NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
La redocumentarisation, un défi pour les sciences de l’information

Information studies, built on the basis of a process of documentarization started at the end of the nineteenth century, have to renew their concepts with digital issues. The current movement looks like a re-documentarization and several disciplines are concerned. To understand it, one can follow the proposal of Roger T. Pédauque’s team to analyse the three-dimensional nature of document (form-text-relation). To manage it, it could be useful to go back to the roots of information science, in particular archival.

Keyphrases: Information Studies, Digital Document, Redocumentarization
Métaphores conceptuelles en traduction médicale et cohérence

According to Lakoff et al., human beings draw upon "metaphorical expressions" to express their ideas. These are surface expressions of the "conceptual metaphors" that form the structure of a given field of knowledge. As such, the terminology and conceptual structure of one field are used to describe another. In fact, a number of studies have shown that scientific statements, particularly in the field of biomedicine, are often expressed using conceptual metaphors. Indeed, in translation, enunciation in the target language is precisely related to the question of coherence of conceptual metaphors in both source and target languages. Using examples found in English and French biomedical texts, the author analyses the mapping of metaphors in both languages. Particular attention is devoted to the analysis of some generalizations established by Lakoff and related to polysemy and the "invariance principle".

Keyphrases: cognitive approach to translation, metaphor, language for specific purpose, biomedicine
WebCT : une panacée pour l’enseignement de la traduction médicale?

The obstacles encountered in teaching both medical language and medical translation result are two-pronged. On the one hand, the students’ backgournd knowledge in both translation and the healthcare field is very varied. On the other hand, professional medical translation is very demanding.This article focuses on the development of didactic material using WebCT. This computerized material is meant to enhance teaching and learning but not replace traditional classroom work, and stimulate the progress of each student individually in real-life professional situations.

Keyphrases: NTIC, WebCT
Approche cognitive de la traduction dans les langues de spécialité : vers une systématisation de la description de la conceptualisation métaphorique

Metaphorical conceptualization is a fundamental process of thought in scientific modelling, including that of biomedicine. In order to understand the meaning of scientific texts, a reader must be able to grasp the conceptual metaphors of a domain. According to our working hypothesis, metaphorical conceptualization underlies not only the specificity of a domain, but also the terminology and phraseology of languages for specific purposes. To master the identification of these conceptual metaphors is to possess a powerful cognitive tool that guides the translator in making many translation decisions. This article presents a methodology that provides for the systematic description of collocations motivated by underlying metaphorical conceptualizations. The identification of lexical units that are indices of metaphorical conceptualization will first be described ; then a characterization of collocations in which these lexical units participate will be proposed. The description of these collocations will be carried out using lexical functions (Meaning-Text Theory), which facilitate the passage from one language to another.

Keyphrases: collocations
L'essentiel est inaudible aux oreilles

Are we to preach to ears only? Or should we preach to eyes, skin, nose and mouth as well? On the ground of his own pastoral experience in French speaking Europe and in the South Pacific, Olivier Bauer suggests that our preaching should take in account, more consciously than it usually does, the diversity of sensorial perceptions.

Keyphrases: Liturgie
Du beau, du bon... du bon Dieu

Olivier Bauer does not ask if theology ought to be concerned with the five senses, but how it is to do so!  The author recalls first of all the way in which we perceive the world with our five senses, and the role that each of these plays. He then shows how Christianity has always expressed itself as much through tastes, smells and textures as in words, music or images. He underlines the importance for theologians to recover, that which makes us the kind of Christians we are. Finally, he proposes a communal approach to choosing the tastes, odours, textures, sounds and images in which to transmit the Gospel.

Keyphrases: Sentir
Rite et théologie protestante: La cène dans l’Église évangélique de Polynésie française

If Protestant theology had the theoretical tools to reflect upon ritual activities, it would know how to theologically analyze the rites performed in Protestant churches. Based on this conviction, the author sets up an understanding of ritual as a technique that influences cultural and religious representations. Inspired by Catherine Bell's work, the author proposes to uncover the strategies of ritualization established for each rite in order to reveal what type of relationship to God each congregation develops. As an example, the author applies this methodology to the celebration of the Eucharist in the Evangelical Church of French Polynesia.

