in situ co-construction of a project, ensuring its relevance and validity.

Keyphrases: éthique, reconnaissance, consentement, vulnérabilité, ethics, recognition, consent, data restitution, vulnerability, land, Africa, public health
Le principe d’autonomie individuelle et le respect de la hiérarchie : La situation particulière des agents de santé participant à une recherche au Burkina Faso

This case study relates to difficulties regarding the autonomy of participants in some scientific research in the context of health administration in Burkina Faso.

Keyphrases: Burkina Faso, global health, ethics, respect for autonomy, informed consent, decision hierarchy
Could Staying Human in Medical Training Help Make Medicine Humane? Review of Allan D. Peterkin, Staying Human During
Residency Training

In Staying Human During Residency Training. How to survive and Thrive after Medical School, Dr. Allan D. Peterkin provides guidance and tools to medical residents, with a common thread the wellbeing of the person in each resident, essential to staying humane during the demanding training called residency. This review focuses on ethics, as presented in the author’s discourse, in a chapter specifically dealing with clinical ethics.

Keyphrases: formation médicale, éducation médicale, residency, medical training, wellbeing, medical education, medical ethics
Disunion City : the fashion of urban youth in Montreal, Quebec

This small-scale ethnographic study conducted through methods of participant-observation investigates the nature of fashionable trends among a selected urban youth populace found in a large urban center in French-speaking Canada. Participants identify one “look” as emblematic of the Plateau, a demographically diverse and commercially dynamic borough. The Plateau is promoted by its municipal organizations as a hub of Montreal’s fashion, arts and culture. Locals and tourists treat the Plateau as an environment which facilitates the performance of self-realization and transformation, particularly among locals aged 18 to 30. Members of this age set appropriate fashionable dress and participate in many creative pursuits in order to make real authentic expressions of their embodied selves. However, as commercial fashions are introduced to local consumers, the youth perceives the mainstream “hipster” look to be an inauthentic representation of their quest to be authentically individual. The researcher discovers the existence of an ideology of individuality restricted to the boundaries of the borough. Given the animosity present among the Plateau’s local population for the mainstream hipster look, collectively these findings suggest there is a need to better understand the relationship negotiated between commercial Western fashion and its consumers at the level of the individual and in the local in ever globalizing urban spaces. The context of fashion in this environment is branded by the assumption that the value of being different is imagined and worthwhile in this community only if one has the confidence to stand alone within its disunion.

Keyphrases: Montreal, Ethnography, Fashion, Authenticity, Identity, Urban Anthropology
Exploring the neural entrainment to musical rhythms and meter : a steady-state evoked potential approach

The ability to perceive a regular beat in music and synchronize to it is a widespread human skill. Fundamental to musical behavior, beat and meter refer to the perception of periodicities while listening to musical rhythms, and usually involve spontaneous entrainment to move on these periodicities. However, the neural mechanisms underlying entrainment to beat and meter in Humans remain unclear. The present work tests a novel experimental approach, inspired by the steady-state evoked potential method, to explore the neural dynamics supporting the perception of rhythmic inputs. Using human electroencephalography (EEG), neural responses to beat and meter were recorded in various contexts: (1) mental imagery of meter, (2) spontaneous induction of a beat from rhythmic patterns, (3) multisensory integration, and (4) sensorimotor synchronization. Our results support the view that entrainment and resonance phenomena subtend the processing of musical rhythms in the human brain. Furthermore, our results suggest that this novel approach could help investigating the link between the phenomenology of musical beat and meter and neurophysiological evidence of a bias towards periodicities arising under certain circumstances in the nervous system. Hence, entrainment to music provides an original framework to explore general entrainment phenomena occurring at various levels, from the inter-neural to the inter-individual level.

Keyphrases: Neuroscience, cognition musicale, EEG, steady-state evoked potentials, rhythm perception, sensorimotor synchronization, multisensory integration, beat perception
Neuron-Derived Semaphorin 3A is an Early Inducer of Vascular Permeability in Diabetic Retinopathy

