A longitudinal study of overweight during childhood :  etiology, mental health outcomes and mediating factors

Child overweight and obesity has challenged the field of public health for several decades. While its direct underpinnings may be physiological, its development and outcome are intertwined with an array of psychosocial factors. This dissertation has sought to answer questions relating to the perinatal and early life risk factors associated with overweight development, as well as its potential psychological correlates during middle childhood and early adolescence.   Specifically, this project had three research goals:  1) To model the developmental pattern of BMI or weight status throughout childhood and estimate population heterogeneity.  2) To identify the perinatal and early childhood risk factors that may increase the likelihood that a child follows a path leading to overweight by adolescence. 3) To examine whether being overweight in middle childhood is associated with internalizing mental health symptoms in early adolescence, and whether such an association is mediated by the experience of peer victimization and body dissatisfaction.  This work takes a developmental life-course perspective in that it considers both the accumulation of risk factors over time as well as risk factors occurring during critical periods of development.1,2 We examined data drawn from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSCD), a population-based birth-cohort study in the province of Quebec, Canada. The initial sample consisted of 2120 families with a 5-month old baby born in Quebec in 1997. These families were monitored yearly or biennially until children were 13 years of age.  For our first research goal, we modeled group-based developmental trajectories of child BMI and child weight status (overweight vs. not overweight). For our second goal, multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted in order to identify the perinatal and early risk factors associated with the different developmental groups of weight status. Putative risk factors were chosen from the literature and represent the perinatal environment, child behavioral characteristics, as well as the family home environment. These were analyzed longitudinally when possible, and factors that could be targeted for intervention, such as maternal smoking during pregnancy, child sleep times or television viewing were selected for analysis.    In order to complete our third research goal, we examined the longitudinal associations (from age 6 to 12) between BMI z-score (CDC 2000 reference) and internalizing and externalizing problems by way of cross-lag panel models in the Mplus program.  Our results indicating sparse cross-lagged links, we then examined whether peer victimization and body dissatisfaction during childhood mediate the association between early overweight development and self-reported internalizing symptoms in early adolescence.   Important scientific contributions stemming from this project include the identification of distinct weight status trajectories during childhood (i.e. early onset, late onset, never overweight) and the identification of perinatal and early life risk factors and mental health outcomes that may differ depending on a child’s developmental trajectory. Additionally, we identified two important mechanisms of the association between overweight and internalizing problems: peer victimization and low body satisfaction.

Keyphrases: Child overweight and obesity, Group-based developmental trajectories, Perinatal risk factors, Mental health symptoms, Anxiety, Peer victimization, Primary prevention, Health promotion, Public health