NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
La voix-over dans le cinéma documentaire

This exploratory thesis examines the various practices of voice-over in documentary  film. Questioning the highly heterogeneous nature of voice in the over register, I first discuss  it with respect to the material aspects of sound before examining it’s functions in the  elaboration of documentary discourse. Because this is a new undertaking, I will travel back-  and-forth between the rare studies concerning voice-over–almost exclusively confined to  fiction film (Kozloff, Châteauvert, Boillat)–and works proposing different theoretical and  critical views on the representation of reality in documentary films (Nichols, Niney,  Gauthier). This will help bring to light the specificities of documentay cinema where voice-  over is used less towards the production of a narrative and more towards the articulation of  discourse.    With the help of examples from a range of documentary films, I will show how speech  (both as an occurrence of sound and as a means of producing meaning) is placed over the  images, in a sometimes converging, but sometimes diverging, interdependent relationship.  This will help demonstrate that the specific use of voice-over in documentary film makes  manifest the act of speech of the sensitive, thinking subject who offers, no more no less, than  an interpretation of the world. Also, this thesis is a diptych and needs to be considered in  correspondence with the documentary film D'où, chose étonnante, rien ne s'en suit that  constitutes second part of the work.  Keywords : cinema, documentary, voice-over, speech, sound.

Keyphrases: Cinema, Documentary, Voice-over, Speech, Sound, Voice-off
Analyse de la variation inter-populationnelle du canal obstétrique au sein de trois populations génétiquement différentes

Dystocia, the tightness of fit between the maternal and fetal dimensions within the birth canal, is one of the main causes of mortality during birthing. A majority of obstetrical manuals postulate that a gynecoid (round) form of the pelvic inlet is generally associated with birthing ease and that it is the normal form of the obstetrical canal. This memoir focuses on the analysis of the variation of the obstetrical canal within three genetically different populations and their possible relationship with size. The skeletal sample consists of the pelves of 74 African Americans, 59 Americans of European descent, and 19 Sadlermiuts. Twenty anatomical points have been digitized in three dimensions on the articulated pelvis defining the birth canal. A Generalized Procrustes Analysis followed by a Principal Component Analysis allowed the visualization of the morphological variations of the birth canal among the three populations. The possible relationship between size and canal form have been explored. Results: The Sadlermiuts have a birth canal that is platypelloid, i.e. wide mediolateraly and contracted anteroposteriorly, at all pelvic planes. The African Americans demonstrate a tendency for a gynecoid (round) pelvic inlet and the European Americans seem to possess an intermediate form between a gynecoid and an android morphology of the pelvic inlet. Only pelvic size (centroid size) was correlated with changes in the pelvic morphology of the pelvic inlet and midplane. Discussion: The gynecoid morphology is not the most common shape in the populations included in this study. One possible explanation for the platypelloid shape of the Sadlermiut population may be a result of behavioral activities that induce morphological changes during growth. Further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

Keyphrases: Anthropology, Pelvic morphology, Interpopulational variation, Birth canal, Generalized Procrustes Analysis
Évaluation logique de trois (3) campagnes de prévention contre le VIH/Sida à Montréal

At the time of writing, the UN registered 33 million people affected by HIV/AIDS worldwide. Among the current prospects of fighting against the spread of the pandemic, several methods can be implemented: condom use, testing, needle exchange, abstinence… However, one question arises : which factors influence people in the use of one practice or another?   Making use of social marketing strategies, prevention campaigns against HIV / AIDS put the emphasis on the empowerment of individuals in relation to their risk-taking. Attempts to change some behaviours and to adopt new ones that are safer for health are then undertaken. We evaluated three (3) prevention campaigns against HIV / AIDS in Montreal. The purpose of this research was to distinguish the elements that can facilitate the planning of campaigns that aim to decrease the incidence of HIV / AIDS.  During decision-making regarding the evaluation of a prevention campaign against HIV / AIDS, several key points have to be considered : the source of information, the message, the channel, the receiver’s characteristics and the effects desired by the campaign. These aspects are crucial in raising public awareness of the campaign. However, careful interpretation is necessary as this type of evaluation is not designed to demonstrate the efficacy of a campaign.  Our study confirms the importance of evaluating prevention campaigns in different stages of their design. This research leads us to a detailed understanding of the prevention programs and thus provides us with a good understanding of the intervention process in the future perspective of explaining their effectiveness.

