NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Analyse des stratégies d’évaluation des technologies des corps policiers canadiens : le cas de l’Identité Judiciaire

Law enforcement has seen a proliferation of technological innovation in recent years. At the same time, the global recession has reduced the fiscal resources available to purchase and deploy new technological solutions. Thus, it is imperative that police forces select the technologies that offer a high return on investment. The technology assessment is the best method for achieving this goal. This research project analyzes different strategies of technology assessment employed by Forensic Identification units in federal and provincial police forces of Canada. This qualitative study is based on: 1) participant observations at the Surete du Quebec and 2) semi-structured interviews (n=11) with members of the Ontario Provincial Police and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. An integrated analysis of the study data offers new insight into the dynamics of technology assessment as currently employed in the police force. The current practices strive to maximize return on investment. Nevertheless, there are refinements that will increase the efficiency of mini-PTA (Police Technology Assessment) and harmonize the operational and theoretical needs required to facilitate the end users' job functions. Even with improvement, the mini-PTA is best suited for smaller, regional police forces. It cannot replace unilaterally the process of PTA conducted by large police technology assessment agencies.

Keyphrases: Police, PTA, innovations policières, mini-PTA, police innovation, technological choices, assessment process, pro-active assessment, technology
Rôle de CD47 dans l’induction de la tolérance in vivo

Oral tolerance allows the modulation of the immune response against exogenous antigens present in the intestinal lumen. Essential to establish a symbiotic relationship between the immune system and intestinal flora, the induction and maintenance of oral tolerance rests on different immunological mechanisms. Among them, induction of regulatory T cells by dendritic cells and apoptotic mechanisms. However, the membrane glycoprotein CD47 is involved in the periphery of these mechanisms. However, the role of CD47 in oral tolerance is unknown. With a mouse model deficient in CD47, we showed mainly that the absence of CD47 is associated with a decrease of 50% in the proportion of myeloid dendritic cells CD11b+ CD103- found in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Following the adoptive transfer of antigen specific T cells in our experimental models, we also observed a decrease of 45% of their level of activation in mesenteric lymph nodes. Despite the observed effects, CD47 is not involved in the induction of oral tolerance response secondary to intragastric administration of high doses of ovalbumin. However, we have shown that CD47 is involved in the migration of dendritic cells of the skin and some sub-populations found in mesenteric lymph nodes.

Keyphrases: Migration, Oral tolerance, Delayed-type hypersensitivity, Th1-type immune response, Mesenteric lymph nodes, Dendritic cells, Migration
Une ontologie des savoirs lexicologiques pour l'élaboration d'un module de cours en didactique du lexique

To improve first language learning in Québec primary schools, several variables must be taken into account, one of them the teachers themselves. Their training gives them the necessary knowledge to guide pupils in the development of their linguistic competences. One of these, lexical competence, plays a central role in the mastery of language. Lexical competence is the ability to understand and use lexical units, in oral speech as well as in written speech. To help pupils develop their lexical competence, teachers must not only themselves possess an appropriate level of lexical competence, but must in addition have acquired a certain amount of metalexical knowledge, that is, knowledge about the structure of the lexicon. The ministerial guide to the teaching profession (MEQ, 2001b) provides no guidance regarding metalexical knowledge required of future teachers. Moreover, there are no courses specifically devoted to lexical didactics. It is nevertheless in these kinds of courses that future teachers learn to prepare and guide activities in vocabulary acquisition and to evaluate their pupils' lexical competence. The scarcity of these kinds of courses in Québec universities may be explained by the youth of the discipline, whose theoretical linguistics foundations are still under construction. This dissertation on the didactics of French as a first language addresses the question of reference linguistic content for lexical didactics, as well as the training of future teachers in that discipline. Our research led to two complementary outcomes. The first outcome was to construct an ontology of lexicological knowledge. The second was the use of the ontology to specify and structure the content of a course in lexical didactics, devoted to the acquisition of metalexical knowledge by future teachers. Both the ontology and the course have been evaluated and validated by domain experts. The evaluation of the ontology supported the method used for its elaboration, as well as the structure of the concepts in the ontology. The evaluation of the course indicated that the course's content and pedagogical methods were correct and that the learning and teaching material were well designed. These results prove that the course is a useful tool for improving a teacher's training in lexical didactics. Our research as a whole makes a meaningful contribution to the intended domains, by developing a way to use a knowledge base (the ontology of lexicological knowledge) for educational purposes (a course in lexical didactics).

