NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Analyse des processus de dérive lors de la gravure profonde du silicium dans des plasmas SF6 et C4F8

The purpose of this master thesis is to develop non-invasive diagnostic tools for in-situ characterization of process drifts in an industrial reactor used in production for deep silicon etching by the Bosch process. This process alternates between a SF6 plasma for isotropic Si etching and a C4F8 plasma for sidewall passivation to achieve deep and narrow trenches. In this context, a current-voltage probe was installed on the rf transmission line to the substrate holder for impedance studies and an optical spectrometer for plasma optical emission spectroscopy. We have shown that the time evolution of the impedance represents an excellent tool for monitoring changes in the process dynamics, including the complete removal of the photoresist due to process drifts. In addition, based on emission spectroscopy, we have demonstrated that carbon products are released from the substrate and reactor walls during etching.  A « spinning-wall » reactor was also developed for in-situ analysis of plasma-wall interactions. The main objective of our work on this reactor was to characterize the time evolution of the population of reactive neutrals and positive ions by plasma sampling mass spectrometry. Over the range of experimental conditions investigated, the percent dissociation of SF6 was 45%, while the one of C4F8 was 70%. SF6 was mostly dissociated in F and SF3, with SF3+ as the dominant ion. C4F8 is essentially fragmented in CF, CF3 and CF4 with many significant ions. In both cases, the dissociation chain remained incomplete. An important desorption of CF4 from the reactor walls was observed when going from passivation to etching cycles. A plasma-wall interaction model was proposed to explain such observation.

Keyphrases: Plasma SF6, Plasma etching, Bosch process, SF6 plasma, C4F8 plasma, Process drifts, High-density plasmas, Plasma diagnostics, Silicon, Spinning-wall
Variations inter- et intra-spécifiques de la phytoextraction des éléments traces As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb et Zn chez trois cultivars de saule

Phytoextraction is a promising solution to the environmental problem of soil contamination by trace elements (TE). This study focuses on intra and interspecific differences (S. purpurea, S. dasyclados, S. miyabeana) of three willow cultivars used for phytoextration of six TE (As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn). The objectives are (i) describe the interspecific variations of FISH CREEK cultivar (S. purpurea) used for phytoextraction on two study sites; and (ii) describe intra and interspecific variations of FISH CREEK (S. purpurea) SV1 (S. dasyclados) and SX67 (S. miyabeana) cultivars used for phytoextraction of a study site. The selected indicators of intra and interspecific variations are : total biomass, TE concentrations extracted and translocation factors (x ̅ weighted TE conc. in aerial parts / conc. TE in the roots). The contribution of soil properties (contamination level, physicochemical characteristics) to phytoextraction was evaluated. The cultivars showed significant interspecific variations. However, intraspecific variations were sometimes more important than variations measured between the three different cultivars grown on one study site. The magnitude of intraspecific variations of FISH CREEK cultivar grown on two study sites is attributed to the influence of pH, mineralogy and organic matter content, which differ between the two sites. It was also shown that the phytoextraction of TE was not consistently correlated positively with the contamination level. This suggests that the TE concentrations measured in soil can not by themselves explain the variation in the measured tissue concentrations. The involvement of retention mechanisms in soil appear to be more responsible for the observed variation. ET compartmentalization suggests that the willow is effective for Cd and Zn extraction and is effective for As, Cu, Ni, and Pb phytostabilisation. Regarding the amount extracted, cultivar FISH CREEK seems the most effective cultivar in this study.

