La régulation de l’hepcidine à travers les récepteurs Toll-like dans les macrophages

The interaction between the immune system and iron metabolism is well exemplified in the anemia of chronic disease (ACD), which is frequently encountered in chronic infections, inflammation and cancer. The major changes in iron parameters observed in ACD ultimately reflect modifications in iron trafficking, with relocation of the metal from both the circulation and sites of erythropoiesis to the storage compartment in macrophages. Mechanisms in the hypoferremic response involve cytokines, including TNF-alpha and IL-6. These pro-inflammatory cytokines regulate the levels of several iron metabolism genes, including iron transporters and hepcidin, a negative regulator of iron absorption, resulting in the inhibition of iron export by ferroportine 1 (FPN1) from the intestine and macrophages. Previous studies showed that IL-6 upregulates hepcidin in hepatocytes, but there are very few data regarding how hepcidin and FPN1 expression is regulated in macrophages. More recently, we found that hepcidin induction in the liver by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is dependent on the signaling pathway mediated by toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). The aim of this work is to identify TLR ligands able to induce hepcidin in macrophages and to determine the requirement for TLRs in hepcidin expression and the development of hypoferremia. In addition, we want to study the effect of inflammation induced by TLR ligands on serum iron levels, cytokine production, hepcidin and ferroportin expression. On the other hand we want to study the effect of iron levels on IL-6 production by macrophages in response to TLR4 stimulation. First, to identify TLR ligands capable of inducing hepcidin in macrophages, we treated Raw 264.7 macrophages and thioglycollate-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPMs) with various TLR ligands and measured hepcidin and ferroportin expression by real-time RT-PCR. We observed that Pam3CSK4 (Pam), a TLR1/2 ligand; LPS, a TLR-4 ligand; and FSL1 a TLR6/2 ligand, but not polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a TLR3 ligand, upregulate hepcidin expression in both Raw 264.7 cells and MPMs. Furthermore, LPS was able to repress ferroportine expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. To further define the requirement for the identified TLRs, we used TLR-2 knockout mice and established that upregulation of macrophage hepcidin expression by Pam or FSL1 is TLR2 dependent, respectively. In agreement with the in vitro experiments, when tested in vivo LPS repressed ferroportine expression and polyI:C failed to induce hepatic hepcidin expression but was effective in triggering hypoferremia. We next investigated whether MyD88, the predominant but not exclusive intracellular signal transduction pathway for TLR-4, is necessary for hepcidin induction in macrophages. Using MyD88 knockout mice, we found that the absence of MyD88 signaling abolishes hepcidin induction triggered by Pam, LPS and FSL1. On the other hand, stimulation with LPS induced in vivo the production of IL-6 and TNF-alpha, and IL-6 stimulation was enhanced in vitro by high amount of iron in macrophages.These observations indicate that HAMP (Hepcidin Antimicrobial Peptide) expression in macrophages can be regulated through multiple TLRs, suggesting that macrophage hepcidin production is part of an immune response activated by the TLRs.

Keyphrases: Inflammation, Fer, TLRs, PAMPs, Macrophages, Inflammation, Iron, Hepcidin, TLRs, PAMPs, Macrophages, Hypoferremia