Développement de nouveaux systèmes de délivrance de substances actives administrées par la voie transcutanée

The development of novel transcutaneous drug delivery systems has gained increasing interest, with the focus on overcoming the stratum corneum barrier and efficiently transport therapeutic agents through the skin. Although oral administration is the most favorable route for patients, low bioavailability is often reported for certain drugs and especially for biopharmaceuticals. Accordingly, the skin represents an accessible and convenient site for drug absorption, but has yet to fully achieve its potential as an alternative to oral delivery. The design of parenteral sustained drug delivery systems capable of controlling long-term delivery of drugs and reducing the frequency of drug administration could present an attractive treatment option. Among in situ forming implants, in situ forming organogels offer many advantages such as controlled-release of a wide variety of drug molecules over a longer period of time, including lipophilic active substances trapped within gelled oil solutions. However, if the objective is the rapid administration of active substances, minimally invasive, dissolving microneedle patches would be of great interest due to their self-administration, their safety and their ability to deliver peptide-based drugs. Despite the beneficial effects of these two new delivery systems, the exact roles of the composition of organogels and geometrical parameters of microneedles on drug delivery are largely understudied.  The first main objective of this thesis was to determine the effect of the composition of in situ forming organogels with respect to the organogelator concentration (12-hydroxystearic acid, 12-HSA) and the addition of a nonionic surfactant (polysorbate 80) to the system on the release rate of a hydrophilic (acyclovir) and a lipophilic (clotrimazole) active substances. In addition, the toxic effects of these organogels of different compositions on human foreskin fibroblasts were also studied. To do so, 12-HSA-based organogel systems forming a depot in the subcutaneous tissue have been developed using a small amount of water-miscible organic solvent (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) as an agent that can partially inhibit gelation, thus enhancing injectability of the formulations. Upon contact with aqueous medium, 12-HSA molecules precipitated simultaneously immobilizing the oil and the active substance therein. An increase in the concentration of 12-HSA led to an increase in the resistance of the gel to deformation thanks to the formation of a complex three-dimensional network structure. However, the addition of polysorbate 80 to the system resulted in fluid-matrix organogel (weak gel) decreasing the syringability of the formulations while increasing the erosion of the gel on the surface. The latter phenomenon is also intensified with a lower concentration of 12-HSA. 12-HSA organogels have been shown to significantly decrease acyclovir release rates for a longer time period in vitro and ex vivo through excised pig skin compared to clotrimazole formulations. Cellular cytotoxicity was dependent on the concentration of 12-HSA and the type of cell culture used. Indeed, the cytotoxic effects were higher by increasing the concentration of 12-HSA in the implant for a higher sensitivity in the three-dimensional cell culture than in the two-dimensional one. However, these results seem to be influenced by the type of oil used and its cytotoxic potential.  The second main objective of this thesis was to determine the effect of dissolving pyramidal microneedles height on the release rate of a model peptide, the growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6). For this purpose, the microneedles were prepared by micromolding process using two water-soluble biocompatible polymers approved by the Food and Drug Agency (FDA), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The microneedle patches allowed the microneedles to efficiently penetrate pig skin while releasing the encapsulated molecule at the interface between the epidermis and upper dermis. The quantification of GHRP-6 in different matrices (skin, microneedles, plasma) was achieved using a robust and sensitive analytical method using ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. Ex vivo GHRP-6 release studies on pig skin showed that the release rate of GHRP-6 was higher over time for high-height microneedle (800 µm vs. 500 µm) while increasing the amount of GHRP-6 loaded in microneedles.  In conclusion, these results suggest that 12-HSA organogels could constitute a promising approach as a sustained-release dosage form of active substances and in particular hydrophilic ones. However, the formulations developed must be effective in vivo while minimizing toxic effects through the use of more biocompatible oils. For a rapid release of drugs, microneedle patches represent a very promising avenue, in particular for emerging peptide drugs. Their efficacy for the release of GHRP-6 and azapeptide derivatives of GHRP-6 needs to be confirmed using in vivo studies (pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, biodistribution), which may represent a breakthrough in the transdermal delivery of therapeutic peptides for the management of chronic inflammation.

Keyphrases: LMOGs, Organogels, GHRP-6, 12-hydroxystearic acid, Microneedle patch, Skin absorption, Cytotoxicity, In situ forming implants