NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Différence intersexuelle dans la jalousie : un test de l’hypothèse émotionnelle

Evolutionary models propose that women are more affected by emotional infidelity than by sexual infidelity. The associated psychological mechanisms would have evolved during the hunter-gatherer phase of our phylogenetic history and would be a response to a woman’s need to secure exclusive access to the economic resources provided by her mate. The economic situation of women has changed considerably since then, many women being financially independent. In the present study we test the hypothesis that financially independent women are less intensively jealous, or become less rapidly jealous, compared to women who rely financially on their husband. We also assess whether the number of children, or certain personality traits, affect jealousy. Our sample included 60 women and the data were obtained through questionnaires featuring fictional situations. Our results do not support the main hypothesis; the various subgroups of women were jealous at comparable levels. We discuss various factors that might account for these findings, including the possibility that other aspects of the relationship might have concealed the effect of a woman’s economic situation. We also found significant differences in the intensity of jealousy according to the identity of the husband’s fictional partner (old versus new girlfriend). These results are also discussed in an evolutionary perspective.

Keyphrases: Jealousy, Sex differences, Infidelity, Evolutionary psychology, Emotions
L’espace social alimentaire d’un village provençal : vivre une cuisine régionale au quotidien

The concept of a 6-fold ‘social landscape of foodways’ (l’espace social alimentaire) was designed to facilitate the analysis of the social aspects of food practices. When analyzed in this manner, regional culinary practices come to be understood through the daily experiences of local people, and it becomes clear that the promotion of regional cuisine is often based on iconic food products that are not necessarily consumed on a daily basis. In the village of Sault, located in a part of Provence that has remained largely off the beaten path of mainstream tourism, I examined the food practices of local Provencal residents. Do their practices correspond to the image of Provencal cuisine that is so often promoted within culinary circles and the mass media? In examining the social aspects of Sault’s foodways, I discuss the specific elements that make up the community’s food practices: a Provencal identity through a micro-regional discourse and French customs.

Keyphrases: Anthropology, Regional cuisine, France, Provence, Identity, Ethnology, Espace social alimentaire, Social landscape of foodways
G. W. F. Hegel et T. W. Adorno sur le besoin de la pensée

This thesis analyzes and contrasts G. W. F. Hegel’s and T. W. Adorno’s positions on the nature of rationality and the task of philosophy. Its central aim is to offer a critical interpretation of a thought shared but interpreted differently by both thinkers, namely, that philosophy proceeds from a certain need (Bedürfnis) that is both specific and universal.   Hegel spoke of a « need of philosophy ». The expression is ambiguous: it is meant to describe the general nature of rational thinking, but also to express how reason or philosophy can justify their historical relevance and satisfy concrete needs. I argue in chapters one to five that Hegel tries to reconcile these two needs, in order to show why identifying with concepts is the key to appeasing the concrete suffering caused by history’s own division within itself. The answer is given in absolute knowledge, grounded and justified in respect of thought itself as well as thought’s other, i.e., history. Absolute knowledge is point of equilibrium between reason in general and reason as the adequate expression of history’s universal needs.   Chapters six to nine then interpret Adorno’s negative dialectics as a critical reworking of  this dialectical problem of framing normativity in historical terms. Adorno agrees with Hegel that the most relevant and satisfying expression of historical suffering is conceptual, yet he also contends that the « compulsion to identity » as such fails to satisfy the need that motivates philosophical thinking. I argue that this is because striving for survival and happiness is not reducible to thought’s obsession with identity. For Adorno, happiness and “right life” are blocked in contemporary society because capitalism hypostasizes the identity principle inherent in conceptual thinking. In this context, I argue that Adorno’s view of philosophy as essay (Essay) is more, not less, rational than Hegel’s understanding of philosophy as an absolute science.

