The Effects of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines on the L-type Calcium Current in Mouse Ventricular Myocytes

Cytokines are immune system modulators that are secreted in response to an insult. Even though on the short term they play a crucial role in the healing process, the prolonged secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, locally or systemically, has many deleterious effects.  For almost 20 years reports of alteration in serum cytokine levels have been emerging in patients with various heart failure aetiologies, however it is only recently that the role of inflammation in heart pathologies is being more and more studied. Indeed, several studies have shown that patients suffering from heart failure or arrhythmias have high levels of cytokines. Three particularly of these cytokines in particular are highly present and together they play a central role in the inflammatory response. Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) are secreted chronically by immune cells or the cardiomyocytes themselves and can possibly, as shown by animal studies, induce cardiac remodelling, hypertrophy, apoptosis, fibrosis and generation of highly reactive oxidative species (ROS) among other effects. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests that these pro-inflammatory cytokines are not only important mediators of cardiac remodelling that can contribute to worsening of heart failure but they have also been linked to cardiac arrhythmias and prolongation of action potential. Overall, the findings suggests a strong role for pro-inflammatory cytokines in affecting cardiac function and inducing electrical remodelling, thus we hypothesised that high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines can affect the electrical and subsequently the contractile properties of the heart. Thus, the aim of this project was to help establish the effects of the above mentioned cytokines on the electrical and contractile properties of cardiac myocytes while exploring the mechanisms by which these cytokines mediate their effect. Using cultured intact mouse neonatal ventricular cardiomyocytes which were treated chronically with various cytokines, at a pathophysiological concentration (30 pg/mL), the specific objective of this study was to measure the direct effect of chronic cytokine treatment on the L-type calcium current (ICaL), an important ionic current responsible for the plateau phase of the action potential and in the excitation contraction coupling (ECC) and the current l and subsequently, determine via which pathways cytokines are able to affect the calcium current. Patch-clamp experiments in the whole-cell voltage-clamp configuration were used to measure L-type calcium current and showed that ICaL was not affected by TNFα. Furthermore, no effect at a significantly higher concentration of TNFα (1 ng/mL) could be observed. In contrast, chronic treatment of cardiomyocytes with IL-1β depressed ICaL by up to 40 %. Furthermore, when combining TNFα with IL-1β, two cytokines often reported to act synergistically, no further reduction in ICaL current density compared to IL-1β treatment alone was observed, showing the specificity of IL-1β response. Expression studies using qPCR to quantify the mRNA of CaV1.2, the underlying alpha subunit channel which encodes for ICaL, were conducted in order to determine if the reduction in current is due to a cytokine mediated change in gene expression. We found that none of the cytokines significantly affected levels of CaV1.2 mRNA.  A key component of the inflammatory response is the induction of oxidative stress. Indeed, when challenged with cytokines cardiomyocytes exhibited significant increases in ROS level. In an attempt to reverse the depression of ICaL in response to IL-1β, we treated myocytes concurrently with antioxidants and IL-1β. While we observed a significant decrease in intracellular ROS levels, antioxidant therapy failed to restore current density, indicating thus, that ROS produced in response to cytokines does not regulate ion channels. New preliminary data suggests a role for members of the protein kinase C family in regulating the properties of CaV1.2 in response to cytokines. Nonetheless, exploring this avenue will require substantial experimentation and will be the subject of future work. Overall our experiments will help provide a better understanding of the role of cytokines in regulating the electric and contractile properties of cardiomyocytes in the setting of inflammatory cardiomyopathies.

Keyphrases: cytokines, inflammation, cytokines, inflammation, heart failure, ion channels, arrhythmia