NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Traitement neuronal des voix et familiarité : entre reconnaissance et identification du locuteur

The human ability to recognize and identify speakers by their voices is unique and can be critical in criminal investigations. However, the lack of knowledge on the working of this capacity overshadows its application in the field of “forensic phonetics”. The main objective of this thesis is to characterize the processing of voices in the human brain and the parameters that influence it. In a first experiment, event related potentials (ERPs) were used to establish that intimately familiar voices are processed differently from unknown voices, even when the latter are repeated. This experiment also served to establish a clear distinction between neural components of speaker recognition and identification supported by corresponding ERP components (respectively the P2 and the LPC). An essential contrast between the processes underlying the recognition of intimately familiar voices (P2) and that of unknown but previously heard voices (N250) was also observed. In addition to clarifying the terminology of voice processing, the first study in this thesis is the first to unambiguously distinguish between speaker recognition and identification in terms of ERPs. This contribution is major, especially when it comes to applications of voice processing in forensic phonetics.  A second experiment focused more specifically on the effects of learning modalities on later speaker identification. ERPs to trained voices were analysed along with behavioral responses of speaker identification following a learning phase where participants were trained on voices in three modalities : audio only, audiovisual and audiovisual interactive.  Although the ERP responses for the trained voices showed effects on the same components (P2 and LPC) across the three training conditions, the range of these responses varied. The analysis of these components first revealed a face overshadowing effect (FOE) resulting in an impaired encoding of voice information. This well documented effect resulted in a smaller LPC for the audiovisual condition compared to the audio only condition. However, effects of the audiovisual interactive condition appeared to minimize this FOE when compared to the passive audiovisual condition. Overall, the data presented in both experiments is generally congruent and indicate that the P2 and the LPC are reliable electrophysiological markers of speaker recognition and identification. The implications of these findings for current voice processing models and for the field of forensic phonetics are discussed.

Keyphrases: perception multimodale, P2, N250, LPC, Speaker identification, Voice identification, Speaker recognition, Multimodal perception, Voice learning, Voice acoustics, Speech acoustics, Event-realted potentials (ERP), Multimodal, Forensic phonetics
Caractérisation de la réponse adaptative humorale contre le streptocoque du groupe B

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is an agent of septicemia and meningitis in newborns but also in adults. A serological reaction directed against the polysaccharide capsule (CPS) allows to differentiate 10 GBS serotypes, including serotype III which is the most frequently isolated in cases of meningitis. Currently the effectiveness of the only available treatment, intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, is controversial. To improve prevention strategies, this study aims to better understand the interactions between GBS and the development of the adaptive response, a subject that is poorly documented. This study evaluated, by flow cytometry (FACS), the splenic subpopulations of B lymphocytes (LB) involved following systemic GBS infection in an in vivo model. This study also evaluated the serum anti-GBS antibody response and against its purified capsule as well as the formation of splenic germinal centers (GCs) in the context of multiple GBS infections. Results suggest that the first infection stimulates the production of antibodies against GBS III but little against its capsule. Furthermore, results suggest that GBS activates B cell differentiation by inducing the production of GCs, which are linked to triggering a memory response allowing better control in subsequent infections. Despite its low immunogenicity, the CPS does not appear to interfere with the development of adaptive humoral immunity against the bacteria. Therefore, the production of antibodies against GBS III, involving class switching, would recognize different epitopes from those found on its capsule.

Keyphrases: infections multiples, Group B Streptococcus, capsular polysaccharide, multiple infections, humoral response, germinal centers, class switching, in vivo
Unseen (re)creation : trafficking and migrant sex work in Chris Abani's Becoming Abigail and Chika Unigwe's On Black Sisters' Street

Literature can present us with many opportunities to transform our perspectives of a marginalized group. Nevertheless, with its capacity for political expression, there comes the risk of falling within stereotypical modes of representation. In my thesis I not only explore aspects of the sex trafficking industry, but also how literary works such as Becoming Abigail and On Black Sisters’ Street examine its underbelly. I will also examine the ways in which the global economy has helped criminal industries like this one to proliferate. In understanding the structure of global capitalism, we can trace similar patterns of exploitation between its behaviours in the corporate sphere and within the sex trafficking industry. The novels studied hereafter present different forms of representations of the trafficking industry. Where Becoming Abigail is focused primarily of the traumatic experiences the protagonist has endured, On Black Sisters’ Street offers a nuanced perspective on this industry, by tackling the ambiguities of the sex trade. This thesis emphasises the fact that the sex industry is composed of its visible—and at the very least decriminalized—side of the industry known as sex work, and its shadow that we know as sex trafficking. In the spaces in between we find those who are marginalized, the women and girls left unseen because they do not fit within the criteria of a perfect victim.  I seek to demonstrate that literature has an important role to play in shaping our understanding of who the marginalized people are, by contextualizing them within a frame of agency, rather than helplessness.

