NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Les Gnawa du Maroc : intercesseurs de la différence ? Étude ethnomusicologique, ethnopoétique et ethnochoréologique

Gnawa live in all the big towns of Morocco (Oujda, Tanger, Casablanca, Fes, Meknes, Rabat, Marrakech, Essaouira, Agadir etc.). Musicians, officiants and adepts gather in a night ritual called leela (litt. "one night") which celebrates at the same time God, his prophet Muhammed, Sub-Saharan Africa and other many invisible entities divided in seven families. Music, dance and trance are ubiquitous in this ceremony. This thesis gives the analysis of Gnawa identity, their representations, their ritual instruments, their performances, their music, their sung texts, their dances and their trances. The examination of these different fields reveals that Gnawa play with ambiguity in a systemic way at many levels. The way Moroccan society see them, their "pantheon", their rhythms, their dances and trances, all these aspects of their actions and thought are acted with ambiguity. Hybrid brotherhood which has both carried on the memory of its Sub-Saharan roots and integrated the mystic and political influences of its society of exile, the Gnawa - Blacks but also Mixed and White - have raised in art the fact to bring back imaginaries potentially contentious together in the Moroccan society. But paradoxically, they have to maintain esotericism and otherness to preserve their legitimacy of experts of the unseen.

Keyphrases: Gnawa, Music, Dance, Trance, Poetics, Ambiguity
Le projet feedback : recherche d'un point de rencontre stylistique entre la musique électroacoustique glitch, le free jazz et le drone metal

The principal objective of this doctoral thesis in composition consists in the conceptualization and creation of a piece for electric guitar and electronics, situated at a stylistic meeting point between free jazz, glitch music and drone metal. This text focusses on the creative process of this work, titled feedback. Following the introductive chapter describing the origin and objectives of this compositional project, the first chapter is dedicated to a reflection on musical improvisation. After a general description of this practice and its origins, five ways to improvise which have influenced the piece are described. The second chapter presents a detailed description of the hardware and software components of a hyperguitar conceived for the piece. The third chapter includes a presentation of the context and the role of musical improvisation in the process of creation as well as a technical description of the pieces composed upstream, in preparation of feedback. The fourth chapter is dedicated to the piece feedback inspired by the movie and the book Fight Club and stylistically influenced by rock culture, free jazz and glitch music. In the conclusion chapter are presented the new objectives brought about by this research.

Keyphrases: composition, improvisation, hyperinstrument, electroacoustics, real-time processing
Composing idiomatically for specific performers : collaboration in the creation of electroacoustic music

This dissertation examines the impact of collaboration with specific instrumental performers on the composition of four electroacoustic works. Acting as more than consultants or advisors, the performers influenced the author/composer's decision-making in multiple workshop situations and in the recordings of these meetings. This dissertation thus examines the ways in which the media tools of electroacoustic music affect and extend personal relationships: these tools encourage transcription and translation, activities that highlight and transform specificity. The dialogue of collaboration subsequently not only allows for an easier reconciliation between mediatized and live elements within a work, but also to an opening out of its interpretive potential.    Using a methodology that involves recursive and self-reflexive practice, this dissertation explores topics such as: the analysis of personal style in the framework of language; the importance of eye-to-eye, physical contact in collaboration and its incomplete translation onto media; and the challenges of preserving performer- and media-specific electroacoustic music. Examples from the collaborative creation of four works, acting as personal accounts, are braided into the more theoretical narrative of this dissertation, reflecting mimetically the to and fro of research-creation.

Keyphrases: Collaboration, Transcription, Electroacoustic, Collaboration, Translation, Performance practice
Approche systémique pour la composition d’œuvres acousmatiques, mixtes, vidéomusicales et pluridisciplinaires

This thesis is an exploration of the poietic foundation of my compositional process. As I tried to understand how my creative thinking strutures itself, I came upon three themes: the organicism of my process and work, the notion of movement and the recursive relationship between composer and material. These themes lead me to draw an epistemological parallel between musical composition and the study of complex systems.  Within this systemic framework, it was ascertained that the information that motivate my artistic decision-making are operationally and structurally ramified in a way that evoke a rhizomatic arborescence rather than a linear hierarchy.   The transdisciplinarity characteristic of systemics also helped introduce notions from other fields of research. Readily articulating themselves with my compositional process, these notions militated in favor of a holistic view of my artistic practice. The act of composing is thereby construed as the interlinking of my conscience and the sound material, the two influencing one another through a recursive loop labeled action⟳perception. The work thus composed is not the exclusive tributary of my own volition since over the length of the process my artistic and operational decisions are to a great extent guided by both the invariant and morphogenic properties inherent to the sound material.  This dynamic approach is only possible if the interaction with the composer is made in real time, something that the digital instruments allows. The results of my recsearch guided me in the composition of chosen works – acousmatic, mixed, videomusical and pluridisciplinary.

