NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Étude comparative des effets métaboliques des antipsychotiques de seconde génération chez les enfants et les adolescents selon leur utilisation en monothérapie ou en poly-thérapie : étude rétrospective sur 24 mois

Second generation antipsychotics (SGA) can induce metabolic changes such as weight gain, glucose abnormalities and dyslipidemia. In the pediatric population, studies analysing the SGA polytherapy (switch of SGA and/or combination of two SGA) induced metabolic effects are scarce and, to our knowledge, no naturalistic study, until now, directly compared metabolic changes between the SGA monotherapy (a single SGA prescribed during the follow-up) and SGA polytherapy use. The objective of this retrospective study is to compare SGA monotherapy induced metabolic changes to those secondary to SGA polytherapy. To this end, from 147 antipsychotic-naïve children and adolescents (mean age 12.8 years; 95% CI 9.8 to 15.9) selected between November 2005 and June 2013, 116 (78.9%) received a SGA monotherapy and 31 (21.1%) a SGA polytherapy. We used the linear mixed model to compare weight, body mass index adjusted for age and sex (BMI z score) and fasting glucose changes between the two SGA treatment groups with the repeated factor the time relative to baseline at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months. Our results show that the type of therapy (monotherapy or polytherapy) did not have a significant impact on the metabolic changes between the two groups. Overall, after 24 months of SGA treatment, mean weight increased significantly by 12.8 kg (95% CI 10.4 to 15.0), BMI z score by 0.44 (95% CI 0.21 to 0.68), fasting glucose levels by 0.29 mmol/l (95% CI 0.11 to 0.47). Incidence of overweight/obese was 22.6%, BMI z score increase over 0.5 was 9.4%, glucose intolerance was 9.4% and type II diabetes was 3.1%. In conclusion, our study confirms the significant risk of metabolic complications during 24 months SGA treatment, without a significant difference between monotherapy and polytherapy use.

Keyphrases: adolescents, Second generation antipsychotics, Children, Weight gain, Obesity, Glucose abnormalities, Type II diabetes
Le rôle de Gas6 dans le métabolisme du glucose

Introduction: Gas6 is a secreted protein which is gamma-carboxylated in a vitamin K dependent manner and functions as ligand for the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases: TYRO3, AXL and MERTK. A few studies in humans suggest a potential role for Gas6 in insulin resistance and obesity. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which Gas6 influences insulin resistance remain unknown. Based on our preliminary data, we hypothesized that Gas6 regulates insulin sensitivity in muscle and adipose tissue through its interaction with its receptors. Methods and Results: We observed that Axl is the most highly expressed Gas6 receptor in adipocytes and myocytes. Moreover, we found that Axl and its downstream target AKT are phosphorylated in C2C12 myotubes following stimulation with recombinant Gas6. Importantly, these phosphorylation events are abrogated when cells where pre-treated with LDC1267, a TAM pharmacological inhibitors. In addition, Gas6-/- mice display an improved glucose tolerance, associated with increased insulin sensitivity when compared to wild-type mice. In contrast, Gas6 transgenic mice characterized by increased circulating Gas6 levels (ApoE-Gas6 Tg) have reduced insulin sensitivity. To further investigate the molecular events downstream of Gas6 and of its receptor in muscle cells, we characterized the Gas6/Axl-dependent transcriptome in myotubes using RNAseq. Interestingly, we found that key regulators of the insulin signaling pathway were modulated by Gas6 and Axl. Conclusion and Relevance: Together, these results support the notion that Gas6 is implicated in the regulation of insulin sensitivity in vivo. This function of Gas6 occurs through its interaction with Axl at the surface of myocytes.

