NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Analyse techno-économique des chaînes opératoires lithiques du Témiscouata (Québec), durant le Sylvicole et la période de Contact

This thesis presents data and analyses on chipped stone tool techno-economic patterns of nomadic hunters-gatherers at a quarry source area in the Témiscouata region (Québec, Canada) during the latter part of the Middle Woodland (500-1000 AD), the Late Woodland (1000-1550 AD) and also the early historic period (XVIe-XVIIe centuries AD). Located in the hinterland of the Bas-Saint-Laurent region, in the upper St. John river drainage, the Témiscouata region is rich in natural resources, perhaps among the most important is an important chert outcrop. The Touladi chert is present in two main quarries and is also found in pebble form scattered in the vicinity of the surrounding lakes and rivers. We applied a technological analysis, from the technological approach in the French tradition, to five lithic collections with the objective of reconstructing the chaînes opératoires and their economic management patterns (techno-economy).   The most prominent artifacts found are of course the countless flakes which have been derived from three different chaînes opératoires: the bifacial process, the multidirectional (ad hoc) core reduction, and the use of pièces esquillées. The production of bifacial tools is the most important process in the Témiscouata lithic industries and is the one which produced most of the flakes found on the prehistoric settlements. The tool assemblage is first characterized by the bifacial tools which are primarily manufactured from tabular blocks of chert. As for the flake tools, they are mostly represented by informal (ad hoc) tools (retouched and used flakes), endscrapers and pièces esquillées. Techno-economic patterns of Touladi chert use have demonstrated that most of the flake tools were made on flake blanks derived from the bifacial process, mostly from the early and middle stages of this chaîne opératoire. The bifacial process was also segmented in time and space so that blanks and preforms could be carried throughout the territory to be used as “cores”. The two other production sequences are quite secondary based on the small amount of tools manufactured and they are far less mobile than the bifacial process. Stone tools that are made of exotic materials, even if they represent a small part of the archaeological record, reveal the patterns that prevailed while hunters-gatherers were outside the quarries zone.    The technological analysis provides empirical evidence that hunter-gatherers of the Témiscouata region adopted flexible and simple, yet efficient, techno-economical strategies. These management schemes, which use the bifacial chaîne opératoire as the central element of tool manufacturing, are well adapted to their way of life based on a generalist, seasonal and flexible subsistence economy.

Keyphrases: Chaîne opératoire, Témiscouata, Lithic technology, Techno-economy, Woodland, Contact period, Touladi chert, First Nations, Prehistory, Archaeology, Témiscouata, Québec
Aller-retour : l’incidence des pratiques et rituels de socialité sur le parcours migratoire des immigrants français au Québec

The phenomenon of the return of immigrants to their country of origin has been little studied. Most often, the causes of this phenomenon are reduced to economic factors. In this perspective, unemployed immigrants or immi-grants who occupy poor quality jobs are the most likely to return to their country of origin. This explanation does not appear to apply in the case of French immigrants settled in Quebec. These immigrants have a good quality of life and are generally well integrated into the local employment market. Strangely, they ﬁgure also amongst the ﬁrst groups of immigrants to leave the province. The testimonies left on social media suggest that these immi-grants leave the Belle Province due to frustration and a deep dissatisfaction with the local culture. Yet the French immigrants still present in Quebec say that they appreciate its culture of openness and freedom. This apparent paradox could be explained by variations in the practices and rituals of so-ciality of those two societies. The line between public and private would be blurrier in Quebec. It would not have a system as well organized and, whether in public or private, the same forms of sociality would be use indis-criminately. My data suggest that this undifferentiated sociality poses many difﬁculties on a personal level to those immigrants. The most important of these challenges concerns how quickly conducts that are considered to be markers of privacy and intimacy in France are exhibited in Quebec. Without being fundamentally incompatible with the French system, this variation would give the impression to French immigrants that they left a form of so-ciality where interpersonal relationships are established through time and incorporated an extremely open system where privacy appears to be estab-lish through the ﬁrst moments of the encounter. Although seemingly minor, that difference would have serious consequences. My results have shown that this "intimacy" would leave many French immigrants incertain of the consistency of their relations with Quebecers. Speciﬁcally, this familiarity would lead them to assume a certain "solidity" in their relations with their Quebec’s counterpart. Only experience will enable them to see the "liquidity" of those links. This recognition would often occur in pain, causing discomfort that could lead to a deep resentment against Quebecers, Quebec’s culture and Quebec in general. It is this discomfort rather than economic factors — in my opinion — that would initiate among these immigrants the desire to leave Quebec and return to France.