Keyphrases: Composition, Interaction, Granulation audio, systemic, acousmatic, audio-vision, live electronics, digital art, real time processing, audio granulation
Liens entre l'histoire obstétrique, les facteurs de risque nutritionnels et génétiques, la santé mentale périnatale et la durée de la gestation

Background: The perinatal period is a foundation period for health and development. Mental health problems during pregnancy and after childbirth can have adverse consequences on child development and later health outcomes. This thesis focuses on two perinatal mental health problems of substantial interest: psychosocial stress during pregnancy and postpartum depression. Methods: For the first section, we provide an overview of postpartum depression and review the literature on two risk factors of emerging interest: serotonin transporter genotype and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid status. For the second section, we review the literature on psychosocial stress during pregnancy and preterm birth, discussing physiologic mechanisms linking the two. This is followed by an investigation of the associations between psychosocial stress during pregnancy and length of gestation in the 3D Study, a longitudinal birth cohort in Québec. Finally, we conduct a more detailed investigation of the antecedents of pregnancy anxiety, focusing on previous pregnancy outcomes in the 3D cohort. Results: For the first section, three carefully conducted studies reported associations between serotonin transporter genotype and postpartum depression. Accumulating evidence also suggests inadequate intake of omega-3 fatty acids to be associated with elevated postpartum depression risk. Preliminary data suggest there could be an interaction between these two emerging risk factors. For the second section, associations found in the literature between psychosocial stress in pregnancy and preterm birth varied according to the dimensions and timing of stress. Stronger associations were generally found in early pregnancy, and subjective perception of stress and pregnancy anxiety were the stress measures most closely associated with preterm birth. Potential physiologic pathways identified include behavioural, infectious, neuroinflammatory, and neuroendocrine mechanisms. In our investigation of psychosocial stress and length of gestation in the 3D cohort, we observed an association of small magnitude between pregnancy anxiety in the third trimester and spontaneous birth before 39 weeks. In our study of predictors of pregnancy anxiety, independent associations were found between several previous pregnancy outcomes and pregnancy anxiety in a subsequent pregnancy. Conclusions: Results from the first section support a research agenda clarifying the associations between omega-3 fatty acids, serotonin transporter genotype, and postpartum depression. Findings from the second section shed light on the relative importance of psychosocial stress as a predictor of pregnancy duration while making an important contribution for future meta-analyses on this topic. Our results also suggest future directions for conceptual frameworks linking stress and birth outcomes.

Keyphrases: Perinatal health, Mental health, Preterm birth, Postpartum depression, Psychosocial stress
Supprimer les paiements directs des soins en Afrique subsaharienne : débat international, défis de mise en oeuvre et revue réaliste du recours aux soins

The cost of health care is a significant expense for populations in sub-Saharan Africa, and one which many cannot afford. That is why several countries eliminate health user fees for certain population groups, or for basic health care for all, through user fee exemption policies (UFEP). This thesis examines three critical issues raised by these policies in sub-Saharan Africa. The first article analyzes global health actors’ positions on health user fees in low- and middle-income countries. This documentary study shows that the majority of actors is no longer in favor of user fees, and they justify their stance by pointing out the inequitable impacts of user fees on access to health care. The second article highlights the disruptive effects of UFEP on health systems of low- and middle-income countries. This scoping study indicates that removing user fees disrupts health systems in many ways: immediate increase in service utilization; unavailability of drugs; unpredictable and insufficient funding; multiplicity of actors involved in the implementation process; and deficiencies in planning and communication.  The third article explores how UFEP influence health care seeking practices. This realist review supported the development of a theory to illuminate this process. According to this theory, free care at the point of service is a resource that empowers users of health services. Empowerment of users is also influenced by several structural, local, and individual factors that affect their capabilities to take advantage of this opportunity, and to choose to seek free care. Primary studies were searched to test the theory. The revised theory incorporates three mechanisms that come into play in users’ choice to seek health care: trust, acceptability, and acknowledgement of risk. This thesis provided new empirical evidence on a major health system reform in sub-Saharan Africa. It also led to methodological developments for doing realist review, and contributed to building the emerging field of health policy and systems research.

