NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
L’utilisation de l’échographie pulmonaire dans la prise en charge des patients de soins critiques

The field of targeted lung ultrasound in critical care is in constant expansion.  Its many proven use include pneumothorax diagnosis, differentiation of the different causes of acute dyspnoea and endotracheal intubation confirmation.  These studies on endotracheal intubation evaluated sonographers with extensive ultrasound training using sometimes lengthy exam.  Hence, with the growing presence of bedside lung ultrasound we devised a study to evaluate the capacity of a heterogeneous group of physicians, with different levels of ultrasound training, to correctly identify lung sliding on random short sequences of recorded thoracic ultrasound.  280 short ultrasound sequences (4 to 7 seconds) of present and absent lung sliding of intubated patients recorded in the operating room were randomly presented to 2 groups of physicians.  Descriptive data, mean accuracy of each participant, as well as the rate of correct answers for each of the sequences was measured and compared for different subgroups.  Participants in the second group where instructed that they could abstain from answering in uncertain cases.  Mean accuracy was 67.5% (95%CI: 65.7-69.4) in the first group and 73.1% (95%CI: 70.7-75.5) in the second (p<0.001). When considering each sequence individually, median accuracy was 74.0% (IQR: 48.0-90.0) in the first group and 83.7% (IQR: 53.3-96.2) in the second (p=0.006).  The rate of correct answer was higher for right hemithorax sequences (p=0.001). Accuracy in lung sliding identification is better when participants have the possibility to abstain themselves from answering in uncertain cases. It is also improved in the right hemithorax, probably owing to the presence of the heart and the lung pulse artefact in the left hemithorax.  Considering our results, caution should be taken when using short ultrasound sequences for identifying lung sliding as a mean of confirming endotracheal intubation, particularly in the left hemithorax.  Emphasis should also be put on knowledge and identification of the Lung pulse artefact when teaching chest ultrasound curriculum.

Keyphrases: lung ultrasound, lung sliding, endotracheal intubation, lung pulse artefact
Validation d’une situation de stimulation suscitant des comportements stéréotypés et des intérêts restreints chez le jeune enfant autiste

Restricted interests and repetitive behaviours constitute one of the three core domains of symptoms required for an autism spectrum diagnosis. However, the detection of these behaviours in clinical practice remains limited by the lack of validated instruments designed to elicit these behaviours during clinical assessment. Moreover, a lack of clear operational definitions of target behaviours limits the generalisation of findings amongst studies and its application to clinical practice.      The aim of this thesis is to document the occurrence and quality of restricted interests and repetitive behaviours in young autistic children and to develop a validated stimulating play situation that can readily be use to elicit target behaviours in clinical assessments.   Preliminary steps documented the various restricted interests and repetitive behaviours as well as the objects likely to trigger these behaviours in children with autism using a questionnaire completed by experts in the field. The list of the most common behaviours was used to build the observational rating scale based on operational definitions of the restricted interests and repetitive behaviours. The main part of this study was to develop a stimulating play situation designed to elicit restricted interests and repetitive behaviours through exposure to specific objects previously identified as potential triggers. This situation documented, through detailed observation, restricted interests and repetitive behaviours most commonly found in autism during infancy. Validation of the stimulating play situation consisted in exposing twenty one (21) autistic experimental subjects and twenty four (24) typically developing control subjects, aged from 24 to 72 months, matched for chronological and developmental non-verbal age.  Results demonstrate sufficient sensitivity of  the stimulating play situation to accurately detect restricted interests and repetitive behaviours as well as objects of interest in children with autism. Autistic children differ from typically developing children on the amount and duration of restricted interests and repetitive behaviours, significantly for: hand flapping, hand and fingers posturing, hopping, putting finger in mouth, putting objects in mouth, putting object in movement, and visual exploration. Regarding which objects were explored, a greater proportion of autistic participants played with the hammer and balls toy and did so more frequently and for a longer period of time than typical children.   This study is the first to use a systematic observation protocol to document restricted interests and repetitive behaviours and objects of interest in autism during early childhood. This new instrument could ultimately be used in the identification of young autistic children as part of the diagnostic or screening assessment.

