NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Modélisation de facteurs associés à une perception d'insuffisance lactée

Few mothers achieved the international recommendation of 6 months exclusive breastfeeding even though it’s numerous benefits both for mother and baby. Perceived insufficient milk (PIM) is a frequent reason reported by mother for stopping breastfeeding or introducing commercial milk products, especially in the first 6 weeks. Although consensus about its prevalence exists in the literature, the origin of this perception is still unexplained. Does PIM result from breastfeeding mismanagement which interferes with lactation physiologic processes or does it results from a lack of maternal confidence? This critical gap in the knowledge of determinants of PIM limits nursing intervention development. The aim of this study is to determine the relative contribution of biological and psychological variables on PIM among a group mother’s 1st time breastfeeding. To allow a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of PIM, a predictive confirmative longitudinal design was implemented from birth to 6th week postnatal. PIM model was developed through theory synthesis and include the following key variables: birth events, infant capacities, maternal capacities, supplementation, breastfeeding self-efficacy, perceived insufficient milk and breastfeeding practices. This study’s sample consisted of 252 breastfeeding 1st time mothers that were contacted at 4 points in time. At T1, the first 24 hours following birth, the participants completed a questionnaire related to their intention to initiate and maintain 6 months exclusive breastfeeding. At T2 of the study, on the 3rd day postpartum, the women completed a 2nd questionnaire regrouping the different measures used for the PIM model key variables and hand-expressed breast milk sample. On the 2nd week, T3, the women completed a questionnaire comparable to the one at T2, which was sent by mail. Lastly, the 4th study time, at the 6th week, a semi-directed telephone interview was done regarding their breastfeeding practices. Statistical analyses included Pearson correlations, ascendant logistic regressions and SEM. The results suggest a simultaneous influence of infant capacities and breastfeeding self-efficacy on PIM on T2 and T3; breastfeeding self-efficacy exerting a mediating effect in between infant capacities and PIM at both T2 and T3. At T2, breastfeeding frequency was associated with a fall in Na+ breastmilk, indicating establishment of lactogenesis II. Interventions towards increasing breastfeeding self-efficacy should be developed.

Keyphrases: Theory, Perceived insufficient milk, Breastfeeding self-efficacy, Infant capacities, Breastfeeding practices, Structural equation modeling
Incorporating complex cells into neural networks for pattern classification

Computational neuroscientists have hypothesized that the visual system from the retina to at least primary visual cortex is continuously fitting a latent variable probability model to its stream of perceptions. It is not known exactly which probability model, nor exactly how the fitting takes place, but known algorithms for fitting such models require conditional estimates of the latent variables. This gives us a strong hint as to why the visual system might be fitting such a model; in the right kind of model those conditional estimates can also serve as excellent features for analyzing the semantic content of images perceived. The work presented here uses image classification performance (accurate discrimination between common classes of objects) as a basis for comparing visual system models, and algorithms for fitting those models as probability densities to images. This dissertation (a) finds that models based on visual area V1's complex cells generalize better from labeled training examples than conventional neural networks whose hidden units are more like V1's simple cells, (b) presents novel interpretations for complex-cell-based visual system models as probability distributions and novel algorithms for fitting them to data, and (c) demonstrates that these models form better features for image classification after they are first trained as probability models. Visual system models based on complex cells achieve some of the best results to date on the CIFAR-10 image classification benchmark, and samples from their probability distributions indicate that they have learnt to capture important aspects of natural images. Two auxiliary technical innovations that made this work possible are also described: a random search algorithm for selecting hyper-parameters, and an optimizing compiler for matrix-valued mathematical expressions which can target both CPU and GPU devices.

Keyphrases: Machine learning, Visual area v1, Hyper-parameter selection, Computer vision, Biological vision
Geste, forme, couleur

This thesis concerns step behind the composition of electroacoustic and instrumental compositions during my doctorate in the Faculté de musique de l’Université de Montréal. It is first a matter of the importance of the sound recording as primordial composition know-how; I develop in this title five fundamental points inherent in creative sound recording and central to my musical practice. Then comes a technical skimming over of Gestugel, a tool of sound processing developed during my doctorate and which generated most of the sounds used in my com- positions . The five sound recording paradigms previously developed are then reminded and applied to the stage of audio processing, allowing the concept of extension of the sound recording, a concept of audio processing similar to the ap-close to the traditional sound recording and a direct application of which Gestugel is. Concrete examples are supplied to differentiate the extention of the sound recording of the conventional audio processing. A last part, more philosophical, tries to circumscribe the surnaturalist approach of the composer: the use of recurrent motives, of gestures, of sound causality and of sublimation (orchestration) of the acoustical sound tries to accomplish true sound paintings, a figurative music where one can see as much as he can hear.

