NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
La Bibliothèque du Collège pontifical canadien à Rome (1888-1974) : une bibliothèque québécoise outre-mer

This thesis seeks to establish the history of the library of the Pontifical Canadian College from 1888 to 1974, when the College occupied the building at via Quatro Fontane 117 in Rome. Through this research, we will attempt to determine whether this library, in its origin, its integration in the Catholic world, its directors, its operation, attendance, and the nature of his collection can be viewed as an oversea library of Quebec, that is to say a library an integral part of the French-Canadians libraries at this time. The same way we try to prove if that library was the subject of relations between France and Quebec abroad.

Keyphrases: Library ecclesiastical, Pontifical Canadian College in Rome, French-Canadian priests, relations between France and Quebec
Apprentissage de représentations musicales à l'aide d'architectures profondes et multiéchelles

Machine learning (ML) is an important tool in the field of music information retrieval (MIR). Many MIR tasks can be solved by training a classifier over a set of features. For MIR tasks based on music audio, it is possible to extract features from the audio with signal processing techniques. However, some musical aspects are hard to extract with simple heuristics. To obtain richer features, we can use ML to learn a representation from the audio. These learned features can often improve performance for a given MIR task.  In order to learn interesting musical representations, it is important to consider the particular aspects of music audio when building learning models. Given the temporal and spectral structure of music audio, deep and multi-scale representations are particularly well suited to represent music. This thesis focuses on learning representations from music audio. Deep and multi-scale models that improve the state-of-the-art for tasks such as instrument recognition, genre recognition and automatic annotation are presented.

Keyphrases: Machine learning, Music information retrieval, Music audio analysis, Automatic annotation, Deep learning, Multiscale learning
Mesures du périmètre crânien dans les troubles envahissants du développement : une étude comparative entre adultes

A significant proportion of autistic children have macrocephaly. Despite numerous head circumference studies in autism, few studies in adults exist. Also, current adult head circumference (HC) references are around 20 years old. The purposes of this study were to construct an adult head measurement reference chart, and to compare macrocephaly rates between a group of autistic adults and a group of typically developing adults. In this study, 221 male adults were recruited from various settings in order to determine the best predictive model for HC and to construct the reference chart. Height and weight were measured for each participant in order to evaluate their influence on head dimensions. For the comparison part, 30 autistic and 36 typically developing adult subjects were recruited from within the research lab’s database. For the reference chart, results showed positive correlations between HC, and both height and weight. After analysis, the combined influence of both height and weight on HC size has was determined to be the model showing most significant results in predicting HC. For the comparison part, macrocephaly rates reached 10.00% in the autistic group against 2.56% in the control group according to the linear regression formula obtained from the model. However, the Fisher’s exact test revealed no significant difference in macrocephaly rates between both groups. My results suggest the necessity of considering both height and weight when constructing a head circumference reference chart and that, even using a new reference, macrocephaly rates remain higher than normal in autistic adults although not significantly different enough from the typically developing adults.

Keyphrases: Head circumference, Autism, Reference chart, Macrocephaly, Height, Weight
A Compiler for the dependently typed language Beluga

In computer science, structures with variable binders are very common. Program- ming languages and logical frameworks are examples of structures with binders. Thus writing programs that deal with these kinds of data benefits with explicit support for data binding. The Beluga programming environment is an example of such a system. In this work we develop and present a compiler for the system. Many of the programs that Beluga is specially well suited for writing can benefit from a compiler. For example, some of the kinds programs that would benefit more are type-checkers, compilers and interpreters that take advantage of the binder support and dependent types present in the language, and also require a reasonably fast run-time. Our goal in this work, is to present a compiler for the Beluga system, that uses a very versatile internal representation that helps with the development of the system, and allows a sharing of code between several back-ends. Furthermore, we present a way of compiling the uniquely powerful pattern language supported by Beluga.

Keyphrases: binders, dependent types, pattern matching
La représentation de la catalepsie dans le récit fantastique du XIXe siècle

In the 19th century, science and the fantastic generated the same effect in people’s minds: by making them encounter incredible phenomena, they place them in a dialectical relation – between what is known and the unknown – which leads to the not-yet-known, as if they were concealing a promise of revelation. Indeed, both sciences of the mind and fantastic narratives enable the crossing of frontiers between the self and the other, life and death, body and mind. Exploring all these unknown territories related to man, they redefine his contours. Therefore, it is as means of knowledge that this dissertation is establishing a link between these sciences (psychiatry, psychophysiology, hypnotism...) and three fantastic narratives, “Onuphrius” by Théophile Gautier, “La Mort d’Olivier Bécaille” by Émile Zola and “L’Homme voilé” by Marcel Schwob, where catalepsy crises trigger the dialectical process.