Keyphrases: Phytoextraction, Contaminated soils, Trace elements, Willow, Phytoremediation
Traducción y transferencia cultural en la reforma educativa radical en Colombia : descripción y análisis de La Escuela Normal (1871-1879)

This dissertation is framed in the context of translation history in Colombia during the 19th century. It articulates the relationship between translation and education during the education reform implemented by the radical wing of the Colombian Liberal Party known as los radicales. In order to explore such relationship, the translations published in La Escuela Normal (1871-1879) are described and analyzed. This periodical, an official publication organ of the Radical administration, had as its goal to disseminate administrative and legal information concerning the education reform. It also became a vehicle for the publication of articles of pedagogical nature and of lessons about different subjects, intended to be used for teacher education (textbooks). By proposing a descriptive, socio-cultural theoretical framework and methodology, which combines the analysis both of translations and the context of their reception, this study explores how and why the political, social, and educational context of the time influenced the choice of topics and authors to be translated for the periodical. It also examines the group of translators and intellectuals that contributed to the publication, as well as their translation strategies. This study presents translation as an activity that is not neutral, but is actually enmeshed in social and cultural dynamics. Furthermore, cultural exchanges foster all kinds of transfers, ranging from the adoption of social models and representations to the practice of translation proper. In the end, translation reveals itself as a tool at the service of the interests of a given political and social group.

Keyphrases: La Escuela Normal, Educational periodicals, Translation history, Manualistics, Colombia, Radical liberal administration
De la réception filmique à la participation ludique : prolégomènes d’une étude sur l’énonciation vidéoludique

This master thesis studies the communicative and interactional dynamics between a gamer and a game system through the theories of film enunciation and cognition. By analyzing first-person survival horror video games, the purpose is to conceptualize a heuristic spiral of enunciation following the theoretical frame of the Magic Cycle (Arsenault and Perron, 2009). It will be explained that the self-reflexive nature of “game mark” (marque de jeu) and “gameplay mark” (marque de jouabilité) serve to assigned a relationships between an enunciative formulation (textual, verbal, visual, auditory or procedural), the contextual details, and an agent of enunciation. This methodology aim to analyze the gamer’s cognitive negotiation of the immediacy-hypermediacy value through the setting of “linking relations” (rapport de liaison) and “unlinking relations” (rapport de déliaison). This will explained how the gamer produced meaning from some “ludics propositions” and “ludodiegetics propostitions” in order to proceed with the cognitive mapping of interactional attitudes. It will be discuss that through the process of “performative attuning” (mise en phase performative) and “meta-systemic ludic attuning” (mise en phase méta-systémique ludique), these propositions are then introduced as immersive vector. Depending on the vector’s immediacy-hypermediacy value, the gamer’s experience oscillates on an immersive continuum which polarized a systemic experience and a diegetic experience.

Keyphrases: Jouabilité, Cognition, Video game, Cinema, Enunciation, Gameplay, Mark of enunciation, Cognition
Passage du nihilisme biologique au nihilisme moral dans la pensée d'Alex Rosenberg

Evolutionary biology is at the center of contemporary debates about human behavior. Therefore the concepts of free will and morality in regard of these kinds of explanations should be studied. Today’s consensus posits that free will is only the experience of free will. The real question is more how this experience could take place in a Darwinian frame. However, others Darwinians seem to give free will a reality as well as accepting a Darwinian determinism. In this essay, Alex Rosenberg’s original position negating free will and determinism will be studied. More specifically, the physicalist and naturalist positions adopted by Rosenberg argues for the transition from the biological nihilism to moral nihilism. We will see how this transition illustrates Rosenberg’s position about free will and morality. To do so, the Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Theory of Natural Selection will be analyzed in the aim of demonstrating how they can be associated with the physicalist and naturalist positions. Finally, Alex Rosenberg’s arguments will be put in a metaethics frame to show a contradiction: moral nihilism might not be as nice as Rosenberg suggest.