Keyphrases: Type 2 Diabetes, Insulin resistance, Metabolism, Physiology, Vitamin K
La classification des Autochtones au Canada : une étude des mouvements catégoriels entre le recensement et l’enquête auprès des peuples autochtones de 2006

In Canada, the representativeness of the official categories of indigenous existence is rarely publicly discussed. They presently circulate as designations of common sense and from time to time they are endorsed and claimed by indigenous persons and social formations. However, the analysis of their respective inception shows that they all have a history that goes back to the North American colonial project. In this master thesis, we will question their commonsensical status with the analysis of a phenomenon that shaken’s it. Indeed, we will compare the answers given by same respondents as they are similarly questioned on their indigenous affiliations in two major national surveys, that is, the 2006 Census and Aboriginal People Survey. This comparison will show, for example, that a little more than half of respondents changed their answers from one survey to the next. With such results, it is imperative to question the apparent validity of those categories. To do this, we will procced in three steps. We will start by a socio-historical analysis itemizing the career of each category in order to demonstrate that they were initially imposed and ambiguously used. This incursion will bring us to the analysis of processes such stereotyping, problematization and racialization. We will proceed next with a literature review of a similar phenomenon to the one we observe, that is ethnic mobility among indigenous. This phenomenon will both serve as an empirical basis and as an example of interpretation pitfall. Expanding on the empirical relations and the historical ambiguities, we will analyse the data from the surveys using a hierarchical classification method to isolate stable and moving profiles and multinomial regression models to associate certain characteristics to these profiles. In the end, this analytical scheme will enable us to interpret our data and results in a novel way.

Keyphrases: classification raciale, Racial classification, Colonialism, Census, Aboriginal people survey
Expériences de reconnaissance professionnelle de sept assistantes et assistant de service social français devenus travailleuses et travailleur sociaux au Québec

Each year, many French professionals choose to immigrate to Québec. Among them are social service assistants wishing to pursue their careers as Social Workers in Quebec. However, several issues of recognition arise during their journey that leads them to integrating Quebec professional setting. The re-analysis of interviews conducted in the context of research project led by Pullen Sansfaçon, Brown and Graham (SSHRC 2011-2012, SSHRC 2012-2015) allows us to explore the experiences of recognition and denial of recognition experienced by seven french social workers during their professional adaptation in Quebec. The theoretical framework of recognition developed by Axel Honneth reveals that they have experiences of recognition and denial which are visible at three different level, that is emotional, legal and social. Results from the analysis highlight that to be recognized, it seems essential that those French professionals swiftly gain the right to practice, that their skills are recognized, and that they receive support and approval in their workplace. More specifically, this study stresses the importance of having the right to practice as soon as possible, the availability of training adapted to their specific needs before and during the integration into their new practice in Quebec, and being in a welcoming and supportive atmosphere in their workplace. The role of institutions around the integration of French Social Workers, such as government agencies, OTSTCFQ and practice settings are essential to put in place the conditions favoring this recognition. Overall, the participants reported they experienced more professional recognition in Quebec than in France.

Keyphrases: France, Québec, Canada, Honneth, Immigration, Assistant de service social, Social work, Migrant social worker, Migration, Recognition, Honneth, Social service assistant
L’organisation communautaire en Centre de santé et de services sociaux (CSSS) : positionnement et conditions de travail

This memory is intended as a descriptive and exploratory research on the phenomenon of mergers of health facilities and its impacts on the structuring and development of professional practices. Specifically, our focus will be on the Couillard 2003 reform with the creation of health centers and social services as well as the professional community organization.

Keyphrases: community organizing, health and social services (HSSC), mergers, case study, positioning, working conditions
Why do peace negotiations fail? : a case study of the 2012-2015 peace talks between Turkey and the PKK

