NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
L'Autoportrait de 1879 par William Bouguereau (1825-1905) : la représentation d'un artiste académique

Painted in 1879, the Self-Portrait of William Bouguereau (1825-1905) was produced as a pendant to the Portrait of Elizabeth Gardner (1879, private collection). The two works were offered to Miss Gardner as an engagement gift by Bouguereau and stayed in her possession until her death. Bought in 1984 by the Museum of Fine Arts of Montreal, the Self-Portrait of 1879 will be the only object of this study that aims to determine how Bouguereau, as an academic artist at the end of the XIXth century, choose to represent himself. True to his technique, despite the avant-garde wave that unfurled since 1850, we may question the reason of such a self-portrait. Thus, this painting will allow us to analyse the question of the representation of the artist through technical, compositional, historic, artistic, social, personal and physiologic aspects.

Keyphrases: William Bouguereau (1825-1905), XIXe siècle - France, History of art, 19th century - France, Academic painting, Self-portrait
Présentation et analyse de quatre compositions

This document presents an analysis of four of my compositions written during my studies at the Master’s level. The chosen works include chamber music, orchestral music, and vocal music. The implementation of learned techniques is emphasized through a study of form, thematic development, harmony, and orchestration of each musical piece. Furthermore, I wished with the analysis of my compositions, to share my approach to the creative process and thereby give the listener a better understanding of my music. For example, it is hoped that an account of the multiple references to early 20th century Ballets Russes music present in L'Odyssée d'un songe, or a discussion of the numerous examples of figuralismes in Nuit de neige, will allow the listener to better identify my work and to listen to these pieces with a deeper understanding. Also, I hope to highlight the presence of certain constants in my compositions, in the context of which the development of my personal musical language will be made evident.

Keyphrases: composition, orchestration, analysis, harmony
Virtual (dis) connectivities : mobile intimacy and presence for women in long distance relationships

Globally speaking, an increasing amount of people are on the move for many reasons; whether for work, studies, travel, emigration or exile (Elliott and Urry, 2010). These movements, or lack thereof, along with the development of communication technologies raise important questions around the ways people are able to connect, as well as disconnect, when they are apart. This thesis aims to understand women’s perspectives and practices of intimacy and presence with their partners when they are separated by distance for extended periods of time. This thesis examines various practices of connection, through old and new technologies (mobile technologies), as well as the bodily senses that participate in intimacy and a sense of presence. Informed by the new mobilities paradigm (Sheller & Urry, 2006) as well as the emerging literature on mobile intimacy (Hjorth & Lim, 2012; Elliott & Urry, 2010) and imagined presence (Chayko, 2002; Elliott and Urry, 2010), I propose the notions of virtual (dis)connectivity, virtual place, and technological absence and presence to frame and analyze the practices engaged in by my study’s participants. Through a combination of methods, including semi-structured interviews, multimedia diaries, autoethnography, and research creation, questions of the sensory practices of mobile intimacy, control and monitoring, emerging forms of affective labor, immediacy, and reciprocity are examined in an age of global interconnectedness.

Keyphrases: mobile intimacy, mobilities, place, connectivity, imagined presence
La question du consensus en situation de collaboration interorganisationnelle : le cas de la Table québécoise de la sécurité routière

This thesis aims at describing and understanding the communication practices that sustain the consensual decision-making of an interorganizational collaboration (CI) collective, the “Table québécoise de la sécurité routière” (TQSR). We adopt a communication constitutive of organization (CCO) approach, as developed by the “Montréal School,” to understand the constitutive dimensions of these practices. After an overview of the available literature on CI and consensus decision-making, we propose to adopt the perspective of “consensus by non-opposition” developed by Urfalino (2014) to focus on the communicative practices that sustain this decision-making process. Conversation analysis and principles of a rhetorical approach are combined to analyze a plenary session from the TQSR third cycle of work, specifically aimed at drafting the collective’s final report. This analysis allows us to identify and discuss 1) the communication practices used to facilitate the consensus decision-making process and 2) the constitutive effects of consensus as it upholds the collective of collaboration’s unity.