Keyphrases: Rite, Tahiti
Étude théorique des propriétés électroniques et optiques des super-réseaux de Si/SiO2

ENGLISH: The observation of intense luminescence in Si/SiO2 superlattices has opened up new vistas in theoretical research, with a view to fabricate Si-based devices suitable for optoelectronic applications.  Crystalline silicon has an indirect energy gap that makes this material less competitive compared to other luminescent materials. The fabrication of silicon-based luminescent materials would thus provide multiple applications in the future. Three achievements are presented in this work. (a) Several Si/SiO2 superlattice models have been constructed and studied within a first-principles framework in order to evaluate their structural, electronic and optical properties. The first two models are derived from crystalline phases of silicon and silicon dioxide. From these models, the interfaces are shown to play a significant role on their optical properties. New structurally-relaxed models have thus been constructed in order to satisfy more closely the interface topology and evaluate accurately the confinement effects on their optical properties. (b) Direct bandgaps are obtained in the structurally-relaxed models.  Their absorption coefficient has been calculated (by applying the Fermi Golden rule) and compared to that of bulk Si, giving a clear demonstration of the enhanced absorption (and emission) properties of Si confined systems, compared to bulk Si. A blueshift with increased confinement has been confirmed. Furthermore, the precise role of suboxide Si atoms at the interfaces has been investigated. These suboxides are shown to have two main effects: (i) increase slightly the energy gap; (ii) reduce the dispersion in the band structure near the Fermi level. (c) A direct application of the Slater transition state theory applied to crystalline silicon has been performed and compared to X-Ray near-edge absorption spectroscopy measurements. The Slater transition state theory constitutes a subset of the density functional theory for ensembles. Very good agreement between this theory and the experiment is obtained. This type of calculations has been applied to the Si/SiO2 superlattices in order to estimate and characterize the electronic properties of the confined region in the conduction bands.

Keyphrases: Confinement
Access 2005 Edmonton

Brief report on the Access Conference 2005 held in Edmonton, Canada. Summary of key ideas and trends presented.

Keyphrases: Access Conference, Digitization, Library consortia, Federated search engine, Libraries and technology
La transformation du rôle de représentante d’aidantes familiales pendant l’hébergement de leur parent atteint de démence : une théorisation ancrée

The institutionalization of an elderly parent, suffering from dementia, represents a transition for the primary family caregiver.  Following the institutionalization, that person, mainly a female caregiver, pursues her engagement and wants to be involved in the parent’s care decision making. The admission often takes place when, due to cognitive impairment, the elderly is no longer able to clearly articulate his or her needs.  At this point, family caregivers assume the central role of advocate, voicing the needs of their institutionalized relative.   The purpose of this qualitative study was to explain, using a grounded theory approach, the social process of transformation of family caregivers’ advocacy role after nursing home admission of a relative suffering from dementia.  Fourteen daughters, taking care of their cognitively impaired mother or father living in a nursing home for more than six months, were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide.  Participants were selected according to a theoretical sampling strategy. Transcribed verbatim was analyzed according to three analytical procedures: open coding, axial coding and selective coding. An inductively generated theoretical proposition reveals three interrelated processes to explain the transformation of the family caregiver advocacy role: 1) integration in the nursing home; 2) quality of care assessment; and 3) trust building.  Caregivers use various strategies for their integration in the nursing home, namely establishing collaborative and reciprocal relationships with staff members and using a diplomatic style of communication.  They simultaneously assess the quality of care following three steps: appraisal, valuation, and action.  Finally, they build a trustful relationship with the health care team along five factors: the first impression, the comparison with other nursing homes, the interest shown by the staff towards the relative, the fact of being listened to and taken seriously by the staff, and the transparency of the institution.  These three processes contribute to the well-being of the relative as well as with the well-being of the caregiver. As trust is related to most factors identified, it was identified as the  core variable of the emergent theory proposed in this study.   This study contributes to further our understanding of an important family role after nursing home admission of an elderly parent, i.e. the advocacy role. It suggests ways to support these caregivers whose cognitive impaired parent is not able to take his or her own decisions.  The situation-specific theory proposed in this study lays the foundations of a middle-range theory on the advocacy role of family caregivers in the  health care system.  Further studies are needed in other care settings and with caregivers dealing with relatives affected by other ailments.

