NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
La protection environnementale face au principe de spécialité de l’Organisation Mondiale du Commerce

Is the principle of specialty of international organizations an obstacle to the protection of the environment by WTO law? In this research, we observe the impact of the specialty principle on environmental protection wills, in both WTO texts and in decisions of the Dispute Settlement Body. The first approach of this research comes from the observation of a priori opposition of the economic and environmental spheres. However, the WTO seems want to direct its standard-setting activity towards sustainable development. As the international environmental law develops, the WTO is trying to integrate non-economic values into its thinking. However, the fundamental principles of WTO law seek the liberalization of international trades while environmental measures are often barriers to trade. As a result, the principle of specialty seems to avoid a real integration of environmental considerations into WTO law. Scientific, civil and political awareness of the dangers of climate change is therefore pushing Members to adopt new ways of approaching the issue. International cooperation is strengthening between the bodies of international law and the law of the WTO seems able, thanks to negotiations, to adopt new regulations favorable to the environment. This research therefore seeks to observe, in the texts and the jurisprudence, the evolution of the taking into account of the environment within the law of the WTO through the prism of the specialty principle.

Keyphrases: environmental protection, World Trade Organization, Principle of specialty, liberalization of trade, Multilateral Environmental Agreements
Faits divers, feuilletons et procès : une sociologie «en dehors de la sociologie»

In 2004, Michael Burawoy, then president of the American Sociological Association (ASA), made a plea for a “public sociology”. His considerations focused on the direction of the discipline's practice. His concerns were for a re-engagement in a dialogue with concerns closer to a “non-sociological” public. In this master thesis, I propose avenues to reflect on these concerns by looking at the journalistic practice through two genres: the “fait divers” and the “feuilleton”. I open up a dialogue between the two genres by exploring them in depth and analyzing their respective treatment of trials. It is through this theme that I underline their possible contributions to a sociology “outside of sociology”. The “fait divers” is a genre that is widely read in today’s newspapers. It focuses its attention on the environment close to its readers and on events that take origin in everyday life, but which have taken paths outside away from the ordinary. While this genre can be described as sensationalist and fearmongering, it nevertheless shows an interest in ordinary events that can bring new themes to sociology. The “feuilleton” and more precisely the type written by Siegfried Kracauer, is a German journalistic genre that flourished in the 1920s and 1930s. This author is interested in “small facts” of the urban world and assembles his observations in the form of a mosaic. The “feuilleton” tries to reveal the involvement of its readers in the phenomena it observes, thereby producing an effect of reflection after being read that brings a possible dimension to sociological writing. Following the analysis of examples from both genres, I propose three avenues that can respond to Burawoy’s concerns: 1) sociology can have a “sensational” aspect, 2) sociology can draw more inspiration from daily life, 3) sociology can take the example of a journalistic writing. By being interested in generating an effect through reading, investing in a form of writing that stimulates reflexivity and adopting a posture that takes into account contingency and the author's point of view in interpretation, journalism can provide elements of direction for the sociological practice in order to help it open up to a wider public.

Keyphrases: Fait divers, Feuilleton, Siegfried Kracauer, Trials, Sensationalism, Reflexivity, Everyday life, Writing form, Mosaic
Tester l’effet du crédit d’impôt pour le prolongement de carrière sur le taux d’activité des travailleurs de 55 ans et plus

While we are witnessing an acceleration of the phenomenon of demographic aging in Canada, a spectacular increase in the participation rate of the elderly has been felt since the end of the 1990s. Several factors may be at the origin of this increase, but few studies really focus on empirically verifying these. It is in this register that this research is focused. In fact, in 2012, the government of Quebec implemented a tax initiative dedicated to the maintenance and return to the labor market of the elderly, namely the “Tax credit for experienced workers”, today. renamed as the “Tax Credit for career extension”. However, to date, no study has been carried out on the effectiveness of this Quebec tax measure in which the government has spent nearly $ 700 million and is preparing to spend more in the coming years. Testing the effect of this incentive policy for experienced workers will therefore be the main objective of this research. In order to meet this objective, we performed multivariate regression analyzes using a statistical model developed from our review of the literature on labor force participation rates of people aged 55 and over. Our sample consists of 360 data or 36 observations (one for each of the years covering the period 1983 to 2018) for each of the 10 provinces of Canada. For the purposes of our analyzes, we selected the participation rate of those aged 55 and over as the dependent variable as well as a realistic selection of 10 independent variables divisible into three categories, i.e., trend and non-trend structural variables (term linear trend, squared trend term and set of 9 provincial dichotomies), economic variables (unemployment rate, interest rate and average weekly earnings) and public policy variables (income tax benefit work, incentive nature within pension schemes and tax credit for experienced workers).  Our results show that the Quebec incentive, the tax credit for career extension, did not have the expected effects on workers aged 55 and over, while particularly noticeable changes are observable for this age group. It seems that the good performance of the economic situation is sufficient to explain a good part of the behavior of the participation rates of people aged 55 and over in Quebec. These results are sufficient to encourage further evaluation of the tax credit program, as well as all current and future incentive policies put in place by governments.

