NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Le potentiel synergique de l’intégration économique et de la protection environnementale

How does the intensifying economic integration at the level of regulatory obstacles interact with the protection of the environment? This research explores the possibility that the economic rationality underliying liberalisation can function synergistically with environmental protection.  This idea emerges from the observation of our contemporary international landscape, as the latest generation of Regional Trade Agreements aims to adopt a deep and integral approach to trade liberalisation in order to eliminate the barriers created by non-tariff measures. These obstacles predominantly result from the regulatory divergences between national territories. However, while these measures reduce domestic market access for foreign firms, they also aim to protect non-commercial interests, such as the environment. As they intent to achieve legitimate public policy objectives, non-tariff measures cannot, a priori, simply be eliminated in the same way that tariffs barriers have been. On the contrary, the reduction of these obstacles seems to require a strengthening of interstate cooperation regarding environmental regulatory solutions.  In this sense, the primary objective of this research is to gauge the potential for synergy between economic integration and environmental protection. Using a multidisciplinary approach, this study highlights the possibility of a positive association between environmental protection and economic integration. More specifically, it illustrates that both these dynamics could benefit from an increased internationalisation of regulation. However, in order for this process to be really beneficial for the environment, many modalities must be met.

Keyphrases: Environmental protection, Free trade, Regional Trade Agreements, Non-tariff barriers, Regulation, World Trade Organization, States regulatory capacity
Sang ombilical et placentaire : enjeux juridiques propres au consentement et au droit de propriété

The umbilical and placental cord blood is now a prized biological resource as it contains stem cells and high hemoglobin level used in therapeutic treatments. Considering the current applications and those envisaged in the future, cord blood can be secured in private banking for autologous or family use. It can also be given to a public bank for allogeneic transplants or research. Cord blood should not be considered as a human waste without value, even if it is inevitably produced at the time of birth of each child. Consent must be obtained before any withdrawal and use.   This study presents an empirical review of Canadian cord blood banking practice. This analysis reveals that banks do obtain prior consent to the collection, storage and use of cord blood. However, the source of this consent differs. It also shows that the actors involved in the banking process consider cord blood as a movable property that can be transferred to one another.   This study addresses the question of who, between the mother and the child, should consent to cord blood collection and storage. It deals with blood’s ownership once separated from the human body and the legal constraints applicable to its alienation and use. It also suggests modifications to the legal framework for cord blood research as well as a standardization of private storage rules.

Keyphrases: Bio-assurance, Donation, Cord blood, Consent, Blood harvesting, Private banking, Public banking, Bioinsurance, Cord blood ownership, Stem cells, Banking contract
Les organisations venant en aide aux enfants en domesticité en Haïti : obstacles à l’intervention et pistes de solutions

This thesis focuses on domestic children in Haiti, specifically on organizations that support them. It seeks to understand the barriers they face, in addition to gaining an understanding of the initiatives they undertake in the fight against child domesticity. This research was conducted in Haiti, alongside ten aid workers working in organizations – for the most part local – supporting domestic children and their families. The results of this research show that the barriers experienced by these organizations are due to the different perceptions of child domesticity in Haiti, the Haitian government and the presence of international aid in the country. This research demonstrates that the solutions envisioned by the organizations to fight against child domesticity can be found both upstream of the phenomenon (in remote communities) and downstream (with domestic children and their host families). The obstacles and solutions presented in this thesis are analyzed using the critical theoretical framework; the living conditions of the families of domestic children in Haiti are intrinsically linked to the country’s socio-historical, political and economic contexts. The conclusion of this thesis focuses on the relevance of community organizations’ approach, aided by local organizations in Haiti, to fight against the mechanisms of oppression suffered by the families of domestic children in Haiti.

