NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
La réflexion, processus déclenché et constructeur : cas d’enseignants de FLS en formation ou en exercice et d’aspirants coopérants internationaux

Since the 1990’s, the paradigm of the reflective practitioner entered higher education curricula. In Quebec, the Ministry of Education introduced in its list of skills required to become a teacher the idea that one should learn ‘to reflect on one’s practice’ (MEQ, 2001). Despite many studies about reflection, the concept of ‘reflection’ itself remains vague. So the effectiveness of the pedagogical and organizational tools used to “make people reflect” is highly questionable. Nevertheless, some researchers, following the seminal educative humanistic and pragmatic ideas of Dewey (1933) come to similar conceptualizations of what learning is through the reflection on practice (Osterman & Kottkamp, 2004; Brouwer & Korthagen, 2005; Loughran, 2006; Brockbank & McGill, 2007; Donnay & Charlier, 2008, among others). An operational definition of reflection is synthetized. It can help clarify the role of reflection in professional curricula. Going beyond the challenge of ‘capturing’ reflection events, this research aims at understanding how higher education programs contribute to develop long term professional self-renewal mecanisms. This study is based on qualitative interviews, within an interpretive approach. Data came from prospective teachers in French as a second language (FSL) and in international co-operation at Université de Montréal, as well as experienced FSL teachers working in a Quebec university. The method first isolated ‘occurrences of reflection’, then extracted the meanings emerging from what the interviewees had said about their experience of learning or working. Results provide insights into the process and outcomes of reflection. Two characteristics of the higher education programs appear to stimulate it the most : 1) ‘doing’ things in an authentic workplace or in simulated situations in the classroom; 2) interactive confrontation to others (peers and clients). Different types of ‘triggers’, conditions, concerns and objects of reflection are also brought to light. It appears that reflection stimulates changes in perspective in the mind of learners or workers, which makes them see things ‘differently’, that is, in a richer, more precise, more critical way, about their work, their colleagues or clients, and themselves as professionals. The study proposes some ways of improving teacher education programs and professional development in the workplace.

Keyphrases: reflection, reflexivity, reflective practice, teacher education, professional development, higher education, faculty development, teacher, learning, professional learning
Taux quotidiens d’inhalation et paramètres cardio-pulmonaires chez l’humain selon les données publiées en rapport au double marquage des molécules d’eau pour l’analyse du risque

The aim of the present study is to determine some respiratory and cardiovascular parameters in subjects of all ages for use, as physiological inputs, in toxicokinetic simulations and toxic risk assessment. The database used is taken from the literature. Data of interest include basal energy expenditures and total daily energy expenditures obtained by indirect calorimetry and doubly labeled water measurements respectively. Depending upon the unit value chosen, the highest 99th percentiles for daily inhalation rates were found in overweight/obese females 11 to 55 years old during their 36th weeks of pregnancy (47.31 m³/day), as well as in normal-weight boys aged 2.6 to less than 6 months(1.138 m³/kg-day) and 10 to less than 16.5 years (22.29 m³/m²-day). Generally higher values for the 2.5th up to 99th percentile were found in normal-weight children and teenagers aged 5 to less than 16.5 years compared to those for older individuals: minute ventilation rate, 0.132 to 0.774 L/kg-min or 4.42 to 21.69 L/m²-min versus 0.076 to 0.461 L/kg-min or 2.80 to 16.99 L/m²-min; alveolar ventilation rate, 0.093 to 0.553 L/kg-min or 3.09 to 15.53 L/m²-min versus 0.047 to 0.312 L/kg-min or 1.73 to 11.63 L/m²-min; cardiac output, 0.065 to 0.330 L/kg-min or 2.17 to 9.46 L/m²-min versus 0.045 to 0.201 L/kg-min or 1.63 to 7.24 L/m²-min; ventilation-perfusion ratio, 1.12 to 2.16 versus 0.78 to 2.40. Higher intakes of air pollutants by the respiratory tract expressed in ug/kg-min or ug/m²-min are expected in children compared to older individuals for identical exposure concentrations.The same conclusion is reached in pregnant and lactating females compared to male subjects of same ages, for intakes expressed per unit of bodyweight. The aggregate results obtained notably suggests that NOAELH values from Health Canada could be decreased by a factor of 2.6 by the use of the highest 99th percentiles for daily inhalation rates found in children; the minute ventilation rate of 20.83 L/min approximated based on an 8-hour workday may be considered as being conservative; however, the use of the daily inhalation rate of 0.286 m³/kg-day (i.e. 20 m³/day for a 70-kg adult) is inappropriate in risk assessment and management when applied to the whole population.

