NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
José Antonio de Alzate y Ramírez : una empresa periodística “sabia” en el Nuevo Mundo

José Antonio de Alzate y Ramírez is known for being one of the first Mexican journalists, scientists, literary critics and insurgents. The first chapter of this thesis offers a concise presentation of the author’s life and work and an overall review of the studies that were made of his Diario literario de México (1768), Asuntos varios sobre ciencias y artes (1772-1773), Observaciones sobre la física, historia natural y artes útiles (1787-1788) and Gaceta de literatura de México (1788-1795), from the year 1831 until this day. This work shows that his four newspapers have been studied mainly within the historical context of the creation of the Mexican nation and it demonstrates that the patriotic or proto-national intentions that were attributed to him deserve to be reconsidered.    This thesis demonstrates that Alzate chose to produce a particular type of journalism somewhat similar to the French Journal des Sçavans (1665-1683) and Journal de Physique (1771-1773) that would allow him to contribute personally to the progress of science. Up to this day, no important study has been made comparing the prestigious French journals and Alzate’s publications. We are taking a first step in this direction as we highlight how his project appears to have been directly inspired by the two French periodicals, comparing the goals their editors shared and the subjects they explored. It will also be shown that Alzate’s periodicals present the essential elements that define most of the learned journals (“journaux savants”) published in Europe during the eighteenth century, as defined by Jean-Pierre Vittu.   Finally, this thesis illustrates how Alzate adapted the model of the “journal savant” to the particularities of the society of New Spain. It focuses on the subjects of censorship, criticism and the lack of financial or institutional support that the Mexican journalist had to deal with. It also clarifies Alzate’s scientific attitudes as an author by examining his objective of belonging to the universal Republic of Letters and the specific purposes that its members were trying to achieve. It also presents a new definition of Alzate’s global scientific vision and explores the sources of knowledge he considered to be valuable in order to accomplish his goals as a “savant”.

Keyphrases: Alzate, Gaceta de Literatura, Journal de Physique, Science coloniale, Enlightenment, New Spain, Colonial science, Criollo patriotism, Republic of Letters, Early periodical press
Protocole de routage basé sur des passerelles mobiles pour un accès Internet dans les réseaux véhiculaires

The fast progression of wireless technologies has motivated the emergence of new communications system called VANETS (Vehicular Adhoc Networks). VANETS enable vehicles on the roadway to communicate with each other and with road infrastructure using wireless capabilities. The applications of VANETS include improving safety and comfort on the road. For example, by providing Internet to vehicles, traveling can be safer and more comfortable. To provide Internet connectivity, messages need to be exchanged between the vehicles. However, it is hard to design an efficient routing protocol for connecting vehicles to Internet with a reasonable cost due to high mobility in VANETS. Although, several existing routing protocols have been proposed in the open literature to extend Internet to VANETS, they generate considerable overhead. This leads to unfairly consumption of bandwidth decreasing network performance. We design a routing protocol to connect vehicles to Internet through mobile gateways with the objective to make efficient use of the network bandwidth. Indeed, the protocol significantly reduces the communication overhead required to establish and maintain the routes relying on the mobility of the gateways and the network’s load.

Keyphrases: Vehicular ad-hoc Networks, Routing, Broadcast, Mobile gateways
Support for renewable energy and WTO Law : the actionability of Ontario and Québec renewable energy support mechanisms

The Marrakesh Agreement’s preamble states that trade and economic development should be conducted to allow for the optimal use of the world’s resources in accordance with the objective of sustainable development. This, combined with the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol and Copenhagen Accord, allows governments to pursue their domestic policies in such a way as to unfairly favor domestic producers over foreign ones. This thesis provides a review of WTO law to assess the potential for disciplinary measures against Canada with regard to renewable energy support mechanisms. An analysis of the rules outlined in the GATT, the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures and various other WTO multilateral agreements allows us to determine whether such rules can apply to renewable energy support mechanisms. Furthermore, an analysis of the programs in support of renewable energy production available in Québec and Ontario sheds light on such mechanisms’ compliance with WTO trade rules.

