Adaptation florale aux pollinisateurs : étude des Gesneriaceae antillaises et de l’Impatiente du Cap

The environment has a considerable effect on plants through various abiotic (climate, soil, urbanization) or biotic (pollinators, herbivores) factors. The strong selection pressures exerted by these factors on phenotypic traits often results in adaptations. Pollinators exert selection pressure on floral traits that result in converging adaptations called pollination syndromes. The study of syndromes, as well as the pollination performance of each floral visitor, allows us to better understand the intensity of a/biotic selection pressure and floral evolution. In this thesis, we relied on two plant models: the Gesneriaceae family in the Antilles, and the common Jewelweed, Impatiens capensis Meerb. Due to their pollination strategies and their floral variation, both of these models are suitable for studying floral adaptation to biotic factors, specifically, their pollinators. We were thus able to test the following hypotheses: 1) whether the floral form is explained by the beak shape of pollinating hummingbirds in West Indies Gesnericeae; 2) whether the Gesnericeae Rhytidophyllum bicolor Urb. has a generalist strategy for pollination and whether their different functional types of pollinators have similar pollination performances; 3) whether urbanization affects the floral form of the common Jewelweed, through changes in pollinator communities. To test these hypotheses, geometric morphometric approaches were used (hypotheses 1 and 3), as well as in situ pollination observations, and estimation of the visitation rate (hypotheses 2 and 3). Pollination performance was measured by counting pollen grains deposited on the stigma after each visit, and by measuring the visitation rate. Finally, statistical tests (ANOVA, linear regressions) and multivariate analyses (redundancy analysis, principal component analysis) were carried out on the data obtained to test each hypothesis. The first results show a positive correlation between the length of the corolla of flowers specialized for hummingbirds and the beak length of pollinators. Although less significant, our results of the comparisons of global shapes, obtained by applying geometric morphometry, indicate that this approach is promising for this kind of analysis. We show that the floral form of generalist flowers is impacted by pollinating hummingbirds, albeit in a different way from specialists. For the second hypothesis, our prediction that R. bicolor has a generalist pollination strategy was validated, since this plant is pollinated by hummingbirds, bats and bees. However, faced with the decline in hummingbird populations after Hurricane Matthew hit Haiti in 2016, only the pollination performance of bees and bats could be measured. Our results show that bats are efficient and consistent pollinators of R. bicolor, although the performance of bees is not negligible. Thus, it has been possible to put forward that the generalist pollination strategy seems to be an advantage for plants present in areas subject to fluctuations in their pollinator populations, as can often be the case on hurricane-prone islands. The third study shows that urbanization does not have a direct effect on the flower form of common Jewelweed, but that urbanization does have significant indirect effects through changes caused on pollinator communities. At the six sites sampled, the main pollinators, Bombus sp. Latreille and Apis mellifera Linnaeus, are the same. However, diversity rates show variation between sites, due to the presence of certain species of occasional pollinators in some sites and not in others. These rates are not lower in the most urban sites. Our results indicate that certain floral forms are associated with particular pollinator species. Since different pollinator species have different selection pressures on floral traits, urbanization has an indirect impact on the floral form in the species studied. Through three different studies, this thesis highlighted the impact that the environment can have on floral traits, indirectly, via pollinators. While the second and third studies showed the pressure exerted by pollinators on floral traits in different cases of habitat disturbance, the first study helped to better highlight the remarkable adaptation of flowers to their pollinators, even for generalist species in pollination.

Keyphrases: Gesneriaceae, Impatiens, Floral traits, Pollination performance, Geometric morphometry, Urbanization, Pollinators