NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Étude préclinique de nouveaux médicaments inhibiteurs de PARP et Bcl-2 dans le neuroblastome

Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumour of childhood. In spite of many therapeutic improvements, only 60% survive long term. Presence of cancer stem cell (CSCs) is thought to mediate such resistance. PARP-1 plays an important role in the chemoresistance of certain tumours and its inhibition is shown to potentiate cells to routinely used anticancer agents. Moreover, Bcl-2 is over-expressed in NB and that its increased expression would contribute to chemotherapy resistance. Our goal was to determine the efficacy in vitro of a PARP inhibitor, AG-014699 (AG), and a Bcl-2 inhibitor, Obatoclax (Obx), in vitro and in vivo, in monotherapy or in combination to Doxorubicine (Doxo) and Cisplatine (Cis), classical chemotherapeutic agents used in NB treatment. In order to determine PARP-1 expression in NB tumours, 132 tumours were analyzed. We used an MTT test to evaluate 6 NB cell line and CSC sensitivity to AG alone or in combination to Doxo and Cis. We investigated the extent of cell death by Annexin-V and determined the degree of DNA damage by γH2aX staining. Also, signalling pathway modulations were analyzed by Western Blots. Obx sensitivity was determined by MTT test on 6 NB cell lines and its combination to Cis was also examined in 2 NB cell lines. Annexin-V and combinations to ZVAD-FMK also evaluated its effect on apoptosis. In vivo experiments were also done.   Our results show that PARP-1 is associated to less aggressive tumors. AG has little to no effect on tumour growth when used alone and does not potentiate the effects of Doxo and Cis although more experiments will be needed. AG combined to Doxo seems to sensitize CSC in one cell line. Annexin-V and γH2aX staining reveal no effects of AG combination and Doxo mostly confers all cell damage and death. However, we do observe an increase in DNA damage and apoptosis in one cell line (SK-N-FI) when AG is used in monotherapy. pAKT and pERK are upregulated by Doxo and AG combination. NB cells are sensitized to Obx at nanomolar concentrations. Also, Obx activates apoptotic cell death. Moreover, Obx synergizes with Cis in vitro. In vivo, Obx significantly decreases tumor size.  We conclude that Obx seems like a promising therapeutic approach in NB treatment whilst AG does not look so encouraging.

Keyphrases: AG-014699, Obatoclax, Neuroblastoma, Cancer stem cells
Les troubles du contrôle des impulsions en droit pénal canadien

A kleptomaniac, taken by overpowering impulses, can he be criminally responsible for his actions? That is the question behind this research. The impulse control disorders are mental disorders characterized by the inability to resist an impulse. How can we reconcile this with the Canadian criminal law, knowing that criminal liability based on the assumption that only a voluntary act warrants a conviction? To gain a comprehensive study on the subject, we chose three impulse control disorders, kleptomania, pyromania and pathological gambling. This selection allows us to study both the criminal accountability and the imposition of a sentence in Canadian criminal law.  This study proposes a return to fundamental principles of criminal responsibility and the analysis of Canadian criminal law to demonstrate that some impulse control disorders (kleptomania and pyromania) result in the subject reaching a criminal incapacity, making it not criminally responsible within the meaning of article 16 of the Criminal Code. Furthermore, this research focuses on the principles surrounding the imposition of a sentence in Canadian criminal law and explores the impact of mental illness in terms of the sentence. This analysis shows that the diagnostic features of impulse control disorders are used to increase the punishment imposed on offenders. We consider that these characteristic should not be used as aggravating factors (especially in pathological gambling), but should be used to impose a sentence more appropriate to remedy to the problem causing the commission of crimes.

Keyphrases: Sentence, Impulse disorder, Kleptomania, Pyromania, Pathological gambling, criminal responsability
Right to asylum and border control : implications of european union policies on access to EU territory of people in need of international protection

For many years, EU member states have imposed strict controls on asylum and have often failed to respect their commitment to provide protection to persons fleeing persecution. Many of the controversial EU policies of deterrence have been developed by different member states and implemented on an EU level. Some of those policies have been copied and brought negative changes to the refugee law system in other countries, such as Canada. Under the minimal standards imposed by the EU legislation, the states are adopting and putting in place policies and practices whose compliance with the international human rights obligations is questionable and criticized by the UNHCR and NGOs.   Some of the most controversial policies and practices put in place are in the area of border control. Aiming to compensate for the abolishment of internal borders, EU member states are imposing nearly insurmountable barriers to asylum seekers who find themselves suffocating in migration centres in North Africa, turned back or left to die at high sea.

Keyphrases: Asylum, European Union, Border control, International protection, Databases, EU compliance mechanisms
A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions: Is 1990-2010 Different?