Keyphrases: Sex trafficking, migrant sex workers, global economy, trauma, literature
Peut-on contraindre un État à sauver l'environnement ?  La problématique du respect des obligations en droit international environnemental

Can we compel a State to save the environment? Whereas recents judgements made in domestic law seems to want to answer to this question in an affirmative way, it is not as clear in international law. Erected around the Westhpalian-inherited glass ceilling, the international legal sphere is confronted to limits that were self-imposed : the impossibilty to constrain a State to act against its will.  In an attempt to restrain the acts of those supranational all-mighty entities in their competencies, many environnemental agreements were made. Inside a process of manufacturing new norms that is controled by the subject and the author of the future provision, the international organizations are aware of the fact that they are powerless. Especially regarding the difficulty to strike a intrusive surveillance or rigid sanctions, in sum anything that is included in an effective compliance mechanism. The State's supreme power is not tied with an invincibility on the international scene, as diverses means to lead to global environnemental governance are starting to emerge.

Keyphrases: Accord de Paris, non-application, Paris Agreement, control of obligations, environnemental governance, legally binding, compliance mechanism, non-compliance, State's obligations, inter-state monitoring
The impact of the estrous cycle on the vaginal microbiota and its association to pregnancy rates in dairy cows

A great deal of research has been done on the four phases of the estrous cycle in cows, yet very few studies exist regarding their vaginal microbiota. This study explored the various differences in the vaginal microbiota in pregnant and non-pregnant multiparous Holstein dairy cows. This information will allow us to see what a healthy vaginal microbiota looks like in pregnant cows and to someday try to achieve similar microbiomes in other cows to aid in fertility issues on farms. The objective of this study is to investigate variations in microbiota populations during the estrous cycle and their possible association with pregnancy rates using next generation sequencing of the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. Twenty-one multiparous Holstein cows on the same farm underwent artificial insemination (AI) after estrous detection. Vaginal swabs were collected four times, on days: 1 (before AI), 3, 15, and 19. Ultrasonography performed at day 31 confirmed that 9 cows became pregnant. A clear predominance of certain phyla was found, with Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria making up over 80% of the vaginal microbiota composition throughout, with notable variations between individuals. Differences in beta-diversity (community composition) that were proven statistically significant were between the estrus- proestrus phases in non-pregnant cows (P=0.028) and between the estrus and diestrus phase in pregnant cows at (P=0.043). These findings are a clear first step in identifying possible beneficial vaginal microbiota in pregnant cows that may help to determine how to proceed in manipulating other cows’ vaginal microbiota that have suffered from reproductive failure in the past.

Keyphrases: Holstein, 16S, rRNA, V4, oestrus, dairy cows, AI, estrous, microbiota, vaginal
L’impact de la norme portant interdiction du harcèlement psychologique ou moral au travail sur les droits de direction de l’employeur. Une étude de droit comparé : Québec, France, Belgique

Our project aims to measure the impact of the prohibition of psychological harassment at work on the company's management rights in Quebec (art.81.18 and seq., L.n.t). Moreover, as in this area other countries have distinguished themselves as pioneers by the introduction of a legislative framework prohibiting bullying at work and for the sake of having a more global vision of the phenomenon, we have found it useful to approach the subject under a comparative law approach, simultaneously analyzing French, Belgian and Quebec law.   Indeed, to counter violence in the workplace, legally, Belgium and France have banned acts of harassment and their repetition, by amending and adding penal provisions in their respective labor laws. Quebec has moved in the same direction by amending its labor standards act. All these standards have in common the establishment of a protection regime for employees who are victims of psychological or moral harassment. The basis of this protection is to a large extent the promotion of fundamental human rights in the domestic legal order. For example, in European law, workplace bullying is considered to be a form of discrimination that undermines the principle of equal treatment in employment and occupation.   However, we know that the main raison d'être of labor law as emphasized by Pierre Verge and Guylaine Vallée, is to limit the power that the employer has over the employee, which manifests itself through his rights of direction. These rights effectively grant the employer a wide margin of maneuver in the conduct of its business. He can thus «affect changes in company structures or work organization, modify production processes, implement and use new technologies, reduce production and labor force, etc. »   He can also take any disciplinary measure, including dismissing any employee who does not comply with his orders. As we can see, in several areas related to the management of his organization, the employer has long decided freely.   Thus, raising the question of psychological or moral harassment at work seems to question the power that the employer has to freely regulate his business.  Our objective in approaching the subject is to understand the justifications underlying this intervention of the state in a field that until then was not specifically targeted by the law and the impact of this prohibition on the rights of direction so as to confirm or refute our hypothesis of a dynamics of internal normative change of the company impelled by this prohibition. To achieve this, we will use the method of jurisprudential and doctrinal analysis inflected by a socio-legal perspective. This will enable us to understand whether there has been a change in the nature of management rights in light of the new situation. If so, how, and in what measure (s)? If not why?

