NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Induction de lexiques bilingues à partir de corpus comparables et parallèles

Statistical models try to generalize knowledge starting from the frequency of probabilistic events in the data. If more data is available, events are more often observed and models are more e cient. Natural Language Processing approaches based on those models are therefore dependant on the quantity and availability of these resources. Thus, there is a permanent need for generating and updating the learning data. This dependency touches Statistical Machine Translation, which requires multilingual resources. This thesis refers to four articles tackling two tasks that contribute signi - cantly to this dependency: the Bilingual Documents Alignment (BDA) and the Bilingual Lexicons Induction (BLI). The  rst publication describes the system submitted for the BDA shared task of the WMT16 conference. Developed on a search engine, our system indexes bilingual web sites and tries to identify the English-French pages linked by translation. The alignment is realized using a "bag of words" representation and a bilingual lexicon. The tool we have developed allowed us to evaluate more than 1,000 con gurations and identify one yielding decent performances on this particular task. The three other articles are concerned with the BLI task. The  rst one focuses on the so-called standard approach, and proposes a breadth parameter exploration in the Semantic Web context. The second article compares the standard approach with more recent techniques based on interlingual representation of words, or the so-called embeddings, issued from neural networks. The last contribution reports the enhanced global performances on the task, combining the outputs of the two studied approaches through supervised reclassification.

Keyphrases: corpus comparable, embedding, Parallel corpus, Comparable corpus, Alignment, Bilingual lexicons induction, Word representation, Supervised reclassification
Méthodes de résolution exactes et heuristiques pour un problème de tournées de techniciens

Technician Routing and Scheduling problems (TRSPs) involve the routing and scheduling of a group of technicians in order to serve requests at minimum cost. These NP-Hard problems are encountered in different domains, like telecommunications, public services, maintenance operations and many others. Each application brings its own attributes, constraints and objectives. Despite the importance of TRSPs in practice, they have not received much attention from researchers, because modeling and solving these problems pose important challenges. This thesis is about modeling and solving a multi-attribute TRSP (MATRSP) motivated from an application in which various types of electronic transaction equipments must be serviced by technicians. This problem consists of routing technicians to serve maintenance requests, while taking into account many attributes like technician skills, task priorities, multiple time windows, parts inventory, breaks and overtime. We first develop a mixed integer linear programming model (MIP) for this problem which is then solved directly with a commercial solver. Then, medium-sized problem instances are tackled through a column generation scheme embedded in a branch-and-price algorithm. For instances of practical size, we finally propose a metaheuristic approach that combines ideas from several sources, including a tabu search, an adaptive memory and a solution evaluation based on its cost and its contribution to the memory diversity.

Keyphrases: branch-and-price, Logistics, technician routing and scheduling problem, mixed integer linear programming, branch-and-price, tabu search
Relation entre l'accès à des services pour des problèmes de santé mentale et le partage de matériel d’injection chez des utilisateurs de drogue par injection à Montréal

Objective: The main objective of the present study was to assess the association between access to services for mental health problem and receptive sharing of injection material among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Montréal. Moreover, it wanted to examine the potential modifying effect by the level of psychological distress (PD). Method: At 3-month intervals, between March 2011 and December 2015, participants (n = 358) answered an interviewer-administered questionnaire eliciting information on sociodemographic characteristics, substance use and related behaviours, utilization of services, and mental health indicators. Receptive sharing was defined as having injected with previously used injection material. Access to services for mental health problems was defined as at least one visit to various professionals for mental health problems. PD was measured by the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). General estimating equation (GEE) analyses were performed. Results: In multivariate analyses, a significant association was found between receptive sharing of injection material and access to services for mental health problems. Age (per 5 years increased) and male gender are associated with a lower likelihood of receptive sharing, while opioids consumption and receptive sharing in the past 3 months at baseline are associated with a higher likelihood of receptive sharing. No evidence of effect modification by psychological distress was found. Conclusion: Among PWID, access to services for mental health problems was associated with a lower likelihood of receptive sharing, regardless of the level of psychological distress.

