NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Méthodes exactes et heuristiques pour le problème de tournées de véhicules avec fenêtres de temps et réutilisation de véhicules

This thesis studies vehicle routing problems with time windows, where a gain is associated with each customer and where the objective is to maximize the total gain collected minus the routing costs. Furthermore. the same vehicle might be assigned to different routes during the planning horizon. This problem has received little attention in the literature in spite of its importance in practice. For example, in the home delivery of perishable goods (like food), routes of short duration must be combined to form complete workdays. We believe that this type of problem will become increasingly important in the future with the advent of electronic services, like e-groceries, where customers can order goods through the Internet and get these goods delivered at home.  In the first chapter of this thesis, we present a review of vehicle routing problems with gains, as well as vehicle routing problems with multiple use of vehicles. We discuss the general classes of problem-solving approaches for these problems, namely, exact methods, heuristics and metaheuristics. We also introduce dynamic vehicle routing problems, where new information is revealed as the routes are executed.  In the second chapter, we describe an exact algorithm for a vehicle routing problem with time windows and multiple use of vehicles, where the first objective is to maximize the number of served customers. To this end, the problem is modeled as a vehicle routing problem with gains. The exact algorithm is based on column generation, coupled with an elementary shortest path algorithm with resource constraints.  To solve realistic instances in reasonable computation times, a heuristic approach is required. The third chapter proposes an adaptative large neighborhood search where the various hierarchical levels of the problem are exploited (i.e., complete vehicle workdays, routes within workdays and customers within routes).  The fourth chapter deals with the dynamic case. In this chapter, a strategy for accepting or rejecting new customer requests is proposed. This strategy is based on the generation of multiple scenarios for different realizations of the requests in the future. An opportunity cost for serving a new request is then computed, based on an evaluation of the scenarios with and without the new request.  Finally, the last chapter summarizes the contributions of this thesis and proposes future research avenues.

Keyphrases: Vehicle routing problems with gains, Time windows, Multiple use of vehicles, Column generation, Elementary shortest path with resource constraints, Adaptive large neighborhood search, Dynamic acceptation and rejection strategy
Le cinéma québécois vu par ses critiques entre 1960 et 1978

This study explores the writings on Quebec cinema found in the four main Quebec film magazines of the 1960s and 70s: Séquences, Objectif, Cinéma/Québec et Champ libre. In order to understand them historically, the publications are situated in relation to the development of film criticism in Quebec and within the socio-political context of the time.   Examining each of the publications individually, the study presents the editors, the roles of the board of editors, and their approach to cinema. It also identifies the key issues each of the journals addressed by outlining the discourses on Quebec cinema that were published.   Based on an analysis of the corpus, and seeking to draw more definitive conclusions about film criticism, this study then examines the various levels of interaction existing between the journals : the reasons for their establishment, and the editorial boards’ reactions to the arrival of new competitors. Highlighting the differences and similarities between the discourses on Quebec cinema found in these publications, this study ultimately reveals film criticism’s general perception toward the film productions of the time.

Keyphrases: Film review, Quebec cinema, Quiet revolution, Cinéma-direct, Direct-cinema, Cinema magazine, History of Quebec cinema, Social and Political History of Quebec
Les fonctions théoriques de la notion d’acte d’être (actus essendi) chez Thomas d’Aquin

In this paper, we intend to precise the meaning of actus essendi by analyzing how Thomas Aquinas uses this term. If the notion of the act of being underlies a number of Aquinas’ philosophical and theological developments, it is not treated in itself in any of his writings. By exposing the theoretical framework of the eleven textual units in which the expression namely appears, we explicate how he distinguishes between the act of being and the correlative ontological notions (the being, the essence, the predicamental judgment being and common being). If « actus essendi » first designates a constitutive principle of being, it can also designate the corresponding abstract term of this perfection of being. The act of being is that by which being is being; however, it belongs, at the ontological level, to each particular being whereas at the conceptual level, the same term expresses that which is common to all beings. Extracts of the following texts have been translated in French for this purpose: Scriptum super Sententiis, Quæstiones de quolibet, Summa Theologiæ, Quæstiones disputatæ De potentia, Expositio libri De hebdomadibus and the Sententia libri Metaphysicæ.

