NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
La question du modèle animal chez les cyniques

This study tries to make a connection between the numerous positives references to animals in the cynic corpus and a certain conception of the philosophical activity as suggested by the Cynics and more precisely embodied by Diogenes of Sinope. As shown in the first section, the concept of the animal is practically absent in the classic Greek philosophy. It can only appear in a moral context which tries to establish the ethics and norms of human acts and in this context, positives reference to animals are rare. The Cynic’s position-- exhorting their fellow citizens to mimic animals as a means to acquiring virtue-- is in this regard exceptionally unusual. How do we interpret this radical change of  perspective in which man seems to no longer occupy the intermediate position between gods and animals ?  Following the theses of Thierry Gonthier, Olimar Florès-Junior and Marie-Odile Goulet-Cazé, the second section leads us on the path of the rhethoric of exhortation that is, an essential element of the Cynic’s practice. What actions the Cynic’s exhort their fellow citizens to ?  And how the figure of the animal is able to exemplifies it?  The third section discusses the cynic’s ideal of wisdom and their emblematic figure, the dog. We will finally demonstrate with the help of studies by Jean-Marie Meilland, D. Deleule et Peter Sloterdijk that the valorisation of the animal in the Cynic’s perspective must not be understood as a vile regression to animality but as a legitimate activity in and of itself.

Keyphrases: Cynism, Animality, Virtu
Bounding The Hochschild Cohomological Dimension

The aim of this master’s thesis is two-fold. Firstly to develop and interpret the low dimensional Hochschild cohomology of a k-algebra and secondly to establish a lower bound for the Hochschild cohomological dimension of a k-algebra; showing that nearly no commutative k-algebra is quasi-free.

Keyphrases: Relative Homological Algebra, Dimension Theory, Noncommutative Geometry, Hochschild Cohomology, Noncommutative Algebra, Algebraic Geometry, Homological Algebra, Noncommutative Differential Forms
Harmonisation des langues africaines transfrontalières par les TIC 
pour un enseignement-apprentissage plus efficient : le cas du Peul

Language, the principal object of linguistics, is also located at the crossroads of other disciplines, anything that lies the issue of interdisciplinarity. In this thesis, it was question of cross-border African languages, including Fulani discussed in terms of its allocation for a teaching / learning process more efficient in an African context where ICT is no longer new.  Indeed, the written sources of knowledge in Fulani are very localized. Thus, a newspaper, a book reading or mathematics produced in Senegal is unusable by learners of Burkina Faso. This raises a problem of harmonization of the Fulani, subject of this thesis which focuses exactly on the harmonization of the Fulani of ICT for teaching / learning process more efficient. The harmonization of the Fulani who can not be excluded from the process any of its dialects which are true wealth, part of its use for teaching / learning process more efficient, the efficiency being the ratio between the level of efficiency and resources (Gerard, 2001). For the Fulani, linguistic medium, actually participates in a teaching / learning process more efficient, ICT is a valuable tool, giving them "an opportunity to rethink and relocate in time and space, the exchange between teachers and students and thus promote the creation of new avenues for learning activities "(Karsenti, 2004, p. 268). Therefore, the objectives of this study have they been: better understanding of how ICT can promote harmonization of terminology and spelling of the Fulani; better understand how the distribution of Fulani resources on the Internet has an impact on the "positive development" that language; better understand how ICT can make more efficient teaching / learning of the Fulani. To achieve the research objectives, we used a methodology which granted a place of ICT in data collection. The thesis being drafted by sections, each objective has been linked with one of three articles. Moreover, the study revealed that ICT effectively contribute to the harmonization of the Fulani to a teaching / learning process more efficient.

