NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
L’adoption internationale chez les célébrités : images et société

This research focuses on media staging of the phenomenon of international adoptions by celebrities. It questions links between the media world and the institutional universe surrounding intercountry adoptions. It thus seeks to understand the media staging of international adoptions among celebrities, in terms of echos, renewal and dedication of social norms.  International adoptions by two American stars, Josephine Baker and Angelina Jolie are being studied. They were chosen because both of them dominated Hollywood star system in two very different epochs; the 1940s and the 2000s. Despite the gap between the times and social contexts in which they evolved, these protagonists are markedly similar in their experiences as stars and adopting mothers. The discourses analyzed are taken from two major print media, the New York Times and Le Monde. A total of 46 newspaper articles underwent media speech analysis.  From a sociological view point, this dissertation falls within two broad fields: celebrity studies and the sociology of family, particularly the sociology of adoption. We will see how between these two fields the link through humanitarianism is made. Analysis of the articles listed shows that adoptions by these stars have significant symbolic identity. Adoptions are a way to claim and update their identities as citizens of the world. Adoption is also a way for them to position themselves in the star system of their time and to update their social role.  In addition to being the bearers of strong identity symbolism, media discourses also show that, through their adoptions, Jolie and Baker reflect different and daring values of family and motherhood. Nevertheless, we will see that such so-called emancipatory ideas can also generate reductive reading of the diversity of adoption experiences and magnified visions of motherhood. In addition to the symbolism of identity and the broadening of notions of family that the adoptions by Baker and Jolie underlie through media texts, another common component arises, that of humanitarians. However, we show that contemporary literature now stipulates that a humanitarian act, as beneficial as it may be, cannot be confused with an adoption process. We see how the media participate in the construction of social reality and how stars serve as identity landmarks. Finally, we demonstrate that, in addition to having a certain influence on the public, the media discourses surrounding these famous figures present a vision sometimes in dissonance with the foundation and legal concepts of adoption.

Keyphrases: Celebrity, Media culture, International adoption, Sociology of the family, Humanitarianism
Jeunes amours aux âges avancés : exploration de la mise en couple chez les sexagénaires

In the past few decades, transformations in conjugality have lead to diversification of conjugal trajectories and forms. This diversification now progressively extends to different age categories. However, new partnerships are most often studied at the beginning of adult life, leaving out the experiences of older people. What about the formation of new partnerships when it happens later in life? This thesis deals with the lived experiences of people who have formed new partnerships in their sixties. Its objectives are: 1) describe the conjugal trajectories pertaining to such new partnerships; 2) understand the meaning which partners ascribe to their relationship; 3) explore gender relations which appear therein. To this end, ten individual life-stories and comprehensive interviews have been realized amongst partners that formed new relationships when aged between 61 and 68 years. Results show that contrary to certain ageist prejudices, partners describe their relationships as driven by feelings of love, sometimes very intense. Certainly, social representations and norms pertaining to age tinge the descriptions of conjugal stories by participants, but this does not mean that they endorse them. These relationships have the potential to be freed of certain social pressures and to benefit from past experiences but nevertheless face the challenge of allying two worlds that have been built separately.

Keyphrases: union libre, modes de cohabitation, common-law unions, heterosexual couple, living arrangements, old age, life course, life stories, conjugal trajectories, gender, ageism, new partnerships
Expériences négatives d'accouchements décrites par des femmes ayant accouché en 
milieux hospitalier : les liens avec le concept des violences obstétricales

The purpose of this qualitative exploratory research is to better understand negative experiences of childbirth from a women’s perspective by analyzing their descriptions of events and to then explore whether a relationship can be made with the emerging concept of obstetric violence (OV). In order to achieve this, I conducted semi-structured interviews with eight women who have had negative experiences of childbirth. Following a literature review, I developed a new definition of obstetric violence and proceeded with an attempt to operationalize the concept. The characteristics of this concept are divided into three main categories and two cross-cutting categories : pathologization of childbirth, dehumanization and lack of consent. The two cross-cutting categories are : medical protocols and medicine not based on evidence. While I found that women participating in the study do not use the term "obstetric violence" in reference to their negative experiences of childbirth, what they describe is consistent with key characteristics and indicators of obstetric violence used in this research and resulting from the literature review on the subject. I recommend that research on obstetric violence be continued to ascertain its prevalence and also to include a greater diversity of experiences. I also recommend implementing the Mother and Baby Friendly Birth Facility (MBFBF) initiative as a tool to prevent this systemic violence. I conclude that a paradigm shift is needed to put women and birthing people at the heart of the decision-making process of childbirth.