Keyphrases: WTO, WTO, GATT, GATT, International Trade, Environmental Law, Renewable Energy, Ontario FIT Program, Programme TRG Ontario, Feed-in Tariff, Subsidies, Electricity, Sustainable Development
Analyse des protéines cellulaires incorporées dans les particules matures du virus de l’Herpès simplex de type 1

Viruses exploit the cellular machineries in many ways and several viruses specifically incorporate host proteins. To understand their biological relevance, we recently performed the first comprehensive characterization of the mature herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in which up to 49 distinct cellular proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. In the present study, we sought to identify which of these cellular factors are critical for the HSV-1 life cycle. To this end, we performed a functional screen using small interfering RNA (siRNA) and a GFP-tagged virus, which indicated that at least 17 of the virion-incorporated host proteins alter HSV-1 proliferation in cell culture. Interestingly, these include several Rab GTPases and other intracellular transport components as well as proteins involved in signal transduction, gene regulation and immunity. Among them, the DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 3, X-linked protein (DDX3X) is a multifunctional molecule previously linked to several other viruses. Its relevance for HSV-1 was further confirmed with different siRNA reagents and cell lines, including a DDX3X thermosensitive cell line. We found that DDX3X inactivation reduced intracellular capsid abundance via a strong inhibition of viral gene expression. We also report evidence that the pool of DDX3X present in the mature virions actively contributes to HSV-1 life cycle. Altogether, this highlights a powerful and biologically relevant approach to characterize host-pathogen interactions and points to the important contribution host proteins within mature viral particles.

Keyphrases: Herpes simplex type 1, DDX3X, DDX3X, siRNA, Cellular proteins, Screen
Le cercle du comprendre et la conception heideggérienne de la philosophie dans Sein und Zeit

Heidegger’s understanding of the « hermeneutic circle » presented in §§ 31 et 32  of Sein und Zeit is well known and was analysed, among others, by Hans-Georg Gadamer in Truth and Method (1960) and Jean Greisch in his commentary of Sein und Zeit (1994). However, what has received too little attention is the extent to which the hermeneutic circle theory has a determining influence on Heidegger’s idea and practice of philosophy. Our research will attempt to explain why this is so. In our methodology, guided by the most relevant commentators (Greisch, Gadamer, Courtine, et al.), we elaborate a close analysis of §§ 31 and 32 in Sein und Zeit. This commentary also takes into account § 63, where Heidegger himself underlines the « hermeneutic situation » of his own investigation and § 68 where the temporal dimension of the hermeneutic circle is pointed out. We conclude by trying to demonstrate in what respect the circle influences Heidegger’s interpretation of philosophy, as shown in § 7 of Sein und Zeit and in other texts of Heidegger, such as The Fundamental Problems of Phenomenology (GA 24).

Keyphrases: Heidegger, philosophy, understanding, hermeneutic, circle
Temporalité et surveillance dans l'art de David Rokeby

Throughout his work, Canadian artist David Rokeby seeks to understand how digital  surveillance images, and their various modes of recording and transmitting, impact the  viewer. How can these images alter our perception of space and, more specifically, change  our configuration of time? This question serves as the starting point to our study of Seen, a  visual installation shown for the first time in 2002 at the 8th International Architecture  Exhibition of the Venice Biennial and later presented at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts  in 2007.    Seen is an electronic surveillance installation, which appears to record, in real-time, the  pedestrians’ movements through Piazza San Marco in Venice. In truth, these filmed images  do not reflect the present moment per se, but are treated in real-time by a computer  program which separates the motionless from the mobile; the moving bodies from the  architecture, and saves only brief moments or traces of movement. This raises the following  questions: Can the use of such a surveillance device be understood as comment on the  passage of time? Can this temporal description of a place constitute an alternative means to  preserving our collective memory? In the course of our research, we shall examine how, by  observing a public space, the artist suggests a new reading of history, built not around the  archiving of its monuments, but around human and temporal experiences.

Keyphrases: surveillance, David Rokeby, media arts, video installation, surveillance, temporality, David Rokeby
Caractérisation de la voie d'activation des interférons de type I

Over the past four years, the field of the innate immune response has been highly influenced by the discovery of the IκB kinase (IKK)-related kinases, TBK1 and IKKi, which regulate the activity of IRF-3/IRF-7 and NF-κB transcription factors. The IKK-related kinases, TBK1 and IKKi, were recently shown to be responsible for the C-terminal phosphorylation of IRF-3. However, the identity of the phosphoacceptor site(s) targeted by these two kinases remains unclear. By combining mass spectrometry analysis to in vitro kinase assays using full length His-IRF3 as a substrate, we have demonstrated that serine 402 and serine 396 were directly targeted by TBK1. Analysis of Ser/Thr to Ala mutants revealed that S396A mutation, located in cluster II, abolished IRF-3 homodimerization, CBP association and nuclear accumulation. Interestingly, mutation of serine 339, which is involved in IRF-3 stability, also abrogated CBP association and dimerization without affecting gene transactivation as long as serine 396 remained available for phosphorylation. Complementation of MEFs IRF-3 KO also reveals a compensatory mechanism of serine 339 and serine 396 in the ability of IRF-3 to induce IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) ISG56 and ISG54 expression. These data lead us to reconsider the current model of IRF-3 activation. TRAF3 is also a central mediator that is important for inducing type I interferon production in response to intracellular double-stranded RNA. By combining Flag-Affinity purification using Flag-TRAF3 as a bait to mass spectrometry, we have identified Sec16A and p115, two proteins of the ER-to-Golgi vesicular transport system, as novel TRAF3 interactors. We found that TRAF3 localizes to the ER-to-Golgi vesicular pathway and behaves like a cis-Golgi protein. Depletion of p115 or Sec16A disrupts the cis-Golgi cellular localization of TRAF3 and affects type I Interferon response following double-stranded RNA treatment. Furthermore, we demonstrate that TRAF3 colocalizes with TRADD at the cis-Golgi and also interacts with the translocon protein Sec61β in a Sec5 dependent manner. Together, our data suggest that the cellular localization of TRAF3 to the ER-to-Golgi transport compartments is required for an optimal RIG-I-like Helicases (RLH)-Cardif-dependent antiviral immune response. Our findings also highlight the potential role of the exocyst in the innate immune response.

