NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Effets des apprentissages de la langue écrite effectués par la typologie textuelle dans l’apprentissage multilingue (le coréen, l’anglais et le français) chez l’apprenant coréen

The concept of text-level organization is required in French literacy education for Korean learners. The major objective of this study was to explore a strategic approach which emphasizes the concept of textual typology on text-level language learning, as well as its cognitive and cultural dimensions of transfer, particularly in relation to French literacy education in multilingual learning (Korean, French and English). The textual typology which is deeply embedded in the empirical traditions of French literacy education has been a useful educational tool not only for teaching rhetorical conventions but also for practicing lexical and grammatical usage. Data were obtained from 21 Korean aged 14 to 15 years who study in English-French multilingual learning environments in Montreal. For comparative purposes, the results of the reading activity of three groups of seven students with elementary, intermediate and advanced competence in French as a second foreign language were analyzed. Our empirical research focuses on three issues. The first issue deals with whether the textual typology facilitates access to the text-level meaning as a useful pedagogical tool especially for low French level learners who have a limited vocabulary and grammar. We mobilized students’ background knowledge using English texts and we verified if they use it when they read French texts. The Post hoc contrasts showed that the textual typology is a profitable tool especially for beginners. The second issue is concerned with the practice of the strategic reading approach using a textual typology. The post-hoc about reading comprehension provided empirical support for the positive effects of reading strategies, not only for learning rhetorical conventions but also for understanding lexical and grammatical usage. And the results indicate crosslinguistic influence effects as well. The third issue focuses on the writing process with emphasis on the rhetorical norm in French writing. An analysis of students’ written texts showed that the rhetorical pattern of textual typology guided effectively to well formed writings in rhetorical and cultural dimension. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that the participants could effectively use the textual typology as well-developed networks of relevant prior knowledge in multilingual learning. And the strategic approach could stimulate the practice of the textual typology in textual comprehension and composition during reading and writing process.

Keyphrases: Textual typology, Strategic approach, Multilingual learning, French literacy education, Crosslinguistic influence
Role of NOX2 and DUOX2 in the antiviral airway responses

The mucosal linings of the airways are constantly exposed to an array of microbial pathogens. During the course of respiratory viral infection, Airway epithelial cells (AEC) actively participate in the innate antiviral immune response by limiting the spread of respiratory viruses and by fostering a proinflammatory environment that attracts and activates players of the immune system. A key step in the establishment of the antiviral and proinflammatory state is the activation of Transcription Factors (TFs), such as Nuclear Factor (NF)-κB and Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 (IRF-3), which regulate the expression of antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines. For the efficient functioning of these events, the signaling pathways involved underlie strict regulatory mechanisms. Recent data suggest that Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which are produced upon viral infection, are able to regulate these intracellular signaling pathways. One important source of ROS is the NADPH oxidase (NOX) family of enzymes, which is composed of NOX1-5 and Dual Oxidase (DUOX) 1 and DUOX2. The aim of our study was to identify the NADPH oxidase(s) that regulate(s) antiviral and proinflammatory mechanisms following infection of AEC with Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which causes major human lower respiratory tract complications, and Sendai virus (SeV), a non pathogenic virus. During the course of our studies we identified that NOX2 is a key molecule in the early proinflammatory response to RSV and SeV infection. We demonstrate that NOX2 is necessary for the activation of NF-κB. Consequently, NOX2 impacts on the proinflammatory cytokine secretion upon AEC infection. Further, we observed that expression of the ROS-generating NADPH oxidase DUOX2 is strongly increased following infection of AEC with SeV. We identified that DUOX2 induction requires the synergistic stimulation by IFNβ and TNFα. Importantly, DUOX2 exhibited ROS-dependent antiviral action. We identified that DUOX2 was necessary for sustaining the levels of late antiviral cytokines IFNβ and IFNλ. When AEC were infected with RSV, DUOX2 expression was barely detectable. Our data reveal that RSV has developed an evasion mechanism to counteract DUOX2 induction likely contributing to RSV pathogenicity.  In conclusion, our work demonstrates for the first time the specific implication of NOX2 and DUOX2 in the antiviral and proinflammatory response to respiratory virus infection.