Keyphrases: questionnaire, autism, coding system, object of interest, perceptual properties, preschool-aged children, questionnaire, restricted interest and repetitive behaviour, stimulating play situation
Étude des interactions supramoléculaires par modélisation moléculaire

The evolution of computer systems has led to the emergence of molecular modeling. To this end, a variety of mathematical models are now available to simulate various chemical systems.  Using molecular modeling, different types of chemical interactions were observed. From the simplest systems allowing the use of rigorous quantum models, a series of approximations were considered in order to make possible the simulation of increasingly complex molecular systems.  First, time-dependent density fonctional theory has been used to simulate the excitation energies of photoactive molecules. Similarly, time-independent DFT has enabled the simulation of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the 1,3,5-triazapentadiene system and the rationalization of the stability of the transition states.  Subsequently, molecular dynamics and molecular mechanics were used to simulate the interactions of a trimer of cholic acid with a pyrene in different solvents. This methodology was then used to simulate the interactions of an umbrella-rotaxane at the interface of a biphasic system.  Finally, molecular docking and the concept of scoring functions were used to simulate the intermolecular interactions between a protein molecule and thousands of potential ligands. The results were then used to create a strategy for the development of a new enzyme inhibitor.

Keyphrases: Molecular modeling, Dft, Gaff, Fitted, Gaussian, 1,3,5-triazapentadiene, Rotaxane, Cholic acid, Pyrene
La résilience des familles endeuillées par le suicide d'un adolescent : émerger malgré la blessure indélébile

The purpose of this study is to understand and explain the resilience of families bereaved by a teenager’s suicide. The suicide of an adolescent is a violent, unexpected, self-inflicted death that falls outside the normal order of life and the crisis faced by the family requires the mobilization of most of its energy. Despite this ordeal, the fact remains that most families continue to function.  The concept of family resilience, which refers to a family’s ability to bounce back from a crisis situation, may explain this phenomenon. Thus, to understand the resilience process which families go through following a teenager’s suicide, a grounded theory research inspired by the Straussian vision has been conducted. The McGill nursing model served as the theoretical background because of its focus on the family, its belief in the strengths of the family and the important collaborative role played by nurses. Theoretical sampling was progressively constructed from data through interviews (13) with members of seven families met either individually, in couples or as a group (n= 17 participants).; a socio-demographic questionnaire; personal documentation submitted by the participants (diary, homily ...); and field notes.. A constant comparative analysis of the data across triple coding allowed us to propose a theory of the family resilience process following the suicide of a teenager. The main results indicate that, initially, the family faces a cataclysm caused by the suicide itself and influenced by the family background, social context and emotions experienced. This cataclysm is followed by a sinking period which is more or less important given the lifebuoys present within and around the family. The presence of these intra and extra familial buoys allows the family to rebound more or less rapidly.. Subsequently, various actions within and outside the family enable it to emerge despite this indelible wound that is to say, to learn and grow through this experience. The analysis also identified four types of family resilience depending on whether the rebound is fast or late and  the emergence is continuous or not : the resilience process of the energetic families, centrifugal and centripetal, the stunned family, the combative family and the tenacious family. This study provides an in-depth  understanding of the experiences of families bereaved by the suicide of an adolescent and directions for health professionals to better tailor their interventions to the needs of these families, their lifebuoys and actions to support their emergence.

Keyphrases: Étude qualitative, Family resiliency, Bereavement, Adolescent suicide, Nursing, Qualitative study, Grounded theory
Implication des peptides RALFs dans les communications cellulaires lors du développement du gamétophyte femelle chez Solanum chacoense et Arabidopsis thaliana