Keyphrases: TIC, Cross-border african languages, Fulani, Harmonization, Teaching/learning, Terminology, Spelling, ICT, Computerization, Staffing
Étude de l’immunité mucosale génitale chez des femmes béninoises hautement exposées au VIH-1 séronégatives (HESN) et séropositives

Background: Today, 35.3 million people live with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1; and 70% of infections occur in sub-Saharan Africa, mostly through heterosexual intercourse and mainly affect women. The female genital tract (FGT) has a complex immune milieu that has to deal with invading pathogens while maintaining tolerance/control of the vagina microflora and being under the influence of sex hormones. Also, mechanisms favouring or preventing HIV infection of the FGT are not well identified. Hypothesis: The inflammatory environment and the outcome of crosstalk between epithelial genital cells (EGC) and the myeloid dendritic cells, which are of the first to encounter the virus at mucosal ports of entry, modulate lymphocytes activities that will be determinant in the type of immune response elaborated by the host. Methods: The samples obtained from women enrolled in a cohort of commercial sex workers (CSW) in Cotonou, Benin in sub-Saharan Africa were analyzed. We have characterized the female genital mucosal milieu of HIV-1 highly exposed seronegative (HESN) CSWs and have compared it with that of HIV-1 infected CSWs. Briefly, cervico-vaginal liquids were determined by multiplex/Luminex technologies or by ELISA and cells were described following flow cytometry analysis (phenotyping and cell sorting). Results: Our observations allow us to shed light on a potential natural immune protection mechanism in the HESN CSWs group. We have identified high levels of the antiviral, immunomodulatory and antiproliferative soluble cytokine interferon (IFN)-α in the FGT of the HESN CSWs group. The high levels of IFN-α suggested the possible existence of critical cell crosstalks that would favour the control of the genital immune compartment in the restriction of HIV-1 infection. The study of molecules involved in IFN-α signaling pathways in the EGC and in myeloid cells, show the presence of a «tolerogenic/regulatory» microenvironment. Furthermore, we have characterized for the first time a population of myeloid cells presenting features of «tolerogenic DC» in the FGT of HESN CSWs, and which express interleukin (IL)-10, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G and immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT)-4. Conclusion : This study will have major impact on the development of preventive intervention strategies viewed to modulate preexisting inflammatory conditions, and establishing mucosal defence that will be held rapidly and will be long-lasting against the HIV-1 infection.

Keyphrases: HESN, HIV-1, innate and adaptive mucosal genital immunity, tolerogenic/regulator microenvironment
Dilemmas in Military Medical Ethics: A Call for Conceptual Clarity

Despite the increase in and evolving nature of armed conflicts, the ethical issues faced by military physicians working in such contexts are still rarely examined in the bioethics literature. Military physicians are members of the military, even if they are non-combatants; and their role is one of healer but also sometimes humanitarian. Some scholars wonder about the moral compatibility of being both a physician and soldier. The ethical conflicts raised in the literature regarding military physicians can be organized into three main perspectives: 1) moral problems in military medicine are particular because of the difficulty of meeting the requirements of traditional bioethical principles; 2) medical codes of ethics and international laws are not well adapted to or are too restrictive for a military context; and 3) physicians are social actors who should either be pacifists, defenders of human rights, politically neutral or promoters of peace. A review of the diverse dilemmas faced by military physicians shows that these differ substantially by level (micro, meso, macro), context and the actors involved, and that they go beyond issues of patient interests. Like medicine in general, military medicine is complex and touches on potentially contested views of the roles and obligations of the physician. Greater conceptual clarity is thus needed in discussions about military medical ethics.

Keyphrases: military physicians, conflict of roles, medical ethics, professional ethics, codes of ethics, dilemmas
Identification des bases génétiques des myopathies à multi-minicores avec ou sans cardiomyopathie