Keyphrases: Mental health, Injection drug use, Access to services, Psychological distress, High-risk injection behaviours, Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
Rôles de Trio dans la migration des interneurones GABAergiques corticaux

Epilepsy can result from a loss of balance between the levels of excitation and inhibition in the brain. Epileptic seizures manifest themselves by uncontrolled limb movements and epileptic activity on brain wave recordings (EEG). Possible defects in the development of inhibitory neurons may cause an increased excitability of the brain cells and underlie such seizures. To better understand the genetic causes of epilepsy, the laboratory of Dr. Rossignol conducted a gene sequencing study of a large cohort of children diagnosed with infantile spasms, a severe form of early-onset epilepsy. Among the newly identified genes, sequencing revealed mutations in the TRIO gene. In the literature, this gene was already associated with intellectual disability and was noted as a vital participant for axonal guidance and cellular motility in various organisms. However, little is known about the role of this particular gene in the development of inhibitory neurons. The objective of the study is to investigate the roles of Trio in the migration of these inhibitory interneurons in mice by exploring the processes that lead to the migration of these inhibitory neurons to their final position. With the utilization of ex vivo electroporation and a shRNA driven by the Dlx5/6 promoter, we repressed the Trio gene in cortical GABAergic interneurons during the prenatal stages of mouse development. Our results demonstrate that the loss of function of the Trio gene in embryonic mice leads to defects in the morphology of inhibitory neurons and in a reduced number of interneurons reaching the cortical plate. Our rescue experiment suggests that defects in interneuron morphology might result from deregulation of the RhoA signalling pathway. Overall, our results expand our understanding of the roles of TRIO in the regulation of cortical circuits development.

Keyphrases: Migration, Trio, Development, Epilepsy, Guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Interneuron, Migration, Morphology, Mouse, Trio
Conceptions des groupes œuvrant à l’ouverture d’une école publique alternative quant aux facteurs qui favorisent ou contraignent leurs démarches auprès des autorités scolaires

This research focuses on the process of the establishment of alternative public schools in Quebec from the perspective of founding parent groups. It aims to study the interactions of these groups with school boards. Although the Education Act allows for the establishment of alternative schools within the public system, the Réseau des écoles publiques alternatives du Québec shows a broad disparity of practices and openness in the procedures among school boards. Normative propositions stemming from the theory of reflexive governance (Maesschalck, 2001) allow one to understand the problem. Thus, the principles describing the relationship between the subject and the institution (Maesschalck, 2005; Brabant, 2009, 2010) and the pragmatic, reflexive and contextual approaches suggested by the reflective governance theory (Maesschalck, 2001) constitute the theoretical bases chosen to analyze the answers to the question: “What are the conceptions of groups seeking to establish an alternative public school regarding the factors that favor or constrain their initiatives with school authorities in Quebec?”. Semi-guided interviews were conducted with representatives of ten groups of parents who successfully or otherwise failed to open an alternative public school. Classified according to categories of resistance to change establish by Bareil (2004, 2008), the results show that the progress made by these requests for change is influenced mainly by individual, organizational, political and change-related factors. Tensions between subject and institution described by the principles of exception, ignorance and opacity also play a role. Finally, some of the collective skills of parents' groups have an impact on the capacity to develop a collective and political action that is confident in its ability to bring about the desired change. Based on the new knowledge generated by this research and the support of proposals for reflective governance, three possible solutions are suggested to improve the process for the establishment of alternative public schools in Quebec.

Keyphrases: Écoles publiques alternatives, administration scolaire, Alternative public schools, school administration, education governance, change management, educational context, barriers to change
El lenguaje de los jóvenes hispanos de la ciudad de Montreal

Canada is internationally known and recognized as a country of linguistic and cultural convergences. In this setting, the Spanish language has found –through the years– a place that seems to be gaining ground every day. With the growth of the Hispanic population in Canada, and especially in the Greater Montreal Region, along with the need to start exploring a situation of language and dialect contact most probably unique in the Hispanic context, for Spanish being in contact not with one, but two majority languages (French and English), we intend to study one of the age groups that most favours linguistic change: the youth. The material used for this study is composed of a corpus made of questionnaires and recordings of group conversations from 53 Spanish-speaking youngsters from various Spanish dialect norms, men and women, between 14 and 24 years of age, and belonging to three generations of immigrants (1, 1.5 and 2). The results show a presence, at all analytical levels, of features specific to the dialect of origin, to standard Spanish, and more or less influence of the majority languages (French and English) depending on the level of linguistic analysis. In that respect, women informants show a disposition to use forms that are considered more prestigious in standard and regional Spanish, as well as among the youth and in a situation of language contact. The influence of the country’s majority languages is especially evidenced in generations 1.5 and 2. With respect to age, while informants of 18 years of age or more favour the use of regional forms, those under 18 years of age favour creations associated to youth language. Contact with youngsters speaking other dialect norms does not favours regional forms nor innovative forms resulting from contact, but levelling and the use of standard Spanish. The main features of such levelling are present at the lexical and morphosyntactical levels. Moreover, the results show various accommodation strategies, fundamentally converging. Finally, and in relation do language attitudes, informants acknowledge that Spanish is a diverse language and see themselves as transmitters of Spanish to future generations.

