Studies on IL-18 in HIV infection : effects of the cytokine on intestinal integrity, and platelets as a new source of the cytokine

Interleukin IL-18 (IL-18), a member of the IL-1 family, is a multifunctional pro-inflammatory cytokine. It is known to be produced by monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, keratinocytes and the adrenal cortex in the human body. This cytokine is produced as an inactive precursor protein, which is cleaved into mature form by activated caspase-1. The caspase itself exists as an inactive precursor in human cells and requires inflammasomes assembly for its activation. IL-18 has been shown to play a key role in mediating different inflammatory conditions. Our laboratory and others have shown that HIV infection is accompanied with increased circulating levels of IL-18 along with decreased levels of its antagonist IL-18 Binding Protein (IL-18BP).    In this thesis, we show that IL-18 is also produced and secreted by human platelets upon activation. The platelets also contain components of the inflammasome. They assemble and activate caspase-1 and process the precursor IL-18 into its mature form during the platelet activation process. The cytokine is synthesized in platelets de novo upon activation. Contrary to IL-18, the platelets constitutively express pre-formed IL-18BP, and release it constitutively as well as upon activation. Both IL-18 and IL-18BP colocalized with CD63, a marker for the platelet α granules. Platelet-released IL-18 constitutes the main source of this cytokine in the human circulation in healthy individuals. We found decreased amounts of this cytokine in the platelet lysates in HIV-infected individuals as compared to the healthy ones. On the other hand, its concentrations were increased in the serum and platelet-poor plasma in infected individuals. Similar findings were obtained with IL-18BP in platelet lysates from healthy and HIV-infected individuals. However, lower amounts of this IL-18 antagonist were found in the serum and platelet-poor plasma from HIV-infected individuals compared with the healthy ones. Our findings have important implications for chronic inflammatory disease conditions in which increased IL-18 activities play a pathogenic role.  HIV is also accompanied by intestinal inflammation and decreased intestinal integrity as measured by mucosal repair, regeneration and permeability. However, little is known concerning the relation between high level of IL-18 associated to HIV infection and intestinal permeability. In this thesis, we demonstrate the role of HIV and its protein Tat in increasing IL-18 production in two intestinal epithelial cell lines (HT29 and Caco2) and decreasing IL-18BP. IL-18 induces epithelial barrier hyperpermeability by disrupting both tight and adherens Junctions by modulating expression and distribution of occludin, claudin-2 and beta-catenin. Disorganization of F-actin was also observed within the cells upon incubation with treated by IL-18.  Upon prolonged incubation, IL-18 caused intestinal cells death and induced apoptosis by activating caspase-1 and caspase-3. Interestingly, the plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide in three different categories of HIV-infected patients (ART-naïve, ART-treated and Elite controllers) correlated with their IL-18 plasma levels. Finally we investigated the signaling pathway through which IL-18 induces increased intestinal permeability.  Briefly, our studies identified platelets as an important source of IL-18, and their activation in HIV infection contributes to enhanced concentrations of the cytokine. The virus also induces increased production of the cytokine from intestinal epithelial cells. Increased biological activities of the cytokine contribute towards AIDS pathogenesis by increasing intestinal permeability and causing death of intestinal cells. The cytokine may serve as a molecular target for delaying AIDS progression and reducing low-grade chronic inflammation in HIV infection.

Keyphrases: Interleukin IL-18, HIV, Platelets, Intestinal permeability, IL 18 binding protein