Keyphrases: Obstetric violence, Violence against women, Gender violence, Health care abuse, Childbirth, Humanized birth, Non-evidence-based practice, Systemic violence
Trajectoires et profils des adolescents placés en centre de réadaptation présentant des troubles de comportement sérieux

A special feature of the Quebec's child protective services (CPS) is that in addition to maltreatment, it also covers situations in which a child exhibits serious behavioral problems (SBP). As a consequence, few studies have been conducted to investigate these youths’ development. Children in rehabilitation centre (RC) are among the most vulnerable youth in CPS. Despite the rehabilitative aim, some children exhibit behavioral deterioration or persistent behavior problems like delinquency or CPS recurrence. This study examined services and placement trajectories of youth placed in RC with SBP. In addition, it pointed to a set of characteristics associated with the risk of delinquency or CPS recurrence. The study involved a cohort of 2 386 youths placed in RC with SBP in Quebec. Logistics regressions revealed a significant association between age, gender, maltreatment co-occurrence, a history of CPS involvement, CPS recurrence, and delinquency. Other factors, such as gender, court involvement, length of services and delinquency were associated with CPS recurrence. This study drew a first portrait of the situation for this population. It was an initial step in the understanding of delinquency and CPS recurrence for this specific group. It highlighted the possible inhibitory effect of CPS on delinquency. Moreover, the study showed that boys with SBP are more frequently seen as offender, while girls with behavior problems may be considered as victims. It demonstrated the need to know more about this population, particularly in regard to the possible distinction between youth with SBP and youth who experienced maltreatment co-occurrence.

Keyphrases: placement, Behavioral problems, child protection services, delinquency, recurrence, placement, rehabilitation centre, trajectory
L’Azerbaïdjan : de la rente pétrolière à la corruption généralisée

Understanding the maintained regime and the strong persistence of corruption in the countries which produced and exported oil is a question more and more asking in the global conceptualization of power (especially in South America, Africa and East Europe). Indeed, this study analyzes one country political structure, his political system and his way to manage economic income from the oil rent. In other words, we intend to demonstrate the fact that the outcome of rent economy is centralization of political institution, which search to maintain himself on the top by corruption. First, a part is dedicated to the theoretical framework and the method that frame the reasoning of this study. In a second time, let's analyze the concentration of wealth from oil revenue. In a third part, we will look at the consolidation of the regime, the loyalty of oligarchic elites and former officials through the privileged access to the “channels” of states wealth. In fine, the main purpose of this paper is to clarify the causal mechanisms that cause oil rents to lead to the concentration of access to wealth, and that this concentration causes systemic corruption. In other words, the nature of a country's economy characterizes the type of corruption that remains there. In fact, the study search to know how oil incomes from the rent affected political structure in Azerbaijan. A last part, less thorough than the previous ones, will take the form of a discussion, underlining the structural problems constituted by the policy of the "full belly" (Médard, 2006). It will evoke issues of erosion of civil society and attempts to improve governance through the transparency of oil revenue.

Keyphrases: corruption, hydrocarbure, Centralized state, Authoritarian state, Dutch disease, Rent, Diversification of the economy, Channels of accessions to wealth
La marque politique : la bataille de l’interprétation et le rôle des médias : analyse de la marque politique du Parti libéral du Canada (2013-2015)

Media are important actors of political branding, being the main channel through which voters have access to political brands. Despite their theoretical importance, few empirical models include these. This research aims to fill this gap by analysing how the brand of the Liberal Party of Canada (LPC) has been negotiated from the election of Justin Trudeau as leader of LPC in 2013 to the 2015 federal election. Four hypotheses are tested: (H1-H2) the media coverage of the liberal brand and (H3-H4) the correspondence between the desired brand image and its representation in the media will vary according to the electoral cycle and the voting intentions. The political brand is measured with 21 indicators grouped into five categories: task-relevant traits, personal style, strategic capabilities, political positions and a category “other”. A parallel content analysis between partisan communications and media coverage of the Globe and Mail, National Post, La Presse and The Canadian Press was conducted. 1,500 documents were analyzed. The tone of the coverage became less negative during the electoral cycle, and was positively correlated to voting intentions during the election campaign. Greater correspondence was observed over the electoral cycle, and some observations showed a positive correlation between it and voting intentions during the election campaign. The electoral cycle and voting intentions were also correlated to the composition of media coverage and the focus on task-relevant traits, the personal style and political positions.