Keyphrases: lexical didactics, lexicology, teacher's training, primary school, lexical competence, metalexical knowledge, didactics of French as a first language, ontology, lexicological knowledge, developmental research
Étude de l’implication de MK2 dans la réponse vasculaire à l’endothéline-1

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictor whose production is deregulated in many inflammatory related diseases in which the cyclooxygenase-1/2 (COX-1/2) is up-regulated. Since it is known that the p38 MAPK pathway regulates ET-1 expression at the mRNA level, we studied the implication of the downstream kinase MK2 in the post-transcriptional regulation of ET-1 and COX. To accomplish this, MK2-deficient mice (MK2-/-) and their wild type littermate controls (MK2+/+) were used. Cardiac function parameters were measured using a Millar catheter under anesthesia and isometric reactivity of the isolated femoral artery was measured subsequently using a wire myograph. Aortic endothelial cell (EC) ET-1, COX-1 and COX-2 expression was quantified by qPCR. In response to ET-1 (100 nM), EC expression of preproET-1 increased in a time-dependant manner (p<0.05): this change in mRNA was greater in MK2-/- mice. Although arterial pressure was similar in MK2+/+ and MK2-/- mice, inhibition of COX (indomethacin, 1 μM) increased (p<0.05) the contraction of isolated vessels to ET-1 from MK2+/+ but not MK2-/- mice. These data suggest a role of MK2 in the vascular response to ET-1 and, possibly, ET-1 post-receptor signalling in general.

Keyphrases: inflammation, MK2, Cyclooxygenase, endothelin-1, gene expression, inflammation, MK2
El factor edad en la adquisición del español como lengua extranjera : análisis comparativo entre estudiantes de sexto grado de primaria y universitarios sobre el uso del par preposicional a/ en

Abstract  According to Leeneberg's critical period hypothesis from the sixties, a child can acquire a second language approximately until puberty, for afterwards the lateralization of the brain takes place and the acquisition of second language becomes more difficult. Further on, Chomsky’s research would contribute to this theory with the Universal Grammar idea or the inborn universal linguistic elements that we use in order to acquire mother tongue. While the Universal Grammar is still on, the already acquired Mother Tongue continues to develop. As a result, the acquisition of another language during this period becomes a natural process, leading to the conclusion that the earlier a child starts learning a second language, the better its acquisition will be. Therefore and for the purpose of this research, a theoretical framework and the error analysis, the tool allowing the teacher to predict some error in order to create the adequate language strategies for effective second language acquisition, are used. I will try to verify the age-factor influence positively or negatively in the acquisition of a second language, in this special case the Spanish language, by means of the comparative analysis of the a/ en prepositional pair with two different groups of apprentices.

Keyphrases: Foreign language Spanish, Universal Grammar, Critical Period, Error Analysis, a/en prepositions
Identification of a new cell line permissive to porcine reproductive and resporatory syndrome virus replication

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most economically devastating diseases for the pig industry worldwide. The etiological agent of PRRS is the PRRS virus (PRRSV), which is known to have a very restricted host specifity and to be airborne transmitted. PRRSV RNAs and antigens were found in epithelial cells of the respiratory tract of swine in PRRSV-infected pigs. Even if the interaction between porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and PRRSV plays an important role in the PRRSV infection, the role of the interaction between epithelial cells of the swine respiratory tract and PRRSV should not been neglected. However, no epithelial cells of the swine respiratory tract have been demonstrated to allow PRRSV replication in vitro and attempts to generate such a cell line have failed. The goal of this study is to determine whether epithelial cells of the swine respiratory tract are permissive to PRRSV replication and are a suitable model for studying the viral pathogenesis of PRRSV. We have discovered that the SJPL cell line, an epithelial cell line of the respiratory tract of swine, is permissive to PRRSV infection and replication.  To corroborate these results, PRRSV replication kinetics were evaluated in a subclone of the African green monkey kidney MA104 cells (MARC-145), which has been known to be fully permissive to PRRSV infection and replication, and in SJPL cells. No significant difference was found between the two cell lines for overall viral production. Moreover, the SJPL cells were able to permit the replication of several PRRSV North-American strains but they were slightly less efficient for virus isolation than MARC-145 cells. In addition, SJPL is phenotypically different from MARC-145. Specifically, the SJPL cells were more sensitive to procaspases 3/7 activation by PRRSV and several apoptotic inducers compared to MARC-145 cells. In addition, the SJPL cells showed 8 to 16 times more sensitivity to the antiviral effect of IFN-α against PRRSV replication than MARC-145 cells. Altogether, the SJPL cells could be an interesting substitute to MARC-145 cells for PRRSV vaccine antigen production, and could be a more relevant in vitro model, because of their origin (lung of the natural host), to study the pathogenesis of PRRSV.

