NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
À travers les expériences canadiennes en matière d’industries minières, les leçons à tirer pour Madagascar pour bâtir une croissance économique sans grande répercussion sur l’environnement

Economic growth thrives upon environment and social development of the population. The concept of "sustainable development" was discussed for the first time at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in 1992. Its goal is to reconcile environmental protection and economic growth. On one hand, the Canadian mining company, Osisko, implements a project which quarries gold: "Canadian Malartic" project in Quebec (Canada).On one hand, the local people are concerned about the bad consequences of that mining project into their well-being. On the other hand, the Malagasy government has granted multinational firms to extract the nickel and cobalt in the region of Ambatovy. The mine site is located in the heart of a rainforest in the eastern side of Madagascar, which is listed as a worldwide endangered natural resource by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Governments of both countries, Quebec and Madagascar, want to arrange the environmental legal rules with those that regulate natural resources in order to implement their “sustainable development”. Thereby, they should promote decentralization and collaboration of all stakeholders during decision-making of the environmental assessment presented by mining shareholders. These governments should ensure the application of the social and environmental commitments of the mining companies during the latter’s work. Finally, those governments should insist on the sanitation of the mining sites before a mining company leaves them.

Keyphrases: Canada, Malartic, Sustainable development, Mineral resources, Mining, Environment protection, Environmental assessment act, Developed country, Developing country, Madagascar, Ambatovy
Étude de la sorption et de la désorption de neuf contaminants émergents dans les boues usées

Sorption/desorption studies were performed for nine selected emerging contaminants (caffeine, sulfamethoxazole, desethylatrazine, carbamazepine, atrazine, estradiol, ethinylestradiol, norethindrone and diclofenac) in sewage sludge from three different systems. Contaminants include a variety of compound classes (pesticides, hormones and pharmaceuticals) with different physicochemical properties. The objective of this work is to model their behavior in a treatment plant in the presence of a particulate phase and an aqueous phase, and at the same time, understanding their fate upon their release into the environment. The octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow) allowed a good understanding of the results and allowed us to classify the compounds according to the two types of behavior observed: compounds with log Kow below 3 showed little or no sorption while compounds with log Kow over 3 showed a 30 to 90% sorption within the first few minutes, followed by a slow sorption during the next hours. An increase of the organic content promotes the sorption of hydrophobic compounds while a change in the pH can modify the charge on the surface of the particles and also the charge of the analytes. Only diclofenac was found to be sensitive to the different pH studied. In such a situation, it is necessary to use the pH-corrected hydrophobicity factor (log Dow). The solid-water distribution coefficient (log Kd) were determined for each compound at the end of each sorption experiment and ranged from 0.2 to 2.9. With increasing compounds hydrophobicity, desorption decreased with time and rinsing step. To simulate releases into aquatic systems, rinsing factors were determined to estimate the number of rinsing that would be needed to desorb 50 and 100 % of the sorbed concentration. Mass balances were performed after each experiment in order to not overestimate the sorption capacity of the compound and ranged from 7 to 25 % for estradiol, norethindrone and sulfamethoxazole and from 44 to 103 % for ethinylestradiol, atrazine, desethylatrazine, carbamazepine, caffeine and diclofenac.

Keyphrases: sorption, sorption, desorption, emerging contaminant, sewage sludge, liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry
Exploration du phénomène de la stagnation des performances chez le nageur de haut niveau