Keyphrases: color, sound recording, composition, electroacoustic music, intrumental music, gesture, figurative music, naturalism
Vers une musique numérique vivante : Regard sur le processus créatif de quatre œuvres musicales

This Master's thesis presents four musical works composed whilst researching numeric music. The description of their context of creation and their analysis indicate a methodological approach inspired by improvisation, collaboration and interpretation of music. First, an introduction describes my musical background and sources of inspiration in addition to describing the origins and objectives of my project. The first chapter presents the context, within which the four musical works were created. De velours et d’acier is an acousmatic work inspired by metal music. It is organized around a set of referential sounds. Un pied dans ma poubelle is a mixed music work composed specifically for the contemporary jazz band [iks]. My understanding of improvisation has greatly evolved with the composition of this work. The piece called Enfant Robot au cœur fondant was made during my research for integrating electroacoustic and instrumental components within a united music. Druckabfall is an acousmatic work born after a collaboration within the world of theater. The second chapter provides a discussion on mixed music and its implications in the creative process. The final chapter looks critically across my corpus to extract some aesthetic concerns. I then propose a methodology of composition and discuss the improvisation and collaboration as means to develop my creative process. This discussion allows me to enunciate my future musical pratices.

Keyphrases: composition, composition, acousmatic, mixed music, methodology of composition, improvisation, improvisation, collaboration, collaboration, interpretation
La conjecture de partitionnement des chemins

Let G = (V,E) be a finite simple graph. We denote the number of vertices in a longest path in G by τ(G). A partition (A,B) of V is called an (a,b)−partition if τ(⟨A⟩) ≤ a and τ(⟨B⟩) ≤ b. If G can be (a,b)−partitioned for every pair of positive integers (a, b) satisfying a + b = τ (G), we say that G is τ −partitionable. The following conjecture, called The Path Partition Conjecture, has been stated by Lovász and Mihók in 1981 : every graph is τ−partitionable. Since that, many researchers prove that this conjecture is true for several classes of graphs and digraphs. This study summarizes the different results about the Path Partition conjecture.

Keyphrases: Graph theory, Path, Longest path, Partition
Évaluation, surveillance et soutien de la fonction respiratoire chez des veaux clonés en période néonatale

High morbidity and mortality decrease the efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer. The main abnormalities observed in neonatal cloned calves are skeletal malformations, enlarged umbilical vessels, respiratory problems and weakness. This retrospective study involved 31 cloned calves. The objectives of this study were to describe the respiratory problems suffered by cloned calves during neonatal period, to assess their evolution, and to determine the possible causes. Secondary objectives were to describe the techniques used to assess and support respiratory function and the calves’ response. Respiratory problems affected 22 calves. Tachypnea, hypoxemia and hypercapnia were the most frequently observed signs. Arterial blood gas analyses and chest radiographs were precious to identify and assess respiratory problems. Intranasal oxygen and mechanical ventilation were efficient to limit mortality due to respiratory failure to 18% (4/22). It is plausible that more than one disease affect cloned calves. Delayed resorption of pulmonary fluid, persistent pulmonary hypertension and surfactant deficiency, or a combination of these factors, are among the most probable pathological entities.

Keyphrases: calf, cloning, neonatal, respiratory problems, oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, blood gas analyses
La place de Jean-Jacques Rousseau dans la philosophie kantienne de l'éducation

The decisive influence of Immanuel Kant in the course of modern philosophy is incontrovertible. In a sense, had it not been for this monumental figure of the 18th century, philosophy would have never reached the flair to convey the existential, analytical and phenomenological questions of modernity.  However, if Kant set the agenda for any posterior thought, he was not himself Kantian until Jean-Jacques Rousseau disenchanted him. In this regard, if the Genevois philosopher communicated his philosophy in the guise of an education, philosophy in itself is defined by the education of humanity. It is indeed this perspective of Rousseau that put the German philosopher on the right track to find the ultimate goal of philosophy in the moral education as the sum and substance of the practical philosophy. The objective of this study is to shed some lights on the unparalleled role of Jean-Jacques Rousseau in Kant’s philosophy of education as the harbinger of the universal ethics beyond the dogmas of a blind theology: the question which still remains crucial today.

