Optical pH sensor based on carbon nanomaterials and metal redox chemistry

Most pH sensors operate under potentiometric conditions using a simple two-electrode scheme.  More generally, a conventional meter measures the electrical potential of the solution using a glass electrode (pH) against another electrode (reference), whose electrochemical potential is known and insensitive to pH. Modern pH sensors are robust, accurate and low cost, but they are limited by the macroscopic electrode size. They also require electrical contacts and they are often affected by errors associated with the contamination of the small electrode liquid junctions. This thesis targets pH measurements at nanoscale interfaces and explores the miniaturization of the pH sensor for local and remote (optical) measurements. By taking advantage of a non-destructive optical technique based on Raman spectroscopy and of the redox chemistry of metals, this work aims to develop a remote pH sensor based on carbon nanomaterials, namely the single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and the graphene in the form of a single layer.  By making use of the highly sensitive Raman response of metallic SWCNTs, we devised a pH responsive optical probe consisting of a SWCNT in direct contact with a platinum redox couple. When placed in a buffer solution, the Pt-SWCNT probe shows strong Raman shifts of the nanotube G-band as a function of pH, which is ascribed to charge transfer doping of the SWCNT reference electrode. Referenced potential measurements are demonstrated using a nanoscale version of the Pt-SWCNT electrode, along with the accurate monitoring of pH in solutions of different ionic strengths. Controlled experiments at a constant ionic strength show pH measurement across the full range between 1 to 12 with a best accuracy of ±500 mpH unit. This study also explores the influence of different transition metals (Pt, Ru and Pd), of semiconducting vs. metallic SWCNTs, and supporting substrates on pH sensing. A model based on electron transfer between the redox metal system and the SWCNT is proposed and tested using electrical conductance measurements. Due to the outstanding properties of graphene, such as a semi metallic behavior and its relatively inert surface, graphene was selected as a second nanomaterial to further investigate the Raman-pH sensing. From the study with SWCNTs, which determines optimal response with the Pt/PtO redox couple, we explore the Raman response of graphene coated with a thin layer of Pt in different buffer solutions of pH between 1 and 12. The spectra show clear evidence of charge transfer and doping of graphene in contact with the platinum redox couple. Significant Raman shift with pH is noted in the region of the G-band and also in D-band, which are consistent with the behavior found with the metallic Pt-SWCNT system. An analysis of the Raman shift provides a better understanding of the doping behavior observed for different pH. The analysis provides an estimate of the potential and confirms the Nernstian behavior of the pH sensor.  Redox pH sensing at the nanoscale using carbon nanomaterials solves the main limitations highlighted above, namely coverage of the full pH range and a clear miniaturization of the sensor down to the nanometer scale. Although the accuracy requires further improvement, this work demonstrates for the first time an optical pH sensing scheme that is analogous to a conventional pH sensor equipped with a built-in internal reference.

Keyphrases: pH sensor, Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, graphene, Pt redox couple, Raman spectroscopy