NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Effets physiologiques de l’infection parasitaire chez le crapet-soleil (Lepomis gibbosus)

Biotic stressors, such as parasites, can affect an animal’s fitness through changes to their host’s behaviour and physiology. Since parasites are ubiquitous and have significant impacts on ecological communities, it is important to understand how and to what extent they alter the lives of their hosts. Thus, studying how host performance capacity is affected by parasites through physiology and behaviour could provide a more mechanistic understanding of host phenotypic changes during infection. We used pumpkinseed sunfish, Lepomis gibbosus, infected with endoparasites, including trematodes (the causal agent of black spot disease), as a model system to study the effects of infection on host aerobic metabolic performance and escape behaviour. Aerobic metabolic performance traits (standard and maximum metabolic rate, aerobic scope) and escape response performance traits (responsiveness and response latency to a simulated aerial attack) were measured in fish from across a gradient of visible endoparasite infection (i.e. trematodes causing black spot disease) and non-visible infection (i.e. internal cestodes and trematodes quantified post-mortem) using custom-built respirometers and behavioural arenas. Here, we demonstrate that parasite load is related to the physiological and behavioral performances of wild caught pumpkinseed sunfish. We find a significant decrease in standard metabolic rate and maximal metabolic rate along the gradient of non-visible endoparasite infection but not for visible infection with black spot. Non-visible endoparasite infection intensity was also related to decreased responsiveness to a simulated aerial attack. Our results provide further confirmation that incorporating parasite infection in ecological, physiological and behavioural studies is critical for understanding the causes of intraspecific trait variation in wild animal populations.

Keyphrases: Parasites, Infection, Performance capacity, Fast-start escape response, Respirometry, Ecophysiology
Optimisation des marais filtrants pour l’abattement du pesticide chlorantraniliprole du ruissellement agricole

Over the past decades, a wide variety of emergent pesticides, such as chlorantraniliprole (CAP), have been introduced despite the lack of in-depth knowledge of their ecotoxicological risk. Treatment wetlands (TWs) are environmentally friendly and sustainable technologies that have shown great potential to mitigate common agricultural pollutants, such as pesticides in runoff. The objective of this study was to optimize the use of the horizontal subsurface flow treatment wetlands (HSSF TWs) by determining a) the effect of biochar amendment to the substrate and b) the performance of three species of macrophytes (Phragmites australis subsp. americanus, Scirpus cyperinus and Sporobolus michauxianus) in CAP removal from agricultural runoff. The removal efficiency was calculated using the mass balance method in mature HSSF mesocosms fed with synthetic agricultural runoff containing CAP for a period of one month. Mesocosms with the addition of biochar were very effective in removing CAP (90-99%) and remained so throughout the experimental period. This efficiency is likely due to the high adsorption capacity of biochar, although this mechanism has not been directly measured. In contrast, CAP removal in mesocosms planted without biochar was low and limited and there was no difference between species, although there were differences in their above-ground biomass and their evapotranspiration (ET) rate. However, the planted mesocosms acted as buffer zones, reducing the CAP mass of the influent and slowly releasing it into the discharge. The ET rate of S. cyperinus and P. australis was higher than that of S. michauxianus, resulting in a better buffering effect. This study suggests that adding biochar to the HSSF TW substrate is promising for CAP attenuation in agricultural runoff, but their long-term effectiveness remains to be investigated. Nevertheless, TWs should be used as a complementary tool, as part of wider actions aimed at reducing the pressure of pollutants on aquatic ecosystems.

Keyphrases: pesticides, macrophytes, Phragmites australis subsp. americanus, Scirpus cyperinus, Sporobolus michauxianus, chlorantraniliprole, Horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland, Macrophyte species, Biochar, Phragmites australis subsp. americanus, Scirpus cyperinus, Sporobolus michauxianus, Substrate enhancement, Mass balance, Evapotranspiration rate, Hydraulic retention time
L’entrepreneuriat féminin : du démarrage de l’entreprise à l’opération effective, quels facteurs expliquent l’aboutissement des démarches entrepreneuriales chez les femmes au Québec?