Keyphrases: Liberal Party of Canada, Political branding, Media, Political marketing, 2015 federal election
Symbolisation du parcours migratoire, santé mentale et expérience scolaire : études de cas d'adolescents réfugiés syriens récemment arrivés au
Québec

The human crisis in Syria has exposed numerous adolescents to atrocities of war, such as material and human losses, mourning and traumas. The incapacity of giving a meaning to these potentially traumatic events which occurred before, during and after their migratory path is associated with the development of psychopathological symptoms (Bertrand, 2007; Jacques, 2001). Also, we can note that these symptoms can influence their school experience (Lucas, 1997). Canada has welcomed more than 40 000 Syrian refugees and more than 50 % are minors. The quality of their mental health could have been shaken and this can interact with their school experience. The main focus of this research is the process of symbolization for the adolescent Syrian refugees. The symbolization consists of giving a sense to certain events (Roussillon, 2012). For young people that have been confronted to war, it’s symbolising what cannot be said. The research methodology consists in four case studies of Syrian adolescent refugees who recently arrived in Quebec. The main objective of this study is to explain the relation between the symbolization of the psychosocial elements that occurred during their migratory path, their mental health and their school experience. The research participants lived through relational and material losses, psychological violence, forced displacement, terrorist attacks, death threats, kidnappings of acquaintances and loss of loved ones, some through particularly violent deaths. The non-symbolization of these events is associated with the presence of psychopathological symptoms. Also, the quality of their school experience varies and is associated with their level of symbolization, meaning that these traumatic events that they may have been exposed to can be symbolized on different levels. These potentially traumatic events that the youth went through may not have been symbolized. In this instance, we can observe a lost of interest in their scholar involvement.

Keyphrases: Adolescent, Symbolization, Refugee, Adolescent, Mental health, Migratory path, Mourning, War, Trauma
De l’économie productive à l’économie de la servitude : comprendre le nouveau cadre épistémologique de l’analyse économique

The current economic situation implies a deep epistemological break in economic analysis. The economy relies less and less on the production of quantifiable objects. The economy relies instead on intangible activities. It is no longer the commodity, but rather the service relationship that now represents the new frame of reference of economic analysis. During the industrial era, economic analysis focused on optimizing the management of material resources and human resources. It was circumscribed in the realm of the measurable and the tangible. Contemporary economic analysis extends the notions of performance and competition to almost all human activities and interactions. There is a reification of the competition mechanisms. It is now impossible to refer to preestablished, unequivocal measurement standards. The economy is now mainly part of a logic of governmentality.

Keyphrases: Service, Immaterial economy, Service, Governmentality, Economic rationality, Microeconomics, Epistemology of economics
Micro-ciblage et polarisation partisane lors de l'élection canadienne de 2015

This dissertation examines the influence of microtargeting on partisanship. Political parties increasingly rely on voter databases to effectively reach, mobilize and persuade voters.  Many scholars make the assumption that this strategy, called microtargeting, increases partisan polarization. As microtargeted messages are designed to match the opinions and interests of the targeted voters, they are expected to reinforce their partisan predispositions. Using the 2015 Canadian Election Study, we evaluate how microtargeted communications influence targeted citizens’ attitudes and behaviours, especially the strength of their partisan identification, the perceived differences between parties and their likelihood to change their voting choice. Campaign strategists indicate that the two main characteristics on which parties microtarget voters are their predicted support in the election and their propensity to vote. Therefore, a new index based on voters’ projected participation and level of support for the parties that have contacted them serves as a proxy for microtargeting. An optimal non-bipartite matching technique is used to fight the potential selection bias and endogeneity that could have affected the results. According to the evidence reported, microtargeting doesn’t impact the perception of differences between parties. However, it increases the strength of voters’ party identification and reduces the probability that they change their vote choice. Microtargeting can thus lead to the creation of stronger ties between parties and their supporters and make voters less likely to defect from their party.

Keyphrases: Segmentation, Vote, Microtargeting, Affective polarization, Partisanship, Campaign communication, Election campaign, Political marketing, Campaign strategy, Political parties
Kantian Enlightenment as a critique of culture

It is puzzling to notice that in his 1784 essay on Enlightenment, Kant addresses every human being with his watchword « Have the courage to use your own understanding! », while at the same time he seems to restrict the access to the public discussion of matters of common interest to the learned persons (Gelehrte). This begs the question: Is the participation in the public debate part and parcel of Kant’s conception of Aufklärung? A positive answer to this question is given by Katerina Deligiorgi in her Kant and the Culture of Enlightenment. A critical assessment of this book will lead us however to consider that Kant has a differentiated approach to enlightenment depending on whether someone is educated or uneducated. Following Rousseau, Kant has come to recognize as a matter of fact this inequality toward the products of culture. Now the two-level conception of enlightenment entailed by this inequality becomes explicit in the 1790s, especially in the very last work Kant has published: The Conflict of the Faculties (1798).

