NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Critique de la religion positive d'Emmanuel Kant

This master’s thesis aims at giving a precise and thorough account of Kant’s theory of what could righteously be called “pure practical religion”, the concept of which can be found in the 1794 work entitled The Religion Within the Limits of Mere Reason. Given the sharp and acute critic that Kant will address throughout its enterprise toward many phenomena caused or exac-erbated by historico-positive (revealed) religions — e.x.: historico-dogmatic faith, false or super-stitious worship of God (Afterdienst), clericalism (Pfaffentum) or the reign of the visible Church, religious illusion, anthropomorphism, superstition (Aberglaube), and fanaticism (Schwärmerei) —, we believe that Kant’s work, by its perceptiveness, could still be a light that will undoubtedly help us to better understand the challenges raised by a certain return of the “theologico-politics” at the foreground of world scene. Of course, it is from a moral and rational point of view that Kant will criticize what seems to him, in revealed religions, as arbitrariness and lack of legitimacy in comparison with pure practical religion. Thus, the crucial questions that we will try to answer with Kant’s help are the following: “What could a man be permitted to hope for by its adhesion to a historical faith and through his worship of a revealed religion?” and “Under which conditions does a positive reli-gion must conform itself so that it can claim to be a true religion?” As we shall see, Kant’s an-swer her is without any ambiguity: it is only by containing all the elements required by pure practical religion and by commanding its followers to remain true to them that a historico-positive religion can become a true religion, therefore allowing its believers the right to hope with good reason to be pleasurable towards God and to acquire his grace and salvation.

Keyphrases: Kant, Religion, Philosophy, Morals
Enjeux culturels et identitaires de la traduction d'oeuvres turques en grec moderne

Greece and Turkey have shared a history tormented by wars, massacres, population exchanges as well as territorial conflicts, some of which continue to this day. In both countries, national identities have been constructed against the image of the “Other” as an “hollow category” (Theodossopoulos 2007). Particularly in Greece, the “Turk” is often seen as the archenemy who is “by essence” different from “us”. Even though “progressive”, “multiculturalist" narratives (Baker 2006) are heard in Greece, a conservative, nationalistic one is prevalent in a large part of society, allowing for a virulent far-right party such as Golden Dawn to capitalize on a narrative drawing upon racism, islamophobia in particular. Might the authoritarian turn taken by Erdoğan’s AKP party and the social impact of the collective humiliation inflicted to the Greek population by the crisis might impede on a fragile but consistent movement of “rapprochement” between some spheres of both societies?  For the last two decades, Turkish literature has occupied a small, relatively stable place in the sphere of translated literature in Greece. What narratives are conveyed by these literary works? What image of the “Other” and the Turk-Greek common past do they nurture? Who are their translators and what stance do they take with respect to the “Greek-Turkish Friendship”? Do they create a narrative of their own?  Using the ethnosociological approach (Bertaux 2010), we have collected the “life narratives” of a group of prolific translators from Turkish literature into Greek, who proved to be a microcosm of Rum Polites, “Istanbul Greeks” living in Athens after leaving “Constantinople” a few decades ago. The study of their translational habitus (Simeoni 1998) has shown that these translators have developed a dynamic “post-1955 Pogroms survival strategy” (Theodoridès 2016) by becoming experts of the Turkish language-culture as well as carriers of the duty of memory to fill a gap in the national meta-narrative, while enacting their own complex identity.

Keyphrases: Literary translation, Imagined communities, Translation and identity, Translation and duty of memory, Translator's habitus
“WARES”, a Web Analytics Recommender System

It is hard to imagine modern business without analytics; it is a trend in modern business, even small companies and individual entrepreneurs start using analytics tools, in one way or another, for their business. Not surprising that there exist many different tools for different domains, they vary in purpose from simple friends and visits statistic for your Facebook page, to big and sophisticated systems designed for the big corporations, they could be free or paid. Sometimes you need to pass special training, be a certified specialist, or even have a degree to be able to use analytics tool, other tools offers simple user interface with dashboards for easy understanding and availability for everyone who saw them for the first time. Anyway, for everyone who is thinking about using analytics for his/her own needs stands a question: “what tool should I use, which one suits my needs and how to pay less and get maximum gain”. In this work, I will try to give an answer to this question by proposing a recommender tool, which will help the user with this “simple task”. This paper is devoted to the creation of WARES, as reduction from Web Analytics REcommender System. Proposed recommender system uses hybrid approach, but mostly, utilize content–based techniques for making suggestions, while using some user’s ratings as an input for “cold start” search. System produces recommendations depending on user’s needs, also allowing quick adjustments in selection without need of expensive consultations with experts or spending lots of hours for Internet search, trying to find out the right tool. The system itself should perform as an online search using some pre–cached data in offline database, represented as an ontology of existing web analytics tools, extracted during the previous online search.

