NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Recherche et analyse d'étoiles naines blanches chimiquement stratiées dans le Sloan Digital Sky Survey

We present a detailed research and analysis of chemically stratified hybrid white dwarf stars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Only one stratified star, PG 1305-017, was known before our analysis. The main objective is to confirm the existence of several new stratified stars. To do so, we initially had to develop a new generation of model atmospheres from those of Bergeron et al. (1991) and Tremblay & Bergeron (2009). We added the opacity of all the helium lines and the necessary calculations to account for the chemical stratification of the atmosphere, where a thin hydrogen layer floats in diffusive equilibrium on top of a more massive helium layer. In parallel, we also calculated a grid of standard models, which are chemically homogeneous. Then, we selected hot white dwarfs (Teff > 30,000 K) with a hybrid spectral type (traces of helium and hydrogen) from the ~38,000 white dwarfs listed in the SDSS. A total of 52 spectra were retained in our final sample. The spectroscopic technique, i.e. the fit of model spectra to an observed spectrum, was applied to all stars in our sample. Thereby, we have measured the effective temperature, the surface gravity and the chemical composition of these stars. By simultaneously fitting stratified and homogeneous models, we have also been able to determine if the stars were stratified or not. We identify 14 stratified white dwarfs. From these results, we draw several conclusions on the physical processes explaining the presence of helium in the atmosphere.

Keyphrases: Atmospheric parameters, White dwarfs, Chemical stratification, Spectroscopic technique
Détection et caractérisation de nouveaux disques circumstellaires autour d’étoiles de faibles masses et naines brunes jeunes

The presence of circumstellar disks is a signpost of present or past planetary system formation, for which the processes of formation are not fully understood. This thesis focuses on the detection and characterization of circumstellar disks around low-mass stars (spectral type > K5) and brown dwarfs that are candidates or confirmed members of young kinematic associations. Here, we present the results of this search and its bearing on our understanding of the processes of formation and evolution of planetary systems. Of the initial sample consisting of ∼ 1600 objects from the BANYAN surveys of Malo et al. and Gagné et al., from which only 600 satisfied our data quality criteria, four new candidate disks were discovered by detecting their excess infrared emission in the WISE mission archive data. The 2MASS survey data and the BT-Settl synthetic spectra were jointly used to model the emission of the stars. The new candidates, whose spectral types are late (M4.5 to L0) and whose masses are between ∼ 13 and 120 M_Jup, have disk temperatures of ∼ 135–520 K and fractional luminosities of 0.021–0.15. For two of these targets, we have obtained spectra in the visible and near-infrared wavelengths. These new spectra respectively show signs of Hα and Paβ emission, indicative of the presence of accretion, which requires the presence of gas, and which provides further evidence for the youth of these systems. These two systems, likely aged 40 Myr, could be the first examples of disks bearing gas that are older than 20 Myr.

Keyphrases: Star formation, Circumstellar disks, Low-mass stars, Brown dwarfs, Young kinetic associations
Efficience et normativité : examen de la légitimité de l'utilisation de la notion d’efficience économique pour l'évaluation de politiques publiques

This text aims to show that efficiency, as used by economists in the context of public policy recommendations, always implies the acceptance of certain moral criterions. I will aim to show that economical recommendations concerning public policy have been identified to utilitarianism in the past. Many economists have then tried to separate their science from debates concerning morals in the XXth century. This separation has had as one of its results the creation of the concept of Pareto efficiency, which has seen wide usage in welfare economics. However, this particular use of efficiency supposes that it is both morally desirable to seek to improve welfare of individuals and that this welfare can be evaluated in terms of preference satisfaction. Both of these affirmations constitute ethical and moral judgements that cannot be made within the sole scope of scientific claims. Efficiency can rather be used in a non-morally controversial way only if the underlying moral considerations are properly identified. A purely scientific use of efficiency needs to take for granted the normative elements implied in measures of efficiency. The determination of the relevance of various social objectives and the relative importance of each of these objectives remains moral questions that cannot be addressed by economics as such.

Keyphrases: efficiency, Pareto efficiency, normativity, public policy, public policies, economical sciences, economics
Estime de soi et autonomie

This present study is devoted to the sense of self-worth as defended by Paul Benson in his theory of substantial autonomy. Revealing the limitations of the procedural accounts in the cases of oppression, this theory defends the necessity of considering the intersubjective relationships as well as the importance of regarding onself as being competent to answer for one’s conduct in the definition of autonomy. Meanwhile, relational theories acknowledge how social contexts can define values interiorised by agents as well as the self-regarding attitudes that influence one’s sense of worth. To deepen our understanding of this condition, I study the role of moral emotions on the perception that an agent has upon his or herself while demonstrating how these emotions can adequately inform the agent of his or her own values, as well as those internalized from oppressive circumstances. First, I explore what holds the condition of self-esteem from Benson’s viewpoint while linking it to concept of identity. I then demonstrate how this condition captures the limitations of procedural accounts, specifically in oppressive contexts. Secondly, I distinguish other self-regarding attitudes found in the relational theories while showing how self-esteem is not a separate affective phenomenon, but rather a normative judgment formed from the affective experiences of an agent. While I defend Paul Benson’s thesis in a relational perspective, I suggest a deepened definition of what the self-esteem condition stands for, while showing how moral emotions are necessary for an agent to be autonomous upon his actions, thoughts and values.

