NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Identification des canaux TRPC impliqués dans la potentialisation à long terme des interneurones de la région CA1 de l'hippocampe chez le rat

The hippocampal neuronal network plays a crucial role in memory by producing long lasting changes in the efficacy of its synapses. In interneurons of stratum oriens/alveus (O/A), long term potentiation (LTP) induction requires metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1a (mGluR1a)-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and subsequent Ca2+ entry through transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. The objectives of this project were to identify the TRP channels that mediate mGluR1a-evoked EPSCs and to explore molecular mechanisms that underlie their activation. Electrophysiological recordings showed that mGluR1a-evoked EPSCs were specifically observed in O/A interneurons and they were phospholipase C-independent. We then examined TRPC expression and their interaction with mGluR1a by RT-PCR, immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation techniques. Our results show that TRPC1 and mGluR1a associate in hippocampus and that both proteins have overlapping distributions in dendrites of O/A interneurons. In contrast, TRPC4 seems to associate with mGluR1a only in recombinant system and their co-localization appears to be limited to the cell body. Finally, we performed recordings of interneurons in which TRPC expression was selectively suppressed by small interfering RNAs and we found that TRPC1, but not TRPC4, is an obligatory subunit of the channel that mediate mGluR1a-evoked EPSCs. This work brought new insight on molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic transmission of O/A interneurons and uncovered a potential role for TRPC1 in LTP.

Keyphrases: Hippocampus, Synaptic transmission, Long term potentiation (LTP), Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), Canaux transient receptor potential (TRP), Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, Interneurons
La protection des actionnaires minoritaires lors d'opérations de prises de contrôle

Shareholders are at the heart of corporate governance. While some reproach them a certain passivity, others, at the same time, fear that a shareholders' democracy could unduly limit the daily management of corporations. Far from being incompatible, these two statements reveal the wide diversity that surrounds shareholders. In practice, their expectations and their behavior strongly depend on two items: their share in capital or their share of votes, as well as their identity. Our thesis deals with the issue of minority shareholders' protection in the context of takeover operations involving public companies. This topic raises issues of great relevance and is particularly current in the Canadian context that is characterised by a shareholding concentration of public companies. Our topic brings together two current problems. On the one hand, the rise in takeover operations has, in the last decades, been significant and this phenomenon seems, more than ever, to be destined to a very bright future. On the other hand, the issue of minority shareholders' protection also arises, ever so sharply, in the context of growing shareholding companies where shareholders' role seems to be fading.

Keyphrases: Corporate governance, Minority shareholder, Take-over bids, Equal treatment, Information disclosure
Le loisir et la réadaptation gériatrique :
étude de modèles pour la pratique et la recherche

Leisure is a key indicator of successful geriatric rehabilitation. However, there is a need for further development of theoretical knowledge of the role of leisure. The goal of this study was to describe and analyze scientific publications addressing leisure models and to extract the most relevant aspects for the rehabilitation of the elderly. A structured bibliographical search was conducted to select the most pertinent models (n=10). These models were analyzed regarding six criteria: 1) the development process of the model, 2) concepts put forward, 3) the interactions between the various concepts, 4) there practical aspects, 5) the subsequent literature generated and 6) the compatibility with key concepts of rehabilitation. It was concluded that four of the ten models were more pertinent for geriatric rehabilitation. Each model strengths and weaknesses are examined. The most relevant concepts that emerged from all the models are: 1) leisure participation, 2) leisure and self-perception, 3) leisure motivation, 4) leisure satisfaction, 5) leisure capacities and 6) physical and social environment. It is hoped that this study will be a first step in the comprehension of the determinants, characteristics and effects of leisure in the context of geriatric rehabilitation.

Keyphrases: Leisure, Leisure activity, Theoretical model, Framework, Geriatric rehabilitation, Elderly
Les perceptions des adolescents, de leurs parents et des professionnels quant à l’inclusion sociale des adolescents ayant vécu un traumatisme craniocérébral modéré

This exploratory descriptive qualitative study explores the perceptions of adolescents, their parents and professionals involved as to the social inclusion of adolescents who have suffered a moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly with regard to recovering their social roles once discharged from the rehabilitation centre. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model (1979, 1986), adapted by Lefebvre & Levert (2005) for TBI clientele, is used as the conceptual framework. Semi-structured interview were conducted with three adolescents who had suffered a moderate TBI, and with their parents. In addition, a focus group was conducted with four professionals. The results show that the perceptions of adolescents who have suffered a moderate TBI, as well as their parents’, touch different aspects of their life, such as the adolescent as a person, the family, friends, the environment, school and leisure activities. We indeed noted a great number of repercussions, which facilitate and sometimes limit the social inclusion of a moderate TBI adolescent. The professionals share the same perceptions in general as them. However, the professionals add certain aspects that did not come up in interviews with the moderate TBI adolescents and their parents. The results of this study should enable health professionals to better understand the social inclusion experienced by these people. They should also offer professionals guidelines for them to better support the social inclusion of TBI adolescents and help the families get through this difficult situation.

