Action collective patronale : les mécanismes de diffusion entre les niveaux sectoriel et local

This research focuses on employer collective action to this day little studied in North America. Yet, this actor is highly organized in Quebec and has an influence on public policies and industrial relations. This research aims to gain a better understanding on employer’s logic action and the areas where they exert their influence.  Most important, the research questions the diffusion mechanisms used by employer’s organizations to transmit orientations and guidelines to adopt by their members. Like the unions who has to develop their representative capacity (Dufour, Hege, Levesque and Murray, 2009), we believe it should be the same for the employers. Notably, this research wants to understand how the employers’ organizations makes sure that their members adopt practices related to the positions defended in labor market institutions and in the area of public’s policies.   Our research question is the following one: What are the mechanisms developed by employers’ organizations to diffuse their orientations about public’s policies and labor relations on the local managing practices of their members?   On the theoretical plan, this research is based on ideas developed by neo-institutionalism theories for a better explanation of how the actors used the institutions in place to shape the rules to their best interests, what points to a representative capacity and coherence in the actions between the levels where the employer is present.  We are looking to understand how the employers’ organizations can coordinate the employers’ actions in reaction to the transformations in the institutional environment. The employers’ organizations are institutional entrepreneurs (Crouch, 2005) who are actively researching opportunities and power leverage to use to maximize their members’ interests and by the same occasion reduce the uncertainty issued from the environment (Campbell, 2004; Streeck et Thelen, 2005; Crouch, 2005).  Still on the theoretical plan, this research is based on the ideas proposed by the logic of action sociology. This theoretical approach allows us to account for local and sectorial levels where the employers’ behaviors are rooted. On sectorial level, there is a plurality of instances who contributed to shape the logic of action of employers’ organizations. The logic of action sociology considered the employer organization as a group with a distinct life and a functional autonomy. The influence capacity of the organization depends on the coordination mechanisms used to generate agreement within the group. The coordination mechanisms should allow a regular and stable connection between the organization and their members.  This research is interested by the employers’ organization that uses a set of means to diffuse the privileged orientations to the enterprises members.   On the empirical plan, this research targets three objectives: (1) To gain a better understanding of the employers organizations forms in the Quebec mining sector;  (2) obtain a better understanding of the structure and the logic of action of the employers organizations on the public policies, labor relations and labor market and finally, (3) to attain a better understanding of the mechanisms developed by the employers organizations to diffuse their orientations on the managing local practices of their members.   In order to meet our research objectives, we used a qualitative research methodology; the case study of the Quebec mining industry was used. This method was processed in three steps; the preparation, the data collection and the interpretation (Merriam, 1998). Data for this research was collected during the winter of 2012 from interviews with mining enterprises managers and mining association managers. A qualitative analysis of the interview content was made and linked to the literature review and our research propositions. To this end, we used the patterns matching Yin (1994). This allowed us to compare our observations with our research propositions.  In terms of results, we found that employers' associations in the mining sector in Quebec endorse further the role of spokesman for the industry to the government rather than service developer to members.  Actions of employers' association takes place at all levels of the decision making process to ensure the best possible promotion of employers interests. Political representation is the most important field of activity which composes the logic action of employers' associations in the Quebec mining sector. It is important to note also that the representation of business interests with the public and media is also vital to employers’ collective action in the interests of social acceptability.  Employers' associations will mainly try to influence industrial relations practices that ensure a better image of the industry and are prioritized based on the institutional context in place.  Research has allowed us to observe a positive and significant impact on the diffusion capacity for five of the seven diffusion mechanisms composing our analysis model.  Three of these five mechanisms promote downward diffusion capacity (transposition of the logic of sectoral action of members on local practices) and the other two tend to favor the upward diffusion capacity (transposition of local issues judged a priority on the sectors logic action).  Mechanisms that better supports cohesion within the organization are those that involve a dynamic relationship between representatives and members and between members themselves thus demonstrating the relevance of a downward and upward diffusion direction.  It should be noted that since this research is a case study, there is some methodological limits specifically in the generalization of the results. It is hard to state that the results of this micro-analysis are generalized regarded to the specificities of the case study. On the other hand, the analysis helped to the elaboration of a model that can be used for future studies.

Keyphrases: Collective action, Employer representation, Employer organization, Company member, Logic of action, Local practices of human resources and work relations, Diffusion mechanisms of strategy