NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Écriture de l’histoire et geste littéraire : la production du savoir historique chez Javier Cercas et Daniel Mendelsohn

This dissertation aims to examine the novels Lord of All the Dead by Javier Cercas and The Lost by Daniel Mendelsohn to see how their authors produce knowledge on history and on familial and collective memory. Both writers focus their novels on their great-uncles: Cercas’ great-uncle died in the Spanish civil war (1936-1939) fighting with the Francoist army. Mendelsohn’s great-uncle was killed in Poland in 1942 during the Shoah by bullets with his wife and four daughters. In their texts, Cercas and Mendelsohn reconstruct the different stages of their researches to find out about the lives and deaths of their great-uncles. In order to reflect on the literary texts they wrote and its relations to history and familial and collective memory, we first make a summary of some of the recent debates in the academic field about the relationship between literature and history. We go on by analyzing the metatextual and self-reflexive devices both authors use, to see how they reflect the ethical, methodological and epistemological issues of their approach and the complexity of the knowledge they produce. Finally, we look at how Cercas and Mendelsohn use archives in their texts. By doing so, we can see how archives, mostly photographic archives, are used as devices that reflect the identity and memorial link that connects both authors with their great-uncles.

Keyphrases: Javier Cercas, Daniel Mendelsohn, Archives, Shoah, Literature, History, Historiography, Memory, Historical knowledge, Spanish Civil War
Les représentations sociales des acteurs judiciaires de la Chambre de la jeunesse du Québec au sujet de leurs rôles et du système de justice

Since the creation of the first youth criminal law in 1908, it has been modified several time. Canada’s vision about youth delinquents has evolved a lot between the Juvenile Delinquents Act (1908-1984), the Young Offenders Act (1984-2003) and the Youth Criminal Justice Act (2003 - present). As a result, we can observe a modification in the way the government takes the youth in charge. Seen at first as victim of their environment during most of the XX century, the minor received most of the accountability for their criminal behaviors afterwards. Nowadays, the political speeches are mainly oriented towards the protection of society and the risk management of criminals. This study wants to understand the social representations of the judicial actors about their own role in the justice system, the young criminals and the way they are supported by the system. The purpose of the thesis is also to understand the crime control paradigm present in the social representations of the judicial actors and how the changes in the law have influence or modified the social representations of the people who are in charge of applying the law. The twenty interviews done with the judges and the prosecutors allowed us to note a recurring tandem about the vision of the youth which will affect the way they will be supported. In any case, the protection of society is always the goal. Then, the concept of accountability, from the neoliberal philosophy, influences most of the discourse. Said discourse comes from the accountability of the professionals to the one of the young and their environment about the youth’s reeducation. At last, several elements influence the practice of the judicial actors, but the legislation’s modification is not the main one.

Keyphrases: Youth, Offender, Accountability, Neoliberalism, Justice system
L’application et l’interprétation de la Loi sur l’adéquation de la peine et du crime par les acteurs judiciaires entre 2010 et 2016

Current legislation allows for pre-sentence detention time to be taken into account in sentencing. Subsection 719 (3) of the Criminal Code regulates the accounting of the credit for the penalty for this type of detention. Since the Truth in Sentencing Act came into force in 2010, the Criminal Code stipulates that the judge must apply on the sentence a one-day credit for each day spent in pre-sentence detention. A maximum of one and a half days for each day of pre-sentence detention may be granted when the circumstances warrant. This law, which would be part of a punitive turn of criminal policies, brought in legislative tightening by circumscribing the judicial power when calculating the credit for the time already spent in custody. The objective of this study is to understand the application and interpretation of the Truth in Sentencing Act by judicial actors between 2010 and 2016. To do so, an analysis of judgments of the Court of Quebec and R.v. Summers (2014) of the Supreme Court of Canada has been carried out. The reasons given by the judges for the calculation of the credit have been highlighted. It appears that the living conditions in pre-sentence detention and that the behavior of the accused support the judges' decisions. Indeed, the results of the study indicate that the difficulty of the remand conditions is a reason which contributes to the granting of increased credit. This reason taken up by the judges draws on an argument from the case law prior to the legislative changes of 2010. In addition, the “bad behavior” of the accused may lead the judges to calculate the credit downwards. From this, we conclude that the judicial actors partly resisted the penal policy of 2010, but also that a penal severity tints the calculation of the credit.