Keyphrases: Ontologies, Web analytics, Recommender system, Search engine
La libération de la perception : la matérialité du noir dans l’architecture de Jean Nouvel

This thesis explores how the use of the color black can liberate perception in architecture. It is situated within the disciplinary field of the history of modern and contemporary architecture. Subtitled The Materiality of Black in The Architecture of Jean Nouvel, it explores the architectural works of Jean Nouvel, especially those characterized by the dominance of the color black, analyzing the varied manifestations of black in Nouvel’s architectural projects. The research enhances understanding of the architectural thought of Jean Nouvel, particularly with regard to the relations of black to architectural space. The first part of the thesis examines sociohistorical and artistic aspects of the color black. Among other things, it traces the history of the color’s alliance with architecture in the 20th century. From the beginning of the 20th century, color was no longer considered as ornament or as superfluous decoration but as an element of construction of equal importance with other elements of architectural production. In this context, black, in particular, is an effective construction component. For example, it structures the architecture of Mies van der Rohe; it is tasked with discursive and symbolic roles by Arata Isozaki, it materializes absence for Louis Boullée and Tadao Andõ. The second part of the thesis deals with black as an expressions idiom in Jean Nouvel’s architectural practice. Black is central to Nouvel’s identity as an architect, not solely in terms of his architectural innovations but also in his mode of self-presentation, his choice of clothing. Sometimes used as a building material and other times as a defining concept, black in Nouvel’s architecture as either pigment or absence reveals particular spatial properties. The final part of the thesis reveals how black has been employed in the Cartier Foundation [Fondation Cartier]. This use of black derives from an aesthetics of the disappearance and from the sacrifice of modern architecture. Black appears as a non-color associated with absence and nothingness. Through his elaboration of this aspect of the color black, Jean Nouvel is able to surpass reality and create a world of illusion, inventing new spaces of perception that convey figurative and allegorical images.

Keyphrases: Jean Nouvel, Architecture, Fondation Cartier, Absence, Apparition-disparition, Black, Color, Cartier Foundation, Appearance-disappearance, Identity
Le pouvoir des méga-collectionneurs sur le marché de l'art international : le cas Mugrabi

This thesis focuses on the contemporary art market and more specifically on the phenomenon of mega-collectors. To do so, we investigated from a specific research topic, taking as a subject of study the collector José Mugrabi. The art market, through its characteristics and the rules that govern it, presents itself as a unique case from an economic point of view. The actors are numerous and the relations between them can sometimes be complex. In recent decades, traditional roles have been disrupted and some individuals are increasingly dominating this market. Thus, the figure of the collector has changed. Much more present and active than before, the billionaire collector does not hesitate to use various means to influence the art market in his favor. How is he doing that? Why could the market play in his favor? What are the ethical issues raised by the actions of a mega-collector who could influence the value of works of art? The analysis of the art market, from an economic and sociological point of view, tells us that the influence of mega-collectors will only become more considerable. The Mugrabi case illustrates the fact that the collector is a complex, contemporary being and moves away from the traditional figure of the patron.

Keyphrases: José Mugrabi, Art Economics, Contemporary Art Market
Vers une muséographie numérique : l’impression 3D en tant que dispositif de traduction auprès de publics malvoyants et aveugles

Although people affected by problems of vision have often been excluded from the public to whom media and culture are often directed, several studies suggest that access to art and culture could help include them socially. However, the discourse of museums, as well as the dominance of "ocularity", have for a long time favoured access to more general audiences, which were physiologically able to benefit from a predominantly visual mediation. Since 2015, the emergence of new accessibility policies has strongly contributed to reversing this trend by encouraging museums to also address these "impeded audiences", those socially excluded in different ways because of their disabilities. This desire to increase accessibility and access to culture is reflected, among other things, in the development of new forms of mediation. Thus, more options are now available to visually impaired and blinds: hands-free audioguides, adapted tours, drawings and plans in relief, Braille descriptions, and so on. Museum institutions are also showing an attitude of inclusiveness by gradually restoring the place that once belonged to touch as a form of apprehension. They are recognizing the impact of a tactile mediation on the visitor's experience and how this can affect the way in which they understand the cultural content presented to them.  The objective of this master’s thesis is to demonstrate how technologies, more specifically 3D printing, can be used to tactilely "translate" a painted, therefore two-dimensional work of art, in order to make colour accessible to an audience with visual impairments. The creation of two tactile prototypes, representing a painting by Alfred Pellan, should enable us to renew the question of how we make in relation to these new technological means of production and to concretely evaluate solutions for the museum environment. This master’s thesis is therefore structured around three major axes: contextualization and analysis of key elements, the contribution of technologies, and the renewal of the relationship to the artwork through a tactile translation. Through this experimental and qualitative research, we hope to contribute to the adaptation of new technologies to the museum world, thereby fostering dialogue on accessibility policies and helping to better link visually impaired audiences to important artworks of our world and, from a broader perspective, to Art History.

