NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
La cruauté au féminin : mythes et sacrifice dans La Comtesse sanglante de Valentine Penrose

Abstract    The present thesis is an analysis of transgression in relation to the location, character and sacrifices in La Comtesse sanglante (1962) by Valentine Penrose, an artist and author who became part of the surrealist movement from 1926 onwards. In the first place, beginning with the salient aspects of the sacrifice and the sacred, the thesis will present the transgressive side of the historically notorious Erzsébet Báthory, who is portrayed in the story as a beauty that conceals a monstrous soul. In second place, then, the thesis will discuss the cruelty and theatricality of the compulsive sacrifices that serve to deify the protagonist. Starting from Foucault’s theory of transgression, from which we derive the idea of threshold, the first chapter will present the marginality of the murderess’s universe, which is described as if it were extension of her body, and the castle, as a cold and empty structure within. In the second chapter, the thesis will correlate the violence and the sacred in relation to, firstly, the staging of the sacrifice scenes and the role of each woman who took part in them, and secondly, to the escalation of cruelty in the story. In the third chapter, the thesis will explore the phenomenon of rumor and the main character mythical parentage by the rewriting of two monstrous figures: the medusa and Lilith. Through these analyses, the main goal of this thesis is to promote awareness of this author and to identify the uniqueness of the Countess Báthory, portrayed as the archetype of female transgression.

Keyphrases: Transgression, Sacrifice, Valentine Penrose, Surrealism, Transgression, Feminin myth, Sacrifice, Cruelty, Valentine Penrose
Pouvoir et subjectivation : dialogue Arendt/Foucault sur les origines des camps de la mort

The revelation to light of the atrocities committed in Nazi and Soviet concentration camps has not only shaken the political circles. Several researchers in the humanities (one thinks immediately of the Milgram experiment) and philosophy have sought to understand the functioning of totalitarian regimes. Hannah Arendt, in addition to having contributed to the popularization of the concept of totalitarianism, was one of the first to look for the origins. Although he never tackled head on the issue of Nazism and Stalinism, Michel Foucault, too, grounded his research on power in a genealogical approach. Specifically, it was during his work on governmentality and biopolitics that he studied governmental rationalities, technologies and their subjectification effect. The objectives of this research are to present a critical discussion of these two approaches of the phenomena of power in the West and to produce a comparative study of the totalitarian phenomenon.

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Governmentality, Totalitarianism, Foucault, Foucault, Arendt, Arendt
La dinámica del ordenamiento territorial en Colombia : contraste de dinámicas urbano-rurales en la región metropolitana de Bogotá

Territorial planning is the result of diverse economic, political, social, cultural and environmental processes. The ‘territory’ is seen as reflecting the visions and interests of the actors who participate in its construction. In this sense, the main goal of this dissertation is to explore the dynamics that underly territorial planning in Colombia, in particular in the district capital of Bogota and its nearby municipality Soacha – part of the metropolitan region of Bogota. This dissertation analyzes three aspects that constitute at the same time the dissertation’s specific goals: the recent public policies for territorial planning that apply to the study zone; the role of social actors; and the new situation with respect to urban - rural relations that are present there.  The dissertation emphasizes the contextual elements that serve as the basis for understanding the recent transformations of the case study areas and their spatial implications. Different processes have been established in the new geography of the region. Globalization, economic transformations, new standards and laws related to territorial planning, new forms of participation, and the political decisions of the district and municipal administrations have contributed to the construction of this new order.   The theoretical underpinnings of this study highlight two perspectives or visions of the territory. On the one hand, there is the vision used and applied by the State in which the territory is understood as a space limited by administrative boundaries; and, on the other hand, the cultural perspective in which the territory is defined by its social appropriation and identity. However, a new approach is emerging, not only in Colombia but in many other countries, from the integration of these two visions or perspectives. The analysis shows how new social actors such us the “Territorial Planning Councils” (Consejo Territorial de Planeación) have been created as a consequence of incorporating a participatory approach into different public laws and frameworks. Furthermore, actors such as the peasants now carry out actions of resistance to stop or at least limit urban expansion.  The new patterns of urban - rural relations show that there is a significant diversity of activities and functions present in this very dynamic ‘frontier’ in which both urban and rural elements are present continually present but always evolving.