Keyphrases: 19th century, Fantastic, Fantastic narrative, Sciences of the mind, Psychiatry, Catalepsy
Enjeux de la couleur dans le cinéma hollywoodien d'après-guerre

After WWII, the treatment of color in Hollywood cinema takes a new turn. Because it was too artificial, color was at first relegated to "unrealistic" films (musicals, westerns, etc). But in the post-war period, a change took place, and color was used in films that showed the common life of America, and became a new way of understanding contemporary issues. Color is not anymore a superfluous ornament, nor a mere device to increase realism: it is meaningful, as meaningful as any other element of the « mise en scène ». The bright colors and the exacerbation of the artifice are used from that time by some of the film-makers in a different purpose from that of pure entertainment : sometimes with irony, and even an underlying pessimism. What is aesthetically at stake in color films must be considered in the post-war context.   The depreciation of color in the history of arts is an ancient trend, and since Antiquity, color in art has often been associated to feminine makeup and illusion. Hollywood films of the fifties changed the archetypical image of women: there was a shift from the mythical woman to women of flesh and blood, overtly sexualized, which allowed a more thorough evocation of the everyday life social relations. Through the actress and her acting - the way she manipulates color, or find a way to exist through it –, color releases itself from prejudices, participate to a release of expressiveness, and serve a rejection of basic mimesis.

Keyphrases: Color, Hollywood cinema, Post-war years, Art history, Painting, Actresses, Woman, Make-up, Technicolor, Technicolor
Langue de travail de la population immigrée recensée en 2006 dans la RMR de Montréal

Language of work is proven to be an important variable in order to explain how immigrants integrate to a society and in which language they communicate in public. In the province of Québec and especially in the Montreal CMA, the status of French as a widespread language of work remains unclear. This situation is driven by factors such as globalization, increasing use of technology and demographic trends and figures that help to strengthen the use of English in the public sphere. Therefore, this study will focus on examining Montreal CMA immigrants’ language of work. Some analysis will first provide an overview of immigrants’ language of work in 2006. Then, an emphasis will be put on the key variables explaining immigrants’ linguistic choices on the labour market. Those analyses will be performed using the 2006 Canadian census data. Among the main findings of the explanatory analysis, it should be noted that immigrants’ education and linguistic profile, their country of origin and period of immigration are the variables most strongly associated with the use of French, English or bilingualism at work in 2006. The descriptive analysis showed similar conclusions, reinforcing the major influence of the previously mentioned variables. Finally, this study is useful in assessing the situation of immigrants’ language of work and in suggesting changes to policies regulating immigration trends and immigrants’ linguistic integration.

Keyphrases: Immigrants, Demolinguistic, Immigrants, Language of work, Montreal CMA, Linguistic integration
L'herméneutique dans l'oeuvre d'Emmanuel Levinas

This thesis presents a study about the place of hermeneutics in the work of Emmanuel Levinas. At first glance, the writings of the philosopher seem quite ambiguous concerning the value that ought to be given to hermeneutics. In his strictly philosophical works, Levinas presents a severe critique of understanding (compréhension) which he views as a totalising approach of meaning. Against the reduction of meaning to understanding, Levinas will defend the idea that the structure of meaning is primary ethical, the relationship to the other being the privileged site where the world, the self as well as the idea of God first become meaningful. Nonetheless, in the other part of the levinassian corpus, that of his Talmudic Readings, Levinas develops an hermeneutics of his own using the ethical categories of his major philosophical works and applying them to his exegetical activity. We are then faced with this paradox, inherent to the work of Levinas, of a philosophy which largely develops itself as a critique of the central category of hermeneutics (i.e. comprehension) but which can nonetheless also present itself as a theory of interpretation (i.e. hermeneutics) in a significant portion of Levinas’ writings.   Resolving this apparent paradox will necessitate that we first present the philosophical project of Levinas and the critique of hermeneutics which is consubstantial to it. Using a few central texts of the philosopher’s work, we will try to point with precision at the ethical deficit which Levinas sees in hermeneutics and to identify the possibilities of meaning that, according to Levinas, are being left behind by the primacy conferred to comprehension. We will then see what leads Levinas to suggest that the face (visage) of the other bears a meaning that constitute an exception to the hermeneutical structure of meaning which philosophy, at least explicitly since Heidegger, supposes.  In a second step, we will attempt to present the reasons that justify Levinas’ use, in his Talmudic Readings, of the ‘concepts’ born out of his critique of comprehension in order to better grasp the unity of his work. The study of the relationship between ethics and hermeneutics, between the text and the face, will lead us to identify the guiding principle of what might be called levinassian hermeneutics and to articulate how it relates to the ethics of the face.   Finally, we will attempt to assert the relevance of the ‘‘philosophical hermeneutics’’ of Levinas by presenting how it can account for two fundamental phenomena related to interpretation, namely the mode through which the subject enters into relation with a text and the individuation of the subject taking part in this relation.