The deterioration of the blood retinal barrier and consequent macular edema is a cardinal manifestation of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the clinical feature most closely associated with loss of sight. While macular edema affects over 25% of patients suffering from diabetes, currently available treatment modalities such as locally administered corticosteroids and recently approved anti-VEGF therapies, present several drawbacks. Although recent insight on the pathogenesis of DR points to a breakdown in the neurovascular unit, neurovascular cross-talk and its influence on diabetic ocular vasculopathy has thus far received limited attention. Here we provide the first evidence from both human and animal studies for the critical role of the classical neuronal guidance cue Semaphorin3A in instigating pathological macular vascular permeability in type I diabetes. Investigation of the dynamics of expression reveal that Semaphorin3A is induced in the early hyperglycemic phases of diabetes within the neuronal retina and precipitates initial breakdown of endothelial barrier function. Using the streptozotocin mouse model as a proxy for human diabetic retinopathy, we demonstrate by a series of orthogonal approaches (gene silencing or treatment with soluble Neuropilin-1 employed as a Semaphorin3A trap), that neutralization of Semaphorin3A efficiently prevents retinal vascular leakage. Our findings identify a new therapeutic target for DME and provide further evidence for neurovascular cross-talk in pathogenesis of DR.

Keyphrases: Semaphorin 3A, Edema, Diabetes, Diabetic retinopathy, Retinal ganglion cell
Le design expérientiel dans l'espace marchand

As a result of the merging of two disciplines, interior design and branding, experiential design was developed in response to the refinement of the offer and of the new consumption patterns.  An emerging field of practice, it tends to communicate a memorable and an immersive experience to the client through the retail environment.  A rich litterature already exists in the marketing field on experiential design, but it is less documented in the interior design field.  Indeed, few studies show, in a concrete manner, how the retail space is designed in a context where experiential design is used or try to explain its physical imprint on the commercial environment.  The objective of this study is twofold: to contribute to a better understanding of experiential design as an emergent practice and to the identification of environmental attributes that are specific to retail spaces that are thus created.  With the intention to study the phenomenon of experiential design through the conceptual dimension behind its practice as well as its final result, the methodological strategy adopted in this research rely on semi-structured interviews conducted with professionals, whose practice is based on experiential design, and on the direct observation of three known experiential commercial projects.  The outcome of this research and the results obtained from the field study will clarify the existence of a design process that is specific to this practice and the presence of founding concepts, instead of identifying elements of interior design that are specific to the creation of commercial environments.  It appeared clearly during the study that this process and the desire to implement a strong communication strategy seem to be more important when comes the time to define and understand experiential design and its practice than the attributes of the retail space as such.

Keyphrases: Communication, Retail space, Experience, Interior design, Communication, Brand image, Consumption
La mise en présence dans l'acte d'achat : là où la consommation engendre le scénario

This research investigates the purchasing moment and opens a breach in the mysterious relationship that we develop with consumer goods. Micro-economics and the sociology of consumption considers that the consumer makes rational choices through a buying process (Langlois, 2002). This process is divided into five stages: problem recognition, information search, evaluating alternative options, choice and post-purchase analysis (Bree, 2004). Although the stage of choice is certainly the turning point, because it determines the final choice leading to the purchase, it is often understood as the result of prior calculations and not as a moment governed by its own dynamics. The dominant paradigm in terms of choice, the rational choice theory, argues that we choose to optimize our situation by selecting the choice that gives us the most value for the least cost (Abell 1991). However, critics of the rational choice theory argue that the multiplicity of choices encouraged by our society generates stress when buying that confuses the judgment. This invites us to consider the uniqueness of the moment leading to the choice. What is happening in the consumer’s mind when it is in the presence of an object? In fact, the influence of the object’s presence on judgement is often not considered by the disciplines interested in consumer behavior. The presence refers to the moment when an individual is in the presence of a specific object or a representation of an object. When placed in contact with the object, the consumer will make an aesthetic judgment, and will experience emotion. Indeed, the judgment will be potentially related to sensations of beauty (Hutcheson, 1991), or to emotions caused by a specific object. Despite this, the aesthetic judgment is disregarded when it comes to influences on consumer choice. Also, it appears that emotion can occur when brought in presence of an object in consumption and generate an emotional judgment. We define emotions as an affective state revealed in a situational moment (Desmet, 2002). Thus, we developed the main research question: in what ways the presence of object can impact the consumer judgment during the buying process. We conducted a survey based on a qualitative approach with consumers and the results are presented and discussed here. This allows an opening on new research possibilities. The survey attempted initially to identify the impact of the presence of the object in the purchasing process. The shopping story of four participants is analyzed using elements such as criteria, factors, constraints and influences. The survey shows among other things that the moment of presence intervenes and modifies the consumer's judgment. The analysis of the interviews highlights a trend among our participants to create imagined scenarios throughout the buying process, especially during times of development presence. We observed that the moments of presence feeds the scenario and allows him to create future life scenarios based on the interactions with other consumer goods.

Keyphrases: design, consumption, scenario, aesthetic, emotion