NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
La protection des mineurs face à la
cyberpédopornographie : étude comparée entre le droit criminel canadien et français

Young people are the primary users of the Internet. This has enabled the development of certain illegal content, like child pornography. Governments often find themselves powerless to change this growing phenomen that is still well unknown. Moreover, the international aspect of the Internet put in perspectives different moral and cultural conceptions causing problems, particularly in term of definitions of those concepts. In addition, teenagers tend to imitate adults especially when it relates to sexuality. However, Canadian and french law makers impose them some restrictions they consider justifiable and reasonable. Nevertheless, these young people live between a virtual society (Internet) and a real one governed by a sexual oriented view where the human body is see as a commercial value to exploit. As a result, new behaviors are appearing. To neutralize them, minors became the first category that need to be protected because of their vulnerability and the unifying bond that they represent for the country. From now on, they represent the new public morality foundation on the Internet, which let the State impose its moral vision of sexuality, and in particular a behaviour norm. Moreover, criminal law seems to treat different sex offenders who represent the group to neutralize because of the risk they represent. Indeed, it seems that there is a return of the dangerous man in our contemporary societies in need of security. It is now clear that it is more acceptable for people with a real risk to society could be more victims in this case minor. Our study aims to examine and clarify the foundations of rationality of legal discourse on the regulation of child pornography on the Internet. For this, we will question the impact of recent news technology on criminal law, which like those last evolved in our contemporary societies. The lawmaker was forced to take into account the new realities that were inevitably not existing few years ago. Criminal law, which represents the morals of the society of his era, seems also to move towards a social right of claim and subjective. Many questions arise including: does it take to condemn all kind of child pornography so, an important interference of the State in our private life can be accepted? Is there some paternalism from the State in its way of legislating? Is not Morality the cause of this return to a major severity in this area? Moreover, this State paternalism may be an opportunity for the authorities to control, even to watch over the internet users?

Keyphrases: Internet, Internet, Minors, Moral, Illegal content, Protection, Protection, Sexuality, Child pornography, Pornography, Procedure, Cooperation
La méthode IIM pour une membrane immergée dans un fluide incompressible

The Immersed Interface Method allows us to extend the scope of some numerical methods to discontinuous problems. Here we use it in the case of an incompressible fluid governed by the Navier-Stokes equations, in which a membrane is immersed, inducing a singular force. We use a projection method and staggered (MAC-type) finite difference approximations. A very complete derivation for the jump conditions is presented in the Appendix, for the case where the viscosity is continuous. Two numerical examples are shown : one without a membrane, and the other where the membrane is motionless. The general case of a moving membrane is also thoroughly studied.

Keyphrases: Immersed interface method, Projection method, Incompressible fluid, Singular force, Grille MAC, MAC grid
Pour un dialogue entre transcendance et immanence : une analyse du concept de justice chez Lévinas

Many critics have been addressed to Lévinas concerning the difficulty of combining the infinite ethical responsibility, presented as the precondition of experience, and the limitation of the obligation towards the other that rise inevitably within the political. The distinction seems so stark between the transcendent ethical responsibility towards the other and the political logic, associated with the violent and immanent ontological order, that ethics can appear to be jeopardized as soon as it is expressed in a social context. This essay aims to overcome these difficulties by demonstrating that despite their fundamental opposition, the ethical order and the onto-political order are part of a unique structure. In the light of the presence of the third and of the necessity of justice that accompanies it, it is possible to prove the existence of a junction between these distinct but interdependent layers of signification. In fact, the concept of justice is an amphibological concept that at the same time is part of ethics and of politics. It shows that ethics is situated a priori in a social realm. This study will present critical reflection related to law and to human rights law that will demonstrate that Levinas’ philosophy not only can, but has to open itself to a social expression.

Keyphrases: Ethics, Justice, Justice, Politics, Third, Law, Human Rights Law, Ontology
Purification of mitochondrial RNase P in A. nidulans

Abstract RNase P is a ribonucleo-protein complex (an RNA enzyme or ribozyme) that cleaves 5’ leader sequences of precursor tRNAs and a few other small RNAs. It occurs in all three domains of life, Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya, with the latter containing distinct nuclear and organellar (mitochondrial or plastid) activities. In most instances, the complex contains a single, well-conserved RNA subunit that carries the active center of the enzyme. Yet, compare to bacterial and nuclear P RNA, most mtP RNAs are structurally highly reduced. The number of P proteins is highly variable: one in Bacteria, about four in Archaea, and ten in the cytoplasmic form of Eukarya. Much less is known in the case of mitochondria. MtRNase P is usually purified by using numerous separation steps that include unphysiological conditions, leading to complexes having a minimum number of subunits (e.g., in yeast and Aspergillus nidulans), that often loose their activity. Here, using BN PAGE, we have developed an enrichment procedure for A. nidulans mtRNase P that avoids some of the most disruptive conditions. The protein composition of active fractions was identified with LC/MS/MS, indicating that the RNase P holoenzyme is much larger than previously thought. Finally, the question of mtRNase P localization within mitochondria was investigated, by tracing its RNA subunit by RT PCR. We found that mtRNase P of A. nidulans is a predominantly membrane-attached enzyme; it is in part solubilized by detergents such as digitonin and Triton.

