Élucidation des mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans l’expression aberrante du récepteur au peptide insulinotropique glucose-dépendant (GIP) dans les tumeurs du cortex de la glande surrénale

Tumors of the adrenal cortex are varied and frequently found in the population. Aside from rare family cases in which mutations have been identified, the genetic events leading to the formation of adrenocortical tumors remain obscure. A subtype of these tumors includes macronodular hyperplasias, now percieved as the entry point of adrenocortical tumorigenesis. The most commonly observed molecular event in these cases is the presence of aberrantly expressed G-protein coupled receptor that drive steroid production and cellular proliferation. The genetic events leading to these aberrant levels of expression are unknown.  This study will use the Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) receptor as a model to identify the molecular mecanisms leading to the aberrant expression of the GIP receptor (GIPR) in adrenocortical tumors. The first part of the study will be a clinical investigation of new cases of adrenocortical tumors to screen for aberrant responses to GIP in various types of these tumors. The patients will be evaluated by a thorough clinical investigation protocol and the resected tumors will be extensively analysed in vitro, using real-time RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, microarray and primary cultures of the tumors. The link between GIP and the normal physiology of the adrenal cortex will also be assessed in normal subjects. The second part of the study will use novel large-scale investigation techniques to determine the transcriptome of different cases of adrenocortical tumors expressing aberrant levels of the GIPR. The functional importance of identified genes will be assessed in cellular models. This study presents the first cases of aldosterone-producing tumors with aberrant responses to hormones, previously confined to cortisol- or androgen producing tumors. The case presented showed an aldosterone production sensitive, among others, to GIP. The GIPR’s mRNA was strongly over expressed and a specific staining was observed in immunohistochemistry. The responses were confirmed in primary cultures of the tumor. In normal adrenals, a role for the control of aldosterone by GIP was also demonstrated. Finally, large-scale profiling of the transcriptome led to the identification of a list of genes with expression levels strictly related to the presence of the GIPR in adrenocortical hyperplasias. One of these genes, perilipin, was strongly repressed specifically in GIP-dependent cases. siRNA techniques were used in a cellular model and confirmed that the repression of perilipin is sufficient to induce the expression of GIPR and that this protein is implicated in the GIP induced steroidogenesis.  Allying state-of-the-art in vivo investigation methods to advanced in vitro techniques, the present study identifies novel insights on the link between GIP and the normal adrenal physiology, in normal and pathological conditions.

Keyphrases: Adrenal gland, GPCR, Tumor, Microarray, Aldosterone, Cushing's syndrome, Primary aldosteronism, GIP, GIP, Cortisol, Cortisol