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Free will, Nihilism, Determinism, Theory of Natural Selection
L’allégorie nationale à l’épreuve du cinéma : le cas d’Iracema

This research explores the notions of national identity and of the rhetorical figure of the allegory. It also questions the materiality and the specificity of literature and cinema.   In the first part of this research, we will define the notion of allegory and the concept of national allegory. In the second part, inspired by the story of Iracema, we will analyze two specific works that narrate singularly the encounter between a native and a white man. The first work, Iracema : lenda do Ceará (1865) is by José de Alencar, a well-known mid-nineteenth century Brazilian author. In this novel, the author tries to construct a Brazilian identity by allegorically and fictionally binding together social differences. The second work, Iracema : uma transa amazônica (1974) by Orlando Senna and Jorge Bodansky is a contemporary version of the story, depicting the limits and contradiction of the concept of national identity. Filmed during the dictatorship, this film displays the people who are excluded and marginalized from the project of Brazilian identity. With Bodansky and Senna’s work positioned in an ambiguous position between documentary and fiction, we will question the resistance exhibited by documentary images to the allegorical construction of the nation.

Keyphrases: Iracema, Allegory, National allegory, Brazilian cinema, Brazilian literature, Iracema, Documentary cinema, National imagination
La caméra catalytique : 
du transfert d’affects du corps-filmant au corps-regardant dans les films de John Cassavetes et de Philippe Grandrieux

This study has as its main goal the examination of the use of the handheld camera in the films Faces by John Cassavetes and La vie nouvelle by Philippe Grandrieux. Far from associating the handheld camera to a character’s point of view these filmmakers seem to inscribe the camera and its shake as an autonomous third person which is part of the fictional space. By the similar position these filmmakers give to the camera and by the importance they attribute to improvisation during the shoot they create a proximity between the character and the camera which has an impact on the visual aesthetic of their films; this affected aesthetic intensifies the experience felt by the audience. By examining the process of making the film, the handheld aesthetic as well as the audience response, we will see how this transfer of affect is made possible. To analyse this affective transfer, caused by what one would call the catalytic camera, we will rely on a selection of chosen philosophies.

Keyphrases: affect, improvisation, corps, implosion, contemporary cinema, fiction film, visual aesthetic, handheld camera, affect, improvisation, body, movement, overflowing, implosion
La rencontre d'Assise de 1986 pour la paix dans le monde : préparatifs, déroulement et suites. Analyse praxéologique d'une pratique de dialogue interreligieux

In 1986, at Assisi, pope John Paul II innovated by gathering some of the world's religious leaders for a prayer for world peace.                                                                                              This essay is looking on this peculiar practice of interreligious dialogue at Assisi. A praxelogic analysis of the Assisi meeting permitted, first, in observation, after contextualization, to follow step-by-step preparations,proceedings and concluded on  the developments of Assisi in the world. Said observation permitted us to raise a fundamental issue as to how could the Church contribuate wholly to the interreligious dialogue while keeping intact its identity and purpose? In other words, was the Assisi meeting a practice of interreligious dialogue in accord with the convictions of the Christian faith?                                                                                                                                          In a second part named interpretation and on the basis of the aforementioned issue, we have proceeded to a theological analysis of the Assisi meeting in regard of major themes of Christology that are Revelation, Salvation, Truth and missiology. From this interpretation, follows that, at Assisi, catholic Christology was reconsidered in a more pneumatic and inclusive way.                                                                                                                          In the light of our theological interpretation and in a third part named intervention, we come back to what seems to be strengths and weaknesses of the meeting and then widen our overview with similar initiatives in Quebec being inspired by Assisi.  In that fact, we proposed that Saint-Joseph's Oratory, by its interfaith following and daily fraternity could become the theater of an interreligious meeting inspired by Assisi.