While the pathophysiological bases of many muscular diseases are nowadays well known, congenital core myopathies (CMs) remain poorly understood. CMs are genetic diseases which generally present at birth with delayed motor development, muscle weakness, and sometimes fatal respiratory or cardiological complications. Mutations in RYR1, SEPN1, ACTA1, TTN and MEGF10 have been associated with various CMs, yet for about 50% of CM cases the responsible gene has not been identified. The objective of my thesis was to clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms of new forms of CM through the identification of new genes or new mutations in known genes. This thesis had an international dimension as manifested by a UPMC (France) and UdeM (Québec) joint direction. I developed two complementary axes of research. First, I studied 21 informative families with a recessive CM with scoliosis and respiratory failure, for which I combined positional cloning and candidate gene studies, using various tools from genotyping to next generation sequencing (NGS). The second part of this work consisted on the analysis of 24 families with recessive CM affecting both cardiac and skeletal muscles. Their phenotype was similar to that previously observed in cases with deletions in the last 6 exons of the giant gene TTN. Thus we applied a candidate gene strategy through direct Sanger sequencing coupled with NGS for the analysis of this second cohort. During my PhD work I identified the molecular defect in 8 out of the 45 families included (18%), which led to the identification and characterization of 3 novel medical entities, including two new CMs due to novel defects of TTN. These results served to identify new titin protein interactions, and participate in the definition of TTN defects as a major cause of both cardiac and skeletal muscle conditions. A third new form of CM is due to mutations of a poorly-known transcriptional coactivator whose role in striated muscle physiology was unknown and which had never been associated to a human condition. Globally, these results unveiled a novel important protein and pathway in muscle pathophysiology, have direct health benefits (molecular diagnosis) and open the way for therapeutic investigations.

Keyphrases: Cardiomyopathie, Congenital myopathy, Cardiomyopathy, Titin, Linkage analysis, Next generation sequencing
Le délai entre le traumatisme médullaire et la chirurgie a-t-il un impact sur la survenue de complications durant la phase aigüe d’hospitalisation

Optimal timing of surgery after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most controversial subjects in spine surgery. However, the relationship between prevention of peri-operative complications and timing of surgical decompression was never specifically studied. The primary goal of our study was to evaluate if the peri-operative complication rate was associated with surgical timing. The secondary goal of our study was to identify if surgical timing is an independent  predictor of complications. A first publication presents the analysis of a retrospective cohort of 431 cases of traumatic SCI. A reduction in the global rate of complications as well as the incidence of pneumonia and pressure ulcer were predicted by surgery performed earlier than 24 hours (or earlier than 72 hours if the surgery could not be performed within 24 hours following the SCI). Other predictors where statistically related to the occurrence of complications: increasing age, severity of neurological injury, a cervical rather than a thoracic lesion, medical comorbidities, the severity of trauma, and the complexity of surgery. Previous studies suggest that early surgery is of little benefit for neurological recovery in complete traumatic SCI (with complete interruption of sensorimotor function). Therefore our second publication analyzed the impact of early surgical intervention in the sub-population of 197 complete SCI. Surgical timing later than 24 h was a predictor of complications, specifically pneumonia and UTI. Although a randomized controlled trial is needed to confirm our findings, our studies support that early surgical timing after traumatic SCI (typically within 24 hours) could decrease the rate of non neurological complications.

Keyphrases: Complications, Spinal Cord Injury, Surgical Timing, Complications, Spinal Surgery
Détection moléculaire des métastases des ganglions lymphatique dans le cancer du col de l'utérus

The presence of lymph nodes metastasis in uterine cervical carcinoma influences therapeutic management and patient survival. The gold standard for metastasis detection is histology. However, histology lacks sensitivity to detect micrometastasis or isolated cancer cells and is not an efficient method for immediate diagnosis during surgery. The molecular tool that we want to develop to fill this gap is based on an analysis of expressed RNA transcripts derived from the HPV genome in cells of uterine cervical carcinoma (UCC). This will be done by reverse transcription of cellular RNA coupled to a quantitative polymerase chain reaction in real-time (RT-qPCR). This technique could allow detection and rapid assessment of micrometastasis to help determine prognosis and an immediate reliable combination therapy. The proposed technique would be a specific test, sensitive and rapid to detect lymph node involvement in the UCC to improve therapy management. Our objective is to constitute a patient bank containing genetic and clinical information. This genetic information will be used to test and improve new molecular markers for UCC metastasis. These markers will be validated using comparisons to traditional histological results and evaluated for their capacity to detect lymph nodes micrometastasis. Ultimately, we wish to develop a reliable molecular diagnosis method useful during surgery and improve our knowledge about the clinical evolution of metastatic UCC. Currently, we are able to extract high quality mRNA from formalin-fixed cells mounted in paraffin blocks and to detect E6 and E7 from HPV16 and HPV18 using RT-qPCR. We have specifically determined the detection limit of E6 and E7, which is 0.008% in the fresh samples and 0.02% and 0.05% for HPV16-E6-E7 and HPV18- E6-E7 respectively in the samples fixed in paraffin blocks. Comparatively, the histological detection limit was determined to be around 1% using immunohistochemistry for CK19 expression. Finally, our protocol has been validated for HPV18 in UCC patient lymph nodes