Keyphrases: virus, airways, innate immunity, cytokines, interferons, Reactive Oxygen Species, NADPH oxidase, cytokines
É́tude sur la cinétique des défauts structuraux dans le silicium amorphe

This thesis presents the results of both computational and experimental studies on the role of structural defects in amorphous silicon. The computational work was done using a novel kinetic Monte-Carlo method to simulate the time evolution of defective models of amorphous silicon over timescales reaching one second at room temperature. These simulations show that the vacancy in amorphous silicon is unstable and does not diffuse without being annihilated. We also show that the annealing behavior of an ion-damaged model of amorphous silicon can be divided in two phases: the initial one being dom- inated exclusively by the diffusion and rapid creation/annihilation of bond defects, the other one with bond defect creation/annihilation being progressively replaced by bond exchanges from perfectly coordinated atoms. Defects also have an effect on the viscosity amorphous silicon. To explore this further we mesure the radiation-enhanced viscosity of pure and hydrogenated amorphous silicon under the effect an ion-beam. We show the change in viscosity is different, the hydrogenated samples having a constant density while the pure amorphous silicon samples having a viscosity that increases linearly with ion fluence. At low fluence, the viscosity of hydrogenated amorphous silicon is higher than the viscosity of pure amorphous silicon. The presence of hydrogen also reduces the amplitude of the logarithmic stress change observed during annealing at room tempera- ture.

Keyphrases: relaxation structurelle, silicon, amorphous, viscosity, structural relaxation, vacancy
Contribution de la motivation dans les jeux sérieux

Motivation encourages learners to be engaged in an activity and to persevere in its accomplishment in order to achieve a goal. In Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), different studies of learners’ motivation have showed three major lacks: a lack of objective and reliable means to assess this state, a lack of evaluation of the roles played by motivational factors developed by learning environments, and a lack of motivational interventions to support learners’ motivation. In this thesis, we are interested in understanding the state of motivation, as well as motivational factors and strategies in an exciting learning environment: serious games. First, we carry out an empirical study to assess learners’ motivation using Keller’s ARCS psychological model combined with electro-physiological recordings, namely skin conductance, heart rate, and brain activity. We also identify and evaluate different situations and strategies that promote motivation in a serious game environment. Second, we develop a serious game which has some motivational elements (version 1) as well as different motivational strategies (version 2). Our serious game intends to support learners to rich high levels of motivation, perseverance and performance. We conduct an empirical assessment of learners’ motivation during interaction with our serious game.

Keyphrases: Motivation, Serious games, Motivational strategies, Physiological data
La poésie graphique : Christian Dotremont, Roland Giguère, Henri Michaux et Jérôme Peignot

The purpose of this thesis is to define a type of modern visual poetry (20th – 21st), that we called graphic poetry. The graphic poetry focuses on a plastic and visual experimentation of the graphic sign, demonstrates an important conscience of the visual potential of the written form and tries to produce poetry in the materiality of the writing shapes. This artistic practice of poetry follows and also renews the poetic and plastic avant-gardes of the 20th century, more particularly surrealism. The graphic poetry refers to a practice of poem which is specifically graphic and includes a painting of the sign as a typographic work of the letter in order to produce the poem. The main characteristic of graphic poets is their double vocation : they are writers and visual artists. They experiment writing in its linguistic dimension and its graphic dimension, because they believe that the action of drawing a line or making of a linotype setting — namely the painting or the drawing of the word, of the graphic sign, the typography and the publishing — is already literature. In other words, graphic poets think that the creation and the materialization of the poem proceed of the same gesture. Christian Dotremont’s logograms, Roland Giguère’s artists’ books (Editions Erta) and prints-poems, Henri Michaux’s anthologies of invented painted signs and Jérôme Peignot’s typoems are some forms of graphic poetry. Our study focuses on francophone works, which come from Belgian, French and Quebec fields, published between 1950 and 2004. Three characteristics mainly define the graphic poetry : the ambiguity and the nomadism of the sign in relation to the semiotic systems (graphic, iconic and plastic), graphics rhythm and lyricism, as modalities of the expression of the subject in the graphic material, and a questioning of the distinction between autographic arts and allographic arts, requiring new ways of perception and reading of the poem and the book, that we called visual-reading and touch-reading.

Keyphrases: Visual poetry 20th-21st, Graphic poetry, Artist's book, Christian Dotremont, Roland Giguère, Henri Michaux, Jérôme Peignot, Relations between poetry, painting and typography, Visual semiotics, Rhythm, lyricism
Eye and Ear in Wordsworth's Poetry

This thesis is concerned with the visual and aural phenomenology in Wordsworth’s poetry. It places Wordsworth’s aesthetics between the most immediate embodied experience and the most exalted operations of the mind. My contention in the first two chapters is that one way to understand Wordsworth’s ambivalence toward the eye is to consider that visual perception is not a substratum on which imagination is coated or fabricated. Both bodily vision and imagination constitute characteristic and, strictly speaking, necessary ways of seeing. In the third chapter I deal exclusively with the ear, its status as an “organ of vision” as well as its impairments. The fourth chapter concentrates on the notion of synesthesia and delineates how beyond their negativity the eye and the ear contribute evenly to the growth of the poet’s mind.