In angiosperms, reproduction occurs through double fertilization. The pollen tube delivers two sperm cells into the female gametophyte. A first sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell to produce a zygote, while the other fertilizes the central cell to produce the endosperm. To ensure reproductive success, the development of the female gametophyte within the ovule must establish a cellular pattern allowing interaction with the pollen tube and sperm cells. To this end, a dialogue must be established amongst the various cells of the ovule during its development, as well as during fertilization. Several types of communication are suggested by the analysis of developmental mutants. These communications must persist in the zygote and endosperm to allow the formation of a viable embryo within the seed. Recent developments have helped to find signaling molecules that support cell interaction models developed by the scientific community, but the signaling pathways are far from complete. In order to characterise genes encoding signaling proteins which are potentially active during reproduction in Solanum chacoense, I undertook the expression analysis of the RALF-like genes present in a bank of ESTs (Expressed Sequence Tags) specific to the ovule after fertilization. RALF, Rapid Alcalinization Factor, is a 5 kDa peptide that is part of the superfamily of Cysteine Rich Proteins (CRPs), which play a wide variety physiological roles within the plant. This expression analysis led to a detailed analysis of ScRALF3, whose expression in the plant is largely restricted to the ovule. The analysis of ScRALF3 RNAi transgenic plants revealed a function during megagametogenesis. The transgenic plants exhibit abnormal mitotic divisions that prevent the maturity of the embryo sac. The positioning of the nuclei, as well as the timing of divisions in the syncytium, appear to be responsible for the arrest of development during megagametogenesis. Isolation of the promoter as well as more accurate analysis of transcript expression reveals localisation within the ovule sporophytic tissue. The auxin signaling pathway is also involved in the regulation of ScRALF3 expression. ScRALF3 is a secreted peptide passing via the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. In summary, ScRALF3 may be an important factor facilitating communication between the gametophyte and the sporophyte to allow maturation of the embryo sac. The identification of a potential orthologue in Arabidopsis thaliana led to the characterisation of AtRALF34. The lack of a phenotype during embryo sac development, however, suggests that genetic redundancy within the family of RALF-like genes is very complex. Nevertheless, the RALF peptides appear to be important regulators during reproduction in Solanum chacoense and Arabidopsis thaliana.

Keyphrases: Rapid Alcalinization Factor, Ovule, Peptide, Sporophyte, Cell-cell communication, Signaling, Embryo Sac, Gametophyte
La représentation de la machine dans la trilogie d’anticipation scientifique d’Albert Robida : du texte à l’image et de l’image au texte

This thesis focuses on the presentation of the machine by Robida. The major part of our research aims to reveal its meanings and examines its literary and visual settlement in each novel in the most popular trilogy of scientific anticipation made by the author. The search has the aspect of a continuous travel between what is read and what is seen, the said and the unsaid, the literary description and the imagination, the reality and the fiction. We will be mainly interested by the evolution of Albert Robida’s vision: in Le Vingtième siècle, the image of a beneficial machine, simplifying every day’s life, saving time and money and largely contributing to the happiness and the entertainment of every man’s kind, except some occasional accidents, is reflected by a close and helpful connection between the text, the vignette and the inserts. This image is modified, in La Guerre au vingtième siècle, into an anxiety felt towards the use of the machine as a war weapon, and expressed in the transfer of the narration to the illustration in-texte, aiming to touch the reader and make him aware of the violent and brutal aspect of the machines that are only named. This image causes, in La Vie électrique, a serious pessimistic vision of the use of the machine in the society and the power of the scientific knowledge in the future which is displayed in dark and gloomy hors-texte.  In this context, the illustrated machine requires a double reading, details oriented and interested in the presence and the absence of elements, in the transfer between the text and the illustration, in the anticipated or the belated picture, in the relationship between the text, the image and the caption, in the words that have been transferred to the image and mostly the rest of the incomplete picture.  In Robida’s work, the praises that become a criticism and the satire being cynicism, are very representatives of the hopes and the fears created by the discovery and the application of the electricity, by its virtues, but also its uncontrollable aspect.

Keyphrases: Machine, Description, Illustration, Satire, Scientific anticipation, Criticism, Society
Rilettura della storia e attivismo politico nei romanzi dei Wu Ming

My thesis presents an attentive analysis of the rewriting of history, articulated in three novels of the group of Italian authors publishing under the pseudonym Wu Ming: "Q", "54" and "Manituana". Starting from the pamphlet published by the Wu Ming in 2008, on their conception of the historical novel and the romantic writing in general, the New Italian Epic (NIE), I propose two ways to put in evidence the review of History that emerges from the novels mentioned above: the notion of the oblique gaze (mentioned in the NIE); and the concept of the multitude. The technique of the oblique gaze implies a reflexion on the narration, a "mise en abyme" of the narrative process which is made by the way of an unusual point of view. This technique already has some litterary precedents in the works of writers such as Italo Calvino or Thomas Pynchon,*but in the new form that it aquires in the texts of the Wu MIng, it allows the articulation of a transversal review of history. This transversal review emerging from the novels of the Wu Ming is analysed in the first part of the thesis. The conceptualization of the oblique gaze that I develop in this section is based on the theory of the Anamorphosis of Jacques Lacan, in addition to the concept of the "Third person" suggested recently by the philosopher Roberto Esposito. The second part of the thesis focuses on Wu Ming’s analysis and interpretation of the contemporary socio-political situation, namely how their re-writing of history is inserted in the global biopolitical situation. In the novels of the Wu Ming we observe the emergence of an interpretation of this global situation which subverts the classical notions of the State and the citizen. The concept of biopolitics lends itself to different interpretations: in his writings of the 1970's, Michel Foucault, who is one of the major theorists of biopower and biopolitics, does not succeed in suggesting a unique and precise interpretation of this concept. Many Italian philosophers have worked on this notion, each one of them developping it in her own way. Some, such as Paolo Virno and, some time later Toni Negri, see in the concept of the multitude a possibility to balance the rapport power/people and therefore to develop new revolutionary possibilities for the deconstruction of the biopower. The Wu MIng seem to follow the positive reading of the multitude, which according to their conception, corresponds more to a neo-marxist interpretation of History.