Keyphrases: Interferon, Antiviral state, IRF-3, IRF-3, TRAF3, TRAF3, Phosphorylation, Phosphorylation
Pharmacologie des variations de débit sanguin oculaires chez le rat au moyen de la débitmétrie au laser par effet Doppler

Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF) is a promising, non-invasive technique to assess local ocular blood flow. This technique is based on a Doppler frequency shift of the backscattered light due to the movement of the red blood cells in the vessels. A new LDF probe was tested for its sensitivity to assess the retinal/choroidal blood flow variations in response to hypercapnia, diverse vasoactive agents and following retinal arteries photocoagulation in the rat. After pupil dilation, a LDF probe was placed in contact to the cornea of anesthetised rats in the optic axis. Hypercapnia was induced by inhalation of CO2 (8% in medical air) while pharmacological agents were injected intravitreously. The relative contribution of the choroidal circulation to the LDF signal was determined after retinal artery occlusion by photocoagulation. Blood flow was significantly increased by hypercapnia (19%), adenosine (14%) and sodium nitroprusside (16%) as compared to baseline values while endothelin-1 decreased blood flow (11%). Photocoagulation of retinal arteries significantly decreased blood flow level (33%).  Measurements in pathological conditions were then obtained after intravitreal injections of a B1R agonist. This kinin receptor is overexpressed in the retina of streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats in response to hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress. Data showed that B1R was upregulated in the STZ-diabetic retina at 4 days and 6 weeks. At these time points, retinal/choroidal blood flow was significantly increased (15 and 18 %) upon injection of the agonist, suggesting a vasodilatory effect of B1R in the diabetic eye.     Although choroidal circulation most likely contributes to the LDF signal in this setting, the results demonstrate that LDF represents a suitable in vivo non-invasive technique to monitor online relative changes of retinal microcirculation. This technique could be used for repeatedly assessing blood flow reactivity to metabolic or pharmacologic challenges in rodent models of ocular diseases.

Keyphrases: Circulation, Laser Doppler, Oeil, Blood flow, Choroid, Diabetes, Eye, Kinins, B1 receptor, Retina
Comportement linguistique des immigrants allophones et caractéristiques du quartier de résidence, région métropolitaine de recensement de Montréal, 2006

Immigrants with a mother tongue other than French or English are likely to face the existing concurrence between these two languages when settling down in the Montreal Census Metropolitan Area (CMA). Using agregated data from the 2006 Canadian Census, the potential role of residential linguistic environment on two measures of immigrants` language behavior is explored : language shift at home (from a third language to the use of French or English) and French or English proficiency (of those who did not shift), along with the consideration of their individual caracteristics.  Initial links are observed between language composition of the 56 neighborhoods of the CMA and language behavior of the immigrants. Moreover, similar individual caracteristics seem to lead to similar language behaviors. Linear regressions cannot distinguish both effects, but tend to show that language proficiency in French and/or English is not determined by neighborhood caracteristics. However, evidence suggests that the potential significant role of the language composition of the neighborhood on the language shift at home cannot be overlooked.