Keyphrases: Assisi, Interreligious dialogue, Church, John Paul II, praxeology
Perceptions de personnes atteintes de cancer quant au soutien offert par l'IPO dans la période entourant l'annonce du diagnostic

The announcement of a diagnosis of cancer should be considered by health professionals, a composed process of several steps that must pass through the person, rather than as an event in itself (Tobin & Begley, 2008). During the period surrounding the announcement of the diagnosis, the person may be faced with difficulties related to navigation in a complex health system, in addition to the negative feelings engendered by the fear of disease. To support people with cancer, the PQLC (French acronym of the Quebec Cancer Control Program) has established the oncology nurse navigator (ONN) role in 2000. At the present time, few studies, to our knowlecdge, are both in support of the ONN in this period. This study was designed, to explore the perceptions of people with cancer as regards the support offered by the ONN, in the period surrounding the announcement of the diagnosis. The student-researcher is inspired by the framework of Fitch supportive care (1994) to undertake this descriptive qualitative study. Individual interviews with seven people with different types of cancer were performed. Data analysis was performed using the method of Miles and Huberman (2003), by the full transcripts of the interviews. It has identified three themes is: formal support required to deal with the chaos, the informational and emotional to perfect and available support bringing security and insurance. The results highlighted the perceptions of people with cancer as regards the support offered by ONN or the need for accessible health care and services of the ONN earlier in the period surrounding the announcement of the diagnosis. People with cancer need to be helped to cope with the difficulties encountered during this period, including uncertainty about the results of diagnostic tests, to the bemusement of the information received and the negative feelings engendered by the threat of the disease. The results suggest the wish of the participants, to the effect that, the offer of support from the ONN, focuses on their needs mainly in both informational and emotional. They would have liked to be able to share their experience with the IPO, better understand the diagnosis of cancer and know more what to expect at the beginning of treatment. On the other hand, know that the support of the ONN is available brings to people with cancer insurance and a confidence in their ability to cope with treatment and brings them a sense of security.

Keyphrases: Perceptions, Cancer, Announcement of diagnostic, Path, Care support, Needs, Oncology nurse navigator
Dialogues des cultures et esthétiques dans les "musiques improvisées"

This memoire treat about a specific musical practice which is free improvisation, and which appeared during the second half of the twentieth century in western art music and with the free jazz wave/trend. Frequently referred by the term « improvised music », we will first go through some definitions from authors in musicology to show the different underlying problematic of the term. We will return to the duality of the origins of free improvisation practice in order to explain why such duality caused confusion in musicology studies. We will then look at some specific aspects concerning multicultural and esthetic pluralism in free improvisation. We will try to bring forth some explanations from our analysis of the cultural roots of free improvisation. Furthermore, we will address the question of transculturation, a recent concept frequently used during the last fifteen years in improvised music studies and which had never been deeply studied. Finally, with the analysis of The Usual turmoil, a duet improvisation by the trombonist George E. Lewis and koto player Miya Masaoka, we will be able to consider free improvisation from an analytic point of view.

Keyphrases: Free jazz, Free Improvisation, Improvised music
Administration de [6]-gingérol intrathécal pour le traitement de la douleur neuropathique chez le rat mâle Sprague-Dawley

[6]-Gingerol is a structural analog of capsaicin, an agonist of the transient receptor potential channel vanilloid 1, which is known to have therapeutic properties for the treatment of pain. Based on this premise, this research project had two main objectives. The first objective was to establish a better characterization of [6]-gingerol metabolism in rat. A selective and sensitive method for the quantification of [6]-gingerol and its metabolites by HPLC-ESI/MS/MS was first developed. An in vitro metabolic stability study using rat liver microsomes was then performed. The results show slow degradation with a T1/2 of 163 min and a relatively low intrinsic clearance of 0.0043 mL/min. Further analyses were performed to characterize in vitro and in vivo metabolites. Three main phase I metabolites and four phase II metabolites were identified by HPLC-MS/MS and HPLC-MSD TOF. The results suggest that glucuronidation of hydroxylated [6]-gingerol is the primary metabolite excreted in urine. The second objective of this study was to determine the central effect of [6]-gingerol on neuropathic pain when injected intrathecally at the level of the lumbar spinal cord. [6]-Gingerol distribution was evaluated following a 40 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection, and the brain-to-plasma and spinal cord-to-plasma ratios (0.73 and 1.7, respectively) suggest that [6]-gingerol has a good distribution in the central nervous system of rats. Induction of pain was performed using the sciatic nerve ligation model on rats. Following the surgery, a 10-µg intrathecal injection of [6]-gingerol was performed to evaluate its central effect. The results suggest a significant decrease of secondary mechanical allodynia assessed with the Von Frey filaments after 30 min, 2 h and 4 h (p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001) and thermal hyperalgesia assessed with the Hargreave’s test after 30 min, 2 h and 4 h (p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.01).  In conclusion, [6]-gingerol has a good distribution in the central nervous system of rats, suggesting a possible interaction with the TRPV1 receptors. [6]-Gingerol could therefore alleviate neuropathic pain by acting centrally at the level of the spinal cord and be an interesting alternative to the traditional molecules currently used in pain management.