Keyphrases: Pulbic policy, Participation rate, Experienced workers, Demographic aging, Tax credit for career extension
Le rôle médiateur du biais d’attribution d’intention hostile dans la relation entre l’agressivité et la personnalité antisociale : une étude des potentiels reliés aux évènements

Every day, around the world, aggressive behaviors are committed against individuals, causing physical, psychological and financial harm. In response to provocation, these assaults are said to be reactive and can be fuelled by cognitive biases of attributing hostile intent and antisocial personality styles. Filling a gap in the scientific literature, the purpose of this study is to evaluate hostile intent bias and its role in the relationship between antisocial personality and reactive aggression. To this end, participants were asked to complete questionnaires assessing personality, cognitive processes and aggression. Then, while recording their brain activity, they were asked to read scenarios of social interactions and to attribute intent to behaviors described as ambiguous and provocative. We analyzed the N400, an event-related potential component associated with the presentation of unexpected hostile or non-hostile intentions after each scenario. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to examine the validity of our mediation model. The results show that the N400 is stronger in the presentation of unexpected non-hostile intent than in the presentation of unexpected hostile intent in the centro-parietal regions. Antisocial personality and violation of hostile expectations were positively related to reactive aggression. Antisocial personality predicted reactive aggression even with the addition of hostile expectation violation (Z = .30, p = .76) or non-hostile expectation violation (Z = -.32, p = .75) as a mediator. In sum, the mediating role of intention attribution bias is unconfirmed and further studies are needed to better understand the link between antisocial personality and reactive aggression.

Keyphrases: N400, Personality disorders, Antisocial personality disorder, Aggressive behavior, Cognitive bias, Interpretive bias, Evoked potentials, Electroencephalography, Hostile expectancy violation paradigm
Temporal processing in autism spectrum disorder and developmental dyslexia : a systematic review and meta-analysis

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or developmental dyslexia (DD) are commonly reported to have deficits in temporal processing. These deficits can impact higher-order processes, such as social communication, reading and writing. In this thesis, quantitative meta-analyses are used to examine two temporal processing tasks, with the following objectives: 1) determine whether temporal processing deficits are a consistent feature of ASD and DD across specific task contexts such as multisensory and unisensory processing, modality and stimulus type, 2) investigate the relationship between symptom severity and temporal processing, and 3) examine the effect of age on temporal processing deficits. The results provide strong evidence for impaired temporal processing in both ASD and DD, as measured by judgments of temporal order and simultaneity. Multisensory temporal processing was impaired for both ASD and DD, and unisensory auditory, tactile and visual processing was impaired in DD. Greater reading and spelling skills in DD were associated with greater temporal precision. Temporal deficits did not show changes with age in either disorder. In addition to more clearly defining temporal impairments in ASD and DD, the results highlight common and distinct patterns of temporal processing between these disorders. Deficits are discussed in relation to existing theoretical models, and recommendations are made for future research and interventions.

Keyphrases: Autism spectrum disorder, Developmental dyslexia, Sensory integration, Temporal processing, Temporal binding window, Meta-analysis
Qualité de vie professionnelle et bien-être au travail en protection de la jeunesse : l’influence des rôles de genre sur la violence au travail et ses conséquences

