NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
La représentation romancée de la classe ouvrière à l'époque mi-victorienne en Grande-Bretagne

The subject of this thesis is Victorian social realism, a spell of British Art during which Realism tends to grow everywhere in Europa during the 19th century. During this period of time, Great Britain reaches its summit with the industrial modernity. At the same time, this fast-changing world is causing a serious class struggle that artists try to represent through a new estheticism and a new ideology. Whereas in France, the figure of the peasant is mostly associated with Realism, British artists relate more to the urban worker and so do novelists, intellectuals, and legislators, who witness the devastation of the human condition caused by the shameless race for progress and profit. Industrial novels written by Dickens introduced a certain type of low-class character of London and illustrators follow the lead in illustrated newspapers. An iconography of the poor, in which the child and the woman are the main characters, starts to take place and spreads largely through the new medium of mechanical reproduction. The illustrated newspaper The Graphic caught our attention because some of its illustrators – Francis Montague Holl (1845-1888), Samuel Luke Fildes (1843-1927), and Sir Hubert von Herkomer (1849-1914) – were also painters and transposed subjects they already exploited in woodcarving on to canvas. In this thesis, we will explore the fictional aspects and rhetorical manipulations used by the illustrators and the painters to get across their message. Certain of these manipulations are imposed by the historical and political context, by the need of not shocking the rich classes by showing them a potential insurrection, but rather by encouraging charity. Others prefer to change medium, by switching from engraving to painting, form small to big canvas, from private buyers to public exhibition, and thereby imposing new and different compositional strategies.

Keyphrases: Great Britain, 19th century, Social Realism, Illustrated Newspapers, Painting
Feu, suivi de Sophie Calle : soi en négatif

Feu is an autofictional photo-text collection in which I revisited memories from a past relationship after a fire destroyed everything. Among a serie of short episodes, I tried to transmit the different emotions felt while mourning and to show my obsession for both the fire and my ex companion. I kept turning over souvenirs in a self-centered way until it lead to a deep emotional uneasiness. It started resorbing the moment an opening to others was made, but never ended. Pictures are used to illustrate the words as well as to participate in the exposure of loneliness.  In addition to a few sub-headings relating my project to Sophie Calle’s work, I tempted to recuperate some of her characteristic traits. Sophie Calle: Soi en négatif is an essay about the self-performance. It involves an autobiographic contract between the performer and the public, a network of intertextuality and in this case, specific concepts like otherness, mourning and absence. I tried to show how she managed to expose herself by the negative. Not only does she take advantage of the most painful negative moments of her life and the ones of others, but she also reveals herself only through documents or others. In a way, her words and her photos develop her life contained into her personal archives. When she exposes herself, art blows way beyond literature, cinema, interviews and photography to because a self-performance, in negative.

Keyphrases: Autofiction, Calle, Disparition, Creative writing, Disappearance, Mourning
Nature humaine, pouvoir et compétence : une analyse comparative du statut chez les chasseurs-cueilleurs

In humans, influence power can be freely given to highly skilled individuals. In this study, two evolutionary theories on the origin of this type of power are considered: the information goods theory (Henrich and Gil-White 2001), and the social exchange theory (Chapais 2012). Based on this theoretical framework, five main hypotheses were extracted and tested: 1) individuals with higher competence in specific domains of activities have a superior status; 2) an individual's higher competence is evaluated through social comparison; 3) highly skilled individuals are useful to others because they constitute better models to imitate and better partners to cooperate with; 4) followers  defer  to experts in exchange for their partnership ; 5) as a result, individuals compete for status by exhibiting their competence and attempting to improve their reputation. Those predictions were tested by using the eHRAF of World Cultures database and analysing the data relating to ten relatively egalitarian hunter-gatherer societies. The results strongly support all  predictions and indicate that status asymmetries are ubiquitous in the sampled  societies. This suggests that the underlying psychosocial mechanisms constitute human universals.

