NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Simulations Monte Carlo de régions d'interaction en corotation dans le vent d'étoiles chaudes

The presence of large-scale structures, named Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs), seems to be universal in the winds of O stars due to the presence of discrete absorption components (DACs) in the absorption part of a their ultraviolet (UV) P Cygni profiles. Evidence for the presence of such structures has also been found in the strong emission lines of some Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars taking the form of the periodic movement of sub-peaks superposed on strong emission lines from one side of the line to the other, as well as in continuum polarimetric variations. Polarimetric observations are a powerful tool to study hot stellar winds, for which the continuum opacity is dominated by electron scattering, as it allows one to detect and characterize asymetries in the stellar wind related to these polarimetric variations.   We developed a model to describe this polarisation using a Monte Carlo radiative transfer (MCRT) method, and compared our results to the analytical models derived in \cite{Ignace2015} for the optically thin case and in \cite{St-Louis2018} for the optically thick case. Our basic model includes a star surrounded by a static three-dimensional spherically symetric wind, in which we insert one or many over-densities in the form of an Archimedean spiral, or CIR, as well as a bright Gaussian spot on the stellar surface at the base of the CIR. This thesis presents the details of this model as well as the polarimetric and photometric variations resulting from the simulations.

Keyphrases: polarisation, simulation Monte Carlo, Stellar winds, Massive stars, Methods: numerical, Polarization, Large-scale structures, Radiative transfer, Monte Carlo simulations
Le rôle de l'art pour l'amor fati chez Nietzsche

The purpose of this master is to study the conception of amor fati in Nietzsche’s work. The ‘’love of fate’’ is a much more important thought than it seems, it reaches nearly every aspects of Nietzsche’s philosophy, it is therefore a notion that one must understand. Nevertheless, most of the time someone discusses about amor fati, it is used to develop other meaningful ideas linked to it instead of discussing about amor fati in itself. In response to that state of affairs, this work aims to deliver and unfold the elementary notions leading to a fundamental understanding of amor fati, as well as the consequences that follow from there. There will also be an explanation of the strong links that exist between amor fati and arts in Nietzsche’s thought, considering that aesthetics may give the key to amor fati. Therefore, the first part of this work will define amor fati by exploring the basic concepts of affirmation, suffering, and necessity. Then, the second part will discuss the role of art in developing the required tools to get to amor fati.

Keyphrases: Amor fati, Nietzsche, Art, Affirmation, Aesthetics
Éthique de la négation : le problème de l'ascétisme chez Schopenhauer

This thesis seeks to examine the case of asceticism elaborated in the fourth book of The World as Will and Representation by Arthur Schopenhauer. Exposed to the reader as the final word of his ethical thought, asceticism is presented as a moral position which directly responds to the claim that the affirmation of will-to-live cannot be accepted. Seeing as it multiplies suffering eternally, this affirmation must in the end be negated. This leads to several inquiries on the possibility of happiness, liberty, and mainly the worth, or worthlessness of existence. The principal goal of this thesis is to expose the impossibility of life-affirmation through the will-to-live, and to discern the practice which results from its denial, namely through the practice of asceticism. Regarding the latter, the subject of the body as well as suicide are discussed, in order to reach Schopenhauer’s final conclusions on the merit of the ascetic practice in ethics.

Keyphrases: Schopenhauer, Negation, Suicide, Philosophy, Ethics, Asceticism, Will to live, Mysticism, Denial, Liberty, Metaphysics
Sur le problème de l’intégration en philosophie de l’interdisciplinarité : une proposition informée par la philosophie de la biologie

The notion of integration is seen as a necessary and sufficient condition to characterize interdisciplinary research, its “litmus test” (Klein 2017, p. 23) or “differentia specifica” (Schmidt 2008, p. 55). However, this concept is imprecise about what is integrated (what ? ) and by what process (how ? ). This problem of the imprecision of integration modalities is the “Achilles heel of interdisciplinarity” (Repko 2007, p. 7). Responding to the “Call for a Philosophy of Interdisciplinarity” (Mäki 2016, p. 329), this master thesis attempts to inform the philosophy of interdisciplinarity on this issue using the philosophy of biology. In the first chapter, the reasons justifying the search for conceptual tools in the philosophy of biology are explored after defining the philosophy of interdisciplinarity and its object of research. In the second chapter, the range of conceptual tools that the philosophy of biology can offer is presented, i.e. neomechanistic (Craver et Darden 2013), coordinate unity (Potochnik 2011 ; Potochnik 2017), interfield (O’Malley et Soyer 2012) integration account. In the third chapter, the conceptual tools identified are evaluated in the light of the needs of the philosophy of interdisciplinarity to select the most appropriate proposition (i. e. the interfield model of O’Malley et Soyer (2012)) and the criticisms directed at it (i. e. Nathan (2015)) are shown to be unjustified. In conclusion, it is reported that the response offered to critics has the collateral effect of suggesting a new hybrid model combining the normativity of explanatory relevance (Nathan 2015) and the descriptive capacity of the interfield model (O’Malley et Soyer 2012). As a result, there is a need for an empirical exploration of the question of the motivation for integration, a question that goes beyond the tools of traditional philosophy and this master thesis.

