NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
La politique commune de l'immigration et de l'asile de l'UE en période de crise et le traitement des ressortissants de pays-tiers

Since its creation, the European Union continues to be the laboratory of an economic, social, political and scientific construction based on the principle of the free movement of persons, services and goods. As we shall see, the principle of freedom of movement enables European citizens, certain third country nationals as well as the members of their families to move and settle freely in the Member States of the European Union. This work will focus on the common European immigration and asylum policy. In the first part, we will examine the achievements of the policy of immigration and asylum of the European Union and the effects of the current migration crisis on it. In a second part, we will discuss the treatment accorded to nationals of third countries within the European Union, all this in the light of the European treaties, European directives and regulations. Finally, we will deal with some European features aimed at foreign workers and the impact of the economic crisis on their situation Keywords: Common immigration policy, migration crisis, European Union, nationals of third countries, migrant, European law, foreign workers, long-term residents, asylum seeker, European citizen.

Keyphrases: Immigration, European Union, Third country
Les implications de la Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada pour l'État de droit et la justice transitionnelle : étude comparée avec l'Afrique du Sud

Following the adoption of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement in 2006, the federal government decided to set up a Truth and Reconciliation Commission in order to reestablish the truth regarding the history of Indian Residential Schools and to, eventually, achieve reconciliation between Aboriginals and non-aboriginals. Thus, the Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission is the very first truth commission taking place in times of peace, what's more, in a democratic state.   This research studies the choice made by the federal government to implement a transitional non-judicial measure. FIrst of all, it seems that such a choice could possilbly weaken the concept of truth commissions in that it challenges the few common characteristics that allowed until now their identification. Indeed, the Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission presents little similarities with previous truth commissions. Finally, it seems that implementing this instrument was for the federal government a way to avoid legal action, thus raising serious questions about upholding the Rule of Law in Canada.   The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission is often regarded as a role model in the field of transitional justice. South Africa and Canada both share an Anglo-Saxon legal tradition. A comparative study of both truth commissions will then be very interesting for the purpose of this research.

Keyphrases: Canada, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Rule of Law, Transitional Justice, Canada, South Africa
La réduction des impacts environnementaux des technologies de l’information par le droit

Information and communication technologies (ICT) are far from being intangible goods and do have an environmental impact during their entire life cycle. Green IT stands at the crossroads of sustainable development and ICT. Green IT law consists of a set of rules governing the relations between information technologies and environment.  The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the European and North American legal standards regulating the environment impacts of ICT throughout the three phases of their life cycle. In the first part, the design phase of ICT is examined. At this stage, existing regulations on eco-design, the use of rare earth elements, and the interdiction of planned obsolescence are of particular relevance. The thesis then studies how companies are trying to reduce the use-phase energy consumption of ICT, notably through the Corporate Social Responsability. The issue of the multiplication of data centres, due to an ever-growing demand, is also discussed. In the end, the thesis considers the end-of-life phase of ICT and the directives created by the European Union that affect recycling and waste reduction management at an international level.

Keyphrases: Law, Green IT, Sustainable development, Eco-design, Elements of rare earths, Planned obsolescence, Corporate Social Responsability, Data Centres, WEEE
Le système de justice pénale pour adolescents et les droits internationaux de l’enfant : obligations du Canada et jeunes racialisés

According to Children’s international rights, the youth criminal justice system should be adapted to minors and address their special needs. However, this thesis examines the extend to which Canada does not fulfill its international obligations regarding international children’s rights in juvenile justice. Violation of these rights induce the infrigement of internationally recognized fundamental protections against racial discrimination. In order to analyse the consequences for racialized youth of such violation of international rights, the author applies a critical race theoretical frame. This thesis compares the Canadian Youth criminal justice Act (YCJA) with international human rights emanating from ratified treaties and other international agreements. The evaluation is divided among four themes : the emphasis of the present act on the repressive justice model, the impeded access to extrajudicial measures and sanctions, the abusive use of detention, and the transfer to adult court. Each of these four themes address questions of racial discrimination as lived by Aboriginal youth and visible minorities.

Keyphrases: race, YCJA, children’s rights, racial discrimination, juvenile justice, Aboriginal, Youth Criminal Justice Act, international law
Les aspects juridiques des stratégies de propriété occulte et de vote vide réalisées par l’entremise des instruments dérivés

The research paper herein deals with hidden morphable ownership schemes and empty voting strategies orchestrated through derivatives. Initially, the author exposes the various disturbances caused by these schemes on early warning systems and follows up with repercussions that reverberate through to the Canadian corporate laws framework. Detailed case reviews are also presented to highlight the practical implications of these aforementioned schemes. Legislative solutions to mitigate the potential misuse of derivatives are proposed and ultimately the preferred solution tailored to Canadian financial markets is selected.