Keyphrases: prestige, propensions universelles, eHRAF, human universals, status, prestige, social inequalities, social exchange, social learning, competition for status, cross-cultural studies, egalitarian societies
From cognition to action : a psychological investigation of action regulation in complex and uncertain social systems

This thesis review recent and more traditional thinking of the system theory, creativity in the workplace, job design and motivation theories to propose a psychological perspective to the regulation of individual action in complex and uncertain work environments. Components from the Action Regulation Theory (Frese & Zapf, 1994) and the Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000) are put in relation in order to test a model of key cognitive schemas related to the accomplishment of collective and individual tasks in the workplace. We propose that these hierarchically organized cognitive schemas are central to efficient action regulation in adaptive social systems. Our measures of these cognitive schemas are based on scales proposed in literature on role ambiguity (eg. Sawyer, 1992; Breaugh & Colihan, 1994) and are put in relation with measures of satisfaction of psychological needs (Van den Broeck, Vansteenkiste, De Witte, Soenens & Lens, 2009) and psychological well-being (Goldberg, 1972). Data from 153 full-time employees from a video game company were collected across 2 time periods. Results indicate that different types of cognitive schemas associated with the individual and collective goals are related to different types of psychological need satisfaction and that psychological need satisfaction is related to psychological well-being. Our results also support the hypothesis of a hierarchical organization of these cognitive schemas based on their level of abstractness or proximity with concrete action. These results begin to explain the process through which different types of cognitive schemas developed in, and influenced by, the working environment relate to employee attitudes and well-being. Theoretical and practical implications for motivation, learning, empowerment, psychological well-being and job design in complex and uncertain work environment are discussed.

Keyphrases: Motivation, Action regulation, Psychological needs, Role ambiguity, Self-determination theory, Psychological well-being, Workplace creativity, Uncertainty, Motivation, Job design
L'art de propagande en Espagne, de la Seconde République au premier franquisme : affiches et portraits officiels

This thesis questions the major esthetic differences between the artistic productions of the Second Spanish Republic (1931-1939) and the nationalist artistic productions of the Civil War years and the first decade of the francoist dictatorship. These differences are analysed using the artistic productions of Josep Renau (1907 Valence – 1982 Berlin East) and of Ignacio Zuloaga (Elibar 1870 – Madrid 1945). Renau was an important artistic figure during the Spanich Republic. In this thesis, we analyse Renau’s different propaganda productions between 1931 and 1939.  Zuloaga was an international artist when the nationalist uprising occurred in 1936. He was recognized by the European elites for his portraits of Andalousian and Castillian sceneries. Zuloaga supported the nationalist putsch and the francoist ideology.  In 1939, the Caudillo ordered the painting of the portrait that we will be analysing.   The theories of François Hartog, Reinhart Koselleck, Paul Ricoeur and Hannah Arendt are used to analyse the historical conceptual confrontation in Spain, portrayed by the artworks that we studied. During the Republic, it was the modern historical regime that was in force. The historical references used are close in time and the history is constructed in the future and attached to the idea of progress. With the nationalists, the historical conception is connected to the Historia magistra where the past is used as an example. In the first francoism, a return to Spain’s glorious past (the Middle Ages, the Golden Century and the Counter Reform) is clearly claimed in order to rescue the country from the ills of modernity. It is with these different historical conceptions in mind that we compare the esthetics specificities of the artworks, the identity and historical references and the mediums used to legitimize the power and the political actions of each front.

Keyphrases: Josep Renau, Ignacio Zuloaga, Regime of Historicity, Propaganda Art, Spain
Le caractère adéquat du contenu de l'échelle de mesure de la conscience de l'environnement d'affaires

This paper’s main subject focuses on employee business awareness. The concept refers to the importance of considering various elements of the business environment, by the non-managerial employee, in order to make better business decisions or improve problem-solving in an environment using a participative approach to management. There are only two theses and one published article dedicated to the concept of employee business awareness. Ève St-Onge’s thesis (2007) tried to establish the concept’s legitimacy and to produce a first list of indicators related to elements of the business environment. Véronique Gauvreau-Jean’s thesis (2008) seeked to validate a first version of the employee business awareness scale. Haines, Rousseau, Brotheridge and St-Onge (2012) provided a list of indicators and dimensions related to the scale. This thesis is interested in verifying the content adequacy of the initial scale. Content adequacy «essentially consists in verifying the content of the test so that it can be representative and a sample of the behaviours that have to be measured» (Anastasi, 1982, p.132). Given the complexity of the concept of employee business awareness, this type of verification is needed to bring the right adjustments to the current scale so that it can later be applied to all business environments using a participative approach. In order to verify the content adequacy of the initial scale, two focus groups were held; one within a personnel placement agency and another in a paper product distributor. With the contents of both focus groups transcribed, data analysis was performed and a reformulated scale was created. The new scale received favourable assessments from two professors concerning its capacity to be easily understood and with regards to the adequate reflection of the elements related to the business environment. This finally led to the comparison of the reformulated scale’s content with the initial scale, in order to determiner the content adequacy of the existing scale’s content.