Keyphrases: Essence, Anges, Philosophy, Thomas Aquinas, Act of being, Being, Essence, Transcendentals, Simplicity, Angels, Soul
Approximation de la distribution a posteriori d'un modèle Gamma-Poisson hiérarchique à effets mixtes

We propose a method for analysing count or Poisson data based on the procedure called Poisson Regression Interactive Multilevel Modeling (PRIMM) introduced by Christiansen and Morris (1997). The Poisson regression in the PRIMM method  has fixed effects only, whereas our model incorporates random effects. As well as Christiansen and Morris (1997), the model studied  aims at doing inference based on adequate analytical approximations of posterior distributions of the parameters. This avoids the use of computationally expensive methods such as Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. The approximations are based on the Laplace's method and asymptotic theory. Estimates of Poisson mixed effects regression parameters are obtained through the maximization of their joint posterior density via the Newton-Raphson algorithm. This study also provides the first two posterior moments of the Poisson parameters involved. The posterior distributon of these parameters is approximated by a gamma distribution. Applications to two datasets show that our model can be somehow considered as a generalization of the PRIMM method since it also allows clustered count data. Finally, the model is applied to data involving many types of adverse events recorded by the participants of a drug clinical trial which involved a quadrivalent vaccine containing measles, mumps, rubella and varicella. The Poisson regression incorporates the fixed effect corresponding to the covariate treatment/control as well as a random effect associated with the biological system of the body affected by the adverse events.

Keyphrases: Approximate bayesian methods, Laplace's method, Mixed effects models, Hierarchical model, Poisson regression
Analyse des paramètres atmosphériques
des étoiles naines blanches dans le voisinage solaire

We present improved atmospheric parameters of nearby white dwarfs lying within 20 pc of the Sun. The aim of the current study is to obtain the best statistical model of the least-biased sample of the white dwarf population. A homogeneous analysis of the local population is performed combining detailed spectroscopic and photometric analyses based on improved model atmosphere calculations for various spectral types including DA, DB, DQ, and DZ stars. The spectroscopic technique is applied to all stars in our sample for which optical spectra are available. Photometric energy distributions, when available, are also combined to trigonometric parallax measurements to derive effective temperatures, stellar radii, as well as atmospheric compositions. A revised catalog of white dwarfs in the solar neighborhood is presented. We provide for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the mass distribution and the chemical distribution of white dwarf stars in a volume-limited sample.

Keyphrases: White dwarfs, Solar neighborhood, Statistical analysis, Techniques : photometric and spectroscopic
Survenue de délirium et/ou coma iatrogénique  aux soins intensifs : évaluation de facteurs pouvant influencer le devenir et la toxicité du fentanyl et/ou du midazolam

When sedatives such as midazolam or opiate analgesics such as fentanyl administered to critically ill patients and medication-induced coma occurs, increased delirium is observed. In addition, there is an increase in the length of stay in ICU, in costs and mortality.  The purpose of this study was to explore the factors of variability affecting the incidence of iatrogenic coma and delirium: genetics/socio demographics factors, co-administration of substrates/inhibitors of CYP3A4/3A5 or P-gp.  We performed a prospective cohort observational study of  53 hospitalized patients treated with fentanyl or/and midazolam in the intensive care unit of the Maisonneuve-Rosemont hospital  The feasibility of pharmacokinetics modeling using blood samples from critically ill patients was demonstrated and was compatible with clinical data. This study suggests that contrary to genomic variants in the CYP3A5 (p value = 0,521) and MDR1 (p value = 0,828) genes, the effect of drugs and drugs interactions between inhibitors of CYP3A4/3A5 and fentanyl/ midazolam constitutes the main risk factor for iatrogenic coma (p value - 0,014).  These effects are easily identifiable and predictable, and are very important for intensive care workers to make the appropriate choice of medication in order to prevent morbid complications such as iatrogenic coma and delirium.