Keyphrases: Paul Benson, Philosophy, Moral psychology, Autonomy, Emotions, Values, Self-esteem
La question de l'histoire chez Husserl

This thesis is concerned with Husserl’s historical understanding of phenomenology in his last work, The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology (1937). In chapter 1, we examine David Carr’s account of the historical turn of Husserlian phenomenology. The idea of the historical turn of phenomenology is inaccurate. The transcendental theory of history represents the necessary outcome of Husserl’s philosophy. In chapter 2, we examine the manner by which Husserlian phenomenology is supposed to re-establish European cultural identity. Husserl, through his criticism of the objectivistic prejudice of modern science, claims that phenomenology represents the teleological accomplishment of philosophy. We finally examine Husserl’s attempt to reunite the Modern schism between thought and action. We conclude that Husserl’s main ethical principle, the notion of authenticity, is in itself insufficient to explain the implications of responsibility.

Keyphrases: Europe, Husserl, Crisis, History, Phenomenology, Teleology
Le penser pacifié et l’agir moral de l’après Auschwitz selon T. W. Adorno

In Dialectic of Enlightenment, Adorno and Horkheimer try to explain the reasons for why and how, European civilization committed barbaric crimes during the third Reich. What conditions that made possible the massacres administered under the Nazi regime? The failure of the Enlightenment is the answer to this question and requires a radical transformationof ethics and metaphysics. This necessity takes the form of a new categorical imperative: “A new categorical imperative has been imposed by Hitler upon human beings in the state of their unfreedom: to arrange theirs thoughts and actions so that Auschwitz will not repeat itself, so that nothing similar will happen”. Is Adorno’s philosophy, often accused of being too negative, is it able to provide normative prescriptions able to give a new direction to the theoretical thinking and ethics?

Keyphrases: philosophy, epistemology, ethic, dialectic, identity principle, new categorical imperative
L'état de nature dans le Léviathan de Thomas Hobbes et la controverse entourant son utilisation dans les analyses des relations internationales

Hobbes's state of nature rests upon an epistemological study of human nature. It reflects important limits on the human capacity for establishing objective truths. In the state of nature then, mankind will never be able to naturally and collectively institute an epistemological system. Mankind is in the state of nature in a situation that we qualify as an '' epistemological anarchy '', which in Hobbes's Leviathan is a situation of war of all against all. It is only through the institution of a all-powerful sovereign that man can hope to free himself from the dire situation of the state of nature. Hobbes's philosophical and political project then, concerns only human activity on a domestic scale. Indeed, the english philosopher does not provide substantial analytical material concerning international relations. However, the name of Thomas Hobbes is a common one in discussions of international relations, specially when the conceptualisation of interstate relations is understood as being analogous to that of man in the state of nature. We consider that this analogy is not constructive, but problematic since it does not reflect Hobbes's analyses at all. We will show that this is the case through an exegetic study of Hobbes's arguments concerning human nature.

Keyphrases: Hobbes, state of nature, epistemology, scepticism, international relations
Étude du nombre de polynômes irréductibles dans les corps finis avec certaines contraintes imposées aux coefficients

The objective of this thesis is to count monic irreducible polnomials over a finite field under some conditions on the coefficients of the polynomial. These conditions will be simply to fix some coefficients, or to fix their sign, cubicity or quarticity.

Keyphrases: Trace, Irreducible polynomial, Gauss sum, Finite field, Character
Analyse et représentation de la variation terminologique et de la multidimentionalité dans un thésaurus : le cas du métalangage de la terminologie

