« Au secours des petits infirmes » : les enfants handicapés physiques au Québec entre charité et exclusion, 1920-1990

This thesis develops our knowledge of the history of children with physical disabilities in Quebec by analyzing the representations and services offered to this clientele between 1920 and 1990. Camped in the current critical studies on disability, it aims to integrate disability at the heart of the demonstration by postulating the social construction of this category of analysis. Addressing a largely unexplored theme in historiography, it enriches the history of childhood in Quebec, as well as that of education, assistance and health. It is based in part on the model developed by Marie-Claire Cagnolo around the “logics” that have governed the treatment of people with disabilities. This study also relies on a variety of sources, from philanthropic association archives to official documents and government reports. Some silences in history have also been partially filled by interviews with witnesses.   The main hypothesis underlying this thesis is that the place of children with disabilities in the province is determined by a double tension, on one hand between the antagonistic logic of exclusion and integration, and on the other hand between medical sphere and the socio-educational sphere that determine the organization and prioritization of the services offered to this clientele.  The demonstration is structured into six thematic chapters: after a methodological description, chapter two looks at the main actors (philanthropists and governments) with this clientele, chapter three addresses the discourses on young people with disabilities, while the subsequent chapters look at paramedical, educational and finally recreational services for them.   The first services intended specifically for children with physical disabilities in Quebec have been implemented at the turn of the 1920s by women of the bourgeoisie who justified this incursion into the public sphere in the name of maternalism. These philanthropists participate in the movement to defend the rights of “crippled” children on the international scene during the inter-war period. The idea of a hegemonic medical hold in the care of young disabled people, often defended by researchers, is relativized by the predominant role of volunteers and their socio-political engagement, at least until the 1940s.  Three figures emerge from the discursive analysis: the angelic victim, the rehabilitated child-citizen and the monster. The vulnerable “cripple” is part of a paternalistic approach of assistance, which makes the disabled person an object of compassion to arouse the charity of the public. The figure of the useful citizen calls for a logic of reparation and rehabilitation, which provides compensation for the members of the society that are not growing with the same chances as the others. As for the monster, it symbolizes the reaction of communities driven by fear and rejection responding to a logic of elimination or exclusion.  These various logics are also evident in the care of children with disabilities in Quebec, both in terms of the organization of care and in the development of educational or recreational services. The logic of assistance, based on a combination of public and private support and the need to protect children, emerged in the response to polio epidemics from the 1930s to the 1960s, as well as in the operation of special schools or adapted camps. The tragedy of thalidomide marks a turning point in the early 1960s as the federal government’s blatant responsibility leads to the organization and funding of a rehabilitation program, according to a logic of reparation. However, this compensation is addressed to a well-defined category of citizens who have been wronged by state negligence and does not include all children with disabilities. Only a paradigm shift, transforming disability into a collective problem, and no longer individual, will allow the transition from a logic of reparation to that of participation and inclusion. This transition took place between 1970 and 1990, when the government of Quebec guaranteed the services offered, according to a societal logic based on social inclusion and the recognition of young people with disabilities as subjects of rights. These gains remain however fragile, at risk of falling into mechanisms of exclusion.  Far from constituting a linear path leading from stigmatization to full recognition of rights in an inexorable progression, the past of children with disabilities is marked by ups and downs, sudden advances followed by regressions. The pejorative representations of children with disabilities, ranging from degenerate to monster, coexist with more positive images such as the future citizen or the subject of rights, just as the different logics of integration and exclusion coexist throughout history, a duality that still continues today.

Keyphrases: assistance, exclusion, Disability, Children with disabilities, History, representations, assistance, philanthropists, education, rehabilitation, integration, exclusion