Joindre le passé et le présent par les études paléoécologiques dans un contexte d’aménagement écosystémique de la forêt boréale du Québec

In the boreal forests, current objectives in terms of protection and management of ecosystems are facing uncertainties due to climate change. Indeed, ongoing and future climate change have and will have noticeable consequences on boreal ecosystems composition, structure and dynamic (Figure I.1). Ecosystem dynamic is also influenced by natural disturbances such as fire, insect outbreaks and windthrows for which regimes (occurrence, surface, severity...) will be modified by climate change. Moreover, direct and indirect impacts of human activities will keep on increasing and interfering with ecosystems functioning. Thus, knowing how the resistance and resilience of ecosystems will be affected is challenging. By the same token, protecting ecosystems integrity and sustaining the usages we have of them raise concerns. Many efforts have been put in place as an answer to these questions such as in Québec with the establishment of an ecosystem based management of forest which aims at reducing the gap between natural and managed forests. Nevertheless, one should not neglect that ecosystems are dynamic entities with resistance and resilience capacities (adaptation) in response to environmental constraints (climate, disturbances...). These interactions are occurring since the retreat of the glacier that was covering Québec during the last Ice Age. Quickly, ecosystems differentiated and followed their own path until reaching their current state. In order to protect the ecosystems we need to understand their current state and their long-term dynamic thus asking the question of the methods available to access ecological history of the ecosystems. Methods can be applied following spatial and temporal scales often considered as antagonistics (Figure I.2). Indeed, temporal scale is often replaced by spatial scale such as for extensive inventories. On the contrary, the description of long-term ecosystem dynamic can be done at the expense of spatial scale such as in paleoecology. The longer the temporal scale is, the less the data are abundant and the more reconstructions rely on indirect indicators of (e.g: fire, vegetation, ...) which presence and abundance must be described via proxies as pollen or charcoal (Figure I.2). The objective of this thesis is to reconcile the two scales, temporal scale and spatial scale, in paleoecological studies and contemporary ecological studies with the Quebec western spruce-feathermoss subdomain (PMO) as study area. First, the current ecosystem diversity and its pluri-millennial history have been studied and support the establishment of low scale ecosystemic management targets. The Holocene reconstructions of vegetation and fire from the first chapter highlighted the challenges of multi-proxy analyses. These difficulties are mostly due to the lack 13 of knowledge concerning the influence of taphonomic processes in the recording of bio-proxies in a sedimentary archive. The two other chapters composing this thesis helped to understand the links existing between the ecosystems and the bio-proxy signals they generate in order to develop methodological tools to facilitate their interpretation. Overall, these tools will allow us to better understand long-term dynamics of boreal forest ecosystems in the PMO.

Keyphrases: calibration, pollen, Fire, Forest, Paleoecology, Taphonomy, Charcoal, Management