Keyphrases: empowerment, HIV/AIDS, Prevetion, evaluation, social marketing, empowerment, planning
Favoriser la santé psychologique des professionnels de la santé en début de carrière : l'importance du soutien à l'autonomie, de la concordance des tâches et de la conscience de soi

Past studies have revealed psychological health problems among health professionals, but less is known about the factors that may explain these difficulties (e.g., Cohen & Patten, 2005). The goal of this dissertation is to examine the antecedents of health professionals’ psychological health based on an empirically validated theory. To this end, self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2000) is used as a conceptual framework and autonomy support (Black & Deci, 2000; Grolnick & Ryan, 1989) is proposed as a principal predictor of psychological health.   The first article is a literature review of the consequences and correlates of autonomy support in various life domains. The second article aims at testing a predictive model of medical residents’ psychological health. Tasks self-concordance (Sheldon & Elliot, 1999) and self-awareness (Goldman & Kernis, 2002) are hypothesized to be two different pathways toward autonomy that should independently predict psychological health. The model further posits that perceived supervisors’ autonomy support should be an important determinant of both tasks self-concordance and self-awareness. A total of 333 medical residents from the province of Quebec (Canada) completed a questionnaire, which included various measures. Structural equation modeling analyses revealed an excellent model fit. The third article explores the contribution of colleagues’ autonomy support in the prediction of health professionals’ work satisfaction and psychological health. A total of 597 young health professionals from the province of Quebec (Canada) completed a questionnaire, which included different measures. Results confirmed that colleagues’ autonomy support predicts work satisfaction and psychological health. Furthermore, hierarchical regression analyses showed that colleagues’ autonomy support adds to the prediction of health professionals’ work satisfaction, subjective well-being, and suicidal ideation above and beyond supervisors’ autonomy support. The theoretical and practical implications of this research are discussed.

Keyphrases: Autonomy support, Psychological health, Work satisfaction, Suicidal ideation, Self-determination theory, Self-awareness, Tasks self-concordance, Medicine, Dentists, Veterinarians
Le rôle du lactate et du N-acétylcystéine 
intra-tympanique dans la prévention de l’ototoxicité secondaire au cisplatin

Objectives There is no approved agent to prevent cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. Our objectives are to identify and compare the protective effect of intratympanic injections of lactate or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in the prevention of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity and to study systemic diffusion of intratympanic NAC.  Methods Sixteen guinea pigs, forming two groups, received respectively intratympanic lactate and 20% NAC in one ear. The contra-lateral ears received a control saline solution. After 30 minutes, an intra-peritoneal cisplatin injection of 3 mg/kg was performed and repeated once a week to achieve a final dose of 24mg/kg. Auditory brainstem responses (ABR) were recorded before any injection, after 9mg/kg and after 24mg/kg of cisplatin for the frequencies 2, 4, 6 and 8kHz. Cochleas were analyzed under scanning electron microscope. Systemic diffusion of NAC was studied using high performance liquid chromatography.  Results For the control ears, ABR thresholds increased uniformly by an average of 28.4dB. The lactate group showed a lower threshold increase by an average of 17.0dB. The NAC showed an important threshold increase of 89.0dB. Lactate showed a significant hearing protection at 2000Hz (p<0.01). Electron microscopy revealed partial preservation of cochlear outer hair cells stereocilia for the ears treated with lactate and severe disruption for NAC group. No systemic diffusion of NAC was observed with chromatography. Conclusion Lactate offers significant partial protection against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. NAC does not offer any protection when administered in high concentrations. Intratympanic NAC does not diffuse systemically.