Keyphrases: Adolescents, Perceptions, Traumatic brain injury, Social inclusion, Adolescents, Perceptions, Qualitative study
Analyse des facteurs institutionnels associés à la mortalité maternelle : Une étude nationale dans les maternités chirurgicales au Sénégal

Abstract Objective: To identify which institutional factors are associated to the hospital maternal mortality in surgical maternities in Senegal.  Method: This study is a secondary data analysis of the third National survey of the Surgical-Obstetric Coverage in Senegal in 2001. The hospital statistics data analyzed represent 38,239 admissions in obstetrics in 19 hospitals and 450 maternal deaths. The hospital maternal death rates (TMMH) crude and adjusted were used as dependent variables. The TMMH adjusted on the characteristics of the customers (`cases-mix') was estimated for each health structure by the direct standardization method. The indicators of the structure, resources management’s complexity score quality were used as independent variables to predict hospital MM. The Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to analyze the association between independent variables, the complexity score of quality and MM. A multivariate analysis was used to estimate the impact of quality score on the MM, taking into account the geographical location (Dakar versus other region).   Results: In bivariate analysis, the presence of anaesthetist, the availability of Caesarean kit and supervision of all births by trained personnel are the institutional factors significantly associated with the crude TMMH decreased. For the adjusted TMMH, the presence of Scialytic, the availability of Magnesium Sulphate, the use of clinical guidelines of good practice (GPC) for obstetrical complications are the institutional factors associated to his decreased.  The complexity score quality is significantly associated with the crude TMMH, including multivariate analysis, but not with adjusted TMMH. Conclusion: The availability of the Magnesium Sulphate, and the Scialytic could contribute to the reduction of maternal mortality. In addition, an adequate reorganization of the resources to reduce the geographical rural/urban disparity is essential, as well as a developing the personnel’s awareness for the use of GPC. Moreover, qualified assistance at birth for all women is necessary to improve the quality of care and the treatment obstetrical complications.

Keyphrases: Maternal Mortality, Surgical maternity, Structure indicators, Quality of care, Emergency Obstetrical care, Senegal
L'intégration d'un discours de la conservation à la pratique urbanistique québécoise: réflexions sur la période 1960-2006

For a few decades now, urban planners have tried to include the conservation of built environment in their practices. In Quebec, the first introduction of this consideration takes place in 1980 by the adoption of the Act respecting land use planning and development. Unfortunately, this new consideration was never fully included in the practice, even if urban planning tried to considerer conservation of built environment as one of his main interest. Regarding the definition of built heritage by Gustavo Giovannoni, this study is concerned with the consideration of built heritage in an urban planning’s point of view. In the first part, we will go through an overview of the evolution of the term built heritage. Secondly, we will review three different moments in the constitution of a specific point of view of Quebec’s built heritage. Finally, we will dedicate the third part of our thesis to the birth of urban planning in the province of Quebec. The results of our study show that the modern urban planner’s point of view on built heritage is still characterized by a disinterest in the urban and architectural forms. The focus made by urban planners on the rational management of the twentieth century’s city caused a misunderstanding of its evolution process. What we will demonstrate is that a real urban planning’s point of view on built heritage must consider these processes as well as the inclusion of the old city within the new agglomeration.