Keyphrases: Health user fee exemption policies, Sub-Saharan Africa, Free care, Global health, Global health actors, Realist review, Access to healthcare, Health systems, Health policy and systems research
Les facteurs explicatifs de la réussite de l'intégration et de la rétention des infirmières diplômées hors Québec

A shortage of qualified nurses within Quebec has spurred the recruitment of foreign-educated nurses (IENs). Despite this increased interest, foreign-educated nurses face numerous obstacles during their integration into the workplace as evidence by the high attrition rates for both full and part-time hires throughout the Quebec healthcare system. The objective of this thesis is to explain the factors underlying the successful integration and retention of foreign-educated nurses in order to formulate recommendations for the many actors involved throughout the transitional period. The study concentrates on three key phases: 1) the bridging program (Intégration à la profession infirmière au Québec CWA0B0); 2) the probationary period following initial employment; and lastly 3) the employment retention of foreign-educated nurses. A combination of methods was leveraged to investigate the above issues, including individual interviews, group discussions, and self-administered questionnaire. The study first outlines the difficulties associated with the successful integration and retention of foreign-educated nurses in western countries followed those specific to the Quebec healthcare system. Finally, the work examines how socio-demographic characteristics, workplace characteristics, external environment, and psychosocial factors can influence the success of the integration process.

Keyphrases: Professional integration, employment retention, nurses educated outside of Quebec, foreign-trained nurses
Études structurales par résonance magnétique nucléaire du ribozyme VS de Neurospora

The Neurospora VS ribozyme catalyzes the cleavage and the ligation of a specific phosphodiester bond, which is essential for its replication cycle. It is formed of six helical regions (I to VI) that are divided in two domains: the substrate (SLI) and the catalytic domain (stems II-VI). The latter contains two three-way junctions that allow recognition of the stem-loop substrate in a specific manner. This unique mode of substrate recognition could be exploited to target folded RNAs for diverse applications. Even though the VS ribozyme has been extensively characterized biochemically, no high-resolution structure of the complete ribozyme has been published yet and this limits our mechanistic understanding. A divide-and-conquer approach was previously initiated to study the structure of the important subdomains of the VS ribozyme by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), but this approach needs to be completed.   In this thesis, the structures of the A730 loop, the III-IV-V junction and the II-III-VI junction were determined by heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. Moreover, a unique NMR approach was developed for localizing divalent metal ions, whereas several isotope-labeling strategies were implemented to facilitate the study or large RNA molecules. The NMR structures of the A730 loop and the two three-way junctions reveal that these subdomains are well defined, that they are formed by several recurrent structural elements (U-turn and S-turn motifs, base triples and coaxial stacking) and that they contain several metal-binding sites. Interestingly, structural similarities were identified between the VS and hairpin ribozymes, which allowed the modeling of the VS ribozyme active site. In summary, these studies significantly contribute to a better understanding of the global architecture of the VS ribozyme. In addition, they will allow the construction of a high-resolution model of the complete VS ribozyme and facilitate future engineering studies.

Keyphrases: Interaction kissing-loop, Neurospora VS ribozyme, RNA structure, S-turn motif, Active site, Three-way junctions, I/V kissing-loop interaction, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Magnesium ions
The Application of a Pluralist Approach of Global Administrative Law on the Governance of Doping in Sport

Several issues which are related to the use of prohibited substances and doping methods in sport pose great challenges to the anti-doping governance. In order to fight against doping, some countries have implemented legal frameworks which are based exclusively on criminal law while other countries have relied on specialized mechanisms and bodies, either based exclusively on private law or on a hybrid regime of public and private law. These different regulatory approaches make the fight against doping in sport severely complicated as its success requires a degree of international cooperation as well as the concerted involvement of public authorities. However, such cooperation is often difficult to realize. At present, it can be observed, for example, that nation states are unable to effectively prevent transnational organized crime syndicates and organizations from involving in the doping market nor from restricting and eliminating prohibited doping substances and methods through their regulatory frameworks. Furthermore, the anti-doping governance framework which is based on the rules and standards of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) distinguishes athletes from nonathletes, placing the former in a disadvantageous position. For example, the standard of strict liability of no fault or negligence imposed on athletes requires less than proof beyond a reasonable doubt and allows the use of circumstantial evidence to establish an anti-doping rule violation. This standard of proof undermines the presumption of innocence principle and the principle of no penalty without a law. Moreover, the new World Anti-Doping Code of 2015 will empower the National Anti-Doping Organizations (NADOs) with investigative and intelligence-gathering powers and will add new categories of non-analytical based doping categories, while reducing the rights of athletes even further. In this thesis, we discuss specifically the private law-based regulatory framework of WADA because it fails to meet the current needs of global anti-doping governance. We therefore advocate for the adoption of a new approach where the penal and public global nature of doping is clearly recognized. Such recognition, combined with a suitable governance model based on a pluralistic approach of global administrative law, will produce a better accepted and more effective anti-doping governance among athletes and will also be of benefit for non-athletes. However, the new governance model that we propose will require all state and non-state parties to adjust their governance frameworks to meet the current challenges and problems, related to the global governance of doping in sport.