Keyphrases: Adorno, Hegel, Philosophy, Need, Dialectics, History, Reason, Suffering, Experience
La détresse psychologique et les problèmes cardiovasculaires chez les travailleurs: une étude transversale de la comorbidité

The main objective of this thesis is to determine whether there is an association between psychological distress and cardiovascular problems among workers, due to the influence of certain professional factors.  The data came from the Canadian Community Health Survey (cycle 3.1 of CCHS), conducted by Statistics Canada in 2005.  Our sample consists of 15 394 employed Canadians aged 15 and over, representative of age, gender and geographic distribution of place of residence.  The logistic regression analysis showed that four professional factors have a significant association with psychological distress: psychological demands, job insecurity, social support at work, and job satisfaction.  In addition, three factors appear to be related to the development of cardiovascular problems; the use of skills, job satisfaction, and the number of hours worked.  The multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed that psychological distress is associated with cardiovascular problems and that these two health problems may be apparent in situations of comorbidity.  According to the results, we find that five factors present a significant correlation between the presence of psychological distress and a cardiovascular problem: psychological demands, job insecurity, social support at work, job satisfaction and the number of hours worked.  However, the use of skills, decisional authority at work and physical demands of work are not significantly associated with psychological distress and the presence of cardiovascular problems.

Keyphrases: Comorbidity, Psychological distress, Professional factors, Work environment, Cardiovascular problems, Mental health
Interventions thérapeutiques prometteuses dans un modèle in vivo de stéatohépatite non alcoolique

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a serious liver condition related to the metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type II diabetes mellitus whose prevalence is drastically rising in developed countries and worldwide. Several remedies were investigated for the treatment of NASH but an efficient therapy has yet to be developed.  In the present study, we explored novel therapeutic possibilities that were thought to be effective for the treatment of experimental high-fat diet-induced NASH the in rat. Our results show that a chronic six week treatment with a high dose of NCX 1000, a derivative of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) with nitric oxide (NO) donating properties, is efficient at reversing steatosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, insulin resistance and fibrosis; major hallmarks of experimental NASH. We also demonstrated that the mother molecule, UDCA, is as efficacious in controlling the same parameters at equimolar doses. Moreover, our study demonstrates that NCX 1000 at lower doses can exert similar potent properties when combined with lipophilic antioxidants like vitamin E. On the other hand, we found that a 5-week treatment with silibinin, the major active component of milk thistle extract, improved liver steatosis and inflammation and decreased NASH-induced oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and fibrosis.  These compounds have therefore the potential for being developed for the treatment of NASH. Clinical evidences are needed.

Keyphrases: NASH, Oxidative stress, Steatosis, High-fat diet, insulin resistance, NCX 1000, UDCA, Vitamin E, Silibinin, Milk thistle
Espaces et pratiques de l'activisme politique de Germaine de Staël lors de la Révolution française (1789-1799)

This essay explores the cultural conditions shaping the political participation of the Parisian salon woman and famous author Anne-Louise-Germaine Necker, baroness of Staël-Holstein (1766-1817), during the French Revolution (1789-1799). Looking at representations, it underlines Germaine de Staël’s appropriation and recasting of gender norms to work out a suitable political role for elite women in the revolutionary context. This role was notably based on an ethic of friendship, and an ideal of virtue acquired by combining sensibility and reason. Her constitutional project, both liberal and elitist, sought to integrate female contribution to the political process through polite sociability and literary production. In regard to practices, this essay shows how networking tools and forums of discussion such as salons, correspondence and publication functioned together to position Staël within a socio-political space where she could act. It considers these forums as constitutive elements of a revolutionary political culture that Staël used creatively and constructively to promote her ideas and party.

Keyphrases: History, French Revolution (1789-1799), Political Culture, Gender norms, Sociability, Correspondence, Print culture, Literature, Sensibility
Développement et validation de méthodes visant une utilisation optimale d'antennes réceptrices en imagerie par résonance magnétique

Specific methods for an optimal use of specialized magnetic resonance radiofrequency coils are developed and validated. First, an improved combination of signals from the different channels of an array coil is shown to lead to a significant reduction of the noise bias in diffusion images, in comparison to the generally accepted sum-of-squares combination method. This reduction of the noise bias is demonstrated to greatly improve the accuracy of the estimated diffusion and diffusion tensor parameters, both for a standard non-accelerated acquisition and when parallel imaging is used.   In a second scope, the benefits arising from the use of an intravascular imaging antenna are investigated. Using a phantom study, it is demonstrated that intravascular magnetic resonance imaging offers the potential to improve the geometrical accuracy of morphological vascular measurements in comparison to standard surface magnetic resonance imaging and that a geometrical accuracy comparable to the one obtained using intravascular ultrasound can be reached. Several protocols based on a balanced steady-state free-precession sequence are compared in order to highlight the relations between several acquisitions parameters and the achieved geometrical accuracy. In particular, important relations between the vessel size, the vessel wall signal-to-noise ratio, the in-plane resolution and the achieved accuracy are illustrated. In a similar manner, the use of an intravascular antenna is demonstrated to be highly beneficial for an improved in-stent lumen visualization. When used with a balanced steady-state free-precession acquisition with a carefully chosen flip angle, intravascular magnetic resonance imaging can effectively eliminate the hindering aspect of the radiofrequency shielding effect caused by the presence of the vascular stent.

