Vers des réponses de colère maternelle constructives : exploration des relations entre quatre réponses de colère maternelle, la santé psychologique et l’internalisation des règles des enfants

Being a parent can be highly frustrating (Dix, 1991). To remain a good model of emotional and behavioral self-regulation for their children, the way mothers cope with their anger is crucial. However, the literature has rather focused on how mothers should support their children's emotions, regardless of their own emotional experiences (Eisenberg et al., 1998, Miller-Slough et al., 2016). Due to the limited number of studies conducted to date on possible constructive maternal anger expression, this exploratory thesis is intended as a preliminary step in the development of a broader research program. The general aim of this thesis is divided into two main objectives. The first objective is to explore three alternative responses to destructive forms of anger (i.e., expressive suppression, naming anger and reminding rules and expectations), while the second is to examine the differential role of anger on children’s internalization of rules process, by comparing this emotion’s associations with those of other maternal emotions (i.e., sadness, contempt, shame, compassion). This thesis includes three cross-sectional studies, conducted using the same sample of mother-child dyads. In total, 145 dyads (children aged between 9 and 13 years old) participated in these studies.  The first study compares three possible alternative responses to destructive manifestations of anger. The results suggest that naming anger, even when more hostile manifestations of anger is controlled, is not a recommendable alternative since it is associated with the presence of symptomatic behaviors in children. This anger response is also negatively linked to children's life satisfaction and self-esteem. Conversely, the results indicate that expressive suppression is also not recommendable since it is also linked to the presence of symptomatic behaviors. Finally, reminding children of the rules and expectations is positively associated with children's life satisfaction and self-esteem, suggesting that this anger response may be a possible alternative. The second study looks at a specific situation of non-cooperation and examines the relations between the three alternative responses to destructive manifestations of anger (this time coded) and children’s internalization of rules process, evaluated by four indicators (i.e., understanding the rules, perceived importance of the rule for the mother, child emotional load and types of regulation). No significant relation however emerges between the anger responses and the study variables. The third and final study explores the unique relations between perceived maternal anger (child report) and the same four indicators of internalization of rules, controlling for the effects of other negative emotions that are likely to be experienced simultaneously with anger. The results show that anger, when the other maternal emotions are controlled, is associated with a better understanding of the rules by children, supporting the idea that this emotion may have an important socializing function. Yet, anger is also associated with external regulation, suggesting that this emotion does not promote children's self-determination. The relations between other maternal emotions and the different indicators of internalization of rules are also presented.  Taken together, the results of the present thesis contribute to the literature on maternal anger in multiple ways. These theoretical, practical and clinical implications are discussed.

Keyphrases: Maternal anger, Maternal emotions, Psychological problems, Internalized behaviors, Externalized behaviors, Self-esteem, Life satisfaction, Internalization of rules, Mother-child relationship