Keyphrases: Oeil, Phenomenologie, Hermeneutique, Sensibilite, Eye, Ear, Phenomenology, Hermeneutics, Romanticism, Empiricism, Sensibility
La qualité des soins obstétricaux en milieu rural malien : une étude exploratoire

To improve maternal health, it is essential to implement interventions that act on the intrapartum period, interventions that consist essentially in improving access to obstetric and neonatal emergency care (EmOC). Nevertheless, several countries that have turned to such interventions encounter significant challenges in their implementation and the high rates of maternal mortality persist.  This study aims to identify characteristics of structure and process in community health centers (CSCOM) where maternal deaths have occurred and to compare these characteristics with those of CSCOM where no maternal deaths have occurred. We opted for an exploratory comparative approach of CSCOM with patients with different outcomes and different human resources configuration. The study population corresponds to CSCOMs of Kayes region in which obstetric emergencies were managed. The main focus of this study is on human resources, availability of equipment, supply and medicine, and on the level of knowledge of health care providers in these health centers. Our data analysis revealed that there are large disparities in resources available at the CSCOM level. Yet, these resources are needed in order to adequately manage obstetric emergencies. Although none of the CSCOM characteristic can be associated with adverse outcomes, the accumulation of deficits in human and material resources as well as the lack of knowledge of certain categories of staff suggests that the poor quality of obstetric care may threaten the parturient survival.

Keyphrases: Mali, maternal mortality, quality of healthcare, EmOC
Impact des coupes partielles sur l’activité de coléoptères phloeophages et xylophages en forêt boréale

To evaluate the viability of partial cuts, short-term responses of phloeophagous and xylophagous beetles (Cerambycidae and Scolytinae) following different partial cut treatments (0, 25 and 40% of basal area cut) were determined in a balsam fir–white birch boreal forest in Quebec, Canada. Each treatment was replicated 4 times totaling 12 experimental stands. The summer following treatments, abundance and diversity of targeted beetle groups along with their establishment (attack rates) in partially cut stands were assessed with passive flight- interception traps and bark dissection of exposed, freshly cut boles from three tree species. Greater activity/abundance from both taxa were detected (abundance 5 to 6 times larger) along with a different and more diversified species composition in partially cut stands (25 and 40%). The presence and distribution of species that usually colonize weakened host trees (e.g., Trypodendron lineatum, Rhagium inquisitor) – and can thus reduce stands economic value for future harvest operations – were influenced by canopy openness and injuries on residual trees made during silvicultural operations. Furthermore, combining diverse sampling techniques allowed us to observe different host-selection patterns (random landing vs. primary attraction) given our multi-scale experimental approach, which we found to vary between insect species. Understanding these mechanisms for such beetle groups are important to evaluate stand vulnerability following partial cuts and predict impacts and risks in a given environment. While the 40% partial cuts remove additional wood volume, we found no significant increase in beetle activity between the 25 and 40% treatment. Though partial cuts render treated stands more vulnerable to greater Cerambycidae and Scolytinae attacks, further studies must be done to confirm this trend in longer term if proper boreal forest management plans are to be drawn.

Keyphrases: Scolytinae, Cerambycidae, Boreal forest, Balsam fir–white birch forest, Partial cuts, Alternative forestry, Phloeophagous, Xylophagous, Scolytinae, Cerambycidae, Host-selection
Amplification de l'amplitude : analyse et applications

This thesis studies the quantum amplitude amplification algorithm and some of its applications in the field of property testing. We make use of the amplitude amplification algorithm to design an algorithm testing the linearity of Boolean functions which is more efficient than the previously best known quantum algorithm. We then generalize this new algorithm to test if a function between two finite abelian groups is a homomorphism. We improve on the previously best known algorithm for testing the symmetry of Boolean functions and use this new algorithm to test the quasi-symmetry of Boolean functions. Next, we further the study of the query complexity of the amplitude amplification algorithm for unknown initial amplitude. We give a rigorous description of the random variable representing the number of queries made by the algorithm and present the previously known result on its expected value upper bound. We then provide new results on the variance of this random variable. It is shown that, in the general case, the variance cannot be bounded above. We show, however, that it can be bounded for an appropriate choice of parameters.

Keyphrases: Variance, Quantum amplitude amplification, Property testing, Linearity testing, Homomorphism testing, Symmetry testing, Quasi-symmetry testing, Query complexity
L’aspect économique de la rhétorique amoureuse dans la comédie nouvelle et l’élégie érotique romaine

The identification of the financial and social constraints that underlie Menander’s love plots helps in explaining the arguments contained in the persuasive and dissuasive discourses employed by the various archetypal characters of this literary genre. This research demonstrates that there is a narrow parallel between the rhetoric rooted in these narrative situations and the later works of the Latin love elegists in a way that elucidates some aspects of the elegiac discourse: the poet-narrator positions himself in the situation of the enamoured young man of new comedy and his beloved addressee’s situation corresponds to that of the independent mistress who appears in many comic plots.