Keyphrases: Immigrant français, Immigration, France, Return, French immigrant, Frenchs, Quebecers, Rituals and practices of sociality, Quebec
La prise en compte des aînés et de leurs activités : étude du projet Vendôme à Montréal dans la perspective de l’ergonomie et du design urbain

The objective of the thesis is, in a context of population’s aging, to contribute to knowledge regarding how to take into account elder people and their activities in urban project in Quebec. To respond to this objective, an interdisciplinary perspective was built on links between two disciplines, ergonomics and urban design. An analysis model, named PEACI (Person-Environment-Activities_Context_Intervention) was iteratively developed, based on the conceptual frame and results from the research. This work relies on the study of a specific case, the Vendôme project, very detailed in the thesis, at the feasibility phase. Data mainly come from observations, stakeholders and key informant interviews and documentation collection. A qualitative analysis of these materials was realized, using the model elaborated during the thesis. Four distinct representation systems (“vulnerability”, “frailness”, “slowness”, “respite”) emerge from the analysis. One of them (“vulnerability”) is mainly conveyed by the Vendôme project. Results show the interest of using the PEACI model to identify issues related to the implementation of ageing preoccupation in urban projects. The discussion opens two research avenues: the first one on the translation of the notion of enabling environments for elder people in urban settings and the second one on the conceptualization of “life situations” of elder people (as reference of “work situations”). The conclusion reminds the main issues related to the integration of aging in urban projects- in particular the intersectorality- and the interdisciplinary and action-oriented scientific approach of the thesis

Keyphrases: Usagers, Transport, Users, Elders, Urban environment, Activity, Universal design, Enabling environments, Person-environment relation, Urban project, Transportation, Hospital, Ergonomics, Urban design, Interdisciplinarity
La conception de l’État au prisme du lien entre le religieux et le politique
 dans la pensée égyptienne moderne et contemporaine (2011-2015) :
continuités, évolutions et ruptures

With respect to the relationship between the religious and the political, the 19th century was marked by the resituating within Egyptian thought of innovative questions and subjects by the great figures of the Al-Nahdah (Renaissance), while the 20th century was characterized by a pronounced polarization between Muslim reformism, activist holistic Islamism and Muslim humanistic liberalism. What of the positions of contemporary Egyptian intellectuals (2011-2015) in this regard? What are their primary expressions of conceiving the state through the prism of the relationship under discussion? How do these current approaches reflect continuities, evolutions or ruptures in conceiving the state with regard to modern Egyptian thought (1805-2010)? To propose avenues for answering these questions, the principal works and other contributions of 22 intellectuals will be studied and analyzed taking into consideration the conception of public space, of the State’s source of legitimacy and legislation, again viewed through the prism of the relationship between the religious and the political. Most of these intellectuals are virtually absent from the literature – especially the French and English – despite their contributions and their influence on the contemporary Egyptian intellectual scene. Their discourses will be examined using an interdisciplinary, applied and critical approach.