Keyphrases: Cisplatin, Cisplatin, Ototoxicity, Intra-tympanic, Transtympanic, Lactate, Lactate, N-acetylcysteine, Chromatography, Electronic microscopy
Cinéma et sens de la ville : la ville idéelle

It is mainly though movies that we get to know and share cities’ realities, even those where we live. Through movies, we discover more cities than we will ever visit. We know cities we had never seen. We learn to discover cities we already knew. We have memories of non-existing cities.  Either as spectators or creators, cities exist first in our imagination. To perceive, represent and create are complementary acts calling for common functions. Every perception is conditioned by knowledge and memory and depends from culture. In order to communicate, representations must be aware of the target audiences’ mechanisms and memory codes. Movie making deals not only with the reproduction. It creates and has learned to use those codes and mechanisms, as in the case of city representation. As for urban planners and other related professionals, the study of cinema can open new scientific fields dealing with representation and perception as means to share city’s reality. City and movies should then be seen as a spectacle (show) in its hermeneutical meaning, a spectacle (show) from which the emergence of a paradigm becomes possible. In other words, the basic belief system or worldview that guides the investigator, not only in choices of methods but in ontologically and episemologically fundamental ways. (Guba & Lincoln, 1994). We propose to describe, to shape and to show the conceptual functions of such paradigm; we call it the ideel city.

Keyphrases: Perception, Image, City, Movies, Representation, Perception, Phenomenology, Hermeneutics, Ideel, Image, Cine, Ideel
Évaluation environnementale de systèmes de construction de cloisons résidentielles : réflexions sur l'adaptabilité et la flexibilité

The introduction of sustainable development brings new environmental concerns on an important Canadian market industry: construction and residential renovation. Not only does the current concept have a considerable impact on the environment, it also can’t follow up with the development of practices, technologies and occupants’ lifestyle. First, a literature review draws a picture of the construction, renovation and demolition industry (CRD) in Canada and it outlines the CRD rubbles management profile. Then a documentary analysis drafts different concept tools that were developed to improve the industry’s performance. They are 3RV-E, ecodesign, sustainable construction and LEED®. The papers review also explores the adaptability and flexibility concepts on the construction sector and on the emerging architectural trend. This approach brings us to the hypothesis that the integration of the adaptability and flexibility criteria to the housing sector will improve the adequacy between the progressive needs of the occupants and the new environmental issues. On a methodological perspective, the simplified lifecycle analysis performed with the Eco-indicator99 overviews the environmental analysis of three types of partition construction. The outcome of this evaluation is that the one with the less environmental impact is the traditional construction with a wooden framework, followed by the construction with an aluminum framework which is adaptable and flexible, and in third place, the construction with a steel framework which is the most harmful to the environment. On the other hand, adding the time factor to this analysis demonstrates that the integration of the adaptability and flexibility criteria brings a number of renovation and life cycles to the product and its components. In the end, these concepts present us with a potential of reducing the impacts of construction and renovation on the environment and that’s an assessment that would need to be approached systematically.

Keyphrases: LEED, Adaptability, ecodesign, flexibility, LEED, sustainable construction, sustainable development, wall
D'objet de risée à symbole de l'Amérique : la télévision à travers le cinéma américain (1970 à 1999)

This analysis examines the multiple representations of the television in the American movie from 1970 to 1999. Four angles have been studied: the television set, the TV viewer, his content and the work environment.  The hypothesis are theses: all the representations are negative, these representations are placed in a particular social context and there is a consensus between intellectuals and cineastes about the cathodic screen. Even if there are similarities between each decade, there is an evolution of the television representation. In the seventies, the cineastes laugh about the television. They show that the content is ridiculous and the TV workers are incompetent. In the eighties, the television is show like a dangerous object. His great popularity allows the owners to use the television as an ideological device. This popularity is used in the nineties like a pretext for the cineaste to talk about the United States over the television. The America’s portrait is negative:  a violent and corrupted country. This analysis also shows that during these years, the same conclusions go through literature and cinema. Finally, this attitude toward television is symptomatic of an intellectual elite forward the popular art.

Keyphrases: Movie, United States of America, television, representations
Recherche qualitative examinant les liens entre un programme de bourses, le parcours scolaire des bénéficiaires et leur contexte familial au Bénin

One’s family background probably has a stronger influence on a student’s academic success in developing countries than many studies have shown up to now (Nonoyama-Tarumi, 2008). By means of an evaluation of both the implantation and processes of the Sophie Lavigne Foundation (FSL) scholarship program, this thesis deals with the relationships between Benin students’ family background and their academic trajectory. A total of 18 informants participated in the research project. The data was analyzed qualitatively. Generally speaking, the scholarship program has been established as was expected. Families that were interrogated greatly value education. To the very best of their abilities, they try to offer their children the greatest possible conditions for academic success. The scholarship program makes the academic trajectory of all participants easier and sometimes even positively affects their siblings’. However, the criteria for the renewal of the scholarships, which depend on academic success, have few positive effects on the participants’ academic trajectories. The causes for academic failures mentioned by the participants seem to be twofold: (a) an accumulation of difficulties that impair their academic trajectory (b) an important and specific obstacle that prevents a student from continuing her studies. It also appears that having access to academic support—remedial work for instance—is necessary in order to guarantee the best study conditions. The results of this research indicate that the FSL should provide students it accompanies with more academic support and reconsider the criteria for the renewal of the scholarships.