Keyphrases: Table québécoise de la sécurité routière, Consensus, Interorganizational organization, Consensus by non-opposition, Constitutive practices
Agglomération et hétéroagglomération des nanoparticules d'argent en eaux douces

Nanomaterials are a class of contaminants that are increasingly found in the natural environment. Their environmental risk will depend on their persistence, mobility, toxicity and bioaccumulation. Each of these parameters will depend strongly upon their physicochemical fate (dissolution, agglomeration) in natural waters. The goal of this paper is to understand the agglomeration and heteroagglomeration of silver nanoparticles in the environment. Two different silver nanoparticles (nAg; citrate coated and polyacrylic acid coated) with a diameter of 5 nm were covalently labelled with a fluorescent dye and then mixed with colloidal silicon oxides (SiO2) and clays (montmorillonite). The homo- and heteroagglomeration of the silver nanoparticles were then studied in waters that were representative of natural freshwaters (pH 7.0; ionic strength 10-7 to 10-1 M of Ca2+). Sizes were followed by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and results were validated using enhanced darkfield microscopy with hyperspectral imaging (HSI). Results have demonstrated that the polyacrylic acid coated nAg was extremely stable under all conditions, including in the presence of other colloids and at high ionic strength, whereas the citrate coated nAg formed heteroagregates in the presence of both natural colloidal particles.

Keyphrases: agglomeration, heteroagglomeration, silver nanoparticle, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging, darkfield microscopy
3D registration of MR and X-ray spine images using an articulated model

Abstract This paper presents a magnetic resonance image (MRI)/X-ray spine registration method that compensates for the change in the curvature of the spine between standing and prone positions for scoliotic patients. MRIs in prone position and X-rays in standing position are acquired for 14 patients with scoliosis. The 3D reconstructions of the spine are then aligned using an articulated model which calculates intervertebral transformations. Results show significant decrease in regis- tration error when the proposed articulated model is compared with rigid registration. The method can be used as a basis for full body MRI/X-ray registration incorporating soft tissues for surgical simulation.

Keyphrases: Articulated model, Magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray imaging, Multimodal medical image registration, Scoliosis, Scoliose
Le droit à la réparation des lésions professionnelles des travailleurs soumis à une obligation
de disponibilité : une analyse jurisprudentielle longitudinale

The concept of worker availability requirements refers to instances in which workers are required to be available to their employers outside of standard work hours (off-duty). Due to several factors, especially the internationalization of markets, financialisation of the economy, and the development of information and communication technology, this normative requirement is inadequately regulated by current legislation in Quebec. Therefore, our research evaluates the extent that the Loi sur les accidents du travail et les maladies professionnelles addresses availability requirements imposed on workers in the province. To this end, we carried out qualitative and quantitative analyses of decisions made by the Commission d’appel en matière de lésions professionnelles and Commission des lésions professionnelles between 1995 and 2014. From a sociological perspective, we attempted to produce different categories of off-duty availability requirements, and to discern whether an augmentation in the number of decisions concerning availability requirements has taken place over time. Finally, we examined the extent that workers benefit from the rights provided by the L.a.t.m.p. when injuries occur during off-duty hours in which workers are required to be available. Our results demonstrate that many categories of availability requirements can be developed related to the period of time during when such obligation occurs. Furthermore, these requirements are also linked to individuals’ status as self-employed workers. Finally, it seems that the recognition of workers’ employment injuries vary along these categories. However, our results also suggest that there exists no positive trend in the number of decisions concerning worker availability requirements over time.

Keyphrases: Pause, Pause-repas, Loi sur les accidents du travail et les maladies professionnelles, Worker availability requirement, Work time, Compensation of an employment injury, Break, Lunch break, Overtime
Ludwig Feuerbach, penseur de la mort de Dieu

This Master’s Thesis focuses on the topic of the death of God in the nineteenth century German philosophy. More specifically, it highlights the role played by Ludwig Feuerbach (1804-1872) in the development of this problematic, i.e. his influence on the way this decisive “death” has been interpreted philosophically. The two major philosophical figures who have reflected on the death of God, namely Hegel and Nietzsche, have done so in very different, some would say antinomian, ways. Authors such as Deleuze or Foucault have even argued that between Hegel’s and Nietzsche’s way of addressing the question of the death of God there can be no common ground, but only an irrevocable clash. Unfortunately, such a statement forbids further investigations enabling a more rigorous understanding of the philosophical development that occurs between Hegel and Nietzsche on that specific topic, that is, on the death of God in nineteenth century German philosophy. Here, I shall argue, the study of Ludwig Feuerbach’s thought becomes essential to such an understanding, since it develops a critical dialogue with Hegel’s stance on the death of God, while at the same time anticipating some aspects of Nietzsche’s approach to the problem of the death of God.