Keyphrases: Philosophy of science, Philosophy of interdisciplinarity, Philosophy of biology, Integration, Neomechanism, Coordinate unity, Interfield theory
Sur l'éthique des politiques agricoles : réconcilier la fonction nourricière de l'agriculture avec la santé des écosystèmes

This thesis focuses on the following question: "How can agriculture meet its feeding objectives while maintaining ecosystem health?" My theoretical framework is based on the existence of those two fundamental values between which a tension has grown, namely the nourishing functionality of agriculture and the health of ecosystems. The pertinence of the nourishing functionality of agriculture goes without saying. Ecosystem health is meant here as a practical representation of the wellness of ecological wholes according to pragmatic holistic theories within the realm of environmental ethics. Following a litterature review supporting those two values, I put forward the internalization of negative externalities of agriculture as a means to reduce the growing tension between them. To slow down the degradation of ecosystem health by agriculture can ensure sustainability through time of its nourishing functionality.  The empirical premise of this thesis draws on the current industrialization, concentration, and globalization of agriculture to exemplify some of its negative effects on ecosystem health while realizing its nourishing functionality. The evolution of the human economy warrants changes within agricultural practices that are leading to the externalization of costs on the very ecosystems on which this agriculture depends.  In the third and final section of this thesis, I shall expose and comment on different institutional tools capable of internalizing some of the above externalities. Regulation is a powerful tool, however it is relatively costly to operate and highly subject to the problem of detection. Taxation is a more direct and precise institutional tool, but its applicability is undermined because of political reasons. Subsidies are frequently encountered in the agricultural world, but are less efficient in terms of return on state investment. This tool, however, is more acceptable from the point of view of the voter and therefore of the state. Payments for ecosystem services is a form of subsidy used to target ecosystem health directly. There are valid ethical issues with this particular tool, however its popularity amongst policy makers and farmers suggests we should give it some attention. Organic certification is the last agricultural policy studied here. It combines aspects of regulation, of subsidy, of the economy of esteem, and ensures part of burden of the internalization will be assumed by the consumer. Organic certification is embedded in the legal system, can be subsidized, and brings esteem to farmers applying its principles and practices as well as to consumers choosing to purchase certified products.

Keyphrases: Agriculture, Agricultural policy, Public policy, Applied ethics
La représentation de la réalité chez Bertolt Brecht

The question of the representation of reality is central to Brecht's work on theatre. Many of his artistic experiments aim to show the social world as it really is - as something historical and transformable - to the masses who suffer from the illusions of modern capitalism. The purpose of this master's thesis is to analyze the concept of realism as understood by Brecht from various angles. Close attention has been paid to the historical context, specifically to the debates in which Brecht's theoretical texts are written. The first chapter covers his debate with Lukacs and the theoretical texts on realism that he wrote to defend himself from accusations of formalism. Since this defence emphasizes above all the pragmatic nature of artistic realism, the second chapter aims rather to explore the prerequisite for realism and how Brecht tried to effectively deploy it through his epic theatre. To achieve this, we use the notions of truth, popularity and his critique of the theatrical tradition based on the identification he develops in various short theoretical texts. In the last chapter, the possibility of realism in the Brechtian terms is questioned, in particular by taking an interest in Adorno's criticism of him.

Keyphrases: Brecht, Adorno, Identification, Philosophy, Aesthetics, Realism, Committed Art, Lukacs, Expressionist debate, Theatre
Résistance et nouveauté : une interprétation de la défense adornienne de Schönberg

This thesis takes its point of departure in the dialectical idea according to which aesthetic concepts such as “the new” and resistance are both moments of the more general process by which an artwork becomes autonomous from external norms and requirements. Based on this idea, we inquire into Adorno’s philosophy of music. We firstly look at his posthumous Aesthetic theory in order to expose what are, for him, the work of art in general, the one that is said to be autonomous, and those external norms and requirements to which the artwork resists. We then take a close look at Adorno’s analyses and interpretations of Schönberg and Stravinsky’s music, such as those contained in his Philosophy of Modern Music, to discover the second moment of the dialectic in which this project is interested : “the new” in his relationship with the external norms and requirements as they have come to present themselves as a part of nature, as something essential to the artworks.