Why do peace negotiations fail? Answering this question, this dissertation synthesizes the literature on bargaining theory and third party involvement in intrastate conflicts. Using qualitative case study methods, I employ this theoretical framework to the third round of the peace talks between Turkey and Kurdistan Workers’ Party, which was held between December 2012 and July 2015. Bargaining model of war highlights the problems of information asymmetries and credible commitment that lead to bargaining failures. Information asymmetries and commitment problems are usually more severe in intrastate conflicts because it tends to be more difficult to obtain information about the military capabilities of non-state armed groups (NSAGs) and there tends to be larger power asymmetries between states and NSAGs. The case highlights four sets of implications. First, both sides in a peace process can willingly make choices that fail to achieve the ends to which they aspired. Second, these choices result from ill-designed measures in bargaining practices and/or the lack of a third party that would redress the relative balance of power and maintain it during the peace talks. This ultimately intensifies the problems of credible commitment. Third, disruptive exogenous shifts in relative capabilities, especially in favor of the NSAG, may produce asymmetric information problems. Fourth, some conflicts do not lend themselves to third-party involvement, as it may be too difficult or costly for third parties to redress the relative balance of power.

Keyphrases: Turkey-PKK, Negotiation failures, Peace processes, Credible commitment, Asymmetric information, Third-party involvement, Bargaining theory
Établissement de couverts végétaux visant à inhiber la germination, la croissance et la survie de la Berce du Caucase (Heracleum mantegazzianum)

Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) is an invasive species that causes human skin photodermatitis after contact with the sap. Control techniques of the plant often produced a soil devoid of vegetation cover, which facilitates reinvasion. The objective of my project was to evaluate the effect (competition) of plant seeding on the establishment of Giant Hogweed. First, I conducted a mesocosm experiment using five herbaceous plant mixtures in order to test the effect of composition and associated cover on germination, growth and survival of Giant Hogweed. Three mixtures, especially those with Solidago canadensis, reduced germination rate. Every mixture reduced growth and survival of Giant Hogweed seedlings. In order to identify the mechanism responsible for this phenomenon, I tested the effect of allelopathic substances, extracted from leaves and roots of S. canadensis, on germination of Giant Hogweed seeds. Although an allelopathic effect on a model species (radish) was detected, the substances did not impede Giant Hogweed germination. Considering germination occurs in darkness, a mechanism other than light or allelopathy would be responsible for the reduction of germination rate in certain plant mixtures. However, the reduction of light through plant cover would likely be the cause for the decrease of growth and survival of Giant Hogweed seedlings. A seed mixture mostly composed of grasses and rapidly producing a dense plant cover has a good potential for restoration following weeding.

Keyphrases: Solidago canadensis, Heracleum mantegazianum, germination, Allelopathic substances, plant cover, Giant Hogweed, competition, growth
Biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from extreme petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated site

Industrial activities, energy production, transportation, and urbanization have led to serious environmental problems that have negative effects not only for the natural ecosystems, but  also for the human  health. Several methods of rehabilitation of contaminated sites such as conventional methods consisting on excavation, transportation and storage of contaminated soils in landfills (known as Dig and Dump), as well as other technologies that use physical and chemical treatments or incineration of polluted soil pollutants, have been largely utilized. However, these methods are very costly and not environmental-friendly because of greenhouse gas emission and destruction of habitats. Several green technologies have emerged in recent decades. Among these emerging technologies, phytoremediation is a promising method whose effectiveness becomes increasingly recognized worldwide. Phytoremediation uses plant and their associated microbes to degrade, uptake or sequestrate organic and inorganic pollutants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are among microbes that live intimately with plant root where they form a symbiosis known as arbuscular mycorrhiza. The objective of my master project was to study the diversity and changes of community structure of AMF in roots and rhizospheric soils of three native plant species Eleocharis elliptica, Populus tremuloides and Persicaria maculosa growing in petroleum-contaminated sedimentation basins of a former petro-chemical plant. I used conventional PCR, cloning and sequencing approach targeting 18S rRNA gene to investigate AMF community structure. I analyzed at minimum 48 clones for each sample. Beta diversity analyses showed that AMF community structure was significantly different across biotopes (roots and rhizospheric soils) and different concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination. Our results showed that plant identity and concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminations strongly influenced the AMF community structure as well as the inter-specific relationship among AMF taxa.  Moreover, with consideration of both biotic and abiotic factors, we found that several AMF OTUs showed positive and negative correlations between each other and also with petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants. My study brings us in-valuable information to apply AMF for the phytoremediation in the future.