Keyphrases: Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emmanuel Kant, Nature, Immanuel Kant, Philosophy of Education, Negative Education, Religious Education, Natural Religion, Moral Education, Enlightenment, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Theology, Intellectual Education, Kant
Utilisation de médicaments durant la grossesse et l’allaitement : données d’un centre d’information sur les tératogènes

Teratogen Information Services (TIS) are giving information on the risks and benefits associated with medication use during pregnancy and lactation, to the health care providers and the public. IMAGe Center at the CHU Sainte-Justine in Quebec is a TIS which providing since 1997 a free telephone information service to the health care providers.   Two studies were conducted using the calls received at IMAGe Center. The first study included all the calls received between January 2004, and April 2007, concerning women who used or expected to use medication during pregnancy or lactation. The objectives of this study aimed to identify the most frequent medication classes, the indications of use, and the predictors of a call concerning them (associated maternal characteristics). Antidepressants, anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, benzodiazepines, and anti-psychotics represented the medication classes with the greater amount of calls. These results rise to the possibility that more information about the risks and benefits associated with the use of these medication classes during pregnancy and lactation is needed by the health care providers. Depression was in the top three of the most prevalent indications of use for the antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and anti-psychotics. Smoking was associated with the use of antidepressants and anti-psychotics during pregnancy, and with a call concerning the anti-inflammatory drugs during lactation. The second study included all the calls received between January 2003, and March 2008. This study aimed to identify the impact of the Health Canada (HC) warnings, concerning the risks of antidepressant use during pregnancy, and related to the rofecoxib market withdrawal, on the number of calls received to IMAGe. Time series of the weekly number of calls received demonstrated that the Health Canada warning on the risk of cardiac malformations associated with paroxetine use during the first trimester of pregnancy generated a statistically significant abrupt and permanent increase of the calls received at IMAGe about the antidepressants.  These studies ensure to better understand the information need of the health care providers concerning the risks and benefits of medication use during pregnancy and lactation.

Keyphrases: Indications, TIS (Teratology Information Service), Pregnancy, Lactation, Medications, Predictors, Time series, Health Canada warning
Violence contre les policiers : comprendre l'évolution du taux de voies de fait contre les policiers au Canada

Violence against police officers has important implications both for police officers and police administration. In 2005, the Canadian rate of assault against police officers rose to its highest in decades, showing a worrying situation. Moreover, several Canadian provinces are experiencing a marked increase in violence against their police officers for several years. This study aims to examine and understand the trend of violence against the police officers in Canada by identifying factors affecting the rate of assaults against police officers. In order to do so, a pooled time series analysis, which processes data on the ten Canadian provinces for the period from 1986 to 2006, was performed. Findings indicate that several factors have an impact on the violence against the police: the proportion of young people aged 15-24, the proportion of males aged 15 and more, the proportion of population living in urban areas, the proportion of divorced people, the residual rates of violent crimes and drug crimes, and the number of people who escaped custody and prisoners unlawfully at large. The growing presence of women police officers, which is still debated, appears to reduce the number of assaults against police officers, although the impact of this factor is of limited scope. In Quebec, the continual increase in the rate of assaults against the police officers can possibly be explained by the increase of several factors identified as playing a role in the phenomenon, although a change in crime reporting can also be taken into account.

Keyphrases: violence on police officer, rate of assaults on police officers, women police officers, pooled time series
La importancia de las tecnologías de información y comunicación (TIC) en la didáctica del español como lengua extranjera (ELE)

This work tries to investigate and to systematize the theoretical currents of ICT resources in Spanish foreign language classes, with emphasis on Web technology 2.0. Though many teachers are conscious of the relevancy of the topic, the majority of its literature can be seen in minor bibliographies or in a set of Web portals increasingly dispersed. As the technology advances, the concept of Web 2.0 is transforming the participants as well as the process of education of this current age. We analyze how this conception reverberates in the teaching of Spanish, in order to achieve a more attractive and effective method of learning whether inside or outside the classroom. Finally, we accompany our theoretical proposals of the study regarding precise cases with electronic resources that are in use nowadays in SSL. Using this method, we are able to verify the relevancy of the whole corpus that we have developed.        In addition, we offer brief notes of the described panorama as well as foreseeable future regarding the education of Spanish from the current ICT tools.