Keyphrases: Levinas, Levinas, Hermeneutics
Apprentissage machine efficace : théorie et pratique

Despite constant progress in terms of available computational power, memory and amount of data, machine learning algorithms need to be efficient in how they use them. Although minimizing cost is an obvious major concern, another motivation is to attempt to design algorithms that can learn as efficiently as intelligent species. This thesis tackles the problem of efficient learning through various papers dealing with a wide range of machine learning algorithms: this topic is seen both from the point of view of computational efficiency (processing power and memory required by the algorithms) and of statistical efficiency (n umber of samples necessary to solve a given learning task).The first contribution of this thesis is in shedding light on various statistical inefficiencies in existing algorithms. Indeed, we show that decision trees do not generalize well on tasks with some particular properties (chapter 3), and that a similar flaw affects typical graph-based semi-supervised learning algorithms (chapter 5). This flaw is a form of curse of dimensionality that is specific to each of these algorithms. For a subclass of neural networks, called sum-product networks, we prove that using networks with a single hidden layer can be exponentially less efficient than when using deep networks (chapter 4). Our analyses help better understand some inherent flaws found in these algorithms, and steer research towards approaches that may potentially overcome them. We also exhibit computational inefficiencies in popular graph-based semi-supervised learning algorithms (chapter 5) as well as in the learning of mixtures of Gaussians with missing data (chapter 6). In both cases we propose new algorithms that make it possible to scale to much larger datasets. The last two chapters also deal with computational efficiency, but in different ways. Chapter 7 presents a new view on the contrastive divergence algorithm (which has been used for efficient training of restricted Boltzmann machines). It provides additional insight on the reasons why this algorithm has been so successful. Finally, in chapter 8 we describe an application of machine learning to video games, where computational efficiency is tied to software and hardware engineering constraints which, although often ignored in research papers, are ubiquitous in practice.

Keyphrases: Computational efficiency, Statistical efficiency, Curse of dimensionality, Decision trees, Neural networks, Graph-based semi-supervised learning, Contrastive divergence, Mixtures of Gaussians, Matchmaking
La construction de l’identité personnelle et sociale des jeunes parents lors de la fondation d'une famille

The goal of this study is to understand the process of construction and transformation of personal and social identity in young parents following the entry in parenthood. It focuses on the impact that parenthood has on the perception of self in the different spheres of intimacy. What distinguishes this study is the focus on young couples who have grown within a traditional parental model that has become more difficult to reproduce given social changes, such as the entry of women in the labor market.  The study was conducted among ten participants (five couples) using semi-directive interviews. The participants were chosen according to the following criteria: be a heterosexual couple living together, be between 27 and 32 years of age, be the parent of a child between 2 and 4 years of age and be a resident outside of a metropolitan area. Additionally, at least one of the parents for each couple had to have a university degree.  The study confirms the ideas that, for fathers, the familial environment is a motivational factor in the decision of founding a family. Many experience a shock relative to the level of sacrifices they have to make as parents. However, the greatest shock was felt by women. Many of them felt really confused when faced with the many social pressures relative to their role as mothers or in the workplace. They also felt guilt when making their identity choices. Women's social circles were most affected following the birth of their first child, since they would surround themselves with other women who were in the same situation, thus having less time for they friends and relatives.

Keyphrases: Parents, Family, Identity
Normalisation de l’évaluation du potentiel musical auprès d’enfants d’âge scolaire

The present study introduces a novel tool for the comprehensive assessment of musical disorders and potential in 6- to 8-year-old children. The tool is an adaptation of the Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia (MBEA) for use with children from a range of language and cultural backgrounds. In Experiment 1, the battery, comprising tests of memory and of scale, contour, interval and rhythm discrimination, was administered to 258 children in Montreal and 91 in Bejing. In Experiment 2, an abbreviated version of the battery was administered to 86 Montreal children. Both versions were sensitive to individual differences and to musical education. There was little apparent influence of literacy, but there was an effect of culture. Children who spoke Mandarin (a tone language) showed enhanced melodic pitch discrimination relative to their Canadian counterparts, who mostly spoke French (a non-tone language). In both cultures, children designated as amusic were impaired primarily but not exclusively in musical pitch processing. The results also suggest distinctive developmental trajectories for melody, rhythm and memory processing. Thus, the child version of the MBEA, which should be renamed the Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Musical Potential (MBEMP), provides a means of identifying musical disorders in childhood as well as a means of examining the typical and atypical developmental course of musical abilities and their putative relation to other cognitive functions.

