NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Évaluation de l’impact de la légalisation du cannabis sur les vendeurs canadiens actifs sur les cryptomarchés dans les trois mois suivant la légalisation

On October 17, 2018, the Liberal government of Canada legalized recreational cannabis with the goal of providing safe and controlled access to a quality product, while preventing criminals from enjoying the benefits associated with the drug trade. Such changes to the legal framework have raised many concerns from the public, including the effect of increased consumption. This master's thesis addresses another concern: proliferation of the black market. To this day, it is not known how cannabis traffickers will react to the legalization of the drugs they supply. The few existing studies based on official and self-reported data do not agree on the effect of legalization on the illicit supply of cannabis. In fact, no study has been carried in the specific context of the legalization of cannabis in Canada, although this is an unprecedented reform in North America. This thesis takes an innovative approach by using “digital traces” collected on the cryptomarket Dream Market, an anonymous virtual marketplace dedicated to the sale of illicit drugs, to describe and understand the impact of legalization on Canadian marijuana sellers active in this market. Regression models allowed us to estimate the effect of legalization on product availability, number of vendors, and revenue generated from the sale of marijuana. These same analyzes were used to detect the presence of tactical, target and substance displacement by vendors. Overall, this study shows that in the short term, legalization has had an effect on Canadian marijuana vendors’ activities, but this effect is not what would be expected in light of the government's public health and safety objectives. During the first trimester of legalization, the Canadian supply of marijuana in the cryptomarket increased significantly. In addition, contrary to what had been anticipated by the legislator, Canadian marijuana sellers’ incomes did not suffer significant declines after legalization. Finally, sellers seem to have anticipated the impacts of legalization on their longer-term revenue and have chosen to position themselves favorably in other types of markets. More specifically, sellers are advertising more in the US market and in other drug submarkets, primarily stimulants, cannabis products, and psychedelics.

Keyphrases: Marijuana, Adaptation, Legalization, Cryptomarkets, Drug dealers
Réception et interprétation du couple dans les jeux otome : une approche anthropologique d’un corpus vidéoludique japonais

This thesis tries to shed light on Japanese otome games and how player agency through the video game medium can lend itself to the exploration of new identities by the player and become a tool for cultural (re)negotiation. As otome games have been mainly created for female customers in the insular Japanese market, cultural ideals regarding female gender performance would logically be embedded in the various narratives that are presented, albeit this process may be unintentional by their creators. Since otome games hinge mostly on obtaining a successful romantic relationship with a male character, this seems to echo national criticism of female celibacy; women should fulfill their roles as wives and mothers through marriage. Although this ideal may not be upheld due to socioeconomic happenstance such as the crash of 1990 and has found pockets of resistance throughout the younger generation as time went by, this notion still permeates Japanese culture. That is not to say women who play otome games are bound to accept these roles. Through the use of play and their digital proxy that is their avatar, they can take part in the social prescribed order without submitting to it. Moreover, it could be seen as a way to subvert the original intent in doing so, as they embrace a relationship that is withdrawn from the social expectation of childbirth.

Keyphrases: Otome games, Gamers, Japan, Women, Video games, Identity dynamic
Complexité de l’insertion professionnelle des femmes sasaks dans l’industrie touristique de Lombok, Indonésie : nouvelle économie et identités locales

In Lombok, a rural Indonesian island, the Sasak community has long practised a syncretic and tolerant Islam. However, since the 20th century, various political shifts affected the island which had the effect of encouraging a more orthodox Islam and reaffirming traditional sasak values. Nowadays, this dynamic reiterates the role of women as wives and mothers, household keepers, as a key element for their religious identity.  In parallel, a fast-growing international tourism, encouraged by the Indonesian state, is forcing a reorganization of women’s work. Women mostly work as clerks in hotels and restaurants which locally are jobs associated with modernity, but also with the travellers’ misbehaviour. As they work outside the household, their purity and their performance as wives and mothers are compromised.  Therefore, women are placed in an awkward position: as their jobs align with national ideals they are also confronting local values. How do these women manage to play these seemingly contradictory roles? What is the impact on their daily activities and their identity, their gender role?  The main objective of this research is to investigate, through an ethnographic fieldwork, the reality of Sasak women who engage in the tourism industry. By focusing on kinship dynamics and gender relations, this research highlights both the day-to-day obstacles and identity issues that Sasak women workers experience as they work. Ultimately, this research updates the relevance of investigating kinship in the study of social changes and highlights the complexity of identity crisis that can experience a community targeted by international tourism.

