NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Exploration des facteurs qui influencent la mise en œuvre de la méthode HEA pour la sélection des ménages bénéficiaires des programmes de filets sociaux au Mali.

Around the world, the identification of people or households benefiting from social interventions remains a challenge. In countries where the majority of the population works in the informal sector, lives on subsistence agriculture and/or lives below the poverty line, targeting people who have to benefit from an intervention requires methods that are different from income verification and from the classification of poverty on a monetary basis. In 2014, an experimental project entitled Cadre commun des filets sociaux au Nord Mali (CCFS) was implemented in Mali. The objective of this project is to identify the populations who suffer from food and nutritional insecurity and provide them with assistance (cash transfers, food assistance and prevention of malnutrition for pregnant women and children), particularly during pastoral and agricultural lean periods. The Household Economy Approach (HEA) targeting method is one of the methods used to select beneficiary households for cash transfers in Northern Mali. The purpose of this research is to identify the factors and the context that influence the implementation of the HEA method. Two villages in an agricultural commune and two fractional sites in a pastoral commune were chosen as sites. Interviews (48 interviews (12 carried out by the student and 36 by research NGOs)) and a collection of 15 documents were conducted. Using the 23 factors in the Durlak and Dupré Implementation Analysis Framework (2008), a thematic analysis was conducted using the software © QDA Miner. The results show that the identification of households receiving cash transfers in Northern Mali is mainly based on geographical and community targeting. The factors that influence the targeting process are related to the low knowledge of the HEA method, to the weariness and low motivation of the people involved, to top down management and lack of transparency in the decision-making processes at the level of organizational structures, to the logic of domination and power relations within communities, and finally to the issues of funding and hegemonic relationships in the world of humanitarian aid and development cooperation. The difficult multisectoral coordination of social protection actors comes to support the need for new research on the establishment of a household registration system in Mali.

Keyphrases: Mali, HEA targeting method, Geographic targeting, Community targeting, Cash transfers, Process analysis, Implementation
Analyse systématique des données sur le control banding et proposition d’une méthode semi-quantitative selon des critères physico-chimiques et biologiques des nanomatériaux manufacturés

Among the hazards assessment methodology that has grown exponentially during the last decade, mention Control Banding (CB). According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), this qualitative approach originally developed in the pharmaceutical industry, aims to protect approximately 90% or 2.7 billion workers that do not have access to occupational safety, health, and hygiene. Currently, this approach can be adapted to the specificities of nanomaterials (NMs), considering the significant lack of scientific knowledge about their potential health and safety risks to workers. In recent years, several CB models have been developed, and many countries have created their own nano-specific CB instruments. However, a semi-quantitative approach would better managing the hazards of handling nanomaterials in the workplace. This thesis aimed to perform a systematic literature review over the past 20 years about the CB approach and then to suggest a semi-quantitative hazard assessment. The official Web pages of the databases Toxline, Pubmed and Google Scholar were used, covering the literature from January 1996 to November 2016, with use of the 4 keywords to locate relevant articles: Control Banding, nanomaterials, physico-chemical, biological characteristics. These searches yielded a total of 982 articles, 11% (91) were retained to eventually retain 6% (51/982). This review shows that the CB approach is an interesting and complementary methodology to quantitative evaluation methods and the CB tools developed for NMs are all qualitative in nature, in response to an exposure and adapted to different work environments. It is possible to make better use by proposing a semi-quantitative approach based on physicochemical and toxicity parameters of NMs to better characterize their degree of dangerousness. We propose here an original methodology proposing the interaction of in vitro tests and chemical analyzes. This innovative Control Banding approach should increase confidence in the judgment of experts and industry, as well as to guide both exposed workers and the uses of NMs in this industry.