Keyphrases: RT-qPCR, Lymph node metastasis, Cervical cancer, Uterine cervical carcinoma, Pretherapeutic evaluation, Viral oncogenes (E6 and E7), Molecular detection
Impacts des processus judiciaires sur la santé mentale des victimes d’actes criminels
violents

Abstract The participation of victims of crime in the judicial process can have many repercussions on their recovery. Many authors have interested themselves in the psychological impact that victims of violent criminal acts endure after their contact with the police and the criminal jn the subject seem to be ambiguous. Objective and method: The authors conducted a systematic review to examine how different variables related to the judicial and criminal process may have psychological effects on victims of violent criminal acts. The following words were utilized in the search within three databases: Crime victims, victims of crime, Mental health, well‐being, psycholog*, Criminal justice proceeding, criminal justice, court, police, criminal procedures. The systematic review included 14 articles. The quality of the studies was assessed with the critical list Critical Review Form – Quantitative Studies (Law et al., 1998). Results: Many studies suggest a significant and positive relationship between negative experiences within the criminal process and psychological distress for victims, namely for victims of sexual assault. They concluded that these victims were at risk for increased post‐traumatic stress symptoms and therefore face secondary victimisation when they participate in the judicial system. Other studies highlight significant correlations between procedural justice and positive psychological effects as perceived by victims of violent criminal acts. Finally, every study investigating the links between variables related to sentences and the psychological impact on victims uncover significant correlations

Keyphrases: Crimes violents, Police, Secondary victimisation, Procedural justice, Psychological impact, Judicial system, Police system, Systematic review, Victims, Violent crimes
A single amino acid substitution in the mRNA capping enzyme λ2 of a mammalian orthoreovirus mutant increases interferon sensitivity

In the last few years, the development of a plasmid-based reverse genetics system for mammalian reovirus has allowed the production and characterization of mutant viruses. This could be especially significant in the optimization of reovirus strains for virotherapeutic applications, either as gene vectors or oncolytic viruses. The genome of a mutant virus exhibiting increased sensitivity to interferon was completely sequenced and compared with its parental virus. Viruses corresponding to either the parental or mutant viruses were then rescued by reverse genetics and shown to exhibit the expected phenotypes. Systematic rescue of different viruses harboring either of the four parental genes in a mutant virus backbone, or reciprocally, indicated that a single amino acid substitution in one of λ2 methyltransferase domains is the major determinant of the difference in interferon sensitivity between these two viruses.

Keyphrases: reovirus, interferon, reverse genetics, RNA capping, RNA methyltransferase, virus, structure coiffe
Hydrogen peroxide enhances the expression and function of Giα proteins in aortic vascular smooth muscle cells from Sprague-Dawley rats : role of growth factor receptors transactivation