Keyphrases: Musical abilities in childhood, Amusia, Tests of musical abilities, Learning deficits, Musical potential, Melody, Rhythm, Memory, Tone language
Reconstruction des structures magnéto-convectives solaires sous une région active, par l’utilisation conjointe d’un modèle de convection anélastique et d’une méthode d’assimilation de données

We use a data assimilation technique, together with an anelastic convection model, in order to reconstruct the convective patterns below a solar active region. Our results yield information about the magnetic field emergence through the convective zone and the mechanisms of active region formation. The solar data we used are taken from the instrument MDI on board the spatial observatory SOHO on July 2000 the 14th for the event called ”bastille day event”. This specific event leads to a solar flare followed by a coronal mass ejection. Assimilated data (magnetograms, temperature maps and vertical velocity maps) cover an area of 175 Mm × 175 Mm at photospheric level. The data assimilation technique we used, the ”Nudging Back and Forth”, is a Newtonian re- laxation technique similar to the ”quasi linear inverse 3D”. Such a technique does not require computation of the adjoint equations. Thus, simplicity of this method is a numerical advantage. Our study shows with a simple test case the applicability of this method to a convection model treated with the anelastic approximation. We show the efficiency of the NBF technique and we detail its potential for solar data assimi- lation. In addition, to ensure mathematical unicity of the obtained solution, a regularization has been imposed in the whole simulation domain. This is a new approach. Finally, we show that the interest of such a technique is not limited to the reconstruction of convective patterns but that it also allows optimal interpolation of photospheric magnetograms and predictions.

Keyphrases: zone convective solaire, convection, solar convection zone, solar corona, numerical simulations, data assimilation, nudging back and forth
Identification et modélisation lexicographique des dépendances syntaxiques régies du français: le cas des dépendances nominales

This research focuses on the interface between lexical semantics and syntax, and is part of the lexical database project called DiCo (acronym for Dictionnaire de combinatoire) at the Observatoire de Linguistique Sens-Texte [OLST] at the University of Montreal. The project aims to register in a concise and complete way the typical syntactic behavior of each lexical unit directly in the dictionary. To this end, we encode the co-occurrence of the DiCo's nominal lexical units with their actants within a government pattern (also known as valency structure, subcategorization frame, predicate-argument structure, etc.), using, among other things, the surface syntactic dependencies involved. In this dissertation, we present the syntactic properties of a French nominal dependency, the one that we named attributive adnominale, so as to expose a methodology for the identification and the characterization of surface syntactic dependencies. We also give the list of valence-controlled nominal dependencies that were identified in our work. Subsequently, we describe the creation of a database of generalized French government patterns named CARNAVAL. Finally, we discuss possible applications of our work, particularly in regard to the creation of a typology of French government patterns.

Keyphrases: Lexicology/lexicography, Lexical valency, Dependency syntax, Semantic/syntax interface, Explanatory Combinatorial Lexicology, Meaning-Text Theory
Technique de visualisation pour l’identification de l’usage excessif d’objets
temporaires dans les traces d’exécution

Nowadays, large framework-intensive programs are developed using many layers of frameworks and middleware. Bloat, and particularly object churn, is a common per- formance problem in framework-intensive applications. Object churn consists of an ex- cessive use of temporary objects. Identifying and understanding sources of churn is a difficult and labor-intensive task, despite recent advances in automated analysis tech- niques. We present an interactive visualization approach designed to help developers quickly and intuitively explore the behavior of their application with respect to object churn. We have implemented this technique in Vasco, a new flexible and scalable visualization platform. Vasco follows three main design goals. Firstly, data is collected from execu- tion traces. It is analyzed in order to calculate and keep only the data that is necessary to locate sources of object churn. Therefore, large programs can be visualized while keeping a clear and understandable view. Secondly, the use of an intuitive view allows minimizing the cognitive effort required for the visualization task. Finally, the fluidity of transitions and interactions allows users to mentally preserve the context throughout their interactions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach by identifying churn in three framework-intensive applications, including a commercial system.

Keyphrases: visualization, framework-intensive applications, object churn, dynamic analysis, execution traces