Keyphrases: RNase P, Mitochondria, Aspergillus nidulans, protein complex, protein purification, Mitochondries, Detergents
Global Internet governance and the public interest in communication

Centred on an extensive case study of the multiple and competing perspectives that emerged over the course of the controversial internet governance negotiations that dominated the United Nation’s World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), this thesis examines how the global debate on internet governance influences the public interest in communication.  On the basis of extensive participant observation, targeted semi-structured interviews and analyses of a range of formal and informal documents associated with the WSIS, this thesis reviews the emergence of the issue of internet governance at the WSIS and provides an in-depth accounting of the negotiations that followed. Lawrence Lessig’s theory of “code is law” is applied in explaining how various actors debated and ultimately reached conclusions about the boundaries between normative public policy issues and questions of technical regulation and management. The evolution of the debate over global internet governance since the conclusion of the WSIS is also discussed. On the basis of this case study, a series of conclusions are drawn about the actors and institutional characteristics that influenced the WSIS negotiations on internet governance.   It is suggested that the WSIS redefined a narrow debate over the management of a series of internet technical functions as a more broad public policy field of global internet governance. It is argued that the public interest in global internet governance however is process-focused and preoccupied with the political welfare of various stakeholders. The direct and indirect implications for understanding the larger public interest in communication are considered. In conclusion, this thesis reflects on the programmatic implications for the media and communication studies research agenda.

Keyphrases: communication Policy, internet regulation, globalization, political economy of communication
Effets d’un entraînement neuromoteur et d’un entraînement aérobie sur les fonctions exécutives chez l’enfant

Studies investigating effects of exercise on cognition in animals and human do not permit to clarify if these effects are specific to the type of exercise and if the cognitive gains for a developing brain are global or exclusive to certain cognitive functions. Considering the neuronal circuit between the cerebellum and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, we hypothesized that neuromotor training will improve executive functions associated with prefrontal cortex. Since aerobic training positively affected different cognitive functions in previous studies, we hypothesize that this type of exercise will improve executive functions and long-term memory. Three sixth grade classes (mean age = 11.4 years) were randomly assigned to neuromotor (n=20), aerobic (n=19), and control (n=15) conditions. We ensured that the motor training did not stimulate aerobic capacity and that the aerobic intervention was devoid of a motor training component. The exercise sessions for the two training groups consisted in 30 minutes per school day, took place during class time, and lasted for 10 weeks; the control group followed the regular school program. Motor and cognitive tests were administered before and after the intervention. A series of ANOVA’s revealed that neuromotor training enhanced verbal fluency with a marginal effect on verb generation, executive functions related to the fronto-cerebellar circuit, and that aerobic training led to a marginal improvement for verbal fluency. Therefore, our results showed differential improvements in executive functions induced by both neuromotor and aerobic training.

Keyphrases: Cognition, Exercise, Cognition, Child, Executive functions, Cerebellum, Prefrontal cortex, Motor ability, Aerobic training
Chimiohyperthermie intrapéritonéale à l’oxaliplatine
dans le traitement de la carcinose péritonéale
d’origine appendiculaire

Background: Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) arising from the appendix is a rare disease with a poor long-term prognosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of an aggressive approach used at our institution over the last five years.  Methods: Data from all patients with a PC arising from the appendix were prospectively collected and analyzed. Treatment consisted of complete surgical cytoreduction of the tumor followed by hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) with oxaliplatin (460 mg/m2) in 2 L/m2 of D5W at 43˚C during 30 minutes.   Results: From February 2003 to March 2007, 38 patients with PC arising from the appendix underwent laparotomy with curative intent. Mean follow-up was 23 months. Twenty-three patients received HIPEC but 10 patients could not have complete cytoreductive surgery and received no HIPEC. Five patients with a negative second-look surgery also received no HIPEC. The 3-year overall survival (OS) was 100% for the negative second-look patients, 86% for the HIPEC patients, and 29% for the unresectable patients (p=0.0098). The 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) was 49% for the HIPEC patients.  Histologic grade was a prognostic factor with regard to DFS for the HIPEC patients (p = 0.011). There was one postoperative mortality. The overall complication rate for treated patients was 39%, including intra-abdominal abscess (22%), hemorrhage (18%), and anastomotic leak (9%).   Conclusions: Although these results are preliminary, this therapeutic approach seems both feasible and safe in selected patients.