Keyphrases: Rats, Metabolism, Mass spectrometry, Neuropathic pain, Pharmacokinetics
Prédiction de la violation d’un seuil de 400 000 cellules/mL au réservoir de lait à l’aide du portrait et de la dynamique de santé du pis des troupeaux laitiers québécois

August 2012 represents an in important step in terms of milk quality for the Canadian bovine dairy producers because the upper tolerance limit for bulk tank somatic cell count (BTSCC) was lowered to 400 000 somatic cells per millilitre (c/mL). The objective of this study was to develop a predictive model of exceeding the BTSCC limit based on monthly individuals somatic cell count (SCC) measures obtained in the previous months. A database including DHI data from the year 2008 of 924 dairy herds in Québec, Canada was used. A logistic regression model for repeated measures was constructed. The final model included 6 variables related to monthly individual cow somatic cell count: mean individual linear score at the previous test, proportion of cows over 500 000 cells/mL at the previous test, mean herd annual daily milk production per cow, average days in milk at the previous test, proportion of healthy cows at previous test, proportion of chronic cows at previous test. The model has excellent discrimination between herd that exceeded and herd that did not exceed 400 000 cells/mL and can be use to advise dairy producers of impending risks of exceeding the BTSCC limit.

Keyphrases: dairy cow, bulk tank, somatic cell count, prediction model
Expression des cofacteurs de transcription associés au SRF dans le muscle lisse respiratoire équin

Airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells hyperplasia and hypertrophy contribute to the increased airway smooth muscle mass present in heaves. ASM cells express either a synthetic proliferative or a contractile phenotype. Serum response factor (SRF) is a transcription factor that has been shown to regulate myocyte differentiation in vitro in vascular and intestinal smooth muscles. When SRF is associated with Elk-1, it promotes ASM proliferation while myocardin (MYOCD) promotes the expression of contractile elements. Recently, SRF was shown to be overexpressed in the peripheral airways of heaves affected horses following an antigenic challenge. The objective of this study was to characterize the protein and gene expression of SRF, Elk-1 and MYOCD in ASM cells from central and peripheral airways of heaves affected horses and controls. Protein expression of Elk-1 and MYOCD was evaluated using immunohistochemistry while immunofluorescence was used for SRF detection in pulmonary peripheral and endobronchial biopsies before and at 1 and 30 days of antigenic exposure. Gene expression was investigated in ASM cells dissected from trachea and bronchi as well as from intermediate and peripheral airways using qPCR. MYOCD gene and protein expressions are increased only in peripheral airways. SRF and Elk-1 gene expression varied in the central airways while the positive cell percentage remains stable. In conclusion, the pulmonary peripheral airways hypertrophy observed in heaves seems to implicate SRF and MYOCD while the hyperplasia doesn’t seem to be activated by Elk-1.

Keyphrases: Elk-1, Myocd, Srf, Airway smooth muscle, Heaves, Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, Phenotype
A Very Embarrassing Moment

I have dwarfism and blog mainly about disability related issues. This story is about the time a doctor exposed me to a room full of interns.

Keyphrases: marchandisation, dwarfism, medical reductionism, commodification