We recently have shown that reactive oxygen species contribute to the enhanced expression of Giα proteins in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The present study was undertaken to examine if H2O2, an oxidant that induces oxidative stress could also enhance the expression of Giα proteins and associated adenylyl cyclase signalling in aortic VSMC and to further explore the underlying signaling pathways responsible for this response. Treatment of cells with H2O2 increased the expression of Giα-2 and Giα-3 proteins but not that of Gsα proteins in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. A maximal increase of 40-50% was observed at 100µM and 1h. The enhanced expression of Giα proteins was restored to control levels by AG 1478, AG1295, PD98059 and wortmannin, inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR-β), the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK1/2), and PI3 kinase respectively. In addition, treatment of VSMC with H2O2 also increased the phosphorylation of EGF-R, PDGF-R, ERK1/2 and AKT and this increased phosphorylation was attenuated to control levels by the respective inhibitors, whereas the inhibitors of EGF-R and PDGE-R also attenuated the enhanced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT to control levels. Transfection of cells with EGF-R and   PDGFR-β siRNA followed by H2O2 treatment restored the H2O2-induced enhanced expression of Giα-2 and Giα-3 proteins to control levels. The increased expression of Giα proteins by H2O2 was reflected in the increased Gi functions. The inhibition of forskolin (FSK)-stimulated AC activity by low concentration of GTPγS (receptor- independent Gi functions) was increased by about 20% by H2O2 treatment. Moreover, treatment of cells with H2O2 also resulted in an increased Ang II-, C-ANP4-23, and oxotremorine-mediated inhibition of AC (receptor-dependent functions of Gi). On the other hand, Gsα-mediated stimulation of AC by GTPγS, glucagon, isoproterenol, FSK, and NaF was significantly decreased in H2O2-treated cells. These results suggest that H2O2 increases the expression of Giα-2 and Giα-3 proteins in VSMC through the transactivation of EGF-R, PDGFR-β and associated ERK1/2 and PI3K signalling pathways.  Keywords: Giα proteins, hydrogen peroxide, adenylyl cyclase, oxidative stress, MAP kinase, growth factor receptors, hypertension.

Keyphrases: Proteines Gi, Oxidative stress, Gi Proteins, Hydrogen peroxide
Effet du resvératrol sur la dysfonction endothéliale des artères coronaires épicardiques associée à l’hypertrophie ventriculaire gauche dans un modèle porcin

Antioxidant properties of resveratrol are of great interest regarding endothelial dysfunction in which oxidative stress has a major causative role. This dysfunction is well characterized in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). The current study was designed to explore the effects of resveratrol as a treatment for the coronary endothelial dysfunction associated with LVH.   An aortic banding (AB) was performed on swine to induce LVH on two-month-old swine for 60 days. Resveratrol was administered at 20 mg/kg/d per os to different groups. Group 1 represented healthy controls while group 2 was not treated. After AB, group 3 received resveratrol from day 1 to 60 post-surgery whereas group 4 was treated from day 30 to 60 only. Echocardiographic and histological studies were performed to evaluate the degree of LVH. Vascular reactivity of epicardial coronary arteries was assessed in organ chamber experiments. Endothelial dysfunction was evaluated in vitro by nitric oxide (NO) metabolites and cyclic guanosine-3,5-monophosphate (cGMP) while angiotensin II (Ang II) levels and protein carbonylation evaluated Oxidative stress.   After treatment, the LVmass/body weight ratio was improved in group 3 associated with reduced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis (p<0.05). Dose-response curves to serotonin for the resveratrol treated group 3 demonstrated a greater vascular relaxation compared to LVH untreated group 2 (p<0.05). Bioavailability of NO measured by its circulating metabolites (398,71±21,74; 151,04±14,95 ; 241,86±15,53 ; 208,17±26,52 uM for groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively, p<0,001 for groups 1 and 3 vs group 2) and by vascular cGMP (2,54±0,63 ; 0,67±0,45 ; 1,71±0,25 ; 1,98±0,29 pmol/ml for groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively, p<0,05 for group 1,3 and 4 vs group 2) was increased. The antioxidant effect of the polyphenol was confirmed by decreased protein carbonylation with the 60 days treatment (0,14±0,05 vs 0,33±0,03 nmol/mg for group 3 vs 2) associated to unchanged Ang II levels.   Therefore, resveratrol effectively reduces epicardial coronary endothelial dysfunction and limits the occurrence of cardiac remodelling associated with LVH, mainly through an NO-dependent pathway.

Keyphrases: Endothelial dysfunction, Resveratrol, Oxidative stress, Left ventricular hypertrophy, Polyphenol, coronary artery