NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Développement et caractérisation de sources de neutres réactifs pour l’étude des interactions plasmas-surfaces

The goal of this Master thesis goal is to develop and characterize different sources of reactive neutrals aimed at fundamental studies of plasma-surface interactions. This project is part of a broader study on the physics driving plasma-wall interactions during plasma etching of advanced materials. Following our literature review of the various approaches used to generate radical beams, we have selected two types of sources. The first one, a thermal cracker, was characterized by line-of-sight mass spectrometry using C2F6 as the mother. We have shown that more than 90% of the C2F6 was dissociated at 1000ºC, producing CF4 that dissociates into CF2 at temperatures close to 900ºC. These results were in good agreement with the predictions of a model based on chemical equilibrium calculations, which also predicted the formation of F radicals at 1500 ºC. The second source, a surface-wave plasma, was characterised by optical emission spectroscopy and microwave interferometry. For a high-frequency (>1GHz) argon plasmas, we have shown a three temperature electron energy distribution function with Te-low>Te-high<Te-tail. We have concluded that the formation of suprathermal electrons was linked to the generation of plasma instabilities at the resonance point near the chamber walls, and to Landau damping of these instabilities. The same phenomenon was observed in Cl2 plasma, but this effect vanished at high pressures because of collisional damping. We have shown that this type of source could produce near 100% dissociation of Cl2, depending on operating conditions.

Keyphrases: Plasma surface interactions, reactive neutral sources, plasma diagnostics, surface wave, thermal cracker
Inventing interventions : strategies of reappropriation in Native American and First Nations literatures

My doctoral thesis, entitled Inventing Interventions: Strategies of Reappropriation in Native and First Nations Literatures, explores the reappropriation of the English and French languages, as a strategy for retelling and reclaiming hi/stories of the Aboriginal people of Canada and the United States. In effect, my project disregards national and linguistic borders since these are, in essence, cultural and colonial constructs. To reappropriate the colonial language, then, entails not only its mastery as a means for basic communication, but claims it as a means to an end: instead of being owned by and subject to the language, it is now these authors who own the language. The resulting tensions of this process are the product of the imposed and tentative violent transition from one cultural realm to another, which, for many, never succeeded to its fullest, but rather crumbled back upon itself: for First Nations and Native American authors, I argue, creating means through art and politics to “write back” against oppression and injustice. My thesis, an examination of contemporary fictional, autobiographical, historical and political, prosaic and poetic works written in French and English, is structured along the analysis of specific keywords – language, resistance, memory and place. I explore how these concepts are voiced, and how they are not only inter-related but affect each other within the particular discursive framework of Indigenous writing, set in motion by different strategies of intervention (redefinition, invention) and the mixing of different literary devices.

Keyphrases: Études autochtones, Mémoire collective, Indigenous Peoples of North America, Native/Aboriginal Studies, Literary Studies, Literary Criticism, Colonization, Resistance, Reappropriation, Governmental policies, Sovereignty, Collective memory
Étude de la signalisation Sonic Hedgehog dans le guidage des axones de la rétine lors de l’établissement de la vision binoculaire

In animals with binocular vision, three dimensional vision allows perception of depth through the integration of visual information from both eyes. The first step of this integration is possible anatomically with the segregation of contralateral and ipsilateral axons at the optic chiasm. Contralateral axons cross the chiasm midline as they progress from the optic nerve to the optic tract. In contrast, ipsilateral axons deviate from the chiasm and continue in the ipsilateral optic tract. The molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not completely understood. The studies presented in this thesis show that the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) receptor Boc is enriched in ipsilateral RGCs of the developing retina. Together with the presence of Shh at the midline, this complementary expression pattern led us to hypothesize that Shh might repel ipsilateral RGC axons at the chiasm. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that only Boc positive RGC axons retract in vitro in response to Shh and that this response is lost in Boc mutant RGCs. In vivo, we show that Boc is required for the normal segregation of ipsilateral axons at the optic chiasm and, conversely, that Boc expression in contralateral RGCs prevents their axons from crossing the optic chiasm. Taken together, these results suggest that Shh repels ipsilateral RGC axons at the optic chiasm via its receptor Boc. This first part of this thesis identifies a novel receptor required for the segregation of axons at the optic chiasm. The other couple ligand-receptor involved in this segregation is the Ephrin-B2/EphB signalling. In the second part of this thesis, I show that in vivo, the abrogation of both signalling pathways using quadruple knockout mice of the receptor Boc and three EphB receptors led to the absence of ipsilateral projections, indicating that Shh and ephrinB2 signalling act independently in two parallel pathways. More importantly, these animals, used as a new genetic model to perform visual tests, had a diminished ability to perceive depth. Thus, this thesis demonstrates for the first time that the establishment of ipsilateral retinal projections, essential for accurate binocular vision and perception of depth, is made possible by the combination of EphB and Shh signalling.

