Information utile à la catégorisation du sexe des visages

In this thesis, we asked which face cues are used for gender discrimination and how they are processed by the humain brain. The few studies have tried to answer this question used only a small set of grayscale stimuli, often distorted and presented a large number of times. In Article 1, we reassessed the importance of chromatic and achromatic facial cues for gender categorisation in a more realistic setting. We used the Bubbles technique to sample the xy plane of a set of 300 color photographs of Caucasian faces, each presented only once to 30 participants. Results show that the region of the eyes and the eyebrows—probably in the light-dark channel—is the most important facial cue for accurate gender discrimination; and that the mouth region is also driving fast correct responses (but not fast incorrect responses)—the gender discrimination information in the mouth region is concentrated in the red-green color channel. Several studies suggest that a cue which we did not examine in Article 1—interattribute distances (e.g. the interpupil distance)—is critical for gender discrimination. A recent study by Taschereau-Dumouchel et al. (2010) challenged this idea by showing that participants were nearly at chance when asked to identify faces on the sole basis of real-word interattribute distances, while they were nearly perfect when all other facial cues were shown. However, it remains possible that humans are highly tuned to interattribute distances but that the information conveyed by these cues is scarce. In Article 2, we tested this hypothesis by contrasting the efficiencies—a measure of performance that factors out task difficulty—of 60 observers in six face-gender categorization tasks. Most importantly, efficiencies for faces that varied only in terms of their interattribute distances were an order of magnitude lower than efficiencies for faces that varied in all respects except their interattribute distances or in all respects. These results provide a definitive blow to the idea that real-world interattribute distances are critical for face gender categorization.  In Article 3, we tested and confirmed the hypothesis formulated at the end of Article 1 according to which observers would rapidly extract chromatic information in the mouth region during sex categorization. One hundred and twelve participants each performed 900 trials of a face gender categorization task in which the achromatic and isoluminant chromatic content of faces were partially revealed in space and time with Bubbles. This experiment also allowed us to perform time-frequency analyses, which showed that achromatic and isoluminant chromatic information within the same facial part were sampled by the brain at the same frequency, whereas different facial parts were sampled at distinct frequencies (ranging from 6 to 10 Hz). This sampling code is consistent with recent electrophysiological evidence suggesting that facial features are multiplexed by the frequency of transient synchronized oscillations in the brain.

Keyphrases: Visual perception, Information extraction strategies, Face gender discrimination, Sex categorization, Bubbles, Efficiency, Ideal observer analysis, Color