This thesis proposes a model to represent theoretical and practical concepts of terminology as well as their terminological relationships in the form of a thesaurus. According to the ISO 25964-1:2011 standard, “a thesaurus is a controlled and structured vocabulary in which concepts are represented by terms that have been previously arranged in order to show explicitly the relations among concepts (…)”. Our objective is to create a pedagogical tool that is grounded in a theoretical reflection about different theoretical perspectives within this discipline. The issues associated with the classification of concepts in certain fields of knowledge (especially those with different perspectives) require further study in the field of terminology and information science, and in the literature relating to thesauri. Indeed, how does one describe concepts that are subject to theoretical dissent and different schools of thought? How can the different relationships between theoretical concepts and practical applications of a discipline be classified? To these questions is added the additional challenge of reflecting these difficulties in a thesaurus. Our first step consists in delimiting and organizing the main concepts of the field. Then, by means of a corpus containing different publications associated with different approaches in terminology, we study the linguistic realizations of those concepts and their relationships in context, with the objective of describing, classifying and defining them. We then encode this data using thesaurus management software that respects the relevant ISO standards. Finally, we produce visualizations of this data to make it more user friendly and understandable. To conclude, we present the fundamental characteristics of the Thésaurus de la terminologie. We have analyzed and presented a sample of 45 concepts and their related terms. Different phenomena related to these descriptors, such as multidimensionality, conceptual variation and denominative variation, are also represented in our thesaurus.

Keyphrases: terminologie, thésaurus, Terminology, conceptual variation, multidimensionality, denominative variation, thesaurus, knowledge classification, theoretical dissensions
Les retraductions françaises d'Al Moqqadima d'Ibn Khaldoun : étude paratextuelle des retraductions de Vincent-Mansour Monteil (1967) et d’Abdesselam Cheddadi (2002)

This thesis studies the XXth-century French retranslations of Ibn Khaldun’s XVIth- century historical and philosophical treatise Al Moqaddima (or Prolegomena, 1377). The first French translation as Les Prolégomènes was written by De Slane between 1840 and 1863. It was followed by two XXth-century retranslations, respectively entitled Discours sur l’histoire universelle (1967-1968) by Vincent-Mansour Monteil, and Le Livre des Exemples I : Autobiographie, La Muqaddima (2002) by Abdesselam Cheddadi. This thesis explores the contexts, paratexts, and discursive strategies surrounding each retranslation of Khaldun’s monumental treatise, in order to clarify the major factors that determine, in each case, the translator’s decision to retranslate. Our theoretical approach stems from recent debates around Antoine Berman’s “retranslation hypothesis”, which focuses on a textual analysis of retranslations, and tends to downplay the importance of the context surrounding the production of retranslations, and limits the translator’s positioning to his/her relationship to the “truth” of the original. By documenting the history of XXth-century editions of Khaldun’s Prolegomena, by establishing the context surrounding each retranslation, and by analyzing the discursive strategies deployed by each retranslator in the margins of his work, our study takes into account recent theories of “plural causality” in retranslation; we also highlight the ways in which the translators’ subjectivity, their choices and motivations are deeply connected with the extra-textual, or contextual elements emphasized by such theories. Our analysis shows the two translations under study to be motivated by internal, textual factors (such as: more authentic original manuscripts, better textual criticism and understanding of the source language and culture, the necessity to correct errors in the previous translations, etc.), but also extra-textual, or contextual factors (changing social, literary and translation norms, new interpretations of the original, the translator’s ideological position and need to establish his authority, etc.). In the end, retranslation emerges as a complex phenomenon deriving from a variety of causes, at once internal (textual), external (contextual), and personal, that is, due to the translator’s own agency.

Keyphrases: Les Prolégomènes, Al Moqaddima, De Slane, Monteil, Cheddadi, Retranslation, Prolegomena, Ibn Khaldun
Étude descriptive du paratexte des traductions en espagnol et en anglais de la «Relation historique» (1814) d’Alexandre von Humboldt

Alexandre von Humboldt (1769-1859), last universal scientist, member of the Académie des sciences française and president of the Société de géographie de Paris, was a scientist recognized worldwide for the exploration of the American continent and for the written records he produced, in French and German, about his journey. The corpus we used for this study was the abundant existing peritext and epitext (Genette, 1987) of Humboldt’s travel writings. We analyzed the Spanish and English translations of von Humboldt’s most famous book, Relation historique du Voyage aux régions équinoxiales du Nouveau Continent (1799-1804).  Working within a descriptive framework (Toury, 1995), we conducted a sociocultural study (Lépinette, 1997) of the Spanish and English translations of the Relation historique. Lieven D’hulst’s (2001 and 2014) methodology aims at answering the questions what, when, where, who or why do we translate. We concentrated mainly on the analysis of the paratext (Genette, 1987) that comes with the original and the translations to answer the questions proposed by D’hulst. Our study revealed that there is no complete translation of the text in Spanish and that the selection of the sections that appear in translations are motivated by identity questions.