Keyphrases: Post-Colonial Studies, post-Maqāṣid al-sharīʻah, aggiornamento musulman, Conception of the state, public space, source of the State’s legitimacy and legislation, relationship between the religious and the political, Muslim reformism, activist holistic Islamism, Muslim humanistic liberalism, modern Egyptian thought (1805-2010), present-day Egyptian thought (2011-2015), interdisciplinarity, post-colonial studies, post-Maqāṣid al-sharīʻah, Muslim aggiornamento, necro-Islamism, retro-Islamism, post-Islamism.
Aux confins du «M» et du «F» : une généalogie critique de ce sexe que l’on catégorise aux fins de l’état civil québécois

This thesis puts forth a genealogical investigation of the male/masculine sex (“M”) or of the female/feminine sex (“F”) as classified under Québec’s civil status. To achieve this, a study of the mechanisms that make it possible to assign people to one or the other above-mentioned categories is carried out. It leads the author to challenge the commonly held notion that says that a person’s classified sex originates wholly or partly from human nature. After reviewing legal standards applied to the determination as well as to the amendment of the mention of sex contained in a birth certificate, the writer is inclined to conclude, rather, that qualifying a person as being of the male/masculine (“M”) sex or female/feminine (“F”) sex can solely be explained by legal means. The writer, therefore, defends the thesis that a person’s sex is always conditioned by a legal authority, which projects upon him, her or them the sexual category to which they are linked.

Keyphrases: Genre, Act of birth, Assignation of designation of sex, Change of designation of sex, Civil status, Designation of sex, Gender, Genealogical investigation, Gender identity, Identification papers, Sex
Développement d’une méthode multi-résidu pour l’analyse de contaminants émergents dans des échantillons solides et liquides à partir de la spectrométrie de masse à haute résolution

The trace analysis of emerging contaminants (ECs) is gaining more interest and several studies have widely reported their occurrence in waste and surface water. However, most studies found in the literature reported concentrations only in the dissolved phase often without considering the suspended particulate matter (SPM). Moreover, most of the methods dealing with the analysis of ECs are based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with a triple quadruple (QqQ). The majority of QqQ operate at low resolution, thus increasing the possibility of false positive identification. The current study presents a new protocol to quantify 31 emerging contaminants not only in the effluent wastewater, but also from SPM of municipal wastewater samples using high-resolution mass spectrometry, an improvement to reduce false positives. Furthermore, Yeast estrogen screen assay (YES-assay) adapted from direct measurement of estrogenic activity was tested on filtered wastewater samples. This represents one of the first reports describing ECs in wastewater and SPM with direct measurement of estrogenic activity. The separation of suspended particulate matter was realized using filtered water samples. The ECs were extracted from the matrix by sonication using MeOH:ACN (1:1, v/v) with 1% HCOOH. Thereafter, the extracts of the solid fraction and the aqueous phase were subjected to an off-line solid phase extraction (SPE) with a Strata-X-C cartridge to concentrate and clean-up the extracts. A C18 chromatography column was used to separate ECs. A QExactive mass spectrometer, which combines a quadruple analyser with a high resolution orbital ion trap (OrbitrapTM) was used in full scan (FS) mode with 70 000 FWHM (Full width at half maximum) at m/z 200 for analysis of the solid fraction, while analysis of the liquid fraction was realised using parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) with 17 500 FWHM at m/z 200. An APCI (Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization) source in positive and negative mode was used for the ionization of target compounds. The method was successfully applied to real samples allowing us to determine the proportion of ECs in suspended particulate and the fate of the selected ECs during wastewater-treatment processes and their release into receiving surface waters. Recoveries of target compounds ranged from 27 to 102 % and from 43 to 122 % for the liquid and the solid fraction respectively. The limits of detection ranged from 0.5 to 104 ng L-1 and from 0.3 to 2.3 ng g-1. Calibration curves in wastewater and solid matrix showed good linearity (R2 > 0.991), for all target analytes, and precision (intraday and interday) showed coefficients of variation below 25%.