Entrepreneurship is a source of job creation and a major driver of economic development in our society. In this sense, the presence of women in business has become a concern of public policies in Quebec and Canada. Several levers have been adopted to stimulate entrepreneurship with the aim of increasing the number of women in business. However, despite these measures, women remain less likely than men to undertake such activities. Nevertheless, while women are under-represented in the entrepreneurial ecosystem, they show entrepreneurial intentions in encouraging proportions, which are close to the statistics observed for men. As a result, this suggests that a slowdown in their entrepreneurial momentum occurs once the start-up actions have been initiated.   Through this research, we seek to understand factors influencing the entrepreneurial journey of women, from the first steps to the completion of their business project. Our study is part of the Schmitt’s Global Entrepreneurial Approach (3M Theory) (2017). The question we ask ourselves is: What factors explain the success of women’s entrepreneurship in Quebec? Through the qualitative analysis of 19 interviews conducted with two samples of women entrepreneurs, one group having experienced entrepreneurial success and one group having stopped their project, the study highlighted the influence of multiple factors on the entrepreneurial process and outcome. Our research highlights the major impact that the nature of project is likely to have in the choice to stop entrepreneurial approaches. Furthermore, the important role of the entrepreneur and her ecosystem in entrepreneurial success has also been observed. A typology of the different reasons for stopping entrepreneurial journeys has been developed and correlated with factors motivating that decision. In sum, the project will have made it possible to better understand the different realities experienced by women in all their complexity and suggest possible solutions to increase the presence of women in entrepreneurship in Quebec.

Keyphrases: Women entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial approach, Entrepreneurial career, Entrepreneurial success, Business project stop
La précarité d’emploi, la pluriactivité et la polyactivité chez les musiciens montréalais

The work of artists in general constitutes a scientific field that has been under-researched in social sciences, particularly regarding the conditions under which musicians work. This explains our reason for studying the working conditions of musicians who reside in Montreal. Indeed, our study is based on two fundamental questions, that is to say, does the precariousness of employment among Montreal musicians force them to opt for pluriactivity and polyactivity in their professional life? And what significance do these professionals attribute to this pluriactivity and polyactivity? This project is based on two axes. The first concerns the precariousness of employment that characterizes the musical labor market and the forced recourse to pluriactivity and polyactivity, and the second axis concerns the recourse of Montreal musicians to these two phenomena as a strategy and a professional opportunity. The uncertainty about the professional future and the income that characterizes the work of Montreal musicians plays an important role in the precariousness of the work of these professionals. Indeed, job insecurity is a fundamental factor that pushes them towards multiple job holding. Regarding pluriactivity, this brings together all of the musician's income resources from artistic jobs linked to his field of expertise. As for polyactivity, this includes all activities that are outside of his main field of expertise (artistic and non-artistic). Despite the constrained nature of this pluriactive and polyactive model of professional life, it presents an effective strategy to face the challenges that exist in the musical labor market and addresses a socialization opportunity for these professionals. Our research follows a qualitative approach in which we opt for an exploratory and hybrid empirical technique. We have also conducted ten semi-structured interviews concerning the professional life of our participants.

Keyphrases: Job insecurity, Pluriactivity, Polyactivity, Strategy, Opportunity, Montreal musicians, Exploratory and hybrid research, Multiple job holding
Savoirs et pratiques autour de la tuberculose à Dakar, 1924-1969 : le destin d’une maladie sociale, du colonial au postcolonial

While strategies had been developed by the public authorities that had been operating in Dakar since the 1920s to contain the spread of tuberculosis, a social disease then identified as an obstacle to France's socio-political and economic projects in Dakar and West Africa, in 2019, some 40 years after Senegal's decolonization, the disease continued to be a concern for the city's health authorities. This raises several questions: Why, despite the manufacture of an anti-tuberculosis vaccine since the 1920s and the discovery of specific drugs in the 1940s and 1950s, tuberculosis continues to defy the plans implemented in Dakar to contain its spread? What has been done to halt its spread? Did the fight against tuberculosis in Dakar also involve action on the factors that contributed to the spread of the disease? Was it the implementation of TB control measures that was failing? The hypothesis underlying this thesis is that the fight against tuberculosis was not a priority for Dakar health authorities, but also that the inadequacy of the various preventive and curative measures against this disease explains the limits of the action taken so far and, consequently, the persistence of tuberculosis in this city.  Through an evaluation of the organization and execution of the various measures taken since 1924, this thesis attempts to shed light on the factors explaining the persistence of tuberculosis in Dakar until 1969 and to identify continuities, and not only breaks, between the colonial and national periods in order to better understand the current place of the infectious disease in the country. It also envisages seeing with reference to what knowledge and practices were maked choices concerning measures to combat tuberculosis and seeks to study the modalities of implementation of the various measures adopted to halt the development of this disease in order to grasp distances between intentions and actions taken. In order to assess the impact of the various plans to combat tuberculosis in Dakar over the chosen period, attention is also paid to their reception and the attitudes that they have aroused among the population of Dakar.

