NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Le distanciel est-il le nouveau présentiel? Les effets de la pandémie sur les bibliothécaires de référence des universités en Turquie

The COVID-19 pandemic whose effects have been felt from the end of 2019, has dominated all aspects of public life across the globe. International community through the WHO incite countries to lock down because of the increasing number of cases and deaths. Despite the discovery of vaccines, isolation and lockdown continue.  The global spread of the coronavirus has significant consequences on professional life. For many professionals, this health crisis resulted in adaptation to a new form of working. The lockdown introduced new and unusual ways of working like telecommuting for whom most of the professionals were not prepared. Hybrid structure of telecommuting could reduce boundaries between professional and personal life and threaten right to privacy. There is compelling evidence that COVID-19 has also deep impacts on the way that information professionals work. Our study aimed at understanding the effects of telecommuting on private sphere, and changes in reference services offered by university librarians during pandemic in Turkey. Our studies show the consequences of social distancing on reference services, which normally necessitate a proximity between librarian and user, and how telecommuting during the lockdown blur boundaries between professional and private sphere. In the “new normal”, private sphere is a hybrid space which includes both spheres. The method that we have adopted was online questionnaire survey to obtain a portrait of the impacts of telecommuting during the lockdown on references services and on reference librarians who are working at university libraries in Turkey. In our opinion, our study would fill the lack in this field and contribute to adopt measures especially for the future.   Using data provided by an Internet-based survey questionnaire, our study aimed also aimed at grasping new definitions of work introduced by the “new normal” and at observing the effects of new professional perspectives on information sciences and especially on reference librarians in Turkey. Also, this study helped us to understand changes in factors like gender, social divide, and private life in this unprecedented period. In our opinion, the results of this study could be revealing to determine the roadmap in this process.

Keyphrases: COVID-19, University libraries, Pandemic, Reference librarian, Reference services, Turkey, Telecommuting, Remote work, Digital privacy, Professional sphere, Private sphere, Remote work of women
De l’Archaïque moyen à l’Archaïque terminal à l’embouchure de la rivière Gatineau : une analyse spatiale du site de Pointe-Gatineau

The Archaic period lasts for 7 millennia yet remains largely unknown despite its importance. Pointe-Gatineau, an archaeological site near the Gatineau River delta, can increase our knowledge of the Archaic period. Radiocarbon dating suggests that the site was occupied during most of the period. These successive occupations result in an accumulation of archaeological deposits, which are difficult to link to a single occupation. This unresolved confusion restricts the interpretation that has been proposed so far. I put forward a spatial analysis approach with the aim of untangling Pointe-Gatineau’s many occupations. I favour a quantitative method to create groups of objects and attribute them to a temporal horizon through their association to a dated structure. This first step leads me to compare the site’s multiple occupational periods. I attempt a second comparative analysis with contemporary sites in the region: BiFw-20 and BiFw-26 in Kabeshinàn (Leamy Lake Park) as well as Rockcliffe Portage-1 (BiFw-91), Allumette Island (BkGg-11), Morrison Island (BkGg-12) and the parc national de Plaisance (BjFs-23). These comparative analyses focus on usage of space, faunal remains, debitage and lithic tools. This research project leads me to describe the transitions and gaps that are visible throughout Pointe-Gatineau’s long occupation and to better understand the site’s place in the middle Ottawa Valley. I conclude that the occupation is concentrated at the end of the Middle Archaic through the beginning of the Late Archaic. Pointe-Gatineau’s Terminal Archaic occupation appears marginal. I qualify the transition as gradual rather than abrupt in terms of subsistence and settlement patterns.

Keyphrases: Archaic, Archaeology, Spatial analysis
La stérilisation irréversible : identité des femmes sans enfant par choix, entre agentivité et biopouvoir

The process leading to irreversible sterilization for nulliparous women involves several individual and social issues. The objective of this research is to understand how this experience is lived by these women within the Quebec healthcare system by paying attention to the administrative and emotional difficulties of the process and to the means used to overcome these difficulties and achieve the sterilization operation. This research was carried out by the participation of thirteen women who do not have children and who wish to undergo tubal ligation. The semi-structured interviews conducted with these participants make up the corpus of datas for this research. They were conducted on Zoom videoconferencing platforms as well as on Facetime. The analysis of the results of the study allowed to demonstrate that an identity linked to biosociality emerges throughout the process, that the experience of these women testifies to a form of agency that is both active and passive, and finally that a form of biopower emerges from their relationship with the physicians within the health system. On the one hand, this research provides an anthropological look at the experience of women who are childfree by choice throughout the process leading to tubal ligation. On the other hand, it contributes to identify issues related to reproduction and those concerning the hegemony of biomedicine within the Quebec health system.