Keyphrases: Advocate, Advocacy, Dementia, Family caregivers, Nursing home, Nurse-family relationship, Grounded theory, Situation-specific theory, Long-term care
Étude du rôle des professionnels de l'information dans les systèmes d'information Web du Gouvernement fédéral canadien

Information professionals are rethinking their role, which is being challenged by the transformation to the electronic environment of information and information processes. Web information systems (WIS) — that is, information systems based on Web technologies such as external Web sites, intranets, extranets and electronic commerce systems — are one of the technologies that is bringing these changes about. Organizations are making massive investments in WIS. Governments are implementing WIS as they move toward e-government. The Canadian federal government is one of the most innovative in term of WIS, and has to adapt its information environment, including information professionals, to cope with these systems. Despite the innovative character of WIS, few empirical studies were found which try to gain a better understanding of the players needed to implement such systems. No consensus seems to exist in the literature on the role of the information professional in WIS.  This study aims at increasing knowledge of the roles information professionals play in WIS. In this study, an information professional is someone with a graduate degree in library and information science or equivalent. The study examines four research questions: (1) the role of information professionals described in the WIS-related cross-governmental information policies as well as those of the other players directly related to WIS, (2) the types of WIS in which information professionals are involved, (3) the WIS-related tasks of information professionals, and (4) other players involved in WIS. A qualitative approach has been used based on four data collection techniques: (1) in-depth face-to-face interviews with information professionals involved in WIS, (2) an analysis of the WIS in which those information professionals are involved, (3) an analysis of the WIS-related pan-governmental information policies, and (4) relevant evidence in the existing documentation. The information professionals interviewed are from seven departments of the Canadian federal government. These departments were chosen because of their work in the area of WIS.  The results show that information professionals are working with WIS at the micro and macro levels, involved with specific WIS as well as with all the WIS of a department or of the government. The information professionals are involved in all the dimensions and the development phases of WIS. Their content-related tasks on the WIS are predominant but the technological tasks are also very present. The study found that three variables impact on the role of information professionals in WIS: types of WIS, types of jobs of information professionals, and types of governance.

Keyphrases: information professional, Web information system, Canadian federal government
The Macroeconomic Effects of Infrequent Information with Adjustment Costs

In the last decade, the potential macroeconomic effects of intermittent large adjustments in microeconomic decision variables such as prices, investment, consumption of durables or employment – a behavior which may be justified by the presence of kinked adjustment costs – have been studied in models where economic agents continuously observe the optimal level of their decision variable. In this paper, we develop a simple model which introduces infrequent information in a kinked adjustment cost model by assuming that agents do not observe continuously the frictionless optimal level of the control variable. Periodic releases of macroeconomic statistics or dividend announcements are examples of such infrequent information arrivals. We first solve for the optimal individual decision rule, that is found to be both state and time dependent. We then develop an aggregation framework to study the macroeconomic implications of such optimal individual decision rules. Our model has the distinct characteristic that a vast number of agents tend to act together, and more so when uncertainty is large. The average effect of an aggregate shock is inversely related to its size and to aggregate uncertainty. We show that these results differ substantially from the ones obtained with full information adjustment cost models.

Keyphrases: macroeconomic effects of infrequent information, adjustment costs, state dependent and time dependent rules
Nonlinear Monetary Policy Rules: Some New Evidence for the U.S.

This paper derives optimal monetary policy rules in setups where certainty equivalence does not hold because either central bank preferences are not quadratic, and/or the aggregate supply relation is nonlinear. Analytical results show that these features lead to sign and size asymmetries, and nonlinearities in the policy rule. Reduced-form estimates indicate that US monetary policy can be characterized by a nonlinear policy rule after 1983, but not before 1979. This finding is consistent with the view that the Fed's inflation preferences during the Volcker-Greenspan regime differ considerably from the ones during the Burns-Miller regime.

Keyphrases: nonlinear Taylor rules, inflation targets, asymmetric preferences, non- linear Phillips curve, monetary policy
Methods to Estimate Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Models

This paper employs the one-sector Real Business Cycle model as a testing ground for four different procedures to estimate Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models. The procedures are: 1 ) Maximum Likelihood, with and without measurement errors and incorporating Bayesian priors, 2) Generalized Method of Moments, 3) Simulated Method of Moments, and 4) Indirect Inference. Monte Carlo analysis indicates that all procedures deliver reasonably good estimates under the null hypothesis. However, there are substantial differences in statistical and computational efficiency in the small samples currently available to estimate DSGE models. GMM and SMM appear to be more robust to misspecification than the alternative procedures. The implications of the stochastic singularity of DSGE models for each estimation method are fully discussed.

