Impact d’un programme d’exercices des muscles du plancher pelvien sur les signes et symptômes du syndrome génito-urinaire de la ménopause chez la femme post-ménopausée

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) causes significant symptoms and considerable impacts on the quality of life and sexual function of postmenopausal women. Current treatments are effective in alleviating the symptoms of many women. However, in some cases, they do not relieve all symptoms, and may cause side effects and be contraindicated. In these cases, it is necessary to identify alternative or complimentary treatments for GSM. The purpose of this project was to increase knowledge on the use of a pelvic floor muscle exercise (PFME) program for the treatment of GSM in postmenopausal women. The main objectives were to: 1) evaluate the psychometric qualities of the measurement tools needed to study GSM, 2) study the feasibility and effects of a PFME program in postmenopausal women with GSM, and 3) investigate the potential mechanisms of action of PFME on GSM. Three separate projects were developed for this thesis. The first project was a case study involving a postmenopausal woman, which provided an exploration of the effects of PPME on GSM. In this case study, the woman’s signs and symptoms of GSM improved, as well as her quality of life and sexual function. Considering these results, hypotheses were proposed on the mechanisms of action responsible for the positive effects of PPME on GMS, one of which was the improvement of vulvovaginal vascularization. The second project aimed to assess the accuracy of the measurement of the vascularization of arteries related to vulvovaginal tissues, namely the internal pudendal and dorsal arteries of the clitoris, using Doppler ultrasound. Results from 20 women without urogynecological conditions supported the test-retest reliability of these measurements. For the third project, 32 postmenopausal women with GSM participated in two pre-intervention assessments, a 12-week PFME program, and a post-intervention assessment. The pre-intervention assessments confirmed the psychometric qualities of GSM measurement tools (the Most Bothersome Symptom Approach and the Atrophy Symptom Questionnaire) and the test-retest reliability of the measurement of the vascularization of the internal pudendal and dorsal clitoral artery in this population using Doppler ultrasound. Following the intervention, the results supported the feasibility of a PFME program in postmenopausal women with GSM, due to high rates of participation in the intervention and completion of the study. The results also supported the positive effect of this intervention by demonstrating a significant reduction in the severity of GSM symptoms, certain signs of GSM, and their impact on their quality of life and sexual function. Finally, the results of this study suggest an increase in vulvovaginal vascularization, an improvement in the ability to relax the pelvic floor muscles and an increase in the elasticity of vulvovaginal tissues as potential mechanisms of action of a PFME program in postmenopausal women with GSM. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Keyphrases: Genitourinary syndrome of menopause, Pelvic floor muscle, Postmenopausal women, Vulvovaginal blood flow