Keyphrases: Coma, Delirium, Coma, Metabolism, Opiates, Sedatives, Critical care, Genetics, Pharmacokinetics
Étude de facteurs génétiques prédictifs dans le neuroblastome, en particulier les anomalies du chromosmoe 14q

Neuroblastoma (NB) accounts for 8% of all childhood cancers and is characterized by its clinical heterogeneity. To evaluate its prognostic, many genetic markers are used: MYCN amplification, 1p deletion, 11q gain and 17q gain. Our goals were first to verify if fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) allows a complete analysis of these abnormalities and, second, using a global genomic analysis as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), to verify the concordance with FISH results and the prognostic potential of 14q abnormalities, especially these of AKT gene. We then established a FISH panel that has been applied on 16 unfixed tumors. After DNA isolation of 36 tumors, we made a genotypic analysis by SNP using « Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 » containing 945,826 nonpolymorphic probes and 906,000 polymorphic probes. Our results have demonstrated that FISH allows a complete evaluation of the NB’s important genetic abnormalities and that unbalanced abnormalities are detected very precisely by SNP. 14q abnormalities seem to be associated with clinical factors such as tumor grading and evolution, unlike AKT abnormalities. Analysis of 14q abnormalities revealed three genes of interest, MAX, BCL11B and GPHN, which should be analyzed on a larger sample. Thereby, FISH study seems appropriate to detect the NB’s classic genetic abnormalities, while those found in 14q represent potential therapeutic targets for this tumor.

Keyphrases: Neuroblastoma, FISH, SNP, 14q, AKT
Faunal exploitation at the middle paleolithic site Kabazi II(Western Crimea)

Kabazi II is an open-air site situated within the second chain of the Crimean Mountains. Discovered in 1986, and intensively excavated from 1987 to the mid 1990’s, Kabazi II served as a kill and butchery site for Neanderthal groups in the area. Previous faunal analyses at Kabazi II (Patou-Mathis 2003, 1999, 2005, 2006a,2006b) indicate that the subsistence strategies of the Neanderthals at Kabazi II were highly specialized and were primarily focused on hunting small groups of Equus hydruntinus as well as occasional encounter-based hunting of other mammal species. This practice had apparently remained unchanged in spite of changes in lithic industry, climate, and local vegetation cover. This study presents the analysis of previously unexamined faunal assemblages from Levels II/1, II/2-1, II/2, II/3, II/4, II/5, II/7, II/8, II/9, II/13, II/13A. The results obtained here concur with those of the previous analyses however differences in the use of Kabazi II have been observed and a possible link with the nearby rock-shelter, Kabazi V has been determined. It is believed that the persistence of the hunting practices of the Neanderthals at Kabazi II throughout its nearly 100 000 year sequence of occupations is due to the versatility of wild asses such as Equus hydruntinus, the geography and geology of the study area, in addition to characteristics of Kabazi II itself.

Keyphrases: Middle Paleolithic, Crimea, Neanderthal, Subsistence Behavior
Entre similitudes et différences : le sexe et le genre en question

Gender differences are a presupposition that we often take for granted. Similarities, however, are presented as the particular traits of individuals. Often they are not perceived as an inherent human characteristic. But there is a relationship between similarity and difference. What fundamentally separates the similarities from the differences is the viewpoint of the observer: The importance accorded to the one or the other is not based on scientific and objectives criteria, but rather the observer's beliefs and assumptions. Scientists themselves are not immune to this bias, even though the differences are scientifically observable and measurable. The significance of differences is no more real than that of similarities which, nonetheless, are granted much less value, attention, and are less often studied, although they are measurable.