Keyphrases: Schönberg, Stravinsky, Adorno, Aesthetic, Philosophy of music
Le processus de formation des habitudes dans la pensée de Friedrich Nietzsche durant la décennie de 1880

During the 1880’s, Friedrich Nietzsche gradually created an original philosophy directed at the transvaluation of all values. It is during those years that he developed a more detailed conception of the many aspects related to that problematic, including the essential theme of habits, which played back then the role of a silent but crucial shadow in his philosophy. During this period, Nietzsche mainly investigated how a habit gets formed through its individual process, and this is why we will specifically examine the works created during that period. At the end of our inquiry, it will be obvious that, for Nietzsche, not only have habits an influence on each of our individual actions, but can also the individual itself, taken in its physio-psychological totality, be to a certain extent reduced to a vast and complex mass of habits determining all its behaviour. If, to borrow Nietzsche’s expression, we must become what we are, we must first renew our habits, and more specifically, our deepest ones.

Keyphrases: Corps, Nietzsche, Pulsions, Mémoire, Habits, Body, Knowledge, Repetition, Forgetting, Memory
Étude des effets d’un protocole de préadaptation sur la récupération de patients opérés pour une sténose lombaire

Lumbar spinal stenosis, most commonly brought on by degenerative changes affecting the spine structures, causes great disability and severe pain. Spine surgery becomes a prevalent treatment option in the presence of persisting disabling symptoms. This thesis investigates the concept of prehabilitation, defined as the process of augmenting functional capacity before a surgery with the aim to foster faster postoperative recovery. More specifically, the feasibility of conducting a preoperative intervention program aimed to improve the recovery in patients awaiting surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis was assessed. In order to do so, participants were randomly allocated to either a six-week supervised preoperative rehabilitation program or to a control group. The intervention consisted of three 30-minute supervised exercise sessions per week, aiming to improve strength, muscular endurance, and spinal stabilization with intensity and complexity of exercises being increased gradually. High rates of treatment adherence and satisfaction combined with the low rate of attrition and the absence of adverse event confirmed that implementing such an intervention or a larger scale would be feasible. Moreover, the assessment of the intervention preliminary effectiveness showed that prehabilitation can be used to improve both clinical status and physical capacities in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. However, the significant positive changes seen preoperatively did not translate into faster short-term postoperative recovery. In addition, none of the variables measured at baseline predicted treatment outcome at six-week postoperatively whereas leg pain intensity was the only predictive factors of surgical recovery at three- and six-month postoperatively. Finally, to better reflect the participants’ need, the self-reported condition-specific Swiss Spinal Stenosis Questionnaire was translated into French-Canadian language. Assessment of its psychometric properties revealed to be satisfactory to recommend its use. This new version will help Frenchspeaking clinicians and scientists document changes in condition and treatment satisfaction in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis.

Keyphrases: Lumbar spinal stenosis, Prehabilitation, Exercise, Recovery, Feasibility
Essays in macroeconomics and international finance

How can we best design macroeconomic policies to reduce financial fragility and improve social welfare? My research develops normative theories and uses quantitative analysis to improve our understanding of the potential benefits and welfare implications from regulatory measures in face of excessive risk taking in financial markets. This thesis is a collection of three essays in macroeconomics and international finance that helps guide the debate on the optimal design of macroeconomic and macro-prudential policies ahead of potential financial crises and during crises. The first chapter is a general introduction, while the remaining chapters form the core of the thesis. The second chapter studies the optimal design of financial safety nets. It shows that, in an economy where the government lacks commitment, an optimally designed financial safety net should cover only a subset of investors. An important result that can rationalize the prevalent limited coverage of safety nets, such as the lender of last resort facilities. The third chapter focuses on monetary policy in emerging market economies. This chapter first proposes a theory of why monetary policy is pro-cyclical in emerging economies. It shows that pro-cyclical monetary policy is in fact an optimal policy in an economy subject to the risk of financial crises associated with sudden stops of international capital inflows, and in which the government lacks commitment. The quantitative analysis then shows that macro-prudential policies in the form of capital controls have radical implications for the conduct of monetary policy, and are very effective at reducing both the occurrence and magnitude of financial crises. Finally, the fourth chapter design and analyze the effectiveness of country-specific macroprudential regulations as a macroeconomic stabilization tool in currency unions. The analysis lends support to the view that country-specific macroprudential policies should be set by a union-wide centralized authority, rather than at the national level.