Keyphrases: Art history, Museology, Painting, Visual handicap, Impeded audience, Mediation, Digital, 3D printing.
Entre ligne dure et pragmatisme : la politique soviétique américaine durant le premier mandat de Ronald Reagan

U.S.-Soviet relations have changed significantly between the two presidential mandates of Ronald Reagan. Very strong tensions developed into a cordial bilateral relationship characterized by a bond of confidence and an effective dialogue, something unthinkable only a few years earlier. Of course, the arrival of Mikhail Gorbachev at the leadership of the USSR is part of the explanation. However, this master thesis focuses on the Reagan administration, namely on its successful efforts to open a dialogue that led to a radical change of the relationship. Did the United States act in reaction to the accession of Gorbachev as the new leader of the Soviet Union, or were they already inclined to radically reformulate the relationship before his arrival in March 1985?             Based on the postulate that the “Reagan Reversal” occurred at the turn of 1984, four main arguments defend this statement in the present study. First of all, the new Secretary of State George P. Shultz, who took office in June 1982, suggested to President Reagan the abandonment of the anti-communist conservative ideology in U.S.-Soviet relations, in favor of a pragmatic posture. Then, there was a realization of the need for an effective dialogue in the wake of the shooting down by the Soviets of the Korean Airlines plane KAL007, on September 1st, 1983. The third argument concerns the nuclear issue, a subject that greatly worried Reagan himself, and whose ideal was to render nuclear weapons obsolete. Finally, at the beginning of November 1983, a NATO military exercise simulating procedures in the event of the outbreak of a nuclear war in Europe, named Able Archer 83, caused great concern among the Soviets which strengthened their theory that the West was preparing for a possible nuclear first strike. These four arguments provide elements of answers as to when and why the “Reagan Reversal” in American soviet policy occurred.

Keyphrases: KAL007, Ronald Reagan, Able Archer 83, U.S.-Soviet relations, Cold War
Femmes journalistes et sujets « féminins » : analyser Le Devoir au prisme du genre (1965-1975)

This M.A. thesis focuses on the regulation of the access of women journalists to the daily newspaper Le Devoir between the years 1965 and 1975, and on the latter's role in the dissemination of women's demands during a sociohistorical context which was marked by feminist challenges. This period is targeted in order to analyze the impact of the abolition of the women’s page, which takes place in February 1971, on the organization of the newspaper, especially through the study of how women's and feminist themes are brought forward in the newspaper. This research posits the hypothesis that gender strongly influences the organization of Le Devoir through the consideration of it being a gendered space which is rife with sexualised power relations; the main forum for women at this time until its abolition, namely the women’s page, is a convincing demonstration of these dynamics. Based on a quantitative analysis, this research argues that Le Devoir displays a gendered organizational structure as to its content, and thus, articles on women’s and feminist themes are virtually unheard of during the period analyzed. In addition, women who write outside of the women’s page write mostly about social issues such as education or health. This quantitative perspective also allows us to note a significant drop in the space provided for the discussion of women's issues as a result of the abolition of the women's page; topics which will not be picked up by the general section of the daily. Following with a qualitative analysis of women's discourses and the representation of women in the newspaper, this M.A. thesis makes it possible to establish that, despite a constrained gender-based structure, certain women journalists were able to diffuse multiple claims by presenting not only the reality of Quebec women, but also of those of women from the four corners of the world. The diversity of topics addressed by women and the representations of women contradicts several studies which claim that women's pages would only contribute to the diffusion of a reductive vision of women and thus participate in their oppression, leading us to nuance the purely positive vision of the abolition of the women’s page. While it certainly contributed to the confinement of women's point of view to a dedicated space in the newspaper, it also allowed for the diffusion of women's concerns. In conclusion, this research ultimately pursues the objective of lifting the veil on the contribution of women who brought to the public space issues that challenged them, and their attempts to deconstruct the rigid structure of the media that limited their agency.

