Sensibilité à la douleur, fonction olfactive et plasticité cérébrale chez un modèle murin de cécité congénitale

Early blindness induces behavioral changes often accompanied by functional and neuroanatomical changes in the brain. While changes in tactile and hearing modalities have been largely investigated, changes in olfaction and pain in the blind remained less explored. While some studies reported an improvement in olfactory function in early blind humans, others failed to demonstrate such effects. In addition, recent studies evidenced hypersensitivity to acute pain in early blind humans. However, the underlying mechanisms remained unknown. In order to study changes induced by early blindness in olfactory function and as well as the underlying functional and neuroanatomical plasticity, we developed a mouse model of early blindness called ZRDBA. In the unique ZRDBA strain, half of the mice homozygous for the Rax / Rx gene (gene responsible for anophthalmia) are born anophthalmic while the other half heterozygous are born sighted. This ZRDBA mice allow investigation of the behavioral and cerebral changes impacts of early blindness without worrying about strain differences. The first aim of this thesis was to assess olfactory changes induced by blindness in ZRDBA mice and examine whether these changes are accompanied by anatomical plasticity in brain regions involved in olfactory processing. Three behavioral tests were conducted: the buried food test, the odor detection threshold test (sensitivity measure) and the olfactory performance test (three-odor discrimination measure). The results revealed better olfactory performance of blind mice the buried food test as well as in the olfactory performance test but not in the olfactory threshold test. These results indicate an improvement in olfactory discrimination and identification in blind mice. Brain plasticity in olfactory structures was examined by histological and MRI analyses. The results of the histological measurements revealed a larger volume of the olfactory bulbs, the first site for processing olfactory information, in blind mice. MRI analysis revealed a larger volume in the granular and glomerular layers of the olfactory bulbs as well as in other regions involved in olfactory processing, namely, the orbitofrontal cortex and the piriform cortex. These results suggest that plasticity in the olfactory structures may explain the improved olfactory function in blind mice. The second aim of this thesis was to assess pain sensitivity in the blind ZRDBA mice. Four nociceptive tests were carried out: the formalin test (chemical sensitivity), the Von Frey iv test (mechanical sensitivity), the acetone test (cold sensitivity) and the water tail-flick test (hot pain sensitivity). Blind mice showed hypersensitivity to pain in all tests. In order to examine the underlying mechanisms of this pain hypersensitivity, we investigated the functional and anatomical plasticity in the amygdala, a key structure for the modulation and treatment of pain using immunohistological analyses. The results revealed an increase of c-Fos activity induced by the injection of formalin in the central nucleus of the amygdala as well as the whole amygdaloid complex in blind mice. Histological measurement also revealed a larger volume of the amygdala in blind mice. These results suggest the contribution of the amygdala in pain hypersensitivity evidenced in blind mice. Finally, in the third part of this thesis, we wanted to investigate the impact of blindness on anatomical plasticity in the whole brain using MRI and histological analyses. The results of this study revealed atrophy of most of the visual structures, in particular, the lateral geniculate nucleus, the primary visual cortex, the secondary visual cortex as well as the superior colliculi. Moreover, histological analyses revealed an atrophy of layer IV of the primary visual cortex and the secondary visual cortex as well as atrophy of the superficial visual layers of the superior colliculus in blind mice explaining the volumetric reduction observed in these regions. In the non-visual structures, analyses revealed a larger volume in the amygdala, as well as in several olfactory structures such as the olfactory bulbs, the piriform cortex and the orbitofronal cortex in blind mice. These results clarify the impact of early blindness on brain plasticity and opens the door for further investigation of its underlying mechanisms.

Keyphrases: Olfaction, ZRDBA, Blindness, Plasticity, Olfactory bulbs, Pain, Amygdala