Keyphrases: Obstacles, Solutions, Domestic children, Local organizations, Community organization, Critical theory
L'interrelation entre la participation des usagers en santé mentale dans une activité institutionnelle et leur propre processus de rétablissement

This research seeks to better understand the interrelation between the participation of mental health services’ users in participative activities of a health establishment, offering psychiatrist services in Québec’s province, and their perspective of their recovery process. First, we determined the nature and the functioning of the activities in which the users were involved. Furthermore, we obtained the personal journey of each of the users according to their personal recovery process. Twelve adults receiving or having received mental health services from this establishment and having participated into institutional activities as participating patients were recruited through the participating patients’ mechanism.  The health establishment put in place this mechanism to select the individuals to be participating patients. Individual and semi-directed interviews were carried out with them.  Going back to mental health history in Québec’s province, we can notice that the users’ participation in organisational instances have greatly increased throughout the years. The recovery model in mental health has contributed in the change of paradigm. This qualitative and constructivist research has shown that the users have identified impacts of their participation. These impacts depend on their individual empowerment and include feeling appreciated by others, feeling gratified by the acknowledgement of the competencies, an increase of self-confidence and self-esteem, as well as a decrease of distress. Many have identified the acquisition of new competencies. With regards to regaining collective power, the development of new social roles and of mutual aid and the development of a sense of belonging were mentioned by the users interviewed. The recovery process dimensions were positively changed by the users’ participation were identity, hope, empowerment and the relationship with others.

Keyphrases: psychiatrie, participation, mental health, psychiatry, recovery, experiental knowledge
Pratylenchus alleni : son spectre d’hôtes, sa reproduction dans un contexte de changements climatiques et sa quantification par PCR quantitative

In Canada, yield losses attributed to nematodes are generally associated with root-lesion nematodes from the genus Pratylenchus. In 2011, a new exotic species was detected in Canada and identified as Pratylenchus alleni Ferris. Pratylenchus alleni is rare in the Northeastern U.S. and its discovery has raised new concerns. To determine whether this species is a threat to agricultural production in Québec, my project aims to collect information about its pathogenicity. First, the host range of P. alleni was studied and the results showed that the nematode was developing well on potato, but poorly performed on alfalfa and red clover. The reproduction of P. alleni has also been studied in a context of climate change. The results showed that anticipated temperature and CO2 increases should favor P. alleni since it has a better reproduction rate on soybeans subjected to a night/day temperature regime of 17/28°C and a CO2 concentration of 1200 ppm compared to 12/23˚C (400 ppm) and 15/26°C (800 ppm) regimes. In the same study, a reduction of 19 to 58 % of roots dry weight of soybeans inoculated with P. alleni was observed compared to control plants. A simultaneous molecular detection and quantification method by qPCR of P. alleni and P. penetrans, the most widespread Pratylenchus species in Eastern Canada, was also developed. For each species, a TaqMan probe associated with the CY5 fluorophore for P. alleni and FAM for P. penetrans targeting the D2/D3 expansion segments of the large ribosomal subunit (28S) were developed and proved to be specific to each species. These results bring new insights into this new pest and highlight its pathogenicity.

Keyphrases: Pratylenchus alleni, qPCR, Pratylenchus penetrans, Root-lesion nematodes, Climate change, Host range, Soybean, Reproduction rate
Influence des expansions de territoire sur la capacité des approches en génomique du paysage d’identifier les gènes adaptatifs

Under the actual climate changes and human perturbations global context, many species are altering their geographic range. The identification of putatively adaptive loci in those expanding populations is thus important to better understand evolutionary potential and invasiveness of these species. However, in irruptive species undergoing rapid expansion, such as the mountain pine beetle (MPB), demographic processes such as allele surfing can result in spatial patterns of neutral genetic variation that can mimic those that result from adaptive processes. This phenomenon inflates the false discovery rate of adaptive loci and thus confounds landscape genomics methods. In this thesis, I studied the development of neutral and adaptive genetic structure during a range expansion. I investigated precisely how different demographic conditions influence the rate of neutral loci mimicking the spatial patterns of adaptive loci, doing a literature review and using the mountain pine beetle outbreak system to parametrize a simulation model. I simulated the demographic and population genetic dynamics of mountain pine beetle populations undergoing range expansion using the spatially explicit, individual-based genetic model CDmetaPOP. I examined the consequences of three factors on the false discovery rate: 1) species dispersal capacity; 2) timing of sampling during the course of the expansion; and 3) the strength of selection on adaptive reference loci. I found that a combination of weak dispersal capacity, weak selection, and early sampling during expansion results in the highest rate of false positive, while strong dispersal was responsible for lower rates of false positive. Used under these conditions of dispersal capacity, strength of selection and sampling timing, landscape genomics models risk elevated false discovery rates of adaptive loci and must be interpreted cautiously. Complex demography in the current MPB system (and other irruptive and invasive species) makes identification of adaptive loci challenging. Results from this project clearly demonstrate that there is a need for further method development to include these directional demographic processes in the field of landscape genomics.