Keyphrases: Wu Ming, Wu Ming, New Italian Epic, New Italian Epic, Roberto Esposito, Roberto Esposito, Thomas Pynchon, Thomas Pynchon, Biopolitics, New-Historical Novel, Transmediality, Oblique Gaze, Third Person, Depersonalization
Musique, immigration et intégration au Québec

Foreign musicians living in Quebec contributed to build and develop cultural landscape, and their influence on the musical world is far from negligible. However, what do we know about sociocultural and professional conditions of integration for these immigrant musicians? What challenges do they encounter? What strategies do they develop to move on with their professional career in a new artistic and social context? This research addresses one of the aspects of Quebec’s musical life through the problematic of the sociocultural and professional integration of immigrant performers of (learned) Western art music (or classical music). Based on the career of musicians living in Montreal since thirty five years or less, this study revolves around four axes: the impact of immigration on immigrant performers; their integration process; the influence of the sociocultural and musical context on the adaptation strategies these musicians developed and their contribution to Quebec’s musical world. Based on a sociomusicologic approach from a mixed methodology – theoretical study and field survey - this research is presented as an exploratory survey aiming to draw a general picture of the situations encountered by the immigrant performers in their integration. A theoretical framework was first prepared in order to expose, on one hand, the peculiarities of the work of performer (learning and professionalization) and, on the other hand, the different steps of immigration and integration, as well as their specificities. Then, by placing in this theoretical framework the data collected on the field, a more in-depth study of five particular cases allowed to apprehend the problematic through the experience of immigrant performers and to observe the strategies they developed to pass by the situations they had to face; one of their greatest challenge being to find the balance between their musical and cultural codes and those of the host country. The study of cases is driven by the parallel exposure of the experience of performers living in Montreal since thirty five years or less, the objective being to measure the incidence of the changes that happened in the musical milieu onto their socioprofessional integration process.  Data analysis revealed that fast professional integration of immigrant performers is rather due to the parallel practice of traditional music from their home country than to their formation in classical music. This new dynamic of adaptation, favored by policies of valorization of cultural diversity, causes a progressive shift of organisms’ interests towards traditional or mixed musical genres. Are we going forward to a change of paradigm, leading to the gradual loss of the predominance of the classical repertoire within immigrant performers, for the benefit of the traditional repertoire?

Keyphrases: Immigration, Integration, Immigrant performers, Classical music, Cultural diversity, Quebec
Développement du cartilage articulaire équin du fœtus à l’adulte : imagerie par résonance magnétique et microscopie en lumière polarisée

Adult articular cartilage has a zonal or layered structure, created by the predominant collagen fibre orientation (Benninghoff, 1925). Before reaching the classical “Benninghoff structure”, major changes take place with maturation from juvenile to adult cartilage (Julkunen et al., 2010; Lecocq et al., 2008). However, there have been few studies addressing the in utero collagen structure of articular cartilage. Our objective was to study the maturation of the distal femoral epiphysis articular surface, employing both magnetic resonance imaging and polarized light microscopy with picrosirius red staining, at sites employed for cartilage repair studies or susceptible to osteochondrosis to describe normal development of the spatial architecture of the collagen network at these sites and the relationship between magnetic resonance images and histology. Samples were harvested from five sites from the distal femoral epiphysis of 14 fetuses and 10 foals and adults, after the stifle was imaged with magnetic resonance imaging. Sections were stained with picrosirius red to determine the structural arrangement of the type II collagen fibres. Both magnetic resonance imaging and polarized light microscopy revealed an early progressive structural laminar/zonal organization of the collagen network, prior to birth and postnatal load-bearing.

Keyphrases: Horse, Foetus, Fetus, Histology, Magnetic resonance imaging, Articular cartilage, Collagen, Osteochondrosis