Keyphrases: Bien public mondial, Global administrative law, Doping law, Sport law, Global criminal law, Global constitutional law, Global public good, Global public interest
Justice constitutionnelle et subsidiarité : l'apport de l'expérience canadienne pour la construction européenne

The precision of the criteria for the application of the principle of subsidiarity and the development of political institutions’ capacity to regulate it constitute progress towards increased respect for this principle; nevertheless, these advances remain insufficient to prevent all potential violations of the principle. In Canadian law the problem is similar; making the criteria of the Peace, Order and Good Government clause and of the commerce clause more precise is necessary. Nevertheless, however useful it is, it is not enough to avoid all conflicts. The study of the jurisprudence of the Court of justice shows its reluctance to proceed to a control going beyond the search for a formal motivation of the necessity of the European intervention. The comparison of the capacity to act of different levels of governments, evolving in time, cannot be made without reference to the context of the application of the principle of subsidiarity. The Court of justice can, as the Supreme Court of Canada does, clarify in its decisions its appreciation of the capacity to act of each level of government. The principle of subsidiarity enlightens in a new light the commerce clause and the doctrine of the national interest, until then sometimes perceived as allowing a constant and unilateral growth of federal power at the expense of the provinces. Efficient regulation of the principle of subsidiarity not only depends of the Court that applies it, but it can also depend on political institutions and applicants’ arguments.

Keyphrases: Subsidiarity, Judicial review, Judicial interpretation
Évolution et transmission des savoir-faire céramiques au cours du Sylvicole (-1000 à 1550 de notre ère) : la station 3-avant de Pointe-du-Buisson (BhFl-1d), Haut-Saint-Laurent, Québec

Station 3-avant at Pointe-du-Buisson (Beauharnois, Haut-Saint-Laurent, Quebec) has produced the most important collection of Early Middle Woodland (400 B.C. – A.D. 500) earthen ware in Northeastern North America. It also contains an uninterrupted sequence of occupations throughout the Woodland Period. Notwithstanding several stratigraphic complications (homogeneous soil and pedoturbations), evolutionary concepts and methods drawn from the Dual Inheritance Theory are applied to this assemblage. From an anthropological standpoint, what does the study of the evolution and the transmission of know-how pertaining to a Woodland period technology, which we assume to be exclusively feminine, tell us? The author defends that evolutionary archaeology may help detect the context of transmission, i.e. the socioeconomic organization of past populations. The examination of stylistic traits suggests that the progressive summertime sedentarization of amerindian bands, starting around the Late Middle Woodland period, favours a homogenization of ceramics in the context of virilocality, which is the consequence of a conformist-biased transmission operating on a horizontal axis (between peers). However, the probable transition to uxorilocality and to matrilinearity by Iroquoian tribes at the end of the Woodland Period manifests itself through an obvious heterogenization of ceramics, which is likely to reflect a form of cultural selection targeting clanic markers (vertical transmission between parents and offsprings). The study of techno-functional traits indicates a diversification of the ceramic tool-kit following an intensification of experimentation with cultigens. Overall, this evolution underlines a greater attention given to the performance of pots as culinary tools. Additionally, the recourse to seriation and AMS datation allows for the recognition of a Middle Middle Woodland taxon that is characterized by both morphological and decorative modifications of pots. A comparative analysis involving a sample of 27 archaeological sites belonging in the Pseudo-scallop-shell Horizon further demonstrates that the populational variation comprised within this dataset is structured according to the geographic localization of sites in specific drainages. Consequently, the author outlines guidelines for the elaboration of a proper taxonomy with respect to both Early Middle Woodland and Middle Middle Woodland taxa. Finally, arguments drawn from diverse fields (archaeology, palaeoethnobotany, ethnolinguistics, palaeonanthropology and population genetics) point towards a proto-algonquian identity for the aforementioned taxa.

Keyphrases: Transmission culturelle, Cultural evolution, Cultural transmission, Woodland, Pottery, Northeastern America