Keyphrases: Youth language, Grammar, Lexicon, Pragmatics, Language attitudes, Language contact, Spanish
Analysis of the religious practices of Hindus at Saint Joseph's Oratory : transmission of Christian faith after the Second Vatican Council

From the beginning of Christianity, the transmission of Christian faith constituted the essential mission of the Church. With the evolution of multi-religious and multicultural social milieu in many parts of the world, the Second Vatican Council recognized the importance of opening the door of the Church to all people. Basile Moreau (1799 - 1873), founder of the Congregation of Holy Cross, insisted that members of his order be educators in Christian faith, and sent missionaries to Quebec since the founding of his community in 1837. For the latter, among other pastoral commitments, Saint Joseph’s Oratory of Mount Royal, founded by Alfred Bessette (Brother André, 1845 - 1937), became the privileged place for the transmission of Christian faith even after the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s. Saint Joseph’s Oratory welcomes thousands of immigrants from around the world each year, including many Hindus. For many of them, the Oratory becomes a second home where they spend time in prayer and find peace. Some of them experience healing and miracles. The sharing of sacred space with Hindus is a new phenomenon at the Oratory. Hindus at the Oratory participate in catholic devotional activities. Among many other paths to achieve moksha or liberation, bhakti, an intense devotion to a personal God in Hinduism, influences Hindus who participate in Sacraments and Sacramentals at the Oratory. Based on my analysis of the religious practices of Hindus at the Oratory – especially the practices of the use of Holy Water and the lighting of candles – I recommend certain guidelines for the Oratory to nourish the piety and devotion of Hindus who adapt themselves to a Christian environment. I elaborate how the Catholic educators in faith can better establish themselves in serving an increasingly diverse and multicultural population. My study is based on a series of qualitative interviews with the educators in faith and members of Hindu religious tradition. This study helps to discover the meeting point between Christians and Hindus at the Oratory, and throws light on the transmission of Christian faith in the current setting at Saint Joseph’s Oratory, including the presence of Hindus.

Keyphrases: ārtī, avatāra, bhakti, Dīpavali, moksha, pūjā, satchitānanda, tīrtha, catholicism and non-christian religions, congregation of holy cross, educators in faith, hindu philosophy, hinduism and Québec, hindus and Oratory, holy water at the Oratory, pastoral praxeology, popular piety and devotions at the Oratory, practice of lighting of candles at the Oratory, sacraments, sacramental, Saint Joseph’s Oratory, second vatican council, sharing of sacred space, theology of religions, transmission of christian faith
The institutionalization of an area of research through published and public discourse : t
he case of CCO scholarship

In this dissertation, I explore the institutionalization of CCO scholarship. Through an analysis of scholars’ published and public discourse, I demonstrate to what extent CCO scholarship, as an area of research, is becoming established within organizational communication studies and related fields. Through an analysis of scholars’ published discourse and via the application of a neo-institutional perspective, I assess the trajectory and establishment of CCO research from 2000 to 2015. By analyzing scholars’ public discourse at one specific international conference, I then explore how pragmatic ambiguity plays into this institutionalization. This research thus shows how communication is at the center of an area of research’s institutionalization processes.

Keyphrases: Approches Constitutives (CCO), Discours, Habitualization, Neo-institutional Theory, Communicative Constitution of Organizations (CCO), Organizational Communication, Published Discourse, Public Discourse, Institutionalization Processes, Pragmatic Ambiguity, Sedimentation
Methods and physical chemistry of resin-based dental composites

The properties of dental resin composites have improved significantly since their inception, but the fundamental physics behind their properties remain to be explained or modeled comprehensively. The aim of this thesis is therefore to study the fundamental trends and relationships between the filler particles constituting these materials and the resulting properties. Photocalorimetry (pDSC) methods have been used previously to measure the degree of conversion in dental resins, but the measurement parameters have never been adequately assessed. Through systematic variations of the analysis sequence, sample mass, temperature, light intensity, and atmospheric composition, an optimized protocol was established to yield reliable and reproducible results. A series of dental composites was then formulated with spherical silica particles of graded sizes from 75 to 1000 nanometers at different loading levels. The viscosity of these composites before polymerization was measured and used to expand the classic KriegerDougherty suspension viscosity model to account for filler surface area in addition to filler loading. This extended model (EKD) was also used to model composite conversion, resulting in the first unified model of composite viscosity and conversion using only filler size and resin composition. The maximum loading and post-cure mechanical properties of these same composites were also examined. Although the maximum functional filler loading varied according to the filler size, the ultimate flexural strength of the materials depended only on the filler loading. Further tests with these composites showed that filler size was directly responsible for transparency of the materials, with opacity increasing as a function of filler size. This work pushes the boundaries of understanding in dental composites. The newly established protocol for pDSC measurements yields more reliable conversion data, and the EKD model allows for more accurate predictions of dental composite properties directly from their component parts. The guidelines established here can now be used to design new composites with the desired properties of viscosity, conversion, mechanical strength, and transparency. Keywords: photocalorimetry, pDSC technique, viscosity, loading, spherical silica, surface area, transparency, formulations, guidance, technical understanding.