Keyphrases: Emerging contaminants, High-resolution mass spectrometry, Multi-residue analysis, Liquid chromatography, Solid phase extraction
The use of candida antarctica lipase B for the synthesis of macrocycles and polymers based on natural products

Materials used in biomedical applications need to be biocompatible and ideally biodegradable. Bile acids are natural occurring compounds found in humans, and their polyesters possess hydrolyzable bonds, thermal shape memory and tunable flexibility. Until now, the synthetic pathway to obtain such materials required transition metal catalysts for the macrocyclization step, which is necessary to perform ring-opening polymerization (ROP). To circumvent the need for such catalysts, enzymatic ring closing was performed using lipases. Conveniently, two synthetic steps were replaced with a single step, using a renewable and reusable catalyst, with 58 % yield and a colorless product. The bile acid-containing macrocycles were then enzymatically polymerized as described in our previous work, while optimizing the reaction time. In 15 hours, relatively high Mw of 40 000 g/mol were obtained, while maintaining the dispersity ≤ 1.4 and a glass transition temperature of about 12 °C. As a proof-of-concept, conditions for the enzymatic ring closure of thapsic acid with 1,10-decanediol were determined beforehand. While optimizing for enzyme amount and reaction time, enzymatic ROP conditions to obtain di- and tetralactones from these monomers were established. The resulting semi-crystalline polymers also possess relatively high molecular weight and low dispersity. Hence, the use of lipases for both ring-closing and ring-opening reactions now shows potential for large, rigid moieties in addition to more mobile structures, using the same enzyme. This is a step towards the production of more biocompatible polymers, with a synthetic pathway that follows many green chemistry principles.

Keyphrases: Lipases, Lactonization, Green chemistry, Bile acids, Ring-opening polymerization
Le Web de données et le Web sémantique à Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec : constats et recommandations fondés sur l'initiative de la Bibliothèque nationale de France

This dissertation discusses the concepts and implementation of Semantic Web and Linked Data within libraries. Analysis and definition of technologies characterizing these concepts are first presented with the objective to clarify and ensure a good understanding of the various issues arising for actors in the field. Then, the elements demonstrating the relevance and challenges for information professionals are described. The objective is to analyze the implementation process of a Linked Data project with the Bibliothèque nationale de France to propose a possible transposition to the context of Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, for an application within the latter. A list of thirteen steps for the implementation of a library Linked Data project and the proposal for applying a software development process on these practices are presented. Following this analysis, recommendations regarding these various stages of implementation are proposed.

Keyphrases: Web 3.0, BAnQ, BnF, Semantic web, Linked data, Libraries, Recommendations
Échanges étudiants : la mobilité internationale dans l’expérience de vie de jeunes Lausannois

The last few decades have seen an increased mobility of people around the world. Social changes resulting from the circulations and trajectories of these individuals as they move through their life course across different spaces need to be addressed further ethnographically. In this thesis, we examine the experiences of young graduates from Lausanne (Switzerland) in their exchanges as students and the ways these experiences had an impact on the subsequent choices they made in their lives. In order to do this, we take up a historical perspective on the Swiss context and a longitudinal perspective on our respondents’ lives. This study is informed by a critical analysis of the researcher’s own experience of mobility as a student and interviews carried out with young graduates from Lausanne who went abroad as exchange students between 2008 and 2013. The narratives of the young Lausannois show changes in social interdependence as they move through their life course, such that I try to examine their experience of exchange in a non-linear way. The manner in which life is lived and imagined, its personal, relational and institutional calendars, reflects the ethical, affective and technical considerations these young people have regarding the different places they lived in. Thus, this thesis proposes a reflection on the ways in which mobility is possible when the Swiss relational context is the point of departure.