Keyphrases: Lombok, identity, gender relations, Sasak kinship, tourism development, Sasak women workers, professional integration, Indonesia
Conflit israélo-palestinien : impasse et intérêts politiques

More than 70 years after the creation of the State of Israel and a quarter of a century since the signing of the Oslo Accords, hope for peace between the State of Israel and the Palestinians is fading. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is not necessarily exacerbated, but rather immobilized. Surprisingly, ending this stalemate does not seem to be a priority for the current political leaders of the warring parties, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and the President of the Palestinian Authority Mahmoud Abbas. Building on foreign policy analyses which argue that inter-state conflicts may be a diversion used by political leaders to evade domestic issues, this research looks at the reasons that might explain the interest of both the Israeli and Palestinian leaders in maintaining the status quo of the conflict. The researched period extends from 2009 to 2019 – a period in which the two politicians are respectively in power. Based on scientific work, think-tanks analyses, and information collected in Israeli and Palestinian media, the work also draws on a series of interviews conducted between December 2019 and May 2020 in Israel and in the West Bank with Israeli and Palestinian scholars, journalists, and policy-makers. Research question: "If a settlement to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict seems desirable, why are Israeli and Palestinian leaders Benjamin Netanyahu and Mahmoud Abbas not making more efforts to resolve the conflict?"

Keyphrases: Mahmoud Abbas, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Political stalemate, Political leaders, Personal interests, National interests, Diversionary theory of war
Évaluation de la condition physique et mentale de l’aîné : développement et mise à l’essai d’une intervention de pratique réflexive

Seniors in residential and long-term care, due to their often precarious state of health, require clinical follow-up, which includes assessing their physical and mental condition. Yet, several studies show that nurses do not adequately assess the health-status of their dependents. Among the strategies identified in the literature to strengthen the assessment of physical and mental condition, reflective practice (RP) stood out. It promotes the development and enhancement of the professional competency of nurses who work with elders (Dubé et Ducharme, 2014a). Based on a combination of Johns' Structured Reflection Model (Johns, 2006) and Goudreau et al. (2013) Reflection Method, a RP intervention was developed and tested with a group of nurses in long term care. Five nurses each shared a difficult or problematic clinical situation experienced in connection with physical and mental assessment. Subsequently, best practices’ interventions in relation to the topic presented were discussed. In addition, each participant benefited from clinical support on her care unit, with her choice of subject of physical or mental evaluation. The nurses appreciated being able to discuss real cases and felt they were better equipped to deal with complex care situations. Moreover, they would recommend meetings of RPs to their colleagues, thus suggesting the maintenance of these meetings in their institution.

Keyphrases: Reflective practice, Physical and mental health assessment, Senior, Old people, Long term care
La catégorisation visuelle des lettres et les habiletés de lecture chez l’enfant

Letter identification is a process of categorization; a wide variety of visual stimuli are sorted into 26 distinct categories. Word reading is assumed to be dependant on the process of letter identities, abstracting over their visual forms. Some evidence suggest categorical perception of letters in literate adults. However, these studies focussed mostly on pre-lexical process of letters without the implication of the central reading processes. This current study employed a categorical perception paradigm with the letters b-d as a test case to examine the mode of perception of letters in children; and its role in reading. The results show that children perceived the letters b and d in a categorical manner, suggesting that their abstract letter representations influenced their perception. The results also show that categorial perception of letters seemed to be linked to irregular words, but not to pseudo-word reading ability. This study supports the importance of abstract representations in reading and allows a better understanding of the processes involved in reading.

Keyphrases: Reading, Categorical perception, Abstract letter identity, Children, Clinical neuropsychology
Art and democracy in Habermas

Within the framework of Habermas’s theory of communicative action, art represents one of the three spheres of cultural modernity, beside science and morality. According to this framework, art belongs to the sphere of the aesthetic-expressive whose criterion is authenticity. Yet how adequate is such a criterion for art? The question is all the more legitimate that, with the publication of his Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, Habermas is led to give up his project of developing a philosophical aesthetics, leaving the task of interpretation to art criticism. This giving up is due according to me to the interference produced by authenticity as a criterion stemming from the theory of communication. For example, how are we to trace with such a criterion the inner logic of the artwork? In this regard Adorno’s approach seems more adequate.