Keyphrases: Conservation, Planning, Urban planning, Conservation, Morphogenetic approach, Urban fabric, Built heritage
Significations lexicales et notionnelles dans les domaines de spécialité

Many studies have come to oppose designation and predication within speech. Boisson et al. (1994) note that of "these two moments, [.....], designation is conceptually first ", which could explain why terminology and the making of specialised dictionaries are essentially dedicated to naming, which one could consider, in a certain way, as a lexicalized instance of designation. There are numerous specialised names, represented by simple or complex nominal terminological syntagms, that contain predicative lexical units, or that seem to be reduced to them. In the present article, we shall reflect on the presence of predicative lexical units within terminological syntagms in the language of biomedicine. First, we shall describe the current state of the problem as raised by the definitions of these units, such as those found in a number of specialised English and French dictionaries. We shall demonstrate, through examples, that these definitions are often vague or ambiguous. If, at best, they account for a lexical signification, they are not sufficient to precisely distinguish specialised notions. Thus, the consequence is a major difficulty when trying to establish equivalences in another language. Second, we shall look at the necessary lexical elements, within a terminological syntagm, in relation to the linguistic representation of a notion allowing for the establishment of an interlinguistic equivalent. In light of the results of this analysis, we shall conclude with a number of propositions intended to distinguish the signification of terms and that of lexical units.

Keyphrases: actant, term, lexical unit, predicate, lexical signification, notional signification, equivalence
Implication des salariés dans la vie de l'entreprise : lorsque le droit pose les fondements d'une nouvelle gouvernance

Waited, discussed, and slandered … The French impulse of these last years tending to make of the employee a separate actor of the company calls. Indeed, the microcosm of the firm is upset there and the evidence of a social reality condemned to evolve puts the necessity of looking for a new balance. Remain to dissect the implications of this recent tendency, to understand foundations and to measure the stakes. The French legal device is stimulated by a concern which does not stop being growing since the end of 2000s : make of the employee a partner involved in the life of the company. The study of this innovative perception of a governance centred on the collaboration of the employees cannot be led without studying the works of the OECD which, in its Principles of corporate governance, supplies a complete analysis. As a consequence, the law joins numerous papers of the other disciplines lauding an increasing implication of the employees. However, the acceleration of the consideration of the employees of which show texts recently adopted in France makes complex the synthesis of this phenomenon.

Keyphrases: Bilan, Corporate governance, French Corporate Law, OECD Principles, Place of Employees, Results
Patent pools and competition law : an examination of the enforcement strategies of competition authorities

In the past decade, we have seen a resurgence of patent pools. These pools have emerged in our high-tech world to overcome a number of transaction costs involved in assembling patents necessary for the creation of new technologies. While patent pools can be pro-competitive; they can also present a number of anti-competitive features, such as sheltering collusion and eliminating competition between rival firms. This has been said to explain the enormous swings in the analytical approach of enforcement agencies with respect to patent pools. The introduction of the Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing of Intellectual Property by American competition authorities marked an important shift in patent pool enforcement, reflecting the view that intellectual property and competition law are actually complementary, both seeking to enhance innovation as well as competition. Based on these Guidelines, enforcement agencies' identified potential problems and have offered a number of guiding principles and recommendations - in the form of Business Review Letters - to help pooling parties avoid running afoul of competition law. A review of some of these guidelines reveals that following them indiscriminately, without regard to the particular circumstances, can in fact have a negative impact on innovation and industry. Four areas where a clarification and refinement of policy are necessary are highlighted; namely, the essentiality doctrine, pool, independent licensing and grantback clauses. We maintain that guidance from the competition authorities is too rigid, and that a more carefully tailored approach is necessary to achieve an optimal outcome in both competition and innovation.

Keyphrases: Antitrust, Antitrust guidelines for the licensing of intellectual property, Patent pools, Antitrust, Enforcement, Essential patents
La recherche d'unité dans l'interprétation du droit privé fédéral : cadre juridique et fragments du discours judiciaire

This study is devoted to federal private law and the interaction between federal legislation and provincial private law. In particular, it is devoted to the role of the courts in such interaction. Hs objective is to assess how judges proceed with the unification of federal private law by avoiding formal reference to provincial law to supplement federal legislation. Firstly, the study considers the legal framework governing the interpretation of federal private law, as well as the exercise of judicial power in this context. Secondly, the study reviews means employed by judges, through a series of judgments, to proceed with the unification of federal private law. The study concludes that unification can effectively be achieved through such means. However, these judicial interventions are limited to sorne aspects of the elaboration and application ofprivate norms. In more complex cases, the effect of these interventions may be to disregard normative gaps that make necessary to supplement federal legislation with sources of provincial law, or to deny the plurality of these sources in the federal context.

