Uncovering the role of misfolded SOD1 in the pathogenesis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of motor neurons resulting in paralysis and death. Approximately 20% of familial ALS cases are caused by mutations in superoxide dismutase (SOD1), which leads to misfolding of the SOD1 protein, resulting in a toxic gain of function. Several antibodies have been generated that are specific for the misfolded form of the protein, and have been used as therapeutics in pre-clinical models. How misfolded SOD1 provokes a selective loss of motor neurons remains unresolved. Mitochondrial morphology, bioenergetics and transport are all documented is SOD1-mediated ALS models, thus mitochondrial impairment plays a key role in motor neuron degeneration. Moreover, misfolded SOD1 selectively associates with the surface of spinal cord mitochondria in ALS rodent models. We hypothesize that the accumulation of misfolded SOD1 on mitochondria could impair mitochondrial function. To this end, we developed a novel flow cytometric assay to immunolabel isolated mitochondria with misfolded SOD1 antibodies while also evaluating aspects of mitochondrial function. This method will allow for a comparison of mitochondria bearing misfolded SOD1 to those without. We utilized the B8H10 conformation specific SOD1 antibody to demonstrate that misfolded SOD1 associates with SOD1G93A rat spinal cord mitochondria in a in a time dependent manner. Mitochondria with B8H10-reactive misfolded SOD1 associated with their surface (B8H10+) have a significantly larger volume and produce excessive amounts of superoxide, but have a similar transmembrane potential compared to B8H10- mitochondria. In addition, the presence of B8H10-reactive misfolded SOD1 coincides with higher levels of the pro-apoptotic form of Bcl-2. Staining of lumbar spinal cord sections with both B8H10 and another conformation specific SOD1 antibody, AMF7-63, yielded distinct localization patterns. B8H10 was found predominantly in motor neurons and numerous puncta throughout the neuropil. Conversely, AMF7-63 marked motor neurons as well as a distinctive fibrillar network that was concentrated in the anterior horn. At the subcellular level, AMF7-63-reactive misfolded SOD1 also localized to the mitochondrial surface of spinal cord mitochondria in a time-dependent manner. AMF7-63+ mitochondria have an increased volume compared to B8H10+ mitochondria and the unlabelled subpopulation. However, they produce similar amounts of superoxide. Together, these data suggest that there are multiple species of misfolded SOD1 that converge at the mitochondria to cause damage. Moreover, different SOD1 conformations may ellicit varying toxicities towards mitochondria. Both B8H10 and AMF7-63-reactive misfolded SOD1 are present in aggregates in mitochondrial fractions and can therefore not account for any different effects produced in terms of mitochondrial volume. Conformational antibodies are invaluable tools to identify and characterize the continuum of misfolded SOD1 species with regards to biochemical characteristics and toxicity. The information presented in this thesis will be used in determining the future therapeutic potential of these antibodies.

Keyphrases: SOD1, ALS, misfolded SOD1, mitochondria, flow cytometry