Keyphrases: Genre, Sex, Gender, Difference, Similarity, Stereotype, Otherness, Differential value
Les nouveaux médias, ou, L’ère du labyrinthe intermédial

With the emergence of new media, a new way of storytelling becomes necessary. The  known structures of classic estheticism become obsolete when confronted with the  dispositions of the new broadcasted platforms. These so called platforms propel the plot  structure, allowing an expansion of the rigid narrative line : they integrate technology into  the logos. Intermediality becomes omnipresent ; the diverse media summoned in the  different projects are made visible and articulated through narrative work. Méchoulan  would talk about the « être-entre », the virtual space linking semantic units, that the  occurrence of thoughts convene ; Rodowick would refer to this same spatial concept as  « figural ». A particular figure then appears and seems to illustrate the workings of  intermediality: the labyrinth. In multiplying the narrative possibilities specific to new  media, the labyrinth interrelates the intermedial components. Bleeding Through : Layers  of Los Angeles 1920-1986, directed by Norman Klein, establishes the labyrinth as a  narrative backdrop to the intermedial practice. Herein, time is addressed as a  fragmented function that can be segmented, reorganized, thus breaking with classic  linearity. Subsequently, elements of Greek mythology tied to the labyrinth’s imaginary  are highlighted, particularly through Gervais’s reflexions on memory and forgetting. To  question the essence of the labyrinth’s figure, which infiltrates contemporary narration,  Bleeding Through is analyzed under the scope of these theories. In short, the labyrinth  is presented as an inherent figure to storytelling within the current media ecology.

Keyphrases: figural, Bleeding Through: Layers of Los Angeles 1920-1986, mémoire, être-entre, labyrinth, intermediality, memory, forgetting, new media, plot structure
Développement physiologique des voies visuelles chez le rat normal et chez celui ayant subi des convulsions hyperthermiques

Neurons in superficial layers of the rat superior colliculus and primary visual cortex are sensitive to highly contrasted low spatial frequencies drifting at fast speeds. Between post-natal days 27-30 and adulthood, the optimal temporal frequencies of neurons in the primary visual cortex increase, whereas their contrast thresholds decrease. However, the optimal spatial frequencies, spatial resolution values and spatial bandwidths of these neurons are, soon after eyelid opening, similar to those observed in the adult rat. These neuronal response profiles suggest that the retino-collicular and retino-geniculo-cortical projections are mainly innervated by magnocellular and koniocellular retinal ganglion cells. Neurons in the primary visual cortex of rats having experienced hyperthermic seizures are, soon after eyelid opening, sensitive to low optimal spatial frequencies and show broad directional and temporal bandwidths, as well as elevated contrast thresholds when compared to neurons of normal rats. At adulthood, low optimal temporal frequencies and broad spatial bandwidths are also observed in rats having experienced hyperthermic seizures. The alteration of response profiles of neurons in the primary visual cortex of rats having experienced hyperthermic seizures suggests an unbalance between excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms in this cortical structure. These results also suggest that a single episode of febrile seizures could be sufficient to impede the development of the spatio-temporal receptive field properties of neurons in the primary visual cortex.

Keyphrases: Vision, Rat, Direction, Contraste, Superior colliculus, Primary visual cortex, Development, Febrile seizures, Spatial frequency, Temporal frequency, Contrast
Entre l’art, l’invention et la nourriture : examen de la possibilité de protéger les recettes de cuisine en droit de la propriété intellectuelle canadien

Nowadays, we are surrounded by recipes; they are in books, on television, on the Web, as well as in restaurants and in industrial food businesses. This great economic and media weight naturally begs the question whether recipes can be protected under Canadian intellectual property law. The author starts by describing recipes and dishes and then examines whether traditional and family recipes and dishes are elements of culture and whether they can be considered traditional knowledge. That leads the author to consider whether geographical indications can provide recipes and dishes with some kind of protection against their appropriation by a person for his or her exclusive use.    The author then examines the usual intellectual property schemes for industrial and chefs’ recipes and dishes. She starts with industrial property schemes. Can recipes and dishes act as trademarks? Can they be trade secrets? Can they be patentable inventions? She then moves on to copyright, to examine whether recipes and dishes can be copyrightable works and, if so, whether they would be literary or artistic works. That leads her to look at how musical works came to be protected in order to better understand what is at issue for recipes. The author concludes her analysis by stating which scheme seems to be the most appropriate for recipes depending on their nature and the practices of chefs and industrial businesses.