Keyphrases: Hidden morphable ownership, Empty voting, Derivatives, Shareholder activism, Early warning systems
Etude sur les effets du droit : le cas du foeticide féminin en Inde

For many decades now, India has been facing the issue of sex-selective abortion in which there has been a noticeable imbalance between the number of boys and girls aged 0 to 6 years old. And this, in spite of the 1994 Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act which regulates sex selection and determination technologies so as to eradicate female foeticide. We can thus note that there is a social problem of putting laws into effect. This research focuses on legal efficiency by outlining the meaning and utility assigned to State norms as well as their social reception on an instrumental and symbolic level. The aim is thus to explore the effects intended by the implementation of such laws and their reception by society.  This study analyses the strategic legal appeal of the State in order to influence collective representations and to comply individual’s behaviour regarding sex selective abortions. Literature review and semi-structured interviews demonstrate the social reception of this official discours against female foeticide. We conclude that State law enters in direct confrontation with a social representation system that induces a preference for sons for economic, social and cultural reasons.

Keyphrases: Legal efficiency, Legal effects, Symbolic effects, Legal sociology, Sex selective abortions, Women's rights, India
Étude de la microarchitecture trabéculaire du sillon parasagittal et du condyle du métacarpe distal chez le cheval de course, à la naissance et chez l’adulte

Reasons for performing study: The aetiology of condylar fractures (CF) is not completely understood and a developmental cause has been previously suggested. Objectives: To investigate the bone microarchitecture of the metacarpal fracture-prone site, to compare it to a control site in neonates and to investigate changes associated with maturation and athletic activity. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Distal metacarpi of neonates, yearlings and adult racehorses (n = 24) were sectioned to obtain 2 frontal subchondral slabs (latero-dorsal and latero-palmar) each one containing a prone site (parasagittal groove) and a control site (condyle). Each slab-section was processed for quantitative trabecular histomorphometry and trabecular orientation assessment.  Results: The trabecular bone in the parasagittal groove (prone site) of neonates consisted in a looser network (p = 0.001) and had a lower bone fraction (p = 0.0004) resulting in a theoretically weaker bone architecture when compared to the condyle. The differences observed in neonates between the 2 regions remained over time especially for parameters assessing bone quantity despite being significant only sporadically. Main changes over time include first a rapid increase in bone fraction and connectivity, which slowed down in the older group. Trabecular orientation changed drastically over time to become mainly aligned with the sagittal plane, except in the palmar parasagittal groove area where changes were subtler. Conclusions: At birth there are evident differences in neonatal foal subchondral bone microarchitecture between the CF predilected site and a control site. Trabecular bone adaptation is confirmed with maturity and athletic activity. The trabecular orientation showed drastic changes but not in the CF initiating area, which retained an immature-like orientation pattern.

Keyphrases: Equin, Boulet, Equine, Condylar fracture, Fetlock, Trabecular bone, Histomorphometry, Development
L’expérience de devenir préceptrice chez des infirmières débutantes

In today’s reality, nurses start to precept soon in their career (Cubit and Ryan, 2011), and often without any prior notice or preparation (Debra, 2014; Elmers, 2010). The purpose of the present study is to explore the experience of nurses becoming a preceptor for a Candidate to the Profession of Nursing Practice [CPNP], within 0 to 3 years of being CPNP themselves. Five young nurses who were newly preceptors participated in semi-structured interviews. Participants were between 24 et 27 years of age. Data was analysed using Benner`s (1994) and Paillé et Muchielli’s (2006) thematic analysis. The theoretical framework of Transition theory by Afaf Ibrahim Meleis (2010) directed the formulation of the purpose of this qualitative interpretive study. Meleis’s theory also accompanied the discussion of the results of the present study. The results of the present study suggest that the young nurses who are newly preceptors are living through the sense of responsibility of shaping the CPNP, they find themselves situated close to the CPNP experience and their experience of becoming a preceptor leads them to reflect on their personal experience as a nurse and a preceptor. Becoming a nurse preceptor early in their career seems to be an opportune moment. However, it would be recommended to standardise the preparation of the nurses for this new responsibility which could ease their experience of becoming a preceptor. Also pairing a more experienced nurse preceptor to guide the new nurse in the process of acquiring the new role of a preceptor would be an asset. Finally a further research could explore the need for support during the experience of becoming a preceptor.