Keyphrases: Kant, Enlightenment, Culture, Scholars, Common understanding
La tension entre l’accessibilité et l’intelligibilité du droit : le cas du droit administratif et du droit du travail en France

For several decades, national, European and international institutions have deplored normative inflation and the growing complexity of the legal systems of Western states. At the end of 1999, the French Constitutional Council adopted an “objective of constitutional value of accessibility and intelligibility of the law”, while Switzerland included in its Federal Constitution an objective of effectiveness of the law. But in so doing, the two problems of accessibility and intelligibility and their own dynamics have been masked or even forgotten. Indeed, accessibility and intelligibility, if they seem to go on one hand, are in fact contradictory in their products, namely the formalization and materialization of the law. This work aims to highlight this tension between the two objectives and the lessons to be learned in order to succeed in simplifying the law. Among the various attempts to simplify French law, administrative law and labor law have given us in recent years particularly examples of the limits and contradictions between accessibility and the intelligibility of the law. We will see how the application of the principle of “silence is acceptance” of the administration has led to a loss of accessibility of the law in this area, and how the codification of labor law at the beginning of the twenty-first century led in turn to a loss of intelligibility of the labor law. These two examples will serve to describe theoretically a structuring dilemma of law that should be taken into account in all legal reforms.

Keyphrases: Simplification of law, Normative inflation, Accessibility, Intelligibility, Formal law, Substantive law
La province de l’Île-du-Prince-Édouard : une figure d’exception au Canada en matière de participation électorale

Why is turnout so high in Prince-Edward-Island in comparison with the other Canadian provinces? To answer this question, I am drawing on electoral participation theory and a thorough study of the specificities of the province. I use data from the 2006 and 2011 Canadian Census and from the official polling data for the 2006 and 2011 federal elections. I estimate the impact of 12 variables on the turnout gap between Prince-Edward-Island and the rest of Canada. Five variables are identified as having a major and significant impact on this gap. The small size and the homogeneity of the population and the insular nature of the province explain Prince-Edward-Island high turnout, despite its higher unemployment rate and lower university graduation rate. This analysis explains about 75% of the turnout gap, resolving a good part of the Prince-Edward-Island turnout puzzle.

Keyphrases: Turnout, Electoral behavior, Prince-Edward-Island, Insularity, Canadian politics
How do disruptions in the mortgage market affect consumption? Empirical evidence from the U.S.

This paper documents a strong empirical relationship between the supply of mortgage loans and consumption in the U.S. during the 2008 financial crisis. The estimates indicate that a negative shock to the supply of mortgage is associated with a decline in the consumption expenses. We present a stylized model of household credit and consumption, and analyse implications of an adverse shock to the mortgage supply. The model predicts that households react to an adverse mortgage shock by cutting consumption expenditures, especially if they are at their borrowing constraints. Empirically, following a one standard deviation decrease in mortgage issuance, we found that the consumption growth was affected in 2009 and 2010 with a decrease of 0.051 and 0.036 percentage point respectively. Mortgage refinance shock accounts for approximately 50% of the decline of in consumption growth. Lowerincome households are more vulnerable and react more strongly to adverse shocks than higher-income households.

Keyphrases: Shocks Financiers, Mortgage, Financial Shock, Heterogeneity, Consumption
Impact de Heterodera glycines sur la réaction de défense du soya (Glycine max) et influence sur la gestion de Aphis glycines dans un contexte climatique actuel et futur

Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the major crops in Québec and has seen its production increase in the last decade. However, climate change and international trade have resulted in new pest establishments, putting the culture at risk. The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines, and the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, are the most damaging soybean pests worldwide, and are both present in Québec since 2013. The interactions between these organisms are barely known and could have a negative impact on soybean culture, especially in a climate change context. We have studied the effect of nematode infestation on aphid life-history traits on different cultivars, susceptible and resistant to nematodes, under different climatic conditions. No effect of the nematode was detected on the development time, longevity and fecundity of the aphid. However, soybean transcriptome sequencing showed 36 genes differentially expressed in the leaves in presence of the nematode on the root system. Among these, 23 genes are directly related to the activation, transport or synthesis of salicylic acid, a defense hormone naturally produced by the plant during aphid infestation. However, the latter does not have a negative impact on arthropod life history traits under current climatic conditions or by simulating the CO2 concentration of 2050.It seems that the aphid is not very sensitive to this hormone, but that it could have a repulsive effect on the alate individuals when choosing establishment plants in the spring.

Keyphrases: RNAseq, Population dynamics, Plant defense, Parasitism, Above-belowground interactions, Life history traits