Keyphrases: Punitive turn, criminal policies, penal severity, Truth in Sentencing Act, pre-sentence detention, pretrial detention, case law, court decision, credit calculation, enhanced credit
La connexion au quotidien : réflexion sur nos temporalités

Based on various scientific studies, news media discourse address more and more regularly the danger posed by connection to all of those who spend too much time using digital devices. A normative load is therefore placed on connection and time. This research project aims to: a) explore what connection means to people whose daily lives involve being connected and questioning their connection; and b) to understand how their approach to connection may orient their experiences of time while at the same time being affected by the temporalities around which today’s societies are organized.  The methodological approach that guides this exploratory research features semi-structured interviews conducted in Montreal with four “connected” people who questioned the place of connection in their daily lives. We met once a week for a month and the participants regularly filled out a logbook which they then presented to me at the beginning of each of our conversations. Based on the analysis of interview transcripts, I suggest that the participants share different approaches to dis-connection. The latter can be conceptualized in terms of infrastructure, artifacts and symbols. Also different temporalities modulate and are modulated by this dis-connection as people experience it as a means to fit in, and to aim for an ideal (time) balanced practice.

Keyphrases: Dis-connection, temporalities, digital gadgets, digital technologies, un-plugging
Étude discursive de la stigmatisation de la maladie mentale : l'expérience des étudiantes et étudiants universitaires québécois

Beginning in the spring of 2019, an awareness campaign on mental health issues has been deployed on the campus of the Université de Montréal. Many similar initiatives have been launched across the province of Quebec that aim to eliminate the stigma of mental illness. Thus, a new, positive and anti-stigmatizing Discourse is challenging the deep-rooted Discourse that stigmatizes mental illness in society. By Discourse, it is necessary to understand a discursive whole that takes up ideologies and the meanings of phenomena; this is materialized in words and social interactions (discourse). There is thus a growing tension inherent to the very meaning of mental illness.  The purpose of this Master’s thesis is to better understand this tension between these two Discourses in the words and attitudes of Quebecers. The research project focuses on university students because of their hybrid age bracket (leaving adolescence and entering adulthood) where the societal tolerance for mental illness tends to shift from indulgence for children to stigmatization for adults. To this end, focus groups with Quebec university students allowed us to depict their perception of this discursive tension in their interpersonal relationships. The discussion transcripts were thematically analyzed. The main results show the emergence of a dissonant discourse, which mixes stigmatizing and anti-stigmatizing Discourse, and the persistence of stigmatizing Discourse held by people who are socially distant from the sick person. These findings formed the basis of a relational model of how participants experienced the stigma of their mental illness, providing a new perspective on the theory of labelling and stigmatization.

Keyphrases: Stigmate, Mental illness, Stigma, Stigmatization, Discourse/discourse, Focus group, Labelling theory, Discours, Discourse
Development and studies of electrochromic and electrofluorochromic organic materials

Organic electrochromic materials have been a hot area of research during the past decades. These compounds that respond to an applied potential with a color change are said to be electrochromic. Their interest is mainly because of the easy synthesis, convenient mass production, and eco-friendly preparation compared to their inorganic counterparts. Typically, these compounds change only their color with an applied potential. To develop compounds that change both their color and their fluorescence with a potential applied for use in electrofluorescent devices remains a major challenge. In this study, a series of compounds containing triphenylamine (TPA) and benzothiadiazole (BZT) were evaluated. They were coupled with different end groups to tune the photophysical and electrochemical properties. These compounds were fully characterized by absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, spectroelectrochemistry, and X-ray diffraction along with other techniques. This allowed us to examine the influence of their structure on the properties. It also allowed us to identify the ideal compounds of interest for use in functioning devices. The devices containing TPA and BZT are ideally ‘smart window’ applications. This is due to the electrochemical activity by TPA as well as the solid state fluorescence of the BZT core. To further improve the properties of devices, a passive device was the ultimate goal. This is in contrast to active devices where a potential must be applied continuously for the induced color to be consistent. Towards this goal, cathodic layers were prepared and investigated in a device and their use as an ion reservoir in a passive electrochromic / electrofluorescent device was tested. Preliminary results, showed that anthraquinone derivatives had ideal properties for the cathodic layers.