Keyphrases: Ludwig Feuerbach (1804-1872), Death of God, Death of Man, Philosophical Anthropology, Philosophy of Religion, Secularization
La justice scolaire

This report’s goal is to explore the literature on the subject of school justice. This study will be separated into three axes. It will be question at first of the accessibility to education. There are at least four major principles in liberalism: (1) the individuals are free and equal; (2) the individuals should all have equal chances to lead their life plan; (3) the individuals are holders of a set of guaranteed rights by the society; (4) the State adopts a posture of neutrality. From these values, we can establish links with the necessity of an accessibility to the education. Secondly, this report will study three models of school: the parental school, the state school, and the school that aims to facilitate autonomy. We shall argue, with Harry Brighouse, that the education directed to the autonomy represents the objective which respects most the values of the liberalism, among which the imperative of neutrality, and the interests of the young people. In the last part of this study, we shall study three conceptions of equality: equality of resources (Jean-Fabien Spitz), equality of  opportunities for welfare (Richard Arneson) and adequacy (Debra Satz). To judge their respective qualities, we shall try to apply them to the educational system in order to highlight the strengths and the weaknesses of each.

Keyphrases: Education, Equality, School justice, Responsibility
Le "suffragium" et la corruption administrative dans l'empire romain au IVe siècle

In line with recent literature (Veyne 1981, MacMullen 1988 and Kelly 2004) that attempts to relativize the negative effects of corruption during the later Roman Empire, this paper examines suffragium, the process of appointing officials, in order to demonstrate that this phenomenon is not as bad as the historiography of the twentieth century makes it out to be. This system, which was organized in such a way that the high officials had to provide letters of recommendation to candidates to positions in the public service, became completely corrupted during the fourth century and the letters were eventually systematically sold. Yet the law of Constantine, Constantius and Julian provides no tangible evidence that suffragium was bought in all instances during that period. On the contrary, the emperors often added an adjective after the noun suffragium to specify that it was bought. Typically, emperors are portrayed as fiercely opposed to suffragium and all negotiations pertaining thereto. The emperors of the Constantinian dynasty were not nearly as fierce against those "corrupt practices and they even showed some pragmatism, having understood that they could not control all appointments of those who wanted to enter the public service and that it was not necessarily in their best interest. The emperors focused mainly on legislation surrounding promotions to ensure that people who had real power were those who have shown their qualities throughout all their years of service. Although they did not specifically stated the criteria for hiring candidates, it does not mean that anyone could enter. Through the study of Libanios' and Symmachus' letters, this paper demonstrates that high officials did not provide letters to anyone who asked for them, as their reputation might have been tainted by having recommended a poor candidate to their friends. High officials who received the recommendations could also ascribe certain tests to the candidates to be certain of the individual's quality. This informal system of control of the candidates compensated, in part, for the deficits in the imperial legislation. Together, these two systems enabled the administration to function by providing candidates who met the criteria of the time.

Keyphrases: Administration, Corruption, Suffragium, Later Roman Empire, Public Service
Le marché de l'art et le trafic illicite des biens culturels : une étude de cas : la collection Barbier-Mueller

In March 2013, three hundred and thirteen precolumbian artifacts, previously exposed in Barcelona's Museum of the Swiss Jean-Paul Barbier and Monique Mueller, went on sale at Sotheby's in Paris by thoses collectors. The case was the subject of international media coverage when some countries of Central and South Americas, including Peru, Mexico and Guatemala, protested against the sale, arguing that their national cultural heritage is not for sale.  The central question of this thesis focuses on the illicit trafficking of cultural property, and it is declined in three axes, from a case study: the Barbier-Mueller collection.  The complex relationship between museums and major collectors is observed in the first chapter, according to the ethical rules that generally govern the institutions, in order to discourage the acquisition of objects involved in illicit transactions. Secondly, through a summary of the current international art market, the influence of auction houses will be examined. Since the origin of the artifacts on sale is not always clearly stated, it is difficult to trace the lineage of the owners or their nation of origin. However, knowing that the illicit trade in cultural objects grows even within the regular art market, the authors then talk about a "gray market". This thesis ascends, from excavation through their illegal export, the chain of transactions of cultural goods exhibited by the most prestigious institutions.  This research then addresses some incongruities of the art market, by exploring the features of tools provided by UNESCO and ICOM, and the question of alienation, in addition to the legal limits of the requesting countries. Finally, this thesis presents the opposition between official rhetoric and actual actions taken to protect cultural heritage.

