An fMRI study of emotional episodic memory in schizophrenia : effects of diagnosis and sex

Schizophrenia is characterized by prominent disturbances in cognitive and emotional functioning. For instance, individuals with schizophrenia are often impaired in their memory for emotional events compared to healthy subjects. To date, the limited research on emotional episodic memory in schizophrenia has focused on the effect of valence of affective stimuli (e.g., pleasant vs. unpleasant), while overall ignoring the effect of arousal (e.g., low vs. high) despite evidence of distinct emotional memory processes for high versus low arousing stimuli in the general population, as well as reports of abnormal processing of arousing stimuli in schizophrenia. What’s more, there has yet to be examination of sex differences in the behavioral and neural correlates of emotional memory in this complex psychiatric disorder, which is astonishing considering the substantial evidence of sex differences in almost all features of schizophrenia from prevalence, mean age at onset, clinical presentation, course of illness, response to treatment and brain structure. Accordingly, this thesis examined: (1) the effect of both affective valence and arousal intensity on the brain activations associated with emotional memory in patients with schizophrenia and in healthy control participants and (2) potential sex differences in brain function during emotional memory. The first study aimed to compare cerebral activations in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls during memory retrieval of emotional images that varied in both valence and arousal. Using fMRI, 37 patients with schizophrenia (% male = 51; mean age =32.46) were compared to 37 healthy participants (% male = 51; mean age =31.81) while performing an emotional memory task.  patients with schizophrenia performed worse than healthy controls in all experimental conditions. They showed less cerebral activations in limbic and prefrontal regions than controls during retrieval of negatively valenced stimuli, but had a similar pattern of brain activations to controls during retrieval of positively valenced stimuli (particularly in the high arousal condition) in the cerebellum, temporal and prefrontal cortex. Both groups demonstrated increased brain activations in the high relative to low arousing conditions.   The second study explored potential sex differences in the brain activations associated with the recognition of emotional images in schizophrenia and healthy controls. 41 patients with schizophrenia (20 women) were compared to 41 healthy participants (19 women) while performing a yes/no recognition paradigm with positive, negative and neutral images in an fMRI scan. We did not observe sex differences in performance. Compared to healthy women, women with schizophrenia showed a decrease in brain activations in cortical (e.g. middle cingulate) and subcortical limbic structures (e.g. amygdala) during recognition of negative images and decreased activations during the positive condition in the cerebellar vermis, middle and inferior frontal gyrus. Men with schizophrenia had increased activations compared to healthy men in the medial prefrontal gyrus during recognition of negative stimuli and a substantial increase in brain activity during the recognition of positive pictures in parietal, temporal and limbic structures. Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between brain function and symptoms during positive emotional memory in women and during negative emotional memory primarily in men.   Taken as a whole, our results suggest atypical brain function during retrieval of negative pictures, but intact functional circuitry of positive affect during episodic memory retrieval in patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy subjects. Moreover, our findings revealed sex differences in the brain activations associated with emotional recognition memory in patients with schizophrenia; which further highlights the importance of investigating men and women with schizophrenia separately in the context of emotional and cognitive tasks.

Keyphrases: Valence, Sex differences, Emotional memory, Valence, Arousal, Schizophrenia, fMRI