Rôle de l'axe CD40/CD40L dans la régulation de la fonction paquettaire

CD40 ligand (CD40L) is an inflammatory molecule of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily originally identified on cells of the immune system. Interaction of CD40L with its respective receptor on B cells, CD40, is of critical importance for immunoglobulin isotype switching during the immune response. Today, we know that these two molecules are also present on cells of the vascular system and have important implications in various inflammatory reactions, such that CD40L is now regarded as a thrombo-inflammatory molecule that predicts cardiovascular events. Platelets constitute the major source of soluble CD40L (sCD40L) found in plasma and it has been shown in return to influence platelet activation, albeit the exact functional impact and underlying mechanisms remain undefined. Hence, this project was designed to investigate the effects of sCD40L on platelet function and to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved. The specific aims of this study are four fold: 1) evaluate the impact of sCD40L on platelet activation and aggregation in vitro; 2) determine through which receptor (CD40 or other) these responses are mediated; 3) elucidate the underlying intracellular signalling pathways and molecular mechanisms involved, including the potential participation of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Associated Factor (TRAF) family and 4) assess the impact of sCD40L on thrombus formation in vivo.  sCD40L strongly enhances activation and aggregation of washed human platelets induced by sub-threshold concentrations of agonists. Human platelets treated with a mutated form of sCD40L that does not bind CD40 and CD40 deficient (CD40-/-) mouse platelets failed to elicit such responses. Furthermore, we found that platelets express multiple members of the TRAF family, among which only TRAF-2 associates with CD40 upon sCD40L stimulation. Noticeably, sCD40L primes resting platelets through activation of the small GTPase Rac1 and its downstream target p38 mitogen activating protein kinase (MAPK), which leads to platelet shape change and actin polymerization. Interestingly, CD40-/- mice exhibit impaired platelet aggregation in response to collagen, thus highlighting the importance of CD40 in platelet-platelet interactions. Moreover, sCD40L dose-dependently enhances whole blood platelet aggregation and accelerates platelet function analyzer (PFA)-100 closure times in a CD40-dependant fashion. Preincubation of whole blood with sCD40L significantly increases platelet adhesion to collagen in an ex-vivo perfusion system under flow. In addition, in a ferric chloride-induced murine arterial thrombosis model, infusion of sCD40L exacerbates thrombus formation in wild type (WT), but not in CD40-/- mice. This was further associated with increased leukocyte infiltration within the thrombus mass of WT mice treated with sCD40L. In this project, we identify a new TRAF-2/Rac1/p38 MAPK signaling pathway in response to sCD40L and its effects on platelet activation and aggregation. More importantly, we establish a direct positive correlation between levels of sCD40L and thrombus formation in vivo, while highlighting the requirement of CD40 in this process. Thus, sCD40L is an important platelet primer predisposing platelets to enhanced thrombus formation in response to vascular injury. These results may explain the link between circulating levels of sCD40L and the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases.

Keyphrases: Inflammation, CD40L, Platelets, Thrombosis, Inflammation, CD40L