Keyphrases: Habermas, Adorno, Art, Communicative rationality, Modernity, Aesthetics
L’acceptabilité éthique
de l’apprentissage en famille au sein
des communautés juives haredies
au Québec : une étude de cas

‪This article presents the study of a specific case within the phenomenon of home education: that of Jewish orthodox religious communities in Quebec (Canada), the Haredim, who recently opted for this form of education as part of an agreement with the Attorney General of Quebec. This case study fits into the field of education governance and its analysis is conducted from an applied ethics perspective. It aims to assess the strengths and weaknesses of this decision against ethical evaluation criteria derived from a reference framework relevant to the problem. On the basis of this analysis, it appears that this educational practice could meet the objective of ensuring that children have access to a more acceptable basic education, while protecting their right to an education that is adapted to their culture and community.‪

Keyphrases: Family education, Education policy, Judaism, Governance, Home education, Right to education
Max Weber et le néo-kantisme : pour une politique de la modernité

While the great ideological narratives are crumbling, Max Weber’s ethics of politics reminds us that the power of “conviction” is as essential a component of human conduct as the “sense of responsibility.” In this regard the neo-Kantian philosophy of values, notwithstanding its formalism, not only provides Weber with a theoretical framework which proves fruitful for his sociology, but it also confirms in his eyes the role of an utopian dimension in history.

Keyphrases: Weber, Max, Rickert, Windelband, Conviction, Value, Responsibility
L'absolu et le relatif : le statut des concepts modaux dans le discours transcendantal

This paper deals with the three modal categories : possibility, necessity and contingency, as they are used not so much at the level of experience as at the level of the transcendental discourse that describes the conditions of the “possibility” of this experience. We notice for instance that the principles of the Analytic of the CPR are without doubt conditions sine qua non for experience, that is: “necessary,” but also that the implementation of those among the principles that are called dynamic is “contingent.” What does that mean? One can also examine the recourse by Kant to the adjective “supreme” (oberst, B 136) to characterize the two ultimate principles of human knowledge: 1- the subjection of all the manifold of intuition to the formal conditions of space and time and 2- the subjection of this manifold to the transcendental apperception. Can the word supreme here have another meaning than “absolute”?

Keyphrases: Kant, Modal categories, Transcendental discourse, Supreme principle
Rousseau et le thème de la contradiction dans la morale kantienne

We are aware of the important role played by the concept of contradiction in the four examples introduced by Kant in his Groundwork in order to show how the categorical imperative enables to assess the moral value of a maxim. With the help of the “Remarks” in the Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime, I examine the influence that Rousseau is likely to have exerted on Kant’s adoption of the theme of contradiction. We would be well advised here to distinguish between the contradiction at work at the juridical level and the one at work at the ethical level. The way Rousseau and Kant approach the “lie” as a moral fault is quite revealing of the manner in which each of them tries to eliminate the contradiction for the sake of authenticity.

Keyphrases: Kant, Rousseau, Contradiction, Ethics, Lie, Authenticity
The role of feeling in Fichte’s rejection of the thing in itself

Fichte’s doctrine of science can be seen as an attempt to make sense of the assertion of Jacobi according to which Kant’s transcendental philosophy, when understood correctly, amounts to the strongest form of idealism. Yet, in order to show the soundness of such an idealism, Fichte has to confront Jacobi’s problem concerning the nature of the infamous « object that affects » in the CPR. I argue in this paper that Fichte’s solution to the problem of affection consists in replacing “sensation” by “feeling,” or more precisely in substituting the objective dimension of sensation for something totally subjective: feeling. Fichte is well acquainted with the Kantian definitions and he is perfectly conscious of the shift he is making here. In the end however, he is obliged to admit the absolute contingency of this “limitation of the I” which defines feeling.

Keyphrases: Fichte, Jacobi, Beck, Affection, Sensation, Idealism, Thing in itself, Feeling
Étude de l’inflammation placentaire lors de complications de la grossesse

The placenta is the central organ of pregnancy and its adequate functioning is essential to ensure term delivery without complications. Inflammation plays a key role in every step of pregnancy, from implantation to delivery. When this inflammation is unbalanced in the placenta, it can alter its functions. Inflammation can be induced by two different stimuli, either by external intervention like an infection (with Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns, PAMPs), or endogenously (with Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns, DAMPs). Increased inflammation is also associated with pregnancy complications and they affect 5-12% of all pregnancies and can have deleterious effects on maternal and infant health. These complications include preeclampsia (PE), preterm birth (PTB) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Even if these pathologies have different etiologies, they share a common factor that plays an essential role, inflammation. In order to better understand the role and the effects of inflammation on the human placenta and in pregnancy complications, we have evaluated the effects of classical PAMP (LPS) and DAMP (IL-1) on human placental explant model and we have realized an unbiased transcriptomic study of the placentas from each pregnancy complication. First of all, we demonstrated that LPS induced a higher production of pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to IL-1 and by inhibiting the IL-1 pathway using its antagonist (IL-1Ra), we decreased their expression and their secretion. Moreover, LPS treatment induced more cell death in the explants and proliferation of Hofbauer cells, macrophages of the placenta. Thereafter, transcriptomic study of placentas from pregnancy complications (PE, PTB and IUGR) allowed us to demonstrate that the pathologies were not clustering together based on their global gene expression compared to placentas from uncomplicated pregnancies which the majority of them were clustering together. It was possible to identify genes that were significantly modulated in each pathology and their gene ontology. We identified 198 genes common to all pregnancy complications and they were mostly related to inflammatory processes like interaction between lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells, leukocyte activation and regulation of cytokine production. Finally, in addition to confirming gene modulations previously known in each pregnancy complications, we were able to identify new genes that have never been associated with the pathologies such as FUT9, SLAMF7 and TGM3. To conclude, the work presented in this thesis show that inflammation induced by LPS and IL-1 did not have the same effect on the placenta. Inflammation is a key component to pregnancy complications and a better understanding of the inflammatory processes modulated in every pathology could help the development of new therapeutic strategies. Future work could investigate the proliferative potential of the Hofbauer cells and explore the new genes identified by the transcriptomic results.