Keyphrases: Shh, Boc, Ephrines, Axon guidance, Optic chiasm, Sonic hedgehog, Ephrins, Binocular vision
Étude des anomalies du développement humain# un modèle d’analyse phénotypique

Since the early 90s, the Human Genome Project (HGP) has allowed the development of numerous worldwide techniques which carried the suffix “omic”: genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, epigenomic, etc…. The global investigation of the sets of human phenotypes (phenome) is called phenomic. With phenomic studies we should be able to determine the links among similar phenotypic groups. We wish to apply this approach to human dysmorphology, particularly malformation combinations, which form characteristic malformation associations, malformation sequences, malformation syndromes or malformation disorders only in a minority of cases. As a graduate student research project, we decided to perform a retrospective study of the sets of pathology reports including 543 fetuses autopsied in the Department of Pathology of CHU Sainte-Justine (Montreal, QC, Canada) between 2001 and 2006. We have established an open Malformation Database (MDB) which can be accessed at http://www.malformations.org. To achieve this, we conducted the following steps: o Realization of a retrospective study of fetopathology reports for fetal malformations. o Development of an ontology along with three thesauruses of human developmental anomalies. o Implementation of these thesauruses and ontology in the MySQL system. This hypothesis-generating database allows us to easily retrieve the fetal cases (phenotypic data) with anomalies, calculate the frequencies of these anomalies, and evaluate the feasibility of the phenomic approach to human dysmorphogenesis. We were able as well to select 153 cases of malformed fetuses which will be the subject of aCGH array study for genomic research of human anomalies.

Keyphrases: dysmorphologie, malformation database, MDB, human developmental anomalies, dysmorphology, malformation combinations, phenomic approach, phenotype ontology
La perception du risque sous terre : l'exemple des mineurs de fond de l'Abitibi-Témiscamingue

This thesis is on the perception of risk underground. We want to understand how underground miners from the Abitibi-Temiscamingue region of Quebec perceive the inherent risks of their trade and how they react towards it.   The organization of the work, the operation of an underground mine and the underground production reports are the first elements we looked at. The concept of risk represents a relatively young concept that has interested numerous authors. An overview of the various approaches will allow us to define this concept by specifically using Mary Douglas’ research. However, we have carried out our own inquiry using a theoretical basis predominantly based on Pierre Bourdieu’s sociology.   Our hypothesis argues that in their perception of risk, underground miners from Abitibi-Temiscamingue have a practical sense that is primarily based on individual taking care of safety, the relation with production bonuses and a certain feeling of the inescapability of danger. Twenty semi-structured interviews and the classical participant observation technique were used to collect data.   The analysis of the work narratives has given a typology that identifies three groups of miners. We have started by scrutinizing each of the narratives in order to create a basic model. The results of the analysis have made it obligatory for us to review our initial hypothesis and to avoid making quick assumptions about underground miners’ fatalism.

Keyphrases: Perception, Risk, Work, Anthropology, Sociology, History
Elf ERAP en Irak, de 1968 à 1977

Ever since its creation in 1966, ERAP aimed to increase oil from the “franc” zone by diversifying its supply sources. Such an aim became all the more crucial as its acquisitions in the Sahara seemed threatened by tense relations between the French group and Algerian authorities. Still, to secure a share of the world market at that time seemed to a difficult if not an impossible task, the biggest oil-producing spaces having already been occupied by the big corporations called Majors. However, the French state company managed to settle in several oil-producing countries, including Iraq in 1968, until then viewed as a private hunting ground for the Compagnie française des pétroles (CFP). Also, following its failure in Algeria, the Iraq experiment prompted Elf ERAP to set its sights on oil-rich subsaharian African countries and the North Sea.  On February 3rd 1968, Elf ERAP signed an agreement with the state oil company INOC to take charge of exploration and exploitation of a part of the territory that was confiscated by the Iraqi government from the powerful Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC). In return for this financial and technical input/support, Elf ERAP would be rewarded with steady supply of Iraqi oil. It was a new kind of partnership termed « service contract ».  The latter replaced the old system of concessions and helped the state company succeed in its attempt to penetrate the Middle East.  Exploration quickly led to the discovery of oil fields. Production started in 1976 and reached 5 million tons in 1977.This allowed the Elf ERAP, renamed the SNEA, to look with optimism at its energy supply future, the latter being provided in considerable part by the Iraqi market. Surprisingly, however, the French state company backed away from the deal in May 1977, and was replaced by the INOC which took over the project two years before the date planned by the initial contract of 1968.  This research project seeks to clarify the operator role played by ERAP in Iraq between 1968 and 1977. To explain the premature departure of Elf Iraq, one needs to determine both the endogenous and exogenous factors that might have motivated such a move. In other words, did the state company suffer the repercussions of its own energy choices, or was the Iraqi oil policy responsible for such an outcome? To what extent was the withdrawal attributable to the international oil situation? With the help of Elf and TOTAL archives, we have come to the conclusion that the compression of the oil market uniting distributors and producers greatly affected the profitability of intermediary contracts « service contracts».