This paper examines the robustness of explanatory variables in cross-country growth regressions. It employs a variant of Leamer’s (1983, 1985) extreme-bounds analysis. My results confirm Levine and Renelt’s (1992) conclusion, but identify more variables to be robustly correlated with economic growth. Of 25 explanatory variables tested, I find 8 to be significantly and robustly correlated with long-term growth over the 1990-2010 period. The strongest evidence is for the investment ratio, government consumption share in GDP, the rule of law, and the Sub-Saharan dummy. I also find strong empirical evidence for conditional convergence, which is consistent with the neoclassical growth model.

Keyphrases: Convergence, Cross-country regressions, Economic growth, Extreme-bounds analysis
Rôle de l’azote dans la structure et la fonction des communautés de cyanobactéries toxiques

In this study of three eutrophic lakes prone to cyanobacterial blooms, we examined the diversity of diazotrophic bacteria and toxic cyanobacteria. We evaluated the environmental factors effects on the community composition, the concentration and composition of the family of toxins microcystins (MCs). Since the assimilation of nitrogen and the synthesis of MCs in cyanobacteria are thought to be under the same control of the NtcA transcriptor, we hypothesised that nitrogen played a major role in shaping cyanobacterial communities and influenced indirectly the concentration and composition of MCs. The mcyE gene coding for the microcystin synthetase enzyme and MCs concentrations were detected at each sampling date in all lakes. Nitrogen, particularly under its organic dissolved form (DON) as well as water temperature were the environmental factors explaining the most variation in MC concentration although Microcystis spp. biomass was overall the best predictor. The nifH gene coding for the nitrogenase enzyme (N2-fixation) was also detected at all times. Even though the concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen were relatively low, and that heterocysts were present in high densities, no nifH transcripts were detected by RT-PCR, indicating that no N2-fixation was going on at detectable levels at the time of sampling. Moreover, pyrosequencing revealed that sequences of the genes nifH and mcyE corresponded to different taxa, thus cyanobacteria did not have the capacity to perform both functions simultaneously.

Keyphrases: Harmful cyanobacteria, Lake, Nitrogen, Microcystins, Nitrogen fixation, Diazotroph, Pyrosequencing, nifH, mcyE
Les logiques de localisation des entreprises multinationales au Québec : une analyse des systèmes d'affaires et des relations industrielles en région

This research tries to understand the location of multinational corporations (MNCs) activity in Province of Quebec. Using a case study of five investments, we examined the factors that led two subsidiaries of foreign multinationals to obtain an investment or reinvestment. A review of the literature on foreign investment and multinational localization led us to identify three types of advantages which explain how investments are gained or lost by the local subsidiary: the internal advantage of the subsidiary, advantage related to the subsidiary's relationship with its headquarters and advantage related to business contexts in which the subsidiary operates. Our results lead to several conclusions. Firstly, we note that the factors taken into account in investment decisions differ according to the international, national, provincial and local scales. The MNC’s headquarters conduct a successive selection of factors in the context of achieving a better compromise. Therefore, a single factor can not explain an investment. The weight and nature of the factors may vary depending on the situation. Secondly, the complementarity of internal attributes of the subsidiary with its local business context has strongly contributed to investments. Production technology, employee skills, and the ability of management to promote the local subsidiary’s assets to investment committees were important. Potentially, strong and coordinated local institutions can be improved by the local subsidiary’s development.

Keyphrases: Encastrement territorial, Multinational corporation, Multinational subsidiary, Mandates, Investment, Re-investment, Embeddedness, Regions, Localization
Variations circadiennes du syndrome d’impatiences musculaires de l’éveil (SIME ou RLS – restless legs syndrome)

A close temporal relationship was shown between the onset of melatonin secretion at night and the worsening of restless legs syndrome (RLS) symptoms, suggesting that melatonin may play a role in the genesis of this phenomenon. Thus, we studied the effects of the administration of exogenous melatonin and the suppression of endogenous melatonin secretion by bright light exposure on the severity of RLS symptoms.   Eight RLS subjects were studied in three conditions: at baseline, after administration of melatonin and during bright light exposure. The severity of RLS symptoms was assessed by the Suggested Immobilization Test (SIT), which allows quantification of both sensory and motor manifestations (SIT-PLM – periodic leg movements) of RLS.  Analyses showed a significant increase of SIT-PLM index when subjects received exogenous melatonin compared to both baseline and bright light conditions, but bright light exposure had no effect on leg movements compared to the baseline condition. Analyses also revealed a small but significant decrease in sensory symptoms with bright light exposure compared to baseline.  Although that exogenous melatonin may have a detrimental effect on motor symptoms, the augmentation of endogenous secretion during the evening is insufficient to explain the variations of the severity of the RLS symptoms.