Keyphrases: Nurse newly preceptor, Preceptorship, Candidate to the profession of nursing practice [CPNP], Newly graduated nurse, Transition theory, Quebec, Generation Y
Processus décisionnel du consentement aux soins de l’adolescent atteint d’un cancer dans une perspective triadique :  Adolescent – Parent – Infirmière

In the context where a minor aged of 14 years and older can consent to his medical treatment, and knowing the complexities concerning decision making in a pediatric environment considering many elements, including a decisional triad, the idea of comprehending this process seems justified. Therefore, the objective of the study has been to create a modelized scheme representing the decisional process surrounding treatment consent of the adolescent suffering from cancer in a triadic perspective triad with the adolescent and his parent, which includes the nurse navigator as a third party in the triad. The Humanist Model of Nursing composes the theoretical framework which guides the study through the values and concepts of the profession. To help achieve the objectives, the grounded theory proposed by Strauss et Corbin (2015) was followed. With the help of a theoretical sampling, the data was obtained by sociodemographic surveys and individual semi-structured interviews. These interviews were realised with three adolescents, three parents and two nurses (n = 8). The data has been analysed accordingly to the four steps of the grounded theory proposed by Strauss and Corbin (2015). The results have permitted to confirm the nurse’s involvement as the third party of the triad. Furthermore, the results have permitted to comprehend that the exerted weight of each individual involved in the triad can vary accordingly to their different prior conditions. Finally, it is relevant to correctly initiate the first steps of the decisional process associated to treatment consent to positively influence the progress of future steps in the process, facilitating also the adolescent’s participation through decision making associated to their cancer treatments.

Keyphrases: Adolescent, Parent, Teenager, Nurse, Oncology pediatric, Triad, Consent to care, Minor, Decision making
Le rôle de l’infirmière de première ligne quant aux troubles mentaux courants dans un contexte interprofessionnel : une étude de cas multiples

Problematic: In Québec, anxiety and depressive disorders affect nearly one in five people in their lives. They mainly consult in primary care services which are often provided in interprofessional collaboration but does not seem to succeed to effectively meet their needs. The optimal role allows nurses to intervene throughout the care plan. A difference between the nurse’s actual and optimal roles seems to be observed in the primary care services. Purpose: To describe and analyze the nurse’s actual roles in primary care multiprofessional teams during the delivery of care to people with depressive and anxiety disorders. Methods: 15 healthcare professionals (nurses [n=9], others [n=6]) in two primary care service environments participated in this qualitative multiple case study. Results: Three categories of factors influence the difference between the nurses’ actual and optimal roles: 1) the team, 2) the customer and 3) the nurses. Nurse’s training on the optimal role also influences the gap. The typical nurse’s holistic approach and the nurse’s actual role approaching the optimal role seem to contribute to primary care services in mental health. Conclusion: University training for health professionals and the organization of work in the clinical setting should focus on interprofessional collaboration, maximizing the contribution of optimal role. This research highlights the factors to reduce the gap between the nurse’s actual and optimal roles.

Keyphrases: Nurses, Anxiety disorders, Depressive disorders, Primary care services, Interprofessional collaboration, Nurse’s role
Acceptance and use of mHealth tools by auxiliary midwives in Myanmar : a qualitative study