Even if unexplained and misunderstood, a slump is a frequent phenomenon among high level swimmers for which few solutions are proposed. Despite some previous research especially in the sport of baseball, the literature on this topic is fairly incomplete and does not provide a complete understanding of the problem. Therefore, the primary goal of this study is to get a better understanding of the possible causes of a slump and the emotional, mental, physical and social changes generated by this phenomenon and the strategies used by swimmers in order to break through their slumps. The second goal of this study is to examine the impact of optimism on the resolution of a slump. To reach these goals, semi-structured interviews were held with eleven swimmers who competed at the national level in Canada. Swimmers were divided into three groups: swimmers who resolved their slumps and are still swimming, swimmers who stopped competitive swimming because of an unresolved slump and swimmers who are still swimming even though they are still enduring a slump. Subjects selected were also asked to complete two optimism questionnaires (LOT-R and ASQ). Data analysis, using the grounded theory, identified an emotional patterns experienced by swimmers and certain strategies used by swimmers to resolve their slump. Finally, the results of this study suggest that a balance between optimism and pessimism, an intrinsic motivation and a perception of auto-determination are important elements when trying to overcome a slump.

Keyphrases: Motivation, Sport psychology, Slump, Competitive swimming, Optimism, Auto-determination, Intrinsic motivation
Conflits d’intérêts et courtage immobilier au Québec : un constat mitigé sur l’état du droit, 50 ans après l’entrée en vigueur de la première Loi sur le courtage immobilier

The real estate boom in which we found ourselves in recent years has attracted many people to the real estate brokerage practice. Unfortunately, some have chosen to practice this “profession” for the wrong reasons and without regard to the rules and values governing the real estate brokerage industry in Quebec, whose protection is entrusted to the Organisme d’autoréglementation du courtage immobilier du Québec.  Thus, in a period in which the concept of conflict of interest and particularly those existing in our government, literally invade the medias, it seemed appropriate to us to question the meaning of that term through the Real Estate Brokerage Act in order to make a statement on the law.  In the first part of our thesis, we will step back in time, to find the foundations and origins of the conflict of interest as well as its evolution over time, until today. The first part, also a study of the particular lexicon, will give us the opportunity to understand the etymology of the term "conflict", "interest" and "conflict of interest". Finally, we will analyze some laws and decisions concerning this topic.  In the second part of our work, we will look at the place assigned by the Real Estate Brokerage Act to the conflict of interest. The history of the various versions of this Law, the evolution as well as the decisions issued by the Disciplinary Committee of sections concerning the conflict of interest will be studied.  We will conclude with a summary of our research and will provide possible solutions, including legislative amendments to the Real Estate Brokerage Act.

Keyphrases: courtage immobilier, Disciplinary law, real estate brokerage, conflict of interest, conduct, Real estate agent, Real estate brokerage
L'efficacité du régime de responsabilité civile comme mesure de contrainte au respect de l'obligation de sécurité des renseignements personnels

In a context where personal information is today a major commercial « currency », it is important to focus on the responsibility of its protection. The laws governing the protection of personal information impose safety requirements, especially to enterprises of the private sector.  On the other hand, they do not provide for monetary penalties in the case of violation. One must therefore turn to the law of civil liability in order to force enterprises to adopt security measures.  However, the current regime of civil liability is ill-suited to the obligations associated with the security of personal information. The regulatory uncertainty surrounding the contents of the safety requirements and the challenges of exercising an action render the system of compensatory civil liability inefficient. In order to improve its efficiency, two proposals are worth considering, namely: the revaluation of punitive damages, and statutory guidance of an obligation to notify security breaches of personal information. Both proposals sanction violations to the safety requirements where the system of compensatory civil liability seems to fail. On the other hand, these proposals cannot be effective unless their exercise respects the functions underlying them. Finally, the responsibility for the security of personal information does not lie solely on a regime of responsibility, but rather on a culture of accountability.