Keyphrases: Bogota, Soacha, Territorial planning, Territory, Actors, Public policies, Urban-rural relations
L’exception de moralité publique dans les accords de l’OMC et son application dans le différend canado-européen sur la chasse au phoque

Among other criticisms, the World Trade Organization (WTO) is often blamed for not taking sufficient account of non-trade concerns, which express consumers and States’ societal or cultural values, under the pretext of international trade liberalization. Concerning trade in goods, though, GATT article XX provides certain general exceptions, allowing States to justify trade-restrictive measures intended to protect public morals. Now, this rarely-invoked "public morals clause" is at the very heart of a pending trade dispute between Canada and the European Union (EU), after the EU decided in 2009 to ban products derived from seal hunt, which is seen as cruel by many Europeans. In this report, the author tries to predict what the outcome of this dispute could be. To this end, the report first examines the public morals concept in public international law. Then, it describes in details the context of this conflict, in particular at the political level. Finally, the author makes an assessment of an article XX defense, following the method adopted to date by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB). This report concludes that the DSB is likely to consider that the challenged measure aims at addressing a real concern about the protection of public morals in Europe; however, in the author’s view, the European ban will not be deemed "necessary" to achieve this end under GATT article XX. Indeed, the DSB will most likely consider that the European Union had less trade-restrictive available options that are more compatible with its obligations under the GATT. Regrettably, the author believes that the ORD decision in this dispute will not satisfy those who call for a better recognition of legitimate non-trade concerns by the WTO.

Keyphrases: Public international law, WTO, Public morals, Trade dispute, Seal
La violence en cours d’hospitalisation : études de cas de patients présentant une symptomatologie de type menace et atteintes aux mécanismes de contrôle

Studies suggest that people with severe mental illnesses represent a higher risk of acting out violently than the general population. However, evidences as to why these individuals would be more prone to violence remain contradictory. In 1994, Link and Stueve suggested that a person with Threat/Control-Override (TCO) symptoms is at a significantly higher risk to act violently. Those results were subsequently reproduced. The objective of this report is to get a better understanding of the relation between TCO symptoms and violent acting out during hospitalization. Therefore, data concerning symptomatology and violent acting outs by two Institut Philippe-Pinel de Montréal (IPPM) inpatients are presented in two case studies. The analysis of the clinical content in these case studies suggests that a nomothetic approach would only allow us to understand part of the correlation between aggressive behaviors and TCO symptoms. More over, this approach does not integrate other clinical factors such as hallucinations to the comprehension of aggressive acting outs. A phenomenological approach where the person’s understanding of his environment and what he considers as options in responding are investigated, provides additional clues that could lead to the understanding of why someone with a severe mental illness may be at risk of acting out violently.

Keyphrases: Violence, Maladie mental grave, Threat/Control-Override symptoms, Violence, Severe mental illness
Large scale identification of protein SUMOylation by mass spectrometry in HEK293 cells

A wide range of cellular events are regulated by protein SUMOylation. This posttranslational modification was involved in APL (acute promyelocytic leukemia). Only a few large scale studies in mammalian cells have focused on identifying the conjugation sites. This thesis presents a unique quantitative proteomics approach that combines double affinity purification at the protein and peptide level.  A common approach to purification of SUMOylated proteins involves the use of a tagged SUMO (His6-SUMO). To date, the SUMO peptide isolation is addressed using an engineered SUMO.   In presence or absence of arsenic trioxide, a treatment of APL, mock and His6-SUMO1/3 expressing cells are lysed and the SUMOylated proteins are isolated under denaturing conditions. Subsequently, these samples are digested and the peptides bearing the modification site bear a specific SUMO stub. They are either immunoprecipitated with an anti SUMO stub antibody or directly analyzed by nano LC coupled to an LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Manual analysis of the data reveals characteristic fragmentation corresponding to the side chain of SUMO. The originality of the approach lies in the quantitative and unambiguous identification of SUMOylation sites in vivo. This approach allowed the identification of 17 and 3 sites of SUMO-3 and SUMO-1, respectively, in HEK293 cells. Finally, PML was identified as the major SUMOylation target following arsenic treatment.