Keyphrases: awareness, business environment, scale, validity
Division et dialectique : évolution et unité dans les dialogues tardifs de Platon

This thesis aims to describe the role and application of Plato's method of divisions as it is seen and described mainly in Sophist, Statesman, Phaedrus, and Philebus. Through analysis of similarities and differences of the method in the different dialogues I intend to describe the possibilities of claiming the unity of Plato's doctrine, or to see in which regards it has evolved. In the last century some authors were convinced that no such evolution could clearly be seen in Plato's thought, and that the method of divisions was to be found in a lot of passages both before and after the four dialogues mentioned above, whereas others argue that the method of divisions is to be seen as specific t the later dialogues, because it cannot possibly be used before the introduction of the theory of the Forms, and further, that it is to be identified with Plato's later method of dialectic.

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Plato, Sophist, Statesman, Phaedrus, Division, Dialectic, Knowledge Theory, Epistemology
Les employés : excursion sociologique dans le monde de la gestion des ressources humaines

As a form of the contemporary process of rationalization, human resources management developed itself as a paradigm to organize social relations not only within the business industry, but also outside. This master thesis is based on the work of Siegfried Kracauer “The Salaried Masses” (1998 [1931]) that reveals the effects of the rationalized modern business industry on the mentality of the employees in the 1920’s. I propose to investigate the tension that the human resources management employees bear as they are, nowadays, both its carriers and objects. This tension, that binds the particular function of these employees within the business industry and their own condition as employees, forms the object of this master thesis. It is through the construction of relations toward the tension in an idealtypical form — specific to the Weberian approach – that this master thesis proposes to understand the employees’ condition in human resources management. By interpreting the relations toward the tension underpinned in this professional field with the four idealtypes constructed for this purpose (the accountant sergeant, the sport sergeant, she who takes upon herself and the synthetic), I bring to light the dilemmas that are likely to be experienced by these employees; dilemmas inherent to their condition in the rationalized world.

Keyphrases: Siegfried Kracauer, Max Weber, employees, human resources management, professional practice, idealtype
L’éthos maternel dans Lettres à sa fille (1916-1953) de Colette

Since the Letters of Madame de Sévigné to her daughter, the epistolary practice allows the mother and the daughter to maintain a bond from a distance. In addition to the communicative value at the origin of this bond, the space of the letter involves the self of the writer in the writing’s movement. This particularity is conducive to the development of an image which adapts itself to the goals of the correspondence, adopting a rhetoric that creates an effect on the recipient encouraged to respond, to take position, to build a self-image through the epistolary exchange. Literariness is manifested in this kind of letters, as we demonstrate in our study of Lettres à sa fille (1916-1953) from Colette.  Motherhood step constitutes a fatality for some women who develop love tardily, if ever. Colette belongs to this line of atypical mothers refusing the maternal role in order to dedicate her life to her career as writer. Nevertheless, she maintains a thirty-seven years correspondence with her daughter, Colette de Jouvenel, to answer this social representation that requires the mother to be religiously devoted to her child. A physically absent mother most of the time, Colette builds an epistolary ethos that oscillates between keeping her daughter beside her through words, while maintaining a physical and a sentimental distance with the one who has to find her place in the correspondence. She slips away, but also imposes herself with her omnipresence in her child's world, demonstrating a severity that derives from her authorial posture. The deployment of this facet of the writer in the epistolary exchange, at first private, is possible because of the letter’s generic status: in fact, epistolary writing promotes a relationship from oneself to the other, but also to oneself through various specular effects. The study of the maternal ethos finally leads us to interrogating the ethos of the young girl forced to build herself in a relationship of dependency with the mother’s image.

Keyphrases: Colette, Colette de Jouvenel, Correspondence, Intimate writing, Mother-daughter relationship, Ethos
Certain problems concerning polynomials and transcendental entire functions of exponential type

Let P(z):=\sum_{\nu=0}^na_\nu z^{\nu}$ a polynomial of degree n and M:=\sup_{|z|=1}|P(z)|$. Without any additional restriction, we know that $|P '(z) | \leq Mn$ for $| z | \leq 1$ (Bernstein's inequality). Now if we assume that the zeros of the polynomial $P$ are outside the circle $| z | = k$, which improvement could be made to the Bernstein inequality? It is already known [{\bf \ref{Mal1}}] that in the case where $k \geq 1$, one has$$ (*) \qquad | P '(z) | \leq \frac{n}{1 + k} M \qquad (| z | \leq 1),$$ what would it be in the case where  $k < 1$? What is the analogous inequality for an entire function of exponential type $\tau$? On the other hand, if we assume that $P$ has all its zeros in $| z | \geq k \, \, (k \geq 1),$ which is the estimate of $| P '(z) |$ on the unit circle, in terms of the first four terms of its Maclaurin series expansion. This thesis comprises a contribution to the analytic theory of  polynomials in the light of these problems.