Keyphrases: Civil liability, Information security, Security safeguards, Protection of personal information, Damages, Punitive damages, Breach notification
Effet de l’irrigation par l’eau usée sur la biomasse aérienne et souterraine d’une culture intensive de saules en courtes rotations

The aim of this study was to understand the effect of both wastewater and/or mineral fertilisation on above- and belowground biomass of a Salix miyabeana SX67 willow SRC in a filter vegetation context. We firstly assessed the impact of various doses of wastewater and/or mineral fertilization on biomass yield after two season growth. On the other hand and during the same period we estimated root production and assessed vertical root distribution and roots morphology in response to various treatments doses. The results showed that after two years of growth both mineral fertilization and wastewater sewage fertilization enhanced willow aboveground biomass yields, with a more accurate effect due to wastewater irrigation than the mineral fertilization. We recorded high biomass yields such as 39.4 Mg ha-1 and 54.7 Mg ha-1 respectively for unfertilized and fertilized plants plots which benefits with the largest amount of wastewater (D3-NF and D3-F). We found that most of the roots were contained in top soil layers with 92-96% of the total roots (including fine and coarse roots) concentrated within the first 40 cm of soil depth, fine root biomass ranged between 1.01 and 1, 99 Mg ha-1. Neither mineral fertilization nor wastewater sewage irrigation showed an effect on total or fine roots biomass yields. Although we found a statistically significant decrease prior to wastewater treatments, this reduction was not linear (with a decrease of the biomass from D0 to D1, increased from D1 to D2 to go down again from D2 to D3). This pattern suggests that beyond a certain amount of water and nutrients (due to irrigation with wastewater) the development of the willow root system is negatively affected, and although the aboveground biomass remained high in the D3 treatment, we believe that the development of the plant was somewhat unbalanced. No significant changes were found in the deep morphological traits related to irrigation with sewage wastewater.

Keyphrases: Willow, SRIC, Wastewater, vegetal filter, Fines roots
Stratégie de vaccination familiale contre la coqueluche (méthode de cocooning) à la maternité : analyse coût-efficacité d'un programme provincial

Background. Pertussis disease remains endemic with persistence of peak incidence and highest morbidity and mortality among infants. Exposure to infected adults is a commonly reported risk factor for disease in children. The cocoon strategy is an effective indirect strategy to protect very young infants. However, reaching adults for vaccination is challenging. Unlike community settings, a cocoon strategy implemented in a maternity ward improved vaccine uptake among new parents. In the context of limited public resources, health and economic impact of this particular option has to be evaluated. As studies are hardly transposable, our intention was to evaluate this strategy in the context of the province of Quebec. Objective. Our main goal is to carry out a cost-effectiveness analysis of the implementation of a cocoon strategy in the maternity wards of the province of Quebec.  Methods. A compartmental and static model is developed to represent the dynamic of transmission and burden of pertussis in a 1000-family cohort with a newborn baby, without or with vaccination of both parents at the time of delivery. The cocoon strategy is compared with the current situation, taken as the reference. The starting point is the birth of a child and the time horizon is 10 years. Outcomes of interest are pertussis disease cases, life-year losses and quality-adjusted life year (QALY) losses. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios are presented in both a health care and societal perspectives: inclusion of health services costs, patients and caretaker costs and costs due to productivity losses. All costs are updated to 2012 CAD$. Human and financial costs are discounted to their present (birth) value using annual rates of 3%. The pseudo-Markov model is developed using Excel 2010 software. Parameters values are derived from published data, expert panel opinion and a pilot study conducted in our institution. One-way and multivariate sensitivity analyses are performed to take into account uncertainties in parameters values.  Results. The base case analysis resulted in a 10,5% reduction in pertussis cases and in a 19,1%, 13,3% and 26,5% reduction in pertussis-related hospitalizations, neurologic sequalae and death, respectively. From a health care system perspective, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio is 34 941 CAD$/ QALY gained and is 16 945 CAD$/QALY gained from a societal perspective. Incidence rates of pertussis cases have a substantial impact on the model as shown in one-way and multi-way sensitivity analysis. Conclusion. Hospital-based postpartum dTap immunization of both parents is likely to improve vaccine uptake among new parents and is a potential cost-effective strategy from both societal and health care system perspectives, according to our analysis. Multi-way sensitivity analysis show that ICER is highly sensitive to the pertussis incidence rate.