Keyphrases: Program evaluation, Family background, Schooling, School quality, Africa, Academic success, Recherche qualitative, Qualitative research, Microcredit, Scholarship
Comparaison de quatre méthodes pour le traitement des données manquantes au sein d’un modèle multiniveau paramétrique visant l’estimation de l’effet d’une intervention

Missing data are common in empirical research and can lead to significant errors in parameters’ estimation. This dissertation in the field of methodological sociology addresses the influence of missing data on the estimation of the impact of a prevention program. The first two sections outline the potential bias caused by missing data and present the theoretical background to describe them. The third section focuses on methods for handling missing data, conventional methods are exposed as well as three recent ones. The fourth section contains a description of the Montreal Longitudinal Experimental Study (MLES) and of the data used. The fifth section presents the analysis performed, it contains: the method for analysing the effect of an intervention from longitudinal data, a detailed description of the missing data of MLES and a diagnosis of patterns and mechanisms. The sixth section contains the results of estimating the effect of the program under different assumptions about the mechanism of missing data and by four methods: complete case analysis, maximum likelihood, weighting and multiple imputation. They indicate (I) that the assumption on the type of MAR mechanism seems to affect the estimate of the program’s impact and, (II) that the estimates obtained using different estimation methods leads to similar conclusions about the intervention’s effect.

Keyphrases: Intervention, Sensitivity analysis, Longitudinal, Multilevel, Experimental, Mecanism, Missing data, Maximum likelihood, Weighting, Multiple imputation
Essai sur les importations parallèles : la recherche d'un équilibre entre liberté et protection dans l'Union européenne

The phenomenon of parallel trade rests on a simple and obvious basic premise: the price levels of the same product “created and made” by the same manufacturer can often vary considerably from one country to another. This variation is notably due to disparities in the mean income of consumers, trade-prohibiting national regulations or the level of competition which may itself be affected by private restrictions such as market sharing agreements or distribution contracts.  The merchants, termed “parallel importers” will buy the product where it is cheapest, whether or not it stems directly from the manufacturer, and resell it where they will obtain the best profits. Some problems will arise in the country of importation, insofar as parallel importers will sell at a lower price than the distributors designated by the manufacturer. The manufacturer, in his quality of “creator” of goods, is often the owner of intellectual property rights which it will understandably try to monetize, in an attempt to partition the markets in order to obtain the highest price that the consumer is willing to pay for product “x” on market “y”. This article, mainly jurisprudential, seeks to underline the tension between the free exchange of goods in open markets which notably allows consumers and buyers to obtain products at the best price, and the necessity of protecting the creation efforts of the industry in order to encourage investment in the research and development of new products.

Keyphrases: Libre concurrence, Licences exclusives, Parrallel imports, Free competition, Intellectual property, Unfair competition
Du non-lieu au lieu : pratique spatiale et construction identitaire dans Texaco, de Patrick Chamoiseau

This work presents a spatial analysis of the novel Texaco, written by the Martinican author Patrick Chamoiseau. Texaco follows the story of Martinique, mainly its black Creole population, from the 19th century – the time of slave trade and slavery – until the end of the 20th century. Considering that the identity of an individual (or a community) is closely related to the link it maintains with its living space, our work aims to unveil the particularities of identity of the characters through the analysis of the spaces they occupy and create. Basing ourselves on spatial concepts borrowed from Henri Lefebvre (the tripartite space), Michel de Certeau (the space, the place and the spatial practices) and Marc Augé (the place and the non-place), we wish to show how and to what extent those different spaces express, consolidate or obliterate the distinct identity of Chamoisian characters, in other words their “creoleness”.

Keyphrases: Patrick Chamoiseau, Texaco, Creoleness, Identity construction, Space, Spatial practices, Place, Non-place