Keyphrases: Inhalation, Ventilation-perfusion, Energy expenditure, Oxygen consumption, Inhalation, Minute ventilation, Alveolar ventilation, Cardiac output, Ventilation-perfusion, Doubly labeled water, Risk assessment
L’accommodement raisonnable, outil d’égalité face à la diversité religieuse et culturelle au Québec

The concept of reasonable accommodation, erroneously perceived as a means for ethnic and religious minorities to enjoy special privileges, has plunged Quebec society in social unrest. Indeed, recent years non-western-based immigration contributed to changing Quebec society ethnic mix, leading to important social concerns by Quebecers of French Canadian descent and ultimately to the “accommodations crisis” (2006-2007).  Such social crisis raises numerous questions: How can we live together with a common identity when each one of us defends his/her religion? And also: have we not fought for those rights to be guaranteed for every person?  Far from privileging minority groups, reasonable accommodations are a flexible judicial tool allowing all citizens access to equality and protection against discrimination.  As religion is only one of several motives for discrimination, it is erroneous to believe that reasonable accommodations solely concern religious and cultural matter.  Nonetheless, religious freedom, a fundamental right guaranteed by the Canada and Quebec charters, should be protected as such.     Reasonable accommodations reveal another benefit: they are a key contribution to collective thinking regarding social coexistence and living together, a means to manage Quebec’s pluralism and to facilitate minority integration.  But how to accommodate religious minorities while preserving Quebec’s identity, characterized by secular values? Our analysis shows that a balance between neutral state requirements and fundamental individual rights can be reached.  Specifically, Quebec’s open secularity and interculturalism, are choices harmoniously blended in other social values: they call for the integration of cultural minorities into society through a common set of cultural values.

Keyphrases: Discrimination, Religion, Immigration, Fundamental rights, Discrimination, Identity, Interculturalism, Open secularity, Minorities, Religion, Immigration
La perception des parents d’enfants atteints d’autisme ou autres Troubles Envahissants du Développement sur l’accès aux soins dentaires au Québec

Literature review. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that presents many challenges for the dental practitioner. There is currently no published data on the access to dental care for autistic children in Quebec.  Materials and Methods. A survey, elaborated for this research and approved by the CHU Sainte-Justine’s research ethic committee, was distributed to parents of children visiting outpatient’s clinics of the hospital. The children had to be between the ages of 18 months and 18 years old, have an ASA score of 2 or lower and, for the study group, have been diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder by a professionnal. Results. Twenty-seven parents of autistic children and 37 parents of children in good health were surveyed. Fourty-four percent of the study group reported difficulty in finding a dentist compared to 5% of the controls.  Only 35% of the autistic children were followed by a general dentist compared to 79% of the children in good health. Seventy percent of the parents in the study group have to brush their children’s teeth and 83% of them find it difficult because of a lack of cooperation from the child.  Conclusion. It is significantly more difficult to find a dentist for an autistic child in Quebec than it is for a healthy child. For this patient population, we have to facilitate the accessibility to dental care in our province. Moreover, we need to support the parents of these children and provide them with the necessary to prevent dental disease.

Keyphrases: Autism, Dental care, Access
Intégration européenne et pratique diplomatique : l’expérience autrichienne (1987-2009)

This master’s thesis seeks to analyse the implications of European integration for national diplomacy. Using a sociological approach premised on individuals’ practices, I undertake a case study, spanned between 1987 and 2009, on the Austrian diplomatic corps. This study - which draws upon interview material collected in Vienna in 2009 – recounts the changes brought by European integration for Austrian diplomats’ practices and representations of neutrality, the latter being a core tenet of Austria’s diplomacy during the Cold War. We also concentrate on the adaptation process undergone by Austrian diplomats and their foreign ministry regarding the social dynamics at play in diplomatic interaction within the European Union (EU). Overall, I argue that diplomats involved in the daily management of EU business (either internal or external affairs) converge on a set of rules and social representations; altogether this process amounts to substantial adaptation and change for a diplomatic corps joining the EU in 1995 like Austria’s.

Keyphrases: Austria, Diplomacy, European Union (EU), Foreign ministry, Sociology, European Community affairs, Common foreign and security policy (CFSP), Neutrality, Europeanization
Traduction statistique par recherche locale

Statistical machine translation is a concerted effort towards the automation of the translation process. In the work presented here, we explore one of the major challenges of statistical machine translation: the search step (Brown et al., 1993). State of the art systems such as Moses (Koehn et al., 2007) search by exploring the prefix search space, a computationally costly solution to this potentially NP-complete problem (Knight, 1999). We propose that a local search approach can yield solutions which are qualitatively just as interesting, while keeping memory space and execution time at lower levels (Russell et Norvig, 2010). Furthermore, this type of search facilitates the use of global models for which a complete translation is needed and allows for non-continuous modifications, two tasks made difficult by exploring the prefix search space. The experiments we have conducted reveal that the use of local search during the search step in statistical machine translation is a viable, state of the art approach.