Keyphrases: Benzothiadiazole, Anthraquinone, Electrochromism, Triphenylamine, Smart Window
Quête d’identité juive par les archives et la généalogie

The discovery of the death of my great-grandparents, gassed in 1943 at the Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland, triggered a frantic search for archives and raised several questions. The genealogy proceeds from a research of kinship, of filiation which links us to a context of society and the archives, formerly secret and devoted to experts (historians and researchers), know with these users a revival of informational but also emotional interest, both at the concrete (material) and virtual (digital) levels. Jewish genealogy is on the fringes of this movement because it often testifies to another psychological and sometimes physiological need, that of filling a "gaping hole" that several migrations, pogroms and a "recent" genocide have dug. In this context, we wondered what the importance of archives could be (in a traumatic context) in Jewish genealogy and their emotional and identity impacts. To answer these research questions, we visited genealogical routes in two organizations: the Jewish Genealogy Circle in Paris and the Jewish Genealogical Society of Montreal. The portraits we have drawn differ. Parisians are more attached to the original archives (especially in the context of the Shoah) and they do not hesitate to share them; Montrealers are more fond of digital archives (especially in the context of immigration) and they favor information rather than medium. However all participants agree on one point: these archives, in addition to enabling better understanding and self-building for some, have consequences for their lives. Undoubtedly, this research of archives on their Jewish ancestors responded (partially?) to a need for singularity. A future study could characterize the archive which marks so much and the particularity of the effects it produces on those who seek it.

Keyphrases: archives, records, genealogy, jewish, identity, self-construction, emotion
Un espace pour la langue : les institutions religieuses et le maintien des langues d’héritage à Montréal

Language shift from heritage languages to dominant, national languages among immigrant communities has been an important object of study in the sociology of language (Fishman 2006, 1968). The institutionally stabilized and ideologically sanctioned hegemony of the national language inevitably affects the use of all other languages, including those of allophone immigrant communities. Heritage language programs attempt to stay language shift by explicit language instruction often itself focused on a standard variety of the heritage language. However, explicit language socialization does not always foster a positive attitude towards heritage languages, since learners are solicited to “perform” linguistic competence, rather than use them as a means of emergent quotidian communication (Meek 2010, Das 2008).  My study focuses on the role of religious institutions in maintaining heritage languages in Montreal. I show that places of worship founded by and linked to an immigrant community generate spaces where the relationship between language and identity is not over-determined, allowing for flexible and heterogeneous engagements with the heritage language. The focus of activities in religious settings is geared towards fostering a sacred community, not language instruction per se. Such settings, in which language is not the goal but the medium of collective activity, provide conditions favourable to interactions in heritage language. This thesis is based on our ethnographic field research in five churches in Montreal, each characterized by a different conceptualization of the relationship between language and religion, and each linked to a distinct allophone immigrant community. My research shows the importance of institutions that emerge from immigrant communities in language maintenance.

Keyphrases: language maintenance, language shift, heritage language, language and religion, indexicality
Le chiac : entre langue des jeunes et langue des ancêtres : enjeux de nomination à travers les représentations linguistiques du chiac dans le sud-est du Nouveau-Brunswick

Chiac is a variety of French spoken in southeastern New-Brunswick. It is marked by its code-mixing with English because its speakers live in close relationship with the English-speaking majority of the region. Perrot was the first to describe Chiac linguistic structure in 1995. Not only are attitudes towards Chiac varied among its speakers, but it appears that the representations of its speakers, their meta-linguistic conceptions of Chiac, diverge greatly. Indeed, this variety has the particularity of being named, which gives it the capacity to be easily apprehended and mobilized by speakers as well as researchers (Boudreau 2012). In fact, chiac would not be particularly different from other varieties of French in a minority situation in the Maritimes (King 2008). However, its name does not seem to be sufficient to describe it precisely since the definition given to chiac is not the same for everyone.  What is Chiac according to its speakers? Why are there multiple definitions for one and the same term? What linguistic practices are attributed to the name Chiac? Who speaks Chiac and in what situations? What do these discursive processes of naming their language reveal about Acadians' representations of their language? The data for this research was collected primarily through semi-structured interviews and notes taken during participant observation in activities of daily life in Moncton, New Brunswick.

Keyphrases: Chiac, Code-mixing, Code-switching, Moncton, Metalinguistic discourse, Acadian French, Linguistic insecurity, Naming practices
Trajectoires d’étudiants français à McGill et HEC Montréal : une reproduction sociale et culturelle en mobilité

