L’influence de la cécité sur le rythme circadien et le sommeil

Sleep is a crucial state for the wellbeing of humans. More specifically, sleep is a privileged period for cortical maintenance and plasticity. Accordingly, numerous studies have demonstrated the importance of sleep in synaptic downscaling processes, memory consolidation, emotional regulation, as well as cognitive performance. The timing and structure of sleep is shown to be governed by two main processes: the homeostatic pressure and the circadian rhythm. In turn, the endogenous circadian rhythm, produced by the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, is entrained to the day-night environmental cycle by photic input from the intrinsically photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells. Thus, light is necessary for the proper entrainment of the circadian rhythm, and consequently, for sleep. It is, therefore, not surprising that blindness is associated with a greater incidence of sleep disturbances. Specifically, these disturbances can be, in part, explained by abnormal or free-running circadian rhythms resulting from the absence of photic input. Further, absence of visual input also induces anatomical and functional changes throughout the brain, and specifically in the visual cortical areas. Such cortical reorganisation could, potentially, also modulate the cortical activity of sleep. The studies that compose the present thesis aim to expand upon the effects of blindness on the timing and structure of sleep. Specifically, both behavioural and physiological data were collected and compared between a group of blind participants, reporting no conscious light perception, and a control group of normal sighted participants. In the blind group, half of the participants were born blind, while the other half had acquired blindness later in life. The studies report on the various components of sleep, including its quality, the sleep-wake rhythm, the phase of the circadian rhythm, as well as its macro- and microstructure. In line with previous studies, a larger incidence of abnormal circadian phase, sleep disturbances, and reduced sleepiv wake stability were observed in the blind group. Further, although the macro- and microstructure of sleep remains generally present in the absence of vision, certain electrophysiological differences were, nevertheless, observed. Differences in NREM cortical activity observed between the congenitally and late blind participants suggest that the cortical reorganisation associated with the absence of vision may be detected through electrophysiological recordings of sleep. Further, modulations of cortical activity in blindness also resulted in the absence of certain characteristics of the different stages of sleep. Namely, occipital alpha oscillations, typically observed during a quiet resting state and in the transition from wake to sleep, are absent in blind individuals. These results, therefore, demonstrate that both the circadian rhythm abnormalities and the cortical reorganisation that is associated with the absence of vision can influence both the timing and the structure of sleep in blind individuals.

Keyphrases: Macrostructure, Microstructure, Sleep, Blindness, Circadian rhythms, Cortical plasticity