Keyphrases: Sterilization, Childfree by choice, Reproductive technology, Health-care system, Identity, Agency, Biopower, Social norms
Perception des risques sur les réseaux sociaux : l’influence de la perception des risques de surveillance sur la pratique des jeunes usagers à Montréal

This thesis focuses on the risk perception of young adults in Montreal concerning online social networks. We wish to understand to what extent their perception of the risks of lateral and vertical surveillance influences their practice.  Within the past few years, online social networks have imposed themselves among the most used platforms on the Internet. Despite the media coverage of many whistleblowers regarding the risks imposed on privacy by information and communication technologies, this new reality seems to be generally accepted. This trivialization of generalized technological surveillance is a fear for many researchers and specialists. As Sofsky (2011, p. 19) explains: “Neither the absence of dispute, nor the weakness of the defenses implemented imply that the risk is lower”.  We hypothesize that the perception of supervisory risks of these young adults generally has little influence on their practice. The conduct of twelve semi-structured interviews with young adults aged between 20 and 30 from Montreal will allow us to verify our hypothesis.  A phenomenological analysis of the testimonies of our informants gave rise to a distinct typology of three user groups participating in online social networks: vigilant users, indifferent users, and abnegators. The results of the analysis ultimately force us to review our initial hypothesis and to consider that, after all, the perception of certain risks influences the practice of the individuals interviewed.

Keyphrases: Surveillance, Social medias, Practice, Privacy, Risks, Risk perception, Self-representation
Interpolation métrique dans la transmission du texte de Properce

The state of the text of the Latin author Propertius has been the subject of debate for several centuries now. Its deteriorated condition has given rise to numerous hypotheses about its transmission. This dissertation macroscopically evaluates the validity of the hypothesis which supposes that, in the archetype of the extant Propertius manuscripts or in an antecedent of it, an interpolator altered the corrupt verses to make them metrically regular again. To do so, the author surveys the state of textual criticism surrounding Propertius as well as the state of the question with respect to metrical interpolation specifically. She then presents a summary of the relevant data, found in the tables in the appendix, where are collected on the one hand metrical errors and on the other hand corruptions unanimously identified by four main editors of Propertius' text. Observations on the results are subsequently presented and supported by a comparison with the transmission of the text of another Latin author, Catullus.

Keyphrases: Propertius, metrical interpolation, Latin, poetry, transmission manuscrite, manuscript transmission
L'immortalité chez Pindare : la parole inspirée entre religion et poésie

This research opens with a genealogy of poetic immortality in Archaic Greece, from an immortality of renown down to a form of personal survival. A detailed study of Pindar’s first Nemean, through Benveniste’s enunciative linguistics and Genette’s narratology, shows how the epinician constructs a temporal regime of eternity, in which the poet inscribes the victor. I proceed to analyze how, through the epinician, a network of concepts comprising  memory, truth, light, and gold, is used to create a connotation of immortality. The social relations that determine this network are then analyzed through historical materialism and negative hermeneutics. From there, it appears that this network shows the construction of an aristocratic ideology, whose structure is then detailed through Gramsci’s concept of  hegemony. This reveals how Pindar’s poetic immortality serves to ground a social order as eternal. Pindar’s religious immortality is then cast within this context and interpreted as an appeal to an extra-literary authority whose role is to legitimize the non-traditional form of poetic immortality developed by Pindar, an appeal made necessary by an undermining of literary authority. Thus, the increasing development of poetic immortality throughout Archaic Greece is reinterpreted as the product of a general crisis of authority, of a class struggle that would lead to the defeat of the landed aristocracy and the emergence of the polis of Classical Greece.