Keyphrases: Medical physics, Magnetic resonance imaging, Radiofrequency coil, Vascular intervention
Représentation interne des caractéristiques physiques d'un objet

In everyday situations, we frequently manipulate objects without looking at them. To successfully perform goal directed movements with a handheld unseen object, one needs to perceive the spatial properties of the object. Several studies showed that subjects can discriminate between different object lengths without visual information and are able to adapt movements to novel manipulation dynamics. In this study, we evaluated the ability of subjects to adapt their reaching movements to the perceived length and shape of unseen handheld objects (haptic sensations) in two different experimentations. In experiment 1, ten subjects were required to reach to 4 different memorized 3D targets with handheld objects having three different lengths (12.5, 17.5 and 22.5 cm). No feedback of hand or object position relative to the target location was provided during and after the movements. Therefore, when compared with the ‘control’ no object condition, the spatial error of each movement reflects the precision of length perception and movement adaption in a given condition. Our results show that subjects increased their spatial errors while reaching with a handheld object compared to the no object condition. However, interestingly, they maintained the same accuracy level across the three different object length conditions despite a 10 cm length difference between the shorter and longer object. In experiment 2, nine different subjects reached to the same targets using two L-shaped objects (object no.1: 17.5 cm length and 12.5 cm rightward deviation- object no.2: 17.5 cm length and 17.5 cm deviation). As in experiment 1, subjects increased their spatial errors while reaching with handheld objects, but this increase was similar between the two object shape conditions. A striking observation is that subjects did not significantly increase their directional errors in both object shape conditions compared to the no object condition. This demonstrates that they accurately perceived the lateral deviation of objects despite never seeing nor having any explicit knowledge of object configurations. The results indicate that adaptation of reaching movements to the perceived length and shape of handheld objects is largely based on haptic sensations. To our knowledge, this study is the first to provide a quantitative evaluation of the ability of the haptic system to perceive the length and the shape of handheld objects in order to perform an accurate goal directed movement.

Keyphrases: Reaching movement, 3D accuracy, Haptic sensations, Object length perception, Object shape perception
Le discours miterrandien envers l'Allemagne de 1981 à 1991 : une rhétorique pour la grandeur et l'indépendance de la France

This memoir presents the German policy of former French president François Mitterrand from 1981 to 1991 through his public speech. For this purpose, it shows the former president’s position on the role of Germany in building the European community, in the development of the French defence policy, and on the German reunification. It also locates the German policy of Mitterrand by comparing it to Charles de Gaulle’s, as well as it analyses the value of this public speech as a primary source. The main assumption is that François Mitterrand tries, from 1981 to 1991, to lean on the Federal Republic of Germany to achieve the goals of grandeur and independance wished for France by de Gaulle in the 1960’s. We believe that Mitterrand wishes initially to get closer to the FRG in order, along with Germany, to unify Europe politically, economically and militarily around the Franco-German couple. We also believe that Mitterrand wants to make sure, at the beginning of the 1980’s, that the FRG will stay firmly anchored to the West and will not slide towards neutralism, thus allowing, according to the French president, to increase France’s protection towards USSR and independence towards the United States. Finally, we believe that Mitterrand does not try to prevent the German reunification but that he instead tries to slow down the process in order to realize the European unity within which he wishes to exert an influence on the reunified Germany, and from which he envisages his post-cold war policy. These initiatives must allow France to absorb the by-effects of the German reunification and preserve its national interest. Globally, the German policy of François Mitterrand is in continuity with the German policy developed by general de Gaulle from 1958 to 1964. Both men seek to lean on the FRG to create European unity in order to use it as a springboard for the achievement of France’s goals of grandeur and independance. Finally, we believe that Mitterrand’s public speech can be used as primary source because it contains a significant amount of information. But its use must be done with precaution in order to avoid the usual traps provided by these sources: convincing the public opinion of the good of the advanced policies.

Keyphrases: François Mitterrand, France, Europe, Germany, German reunification
Does just war theory need to get with the times?