Keyphrases: SJPL, Cellule permissive, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, PRRSV, Porcine lung epithelial cell, SJPL, Virus replication, Cell permissiveness
Modélisation de l’observance et détermination de son impact biopharmaceutique

Compliance, which refers to the degree of the conformity to the prescription, is an essential factor for a successful treatment. The compliances of patients vary widely and the effectiveness of medication varies in parallel. Therefore, we need to have reliable and sensible parameters to measure it. In literature, there are many parameters to describe it, but their advantages, disadvantages and limitations regarding the assessment of the impact of compliance on drug have not yet been studied in depth. The evaluation of these parameters requires testing them in different situations. As available compliance data are not exhaustive, the use of the simulation, based on real or plausible cases, is very relevant. We succeeded to develop a model whose parameters are simple and understandable and which is convenient and flexible to simulate the different cases and even the extreme cases of compliance. We proposed new parameters for measuring the biopharmaceutical impact of compliance. Then, we compared the performance, in terms of sensibility and reliability, of these parameters and those already used to assess compliance and discussed their performances and limitations. In conclusion, we can emphasize that there is no ideal parameter since each one has its own limitations. For example, for drugs whose effects are directly related to their plasma concentrations, the percentage of taken doses, which is the most used parameter, has the worst performance, on the other hand, the percentage of the weighted correct doses, which is a new parameter, possesses a good performance and promising advantages.

Keyphrases: Compliance parameters, Therapeutical outcomes, Virtual patient, Simulation, Simulation, Pharmacometrics, Pharmacometrics, Markov chain
Photophysical Investigations of
Thiophene Azomethine Derivatives

A series of sterically hindered thiophene-aniline azomethine dyads were prepared. The decay pathways that deactivate the singlet excited state were studied using UV-vis fluorescence and phosphorescence, laser flash photolysis and quantum calculations. Stern-Volmer relationships, derived from singlet and triplet state quenching experiments, showed that azomethines efficiently deactivate the singlet and triplet excited states of fluorophores with bimolecular kinetics. AM1 Semi-empirical quantum calculations examining the effect of bulky substituents on the bond rotational barriers demonstrate that bulky tert-butyl groups attached to the aniline moiety have less influence on the N-aryl bond rotation barrier than alkyl substitutions do on the thiophene-CH bond rotation barrier. Rehm-Weller calculations based on electrochemical potentials demonstrate that azomethines self-quench their excited states via fast and efficient intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer leading to complete fluorescence suppression. Metal complexes containing an azomethine ligand were also prepared. The ligand contains a hydroxyquinoline moiety linked with a thiophene ring. Photophysical investigations of the resulting metal complexes demonstrated significant bathochromic shifts in the absorbance and fluorescence spectra. Metal-ion sensing devices for water solutions were prepared by spin casting the ligand onto glass slides. The metal-ion sensor detected copper in water solutions through a bathochromic shift in the absorbance maximum.

Keyphrases: Stern-Volmer, rotation, photophysical properties, azomethine, thiophene, Stern-Volmer quenching, Rehm-Weller equation, steric hindrance, bond rotation
Le miroir brisé : le délire à l’œuvre dans Trou de mémoire
et L’Antiphonaire d’Hubert Aquin

This paper treats the question of insanity in Hubert Aquin’s novels. It studies two novels specifically: Trou de mémoire and L’Antiphonaire. Subsequently, the object of this study is that of two distinct mental illnesses: psychotic delirium (which is displayed in Trou de mémoire) and epilepsy (which is displayed in L’Antiphonaire). The subject of mental or neurological disease is approached both from a thematic and structural point of view. Even if the majority of this paper is dedicated to covering the thematic aspect of the question, the analysis of the novels structure is fundamental since one of the primary hypotheses is that the effect of mental illness reflects upon the narrative structure of both Aquin’s novels. The hypotheses proposed at the beginning are confirmed by numerous elements extracted from a number of non literary sources. As well as calling upon medical information and texts more closely linked to psychology, this research delves into the history of epilepsy, contrasting the common beliefs shared during the renaissance and those more prevalent today. Although this study borrows from numerous scientific fields, it is also interested in one aspect only lightly reviewed by those who study the theme of insanity in Aquin’s works : its impact on the narrative structure of the novels.