Keyphrases: Psychological harassment, moral harassment, Rights of direction, Labor law, Fundamental human rights, Comparative Law.
L’influence sociale sur Instagram : l’influence contrôlée des usagères et usagers ordinaires

This master's thesis explores how social influence of influencers on Instagram is received. There are more than 1600 influencers working on social media, in many fields such as fashion, sports or art in Quebec. Several works in communication observe this Web phenomenon with regard to their marketing strategies or from the point of view of the communicator. In contrast, I analyse the reception of content from these influential people by ordinary people on Instagram, whom I refer to as ordinary users. To do this, I conducted 11 semi-structured interviews with young adults between 18 and 25 years old in which I asked them questions about their use of the platform, their relationship with influencers, and how they think they react to the influence. In light of these interviews, I identified different types of social influence on Instagram. Social influence on Instagram is therefore made up of two other types of influence: controlled influence and unperceived influence, which are themselves broken down into marketing and non-marketing influence. However, controlled influence stood out in most interviewees' speech, i.e. they know they are being influenced but can choose to submit to it or not.. Controlled influence shows a tension ‘‘dialectic of powers’’ on Instagram between influencers and their followers (Breton & Proulx, 2006).

Keyphrases: Instagram, influence, Influencers, reception, ordinary users, social media, social influence
À l'ombre de la montagne : le paysage archéologique du versant nord du mont Royal, Montréal, 1698-1900

This thesis is part of a broader research project on the archaeological potential of Mount Royal carried  out by Université de Montreal in partnership with the City of Montreal and the Ministry of Culture and  Communications of Quebec. More specifically, it aims to assess the utility and efficiency of archaeological  potential studies as a tool in cultural resource management. In Quebec, despite the importance of this  tool in preventive archaeology at the diagnostic stage, there has been very little empirical study of its  effectiveness and the validity of the different methodologies used. We therefore wish to bring a better  understanding to the assessment of archaeological heritage potential by using a cultural landscape and  historical ecology approach, in order to see how this can bring about a new way of considering  archaeological potential. The development of the theoretical framework for this paper was based on some  thirty archaeological assessments produced in Quebec. It is through this theoretical framework that the  archaeological potential of the territory under study, namely the northern slopes of Mount Royal, was  documented for a period starting at the end of the 17th century up to the 20th century. The theoretical  research was complemented by visual inspections of the geographical zones, thereby permitting a more  precise documentation of certain environmental features such as the topography, the ground vegetation  and tree cover, the hydrography, etc. In the construction of the cultural landscape, the mythical and symbolic aspects of the mountain retain  our interest. We have chosen three main themes, namely the picturesque mountain and the forest  landscape, the agricultural mountain and the tanning industries and, lastly, the arrival of cemeteries and  religious institutions. For each theme, research orientations are formulated in order to reflect the  elements of archaeological interest that we present. These themes may be taken into account for  archaeological resource management.

Keyphrases: historical archaeology, Montreal, archaeological heritage protection, Mount Royal heritage site, historical ecology, cemeteries, cultural resource management studies
L’importance du soutien des adultes et du rendement
en mathématiques : perceptions des élèves issus de cours de mathématiques enrichies au secondaire, lors de leurs
choix de filières de formation préuniversitaire

The objective of this study is to document the impact of parents and teachers’ support in mathematics and students’ mathematics performance on their choice of pre-university training courses for girls compared to boys. Questionnaires from 586 girls and 543 boys from enriched math classes and graduating from secondary schools have been completed. Multinomial regressions showed that the incidence of mathematical support of parents and teachers on the choice of training distinguishes boys and girls in certain sectors, but not always in the expected direction

Keyphrases: Mathematics achievement, Parental support, Teacher support, School choice, Pre-university courses
Cross-sectional analysis of picture descriptions of healthy young and older adults

It is poorly understood whether and how normal aging affects different aspects of connected speech production, such as fluency, informativity, efficiency, and vocabulary use. The present study crosssectionally investigates the effects of age on a broad variety of language production measures, using connected speech samples elicited by the two most frequently used picture description tasks. Twenty-six young (20-25 y.o.) and twenty-two older participants (55-90 y.o.) were included in this study. Speech samples were transcribed using the CLAN program and eight measures were extracted. Our results indicate that, in a picture description task, older adults produce more disruptions to fluency, but that lexical diversity, informativity, and efficiency of speech remain unaffected by age. The use of less frequent words by older adults might reflect a larger vocabulary size. These findings have implications for future studies assessing changes in connected speech production, in both healthy and clinical populations.