Keyphrases: Peritoneal neoplasms, Appendiceal neoplasms, Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, Oxaliplatin
Découverte et application de nouveaux motifs d'association propres à l'hexaphénylbenzène et à ses dérivés

The properties of molecular materials depend on the identity of individual components and on their organization. Unfortunately, it remains difficult to control molecular organization, despite advances in materials science. To better understand the relationship between molecular structure and collective properties, we undertook a systematic study of hexaphenylbenzene and its derivatives, which possess a rigid symmetric framework.  Our first study focused on using hydrogen bonds to control self-assembly in the solid state. By installing six diaminotriazinyl groups on a hexaphenylbenzene core, we predictably obtained highly porous three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded networks. Through systematic structural modifications of the molecular core, we excised nearly a third of the parent molecule, and the porosity of the networks gradually increased, matching the record of 75% previously obtained for this type of material.  We then turned to weaker interactions to control organization, as revealed by the packing of hexakis(4-nitrophenyl)benzene. In the crystal structures analyzed, non-covalent interactions between nitro groups were observed, demonstrating their potential in supramolecular chemistry. Careful examination of the structures showed that the hexaphenylbenzene moieties play only a secondary role in determining the overall packing; however, C-H•••π interactions involving the central aromatic ring of hexaphenylbenzene were also observed.  To further document this unexpected behavior, we analyzed nine crystal structures of hexaphenylbenzene and derivatives, which showed that a C-H•••π recognition pattern involving the central aromatic ring occurs consistently throughout the series. This motif was used to prepare supramolecular networks based exclusively on selective and directional C-H•••π interactions involving ethynyl groups and the central aromatic ring of hexaphenylbenzene.  Finally, we joined the dark side of crystal engineering by using our knowledge of supramolecular chemistry to prevent the formation of directional interactions. By installing alkyl groups near the central aromatic ring of hexaphenylbenzene, C-H•••π interactions were practically eliminated. These results were then used to devise new amorphous materials.  The hexaphenylbenzene system permitted a methodical analysis of structure-property relationships in molecular materials. This particular system exposed phenomena normally obscured in other families of molecules, and our analysis of its behavior has yielded conclusions of universal value in materials science.

Keyphrases: Supramolecular chemistry, Crystal engineering, Crystallography, Hydrogen bond, Weak interaction, C-H•••π interaction, Hexaphenylbenzene, (Polyphenyl)benzene, Molecular tectonics, Molecular glasses
Étude de la réponse du détecteur ATLAS-MPX aux neutrons rapides

ATLAS-MPX detectors are Medipix2-USB detectors covered with lithium ﬂuoride and polyethylene converters in order to increase the detection efﬁciency of slow neutrons and fast neutrons respectively. A network of ﬁfteen ATLAS-MPX detectors has been put in operation in the ATLAS detector at CERN-LHC.  Two reference detectors ATLAS-MPX were exposed to two fast neutrons sources 252 Cf and 241 AmBe as well as fast neutrons produced by the reaction 7 Li( p, xn) for the study of the detector response to those neutrons. Fast neutrons are primarily detected by recoil protons from elastic collisions between neutrons and hydrogen in the polyethylene. In addition, α -particles are produced by nuclear reactions between neutrons and silicon. A  study of the efﬁciency of proton and alpha particle track recognition of Medipix2-USB was done as a function of the initial kinetic energy and incidence angle. The detection efﬁciency of fast neutrons was evaluated for two energy thresholds (8 keV and 230 keV) of ATLAS-MPX detector. The fast neutron detection efﬁciency of the detector region covered in polyethylene increases with neutron energy: (0.0346 ± 0.0004) %, (0.0862 ± 0.0018) % and (0.1044 ± 0.0026) % for fast neutrons of 2.13 MeV, 4.08 MeV and 27 MeV respectively.  The method for the measurement of neutron energy allows an estimate of the neutron ﬂux when the ATLAS MPX detector is in an unknown radiation ﬁeld as it is the case in the ATLAS detector at LHC.

Keyphrases: Medipix2-USB, ATLAS-MPX, Pixel detectors, Medipix2-USB, ATLAS-MPX, Fast neutrons, Heavy charged  particles, Radiation ﬁeld, Pattern recognition, Detector efﬁciency
La contribution de la famille sur la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et la consommation de médicaments psychotropes

   The aims of this study were two-fold : first to examine whether there exists a significant relation between work organization conditions and drug use among members of the Canadian workforce; and secondly, to analyze the moderating effect of family situation status on the relation between work organization conditions and drug use. Analysis of data from a sample of Canadian workers, through the Canadian Community Health Survey of Statistics Canada (ESCC 2.1), determined that prevalence of consumption was 8.8%. More specifically, prevalence for women (11.7%) was higher that of men (6.3%).  The findings of this research support one possible negative relation between the amount of working hours and drug use. We also found a positive association between celibacy and drug use. The same connection was found in regards to the total household income, more specifically to a higher household income. Finally, these results demonstrated a lack of the family’s moderating effect on the relation between work organization conditions and drug use.         