Keyphrases: SUMOylation, Identification de sites de SUMOylation, SUMOylation, Mass spectrometry, Identification of SUMOylation sites, Affinity purification
Understanding deep architectures and the effect of unsupervised pre-training

This thesis studies a class of algorithms called deep architectures. We argue that models that are based on a shallow composition of local features are not appropriate for the set of real-world functions and datasets that are of interest to us, namely data with many factors of variation. Modelling such functions and datasets is important if we are hoping to create an intelligent agent that can learn from complicated data. Deep architectures are hypothesized to be a step in the right direction, as they are compositions of nonlinearities and can learn compact distributed representations of data with many factors of variation.  Training fully-connected artificial neural networks---the most common form of a deep architecture---was not possible before Hinton (2006) showed that one can use stacks of unsupervised Restricted Boltzmann Machines to initialize or pre-train a supervised multi-layer network. This breakthrough has been influential, as the basic idea of using unsupervised learning to improve generalization in deep networks has been reproduced in a multitude of other settings and models.  In this thesis, we cast the deep learning ideas and techniques as defining a special kind of inductive bias. This bias is defined not only by the kind of functions that are eventually represented by such deep models, but also by the learning process that is commonly used for them. This work is a study of the reasons for why this class of functions generalizes well, the situations where they should work well, and the qualitative statements that one could make about such functions.  This thesis is thus an attempt to understand why deep architectures work. In the first of the articles presented we study the question of how well our intuitions about the need for deep models correspond to functions that they can actually model well. In the second article we perform an in-depth study of why unsupervised pre-training helps deep learning and explore a variety of hypotheses that give us an intuition for the dynamics of learning in such architectures. Finally, in the third article, we want to better understand what a deep architecture models, qualitatively speaking. Our visualization approach enables us to understand the representations and invariances modelled and learned by deeper layers.

Keyphrases: Machine learning, Artificial neural networks, Deep architectures, Unsupervised learning, Visualization
Les relations entres les générations, les valeurs au travail et les comportements de 
citoyenneté organisationnelle

Our research aims to better understand organizational citizenship behaviors and in particular, which individual values can promote or disadvantage them. We selected five such behaviors for sour research: civic virtue, sportsmanship, conscientiousness, courtesy and altruism. We chose to study influence of 28 individually-hold work-related values on these five organizational citizenship behaviors. We also chose to include generations as an antecedent of work values. Respondents were sorted into four generation still active in the labor market (i.e., Veterans, Baby Boomers, X, Y. We also investigated whether belonging to a generation rather than another has an impact on organizational citizenship behaviors.  Data were collected by a survey firm called Observateur. In total, 278 questionnaires were used in the context of our research. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to assess the explanatory power of values on organizational citizenship behaviors. Post hoc Scheffé tests verified the existence of differences in values between generations and an analysis of variance allowed us to check the influence of generations of organizational citizenship behaviors.  The results suggest significant associations between values and organizational citizenship behaviors thus confirming the positive or negative influence of certain values on five organizational citizenship behaviors. With respect to the differences in values between generations, the results reveal that they are much smaller than the literature suggests. Finally, our results show that  belonging to a generation rather than another has no significant impact on organizational citizenship behaviors.  Keywords: work values, generation, organizational citizenship behaviors