Keyphrases: CDmetaPOP, Mountain pine beetle, Range expansion, Landscape genomics, Adaptive genetic variation, Neutral genetic variation, Dispersal
Le zooplancton comme bioindicateur de l’état trophique et de l’intégrité écologique des lacs du Parc du Mont-Tremblant

The application of environmental management plans and monitoring programs in national parks aims essentially to preserve biodiversity and ecological integrity of natural ecosystems for future generations. However, knowledge on aquatic biodiversity in national parks in Quebec is still incomplete, especially for the microorganisms at the base of food webs. This research presents the first important study on the zooplankton communities in 14 lakes of the Parc National du Mont-Tremblant (PNMT, Québec), including new knowledge on the biodiversity components, the taxonomic and functional structure of zooplankton communities, and the application of biotic indexes. The ultimate goal is to establish the relationships between trophic state and both zooplankton community structure and the derived biotic indexes, in order to evaluate the ecological integrity of the study lakes. Biodiversity components and zooplankton community structure of the PNMT lakes are similar to those observed in Canadian Shield lakes in Ontario and Québec. We could distinguish two groups of lake based on rotifer species (Kellicottia longispina and Conochilus unicornis) and on cladoceran species of small (Bosmina, Diaphanosoma birgei) or large (Daphnia catawba, Holopedium gibberum) size. Lakes are distributed along inverse gradients of the relative abundance of rotifers and calanoid copepods. These taxa offer the best potential as bioindicators of the trophic state and ecological integrity of PNMT lakes. Three main factors (altitude, area and depth of lakes, and the presence of brook trout or northern pike) are structuring zooplankton community in two main groups: i) the oligotrophic lakes with the brook trout dominated by the calanoid copepods (Allen, Herman, du Brochet, Obéron and Trap), ii) the mesotrophic lakes with the northern pike (including planktivore cyprinids) dominated by rotifers (mainly Desjardins, Savane, Houdet, Monroe and Rossi).

Keyphrases: Structure, Zooplankton, Biodiversity, Lakes, trophic state, community structure, ecological integrity
Organisation du travail et temps supplémentaire obligatoire chez les infirmières dans le secteur de la santé au Québec : comparaison de deux centres hospitaliers

Resorting to mandatory overtime for nurses in the healthcare sector of Quebec is a practice that is increasingly denounced in the media by nurses and trade union actors. The political and socio-economic context in which the public healthcare system evolves greatly influences the way it functions. As a result, several reforms of the healthcare sector have emerged over the years, which have resulted in the modification of its structure and, consequently, significant changes in the organisation of the nurses’ labour and planning of working times. In fact, this research attempts to answer a research question that focuses on the influence that the modes of organisation of labour and planning of working times have had on the resort to mandatory overtime for nurses. Furthermore, the comparison of two hospitals will allow us to understand for which reasons certain establishments resort more often to mandatory overtime than others. Thus, this research will allow us to understand which modes of organisation of labour and how the management of working times have more significant effects than others on the resort to mandatory overtime.   Many studies cover the effects entailed by the use of mandatory overtime on nursing work, while few studies cover the practices surrounding it. Thus, the production of this research contributes to the state of knowledge concerning the practices surrounding the resort to mandatory overtime for nurses.   To accomplish this, we conducted a qualitative research, a case study, comparing the organizational practices of two hospitals. The empirical data arises from eight semi-directed interviews that we conducted with trade union interlocutors and managers of the healthcare sector.   The results show that there are differences in the organisation of labour and the planning of working times of the two studied hospitals, which have an influence on the resort to mandatory overtime. Some elements of the modes of organisation of labour have a tendency to increase the resort to overtime: Elevated part-time employment rate amongst nurses, the composition of the healthcare team, the type of working shifts (day, evening, night), the identity of the manager, and the culture of the establishment. Furthermore, the obtained results show that the planning of working times also has an influence on the resort to mandatory overtime. The more nurses experience a loss of control on their working time, that is to say unpredictable and hardly flexible schedules, the more the resort to overtime increases. Finally, the results suggest that the more the work schedules are atypical, the stronger is the link between the modes of organisation of labour and the resort to mandatory overtime.