Keyphrases: Danger, Semi-quantitative, Hazard, Nanomaterials, Control banding, Physicochemical, Biological characteristics
Prématurité et futur risque de fracture orthopédique

Objective: Preterm birth occurs during a critical period of bone mineralization. We assessed whether preterm birth translates into a higher risk of orthopedic fracture in childhood. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 788,903 infants born between 2006 and 2016 in Quebec, Canada, including 5,436,400 person-years of follow-up. We distinguished preterm (<37 weeks) and term (≥37 weeks) infants and identified future hospitalizations for bone fractures that required operative treatment before 2018. We calculated incidence rates and estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association of prematurity with fractures using Cox regression models adjusted for maternal and infant characteristics. We determined if the risk of fracture varied by the child’s age. Results: There were 51,212 preterm infants in this study (6.5%). The incidence of fracture was 17.9 per 10,000 person-years in preterm children and 15.3 per 10,000 person-years in term children. Compared with term, preterm children had 1.08 times the risk of fracture during follow-up (95% CI 0.99-1.18). Associations were stronger for femur (HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.01-1.60) and assault-related fractures (HR 2.27, 95% CI 1.37-3.76). Associations also varied with age, with preterm children having 2 times the risk of femur fracture between 6 and 17 months of age (HR 2.20, 95% CI 1.45-3.35), but no association thereafter. Conclusion: Preterm birth is associated with an increased risk of certain bone fractures and assault-related fractures before 18 months of age. Families of preterm children may benefit from counselling and support for fracture prevention during early childhood.

Keyphrases: Orthopedics, Gestational age, Hospitalization, Premature birth, Bone fractures
Physical activity and screen time trajectories in adolescents

Introduction: Only 7% of Canadians age ≤ 17 years engage in the recommended 60 minutes or more of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (PA) daily. Further, most youth surpass the recommended screen time maximum of 2-hours daily. Many cross-sectional studies suggest that PA and screen time are only weakly correlated and that they evolve independently. Objectives and hypotheses: The first objective of this MSc thesis was to model PA and screen time trajectories during adolescence, in boys and girls. The second objective was to describe the distribution of participants according to concurrent membership in the two sets of trajectories. Our hypotheses were that trajectories differ by sex and that PA trajectories are independent of screen time trajectories. Methods: Data were drawn from an ongoing longitudinal study of 1294 adolescents age 12-13 years recruited in 1999-2000 in 10 Montreal-area high schools. Self-report questionnaires were completed during class time, every 3 months from grade 7 to 11. Group-based trajectory modeling identified PA and screen time trajectories. Joint trajectory models provided membership probabilities in both PA and screen time trajectories. Results: Five groups of PA trajectories were identified in both sexes. Four and five screen time trajectory groups were identified in boys and girls, respectively. Half (57%) of boys and 46% of girls engaged in PA 6-7 days weekly during the entire 5-year follow-up. All screen time trajectories were above the recommended 2-hours daily. Conditional probabilities suggested weak associations between PA and screen time. Conclusion: Patterns of PA and screen time are heterogeneous during adolescence. Their co- evolution may need to be considered by public health practitioners.

Keyphrases: Adolescence, Physical activity, Screen time, Sedentary behaviours, Adolescence, Trajectory modeling, Longitudinal studies
Les coulisses du partenariat patient : c
omment le partenariat avec les patients change l’identité des professionnels de la santé ?

Objectives: To understand the identity tensions experienced by health professionals during a partnership relationship with patients on a quality improvement committee. Design: Qualitative ethnographic study based on participatory observation. Setting: Family medicine clinic in Montreal who decided to create a new interdisciplinary quality improvement committee (QIC) and to include PP for the first time. Participants: The QIC consisted of two patient partners, two family physicians, two family medicine residents, one pharmacist, one nurse clinician, one specialized nurse practitioner, one secretary, one receptionist, and one manager. All members of the QIC were invited to participate in the study. Data collection: Data collection began in the winter of 2017, when the committee was created, and ended in summer 2018. It consisted of participatory observations, logbook notes, and semistructured interviews. Results: Through Ghadiri's theoretical framework on identity threats, health professionals experienced significant identity tensions. Transforming the “caregiver–patient” relationship into a “colleague-colleague” relationship generated identity upheavals among the professionals, relating to the “good professional” ideal, the impermeability of the patient and professional categories, the interweaving of the symbols associated with one or the other of these identities, and the inner balance between the roles of carer and colleague. Conclusion: our results provide an interpretive reading that is original and different from the current literature, shedding light on certain issues frequently encountered in the field. Working with patients does not, for the professional, imply a purely “collegial” relationship, but rather the construction of a new relational framework, flexible and dynamic, that takes into account the coexistence of multiple identities.