Keyphrases: Statistical translation, Phrase based model, Local search, Algorithme glouton, Greedy algorithm
L’accès de la société civile à la justice internationale économique

The end of the cold war marked an unprecedented new era of privatisation, liberalisation, and deregulation. Internet and the numerous technological advancements have brought citizens of this world closer at an astonishing degree. The world in the XXIst century seems more interdependent than ever before. A number of contemporary problematic issues significantly bypass State controls and borders. They are for instance related to foreign direct investment, human rights, the environment, corporate social responsibility, etc. Globalisation marks the State’s retreat in favour of non-state actors. In this light, civil society and multinationals appear as significant partners in the international legal order. This is in part reflected in the access given to multinationals/investors to international trade law justice. They have the capacity to file claims against states in front of international arbitration jurisdictions for violations of their trade rights as provided under BITs. However, what about the non-trade rights that may have been violated by investors? The present study explores the motives that would justify civil society’s access to international trade law justice. The purpose of such access would be to stand for non-trade rights, raised by problematic issues inherent to globalization, against States and multinationals, and that cannot be remedied solely through unilateral nor interstate efforts.

Keyphrases: civil society, non-trade rights, international trade law justice, non-state actors, international legal order
Les orgines historiques de la coopération économique régionale comme forme non-hégémonique de coopération

Historical origins of regional economic cooperation as a non-hegemonic form of cooperation. Abstract. This thesis examines the emergence of the regional economic cooperation as a non-hegemonic form of cooperation. We propose an alternative to the prevailing conception of hegemonic origin of systemic cooperation, proposed by the neorealist and neoliberal theories. Rather than relying on theories of the market, we focus instead on some critical processes of the anarchical structure itself, such as creation of forms of war by anarchy. More specifically, we focus on the forms of war that put the anarchical structure under maximal strain, bringing it to an overwhelming systemic crisis, the fall of a hegemonic power, the end of a hegemonic system, and the onset of a non-hegemonic systemic cooperation of more regional and economic nature. Prioritizing the historical approach we stress especially the role of long-distance trade and international credit in the construction, by the anarchical structure itself, of forms of war impossible for the hegemonic power to withstand.

Keyphrases: regional economic cooperation, hegemonic cooperation, non hegemonic cooperation, total war, industrial war, long distance trade, international credit, material capabilities, immaterial capabilities
Zwischen Inszenierter Wirklichkeit und realem Traum : Rolle und Problematik des Erzählers in den phantastischen Prosawerken von Leo Perutz und Alexander Lernet-Holenia

Often neglected by theorists and long associated with popular literature, fantastic literature is increasingly considered as an important literary genre. Since the beginning of the 20th century, researchers and the public have discovered or rediscovered this form of literature which is omnipresent in the literary landscape. A major piece of work that led to the scientific rediscovery of the genre is Tzvetan Todorov’s Introduction à la littérature fantastique. Written in 1970, this piece still offers a present-day echo to the scientist as much as the neophyte. Its definition of fantastic and its approach to the reader’s role are a reference, a great starting point for scientific study and a must for anyone desiring to explore fantastic literature. In this thesis, we will mainly focus on the role and problematic of the narrative writer throughout the work of two major representatives Austrian authors of the early 20th century fantastic literature: Leo Perutz (1882-1957) and Alexander Lernet-Holenia (1897-1976). The narrative writer seems to be playing a key role in fantastic literature: By addressing the reader at the first person, the author creates a particular dynamics. He influences the reader by being the narrator at the same time as a character in the story. He also creates a tension throughout the different narrative layers with his fragile state. The writer contributes to the outbreak of fantastic within the text and causes a reader’s hesitation. Leo Perutz produces a text model that also marks his colleague Alexander Lernet-Holenia. The almost mathematical structure of Perutz’s writings reminds that fantastic literature can play with order and chaos as well as with the frontier between dream and reality.  We will study pieces by Leo Perutz and Alexander Lernet-Holenia published between 1915 and 1937. The secondary literature sources that will serve to support my work are that of Tzvetan Todorov and Uwe Durst on fantastic literature and Gérard Genette on the narrator.

