Rôle de la tolérance centrale et périphérique des lymphocytes T autoréactifs dans deux nouveaux modèles murins double transgéniques

Autoimmune diseases are chronic and often invalidating disorders affecting more than 5% of the population in developed countries. Autoimmunity results from a breach in tolerance mechanisms towards autoantigens expressed in tissues and organs leading to the destruction of one or more target-organs by T and/or B lymphocytes. Autoimmune hepatitis and autoimmune diabetes are characterised by selective destruction of hepatocytes or pancreatic beta cells respectively. Accumulating evidences suggest a direct implication for CD8+ T cells in initiation, progression and regulation processes associated with many autoimmune diseases. To study the development of CD8+ T cell clones towards a particular antigen whose expression site was different, we developed two new double transgenic mice models. Each mice model was obtained after breeding of a mouse expressing a TCR specific for the nucleoprotein (NP) from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) with a second mouse expressing this LCMV-NP either 1) exclusively in hepatocytes (autoimmune hepatitis model), or 2) broadly in the pancreas and thymus (autoimmune diabetes model). The functional avidity of the NP-specific CD8+ T cells clones in TCR transgenic mice lines was inversely correlated with their respective TCR expression level. The lymphocyte repertoire was characterized in each line of double transgenic mouse, and functional capacities and phenotype (activation/memory markers) of NP-reactive CD8+ T cells were assessed. Both new models of double transgenic mice showed that NP-reactive CD8+ T cells could break central and peripheral tolerance and provoke a spontaneous autoimmune response. In the autoimmune hepatitis model, where autoantigen was expressed only in the liver, overexpression of the transgenic TCR led to massive thymic deletion of the NP-specific CD8+ T cells and no hepatitis developed, whereas TCR expression matching wild-type level allowed positive selection of autoreactive CD8+ T cells which accumulated in the liver, became activated and led to hepatitis development. In the autoimmune diabetes model, where autoantigen was expressed both in the pancreas and thymus, both double transgenic mouse lines showed a partial thymic deletion of NP-specific CD8+ T cells, regardless of the TCR expression level. Only adult male mice developed spontaneous diabetes, and a population of their autoreactive CD8+ T cells expressed a singular combination of activation/memory markers (CD44, CD122, PD-1) which was not seen in female and healthy male mice. The study of the tolerance of autoreactive CD8 + T cells in our two new double transgenic mouse models led us to identify alternative mechanisms potentially involved in tolerance and activation, and to better understand the role of autoreactive CD8 + T cells in the autoimmune processes leading to autoimmune hepatitis and autoimmune diabetes. These findings will be useful in developing new therapeutic approaches targeting autoreactive CD8+ T cells

Keyphrases: Lymphocyte T CD8+, TCR, Transgenic mouse, Autoimmune hepatitis, Autoimmune diabetes, CD8+ T cells, Tolerance, Phenotype