Keyphrases: Patient partner, Quality improvement, Family medicine, Patient partnership, Identity
L’accompagnement infirmier des proches dans un processus décisionnel concernant la fin de vie d’une personne âgée vivant avec un trouble neurocognitif en centre d’hébergement

Relatives supporting an older person living with an advanced major neurocognitive disorder (NCD) in a long-term care home (called a CHSLD in Quebec) encounter multiple challenges every day. Among them is the responsibility of making healthcare decisions on behalf of a relative living with an NCD, who is no longer able to do so themself. Some of these decisions launch relatives into a complex process that requires guidance from the healthcare team, especially when the decisions may impact the end-of-life of the person living with an NCD. Through their skills in family care and their daily presence directly among residents and relatives, nurses have a privileged role to play in offering this support. However, few studies have examined its various components. The aim of this study is therefore to propose a theory on nurses’ support of relatives making end-of-life decisions for a resident living with an NCD in a CHSLD.  Inspired by Gadamer’s hermeneutical philosophy (1960/2018) and Watson’s theory of human caring (2012), a constructivist grounded theory was conducted with nine nurses and 10 relatives, whom were met in individual semi-structured interviews. These nurses had all held regular positions in CHSLDs for at least one year, while relatives were or had been involved in the end-of-life decision-making process for a person living with an NCD in a CHSLD. The data analysis was based on principles suggested by Charmaz (2014), including initial coding, focus coding, constant comparison, and the writing of memos.  The proposed theory highlights trust as the fundamental aspect in the nurse-relative relationship. Indeed, trust has a significant impact on families’ decision-making process and on the quality of the support nurses provide to relatives. Exploring the refusal of palliative care and supporting relatives’ need to witness and take stock of the state of health of the person living with an NCD for themselves are two other essential components of nursing care. Finally, nurses’ well-timed education of relatives and clear transmission of information are other themes that are central to this theory.  Deepening the understanding of the main elements of quality nursing support, this study reinforces evidence-based nursing practice and guides research leading to effective interventions that will ultimately facilitate relatives’ experience. Our results also demonstrate nurses’ invaluable contribution to relatives’ decision-making process.

Keyphrases: decision-making, end-of-life, grounded theory, long-term care, neurocognitive disorders, nursing homes, palliative care, relatives, surrogates, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias
Identification et caractérisation moléculaire et fonctionnelle des cellules tissulaires de l’immunité innée chez les patients atteints de maladies inflammatoires intestinales

Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), two common forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), represent a major public health problem because of their prevalence, chronicity and lack of available curative treatment. The pathophysiology of these diseases involves predisposing genetic factors, environmental triggers, and a dysfunctional immune response. Innate immune cells, including mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) and granulocytes, are important players in the initiation and maintenance of intestinal inflammation due to their position at the interface between the external environment, epithelium and adaptive immune cells. Although widely studied in mice, their investigation in humans remains fragmentary, often with contradictory findings reported in the colon, and they are rarely studied in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). MNPs from the colon and MLNs of patients with CD and UC were characterized by multi-color flow cytometry, mass cytometry (CyTOF) and RNA sequencing (bulk and single cell). The function of MNPs and basophils on autologous memory CD4+ T cell responses was also assessed.  The results presented here highlight similarities and differences in the distribution of MNPs between CD and UC, and the profile of memory CD4+ T cell response in colon and MLNs. HLADR+SIRPα+CD14+CD64+CD163- MNPs, defined as inflammatory monocytes, but not HLADR+SIRPα+CD14+CD64+CD163+ macrophages, accumulated in the inflammatory mucosa of CD and UC patients, and promoted Th17 and Th17/Th1 memory responses in an IL-1β dependent manner. The frequency of this subpopulation correlated with endoscopic severity in CD. In contrast, the distribution of these two MNP populations in the MLNs differs between CD and UC. HLADR+SIRPα+CD14+CD64+ MNPs were enriched in CD163+ cells that predominantly included HLA-DRdim monocytes-like cells over HLA-DRhi macrophages in UC patients only. Among HLADR+SIRPα+CD14-CD64- dendritic cells (DCs), plasmocytoid DCs predominated in both UC and CD, with higher frequency in CD versus UC. IL-1β in CD and IL-12 in UC favor a pathogenic CD4+ T cell profile (IFN-γ, TNF-α, GM-CSF, IL-6 expression/production) in the colonic mucosa. It was also demonstrated that IL-12 and inflammatory tissue monocytes induced IL-8 production by memory CD4+ T cells in intestinal mucosa and MLNs of UC but not CD. In this study, it was also observed that basophils and not mast cells accumulated, in the colonic mucosa and MLNs of CD and UC patients, and favored Th17 and Th17/Th1, but not Th1, responses in CCR7+ memory CD4+ T cells. In conclusion, characterization of MNPs in the intestinal mucosa and MLNs of IBD patients contributes to a better understanding of IBD pathophysiology and opens avenues to optimize patient stratification, and thus, personalized treatment of IBD patients.