Keyphrases: Lausanne, anthropology, ethnography, globalization, internationalization, university, youth mobility, student exchange, life course, Switzerland
Le pentecôtisme sous l’œil des femmes kaingang : adaptations et transformations suite à la conversion

Over the past 40 years, several Pentecostal churches have emerged in the Kaingang community, an indigenous people of southern Brazil, where those churches experience considerable popularity. The conversion to this religion generates various ideological transformations that have a significant impact on gender roles within the community. This study examines the transformations that result from this phenomenon in the life of the Kaingang women in the Sede village of the Terra Indígena Xapecó; a village where women represent by far the majority of practitioners within the Pentecostal churches. The popularity of Pentecostalism among women may at first seem paradoxical given that this religious movement promotes conservative social values. Our observations reveal that women perceive more benefits than disadvantages to converting to Pentecostalism. Their lives are transformed in several respects through the adoption of a way of life guided by the teachings of the Bible and an orientation of the self toward God. Several changes occur for these women, including personal transformations, both in the domestic and public spheres. Data analysis shows that the strong female presence within the churches and their own agency yields a positive and rewarding experience from this religion.

Keyphrases: Amérindiens, Kaingang, Conversion, Anthropology, Ethnology, Pentecostalism, Native, Women, Gender, Brazil
Vivre selon les enseignements du Cao Dai au Québec : ethnographie d’un temple caodaïque

The religious landscape in Quebec has undergone profound changes since the 1960s. These transformations are typically associated with the process of secularization of the province and the diversification of the origins of its immigrants. The transition from a mainly European immigration, and therefore mainly Christian or Jewish, to an immigration from other regions of the world, contributed to the formation of a newly established religious diversity in Quebec. This master’s thesis explores the case of Caodaism a religion that was first introduced by Vietnamese refugees between the 1970s and 1990s. Although Caodaists were few in numbers in Montreal and Quebec compared to Vietnamese Buddhists and Catholics, they quickly formed their own congregation, which became a site where new Vietnamese immigrants could seek support. Based on fieldwork conducted in 2014 and 2015 with the Temple Caodaïque de Montréal, I examine the role that this religious congregation played in the integration of its members into Quebec society, while demonstrating the transformation of the role ascribed to the Caodaist place of worship through the last three decades of existence and the decline of Vietnamese immigration in Quebec. Furthermore, I analyze how the collective and individual practice of Caodaism in Quebec has adapted though time, emphasising the importance of the influence of the secularized context and the religion’s minority status. I finally show how the members of this congregation strive to make their religious doctrine consistent with Quebec society.

Keyphrases: immigration, anthropology of religion, caodaism, immigration, religious congregation, vietnamese in Montreal, religious minority, Vietnam, Quebec
« Je veux être Baye Fall »  Islam, réflexivités et intersubjectivités à Montréal

Bayefallism is a sub-group of the Mouride brotherhood that emphasizes hard work and dedication. Baye Fall disciples are mostly Senegalese and they challenge well-known precepts of Islam such as those prescribing daily prayers and fasting. Like Pézeril (2008), I aim at a better “understanding” of the Baye Fall in this study. My research aims to shed light on their religious experience through a methodology of participant observation where the presence of the ethnographer (Turner, 2000) is taken into account and that gives an important place to reflexivity (Fabian, 2001). Most of my informants did not say “I am Baye Fall”; rather they said, “I would like be Baye Fall.” Initially, I saw this as a problem but it soon became the starting point of my research. The literature on religious trajectories has shown that such trajectories are not linear but charged with ambivalence and contradictions. For authors such as Schielke (2009) and de Koning (2013), these contradictions are engendered by certain ruptures that are part of daily life in a globalized context. In my study, I seek to demonstrate that these ambiguities can also be an integral part of of an intersubjective, reflexive religious experience. While ethnographies of Baye Fall have been mainly carried out in Senegal (Audrain, 2004; Pézeril, 2008; Morris, 2014), the originality of this research lies in the fact that it examines the phenomenon of Bayefallism in the context of Montreal.

Keyphrases: Baye Fall, Anthropology, Islam, Intersubjectivities, Experience, Reflexivity, Sufism, Africa, Mouride brotherhood, Senegal, Montreal