Exposure to workplace violence puts child protection workers at risk for adverse occupational outcomes. While previous studies have identified protective and risk factors, individual differences in gender roles have yet to be explored. Moving beyond sex, the present thesis aims to examine the ways in which gender roles influence exposure to workplace violence, professional quality of life and wellbeing at work among child protection workers. A randomised sample stratified by sex of 301 Canadian child protection workers (Male: 15.6%, Female: 84.4%) completed validated questionnaires of exposure to workplace violence, gender roles, professional quality of life, and wellbeing at work. Mean differences in workplace violence, professional quality of life, and wellbeing at work according to gender role were then assessed using ANCOVAs controlling for clinical experience and type of work. The moderating effect of gender roles on other variables was assessed through hierarchical multiple linear regressions. Androgyny (high masculinity and high femininity) was associated with higher scores on positive indicators of professional quality of life and wellbeing at work. However, gender roles showed no significant moderating effect on the relationship between exposure to violence and indicators of psychological wellbeing at work. Results show how gender-based analyses can provide additional insights into the dynamics surrounding professional quality of life and wellbeing at work. They also suggest that androgyny could be related to potential psychosocial benefits for child protection workers.

Keyphrases: Child protection workers, Gender roles, Wellbeing at work, Professional quality of life, Workplace violence
Représentations sociales de la punition corporelle et pratiques de soutien de futurs psychoéducateurs auprès des familles, dont celles issues des communautés noires

This qualitative study looks at the representations and practices of Quebec future psychoeducators in situations of corporal punishment and physical abuse encountered in their professional practice. The study begins by examining the topic generally and then explores it more specifically when the family belongs to a Black community. Black communities are overrepresented in the child protection systems in Quebec, elsewhere in Canada and in other countries. In Montreal, members of these communities are reported mainly by professionals working with them. It would therefore appear essential to take a closer look at professionals’ representations and practices in order to shed light on the support offered to families and the decision to report them or not. 23 master’s-level university students took part in semistructured group interviews. A thematic analysis was then conducted using a mixed-categorization approach. Results suggest that the future psychoeducators surveyed are against the use of corporal punishment, but that their level of tolerance and understanding in this regard depends on various characteristics of the situations described. The cultural component is an additional factor that can help in understanding and that can have an influence on their professional practices. Finally, the discussion offers reflections about the place to be given to culture in the intervention and the unease that characterizes professional practice in such a context.

Keyphrases: Social representations, Professional practice, Corporal punishment, Black families, Overrepresentation, Future psychoeducators
Oscillations torsionnelles magnétohydrodynamiques auto-excitées dans les Jupiters chaudes

Hot Jupiters are exoplanets with unique features. Due to their proximity to their host stars, they show remarkable non-symmetry. This proximity with the star causes tidal locking, meaning one side of the planet is always exposed to intense radiation from its host and the other side is immersed in a perpetual night. This geometry means there is a difference of temperature ranging from 200 K up to 2000 K between the day and night side. This gradient in temperature induces zonal winds that can reach the order of 1 km/s to redistribute heat to the night side. The hot spot is the hottest spot of the planet and is a telltale of these strong winds. Observations and hydrodynamic numerical simulations show that zonal winds on these planets go eastward. However, two recent observations are showing westward winds. These planets are CoRoT-2 b and HAT-P-7 b. The most common explanation to this contradiction is that the magnetic field, which is interacting with the partially ionized atmosphere, can reverse these winds. It was previously shown that a magnetic diffusivity varying in space can locally generate magnetic fields when its gradient aligns correctly with the electric current density. We present here a one-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic model with a temperature-dependent magnetic diffusivity in the equatorial plane in the context of hot Jupiters. The simulations develop growing torsional alfvénic oscillations due to the non-linear coupling of the magnetohydrodynamics and the temperature partial differential equations and the temperature-dependent magnetic diffusivity. We explore the parameter space and study their influence on the oscillations. We have also developed a local model in order to derive analytical equations characterizing these waves and compare its results with the results of the one-dimensional model. We end by calculating the corresponding periods and longitudinal displacement of the one-dimension model oscillations for a Jupiter-sized planet. The periods correspond to an interval from 225 to 473 days and the displacements range from a few degrees up to 40°. This means that the oscillations could be observed with a few orbits.