Keyphrases: Immigrants, Language, French, Neighborhood, Environment, Montreal, Quebec, Demography, Census, Immigrants
Représentations du Soi espagnol et de l’Autre inca dans le discours de Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa

Understanding the assumptions underlying the relationships between individuals and the world according to their civilizational affiliation requires tools and a method to address three main questions. First, how to approach the relationship individuals and their collectivities maintain with the world and with the Other according to their own set of interpretations and meanings of these realities? Second, how to envision the diversity of human collectivities which establish such relations? Finally, how to approach the collective dimensions through limited individual discourse? Two tools enabled me to distance myself from my own subjectiveness and to attain a certain degree of reality and validity as to the stated facts and the achieved results. First, the notional network linking worldviews (Ikenga-Metuh, 1987) as a civilizational phenomenon (Mauss, 1929) accessible through the analysis of social representations (Jodelet, 1997), enables the identification of an interface which can be studied between the individual and the collective. Secondly, research operationalization makes it possible to identify the sixteenth century as a significant crossroad for the study of Western and Andean civilizations through Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa’s representations of the Spanish Self and the Inca Other. Finally, discourse analysis (Sabourin, 2009) unveils a polarizing social grammar between the Self and the Other which involves the three realms of meaning (religious, intellectual and political) observed in Sarmiento’s discourse. The author’s theological, intellectual and political positions thus revealed lead, in turn, to the collective stories and discourses which prevailed in Western and Andean civilizations at the time, and invites a further question: Is this polarization unique to Sarmiento’s social location or does it constitute a truly Western civilizational phenomenon?

Keyphrases: Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, Worldview, Western and Andean civilizations, Representations of the Inca and Spanish empires, Discourse analysis
À la mesure du Dasein : la genèse des existentiaux dans la vie animale 
chez Heidegger (1919-1927)

Our investigation of young Heidegger’s work aims at showing that, if Being and Time states that animals are neither mere things, neither Dasein, but have their own puzzling mode of being – “mere life”, which does not exist, but simply lives – this constitutes a reversal in Heidegger’s way of thinking. In the works that prepared the way towards Sein und Zeit, animal life was always presented as being-in-a-world, as a being to which we must ascribe Dasein’s way of being. With the help of Heidegger’s phenomenological interpretations of Aristotle presented between 1919 and 1926, we will show that the basic features of being-in-the-world that will become Being and Time's existential structures were developed on the basis of capacities belonging to animal life : affection (pathos), perception (aisthēsis), discrimination (krinein), mobility (kinesis kata topon) and desire (orexis).

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Heidegger, Heidegger, Animals, Animal, Animal, Aristotle, Life, Perception, Perception, Desire, Being and Time, Privative interpretation
Une étude sur le rôle modérateur des évènements stressants vécus lors de l’enfance sur la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et la détresse psychologique

The main objective of this master thesis was to verify the moderating effects of stressful life events from childhood on the relation between the work organization’s conditions and the level of psychological distress lived by workers from the Service de Police de la Ville de Montréal (SPVM). As a secondary objective, this thesis determined the direct effect of work organization conditions on the level of psychological distress. To complete this study, data from an investigation of 410 SPVM workers was used.  This thesis demonstrated a low level of distress in this population. Also, the completed multilevel analysis confirmed that psychological demands and social support from the superiors were associated at the level of psychological distress. In fact, psychological demands contribute to increase it and the social support from the superior decrease the level of psychological distress. In addition, our results indicate that distress is to be less pronounced among men, couples, life habits (physical activities and no tobacco use),no tensions with children, no tensions with the spouse and the personality trait sense of control.    Finally, this thesis hasn’t found any moderating effects of the children’s stressful life events on the relation between the work organization’s conditions and the level of psychological distress. Moreover, the multilevel analyses haven’t demonstrated the direct effect of children’s stressful life events psychological on the level of psychological distress.

Keyphrases: Service de police de la ville de Montréal, Psychological distress, Children stressful life events, Work organization conditions, Service de police de la ville de Montréal
Pratiques de soins palliatifs gérontologiques à domicile et exclusion sociale

Multiple research studies have indicated that seniors may experience social exclusion as a result of their age. Those seniors who receive palliative care can be even more affected by social exclusion because they are sick and dying. We notice that seniors’ access to palliative healthcare is limited and that certain practices trivialize their end of life experience and barely recognize the challenges of aging. Based on a qualitative secondary analysis of six interviews with social workers, this Master’s degree thesis aims to understand how practices contribute to social exclusion with older people receiving palliative care. As well as contributing to the advancement of knowledge of clinical practice, this thesis highlights the diversity of practice and its influence on intervention within the palliative care context.  Positive representations of the elderly, as well as practices that consider individual differences for each unique situation can decrease risks of social exclusion. However, it is noted that a few fundamental principles of the palliative care approach and accompanying models can contribute to produce situations of social exclusion. Moreover, this thesis identifies a set of conditions that relate to different contexts, with seniors in palliative care, their families and their social workers that can be detrimental to intervention or sustain inclusive practices. This work concludes by proposing suggestions that promote the social inclusion of seniors in palliative care.

Keyphrases: Recherche qualitative, Social exclusion, Palliative care, Social Worker, Practices, Elderly, Gerontology, Social inclusion, Home care, Qualitative research, Quebec