Keyphrases: Oil history
Signalisation par les récepteurs des œstrogènes : mécanismes de reconnaissance de l’ADN et nouvelles approches pharmacologiques d’inhibition

Despite the progress in breast cancer therapy, it is still the second cause of death by cancer in the western world. The estrogen receptor alpha (ER) is expressed in more than 70% of breast tumors, which then proliferate in response to E2 stimulation.  ERα is a ligand-dependant transcription factor, which binds to palindromic response elements composed of PuGGTCA motifs. In order to examine the capacity of nuclear receptors to be tailored to recognize novel DNA motifs, rational design of ERα mutants with altered binding specificity were achieved. Of the four amino-acids interacting with DNA, R211 cannot be altered to another residu without a complete loss of DNA binding. However, combined mutagenesis of the amino-acids contacting the bases of the ERE generate receptors that recognized a new type of motifs with efficient transcriptional transactivation levels.  In order to consider nuclear receptors as potential hormonal-dependent tools for genetic therapy, bio-informatic models predicting DNA binding are needed. Considering its importance in breast carcinogenesis, ERα is a crucial target for anti-neoplastic therapies. The full anti-estrogen ICI provokes ER degradation and ER-positive breast cancer growth arrest. Moreover, the new HDACi anti-tumoral drug, SAHA modulates the estrogen pathway and have promising properties in association with other anti-neoplastic drugs. In this context, our goal was to determine the effects of the ICI and SAHA combined treatment on breast cancer cell proliferation. The combined treatment has a synergistic impact on inhibiting ERα-positive breast cancer cell growth. It occurs through the cooperation of ICI and SAHA to reduce ER protein level, and to block the cell cycle progression through the transcriptional regulation of E2-target genes. Actually, high doses of HDACis completely and rapidly mask E2-transcriptional signaling. Moreover, primary E2-target genes show the same transcriptional regulation in presence of high doses of SAHA as with the co-treatment, using clinically feasible doses of ICI and SAHA. In fact, ICI mimics the impact of high doses of SAHA through ER degradation, and then potentiate the repressional effect of low doses of SAHA on ERE-dependant transcription. Finally, the synergy of ICI and SAHA might increase the potency of breast cancer therapy.

Keyphrases: breast cancer, DNA binding, estrogen receptor, full anti-estrogen, HDAC inhibitors
Pour une approche urbanistique de la conservation et de
la mise en valeur du patrimoine bâti :
l’expérience du canal de Lachine à Montréal

For a few decades now, we are witnessing in the province of Quebec a multiplication of industrial wastelands. If those spaces represent predilection sites to urban redevelopment, their location in the core of the city encourages their reoccupation and their reconversion. However, their transformation doesn’t appear to be solely motivated by their emplacement but also by the historic interest that they arouse.  In this thesis we aim to determine how we can integrate urbanistic dimensions to the elaboration of a project which intends to preserve an old urban area. This thesis has for main objective to enlighten elements of an urbanistic perspective of heritage conservation. From the study of nine projects of heritage preservation located along the Lachine canal in Montreal, we question the contribution of the actual discourse on heritage conservation to the revitalization of old urban areas. We consider more specifically the morphological dimensions and the vocational activities of those projects. Our research is based on the following hypothesis: that the integration of heritage conservation issues to the transformation of the city results from the diversity and the complementarity of the vocational activities and from the different uses of the urban spaces. The study of those projects is conducted in order to identify how they take place in an urban project’s perspective. Constituted as a reaction to decontextualized urban planning practices, the notion of urban project is based on works related to the concept of urban heritage, specifically those of Gustavo Giovannoni and the Italian school of typomorphology. Because the projects that we have studied insist on a sectorial approach of the transformation of the old industrial corridor, and only on its integration to a regional scale of the organization of the territory, we can’t consider that they take place in an urban project’s perspective. We show how they differ from such an approach and how the discourse on heritage conservation developed in those projects forbids the integration of the Lachine canal corridor into local urban dynamics.