Keyphrases: Work values, generation, Organizational citizenship behaviors
Développement d'outils de surveillance biologique pour l'évaluation des risques à la santé des travailleurs en arboriculture et en viticulture exposés aux fongicides

Several workers use captan and folpet as fungicides in agriculture, but their exposure has yet to be measured specifically and precisely. Biomonitoring is an excellent tool for this purpose since it allows to quantify internal exposure. However, the majority of toxicological data on these fungicides come from animal studies and data in humans are limited. The aim of this project was thus to develop biological monitoring tools in order to assess exposure to captan and folpet in humans. In this perspective, the project was divided into three complementary parts: i) to develop specific and accurate analytical methods in order to quantify captan and folpet metabolites in urine and blood, namely tetrahydrophthalimide (THPI) for captan and phthalimide (PI) and phthalic acid for folpet; ii) to determine the toxicokinetics of the two fungicides in humans by exposing volunteers acutely to low-doses of captan or folpet by oral and dermal routes under semi-controlled conditions and by quantifying the biomarkers in plasma and urine, except phthalic acid which was only measured in urine; iii) to validate the use of the selected biomarkers of exposure to captan and folpet and estimate actual exposures of workers and main exposure routes to these fungicide in the context of a field biomonitoring study in farmers during treatment and harvest activities over seven consecutive days. This study showed that THPI and PI are both valid and specific biomarkers of exposure to captan and folpet, respectively, in humans. Indeed, the developed methods for these two metabolites are accurate showing more sensitive detection limits than those reported in the literature, good recovery rate (90% for THPI and 75% for PI), linearity (R2>0.99) and stability (RSD<15% for intra-and inter-day precision and accuracy). They allowed determining the kinetic profiles of the two metabolites in healthy volunteers and in workers. These profiles indicate a rapid elimination of both metabolites, since the urinary elimination half-life of THPI was 11.7 h and 18.7 h following an oral and dermal absorption, respectively, and 27.3 h and 28.8 h for PI. They also evidence a low dermal absorption for both fungicides when oral and dermal route are compared. In addition, parallel profiles were observed between PI and phthalic acid, but the administrated dose of folpet was mostly recovered as phthalic acid rather than PI. As for the study of farmers, it showed that the dermal route was the main route of exposure. It also pointed out that it is important 1) to perform 24-h complete urine collections rather than collect spot urines, 2) to measure several metabolites to better assess actual exposure, and 3) to rely on the toxicokinetics to help interpret biomonitoring data. Overall, knowledge acquired from this study may be applied to other fungicides or even to other substances.

Keyphrases: Captan, Folpet, THPI, PI, Biomonitoring, Phthalic acid, Kinetics, Human data, Field workers
Cartographie du réseau d'interactions protéiques de la machinerie de transcription dans les cellules humaines

Proteins are the most versatile macromolecules of the cell. They play a fundamental role in the majority of biological processes through the formation of multiprotein complexes. During transcription, a multitude of factors are involved in the control of activity of RNA polymerases. Our laboratory was interested in defining the nuclear RNA polymerases transcription machinery interaction network to better understand their regulatory mechanisms. To do so, a proteomic procedure that allows affinity purification of protein complexes coupled to mass spectrometry and computational data analysis was developed. The tandem affinity purification procedure has been adapted for the purification of soluble protein complexes as they likely exist in live mammalian cells. The aim of my master project was to purify the RNA Pol I complex as well as to further pursue the expansion of the protein-protein interaction network of the human RNA Pol II transcription machinery. By using POLR1E, TWISTNB, POLR2E, PFDN4, MBD2, XPA, CAND1 and PDCD5 TAP – tagged proteins expressed in EcR-293 cell lines, multiple soluble protein complexes were purified and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Protein interactions have been sorted and validated computationally. High-confidence dataset of interactions were used to build the protein-protein interaction networks. The network created for this project connects several components of the transcriptional machinery such as RNA Pol I, II and III, RPAP3/R2TP/prefoldin-like, TRiC/CTC, Mi-2/NuRD complexes and DNA repair and transcription factors. This type of analysis allowed us to identify and characterize new regulators of RNA Pol I and II transcription machinery and to better understand its functioning.