Keyphrases: Spanish Second language (SSL), Didactic, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), Web 2.0
Embonpoint, obésité, genre et inégalités sociales au Canada

Overweight and obesity are an epidemic health problem Worldwide. A large number of Epidemiological studies demonstrate social gradient (SES) whit this problematic: the higher the socioeconomic level of the household the lower the Overweight or Obesity rate are. Recent Canadian data shows that the likelihood of being overweight follows a socio economic (SES) gradient. However, the risk increases with the SES for men and decreases for women. Our aims are (1) to examine if this gender-reversed SES gradient is observable for pre-obesity as well as for obesity; and (2) to which extent this gradient can be explained by, socio-demographic, psychosocial and behavioural factors. Methods: Data was derived from a subsample of Canadian adults (25-65 years) who responded to the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS 2.2, Statistics Canada). We choose this survey because the BMI is derived from anthropometric measures of weight and height. We used two SES indicators: education level and measure of income sufficiency calculated by Statistics Canada. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to test our hypotheses’. Our results show a gender-reversed gradient for obesity but not for pre-obesity. Pre-obesity is significantly and positively associated to SES for men, but no significant relationship was found for women. For men, socio-demographic, behavioural and psychosocial factors neither contribute in explaining the relationship between SES and pre-obesity or obesity. For women, behavioural factors, mainly physical activity, contribute, however marginally, to reducing the gap between the poorest and the richest. In conclusion, these results show that targeting individual factors is a limited approach towards reducing overweight social inequalities.

Keyphrases: embonpoints, Canada, Overweight, Pre-obese, Obesity, SES, Income, Inequity, Education, Gender
La signification de l'expérience d'attente d'une greffe de foie pour des personnes atteintes d'insuffisance hépatique

Waiting for a liver transplantation is a stressful reality for patients with liver failure. In north America, liver failure is associated with a high risk of mortality and the liver transplantation is the only way to save the patient’s life. However, the lack of deceased donors and the high rate of demand for transplantation increase the waiting period for a liver transplantation along with the risk of mortality on the waiting list. This long waiting period is associated with a deterioration of not only the patient’s physical condition but also his quality of life. This study aims to understand the experience of waiting for a liver transplantation for patients with liver failure. Six individual interviews had been conducted and the data had been analyzed according to one of the methods described by Miles and Huberman (2003). The results had shown that the patient waiting for liver transplantation experiences a feeling of uncertainty caracterized by the fear of death, sadness and anger, impatience, worryness and powerlessness. It has also been found that fatigue is an important cause of frustration for the informants.

Keyphrases: Liver failure, waiting, Qualitative study, Étude qualitative, Liver transplantation
Les déterminants de la santé des personnes exposées à des crises majeures : le cas des déplacés internes au Burundi

INTRODUCTION Collective violence in the form of civil war and other violent political conflict places a heavy burden on public health. More than half of all deaths caused by conflicts around the globe occur in Africa. One of the consequences of such conflict is the massive displacement of populations seeking refuge either outside their country or, increasingly, within their country’s borders. Those who remain within their country are called internally displaced persons. Although little documented, the health of these people is every bit as vulnerable as that of refugees. From 1993 to 2005, Burundi was plunged into a socio-political crisis of unprecedented proportions. In 2001, approximately 10% of the population was living in displaced person camps.   OBJECTIVE To document the health status of persons displaced by the war in Burundi and identify its determinants.   CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The conceptual framework is based on a modelling of the association between traumatic events, factors in the post-trauma environment and the health status of internally displaced Burundians.   METHOD This cross-sectional study was carried out in two displaced persons camps in Burundi. It uses retrospective data on exposure to traumatic events and cross-sectional data on health status and factors in the post-trauma environment. Using a short scale especially designed for this study, the participants answered questions about the traumatic events that they or those close to them had experienced. Factors in the post-trauma environment were also documented. To measure health status, a questionnaire containing some of the 17 items of the Duke Health Profile was used. Two translations were made, and several of the items were adapted to the particular context.  RESULTS The traumatic events experienced by displaced persons in Burundi are negatively associated with physical health, social health and perceived health, and positively associated with disability. A number of factors in the post-trauma environment were also associated with health status. However, some of these associations are difficult to interpret because of their interactions with traumatic events. These interactions sometimes act as effect modifiers by diminishing or amplifying the initial association between certain traumatic events and the health status of displaced persons.   CONCLUSION The results reveal a differential response associated with, on the one hand, previously experienced traumatic events and, on the other hand, the post-trauma environment in interaction with these traumatic events. This thesis concludes that factors in the post-trauma environment constitute important determinants of the health of persons displaced by war.

Keyphrases: Burundi, Civil war, Internally displaced persons, Refugees, Collective violence, Post-trauma environment, Post-traumatic stress, Health status, Duke Health Profile, Burundi