Keyphrases: work organization conditions, family, psychotropics, active Canadian population
Las políticas lingüísticas en Quebec y Cataluña : un reflejo de las dinámicas sociales

The main purpose of this research is to achieve a better understanding of the basis and the socio-political issues in a language planning process, as well as define the function of the linguistic element in the development of a national system and in which way the application of a language politic is efficient. To do so, we will make a comparative study of the concrete cases of Quebec and Catalonia. The selection of these two regions is based in the fact that they both portray “sub-state” nations in which the own language (French and Catalan respectively) is a key element to the representation of the collective identity which also plays a symbolic and participative role in it. However, the nature of the language dynamics generated by the contact between the own language and the state language (French-English/ Catalan-Spanish) is visibly perceived and treated differently in the two regions. Therefore, the socio-political and linguistic backgrounds of Quebec and Catalonia offer, simultaneously, similarities and differences that highlight essential characteristics to the understanding of the development mechanisms in a language policy. The research work is divided into three parts: after the exposition of the evolution of the language planning theory, we will deal with the decisive historic moments and episodes, interwoven with the development of the nationalist belonging, which will lead us to explore the relationships between the “sub-state” and State entities: Quebec/Canada and Catalonia/Spain. Afterwards, we will review the legal and juridical texts and their fields of action. That is to say, we will see in particular the concrete application of the language policy in the sectors of education, immigration and the media. Lastly, in relation with the most recent socio-linguistic census, we will try to establish the connection between the statistical results of the language uses in the two regions and the means that were displayed as part of the language planning.

Keyphrases: Language planning, Language Policies, Quebec, Catalonia, Quebec, Quebec
Analyse de la performance du système portuaire de l'Arctique canadien

Climate change brings deep transformations in the Arctic environment. The reduction of the ice cover allows better access to northern communities and natural resources. In Canada, the Arctic region is characterized by an archipelagic geography and undeveloped transportation network. Marine transport is the favoured mode for supplying freight to local communities and industrial sites.  The scientific literature shows important gaps on commercial navigation in the Canadian Arctic. Few studies have been conducted on marine traffic in the Arctic due to small tonnage and low product diversity, even though it is a significant activity for the northern people and the regional economy. This research aims to fill this gap by assessing maritime transportation and port operation efficiency in the Canadian Arctic.  The structure of this study is four fold. First, a traffic and trade analysis is conducted under three scales: international, national and intra-arctic. Second, a fleet and routing assessment is done by means of carriers’ geographic distribution. Third, port performance is measured through specific indicators. Fourth, an evaluation is held on arctic marine operations through information collected during interviews with members of the maritime industry, workshops and field work. Problems addressed regard evolution of the sealift, challenges brought by Arctic navigation and development of northern Canadian ports. Results of this research lead to the conclusion that Arctic marine transportation displays positive traffic growth and serious involvement by carriers dedicated to Arctic sealift, but under-developed port and maritime infrastructures.

Keyphrases: Desserte maritime, Transport geography, Canadian Arctic, Marine resupply, Polar navigation, Port performance
La transmission intergénérationnelle de la mémoire chilienne du passé récent répressif : de Santiago à Montréal

On the 11th September 1973 a coup d'État orchestrated by the Chilean Armed Forces brought an end to the three year period of Salvador Allende's socialist government. The leader of this putsch, Augusto Pinochet, established in its place a violent military dictatorship, which was to last for seventeen years. A traumatic event marking the beginning either of a repressive period in Chilean history, or of national salvation from the fiery depths of socialist hell, preventing society's demise? The memory of the Chilean society remains divided in the wake of its recent past.    The study seeks to define the inter-generational transmission of the memory of this repressive past. From Santiago to Montreal, this research endeavours to ascertain the post-memory generation's perception of its recent past, that is to say of those born slightly prior to or during the dictatorship. The depictions, the impressions and the learning channels will be compared with regard to the geographical location in order to illustrate the common and conflicting discourses. As the oral sources are the foundation of this master's thesis, we will convey the differing accounts of this past as reported by twenty-eight testimonies.

Keyphrases: Allende, Pinochet, Exil, Agency, Memory, Dictatorship, Chile, Quebec, Political left, Political right, Exile