Keyphrases: Transcription machinery, RNA polymerase, TAP purification, Interaction partners, Interaction networks
Mesure du rapport d'embranchement des désintégrations B^0--> pi^- l^+v et B^+--> êta^(') l^+v, du spectre des facteurs de forme des désintégrations B^0--> pi^- l^+v et B^+--> êta l^+v, et extraction de |V_ub| dans l'expérience BABAR

We report the results of a study of the exclusive charmless semileptonic decays, B^+--> êta^(') l^+v and B^0--> pi^- l^+v, undertaken with approximately 464 million BBbar pairs collected at the Upsilon(4S) resonance with the BABAR detector. The analysis uses events in which the signal B decays are reconstructed with a loose neutrino reconstruction technique. We obtain partial branching fractions for B^+--> êta l^+v and B^0--> pi^- l^+v decays in three and twelve bins of q^2, respectively, from which we extract the f_+(q^2) form-factor shapes and the total branching fractions B(B^+--> êta l^+v) = (3.39 +/- 0.46_stat +/- 0.47_syst) x 10^-5 and B(B^0--> pi^- l^+v) = (1.42 +/- 0.05_stat +/- 0.08_syst) x 10^-4. We also measure B(B^+--> êta' l^+v+) = (2.43 +/-0.80_stat +/- 0.34_syst) x 10^-5. We obtain values for the magnitude of the CKM matrix element |V_ub| using three different QCD calculations.

Keyphrases: semileptonic, CKM, CKM, |V_ub|, |V_ub|, chromodynamic, meson
Marqueurs précoces des problèmes sensoriels chez le jeune enfant présentant des problèmes d'alimentation

Problem Statement. Thirty-three to 80% of children with developmental problems also have feeding problems. The clinical evaluation of these children constitutes an essential step in identifying feeding problems. Although valid tools for the assessment of oral-motor problems exist, evaluation of oral sensory problems remains very limited, resulting in a marked gap for addressing feeding problems of a sensory nature. Goal. The goal of this study was to put in place several critical steps necessary to develop a measurement instrument for the early identification of sensory feeding problems in the pediatric population. Methods. Several steps, described by Kielhofner and colleagues, for the development of a new evaluation tool were followed. Results. A preliminary version of a parent questionnaire (Questionnaire de la sphère sensorielle de l’alimentation), containing 58 items, has been developed. It allows the documentation of children’s ability to deal with oral sensory issues related to feeding. The test (Test de la sphere sensorielle de l’alimentation) permits evaluation of the tolerance to oral exploration of non-edible and edible items. Implications. This questionnaire and test constitute a first step in the development of a sound clinical oral sensory and feeding assessment tool for young children ages 6 to 36 months.

Keyphrases: Trouble sensoriel, Questionnaire, Child, Feeding disorder, Sensory disorder, Clinical evaluation
L’effet de la perte au suivi sur l’efficacité des traitements de prévention de la transmission mère-enfant du VIH en Afrique subsaharienne : revue systématique

Loss to follow-up greatly decreases efficiency of MTCT interventions in sub-Saharan Africa. Should we therefore choose shorter pMTCT treatments over longer ones? We conducted a systematic review of studies on the efficiency of pMTCT treatments with or without an antenatal component. We found that after adjustment, treatments with an antenatal component still had a higher efficiency at decreasing MTCT despite loss to follow-up. Healthcare providers shouldn’t fear using longer treatments amongst populations at high risk of loss to follow-up. More studies are needed to determine how current interventions can be better adapted to the turnaround in pMTCT interventions.

Keyphrases: AIDS, HIV, Loss to follow-up, MTCT, Sida, pMTCT, TME, Populational efficacy, Sub-saharan Africa