Keyphrases: Religion, Archaic Greek lyric, Epinician, Pindar, Immortality, Genealogy, Ideology, Historical materialism, Negative hermeneutics
Measuring RocksDB performance and adaptive sampling for model estimation

This thesis focuses on two topics, namely statistical learning and the prediction of key performance indicators in the performance evaluation of a storage engine.   The part on statistical learning presents a novel algorithm adjusting the sampling size for the Monte Carlo approximation of the function to be minimized, allowing a reduction of the true function at a given probability and this, at a lower numerical cost. The sampling strategy is embedded in a trust-region algorithm, using the Fisher Information matrix, also called BHHH approximation, to approximate the Hessian matrix. The sampling strategy is tested on a logit model generated from synthetic data. Numerical results exhibit a significant reduction in the time required to optimize the model when an adequate  smoothing is applied to the function.  The key performance indicator prediction part describes  a novel strategy to select better settings for RocksDB that optimize its throughput, using the log files to analyze  and identify suboptimal parameters, opening the possibility to greatly accelerate modern storage engine tuning.

Keyphrases: RocksDB, LevelDB, Optimization, Statistical learning, Fisher information
La participation des Autochtones aux institutions démocratiques canadiennes

The political participation of those who identify themselves as Indigenous peoples in Canada's democratic institutions (whether through voting or running for election) is a subject that has received little attention in the scientific literature. Long banned and still criticized by many influential authors, today the political participation is a political reality. The electoral turnout of Indigenous peoples living on reserve has been above 50% since three federal elections. We also see an increase in the number of Indigenous people candidates since 2008 and the election of an ever-increasing number of Indigenous people as Members of Parliament (MPs) in each election since 2011. This phenomenon gives us an unprecedented opportunity to draw a portrait of Indigenous people’s complex relationship with Canadian democratic institutions and make sense of its signification for Canadian citizenship. This thesis by articles explores these issues from both a theoretical and an empirical perspectives. In a first article, we theoretically deal with the normative tension between Indigenous individuals’ electoral participation and self-determination. We argue that the normative tension between the two largely depends on one’s conception of self-determination as a political project. In the second article, we use quantitative data to study the electoral behavior of Indigenous peoples. We argue that beyond partisan considerations, the electoral behaviour of Indigenous communities is heavily influenced by affinity voting. In the third article, we deal with the representation of indigenous people’s interests by indigenous MPs elected under the 42nd legislature. Our qualitative analysis of speeches in the House of Commons suggests that Indigenous MPs do tend to address indigenous-related issues more frequently and do so differently than other MPs. We conclude that, contrary to many of its critiques, the participation of Indigenous communities in Canadian democratic institutions cannot be reduced to a form of assimilation or a straightforward acceptance of the rules of Canadian citizenship. This renewed engagement should instead be located within a broader political movement and collective agency in defending and promoting distinct Indigenous peoples identities and interests.

Keyphrases: Participation, Political participation, Indigenous peoples, Electoral behavior, Substantive and descriptive representation, Self-determination, Settler colonialism
Environnement physique et environnement social : conséquences physiologiques de la sélection des habitats

Habitat selection is an important behaviour that relates individuals to the environmental conditions in their habitat, and is generally studied to infer population-level patterns of distributions. Habitat selection varies among individuals and there is growing evidence that individual differences often exceed population differences in habitat selection. On the one hand, if habitat selection is adaptive, it could be hypothesized that individuals would select habitats that would maximize their fitness. On the other hand, environmental conditions in habitats can have physiological consequences, which can be amplified or masked by the social environment. Therefore, the general objective of this thesis was to better understand the determinants and physiological consequences of habitat selection.  We created and compared the predictive capacity of habitat selection models for smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu integrating individual variability. Our results show that by integrating individual variability, we could identify variables influencing individual-, group-, and population-level habitat selection. Models that included variables referring to presence of shelter had the best predictive capacity. Further, we identified groups of individuals defined by their habitat selection. Nevertheless, variation in habitat selection among individuals was higher than that among groups.  Presence of shelter was the main correlate of habitat selection for smallmouth bass. We then we tested whether presence of shelter could influence smallmouth bass metabolic traits estimated during respirometry trials. In presence of shelter, resting metabolic rates (RMR) were lower than in absence of shelter for smallmouth bass from a lake population. There was no difference in RMR for smallmouth bass from a river population. Further, dominant individuals showed reduced recovery time (RT) in presence of shelter, while no difference was observed in subordinate individuals. We investigated how social group size and availability of shelter could influence metabolic rate. This project was conducted on Eurasian minnow Phoxinus phoxinus, a highly social fish. Fish held in smaller groups had higher standard metabolic rate as compared to that of fish held in larger groups. Presence of shelter during respirometry trials was associated with reduced metabolic rates, regardless of group size fish were held in. Our results suggest that social group size may directly influence energy demands of individuals, highlighting the importance of understanding the role of group size on variations in physiological traits associated with energy expenditure. Our results highlight the importance of considering the physical and social environment to better understand the physiological consequences of habitat selection.