Keyphrases: Vaccination, Pertussis, Immunization, Cost-effectiveness
Dépression majeure et douleur : deux problématique liées, mais à quel point?

While major depression and chronic pain are distinct set of issues, they share high comorbidity rates and are both detrimental to those who suffer, affecting their quality of life. Based on two studies, this master’s thesis centers on the relationships between these issues. A first study (1) evaluates the effect of acute tryptophan depletion on endogenic mechanisms of pain reduction. A second study (2) assesses the endogenic mechanisms of pain reduction of patients who suffer from major depressive disorders (MDD) before and after the intake of a dual action antidepressant (Duxoletine or Desvenlafaxine). In conclusion, study 1 shows that the acute tryptophan depletion inhibits the endogenic mechanisms of pain reduction. Study 2 shows that patients who suffer from MDD have intact pain reduction mechanisms that are reduced by the intake of medication. The results suggest a theoretical gap between notions of MDD and chronic pain.

Keyphrases: CIDN, Major Depressive Disorder, Pain, Acute Tryptophane Depletion, Serotonin, Duloxetine, Desvenlafaxine, DNIC
Études des premières étapes d’oligomérisation de la région Non-Aβ Component
de l’a-synucléine et de Aβ1-40

Amyloid proteins are found in fiber form in many neurodegenerative diseases. In attempting to elucidate the mechanism of fibrillation, researchers have found that fibril formation occurs by a nucleation mechanisms involving oligomers. It seems, in particular, that the latter species are responsible for the toxicity observed in the cells of patients suffering from amyloidosis. That is why special interest is focused in the early stages of oligomerization. In this this work, we focus on a highly hydrophobic amino acid sequence of the α-synuclein called Non-Amyloid β Component (NAC). The NAC is recovered in the form of fibers in the body and Lewy neurites in patients with Parkin- son’s disease. Moreover, it is a minority component of the fibers involved in Alzheimer’s disease. In particular, we observe the structural changes taking place for the monomer, dimer and trimer of the NAC region of α-synuclein. We are also interested in the structural consequences observed in heterogeneous oligomers which involve Aβ1−40. We use Hamiltonian and temperature replica exchange molecular dynamics (HT-REMD) simulations combined with the coarse-grained OPEP potential. We observe a loss of α-helices in favor of β -strands and the characteristic polymorphism of amyloid fibers. We also find that some regions are distinguished by their ability to form β -strands. The disappearance of these regions when combined Aβ with NAC suggests the importance of the location of hydrophobic residues in amyloid fibers structures.

Keyphrases: Amyloid proteins, Neurodegenerative diseases, Molecular dynamic, Coarse-grained potential
La problématique des enfants de la rue à Port-au-Prince et les stratégies d'interventions des institutions de prise en charge

Street children are a real problem all over the world. In Port au Prince, it is all a real social problem. Haiti is well-known for a general crisis for a long time. In this way, poor families are more and more vulnerable, and also are more and more living in poverty. Consequences of this families’ poverty are that a lot of children need to live their family and go to streets. In streets, children live in parks, cemetery. They used survival strategies, like, sex work, theft, and panhandling. To protect about violence in street, they live in gang and develop their own world. They are also exposed to the HIV and others contagious diseases. That is why, a lot of organizations work with street children in order to exit them out streets.  Objectives of this study are to understand representations of the phenomenon of street children and to understand social interventions from the social workers point of view. We have realized nine interviews of social workers working in three different organisations, with different structures (opened, semi-opened and closed).  Results show that social workers depicted street children as victims, delinquents, or actors. But, structure of intervention is leading by the delinquent perspective, sometimes by the victim perspective and a few as actors of their life. That is why objectives of intervention are most about familial reintegration, school reintegration, and learning working skills. In this way, philosophy of intervention is guideline by changing youth in order to integrate them in society.

