L’agence en oncologie de l’Ontario : actifs
organisationnels et professionnels à l’amélioration des soins et des services

This thesis looks at the improvement of health and social services and touches upon the three major themes in the analysis of healthcare organizations: governance, change and professional practice. Based on contemporary organizational analysis, our aim is to better understand the interface between the organization and clinical practices. On the one hand, we wish to better understand how an organization structures and potentiates actors’ practices. On the other hand, from the perspective of strategic actors, we wish to better understand how professional practices contribute to the actualization of their professions and to the transformation and evolution of organizations. Our study is based on the hypothesis that a heightened synergy between the organization and professional practices stimulates improvement in the quality of healthcare and services. In 2004, the Ontario government undertook a major healthcare system reform in the cancer field and reviewed the roles and mandates of Cancer Care Ontario, the organization responsible for developing strategic orientations and for the funding of cancer services in the province. This reform called for many organizational changes and transformations in clinical practices, with the aim of improving the quality of cancer care and services. It was in the context of this reform that we analyzed the implementation of a system of care and services to improve performance and quality, as well as the role of professional practices, specifically nursing practices, in transforming this system. The research strategy we used was an in-depth case study, the case being the Ontario system of cancer care and services and the nursing professional practices that developed within this model. We deliberately selected this case based on organizational modalities that are specific to Ontario with regard to oncology. For data collection we used three main sources:  semi-structured interviews (N = 25), analysis of an abundance of documentation, and non-participative observations. The thesis is organized around three articles. The first article aims to define the concept of clinical governance. We present the origin of the concept and define its principal components. A concept whose delineation is somewhat vague, clinical governance focuses on the development of clinical and organizational initiatives aimed at improving the quality of healthcare services and patient safety. Analysis of the scientific literature revealed the predominance of a static view of clinical governance and an emphasis on controlling professional practices to achieve clinical performance and organizational excellence. This article offers a more dynamic conception of clinical governance that takes into account the synergy between organizational context and professional practices and raises a number of issues related to its implementation. The second article examines the various levers mobilized to institutionalize the principles of continuous quality improvement in healthcare systems. We analyzed the role and the scope of levers in the evolution of Ontario’s cancer care system and in the transformation of clinical practices. Our empirical data showed three phases and many steps in the system’s transformation in which actors in positions of authority mobilized levers to introduce changes. Our study revealed that the transformation of Cancer Care Ontario reflected a radical evolutionary change, each phase of which was a pivotal period in the evolution and implementation of a system to improve the quality of oncology care and services and enabled levers to be mobilized at all levels of the system. The third article examines one specific lever for transformation, that of the community of practice, to better understand the role of professional practices in transforming the organization of care and ultimately in the strategic positioning of the nursing profession. We analyzed nursing practices in the practice community of oncology advanced practice nurses (APNs). Basing ourselves on the conceptual framework of strategy as social practice, our results indicated that the profession’s investment in strategic areas increased nurses’ capacities to transform both their practices and the organization. Our results also underscored the determinant role of context in the development of strategic capacities among professionals. Finally, our results revealed three emergent strategies in nurses’ practice: a development strategy for oncology nursing practice, a strategy for institutionalizing APN policies within the oncology system, and a strategy for positioning the nursing profession.  The results of our study showed that healthcare quality improvement is situated. Transforming an entire system, such as Ontario’s cancer care system, depends, on one hand, on the capacity for action of actors in positions of authority who mobilize a variety of levers to introduce change; and on the other hand, on the actors at the organization’s base adopting levers in their own clinical practices to develop a professional plan and, at the same time, transform the system in which they are evolving.

Keyphrases: Clinical governance, Practice change, Organization, Professional practices, Cancer services, Nurses