Keyphrases: Bailouts, Time Inconsistency, Shadow Banks, Financial Crises, Capital Flows, Optimal Monetary Policy, Macroprudential Policy, Capital Controls, Currency Union, Policy Coordination
Étude des déterminants génétiques de la pathogénicité chez les nématodes du genre Globodera

Potato cyst nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida) are plant parasite causing considerable yield losses, estimated at more than 9% of global potato production. Understanding the genetic characteristics allowing the nematode to infect potato should lead to the development of sustainable and effective control methods against these parasitic nematodes. To identify the genetic elements essential for potato parasitism, I sequenced their transcriptomes, as well as those of related species unable to parasitize potato, G. tabacum and G. mexicana. By finding differences between these two groups, it may be able to identify the genes involved in the specificity of host. Nearly 25% of the genes coding for effectors, proteins used in different stages of parasitism, as well as a multitude of regulatory genes were found to be significantly overexpressed in the two species able to parasitize potato. The expression of these genes was different when the larvae were exposed to tomato root exudate suggesting that the nematode can adapt the expression of these effector genes according to the host through regulatory genes, in response to the chemical signal of the root exudate. Also, several non-synonymous variants common to each group have been identified, as well as uncharacterized genes unique to potato cyst nematodes, which could also contribute to the ability of these nematodes to be able to parasitize potato. A similar comparison was also made between different pathotypes of G. rostochiensis to understand the difference in virulence on potato cultivars carrying the H1 resistance gene. The H1 resistance gene is used in commercially available cultivars, and confers resistance against the Ro1 and Ro4 pathotypes, but remains susceptible to the Ro2, Ro3 and Ro5 pathotypes. A short list of candidate genes with variants unique to avirulent pathotypes, as well as genes unique to these pathotypes, were identified and will allow future validation of the avirulence gene. Surprisingly, gene expression analyzes have shown that the expression of several effector genes has a different expression for each pathotypes and correlates with the degree of virulence of these pathotypes. Finally, the identification of reference genes had to be performed, to normalize the expression data obtained by RT-qPCR. Eleven candidate genes were selected from RNA sequencing data and previously validated reference genes. Three reference genes were selected based on the stability of their expression. The results presented here allow important progress in understanding how parasitic nematode use their effectors and how this allows them to define their host range. The final goal of plant-parasitic nematodes studies is the development of effective control means and the understanding of the mechanism of infection is a preliminary step for this complex parasite.

Keyphrases: Globodera, Transcriptomique comparative, Phytoparasitic nematode, Phytopathogen, Globodera, Comparative transcriptomics, Effector, Pathogenicity
Évaluation de stratégies de transfert de connaissances mises en œuvre dans le cadre du programme Équité-Santé au Burkina Faso

The use of research-based evidence (RBE) is essential for informing health policies, programs and practices, especially in low-income countries where population health indicators are still alarming. However, there are still few studies to understand how to improve knowledge translation (KT) processes and research utilisation, especially in West Africa. Thus, this thesis aims to advance the body of knowledge by evaluating different KT strategies in public health implemented in Burkina Faso as part of a research program Équité-Santé  (2012-2017). These KT strategies were intended to create exchange opportunities between researchers and potential RBE users and thus reduce the gap between health research knowledge and its use. Three different KT strategies were studied: 1) a research dissemination workshop, 2) a deliberative workshop and 3) a knowledge brokering strategy. They involved a diversity of health system actors such as researchers, policymakers, health professionals and representatives of non-governmental organizations and civil society. An evaluation of the implementation and effects was conducted for both workshops and only an evaluation of the implementation process was conducted for the knowledge brokering strategy, because the initiative came to an early end. Complementary methodological approaches were mobilized during evaluation and different data collection tools were used (qualitative interviews, evaluation questionnaires and field observations). The evaluation results show that stakeholders have appreciated the KT strategies because they learned new knowledge and had a networking opportunity to learn from each other. However, these experiences have brought to light several issues such as the actors’ limited decision-making authority, weak engagement of political actors as well as scarce resources and organizational incentives. The presence of  a strong leadership during implementation, partnership synergy, continuous communication skills’ development and long-term support to stakeholder also represent important challenges to assure an effective implementation of KT strategies. More studies are needed to implement KT strategies and evaluate their effectiveness. Based on the results, some general recommendations can be made. For example, it appears important that KT strategies are in line with stakeholders’ needs and resources, facilitate capacity building and include a real-time evaluative process to enable KT strategies to be constantly adapted to the implementation context. In conclusion, the thesis contributes to the advancement of knowledge about KT in global health by proposing a conceptual model to be considered and experimented during KT development and implementation.

Keyphrases: Burkina Faso, knowledge translation, research-based evidence, research utilisation, program evaluation, dissemination workshop, deliberative workshop, knowledge brokering, global health, West Africa