Keyphrases: Normal aging, Language production, Connected speech, Picture description task, Word-finding difficulties
Analyse de la qualité méthodologique des outils de mesure du leadership tyrannique : les chercheurs et les praticiens possèdent-ils des instruments de mesure adaptés au système scolaire québécois?

Tyrannical leadership is a type of destructive leadership in which the leader uses humiliation, belittlement and manipulation to influence employees in achieving work-related goals. In the United States more than one in ten workers is a victim of this type of leadership. Such a leader can have devastating consequences for employees, work teams and organisations. A better understanding of the antecedents and mechanisms that promote tyrannical leadership within organisations would allow the tailoring of selection and training processes in order to reduce its occurrence and the negative consequences it engenders. There are a limited number of studies that have been carried out in the education sector. Several variables associated with the construct are observable in the daily life of school administrators and teachers (for example, high work demands, lack of resources, high level of burnout and psychological distress), highlighting the need to study tyrannical leadership in this environment. However, this requires having tools that allow us to properly capture the construct. Several issues related to the measurement of tyrannical leadership require particular attention, such as the multiplicity of tools and their variants, the non-consensus with regards to the dimensionality, the use of a diversity of sources and the possible individual or cultural variability as to what is perceived as abuse. A better understanding of these would shed light on methodological choices that could counter the limitations of current tools. In order to meet this need, the objective of this study is to carry out a systematic review of tools used to measure tyrannical leadership and discuss their quality according to the targeted measurement issues, so as to identify how a validated measure could be adapted to the Quebec school environment. The goal is to help researchers and practitioners in choosing and adapting, if necessary, their measuring instrument in order to more effectively capture the construct.

Keyphrases: Supervision abusive, Tyrannical leadership, Abusive supervision, Education, Measure, Measurement artefacts, Work and organisational psychology
Moral distress : an instrumentalist analysis of conceptual and empirical literature

This thesis explores the concept of moral distress in the context of decision-making. Several factors complicate the decision-making process in the clinical context. One such factor is moral distress. According to its original conceptualization, moral distress is experienced when the course of action is known, but its realization is limited or prevented by constraints, i.e., institutional, financial, or organizational. Much of the conceptual and empirical research on moral distress addresses this conceptualization, which leads to the recommendation to better conceptualize or understand moral distress. This thesis presents an analysis of the function of the concept, thus identifying what the empirical and conceptual literature provides as a working definition of moral distress. To this end, the identification of the function of the concept will serve as a starting point to better understand the variety and the richness of the concept of moral distress.

Keyphrases: Moral Distress, Decision-Making, Concept Analysis, Pragmatism
Occupational exposures and lung cancer risk : an analysis of the CARTaGENE study

Background. Smoking is the strongest risk factor for lung cancer; however, other factors like the combinations of genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, and other lifestyle factors may also contribute to risk. This study aims to determine associations between prevalent occupational exposures and lung cancer risk. Methods. A case-cohort design was nested within the CARTaGENE study. Cases included all participants with an incident diagnosis of lung cancer from 2009-2016 (n=147). A sub-cohort of 1,032 individuals was sampled at baseline. The Canadian Job Exposure Matrix was used to determine occupational exposures in participants’ longest-held job. Twenty-eight agents with ≥5 exposed cases were retained for analysis. Separate multivariable logistic regression models with robust variance estimators were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between each agent and lung cancer risk while controlling for established risk factors.  Results. Increased lung cancer risk was found among those exposed to ashes (OR=4.42; 95% CI: 1.75-11.15), calcium sulfate (OR=4.13; 95% CI: 1.20-14.20), hydrogen chloride (OR=3.79; 95% CI: 1.07-13.41), formaldehyde (OR=3.73; 95% CI: 1.51-9.19), cooking fumes (OR=2.92; 95% CI: 1.33-6.42), alkanes (OR=4.33; 95% CI:1.41-13.29), aliphatic aldehydes (OR=3.94; 95% CI: 1.41-10.98), and cleaning agents (OR=2.60; 95% CI: 1.50-4.52). A decrease in lung cancer incidence was found among participants exposed to carbon monoxide (OR=0.29; 95% CI:0.12-0.74) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum (OR=0.18; 95% CI: 0.05-0.60).  Conclusion.  Our findings support the role of several occupational agents, for which we have limited knowledge, in contributing to lung cancer risk.

Keyphrases: Lung cancer, Occupational exposure, risk factor