Keyphrases: Restless legs syndrome (RLS), Periodic leg movements during wakefulness (PLMW), Night aggravation, Melatonin, Bright Light
Vers la fabrication d’échantillons permettant la condensation Bose-Einstein de polaritons excitoniques dans des cristaux d’anthracène en microcavités

In this work we investigate the creation of samples for the study of the behavior of excitonic polaritons in organic semiconductor materials. The strong coupling between the excited states of electrons and photons implies the creation new eigenstates in the medium. These new states, called polaritons, are composite bosons and are therefore capable of condensing in a strongly degenerated state.  A massive occupation of the ground state allows the study of behaviors that are only explainable by quantum mechanics. A macroscopic demonstration of quantum effects offers a rare opportunity for scientific research and discoveries. The strong localization of excitons in organic materials allows condensation of exciton polaritons at temperatures much higher than in inorganic semiconductors. Therefore the samples proposed in this work could ultimately be used to observe a macroscopic coherent phase at temperatures easily attainable in a laboratory.  The cavities proposed in this work are Fabry-Perot resonators in which anthracene is inserted and crystalized. The mirrors used in the resonator are dielectric reflectors made by a external company according to our specifications. A gold layer of 60 nm is deposited on their surface. The mirrors are then brought into contact, gold against gold, and compressed by 2.6 tons of pressure. This pressure seals the cavity and leaves voids between the gold lines. An organic molecule, anthracene, is then inserted in by capillary inside the cavity voids and subsequently crystallized by controlled cooling. In their current state cavities have defects regarding the planarity of the mirrors and the uniformity of the crystals. A detailed protocol is presented and discussed in this work.

Keyphrases: condensation bose-einstein, microcavity, organic semiconductor, bose-einstein condensation, polaritons
Le cinéma documentaire comme pratique sociale et comme expérience imaginaire de sociabilité : analyse de La moindre des choses, Ce gamin-là et Le moindre geste

This master's thesis explores the interactions between community and cinema through the analysis of three films about people with mental disorders, intellectual disability and autism. Special attention will be given to the interactions between the filmmaker, the filmed person and the viewer in a documentary film context. Our study of the interactions between cinema and sociality will consider two things. First, cinema is seen as a social practice through the material aspect of film production. Second, we will adopt an aesthetic approach as an analysis of the imaginary social experience created by cinema.   Our corpus integrates three movies showing atypical community experiences and fragile relationships. The thesis pays special attention to the possible interactions with young autistics through the concept of supportive care, which in a way reflects the filmmaker's relationship with the viewer. In such, cinema permits relational experiences to be constructed through the medias. The cinematographic fabric gives the viewer the opportunity to experiment with new moral and affective perspectives. In this thesis, we will consider how the aesthetic choices of the filmmaker can educate the viewer's sensitivity. Also, we will try to underline the different mechanisms of power and influence engaging the filmmaker, the filmed person and the viewer.  In the first chapter, we will study the movie La Moindre des choses (1996) in which Nicolas Philibert films, day after day, the residents of a psychiatric institution. The movie enables us to think or to rethink the viewer's position as one included in a small community formed by the filmmaker, the filmed person and the viewer, based on one of the protagonist's lines : « We're among ourselves, but you're also among us ».  The second chapter examines the movie Ce Gamin-là (1985) in which Renaud Victor shows the particular nature of Fernand Deligny's project of living amongst autistic children in a rural French community. We don't think that autism signifies that no bonding is possible. The autistic child helps us go beyond our ordinary social experiences and find other ways of being together. The analysis of medias and mediation is relevant, since it helps multiply and diversify our channels of communications.   The movie Le Moindre Geste (1971) gives a central role to Yves Guignard, a severely intellectually disabled men. The particularity of this movie is that it shows the radical segregation between the filming step and the editing step. The third chapter will focus first on the analysis of the relationship that develops between Yves Guignard and the camerawoman, and then on the editing role of Jean-Pierre Daniel and how it gives Yves Guignard greater liberty, which consequently helps the viewer experience multiple interpretation possibilities.