Keyphrases: Bernstein's inequality, Polynomial and trigonometric polynomial, Entire functions of exponential type, Schwarz-Pick theorem, Infinite integral, Hadamard's three circles theorem
Faire confiance au gouvernement? : évaluation des caractéristiques individuelles, étatiques et sociales qui sont liées à la confiance envers le gouvernement

Trust in government is a hotly debated topic in public discourse as well as the scientific literature. It is, however, an unclear notion, although a few theoretical innovations have helped refine the concept since its inception as system support by David Easton. This literature review examines current trends in study of trust in democratic governments. I define trust in government as a relational concept that is relatively stable through time. This thesis identifies 26 factors that are linked to trust in government in three categories: individual, state and social characteristics. I demonstrate that cultural explanations better explain variations in trust in government than economic approaches at all scales. However, young democracies have a different profile, in which economic approaches have a slightly bigger role.

Keyphrases: Capital social, Trust in government, Political trust, Political support, System support, Electoral behavior, Social movements, Rational choice, Social capital, Political culture
Le Brésil et le MERCOSUR : étude des stratégies de recherche de l'autonomie et de la puissance

The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of why the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) member states have failed (to date) to create a common market in the Southern Cone. We believe that additionally to the generally accepted causes in the scientific literature – presence of asymmetries, divergence of interests and economic obstacles – the increasing power of Brazil and its quest of autonomy should be given more attention. This research project takes the hypothesis that: (1) research strategy of autonomy through participation favoured the creation and deepening of MERCOSUR during its early years, and (2) the rise of Brazil and the resulting strategy of autonomy through diversification reduced the importance of the MERCOSUR for Brazil and also undermined the deepening of the institution’s economic integration. To do this, we will analyze in parallel the quest of autonomy through participation as well as the quest of autonomy through diversification and the evolution of the MERCOSUR. We will use Gross domestic product as the main economic indicator to witness the rise of power of Brazil during the 1990-2012 period.

Keyphrases: Mercosur, Brazil, Autonomy, Power, Emerging power
Les effets à long terme d'une approche interpersonnelle pour le traitement de la phobie sociale : un suivi de 8 à 15 ans

Social phobia has typically been described as a chronic problem.  To alter this clinical course, several treatment regimens have been devised.  Their efficacy has been shown in a number of studies.  However, are the reported gains maintained years following treatment? The present study sought to investigate this issue.   A literature review firstly allowed us to conduct a critical analysis of the evidence pertaining to the durability of the therapeutic effects of contemporary treatments. This review showed that studies including follow-ups exceeding one year are scarce. In the few found studies, the alleviation of anxiety has generally been the main parameter examined. In general, evidence regarding the long term maintenance of gains associated with other features, namely social functioning, and remission is scant.  To bridge this gap, the maintenance of therapeutic gains, 8 to 15 years following treatment guided by an interpersonal approach (IA) was assessed in the current study. This approach aims at the dissolution of self-protective patterns of behaviour by improving social participation and facilitating the development of more adaptive relational patterns. Fifty eight individuals who initially met criteria for social phobia took part in the study.  They reported significant gains up to one year following treatment. Thus, the evolution of social anxiety, general distress and social functioning from the 1-year follow-up to the 8-to-15-year follow-up were assessed. The statistical and clinical effects obtained over time, as well as the individual differences, were examined.  Results showed that the IA treatment regimen produced durable effects on the features examined, since the one-year follow-up.  Most remitted participants at the 1-year follow-up were still in remission about 10 years later. Those who reported clinically significant changes on social distress one year following treatment displayed a similar trajectory.  Furthermore, a significant increase in remission rates was observed. In consistency, a functional analysis revealed an improvement in patterns of social behaviour for the majority of participants, suggesting a dynamic change reflecting the transition from self-protection to social participation. Moreover, a hypothesis drawn from the interpersonal perspective of social phobia and its treatment was supported : A concordance between the changes found on the anxious and the interpersonal features was noted.  Taken together, these results lend support to the long term effectiveness of the IA approach.

Keyphrases: Signification clinique, Social phobia, Treatment, Long term follow-up, Interpersonal approach to the treatment of social phobia, Social functioning, Remission, Clinical significance