Keyphrases: Urban planning, Conservation, Urban heritage, Urban project, Montreal, Lachine canal
Développement de modèles C. elegans de Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique

Two recently discovered causative genes for ALS, TDP-43 (TAR DNA Binding Protein 43) and FUS/TLS (Fused in Sarcoma/Translocated in Liposarcoma) are under further investigation regarding their biological roles in neuropathies such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Since TDP-43 and FUS are evolutionarily conserved we turned to the model organism C. elegans to learn more about their biological functions. Here we report that TDP-1 functions in the Insulin/IGF pathway to regulate longevity and the oxidative stress response. We have generated mutant TDP-43 and FUS transgenic lines in C. elegans that recapitulate certain aspects of ALS including motor neuron degeneration and adult-onset paralysis. Proteotoxicity caused by ALS- associated mutations in TDP-43 or FUS also induce TDP-1 expression and consistently, deletion of endogenous tdp-1 rescues mutant TDP-43 and FUS proteotoxicity in C. elegans. These results suggest that chronic induction of wild type TDP-1/TDP-43 by proteotoxicity may actively promote neurodegeneration. We also screened for small- molecule suppressors of mutant TDP-43 and FUS neuronal toxicity in transgenic C. elegans and identified methylene blue and salubrinal as potent suppressors of TDP-43 and FUS toxicity in our models through induction of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. Our results indicate that protein folding homeostasis in the ER may be an important target for therapeutic development in neurodegenerative diseases.

Keyphrases: C. elegans, TDP-43, TDP-1, FUS/TLS, neuropathologies, aging, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, neurodegeneration, ALS
Modulation de l'expression et de l'activité de la NADPH P450 réductase chez le lapin

The catalytic activity of the cytochrome P450 depends on the availability of electrons produced by the NADPH P450 reductase (NPR). Our study aims to determine how the expression of the NPR is modulated in rabbits.  In order to understand how the expression of the NPR is modulated, hepatocytes from rabbits in the control group were incubated for 2, 4, 24 and 48 hours in the presence of several cytochrome P450 transcription factor activators. Furthermore, a group of rabbits received a sub-cutaneous injection of turpentine in order to create an aseptic inflammatory response with the aim to assess the effects of inflammation on the expression of the NPR. Rosiglitazone, fenofibrate, lead acetate and cobalt chloride (inducers of PPAR, PPAR, AP-1 and HIF-1) did not produce any change in the expression or the activity of the NPR after a 48 hour incubation period. Dexamethasone (Dexa) increased the amount of mRNA (QT-PCR), and NPR's expression and activity as well as CAR (constitutive androstane receptor) and PXR (pregnane X receptor) nuclear receptors' mRNA after a 48 hour incubation period (p<0.05). Phenobarbital (PB) increased NPR's activity (p<0.05). However, the combination of PB and Dexa increased the amount of mRNA, as well as NPR's expression and activity after a 48 hour incubation period (p<0.05). The combination of PB and Dexa increased CAR, PXR and RXR (retinoid X receptor) nuclear receptors' mRNA after a 2 hour incubation period. PD098059 (PD), a inhibitor of MAPK1 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) activation, and okadaic acid (OA), an inhibitor of the phosphatase 2A protein (PP2A), prevented the increase of NPR expression and activity induced by PB after a 48 hour incubation period. The aseptic inflammatory reaction decreased NPR's expression and activity after a 48 hour incubation period (p<0.05).  We conclude that dexamethasone and phenobarbital are potential NPR inductors and that CAR, PXR and RXR signaling pathways appear to be involved in controlling this induction. However, further studies will be needed to confirm these preliminary results.

Keyphrases: Cytochrome P450, NADPH P450 reductase, Hepatocytes, Inflammation, Dexamethasone, Phenobarbital
L’approche dialogique dans les comités d’éthique clinique en Amérique du nord

This research focuses on communication processes used in hospital ethics committees (HECs) in North America in their consultation role. According to the literature, HECs would benefit if they ―pay closer attention to group process [as an] effective communication in a HEC is essential to a committee’s function‖ (Berchelmann and Blechner 2002 359 p.143). However, very little data on group dynamics and modes of communication are available. This thesis explores whether the dialogical approach may be useful to supporting group discussion in HECs. The first part of this thesis presents a literature review and history to situate the current state of HECs. The various methods used to conduct discussions in ethics consultations are then explored and analyzed, with regards to their advantages and limitations. The second part of the thesis examines communication barriers that potentially affect HECs, and then proposes a possible solution to improve the communication process (and reduce the effect of barriers), that is, the dialogic approach as developed by the organizational setting. This approach is then conceptualized and linked with the communication needs of HECs. Although dialogue can provide several beneficial contributions to HECs and their members, some contextual constraints reduce its feasibility for a comprehensive application. However, using it as a means of additional training, dialogue enables the development of the individual and the group and remains an interesting and useful approach for HECs facing difficulties, and who are able to understand the systemic implications of this approach.

Keyphrases: Ethics consultation, Method, Dialogue, Dialogue, Decision making, Facilitation, Consensus, Consensus, Process, Communication, Communication, Clinical Ethics Committee