Keyphrases: PCR, Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination, Phytoremediation,, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Community structure, Biodiversity, Cloning and sequencing
Être impulsif rend moins altruiste : une expérience avec les diamants mandarins

Reciprocal altruism, the most probable mechanism for cooperation among unrelated individuals, can be modelled as a Prisoner’s Dilemma. This game predicts that cooperation should evolve whenever the players, who expect to interact repeatedly, adopt conditional strategies. Yet, experimental data suggest that reciprocity would be rare in animal societies, maybe because animals, compared to humans, are very impulsive. Several studies examining the effect of impulsiveness on cooperation have indeed found a negative impact of temporal discounting. On the other hand, the role of impulsive action, another facet of impulsiveness, remains unexplored, though it could also impede cooperation by affecting the capacity of individuals to flexibly adjust their behaviour to their partner’s decision. To address this hypothesis, we conducted an experiment with zebra finches (Taenyopigia guttata) that were paired assortatively with respect to their level of impulsive action and then played an Alternating Prisoner’s Dilemma. As anticipated, we found that mutual cooperation occurred more frequently between self-controlled partners than between impulsive ones, a difference that was caused by differences in the strategy used by both types of individuals. Specifically, self-controlled individuals used a Generous TFT strategy, as predicted by theory, whereas impulsive birds chose to cooperate with a fixed probability, which was independent of their partner’s previous decision. If the inability of impulsive individuals to use reactive strategies are due to their reduced working memory capacity, our findings might contribute to explaining interspecific differences in cooperative behaviour.

Keyphrases: Impulsiveness, Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma, Reciprocal altruism, Zebra finch
Caractérisation de la microstructure corticale par IRM multimodale : application à l'étude de la mutation SYN1_Q555X

A mutation of the SYN1 gene has recently been discovered in several members of a large French-Canadian family segregating language disorders, focal epilepsy, and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Although no apparent macroscopic abnormality could be identified in brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, we hypothesized that quantitative MRI modalities sensitive to tissue microstructure and composition could allow the identification of subtle anomalies.  We acquired multimodal MRI data from 13 SYN1_Q555x mutation carriers and 13 healthy controls matched for age and sex. A surface-based group statistical analysis was performed on the cortical parametric maps to characterize the effect of the mutation on several quantitative physical parameters.  In summary, alterations were found in the language network, as well as abnormal lateralization of the latter over the right hemisphere. The most significant changes in these regions are a decrease in mean diffusivity and an increase in fractional anisotropy. A biophysical model is proposed to explain these results, which suggest an increase in neuropil density or volume fraction.  This study is, to our knowledge, the first to successfully use diffusion imaging and multiparametric mapping in a surface-based approach to detect cortical anomalies in a group of subjects with a well-defined genotype linked to language impairments, epilepsy and ASD.   Importantly, this study also shows that diffusion MRI, although traditionally seen as a white matter modality, can effectively be used in a surface-based approach to characterize subtle cortical pathology not detectable otherwise, even when only a relatively small group of subjects is available.

Keyphrases: IRM, diffusion, dyslexie, microstructure, cortex, mutation, multiparametric, dyslexia, epilepsy, autism, genetics
L'émotion dans les jeux vidéo narratifs : pour une analyse du contrôle et de l'expérience vidéoludique

This master’s thesis analyzes how story-driven video games can trigger players’ emotions in their own way. Following Bernard Perron’s research on emotion in video games, our purpose is to explore how, through player control and gameplay, gameplay emotions find their place along fictional and artifact emotions. We will observe how all these contribute to an experience for the player to understand through his sensibility and agency, and not exclusively through the high-level story written by the game developers. To this end, a range of videogames are analyzed: Heavy Rain, Brothers: A Tale of Two Sons, The Walking Dead, Life is Strange and Papo & Yo. Prolonging Roger Odin’s work, the thesis opens up a new type of attunement: emotional attunement.