Keyphrases: Intellectual property, Recipe, Dish, Copyright, Patent, Trade secret, Trademark, Traditional knowledge, Geographical indication
MicroRNA-34 induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis and accounts for the anti-apoptotic effect of Tanshinone IIA in myocardial infarction

MiRNAs (miRNAs) have recently emerged as a central player of gene regulatory network involved in decision of cell fate. Apoptosis, an active process that leads to cell death, has been shown to be controlled by miRNAs. It has also been implicated in a variety of human disease, such as heart disease, and established as a target process for disease therapy. Tanshinone IIA (TIIA), a monomer of phenanthrenequinones used to treat cardiovascular diseases, is known to exert cardioprotective effects in myocardial infarction by targeting apoptosis through enhancing Bcl-2 expression. To explore the potential link between miRNAs and the anti-apoptotic action of TIIA, we studied the possible involvement of miRNAs. We found that expression of all three members of the miR-34 family, miR-34a, miR-34b and miR-34c that have been known to mediate the apoptotic effect of p53 in cancer cells, were robustly upregulated after exposure to either the DNA-damaging agent doxorubicin or pro-oxidant H2O2 for 24 hr in cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. This upregulation caused significant apoptotic cell death, as determined by DNA fragmentation, and the effects were reversed by the antisense to these miRNAs. Pretreatment of cells with TIIA prior to incubation with doxorubicin or H2O2 prevented upregulation of miR-34 and reduced apoptosis. We then established BCL2L2, API5 and TCL1, in addition to BCL2, as the novel target genes for miR-34. We further unraveled that repression of these genes by miR-34 accounts for its proapoptotic effect in cardiomyocytes whereas upregulation of these genes by TIIA through downregulating miR-34 is likely the molecular mechanism for its beneficial effect against ischemic myocardial injuries.

Keyphrases: Mirna, Mir-34, Tanshinone iia, Apoptosis, Bcl-2, Bcl-w, Api
L’effectivité des Conventions 29, 138 et 182 de l’Organisation internationale du travail sur l’éradication du travail des enfants en Mauritanie

The objective of this study is to determine whether the International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions are effective in the eradication of child labour in Mauritania. Such effectivity is assessed by measuring the legal reception and the social reception in Mauritania of the Convention 29 on Forced Labour, the Convention 138 on Minimum Age for Admission to Employment, and the Convention 182 on the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour. The legal reception is measured by a review of the integration of their provisions into Mauritanian law. The legal reception also includes the assessment of the monitoring of compliance with the conventions in Mauritania. The social reception refers, for its part, to the strategies taken by the Mauritanian government to implement ILO Conventions, notably through its programs and policies. Our analysis shows that the effectivity of Conventions 29, 138 and 182 regarding the eradication of child labour in Mauritania are, in our view, partial. Overall, the situation is improving and the Mauritanian government tries to respect the spirit of these conventions and incorporate them in the national law. However, there is not much information available on the impact of the programs in place to eradicate child labour.

Keyphrases: Effectivity, International Labour Organization (ILO), Child labour, Mauritania, International law
Approche cartésienne pour le calcul du vent en terrain complexe avec application à la propagation des feux de forêt

The Projection method and Sasaki's variational technique are two methods allowing one to extract a divergence-free vector field from any vector field. From a high altitude wind speed, a velocity field is generated on a staggered grid over a topography given by an analytical function. The Cartesian grid Embedded Boundary method is used for solving a Poisson equation, obtained from the projection, on an irregular domain with mixed boundary conditions. The solution of this equation gives the correction for the initial velocity field to make it such that it satisfies the conservation of mass and takes into account the effects of the terrain. The incompressible velocity field will be used to spread a wildfire over the topography with the Level Set Method. The algorithm is described for the two and three dimensional cases and convergence tests are done.

Keyphrases: Propagation, Embedded boundary method, Wildfires, Spread, Projection method, Mass-consistent model