Keyphrases: Alexandre von Humboldt, Relation historique, Personal Narrative, Relación histórica, Translation history, paratext
A study of culture specific items and translation strategies in Bahram Beyza'i’s play “Marionettes”

The focus of this research project is to provide an analysis of the Persian literary play by Bahrām Beyzā'ī “Aroosak-ha” in 1963 and its English translation (Marionettes) in 1989 to compare and contrast the culture specific items (CSI) and translation strategies in the 20th century. The relevant problematic forms of the cultural differences will be investigated and the procedures suggested by Newmark (1988) will be examined to see how they fit in the translation of cultural differences from Persian to English. The play was translated by a team of translators, Sujata G.Bhatt, Jacquelin Hoats, Imran A. Nyazee and Kamiar K. Oskouee. (Parvin Loloi and Glyn Pursglove, 2002:66) Beyzā'ī’s plays are based on Iranian traditions and folklore. His outlook is philosophical, “wrapped in a cloak of complex similes to the extent that many of the characters in his work wander between mythology and historical or social symbols.” (M.R. Ghanoonparvar, John Green 1989, p.xxii) The marionettes characters are modeled from traditional Iranian puppet shows. The classification of cultural elements by Newmark (1988) is as follows: “Ecology, material culture, social culture, organization, customs, ideas, gestures and habits” (Newmark 1988:95). A focus on the suggested procedures to translate CSI and translation strategies by Newmark will also be employed. These procedures include: “Literal translation, transference, cultural equivalent, neutralization, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, synonymy, throughtranslation, shift or transpositions, modulation, recognized translation, translation label, compensation, componential analysis, reduction and expansion, paraphrase, couplets, notes, additions, glosses” (Newmark 1988:81-93) to see if the suggested procedures are in fact applicable in the translation of CSIs from Persian to English and what are the most frequently used by translators.

Keyphrases: Adaptation, Drama translation, Adaptation, Translation procedures, Culture specific items, Strategy
Development of new scenario decomposition techniques for linear and nonlinear stochastic programming

In the literature of optimization problems under uncertainty a common approach of dealing with two- and multi-stage problems is to use scenario analysis. To do so, the uncertainty of some data in the problem is modeled by stage specific random vectors with finite supports. Each realization is called a scenario. By using scenarios, it is possible to study smaller versions (subproblems) of the underlying problem. As a scenario decomposition technique, the progressive hedging algorithm is one of the most popular methods in multi-stage stochastic programming problems. In spite of full decomposition over scenarios, progressive hedging efficiency is greatly sensitive to some practical aspects, such as the choice of the penalty parameter and handling the quadratic term in the augmented Lagrangian objective function. For the choice of the penalty parameter, we review some of the popular methods, and design a novel adaptive strategy that aims to better follow the algorithm process. Numerical experiments on linear multistage stochastic test problems suggest that most of the existing techniques may exhibit premature convergence to a sub-optimal solution or converge to the optimal solution, but at a very slow rate. In contrast, the new strategy appears to be robust and efficient, converging to optimality in all our experiments and being the fastest in most of them. For the question of handling the quadratic term, we review some existing techniques and we suggest to replace the quadratic term with a linear one. Although this method has yet to be tested, we have the intuition that it will reduce some numerical and theoretical difficulties of progressive hedging in linear problems.

Keyphrases: Stochastic programming, Multi-stage programming, Scenario analysis, Augmented Lagrangian, Proximal methods, Penalty parameter, Quadratic term, Elastic programming, Programmation multi-étapes
Un modèle rétroactif de réconciliation utilité-confidentialité 
sur les données d’assurance

Privacy-preserving data sharing is a challenge for almost any enterprise nowadays, no matter their field of expertise. Research is evolving at a rapid pace, but there is still a lack of adapted and adaptable solutions for best business practices regarding the management and sharing of privacy-aware datasets.  To this problem, we offer PEPS, a modular, upgradeable and end-to-end system tailored for the need of insurance companies and researchers. We take into account the entire cycle of sharing data: from data management to publication, while negotiating with external forces and policies. Our system distinguishes itself by taking advantage of the domain-specific and problem-specific knowledge to tailor itself to the situation and increase the utility of the resulting dataset. To this end, we also present a strongly contextualised privacy algorithm and adapted utility measures to evaluate the performance of a successful disclosure of experience analysis.

Keyphrases: Privacy-preserving data sharing, Confidentiality management, Insurance data, Utility measures for anonymized datasets
Environnement d’adaptation pour un jeu sérieux

We developed a serious game in order to teach users how to draw Lewis diagrams. We integrated an environment able to record in electroencephalographic signals, facial expressions, and pupil diameters to the serious game. The goal of this work is to determine whether such an environment enabled the serious game to detect in real-time whether or not the user needs help and adapt itself accordingly, and if the experience is more enjoyable for the users if the game tries to adapt itself. Results show that two approaches were promising in order to detect the level of help needed, both training a machine learning models but one using a general data set and the other a personalized (to the user) data set, with their respective performances being 53.4% and 67.5% compared to a chance baseline of 33.3%.

Keyphrases: Education, Machine learning, Psychophysiological data, Artificial intelligence, Serious game