Keyphrases: Inflammatory bowel diseases, Ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, Innate immunity, Intestinal mucosa and mesenteric lymph nodes
Les cellules dendritiques mérocytiques : un nouveau sous-type de cellules dendritiques conventionnelles spécifiquement régulée par Bim

Unlike other conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) subtypes, presentation of peptides derived from apoptotic bodies by merocytic dendritic cells (mcDCs) is associated with a break of tolerance. Presentation of peptides derived from pancreatic beta cells by mcDC is linked to diabetes induction. However, when loaded with peptides derived from tumor cells, they allow the reactivation of T cells and the elimination of the tumor. These properties specific to mcDC highlight new aspects in the control of break of tolerance. Understanding their relationships with other DCs and their regulation is important for understanding the mechanisms associated with immune tolerance. We have determined that mcDCs are cDCs. mcDCs are short-lived cells able to induce an allogeneic response. They express the specific cDC transcription factor, Zbtb46. mcDCs are differentiated from the cDC common precursors. They express and require IRF-4 for their homeostasis, a transcription factor associated with cDC2 differentiation. However, the proximity of mcDC to cDC2 differs in terms of metabolism where they have different signatures. mcDCs are found in greater numbers in the mouse model of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes (NOD) than in a resistant line (C57BL/6). Our laboratory validated that the Idd13 locus of chromosome 2 was linked to mcDC number, thus suggesting that one or more genes of this locus have a role in regulating the number of mcDC. By targeting polymorphic genes between the NOD and C57BL/6 mice, we determined that Bim gene, encoding a pro-apoptotic molecule, regulate specifically mcDC in a bone marrow intrinsic manner. Therefore, mcDCs are a subset of cDCs specifically regulated by Bim. This subtype of cDCs is a key player in break of tolerance and understanding their homeostasis is important in determining their role in immune tolerance.

Keyphrases: Bim, Apoptose, Conventional Dendritic Cell, Merocytic dendritic cell, Homeostasis, Immune Tolerance, Apoptosis
Enjeux postcoloniaux et nationaux dans les polémiques entre ethnohistoriens du Pays d’en Haut (1985-2016)

This thesis is an exercise in historiography that deals with the ways French, Quebec and US researchers interested in the Pays d’en haut in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, have referred, over the past 35 years, to the theme of Native agency. To represent the Native peoples as agents, as they really are, for what they do and not as bit players of a Europeo-centric narrative, this seems to be the rule of the language game ethnohistorian play.  However, when we look at the production of the specialists of these Native societies, we rapidly come to the conclusion that the national question and, more broadly, the dynamics of identity inherent to the communities of researchers, still have a considerable impact on these narratives.  In order to understand these dynamics, it is useful to develop a historiographic perspective that is rooted in the sociology of science. I will refer more specifically to the works of Bruno Latour and Pierre Bourdieu on controversies among researchers. The idea is to see how researchers, by situating themselves in relation with their peers through alliance, avoidance or opposition, structure an ethnohistorical project. A project that is devoted to knowing better the Native other, but also a project that needs to pass the postcolonial test and hence refers to an area of postcolonial studies that is itself structured through contentions.   By seeing how, through the generations, an ethnohistorical model of good practices is constructed and restructured, how collectives of researchers are built, one learns about the world of Native people, but also about the world of the researchers.  It is in this perspective that I conduct the analysis of historiographic narratives produced by renowned practitioners of studies on the Pays d’en haut, ethnohistorians who, a few years after having published their main work on the subject, take stock of the situation in regards with Native agency. The historiographic propositions of Bruce Trigger, Richard White and Gilles Havard will allow us to cover the evolution of the field of ethnohistory since 1985.

Keyphrases: Pays d’en Haut, Native collective, ethnohistorian collective, agency, historiography, sociology of science, contentions among researchers