Just war theory has been provided the basis for thinking about the morality of war for the past thousand years of Western history. However, the nature of warfare has dramatically altered in the last 50 years alone. With the advent of new technologies all aspects of warfare from the nature of the battlefield to the types of weapons used have changed. What this paper will argue, through a historical analysis of these technological changes, is that the principles guiding actions taken in war, the principles of jus in bello, are well equipped to deal with these changes. More specifically, this paper will argue against Michael Walzer’s famous supreme emergency condition and suggests instead that just war theorists should instead be concerned with weapons prohibitions, not in undermining the established principles of jus in bello, in order to have a favourable impact on contemporary warfare.

Keyphrases: Weapons, Supreme Emergency, Jus in Bello, History of Warfare, Philosophy
La relation entre l’attachement et la représentation de la figure paternelle dans le jeu symbolique du garçon d’âge préscolaire

This research was inspired by the work of John Bowlby on infant attachment and the psychoanalytic writings of Freud and Winnicott on the father figure. Three objectives were formulated for this exploratory study; a) Will the young preschool boy spontaneously project his paternal representations in the context of a series of symbolic free play sessions? b) If so, what is the nature of the paternal representations? c) Is there a relationship between the type of attachment as evaluated with a standardized instrument and the paternal representation projected into the free play sessions? Ten four year old boys were filmed in their own homes and in the daycare setting during an average of four sessions each for a total of two and a half hours. The type of attachment was evaluated with the Attachment Story Completion Task. The results showed that all of the boys were capable of projecting paternal representations onto the father figures. All of the children perceived these figures as a source of protection and eight out of ten verbally expressed their attachment to them. One insecure boy (type A) did not invoke the father figure in his play and in real life his father was rarely at home. The remaining insecure boy (a very angry type C) showed consistent negative interaction with the father figure throughout the sessions. It seems that the symbolic play allow the child to project adequatly the representation of the father figure. These representations are linked to the attachment type that the children possessed at the moment of the evaluation.

Keyphrases: Attachment story completion task, Internal working model, Father-son relationship, Father-son attachment, Internal representation, Symbolic play, Attachment story completion task
L'écrit électronique

Information technology has completely modified our way of learning, socialising, reading and writing. These changes have also affected numerous institutions. Developed over many years and adapted to a reality they internalised, they now have to understand the nature of the changes taking place and adapt to them. The legal concept of “writing” is such an institution. Its place in the realm of civil law is the result of hundreds of years of cohabitation. The legal system has found a great ally in “writings”. However, although “writing” has been seen as an enabler in the past, the use of information technologies in legal circumstances has turned it into an obstacle. How are we going to adapt the notion of writing – and those of original and signature – when talking about digital data ? This is the topic of our thesis. Following a historical study of the concept of “writing”, from its inception to its current state of crisis, we will analyse the legal tools made available to civil law (whether they be traditional or recent, such as the technological neutrality, and functional equivalence principles) in order to adapt to a constantly changing technological landscape. On a more practical level, we will study how different legislators have addressed electronic documents. Our study will conclude with an analysis of Quebec legislation pertaining to electronic documents. The principles studied in this thesis should be applicable to other similar situations.

Keyphrases: Writing, Electronic document, Proof, Formalism, Technological neutrality, Functional equivalence
Asymétries à la marche chez les adolescents atteints de scoliose idiopathique

Idiopathic scoliosis is a tridimensional deformation of the spine and of the rib cage. The cause of this pathology is still unknown but its consequences affected different structures including vertebras and spinal muscles. These structures are essential in locomotion activities and this is why it is important to understand well consequences of having a scoliosis on walking.   Ten control subjects and nine scoliotic subjects were asked to do ten walking trials at natural speed on a ten-meter walkway with two embedded force-plates. A 3D system (VICON) was also used to record kinematics of 30 body markers. Total, minimal and maximal range of motion (ROM) of pelvic and shoulder rotations, coefficients of variation and correlation were points of interest of this study. Student tests were used to compare groups.  No statistically significant difference was observed between group’s total ROM in any planes but some differences were noticed between minimal ROM in coronal plane for pelvis and shoulders. That suggests an asymmetric rotation during natural speed walking in scoliotic group.

Keyphrases: Adolescents, Walking, Biomechanics, Idiopathic scoliosis, Adolescents, Asymmetry, Kinematics, Pelvis, Shoulders, Cross-correlation