Keyphrases: Magnetic diffusivity, Gaseous planets, Atmospheres, Magnetic fields, Magnetohydrodynamics, Numerical simulations
Calibration d’un détecteur HVeV en utilisant des neutrons de 56 keV

One of the biggest mysteries left to be solved in physics is the question of what dark matter is made of. The SuperCDMS experiment decided to explore this question and has done so for the last 20 years. We use semiconducting detectors that measure phonon signals generated by recoils. The HVeV detectors also use the Neganov-Trofimov-Luke (NTL) effect to generate a phonon signal proportional to the ionization signal that is also produced by the recoil. To do so, we apply a voltage bias the HVeV detector, which also amplify the signal by a factor proportional to the bias. We went to TUNL in North Carolina to calibrate our HVeV detector, made of a silicon crystal. The goal of the experiment is to determine the ionization yield of the nuclear recoil produced by the neutron beam provided to us by TUNL. This measurement is important since the ionization yield is dampened for nuclear recoil compared to electronic recoil and is linked to the gain of the signal in the HVeV. We use liquid scintillators coupled to PMTs to determine the energy deposited in the HVeV using the scattering angle between the HVeV and the chosen position of the PMTs. At this point, we only have the analyses for the data with no NTL gain, meaning that we do not yet have a measure for the ionization yield. Still, this analysis allowed us to validate our analysis method and the energy deposited in the HVeV for coincident events with PMTs of different position.

Keyphrases: WIMP, SuperCDMS, Dark matter, Direct detection, Ionization Yield, Neganov-Trofimov-Luke efect, liquid scintilators
Prime number races

Under the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis and the Linear Independence Hypothesis, Rubinstein and Sarnak proved that the values of x which have more prime numbers less than or equal to x of the form 4n + 3 than primes of the form 4n + 1 have a logarithmic density of approximately 99.59%. In general, the study of the difference #{p < x : p in A} − #{p < x : p in B} for two subsets of the primes A and B is called the prime number race between A and B. In this thesis, we will analyze the prime number race between the primes p such that 2p + 1 is also prime (these primes are called the Sophie Germain primes) and the primes p such that 2p − 1 is also prime. To understand this, we first present Rubinstein and Sarnak’s analysis to understand where the bias between primes that are 1 (mod 4) and the ones that are 3 (mod 4) comes from and give a conjecture on the distribution of Sophie Germain primes.

Keyphrases: Biais de Chebyshev, Prime number races, Chebyshev's bias, Explicit formula, L-functions, Sophie Germain primes, Selberg sieve, Cramér's model, Circle method, Analytic number theory
Modélisation de l'interaction entre les virus de la grippe et de la rougeole

People infected with measles experience immune suppression. This work focuses on the influence of this characteristic of measles on another pathogen, here the flu. We also have that the flu will increase the production of other pathogens in a co-infection model. Modeling the immune response to such virus-virus interaction is currently of signficant relevance, given the limited knowledge on SARS-CoV-2/influenza interactions. A model of each pathogen will be developed and analysed. We will look for the fixed points, conditions for their stability and we will observe some numerical results of their evolution over time. Then a model following the evolution of the two pathogens having simultaneously infected an individual will be designed. In this model we will include the interactions of the pathogens on each other to theoretically determine the effects in individuals infected with both influenza and measles. Then we can compare between the different populations when there is no interaction and with the different interactions between the two pathogens.

Keyphrases: Influenza, Measles, Immune suppression, Fixed points, Stability, Interactions between pathogens, Numerical simulations
Identifying electrons with deep learning methods

This thesis is about applying the tools of Machine Learning to an important problem of experimental particle physics: identifying signal electrons after proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider. In Chapters 1, we provide some information about the Large Hadron Collider and explain why it was built. We give further details about one of the biggest detectors in the Large Hadron Collider, the ATLAS. Then we define what electron identification task is, as well as the importance of solving it. Finally, we give detailed information about our dataset that we use to solve the electron identification task. In Chapters 2, we give a brief introduction to fundamental principles of machine learning. Starting with the definition and types of different learning tasks, we discuss various ways to represent inputs. Then we present what to learn from the inputs as well as how to do it. And finally, we look at the problems that would arise if we “overdo” learning. In Chapters 3, we motivate the choice of the architecture to solve our task, especially for the parts that have sequential images as inputs. We then present the results of our experiments and show that our model performs much better than the existing algorithms that the ATLAS collaboration currently uses. Finally, we discuss future directions to further improve our results. In Chapter 4, we discuss two concepts: out of distribution generalization and flatness of loss surface. We claim that the algorithms, that brings a model into a wide flat minimum of its training loss surface, would generalize better for out of distribution tasks. We give the results of implementing two such algorithms to our dataset and show that it supports our claim. Finally, we end with our conclusions.

Keyphrases: Neural networks, Machine learning, Deep learning, Supervised learning