Keyphrases: Centre Hospitalier, Mandatory overtime, Nurses, Hospitals, Organisation of labour, Working times, Healthcare sector of Quebec
L'identité professionnelle des infirmières comme source d'un travail gratuit et d'une obligation de disponibilité implicite

New organizational norms based on a model of flexibilisation of working hours have had a major impact on workers in recent years. An increasing focus on productivity and profitability can impose strong pressures on employees who are progressively changing their behaviour at work. Indeed, the increase of temporal availability imposed on workers is not always acknowledged by the employers. The distinction between work time and rest time has become more blurred and less clear than in the past. Moreover, temporal availability has become an expected but unrecognized behaviour used to measure motivation at work and employee engagement without any impact on employee classification or wages. The care sector is likely even more prone to this lack of recognition as its definitive core have historically been invisible.  Firstly, this research aims to shed light on manifestations of invisible work performed by nurses for the health and social services sector in Quebec. The unpaid work completed by the care professionals and the mandatory availability required of nurses to exceed their period of working time will be reviewed. Secondly, this research is seets to explain the role of professional identity in the performance of invisible work. The empirical data collected through ten interviews with nurses and clinical nurses working in the public sector in Quebec illustrated many manifestations of unpaid work and an implicit obligation of availability. Also, the data show that nurses' professional identity is actually linked to the supplemental work completed. However, its influence was emphasized by organisational failures affecting the quality of health services.

Keyphrases: Professional identity, Nurses, Unpaid work, Implicit availability, Invisible work
Les coalitions hétérogènes comme stratégie de renouveau syndical : une étude de cas en contexte québécois

This study puts into light the legitimacy crisis that Quebec trade unions are experiencing today, which is threatening their survival. More specifically, this study provides an analysis of the sources of this crisis and its consequences on the labour movement. In this respect, this paper associates this crisis to the decline of trade unions’ ability to maintain relationships with different community groups. In response, the academic literature demonstrates that heterogeneous coalitions are an efficient strategy in achieving union renewal. In essence, this study proposes a hypothesis in which the way that trade unions create coalitions will positively influence the potential of union renewal. From an analytical perspective, this study examines the influence of various identity theories and of the validation of a democratic process on the ways that Quebec trade unions will involve themselves in coalitions. Our empirical data derives from archives of these coalitions, from non-participant observations and from nine semi-structured interviews with representatives from both trade unions as well as from community groups. Firstly, our results demonstrate that an identity of protest would foster stronger relationships between the trade unions and the community-based organizations. Conversely, an identity of regulation would promote more transactional relationships. Secondly, our results show that there exists a relationship, whether positive or negative, between the validation process of trade unions and their members’ involvement in the different levels of action within the coalition. Thus, the presence of the members in the coalitions will impact the trade union's capacity to create new activists which will work toward changing the institutional and technocratic status quo. Thirdly, this study shows that the identitary and democratic structure of the trade union may influence the transformational potential of the strategy associated to heterogeneous coalitions.

Keyphrases: coalition, union renewal, organizational structure, democracy, trade union
Le lien entre la compétition intrasexuelle et la recherche de minceur chez les jeunes femmes : le cas de l’anorexie mentale selon une perspective évolutionniste

Various disciplines developed an interest in anorexia nervosa during the last decades and presented different models to explain it. The biopsychosocial model, currently prevailing, allows to understand how this issue takes place on a proximal level. However, one question remains : is there a biological function to this disorder? This is the enigma that researchers adopting an evolutionary perspective tried to solve. Several hypotheses have been formulated and those will be reviewed and criticized in the context of this master’s thesis. Thereafter, an alternative hypothesis, the intrasexual competition for rank hypothesis, will be presented and will aim to increase the explanatory value of the proposed models. It will be argued that self-starvation and disorders resulting from this behavior are by-product of the intensified competition existing between women in modern Western culture. A research project conducted among female university students permitted to test some of the predictions made by this evolutionary model via correlation and regression analysis, and to test the integration of the competition variable to the tripartite influence model with a Path analysis. It was discovered that comparison, competition and subjective rank related to physical appearance are all variables related to drive for thinness. Given the limited scope of this study, more research is needed to fully demonstrate the relevance of this model.

Keyphrases: Régime, Anorexia nervosa, Eating disorders, Evolution, Diet, Competition, Rank, Thinness, Evolutionary perspective, Tripartite Influence Model