Keyphrases: Technique pDSC, Formulations, Photocalorimetry, pDSC technique, Viscosity, Loading, Spherical silica, Surface area, Transparency, Guidance, Technical understanding
Liquides ioniques électroactifs dans la composition d’électrolytes avancés pour des applications en énergie

This thesis contribute to the development of new electrolytes to improve the safety of lithium-ion batteries through the study and development of advanced electrolytes based on novel ionic liquids. Using newly developed synthetic approaches, several electroactive ionic liquids, which are obtained by modifying either the cation or the anion of the ionic liquid, are studied to understand how the structure of the salt’s ionic constituents affect its physico-chemical and electrochemical properties. The general methodology that guided the work throughout the whole thesis has to establish comparisons between similar ionic liquids that present the redox group on the cation and on the anion. The progress that has been made in understanding redox ionic liquids in this thesis allowed their application in several types of energy storage devices. The thesis will describe how advanced electrolytes based on these ionic liquids have been applied to prevent overcharging positive electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries, to improve safety by decreasing flammability, to increase the concentration of additives over their solubility, to increase energy density of supercapacitors and to achieve air- and moisture-stable electrochromic species for self-bleaching electrochromic devices. This thesis contributes to the field of energy storage by improving electrolytes and to the domain of ionic liquid by providing new synthesis methods, novel ion structures, and a better understanding of the fundamental of electroactive ionic liquids.

Keyphrases: Electrochemistry, Lithium ion batteries, Synthesis of ionic liquids, Electroactive species, Concentrated electrolyte and redox shuttle
Sécurité alimentaire en Afrique subsaharienne. Une analyse socio-anthropologique du rôle des banques de céréales au Guéra (Tchad)

Over the past few decades, the fight against hunger, malnutrition and food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa has remained at the centre of the international community's efforts. Political stability, the absence of armed conflicts and the prevention of social and political crises are the prerequisites for the success of this initiative. But the outcome of the fight against food insecurity is also based on the political determination of the Heads of State and Government (as well as, where appropriate, leaders not having the status of heads of government) and the mobilization of civil society to promote agricultural development and to facilitate the access of vulnerable populations to food and mechanisms in the fight against hunger. The present research, product of field investigation, proposes a particular reading of food security in Saharan Africa. It identifies different food crises, but also the strategies that have been initiated by international development institutions (IMF and WB) and African state governments, and formal and informal agreements in the area of hunger and food security in Saharan Africa. Based on a theoretical approach predicated mainly on anthropology and the social construction of development in Africa, this case study proposes a socio-anthropological analysis of the role of cereal banks in the Guera region (Chad). This allows us grasp how the meaning that the people interviewed give to reality, their actions and the activities revolving around the Federation of cereal banks in the Guera region. Considered today as a rational method of cereal storage, Cereal Banks are a solution, at least in part, to food insecurity in the Guera region. They are also a means of fighting the usurious exploitation of the poor by traders in the communities where they are built. At the centre of mediation between agents of support organizations, donors, development brokers and local populations, cereal banks are a form of modern gift and update the traditional forms of gift, especially through the various activities of international development agencies (IFAD, NGO ACRA) and farmers' organizations (AURA Association, ONG Moustagbal). They are credited with having adapted – diversified – the reading, but also understanding the notion of gift in a context of social crisis, armed conflicts, fragility and impoverishment of populations. Thus, cereal banks are considered as one of the solutions aimed mainly at tackling food insecurity from much wider neoliberal bases. In their assessment of the urgency of the problems and how they are addressed, cereal banks follow – volens, nolens – the concepts and strategies initiated by donors and the representatives of development aid institutions in sub-Saharan Africa in general and Chad in particular.

Keyphrases: socio-anthropologie, malnutrition, Food security, Sub-Saharan Africa, socio-anthropology, development, mediation, social change, hunger, malnutrition, cereals, cereal banks, traditional breadbasket, Federation of cereal banks, Guera region, Chad