Keyphrases: Hubert Aquin, Structure, Insanity, Epilepsy, Novel
L'influence de la stratégie internationale des multinationales sur leurs programmes de mobilité internationale

Our study looks at how multinational corporations use and manage the international mobility of their employees. More specifically, we sought to determine to which extent multinationals consider their international management strategy in deciding how to use the expatriation managed through international mobility programs. Although the main purpose of our research is to observe the influence of the international management strategy on these programs, we also sought to identify other characteristics of each firm and its environment that may influence them. Our study, conducted among HR professionals responsible for management of international mobility, intended, in a first step, to identify the type of international management strategy favored by firms and the approach to international management of human resources they lead to. In a second step, we sought to identify the type of international mobility program in place in each firm from the analysis of their components (HR policies and practices). We drew two main conclusions of our study. First, international mobility, especially expatriation, is still an important tool for growth and survival of multinational corporations. Second, multinational corporations use expatriation differently depending on their strategic objectives and manage it very pragmatically, taking into account a variety of factors including the number of expatriates, the managerial culture of the company, the characteristics of their industry, their experience and difficulties encountered during the journey.

Keyphrases: International management strategy, International human resources management, Multinationals corporations, Global mobility
Le Banquet de Platon : l'apologie d'Alcibiade ou les paradoxes d'Éros

This essay on Plato’s Symposium assesses to what extent Socrates could be held guilty for Alcibiades’ failure and corruption. The first of the four chapters shows that Alcibiades’ life and decline and the accusation against Socrates of youth corruption are central to the dramatic structure. The second chapter interprets Alcibiades’ speech as a sharp criticism of Socrates’ behaviour meant to exculpate himself. Alcibiades justifies his walking away from Socrates and his teachings on the basis of the philosopher’s irony, arrogance and indifference – his hybris. The third chapter looks at Socrates’ speech, which sets out the path to the highest form of Beauty. It explores the particular nature of his eros, which relies especially on irony and role inversion to induce philosophical thinking. The fourth chapter asks how effective this kind of pedagogy is, and what is the responsibility of the philosopher to his students. It is concluded that Socratic love and irony are essentially to be conceived of as means of inciting followers to put themselves into question and take greater care of their souls. Socrates is thus not guilty of corrupting the young man. The fault is entirely Alcibiades’. His pride and selfishness are what prevented him from meeting the challenge that Socrates’ erotic behavior put before him.

Keyphrases: Socrate, Socrates, Love, Hybris, Hybris, Irony, Corruption, Corruption, Philosophy
La convention collective : un instrument de responsabilité sociale des entreprises

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a concept referring to voluntarism, without unique definition, aiming to take into account interests of various company stakeholders. The main common characteristic is to institute principles that go beyond what the law establishes. In order for CSR to take place, several tools have been used, like the code of conduct which is the most widely used. As for one of the multiple corporate stakeholders, the workers don’t seem to be invited to participate in corporate decisions related to CSR, despite the major interests that they and the workers’ union might have in the company. Our research looks at the collective agreement as a tool for corporate social responsibility. We question ourselves to see if this traditional labour tool could be used, like the code of conduct, to confine unions’ participation in corporate decisions. With the Portrait statistique des conventions collectives analysées au Québec en 2006, we have validated the frequency, subject and participation level of unions in collective joint committees by comparing CSR and non CSR organizations. It appears that unions’ participation to corporate decisions is not higher in collective agreements of CSR organizations. Nevertheless, our analysis shows that two CSR tools other than a code of conduct adopted by the organization coincide with unions’ participation, that are the signature of a global framework agreement and participation to the UN Global Compact.

Keyphrases: International Framework Agreement, Code of Conduct, Joint Committee, Concertation, Concertation, Collective Agreement, Stakeholder, Corporate Social Responsibility, Trade Union
Le droit de résistance à l'oppression en droit international

Sometimes denied in its principle, sometimes proclaimed like a sacred and inalienable right of man, the right of resistance to oppression has, since its proclamation for the first time in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of August 26, 1789, continuously caused debates as for its nature and the legitimacy of its exercise. In a general way, this thesis aims at exposing the origins of the right of resistance to oppression, and its normative consecration on an international level. It is a question of finding bases justifying and legalizing the recourse to resistance in all its forms, when confronted with a state oppression. These bases could be recalled among philosophers of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, who gave man a natural right of resistance, superior to positive law. By calling upon the concepts of justice and humanity, this notion of natural right contributed to legitimate the concept of resistance in the relation of the people with its sovereign. Besides, we find this idea within the framework of contemporary international law through the protection granted to certain rights such as the right of the minorities and the right of people to self-determination. In spite of that, one notes however the absence of an express consecration of "a right of resistance to oppression" on the international level. The right of resistance to oppression remains a difficult right to «positivate» within the framework of an international law that presents itself above all as a right of consolidation of the sovereignty of the States, and in a system where the implementation of the rights rests on the good will of the latter.

Keyphrases: Oppression, Right of peoples, Natural law, Positive law