Keyphrases: prostitution, Latin love elegy, new comedy, persuasion (rhetoric), prostitution, marriage, money
Le potentiel des outils Internet pour inciter les jeunes adultes à voter et à s’intéresser à la politique

This master thesis analyses the effectiveness of social campaigns on the Web that attempt to motivate youth to vote. Political apathy among young adults led us to try to understand how social campaigns reach their public and what stakes are involved in the process. The 2011 Canadian elections were a perfect opportunity to analyse such campaigns given that Internet tools were created to encourage Canadians to vote, the most notable being the Vote compass.  With theories on the influence of medias and theories of persuasion, we will trace a portrait of how the Internet can help social mobilization. First, a survey allowed us to understand to what degree young adults were familiar with these Internet tools and if they appreciated them. Then, focus groups were conducted for a better understanding of political apathy and to evaluate the relevance of such social campaigns to motivate youth to vote. Results allowed us to conclude that social campaigns on the Internet could be used as educational tools to foster solid awareness of citizenship issues and that they can profit from social networks such as Facebook and Twitter.

Keyphrases: Vote, Internet, Young adult, Political interest, Social campaign
La néolithisation dans la région de Montréal depuis le Sylvicole moyen tardif : apport archéopalynologique

Direct archaeopalynological proof now supports the hypothesis of a slow horticultural adaptation during the Native American neolithisation of the Montreal area. Archaeological sites Hector-Trudel (BhF1-la) of Pointe-du-Buisson and Séminaire de Saint-Sulpice (BjFj-18) in Old Montreal were retained to elaborate an archaeopalynological methodology of archaeological soil study. This has allowed to characterize the impact of human presence of a vegetal environment on the sites and to identify signs of cultivation and management of alien and indigenous plants.    A horticultural complex producing corn (Zea mays), sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and native tobacco (Nicotina rustica) on a small scale and a form of fruit-bearing shrubs management are identified at the Hector-Trudel site during the Late Middle Woodland (A.D. 500 to 1000). These cultigens are also identified at the Séminaire site for the end of the Early Late Woodland (A.D. 1200 to 1300), though in bigger proportions, and a woodland management activity benefiting nut trees and the American basswood (Tilia americana), reflecting cultivated field maintenance practices, are evidence of an evolution in behaviors.

Keyphrases: Anthropology, Archaeology, Palynology, Archaeopalynology, Late Middle Woodland, Hector-Trudel site, Prehistoric horticulture, Neolithisation of Southern Quebec
L’activisme actionnarial : une perspective canadienne

If the role of shareholders is regarded as varying along a spectrum ranging from passivity to control of the company in which they have invested, it is safe to say that whereas institutional investors have exhibited a form of rational apathy in the past, this situation has changed significantly in recent years. Although institutional investors are still far from reaching the other end of the spectrum, it is clear that senior management and controlling shareholders are now faced with a limited number of institutional shareholders who know each other and who hold a significant share of the company's stock.  In spite of the legal and organizational barriers that still impede the ability of shareholders to exercise their rights, it appears that the actions of institutional investors have transcended majority rule by resorting to unusual ways of reducing the risk of opportunism within publicly held Canadian companies.   While the activism of institutional investors is a complex phenomenon embodying various forms which are often opaque and difficult to fully grasp, it can nevertheless be said that this mechanism of governance plays a critical role in slimming down agency costs arising from the realization of private benefits by managers and controlling shareholders. Indeed, in Canada, where most companies have a concentrated ownership structure, shareholder activism can serve as a counterbalance to the broad discretionary powers of company leaders and the influence of controlling shareholders, thus constituting a certain measure of protection for the rights of minority shareholders.

Keyphrases: Governance, controlling shareholder, institutional shareholders, Canadian public company, shareholder activism, directors, managers, decision-making power
Image de la femme transsexuelle dans Transamerica

Transsexuality and its depiction represent for many a subversion or transgression of gender binarity. Transsexuality’s depiction is oftenly regarded as representation. In order to question this transsexuality's depiction, its subversivity, its transgressivity, and even its representability, we will attempt to look at it otherwise. This thesis discusses transsexual audiovisual image as figure. To define what figure is, a distinction will be made between this term and another concept of aesthetics: representation. By means of a filmic analysis of Transamerica, directed by Duncan Tucker, we shall see how some modalities allow trans figure to appear. After this cinematic figure's study, we will give an account of the manner by which we pursued in a video production the research concerning the question about trans figure.

Keyphrases: figure, transsexuality, figure, representation, film, video, gender, sexual identity, research-creation