Keyphrases: Littérature fantastique, Perception, Unreliable narrator*, Fantastic literacy, German literature, Narrative writer, Destabilized narrator, 20th century, Realism, Dream, Perception, Role
Étude de l’impact de la charge de travail sur
les indicateurs biologiques d’exposition de l’acétone et du styrène par la modélisation toxicocinétique

Workload has been recognized as a major determinant for the pulmonary absorption and the kinetics of industrial solvents, which are volatile compounds largely used in the workplace. This study was undertaken to characterize the relationship between different levels of workload and the biological levels of acetone and styrene or its metabolites used as biological exposure indices (BEIs). Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models were adapted and validated in order to simulate a typical week long occupational exposure (8h/day, 5 days) to acetone and styrene alone or in co-exposure. Simulations were conducted at the current threshold limit values of 500 ppm and 20 ppm, respectively, and under workload levels corresponding to rest (12,5 W), 25 W and 50 W. The predicted values were compared to the current reference value of the BEIs. The end-of-shift level of acetone in urine for a workload of 50 W showed a 3,5-fold increase compared to the value at rest (28 mg/L), whereas the level of styrene in venous blood and its metabolites in urine showed about 3,0-fold increases compared to rest (0,17 mg/L and 144 mg/g creatinine, respectively). Simulations showed that a combined exposure of 20 ppm of styrene with 200 ppm of acetone at 50 W lead to an increase of styrene in blood of 10% of the corresponding level without acetone, while the level of metabolites in urine was slightly decreased. The simulated values for both acetone and styrene showed that workers performing heavy tasks (>25 W) are more likely to present higher internal levels which exceed the current BEIs reference values and may lead to health effects.The models described well the impact of workload on internal exposure and highlighted that workload needs to be taken into account while determining reference values for biological monitoring of acetone and styrene.

Keyphrases: Industrial solvents, Physical activity, Biological monitoring, PBTK model
The role of GAPDH in maintaining the functional state of the DNA repair enzyme APE1

Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites are highly mutagenic DNA lesions occurring either spontaneously or by the action of DNA damaging agents. In human cells, AP sites are processed by the major DNA repair enzyme APE1 through the base excision repair (BER) pathway. APE1 is a multifunctional protein that has AP endonuclease/3’-diesterase activities in addition to its role as a redox factor in activating many transcription factor. Recently, it has been shown that APE1 interacts with the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), an interaction that results in the activation of APE1 by reduction. Interestingly, depletion of GAPDH sensitized the cells to DNA damaging agents and induced an increase in spontaneous AP sites frequency. Moreover, cells knocked-down for GAPDH showed defects in proliferation. Here we set up to investigate the effects of GAPDH knockdown on cell cycle progression, APE1 subcellular localization and to identify the cysteine residue(s) of APE1, target(s) of GAPDH reduction. Our studies showed that GAPDH deficient cells arrested in G1 phase of the cell cycle. The defect in cell cycle progression is most probably due to accumulation of DNA damage which activates checkpoints leading to a delay in the cell cycle to allow DNA repair. Furthermore, in GAPDH deficient cells, APE1 formed nuclear foci-like structures that could represent aggregates of the oxidized form of APE1 or inactive APE1 foci on DNA lesions. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we created seven APE1 cysteine to alanine mutants which were cloned into a mammalian expression vector. We expect that at least one of these mutants is likely to resist the inactivation by oxidation as it cannot engage in disulfide bridge formation. Therefore, the expression of this mutant(s) in GAPDH knockdown cells is expected to restore a normal APE1 cellular distribution, rescue the cell cycle defects, and render the cells less sensitive to DNA damaging agents. In conclusion, our results show a new role of GAPDH in maintaining genomic stability under oxidative stress by maintaining APE1 in its functional state.

Keyphrases: APE1, GAPDH, Cysteine, Site AP, APE1, GAPDH, GAPDH knockdown, DNA damage, cysteine, AP sites
Portée et limites de la participation délibérative : le cas de la Commission d'étude sur la gestion de la forêt publique québécoise

This master’s thesis addresses the scope and limits of public participation in the management of natural resources. More precisely, a case study of the Commission Coulombe is made to determine, on one hand, how deliberative participation has encouraged the emergence of new discourses and what the political effects of this recognition were. The theoretical approach underlying the argument made in this dissertation is both discursive and institutional. It is based on Bas Arts and Pieter Leroy’s “political arrangement” notion.  The analysis of the Coulombe Commission reveals that deliberative participation reinforced the legitimacy of state institutions, encouraged the emergence of new concerns and concepts, had effects on the elaboration of rules, policies and programs and fostered – to an extent – a redefinition of the power relations among the actors of Québec’s forest regime. However, its effects on the democratization of public management remain limited. Government officials made use of the Coulombe Commission to reestablish their credibility, to justify unpopular decisions and push forward the principal orientations of their government. Furthermore, the social actors who gained the most power and the issues who became prominent are those who were advantaged by Québec’s political agenda of state modernization.

Keyphrases: controverse, discours, institutions, governance, public participation, forest management, deliberation, controversy, discourses, institutions