Keyphrases: Dakar, Tuberculosis, Western medicine, medicalization, French West Africa
Développements algorithmiques pour l’amélioration des résultats de l’interférométrie RADAR en milieu urbain

The monitoring of urban areas and their spatiotemporal dynamics is an important issue for the urban population, at the environmental, economic, as well as social level. With the launch of satellites carrying next-generation synthetic aperture radars (TerraSAR-X, COSMO-SkyMed, ALOS, RADARSAT-2, Sentinel-1, Constellation RADARSAT), it is possible to obtain time series of images with fine temporal and spatial resolutions. These multitemporal data help to better analyze and describe urban structures, and their variations in space and time. Satellite interferometry is performed by comparing the phases of SAR images taken at different satellite passes over the same territory. By opt-ing for satellite positions separated by a long baseline, InSAR leads to the creation of digital elevation models (DEM). If this baseline is short and, at the limit zero, we have the case of differential interferometry (DInSAR) which leads to the estimation of the possible movement of the land between the two acquisitions. In both InSAR applica-tions, two operations are important that ensure the generation of quality interferograms. The first is the filtering of ubiquitous noise in the interferometric phases and the second is the unwrapping of the phases. These two operations become particularly complex in urban areas where the phase noise is added to the frequent jumps and discontinuities of phases due to the presence of buildings and other raised structures. The objective of this research is the development of new filtering and phase unwrap-ping algorithms that can perform better than algorithms considered as reference in this field. The goal is to generate quality InSAR products in urban areas. Regarding filtering, we have established an algorithm that is a new formulation of the adaptive anisotropic Gaussian filter. As for the phase unwrapping algorithm, it is based on the minimization of energy by a genetic algorithm using contextual modelling of the phase field. Various tests have been carried out with simulated and real SAR images that demonstrated the potential of our algorithms that in many respects exceeds that of standard algorithms. Finally, to achieve the goal of our research, we integrated our algorithms into the SNAP software environment and applied the entire procedure to generate a DEM with high-resolution RADARSAT-2 images from an area of the City of Montreal (Canada) as well as maps of land movement in the Mexico City region (Mexico) with relatively medium-resolution Sentinel-1 images. Comparison of the results with data from external quality sources also demonstrated the strong potential of our algorithms.

Keyphrases: InSAR, DInSAR, Phase filtering, Phase unwrapping, DEM, Surface displacement maps
Le chemin de l'écrit : la quête spirituelle de l'écriture chez Jack Kerouac

Kerouac's literary writing is the manifestation of his spiritual quest formed by the path taken by the written word. This is not exactly the road of writing in On the Road, which rushes towards the horizon like the American highway, when you unroll the manuscript on the ground or you read the lines from left to right. Rather, it is the way in which the writing forms a path for this spiritual quest to find its way through the work, through the creation of the work. Halfway between French and English, the visionary beat writer Jack Kerouac explores all forms of writing, from prose to the briefest form of literary writing, the haiku, in order to repeat and rehearse literary exercises of the mind that will allow him to orient his spiritual quest and translate it into words. Several texts serve as writing exercises on the journey through the corpus of Kerouacian writings, but it is in Some of the Dharma that we find the most striking example of the literary paths through which his spiritual quest was launched. This thesis examines the notion of the way and the articulations of the spiritual quest through four chapters. The first two chapters discuss respectively the French texts published in 2016 under the title La vie est d'hommage and the problem of spontaneity from a spiritual perspective. They prepare the reflection developed in the third chapter, where the aim is to understand how Some of the Dharma can be conceived as the great lay notebook of Kerouac’s spiritual paths. Finally, the fourth chapter explains the meaning of the interweaving of prose and literary brevity (notably haikus and koans), based on the conception of a present that is both impermanent and eternal. These reflections lead us to question the spiritual meaning of the literary path in a secularized world. Kerouac’s spiritual defeats are numerous and have allowed him to find his way, having no other spiritual guides than his own writing and reading. Literary writing is above all a way and crossing this path leads to where we are, always. Kerouac gives a striking example of this, which this thesis makes explicit through its own writing paths.

Keyphrases: Kerouac, La vie est d'hommage, Some of the Dharma, Spiritual quest, Way, Writing, Buddhism, Spontaneity, Present, Brevity
La rencontre et ses passages. La singularité de Pierre Klossowski

This thesis examines the work and life of Pierre Klossowski as a figure of the literary phenomenon. Klossowski’s work exemplifies, both concretely and abstractly, a particular economy of the literary which is the epistemocritical basis of this thesis, for it crosses the boundaries between genres, medias and techniques of the 20th century. Articulating a conception of the literary as an encounter that refuses to be confined to simple duality, the thesis proposes an epistemological reflection on the literary phenomenon and on the exemplarity of Klossowski’s figure in such a context, a figure whose formation and the way in which it acts on the literary itself are also deployed in the thesis. By taking into consideration the historically late formation of current knowledge institutions and their effect on the modern conception of disciplines, the thesis breaks down the current schemas of disciplinary categorizations and rethinks the epistemological power of the literary according to an economy of the encounter that is analyzed through Pierre Klossowski’s transdisciplinary productions.

