Développement et évaluation de l’efficacité d’une intervention visant la diminution des symptômes post-commotionnels

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is accompanied by a constellation of manifestations known as post-concussive symptoms (PCS). The majority of patients recover completely and promptly, i.e. within one month of injury. However, 10-20 % experience prolonged recovery with persistent PCS (PPCS), which impact quality of life, community integration and resumption of activities. For the minority of patients who present PPCS, it is necessary to provide them with resources beyond the acute preventive psychoeducation recommended by practice guidelines. However, there are very few interventions available to reduce PCS and thus enhance recovery. To date, psychological and psychoeducational interventions developed specifically for the post-acute phase, which takes place between the acute (0-1 month after mTBI) and the chronic phase (> 6 months post-injury), are particularly rare. The scarce existing evidence suggests that the optimal intervention should be brief, including a few sessions of psychoeducation and/or counseling. Nevertheless, these are preliminary data and many open questions remain regarding the optimal format (e.g., in person vs. on the phone, individual vs. group, number of sessions, specific content). Moreover, the poor methodological quality of previous intervention studies significantly complicate interpretations (e.g., absence of control groups, non-randomized groups). The main objective of this thesis was therefore to develop and explore the feasibility and treatment effect of a novel psychoeducational and counseling intervention program for the post-acute phase after mTBI. The objective of the first article of the thesis (Chapter 2) was to overcome the paucity of work describing psychoeducational intervention protocols and their theoretical underpinnings. The article therefore aimed to present the theoretical and methodological approach associated with the development of the SAAM intervention. SAAM is a program including four 1-hour individual intervention sessions given in person, each targeting a type of common PCS in the post-acute phase: Sleep/fatigue, Attention, Anxiety/mood, Memory/organization. It informs the patient, provides reassurance about recovery, and supports the gradual resumption of activities by giving the patient the tools to do so. This approach is anchored in an integrative theoretical model of symptom persistence (Hou et al., 2012), the components of which are explained in the article. The latter provides a better understanding of the theoretical rationale behind the development of the SAAM intervention, and includes a detailed description of the protocol. The article is meant to align with efforts to clarify the theoretical underpinnings of the intervention program and enhance transparency in scientific reporting, an essential step in the advancement of interventional research. More broadly, this work will facilitate scientific replication and knowledge transfer in clinical settings. The second article (Chapter 3) aimed to estimate feasibility and explore the treatment effect of the SAAM intervention in symptomatic patients during the post-acute phase. A pilot randomized controlled trial with two parallel groups (experimental, n = 13 and wait list, n = 12) demonstrated the feasibility and tolerability of the intervention. Preliminary data suggest an effect of the intervention in reducing overall PCS. More specifically, regarding the PCS targeted by the SAAM intervention, an improvement in complaints related to depressive symptoms, fatigue, and sleep quality perception was observed post-intervention. However, the intervention failed to show a positive effect in addressing anxiety or somatic complaints, nor was it significantly impactful in improving cognitive performance (attention, memory). No effect was observed in terms of community integration either. Nonetheless, additional analyses (Chapter 4) suggest that SAAM intervention might restore the need for competence, a basic psychological need closely related to the individual's well-being. Finally, additional analyses pertaining to an intervention satisfaction questionnaire confirm that participants report a high level of satisfaction with the intervention, which bodes well for clinical implementation. The SAAM intervention holds promise because of its innovative aspect, its brief and easily accessible standardized format, and its demonstrated effects on several disabling PCS. The clinical significance of this thesis is notable and is discussed, along with study limitations and future avenues of research, in the final chapter. This work emphasizes the importance of pursuing research efforts in the field of post-mTBI interventions, in order to provide clinicians with the tools they need to offer the best possible care to patients who have sustained mTBI.

Keyphrases: intervention, concussion, counseling, intervention, mild traumatic brain injury, post-acute phase, post-concussive symptoms, psychoeducation, randomized controlled trial