Keyphrases: Art market, Illicit traffic of cultural property and provenance, Barbier-Mueller collection
La poésie cinématographique Terrence Malick et la sensation

What is cinematic poetry? This is the fundamental question that this master’s thesis will attempt to answer by analyzing the works of American film-director Terrence Malick. By positing this question in different ways within the realities of his films, one will inevitably reach the following conclusions: cinematic poetry occurs where the forms of representation are opened by a modality of expression; cinematic poetry occurs when the sentient is no longer a sign of the intelligible, but of the matter and of the mode of its production over time, that is, in its evolution. Describing this poetry will only be possible by describing one’s experience of the sensation-cluster of images and of figures proper to Malick’s films. This involves making the world come into existence by doing justice to the core of meanings buried in the visible, a justice rendered by the sharing of a description of the sentient. It will be argued that, in Malick, this poetry manifests itself through a phenomenology of light and gravitation. Also shown, the importance of sound in the emergence of the sentient world, which, through open voices, through materialization of noises, and through music, develops into a total musical score consisting of metamorphoses and destinies. Furthermore, this poetry resembles the sensibility of early German romantics who, through their resistance to language and to absolute reason, destroy the hierarchy of the world in order to redefine it. The constituents of Malick’s cinema of poetry, namely the expression of light and movement, the invisible inhabiting the visible (like an elsewhere that exceeds it), the reinvention of language, the chaotic system linking mankind and nature, as well as the dual world (from darkness to light and from light to darkness) will thus be defined. This master’s thesis therefore suggests an approach of Malick’s cinema inspired by phenomenology, which presents it as being “always underway”, in an immediacy seeking to think within, through, but also beyond cinema.

Keyphrases: sensation, son, poetry, sensation, phenomenology, romanticism, sound
Sur la place publique : construction historique de l’événement Nuit de la poésie 1970

Any historiography is constructed on the model of a story, that is, the narration of an underlying plot which conveys the particular choosing and singling out of events based upon their importance according to predefined criteria. The 1960s, which are usually depicted as the period where Quebecois literature came into being, are representative of this narrative logic which underlies the stream of history. "La Nuit de la poésie", which took place on the 27th of March 1970, was one of those events singled out by history and mythologized in Quebec’s collective imagination. As such, the happening, filmed by Jean-Claude Labrecque and Jean-Pierre Masse, was conceived by many as the apex of this fruitful period called the "âge de la parole". A study of this happening, however, raises many questions about the process of historical construction which took place around the event. The organization of the night, as well as the way it was passed to further generations, both highlight the strong aspiration to create an historical event and to mark Quebec’s literary culture. Given that Labrecque and Masse’s documentary is the only genuine document attesting to the event, and that the film itself has been subjected to a great deal of editing, issues of representation and of creation of narrative need to be addressed in the context of the cultural affirmation Quebec went through in the 1960s. The Night thus should be analyzed as an indication of an emergent historical consciousness, influencing the cultural actors of the 1960s and 1970s and creating a new group of canonical figures in Quebecois literature.  This study, based on text analysis, the sociology of literature, historiography, and film theory, will bear on the documentary La Nuit de la poésie 27 mars 1970, and specifically on the singular work of editing which led to the rejection of many performances from the final documentary. At the end of this analysis, I will deepen the historical role of this iconic event by addressing the cultural and historical construction that surrounded it. The effect of my perspective will be to mitigate the impact of this event alone, but also to draw on the key features that underlined the historical vision characteristic of the literary Quebec of the 1960s.

Keyphrases: Nuit de la poésie, Jean-Claude Labrecque, Jean-Pierre Masse, Quebec literature, Quiet revolution, Poésie orale, Historic narration, Oral poetry
Spécifier pour mieux protéger? : l’évolution de la notion d’orientation sexuelle comme critère de discrimination au sein du droit international

This paper questions the level of protection offered by the current structure of international law to all LGBT people under the legal standards of non-discrimination. It questions thereby the need for a specific international convention against discrimination based on sexual orientation in the UN system of human rights. This interrogation is assessed through a bipartite analysis. The evolution of the concept of sexual orientation in international law from 1975 to the present day is detailed in order to expose the applicability of the standard of non-discrimination to the general population despite the polarization of the international community on the issue. Thereafter, the jurisprudence of the Human Rights Committee in relation to sexual orientation is considered to illustrate the development regime of a sexual minority protection modulated by the political wrangling on the international scene. The paper concludes that the protection of LGBT people does not require the creation of an international convention against discrimination based on sexual orientation. Rather, it suggests the imposition of a guarantee of a universally applicable legal norm of non-discrimination to all fundamental rights recognized by the UN treaty system.

Keyphrases: Discrimination, Sexual orientation, Human rights, United Nations, Treatybased bodies and international conference, Discrimination