Étude de l’efficacité de la vaccination à Salmonella Enteritidis chez la poule pondeuse et de la protection contre l’infection

Contaminated eggs and egg products have been associated with outbreaks of human Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infections. Killed bacteria (bacterins) have been used to control Salmonella infections in poultry but variation in the conferred protection has been observed. In Canada the bacterins MBL SE4C and Layermune are currently used to control SE. However, their efficacy in protecting older layers has not been fully determined. Furthermore, the capacity of these bacterins to prevent vertical and horizontal transmissions has not yet been investigated. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of two available commercial bacterins on the immune response of laying hens, to verify the protection conferred by these vaccines against SE challenge and to identify immunogenic proteins to develop an oral subunit vaccine. Laying hens were vaccinated with two immunization schedules prior to the lay cycle (either at 12 and 18, or 16 weeks of age). The control group was injected with a saline solution. Laying hens were later inoculated per os with 2 x 109 CFU of SE PT4 strain either at 55 or 65 weeks of age. Serum IgG and mucosal IgA antibodies were measured with an in-house SE whole cell antigen ELISA. The phagocytosis, oxidative burst, splenic T and B cells populations were analyzed using flow cytometry. Clinical signs, fecal shedding, egg yolks contamination and organ invasion by SE were assessed to evaluate vaccine protection. Potential horizontal transmission from inoculated laying hens to non-inoculated laying hens, housed in the same isolator unit, was also evaluated. Immunogenic proteins were identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot with sampled antisera during vaccination and/or infection of poultry with SE and then subjected to mass spectrometry. The vaccination protocol with two immunizations showed a higher seroconversion level than the single vaccination at 3 until 32-34 weeks post vaccination (p < 0.02) but no difference before challenge (54 and 64 old weeks). There was no relationship between high IgG level and SE isolation rates in organs and egg yolks. Only the MBL SE4C vaccine elicited IgA antibody production at 3 weeks post vaccination in both immunization protocols (p ≤ 0.04). Significant higher mucosal IgA levels were observed at day 1 and 7 post challenge in oviduct of vaccinated birds (except for the twice vaccinated Layermune group) compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.03). Humoral efficacy to protect from SE contamination of egg yolk was only observed in MBL SE4C vaccinated group and only this bacterin administered twice reduced SE shedding rate in inoculated birds and their exposed cagemates (p ≤ 0.02). A set of 5 proteins were considered as putative protein candidates to further detailed study on their immunogenicity: Lipoamide dehydrogenase; Enolase (2-phosphoglycerate dehydratase) (2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro-lyase); Elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu); Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and DNA protection during starvation protein.  Overall, the commercial bacterins induced humoral immunity (IgG and IgA antibodies) in laying hens. This immune response partially protected for SE clearance, egg yolks contamination as well as horizontal transmission. In this study, MBL SE4C bacterin appeared to be more efficient in comparison to Layermune for protection of hens with a vaccination protocol comprising two immunizations. Our results provide additional and objective information on the potential of these vaccines for the control of SE in laying hens. Considering the partial protection achieved with the use of these bacterins, the identification of immunogenic antigens could help in the selection of specific proteins to elaborate a more efficient vaccine against SE in poultry.

Keyphrases: Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Enteritidis, Laying hen, Oeuf, Egg, Bacterin, Vaccination, Vaccination, Immune response, Challenge, Immunogenic protein