L’efficacité des médicaments en situation réelle dans le traitement des maladies respiratoires et la dualité entre l’assurance médicaments privée et publique face à l’adhésion et la persistance à ces traitements

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are the most prevalent respiratory diseases in Quebec. Poor control of asthma and COPD has a significant economic impact on the health care system, but also on patient’s quality of life, due to frequent medical visits, emergency department visits, hospitalizations and early death. Therefore, it is very important to assess the optimal usage of medications in the treatment of these diseases in order to reduce morbidity and mortality. The first aim of the present thesis was to compare the effectiveness of medications in the treatment of COPD on the rate of exacerbations and mortality because observational studies published on this subject included major bias due to inaccuracy in the treatment exposure measurement. Thus, in the context of this thesis, two Québec administrative databases were matched to select a cohort of 36 492 COPD patients aged 50 years or older (1995-1999). In this cohort, the rate of exacerbations was lower among theophylline users than long-acting β2-agonists (LABA) users (RR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.84 -0.95), but theophylline was less effective than inhaled corticosteroids (ICS, RR=1.07, 95% CI: 1.04 -1.10). From this cohort, a nested case-control found that ICS alone or in combination with LABA were more effective in reducing mortality compared with LABA alone (RR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.53-0.88 and RR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.56 to 0.96, respectively). The efficacy of ICS in the treatment of asthma to reduce exacerbations and mortality is well proven, however, non-adherence and non-persistence with ICS are highly problematic. To our knowledge, no study has evaluated the impact of the type of drug plan insurance on the adherence and persistence with ICS among Quebecers due to the lack of information on prescribed medications for people with private drug insurance in the Régie de l' assurance maladie du Québec (RAMQ) pharmaceutical database. In order to circumvent the lack, the reMed registry was developed as part of this thesis. Thereafter, a cohort users of ICS aged between 20-64 years was selected from reMed (2008-2010) and then matched to users of ICS selected from the RAMQ pharmaceutical database. The results of this study suggest that although adherence was low in both cohorts, patients privately insured were less adherent than patients publicly with the RAMQ (mean difference of adherence -9.7%; 95% CI: -13% to -6.5%). Moreover, patients privately insured were also found to be 52% more likely to stop their ICS during the first year (HR = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.16 to 2.00). In conclusion, based on the work of this thesis, theophylline may be considered as an effective therapy to prevent acute COPD exacerbations. Furthermore, theophyllines are less expensive than inhaled medications and its oral formulation would provide, according to the literature, better adhesion than inhaled medications. ICS are important in the treatment of asthma, but also in the treatment of COPD, since according to the results of this thesis, they would provide a greater reduction on the rate of acute COPD exacerbations and mortality compared to other treatments. However, it was also demonstrated that adherence and persistence with ICS were very low in the treatment of asthma particularly. The type of drug insurance plan is a determinant of adherence and persistence with ICS. Further studies are needed to assess whether differences in adherence and persistence observed in this study result in differences in the use of health services and health care costs. In addition, it will be necessary to investigate whether the observed differences are limited to ICS or if the type of drug insurance has an impact on medications for other chronic diseases.

Keyphrases: Exacerbation, Asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Mortality, Exacerbation, Theophylline, Inhaled corticosteroids, Persistence, Private drug insurance, Health administrative databases