Keyphrases: Fernand Deligny, Nicolas Philibert, Care, Ce gamin-là, Le moindre geste, La moindre des choses, Folie, Community, Documentary film, Sociability, Media
« El Paso » de lo teatral a lo cinematográfico.
Reflexiones en torno a la mediación de la precariedad

This work aims to reflect on an exercise of intermediality for the adaptation to  cinematography of “El Paso”, a play by the theatrical group of La Candelaria of Bogotá. We  weave together the theatrical piece taking fable and its historical moment as a starting point, as well as a review of the New Colombian Theatre and of collective creation as a mode of artistic production. The reflexion is made on the expressive possibilities of the theatrical and cinematographical languages, beginning with the utilization of space in both media. Poverty is associated with the vulnerability of life and the “hors champ” employed as a mechanism which aids in the mediation of poverty in both media. The poverty in which the characters of the story move , influences  the economy of the “mis en scène”, a quality which relates to the physical reality stated by Siegfried Kracauer. Afterwards we make a reflexion on the “hors champ” both of theatre and cinema and its relation with music. Finally we speculate on argumental possibilities that surge out of putting on scene spaces which had been only barely suggested in the theatre.

Keyphrases: Film, Intermediality, Colombian theater
Deictic shifts and discursive strategies in Othello

This thesis, Deictic Shifts and Discursive Strategies in Othello, is a study of the linguistic tools and strategies used by different characters in the play. It explores how the text is built and the different techniques that govern it from within. It also studies the use of certain tools such as deictic shifts, indexical references, speech acts, and rhetoric, and the way they allow the speakers to achieve various results depending on the situation they are in.  This thesis is divided into three chapters: the first is dedicated to the public-oriented speeches wherein I trace the different techniques used by the characters to monopolize the conversational floor, defend themselves or convince their addressees. The second chapter focuses on the one-addressee oriented discourses and shows how discourse can be used to have an effect on the addressee. The first part of this chapter deals with the semiotics of shock. The second part is dedicated to the semiotics of deception and manipulation. The last chapter deals with soliloquies and focuses on the discrepancy between Iago’s words and emotional responses as well as the changes in Othello’s personality and the related effect of these changes on his language.

Keyphrases: William Shakespeare, Othello, William Shakespeare, Othello, Semiotics, Discursive strategies, Deictic, Rhetoric
L’école viennoise de contrebasse : genèse et réception

This research draws a parallel between the German and the French cultures through the history of the double bass. The problematic consists in explaining the absence of literature in French about the Viennese school of bass playing, which developed in the second half of the 18th century and had a certain impact on the development of this instrument. The first section proposes a biography of the main representatives of this school, which where all virtuosos double bassists in Vienna around 1750. This is followed by an overview of works for solos double bass of the First Viennese School, and a brief history of the decline of this school. In the second section a parallel is drawn between the progress of the violoncello and the decline of the double bass in the 19th century. This is followed by a presentation of the most appreciated instruments of this era, i.e. the piano, the French horn and the violoncello, and a comparison between the evolution of the double bass in France and in the German speaking countries in the 19th century.   Finally, the third section is dedicated to the renaissance of the Viennese school of bass playing, which was initiated half way through the 20th century. To look closer to this evolution in the French, German and Anglo-Saxon cultures, this section also includes a review of works published by music publishers and those recorded by double bassists.

Keyphrases: Vienne, double bass, Vienna, virtuosity
Étude comparative des trajectoires criminelles des contrevenants sous responsabilité provinciale au Québec, selon le sexe

Context and objectives. Criminal careers has been a subject of interest among criminologists for over 80 years. This research has allowed a better understanding of the evolution of criminalised individuals over time. However, research focusing on the criminal careers of women are relatively rare, this being mainly attributed to the nature of the chosen sample. While overcoming the potential limitations found in previous studies, the objective of this research is to conduct a comparative study of criminal careers among men and women (as of 18 until 47 years old) under provincial jurisdiction.  Method. The sample consists of 3,320 offenders under provincial jurisdiction. The sample includes 216 female participants (6.5%) and 3104 male participants (93.5%). Descriptive statistics will be presented in order to provide a detailed portrait of offenders from 18 to 47 years old. Then, the categorical latent variable approach will be used. This type of analysis provides an estimate of sub-groups of offenders within the population that follow the growth curves separately. Thus, the proportion of individuals belonging to each of these subgroups can be estimated.  Results. Women have a lower incidence of crime than men especially at the beginning of a criminal career; however this difference disappears towards the age of 40. It appears that men and women, at a certain period of time have similarities in their criminal careers. However, the prevalence of criminality among women is quite different from men. Indeed, it appears that women begin their criminal careers later than men, with a higher proportion of crimes against property. The juvenile history of criminal offence influences the perseverance in criminal careers among men and women, regardless of the type of offence.  Conclusion. The results demonstrate the relevance of the difference between men and women during their criminal career. It should be one of the top interests for criminologists since women have different risks leading to offenses, as well as frequency and type of offense. Moreover, they appear to begin their criminal careers later than men.

Keyphrases: Criminal careers, Growth curve analysis, Latent class, Longitudinal studies, Trajectories, Women, Offenders, Duration, Frequence, Frequency, Type of crime