This research explores the mobility trajectories of French students enrolled at McGill University and HEC Montréal, for they represent the largest community of international students in Quebec. Aiming for a better understanding of the phenomenon of mobility in the era of globalization, this thesis analyzes the motivational, experiential and biographical narratives of these students. Moreover, this research aims to account the practices of social and cultural reproduction expressed through these narratives. The analysis of the biographical narratives suggests that the type of mobility observed mainly concerns students from middle and upper-middle class backgrounds with relatively significant cultural, social and economic resources and a predisposition to mobility. The motivational stories of French students in mobility sometimes include "strategic" intentions but are rather marked by "hedonistic" motivations where mobility is a rite of passage used for self-fulfilment and personal discovery. The analysis of representations, meanings and uses of academic, urban, social and cultural space through experiential narratives reveals that Montreal is often the embodiment of a "promised land" of personal fulfillment. However, while the speeches reflect an ease of adaptation to the collegiate and Montreal environment, the experience of integration shows the opposite. Students tend to create friendship networks, based on the sharing of French identity and the experience of mobility, which are maintained through common sociability spaces. This isolation tends to strengthen the bonds of a privileged community, resulting in the reproduction of the social advantage of this category as well as the French socio-cultural codes that are perpetuated and flourish in the Montreal urban space.

Keyphrases: motivations, expatriation, France, Montréal, student mobility, stories, experiences, social and cultural, Montreal
Le projet GAP de la Turquie : au-delà du développement

The GAP or “South-Eastern Anatolia Development Project” in Turkey is one of the vast development projects in the world, consisting of the construction of 21 dams and 19 hydroelectric centers on the Euphrates and Tigris rivers.   However, this project posed many controversies during the last decade both at the national level, with the Kurdish question, and at the regional level, because of the issue of sharing water with neighboring countries, notably Syria and Iraq. Nevertheless, this subject was debated in most cases exclusively from the perspective of the Kurdish conflict issue. The objectives of my dissertation are to understand the use of the GAP project by the Turkish government in the national and political constructions of Turkey in 1930 and 1980 with the aim of sovereignty and national power. This analysis is carried out in a more general framework of geopolitics and political history. Drawn on work of geopolitics and power, and especially on theories of national construction, this dissertation focuses mainly on the evolution of the GAP project, as well as its instrumentalization in the national construction of 1930 and the political and national reconstruction of 1980.

Keyphrases: Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi (GAP), Nation Building, Mustafa Kemal, Turgut Özal, Geopolitics, History-politics, South-East, Power, Turquism
La question du design participatif dans la thérapie par avatar pour personnes schizophrènes

Technologies from the video game field are integrating new mental health treatments. The complexity of these connected innovations changes the role of patients and therapists and induces the implementation of new processes in episodes of care. The conflict between the concepts of protection and control and the concept of the development of patients' power to act places the problem at the heart of AT. Under the prism of the systemic approach and more specifically of the participative design approach, this dissertation raises the question of the effects of avatar therapy (AT) design on its two categories of users; patients and clinicians. Difficulties in accessing the field limited the collection to the clinicians' point of view only, and not to that of the designers involved in AT. Dr Dumais' research case study (2018) highlighted the difference in epistemological perception by clinicians about the concept of a design approach other than technological. The analysis of the data resulting from the literature review and the comparison between the impacts of technological design and the participatory design approach showed the level of effectiveness of virtual reality as a therapeutic means. Modeling the functioning of AT has brought to light the dynamic of the lever which favorably modulates the acting power of the participating patient, this process being akin to participatory design. The current properties of AT open to future research where the integration of a participatory approach at all stages of the AT process would verify its relevance on a larger scale. Especially since the institutional guidelines, including the mental health action plan, require recognition of the patient as a partner of caregivers and actor of his recovery.

Keyphrases: Avatar, Hallucinations auditives, Participatory design, Virtual reality, Patient-partner, Schizophrenia, Auditory hallucinations
La philosophie au secours des rapports de
responsabilité sociale de l’entreprise, ou comment
dépasser les limites d’un discours "aphilosophique"
sur la responsabilité. Troisième partie. Responsabilité et délibération
morale

Habermas’ ethics of discussion can be used for developing moral deliberation processes in the organizational setting. However, it can be a great challenge to put its main principles into practice, at least between internal and external stakeholders of a given organization. The Habermassian ethics of discussion avoids the trap of a priori universalization of moral norms. Nonetheless, it must also avoid implicit power games that could undermine any consensus among organizational members. We need to identify such interpretative traps that can reduce our capacity to launch an Habermassian process of moral deliberation within the organization. On the other hand, the Habermassian ethics of discussion can allow organizational members to redefine ethically focused corporate documents, especially corporate social responsibility/sustainability reports. Taking all stakeholders’ interests into account is not wishful thinking. Rather, it should imply an active and open discussion with internal and external stakeholders. The Habermassian ethics of discussion can allow organizational members to deepen the meaning and implications of their speech-acts about moral norms.

Keyphrases: Habermas, Jürgen, Moral deliberation, Responsibility, Philosophy, Ethics, Economics