Role of the orphan nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor 1 in mouse reproductive function

The orphan nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1 or NR5A1) is an indispensable modulator of adrenal and gonadal development, playing key roles in sex determination, hypothalamic development, pituitary function and steroidogenesis. Yet, studies to date of SF-1 in reproductive biology mostly focus on embryonic and immature mammalian models. The overall objective of this thesis was to determine the role of SF-1 in key events of mature male and female mouse reproductive function. This transcription factor is expressed in a variety of organs, mainly those of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, as well as in multiple cell types of the gonads. Therefore, we generated four conditional KO (cKO) mouse models employing Cre-recombinase and floxed alleles of SF-1 (SF-1f/f) to identify its role in different cell types of the testes and ovaries of mature mice.  Our first study presents an analysis of female mice from the progesterone receptor (PRCre/+;Nr5a1f/f) cKO model, where SF-1 depletion is specific to gonadotropes in the pituitary gland as well as granulosa cells of the peri-ovulatory follicle and luteal cells of the corpus luteum. This research highlighted new in vivo roles for SF-1 in ovulation and luteinization, and provided further evidence that SF-1 is a mediator of gonadotropin synthesis and secretion. PRCre/+;Nr5a1f/f cKO females were infertile, due in large part to the reduced secretion of FSH and LH, caused by the pituitary phenotype. Exogenous gonadotropin treatments and ovarian transplantation experiments allowed us to circumvent the pituitary dysfunction to demonstrate that SF-1 in granulosa cells regulates the transcription of cumulus expansion and follicle rupture genes to induce ovulation. In addition, we showed that the absence of SF-1 in ovaries of mature mice can lead to female infertility, independent of the pituitary phenotype. Moreover, the data showed that, though SF-1 expression is reduced in mouse corpus luteum, its Cre-mediated depletion in luteal cells abrogates progesterone production. No reproductive phenotype was observed in PRCre/+;Nr5a1f/f cKO males.  Results from our second study demonstrated that SF-1 plays an essential role in mature testicular function. The P450 17α-hydroxylase (Cyp17Cre/+;Nr5a1f/f) cKO male mouse, where the SF-1 depletion is specific to Leydig cells, were fertile, though showed reduced testis size with disrupted seminiferous tubules and impaired spermiogenesis, in addition to reduced expression of steroidogenic genes. While the aromatase (Cyp19Cre/+;Nr5a1f/f) cKO males were fertile and showed reproductive capacities comparable to control males, the Cyp17Cre/++Cyp19Cre/+; Nr5a1f/f cKO (dKO) model were either infertile or showed significantly impaired fertility. The dKO males displayed severe testis cord dysgenesis and impaired spermatogenesis caused by the depletion of SF-1 in both Leydig and Sertoli cells, suggesting that Sertoli cells can compensate for the absence of SF-1 in Leydig cells and vice versa. These data provide strong evidence that SF-1 is required for normal testicular steroidogenesis, spermatogenesis and male fertility, though whether the regulation of these functions is direct or indirect remains to be elucidated. Interestingly, the females of the three cKO mouse lines studied in this second article were fertile and the depletion of SF-1 in granulosa cells of antral follicles or in theca cells produced minor effects on their steroidogenic capacities. Collectively, the research presented in this thesis contributes to advance our understanding of the role of SF-1 in the regulation of essential reproductive events in the pituitary, ovary and testis of mature mouse gonads. The mouse lines generated for this project will serve as valuable tools to elucidate the mechanisms underlying SF-1 regulation of gonad function and present novel directions for the investigation of this nuclear receptor.

Keyphrases: SF-1, ovulation, spermatogenèse, HPG axis, luteinization, steroidogenesis, spermatogenesis, fertility