Keyphrases: inflammation, PAMPs, DAMPs, placenta, pregnancy, pregnancy complications
Imagerie moléculaire de l’ARN de la télomérase dans des cellules cancéreuses humaines

Telomeres are shortened at each DNA replication cycle, due to the end replication problem. Their length dictates the proliferative capacity of eukaryotic cells. Too short telomeres, reaching the Hayflick limit, will lead the cells to replicative senescence. However, in stem cells and 90% of cancer cells telomere length is maintained by a ribonucleoproteic complex named telomerase. The assembly of this complex and its recruitment to telomeres are process under a fine regulation. Yet, how this regulation impacts the nuclear dynamics of telomerase is not fully understood. In this project, we developed a new method based on the MS2 system to image for the first time telomerase RNA (hTR) particles in living human cancer cells by fluorescence microscopy. The real time tracking of these particles at telomeres revealed that telomerase actively scan all telomeres by short interactions with the TPP1 shelterin protein. Long stable interaction needed for telomere elongation can be made by the pairing of hTR template and single stranded telomeric DNA under the control of the OB-fold domains of the shelterin protein POT1. By tracking telomerase particle during the cell cycle, we revealed that telomerase recruitment to telomeres is not restricted to S phase, when telomeres are elongated. By measuring the dynamics of hTR in Cajal bodies (CBs) with photo-activation and photo-bleaching technics we showed that hTERT play a role in the hTR exit from CBS. Finally, fluorescence intensity measures of hTR at telomeres showed the recruitment of only one particle on a telomere.

Keyphrases: hTR, hTERT, single-molecule imaging, Cajal Body, in vivo RNA dynamics, cancer
Récupération suite à un traumatisme orthopédique avec ou sans traumatisme craniocérébral léger concomitant

A variety of factors can affect the functional recovery of patients with an orthopedic trauma (OT), including concomitant traumatic brain injuries (TBI). The recovery profile of patients with combined traumas (OT and TBI) has been studied primarily in the context of severe injuries (moderate/severe TBI and multiple fractures), in order to maximize recovery and medical resources. On the other hand, there is limited evidence on the impact of concomitant TBI in the context of milder injuries, such as in patients sustaining a mild TBI combined with an isolated limb fracture, despite both injuries being highly prevalent and sharing various similarities (e.g., overlapping injury mechanisms and physiological mechanisms). The current thesis sought to bridge this knowledge gap via a multifaceted approach. We first investigated the risk of sustaining a concomitant mild TBI in patients with an isolated limb fracture (article 1) as well as its impact on post-fracture recovery according to various clinical measures (articles 2, 3, 4). The results showed that mild TBI was frequent, although highly underdiagnosed, in patients seeking care for an isolated limb fracture in the emergency department. Moreover, the presence of a concomitant mild TBI had a significant detrimental impact on the level of perceived pain, on return to work delays, and on the risks of developing heterotopic ossification (a type of orthopedic complication). Secondly, this thesis used a theoretical (article 5) and a clinical (article 6) approach to study the physiological mechanisms underlying pain perception, a key symptom following a fracture, in order to limit the risks for pain chronification and to propose intervention methods tailored to the studied population. In particular, results highlighted an association between pain intensity as perceived by patients in the acute phase post-fracture and the degree of cortical excitability impairments of the primary motor cortex, as measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Finally, based on theoretical evidence highlighted in a review article included in this thesis, there are evidence supporting the use of TMS in a traumatically injured population as a method to investigate and intervene given its ability to target key physiological mechanisms involved in the transition from acute to chronic pain.

Keyphrases: Orthopedic trauma, Mild traumatic brain injury, Screening strategies, Pain, Recovery profile, Orthopedic complications, Physiological mechanisms, Transcranial magnetic stimulation