Keyphrases: Genre, Le Devoir, XXe siècle, Women, Gender, History, Feminism, Women's history, Media, Journalism, Journalists, Women's page, 20th century, Quebec, Montreal, Print media, Newspapers
Le management des services d’identité judiciaire : Pratiques et perceptions des dirigeants policiers du Québec en matière de criminalistique

Along with investigators, lawyers, judges and intelligence analysts, police decision-makers represent an integral part of a group of non-scientific actors directly involved in the use of forensic science. They especially hold powers and responsibilities which can influence the quality and role of crime scene units within the organization they lead. However, at a time when forensic science faces several challenges about its contribution to crime investigations and its ability to provide accurate and relevant evidence, very few empirical studies have shown interested in the police managers' point of view. Therefore, the present study aims to understand how Quebec law enforcement decision-makers perceive the forensic science and how they manage the resources given to crime scene units. To do this, 18 semi-directive interviews were conducted with Quebec police managers who must deal with crime scene units within the organization they run. The results particularly raise that although police leaders have a certain level of knowledge in forensic science, they conceive the latter as an exclusively reactive discipline dedicated to the identification of offenders. They also tend to perceive the work of crime scene investigators as a technical and mechanical task rather than seeing it as a scientific process. In a context where police leaders must deal with many issues, this study highlights both the interest for a better understanding of forensic science in the decision-making sphere of Quebec law enforcement agencies and the benefit of a better coordination between police managers and the scientific and academic community in the province.

Keyphrases: Forensic science, Police management, Police administration, Policing, Criminal investigation, Crime scene units, Crime scene examiners, Crime scene, Trace evidence
Contrôler le logement, contrôler la Ville : l’intervention en matière de salubrité des logements à Montréal, 1930-1939

Montreal, like almost every North American city, was hit by the economic crisis in the 1930’s. One of the most important economic sector of the city, namely construction, greatly decreased its activities. Unemployment was the new reality for much of the population, and the consequence was a decrease in the living and housing conditions of working class families. The municipal state was pressed to address the question of sanitary housing and had to decide which interventions needed to be done to improve the living conditions of its citizens. The Commission on Sanitary Housing was formed especially to study, create and compile data on Montreal’s slums. These initiatives also gave the opportunity to members of the Commission to gather information from other North American as well as Western and Northern European cities. The Commission also had to produce urban renewal plans with the objective to destroy the slums on the city’s territory, and built salubrious housing to replace them.   These plans, developed in a limited financial context, aimed to improve Montreal’s rental prospective and were a part of the major global urban trends of the first half of the 20th century. The City of Montreal needed to find original ways of intervention as well as create new ways of improving fiscal justice through the implementation of new taxes. This new income gave the City the opportunity to share with more equity the financial burden of the public administration. During this decade, Montreal developed different governing techniques which improved the city’s ability to manage its territory, through renewal plans as well as a more efficient planning of the urban development, and developed the opportunity to better manage the population living on its territory.

Keyphrases: Housing, Slums, Unemployment, Economic crisis, Montreal, Governance, Municipal state, Town planning, Urban development, Transnational history, Urban history
Luttes politiques et références contradictoires à la Révolution durant la Restauration en France, 1814-1820

In 1814, an ending that no one could have anticipated brought back a dynasty swept by the winds of history twenty-five years ago. Returning to France, Louis XVIII restores their titles to the old nobility of the Ancien Régime, but "grants" a Charter which was intended to guarantee the liberal principles inherited from the Revolution. The « Restoration », the name given to the reestablishment on the throne of France of the former Bourbon dynasty, nevertheless raised many questions. What would happen to this new France that had emerged with the Revolution since 1789?  Between 1814 and 1820, a period during which a liberal political program was established, the Royalists invoked the Revolution and the threats it put on the monarchy in order to fight it. The Liberals, on the other hand, saw in their royalist adversaries an old and embittered nobility, emerging once more from a distant past, and who badly conceals its secret desire to abolish the Charter and claim her former rights.  This master’s thesis will discuss the divide that existed between two elites competing for political and social dominance. In the light of the debates of the time, we will see how Royalists and Liberals, the two major political groups of the period, articulated their speech. One theme appears particularly prominent: the Revolution. After two decades, it divides again. Worse, it was still relevant and its memory never ceased to occupy the political space.

Keyphrases: Censure, Ancien Régime, Restoration, Nobility, Middle class, Regicide, Press, Censorship, Exceptional law, Hundred Days, Old Regime, Liberalism, Royalism