Études pharmacocinétiques exploratoires de certains médicaments utilisés en analgésie post-opératoire

Post-operative pain in surgical patients remains a challenging problem for the clinicians. The treatment of post-operative pain is no longer an accessory or nice to have, since it can significantly shorten hospital stays and lead to important savings for our health system. Amongst the therapeutic approaches used in the management of post-operative pain, we will focus on peripheral nerve blocks with local anesthetics and epidural neostigmine. These drugs are currently used in the clinic, without the prior characterization of an optimal dose that took into consideration their specific pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Optimal doses will need to consider the specific regional anatomy of the site of drug administration with respect to the site of action. This thesis included exploratory studies that helped to characterize the pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine and bupivacaine as well as the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of neostigmine. The first study included sixteen patients undergoing orthopedic surgeries with a combined femoral and sciatic nerve blocks technique using ropivacaine (n=8) or bupivacaine (n=8). The study was the first to include pharmacokinetic sampling up to 32 h after the block and results have shown that large between subject variability was present. Population modeling helped to explain and separate the various sources of variability and showed that systemic absorption was very slow. In addition, plasma concentrations were still measurable, and in some cases, plateaued at 32 h after the block. Future studies should extend sampling times to 4 or 5 days after the block in order to wait for the completion of the absorption. The second study attempted to establish an animal model by studying the intravenous pharmacokinetics and protein binding of ropivacaine in the rabbit (n=6). Results have shown that ropivacaine is much less bound to plasma protein in rabbits as compared to humans. This important information will be useful in future preclinical and clinical research. The third study explored, for the first time, the pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of epidural neostigmine (n=15) and attempted to characterize the dose effect relationship by testing the following doses: 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg. Although the CSF pharmacokinetics of neostigmine were variable, a relationship between dose and meperidine consumption could be shown. The dose of 1.5 mg resulted in a better pharmacodynamic response on pain but it was deemed unsafe since it led to hypertension in two patients. We conclude that doses below 1.5 mg should be used for an epidural block with neostigmine. In conclusion, this research work investigated the pharmacokinetic and/or the pharmacodynamic characteristics of some drugs used for the treatment of post-operative pain. The gathered information will be essential to be able to reliably characterize the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships. This will help in achieving the ultimate goal which is a better management of post operative pain in surgical patients.

Keyphrases: Post-operative pain, local anesthetics, pharmacokinetics, neostigmine