Keyphrases: DSGE models, estimation methods, Monte Carlo analysis, stochastic sin- gularity, Bayesian priors
The Backing of Government Debt and the Price Level

This paper studies the interdependence between fiscal and monetary policies, and their joint role in the determination of the price level. The government is characterized by a long-run fiscal policy rule whereby a given fraction of the outstanding debt, say d, is backed by the present discounted value of current and future primary surpluses. The remaining debt is backed by seigniorage revenue. The parameter d characterizes the interdependence between fiscal and monetary authorities. It is shown that in a standard monetary economy, this policy rule implies that the price level depends not only on the money stock, but also on the proportion of debt that is backed with money. Empirical estimates of d are obtained for OECD countries using data on nominal consumption, monetary base, and debt. Results indicate that debt plays only a minor role in the determination of the price level in these economies. Estimates of d correlate well with institutional measures of central bank independence.

Keyphrases: Ricardian/Non-Ricardian regimes, policy rules, central banking
Short run and long run causality in time series: Inference

We propose methods for testing hypotheses of non-causality at various horizons, as defined in Dufour and Renault (1998, Econometrica). We study in detail the case of VAR models and we propose linear methods based on running vector autoregressions at different horizons. While the hypotheses considered are nonlinear, the proposed methods only require linear regression techniques as well as standard Gaussian asymptotic distributional theory. Bootstrap procedures are also considered. For the case of integrated processes, we propose extended regression methods that avoid nonstandard asymptotics. The methods are applied to a VAR model of the U.S. economy.

Keyphrases: time series, Granger causality, indirect causality, multiple horizon causality, autoregression, autoregressive model, vector autoregression, VAR, stationary process, nonstationary process, integrated process, unit root, extended autoregression, bootstrap, macroeconomics, money, interest rates, output
Identification, Weak Instruments and Statistical Inference in Econometrics

We discuss statistical inference problems associated with identification and testability in econometrics, and we emphasize the common nature of the two issues. After reviewing the relevant statistical notions, we consider in turn inference in nonparametric models and recent developments on weakly identified models (or weak instruments). We point out that many hypotheses, for which test procedures are commonly proposed, are not testable at all, while some frequently used econometric methods are fundamentally inappropriate for the models considered. Such situations lead to ill-defined statistical problems and are often associated with a misguided use of asymptotic distributional results. Concerning nonparametric hypotheses, we discuss three basic problems for which such difficulties occur: (1) testing a mean (or a moment) under (too) weak distributional assumptions; (2) inference under heteroskedasticity of unknown form; (3) inference in dynamic models with an unlimited number of parameters. Concerning weakly identified models, we stress that valid inference should be based on proper pivotal functions —a condition not satisfied by standard Wald-type methods based on standard errors — and we discuss recent developments in this field, mainly from the viewpoint of building valid tests and confidence sets. The techniques discussed include alternative proposed statistics, bounds, projection, split-sampling, conditioning, Monte Carlo tests. The possibility of deriving a finite-sample distributional theory, robustness to the presence of weak instruments, and robustness to the specification of a model for endogenous explanatory variables are stressed as important criteria assessing alternative procedures.

Keyphrases: identification, Bahadur-Savage, variable instrumentale, projection, bootstrap, hypothesis testing, confidence set, confidence interval, identification, testability, asymptotic theory, exact inference, pivotal function, nonparametric model, Bahadur-Savage, heteroskedasticity, serial dependence, unit root, simultaneous equations, structural model, instrumental variable, weak instrument, weak identification, simultaneous inference, projection, split-sample, conditional test, Monte Carlo test, bootstrap
Méthodes d’inférence exactes pour un modèle de régression avec erreurs AR(2) gaussiennes

In this paper, we consider a linear regression model with Gaussian autoregressive errors of order p = 2, which may be nonstationary. Exact inference methods (tests and confidence region) are developed for the autoregressive parameters and the regression coefficients. We generalize the method proposed in Dufour (1990) for linear regression models with autoregressive errors of order p = 1. The proposed approach consists in three stages. First, we build an exact confidence set for the complete vector of the autoregressive coefficients (&#966;). This region is obtained by inverting independence tests for model errors after the model has been transformed to get independent errors under the null hypothesis. The independence tests are based on combining tests for the presence of autocorrelation at lags one and two. Exploiting the duality between tests and confidence sets, an exact confidence set is then built by finding the set of autoregressive parameter values which are not rejected (test inversion). Second, using this confidence set for &#966;, simultaneous confidence sets for the autoregressive parameters and regression coefficients are obtained. Finally, marginal confidence intervals for the regression coefficients are derived using a projection approach. We also propose generalized bounds tests for the regression parameters. These methods are applied to time series models of the U.S. money stock (M2) and GNP deflator. Keywords : AR(2) errors, exact test, confidence set, induced test, generalized bounds test, projection method, test inversion, money stock, M2, price level

Keyphrases: autocorrélation, AR(2), test exact, projection, M2