Myanmar’s lack of midwives led to shifting of pre- and postnatal care tasks to auxiliary midwives (AMWs). However, the limited training and supportive supervision AMWs receive compromise the quality of their services. To improve their performance, an NGO implemented an mHealth project in Dala Township in 2014, providing Smartphones to AMWs with an application consisting of electronic patient registration and electronic clinical decision-support (eCDS). Behavioral theories suggest that algorithm-based clinical decision-support modeling may contribute to improved clinical compliance, which may increase the quality of care and, ultimately, decrease maternal mortality. As it was Myanmar’s first point-of-care mHealth project, the study’s objective was to explore whether AMWs would accept and use the mHealth tools (call option and application). In a qualitative explorative design, perceptions of all AMWs participating in the pilot (n=20) were explored through semi-structured interviews and focus groups. The Framework approach was used for data analysis. The study was guided by a conceptual framework based on technology acceptance theories that claim that acceptance predicts use. The framework’s premise is that AMWs will accept mHealth tools if they are perceived as easy to use, as useful, and when important others in the social environment of AMWs support their use. However, barriers and facilitators in the implementation context are expected to influence the use of mHealth tools directly.  Our study suggests that acceptance of mHealth tools by AMWs in Dala Township was high. mHealth tools were generally perceived as easy to use, useful, and important others in the social environment of AMWs were mostly supportive of AMWs using mHealth tools. However, AMWs admitted needing ongoing training, technical support, and supervisory support. Internet network problems represented the key contextual barrier, but unexpected socioeconomic facilitators in Dala Township facilitated the use of mHealth tools. This study especially highlights, however, that acceptance and use of mHealth tools by AMWs in Myanmar were notably determined by their belief in mHealth and their public-spirited professionalism, which were in turn reinforced by an ethos of service and political support for mHealth. Despite the barriers they encountered, AMWs were determined to embrace mHealth tools, as they believed them to be superior to the traditional system, the future norm and in the best interest of their communities and health system.

Keyphrases: mHealth, Acceptance, eCDS, Smartphone, Auxiliary Midwives, Technology, Acceptance Theories, Myanmar, Framework Approach
Association entre l’activité physique et la préhypertension/hypertension artérielle chez les adolescents

Introduction: Hypertension is a major public health problem. If no action is taken, 1.56 billion adults will be diagnosed with this pathology by 2025. Even a brief period of hypertension at a young age increases the risk of hypertension in adulthood. Preventive intervention targeting modifiable risk factors is a viable route to better prevention, and the practice of physical activity has long been recognized as an effective means of preventing hypertension in adults. Objective: The objective of this research is to assess the longitudinal association between physical activity and prehypertension/hypertension in adolescents. Method: Blood pressure was measured three times by trained technicians during the first five years of follow-up (1999-2005) in 638 girls and 586 boys participating in the Nicotine Dependence in Teens (NDIT) Study. BP between the age- and sex-specific 90th and 95th percentile was defined as prehypertension; BP above the 95th percentile was defined as hypertension. Every three months, adolescents provided data on their practice of physical activity. The association between physical activity and prehypertension/hypertension among boys and girls was estimated using marginal models. Results: In girls, all physical activity indicators except light physical activity (odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval) = 0.98 (0.86-1.12)) were statistically significantly protective against prehypertension/hypertension; OR for moderate physical activity = 0.89 (0.80-0.98); OR for vigorous physical activity = 0.80 (0.65-0.98); OR for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity = 0.89 (0.81-0.98); OR for frequency of physical activity = 0.78 (0.68-0.91). None of the physical activity indicators were significant among boys. Conclusion: The practice of moderate or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is associated with protection against prehypertension/hypertension, in girls but not boys.

Keyphrases: Préhypertension artérielle, Adolescents, Hypertension, Prehypertension, Physical activity
Relation entre taille à l'âge adulte et risque de cancer du poumon : analyse de données de deux études cas-témoin à Montréal

Objective: To examine the association between adult-attained body height in relation to lung cancer risk. Methods: Our research used data from two case-control studies conducted in Montreal from 1979-1986 and 1996-2002. Cases were diagnosed with histologically confirmed incident lung cancer at one of 18 Montreal-area hospitals. Controls were randomly selected from the Quebec electoral list and frequency matched to the distribution of cases by sex and 5 year age groups. A self-administered questionnaire and a face-to-face interview were used to collect a set of data, including anthropometric data of the participant. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Analyses were performed separately by for men and women and stratification by smoking intensity and histological subtype of lung cancer were also conducted. A sensitivity analysis according to the status of the respondent has also been held. Results: 1448 cases (1085 men and 363 women) and 1318 population controls (900 men and 418 women), between 35 and 70 years old for whom data on height and smoking are available were included in the analyses. Overall, there is no association between adult-attained height and lung cancer risk. However, an inverse association between height and small cell lung carcinoma has been observed among men. Conclusion: Our results suggest that adult-attained body height is not associated with lung cancer risk among men or women. The association between height and lung cancer may be mediated by factors other than those related to childhood socioeconomic status. Nonetheless, our study shows that being tall may be associated with a higher risk of lung cancer in women never-light smokers and in men diagnosed with small cell lung carcinoma. The fact that height may play a protective role against small cell lung carcinoma for men requires further investigations.

Keyphrases: Epidemiology, Case-control, Adult-attained height, Lung cancer, Childhood socioeconomic conditions