Keyphrases: intervention sociale, street youth, intervention, Haiti, social representation, policy, timoun lari, entevansyon sosyal
Relation entre le TDA/H de l’enfant et les caractéristiques personnelles du parent : le rôle modérateur de l’attachement adulte

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) is present in a large number of school-aged children. Many of them are also suffering from comorbid agressive or anxious disorders. Behavioral manifestations and the consequences that arise, have not only an influence on the child, but also on the parent. Some studies suggest that, for those parents, these conditions are associated with a higher level of stress, a lower sense of self-efficacy, more depressive symptoms and lower marital satisfaction. Other findings relate the opposite. Why are these results in conflict? This study aims, firstly, to examine, in a Quebec sample of 110 parents of children with AD/HD, if the children’s characteristics of AD/HD (diagnostic profile and the presence of a comorbid disorder) are related to their parent’s personal characteristics (parental stress, sense of self-efficacy, depressive symptoms and marital satisfaction). Second, we examine whether adult attachment is linked with those four parental characteristics and if it moderates the relationship between children’s AD/HD characteristics and parent’s personal characteristics. Results indicate that the child’s diagnostic profile is related to parent’s depressive symptoms and that the presence of comorbid disorders is related with parent’s marital satisfaction. Also, an interaction effect between child’s diagnostic profile and presence of comorbid disorders is observed on parental stress level. In addition, results showed a significant relation between adult attachment style and parent’s sense of self-efficacy only, confirming that parents with a secure-autonomous attachment style have a higher sense of self-efficacy than those with an insecure-ambivalent attachment style. No moderating effect of adult attachment on the relationship between child’s AD/HD characteristics and parent’s personal characteristics is observed.

Keyphrases: parent, AD/HD, diagnostic profile, comorbid deficit, parental stress, depressive symptoms, sense of self-efficacy, marital satisfaction, adult attachment
Quand le désespoir cache l’innommable : une étude des critères de suspicion pour distinguer les suicides par pendaison des homicides déguisés

The objective of the present study is to study the differences between the suicidal hangings and the homicidal nonhanging strangulations as well as the lesion’s role in the manner of death determination in apparent hanging cases, in order to create a decision tool that will inform the coroner or medical examiner on the probable manner of death in apparent hanging cases. Two hundred and fourteen cases of suicidal hanging were retrospectively reviewed and compared to 51 homicidal nonhanging strangulation victims. Bruises, abrasions and lacerations incidence were significantly lower in hanging victims (6.1 %, 4.7 % and 0.5 % respectively) compared to homicidal strangulation victims (58.8 %, 51.0% and 5.9 % respectively). Limb bruises were found as much on the anterior part of upper limbs as on posterior part, whereas limb abrasions were located mostly on the posterior aspect of upper limbs. Bruises and abrasions were also found exclusively on the anterior aspect of the lower limbs. Bruises are generally observed either exclusively on upper limbs, either exclusively on lower limbs, but rarely on both in a single case. In homicidal nonhanging strangulation cases, this preferential lesions concentration was not observed. Possible criteria for limb lesions distribution are discussed and prediction models of the manner of death are evaluated.

Keyphrases: Abrasion, Forensic science, Hanging, Bruise, Abrasion, Laceration, Manner of death
Induction d'une stratégie visuelle de reconnaissance du genre

The goal of the following experiment is to make subjects unconsciously learn a visual strategy allowing them to use only part of the available visual information from the human face to correctly identify the gender of a face. Normally, the gender of a face is recognized using certain regions, like those of the mouth and the eyes (Dupuis-Roy, Fortin, Fiset et Gosselin, 2009). Our participants had to accomplish an operant conditionning task. They were informed that a number of points would be given to them according to their performance. At the end of training, the subjects that were encouraged to use the left eye indeed used the left eye more than the right. Also, those that were conditionned to use the right eye used the right eye more than the left. We will discuss the potential clinical applications of this method of conditionning.

Keyphrases: Vision, Bubbles, Learning, Internal representation, Face recognition, Operant conditionning, Vision, Bubbles