Keyphrases: Common law, Federal Law, Private Law, Distribution of Powers, Construction of Statutes, Judicial Power, Uniformity of law, Bijuralism, Civil Law
Les opérations scrutées sous l'angle de l'intérêt public par les organismes de réglementation des valeurs mobilières : entre efficience et duplicité

Securities regulators must ensure the protection ofinvestors and the ejJiciency of capital markets. With this intention, they have been vested with broad discretionary powers enabling them to control the operations that, although in conformity with legal requirements, are likely to undermine public interest. The public interest notion being malleable and difJicult to circumscribe, the discretion conferred to these organizations has a wide scope. As its exercise can threaten the legal safety of operations and be associated to the arbitrary, it has been disparaged by many observers who required that it be limited to cases in which the securities legislation has been breached. The text seeks to determine if securities regulators have shown the interference dreaded by some by resorting to their public interest discretion. White emphasizing the broad andflexible range ofthis discretion, it seeks to determine the types ofoperations likely to lead to its exercise. Although it does not propose a revision ofthe current legal framework, it provides points for reflection and suggests avenues that could be considered in order to limit the risks being associated to it.

Keyphrases: Discretionary powers, Efficiency of capital markets, Protection of investors, Public interest, Securities, Takeover bids
Les registres médicaux et la confidentialité

Medical registries are databases which record aIl cases of a specifie disease found in a given area. Registries provide vital information for public health research and for the implementation of appropriate public policies. The question is : How does the regulation of privacy apply to registries? Legislation currently in force in the province of Quebec requires the consent of a patient in order to inc1ude personal information in the registry. Personal health data in a registry have to be protected to preserve the privacy of research subjects. To ensure data security and confidentiality sorne measures must be taken during their conservation. Secondary use of data is possible under certain conditions aimed at protecting the right to privacy. It is possible to use such personal information again for other purposes even if the data need to be transferred to another national or foreign database.

Keyphrases: Registry, Personal data, Privacy, Consent, Confidentiality
La propriété des créances : approche comparative

The question as to whether ownership can bear on claims is a controversial one in Romano Germanic legal systems. Yet the on-going trend towards the dematerialisation of wealth invites legal experts to ally ownership and claims much in the same way in which, in ordinary parlance, people are said to own personal rights. Both history and economics would seem to point to a common recognition of the property nature of claims. Yet acknowledging the possibility that ownership bear on claims is no longer enough. The consequences of viewing the object of ownership as extending beyond material things must be recognized more generally. This is what the recent Civil Code of Québec appears to have done. Just as the material conception of ownership rests upon a technical infrastructure of the law of property, so too does the extension of ownership to claims require the elaboration of a technical regime. Traditionally obscured by a theory of titularity of rights, ownership as a means for explaining title to claims has the same juridical nature as ownership of things. Simply stated, ownership adapts to the object to which it attaches. Just as ownership can accommodate both movable and immovable property, so too can it be adapted to accommodate the peculiarities of claims as the object upon which it bears.

Keyphrases: Possession, Revendication, Ownership, Debt, Property, Real right, Personal right, Roman right, Usufruct, Hypothec, Assignment of creance, Negotiable instruments, Securities
Les défis de la politique européenne de défense

Up until the 1990's, the European States have solely thought of their security forces inside military alliances as they kept control of their national defense. The putting in place of a European defense policy has always met obstacles, which reflect the problems linked to the preservation of sovereignty. The political integration in Europe remains uncertain, mostly when it comes to common defense. With an empirical and descriptive manner, this thesis depicts the European defense theme in a realistic approach, by placing the States in the middle of the European construction and by giving them the main role. Since 1992, the States tried to lay down a European policy of defense, but they encountered various difficulties. Indeed, the European policy of defense suffers from a double deficit. The first is institutional since the European Defense Policy is far from being part of a common policy and is strictly a cooperation mechanism. The second is a material deficit since the European Union doesn't have a military force to implement a common decision. In order to evaluate the possible evolution of a European defense policy, we had to study the various challenges that the States and institutions must face in order to address those two deficits. The institutional challenge concerns the multiple actors, States and institutions, which intervene in the definition of E.P.S.D. This part will try to identify which institution would be best capable of ensuring the international representation of the European Union and to give the political impetus necessary to the putting into place of the E.P.S.D. The military challenge concern the means that the different actors would engage in order to concretize the policy. Ali these discussions show the justification of a European system of defense, but the question remains as to whether the States, central figures of the European construction, are ready to take up these challenges.

Keyphrases: Supranational, Commission, U.E.O., O.T.A.N., Council of the European Union, Council, Presidency, High representative, European Commission, European Parliament, W.E.U., European Reaction Force, N.A.T.O.