Keyphrases: Pierre Klossowski, Figure, Transcendance, Immanence, Lecture, Encounter, Singularity, Literary thought, Epistemology, Transcendence, Hermeneutics, Reading
Agression déplacée : effets de la colère, de la honte et de l’impulsivité selon les types de ruminations, centrées sur la provocation ou sur soi

If, once provoked a person has not reacted, they can, in specific situations, displace their aggressive reaction to another person, sometimes several hours after the initial provocation. Some studies have identified specific features to the displaced aggression process. The person will ruminate between the provocation and the forthcoming aggression. They will ruminate about the provocation or about themselves. They will be feeling angry, ashamed. At the time they will be aggressive towards their victim their negative emotional state will be elevated. The aim of the following dissertation was to examine the roles of rumination, shame, anger and impulsivity in the relationship between self-centered rumination or rumination focused on provocation and displaced aggressive behaviors. The dissertation is composed of two articles presenting the studies’ results that were conducted within a French speaking population. The first article presents the results of the validation study of the French version of the only instrument that assesses personality differences in the tendency to displace aggression. Sample was composed of 191 adults. Analyses have suggested this French version of the questionnaire has good psychometric qualities and its three-dimension structure is similar to the structure of the original scale. Based on the validation results, this French questionnaire can be used and was included in the second study In the second article the results highlight the differences in the relationship between others or self-blame and displaced aggression behaviors whether provocation-centered rumination or self-centered rumination is concerned. Serial mediation models would suggest unique effects from anger and shame in each of these relationships (others or self-blame and aggressive behaviors). Results show negative Urgency (the tendency to act rashly when experiencing extremely negative emotion) can improve these serial mediation models. Indeed, anger effect on displaced aggressive behaviors would be partially explained by its indirect effect trough negative Urgency. This dissertation provides a French version of an instrument that assesses trait displaced aggression. It highlights the complex relationships between rumination, anger, shame, negative Urgency and displaced aggressive behaviors. Implications are discussed. As serial mediation models imply causal roles for shame and anger, further studies appear necessary to confirm these roles.

Keyphrases: Validation, Displaced agression, Validation, Rumination, Anger, Shame, Impulsivity, Negative Urgency, Mediation
Les relations d’activation et d’attachement père-enfant pour prédire les comportements extériorisés à la petite enfance

A few studies have found an association between insecure early father-child attachment and externalizing behaviors in children between the ages of three and eight. The parent-child activation relationship is the emotional bond that fosters the child's risk-taking within boundaries set by the parent in order to ensure the child’s safety. When parental limit-setting is not sufficient to ensure the child's integrity, they may develop an overactivation relationship, which has been associated with more externalizing behaviors in children with clinical levels of behavioral problems. No study to date has evaluated the effects of the overactivation relationship along with early attachment to fathers on the development of externalizing behaviors in toddlers (0-5 years) in the normotypic population. This doctoral thesis therefore aims to fill this gap. The first article (Chapter II) aimed to test the relationship between father-child relationships (activation and attachment) at 12-18 months and children's externalizing behaviors at 24-30 months and 48-60 months. Father-child overactivation, but not attachment (insecurity and disorganization), predicted externalizing behaviors in both boys and girls, and only at 48-60 months. Higher disorganization scores, however, were associated with fewer externalizing behaviors at 24-30 months for girls, but not for boys. The second article (Chapter III) aimed to test the effect of activation and attachment relationships with the father assessed when the children were 36-42 months old and the level of their externalizing behaviors at 48-60 months. Overactivation by the father, but not attachment (insecurity and disorganization), predicted externalizing behaviors at 48-60 months for both boys and girls and regardless of parents' perception of financial adversity. The final chapter presents a general discussion of the results found and their implications. In sum, this thesis highlights the relevance of considering the father-child activation relationship in parallel with the attachment relationship to the father in order to better understand children's risk-taking, which can manifest itself in externalized behaviors and, later, evolve into delinquency.

Keyphrases: Externalizing behaviours, Father-child attachment, Father-child activation relationship, Moderation
L’entreprise républicaine

This thesis explores the impact of the republican conception of freedom applied to business in terms of institutional design. I will defend the idea that, in order to promote republican freedom, it is necessary to legally structure the company in a way that is consistent with republican ideals, that is, by creating the "republican enterprise" whose governance is guided by the principle of dominated interests. The thesis project is twofold. First, present the republican approach to business. Secondly, to develop a theory of enterprise inspired by this trend, which nevertheless makes it possible to open up new perspectives on freedom in the firm.

Keyphrases: Republicanism, Business, Governance, Freedom, Dominated interests, Stakeholders