Keyphrases: Habitat selection, Resource selection functions, Individual variation, Shelter, Smallmouth bass, Aerobic scope, Metabolic rates, Recovery time, Social environment, Density
Hunting for causal variants in microbial genomes

One of the central goals of biology is to understand how DNA, the primary sequence, gives rise to observable traits. To this aim, we herein examine methods to identify the genetic components that influence microbial traits. By "identify" we mean the elucidation of both the allelic state and physical position of each causal variant of a phenotype of interest down to the base-pair nucleotide resolution. Our focus has been on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) as a general approach to dissecting the genetic architecture of traits. The overarching aim of this thesis was to critically examine GWAS methodologies and to consider them in practice in both strongly clonal and highly recombining microbial populations. The field of microbial GWAS is relatively new compared to the over fifteen years of human GWAS, and as such, we began this work with an examination of the state of microbial GWAS. We asked and attempted to answer two main questions: 1) Do human GWAS methods readily work without modification for microbial populations? 2) And if not, what are the central methodological problems and changes that are required for a successful microbial GWAS? Building from these findings, we then detailed linkage disequilibrium (LD) as the primary obstacle in microbial GWAS, and we presented a new method, POUTINE, to address this challenge by harnessing homoplasic mutations to implicitly break LD structure. The remainder of the thesis showcases both traditional GWAS methods (allele counting) and POUTINE applied to a highly recombining population of marine vibrio genomes. Despite a small sample size, we provide a first glimpse into the genetic architecture of bacteriophage resistance in a natural population and show that bacteriophage receptors play a primary role consistent with experimental populations of phage-bacteria coevolution. Importantly, this architecture highlights how strong positive selection can sculpt some microbial traits differently than many human complex traits, which are generally under weak purifying selection. Specifically, we identified common frequency, large-effect mutations that are rarely observed in human complex phenotypes where many low-effect mutations are thought to contribute to the bulk of heritability. The thesis concludes with perspectives on ways forward for microbial GWAS.

Keyphrases: Microbial GWAS, Linkage disequilibrium, Allele counting, Homoplasy counting, Genetic architecture
Marqueurs discursifs de neurodégénérescence liée à la pathologie Alzheimer

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and primary progressive aphasias (PPA) feature changes in expressive language that appear early in the course of the disease. Within an automated analysis framework, these language changes could offer a non-invasive and inexpensive alternative to the collection of biomarkers which are not readily available in most settings. Current research is thus focused on the automated analysis of language data for clinical use. The usefulness of connected speech (CS) markers has not yet been established in a diagnostic perspective focused on biomarkers. To this aim, the present thesis contains two phases. First, we systematically review the CS markers that best differentiate persons with AD from healthy controls. Second, we automatically extract a wide array of CS markers in a heterogenous group of PPA patients by combining expert knowledge and the latest natural language processing software. A machine-learning classification approach identifies PPA patients for the presence of underlying AD pathology. The most discriminant CS features are identified. To integrate the two phases of the thesis, we provide a general introduction with the following sections: the pathophysiology of AD and PPAs, the growing importance of biomarkers in clinical decision-making for neurodegenerative diseases, the seminal studies of CS in neurodegenerative diseases, and the latest computational studies of CS markers in AD and PPA.  Our results bring forth a multidimensional pattern (acoustic, lexical, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic) of language changes that distinguish people with AD from healthy controls, with an emphasis on lexical-semantic features. In the group of PPA patients with either positive or negative amyloid imaging, we then describe the classificatory power of a short sample of CS and show that it compares favorably to other biomarkers. We discuss the specific pattern of discriminant markers for this subgroup of patients, in particular the role of psycholinguistics.

Keyphrases: Alzheimer’s disease, connected speech, primary progressive aphasia, natural language processing, machine learning, psycholinguistics