Keyphrases: Emotion, Video game studies, Video games, Story-driven video games, Gameplay emotion, Agency, Control, Agency
Épandage de biosolides papetiers et de boues de chaux dans une plantation de peuplier hybride : effets sur la nutrition foliaire et la croissance

The use of fertilizing residual materials (FRM) in hybrid poplar (HP) plantations in Quebec could maximize yields and merchantable volumes. It would also have the advantage of minimizing the burial (landfill) or incineration of FRM. However, applications rates of FRM must be calibrated for an optimal response of the trees. The study was conducted in a PEH plantation in the Eastern Townships. An experimental design comprising two blocks (repetitions) of five plots - one control and four combinations of papermill biosolids and lime sludge - was established in fall 2012/spring 2013 and sampling was conducted three years later (summer 2015). The treatments represented the following application rates: 140 and 15 t ha-1 (wet), 140 and 30 t ha-1, 240 and 15 t ha-1 and 240 and 30 t ha-1 of biosolids and lime, respectively. Soil properties as well as morphology and nutrition of HP were evaluated. We observed a highly significant treatment effect on HP growth compared to untreated plots. The height of HP trees in the treated plots increased by 1.6 to 2 times, diameter by 2.5 to 4 times, leaf area by 3 to 8 times and the foliar weight by 2.7 to 9 times compared to the trees in the untreated plots. However, there was no significant difference among the various treatments. Foliar nutrition analyses showed that fertilization with FRM was sufficient to compensate for the low availability of nutrients in the soil. Thus, with FRM application, the macronutrients N, P, K and Ca in the leaves were within the optimal concentration ranges, whereas without FRM, the leaves showed concentrations below these thresholds. Despite the small differences observed among the four amendments, the treatment combining 240 t ha-1 of biosolids and 15 t ha-1 of lime was the one the closest to the optimal nutrition for HP. Papermill biosolids in combination with lime sludge provide very encouraging results in regard to foliar nutrition and yields of HP plantations.

Keyphrases: Plantation, Hybrid Poplar, Biosolids, Papermill Biosolids, Lime Sludge, Foliar Nutrition, Productivity
Étude des procédés d’appropriation esthétique de l’astronautique dans Nous trois de Jean Echenoz suivi de Hellen-Freischmann

The essay entitled Études des procédés d’appropriation esthétique de l’astronautique dans Nous trois de Jean Echenoz explores the strategies employed by the author Jean Echenoz to engage in a new dialogue with the theme of astronautics, which he brings into play in his sixth novel. Characterized by a playful and distanced adherence to literary fiction, Nous trois plays with styles, references and language, inscribing his universe into an esthetic of precariousness, sparing no dimension of his work. His narrative structure induces a troubling ambiguity around the characters’ identities and narrative instances. On a diegesis level, the author sets an unstable and unsettling universe in which the subject of astronautics is exposed without any complacency. Taking advantage of the language’s inherent precariousness, Echenoz takes ownership of the astronautics’ lexicon which he employs to further his style. The novel Hellen-Freischmann narrates the journey of a peculiar author whose goal is to publish his manuscript starring celestial bodies as protagonists. This narrative is intertwined with the tale of a publisher from a prestigious publishing house who must come to terms with this atypical submission. These characters evolve within a dark universe where strangeness stands alongside familiarity, where likelihood threatens to fall into fantasy, and fiction contaminates reality. The novel is carried by an unusual and unstable voice, characterized by complex plays on focus, contrasted language use, and a certain indecision towards the role of narration in the story told. This playful narrator incorporates a nomenclature proper to astronomy, which serves both the intrigue and the style of the novel.

Keyphrases: Narration, Jean Echenoz, Astronomy, Publishing house, Playfulness