NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
L’utilisation de l’information visuelle en reconnaissance d’expressions faciales d’émotion

The ability to recognize facial expressions is crucial for the success of social communication. The information used by the visual system to categorize static basic facial expressions is now relatively well known. However, the visual information used to discriminate the basic facial expressions from one another is still unknown, and this is true for both static and dynamic facial expressions. Many believe that the eye region of a facial expression is particularly important when it comes to reading others' emotions. The aim of the first article of this thesis is to determine which information is used by the visual system in order to discriminate between the basic facial expressions and to verify the validity of the hypothesis that the eye region is crucial for this task. The Bubbles method (Gosselin & Schyns, 2001) is used with static (Exp. 1) and dynamic (Exp. 2) facial expressions in order to determine which facial areas are used for the task (Exp. 1) and in which temporal order these facial areas are used (Exp. 2). The results show that, in contrast with the aforementioned belief, the mouth region is significantly more useful than the eye region when discriminating between the basic facial expressions. Despite this preponderant role of the mouth, it is the eye area⎯not the mouth area⎯that is underutilized by many clinical populations suffering from difficulties in recognizing facial expressions. This observation could suggest that the utilization of the eye area varies as a function of the ability to recognize facial expressions. The aim of the second article in this thesis is thus to verify how individual differences in the ability to recognize facial expressions relate to the visual information extraction strategies used for this task. The results show a positive correlation between the ability of the participants and the utilization of the mouth region, suggesting the existence of qualitative differences between the strategy of clinical patients and of normal participants. A positive correlation is also found between the ability of the participants and the utilization of the left eye area, but no correlation is found between the ability and the utilization of the right eye area. These results suggest that the difference between the strategies of the best and the worst participants is not only that the best ones use the information available in the stimulus more efficiently: rather, qualitative differences in the visual information extraction strategies may exist even within the normal population.

Keyphrases: Visual perception, Information extraction strategies, Facial expressions, Basic emotions, Individual differences, Bubbles, Eye movements
Service users’ participation in mental health community-based organizations

A large proportion of individuals with mental health problems are affected by social isolation. In the front line, community mental health nurses are called upon to accompany these individuals in their recovery process, and reduce their social isolation. User participation in community-based organizations (CBO) optimizes the recovery process, decreases feelings of social isolation, and consolidates the social support networks of individuals living with mental health problems. However, relatively little is documented  on user participation within the organizational structure of mental health CBOs. To address this knowledge gap, the objectives of this study were to document, describe the nature of user participation and explore facilitating and inhibiting factors associated with user participation. A mixed-method (qualitative and quantitative) design, broken into two phases, was used in this study. In the first phase, a survey of twelve directors from CBOs providing services to individuals with mental health problems was conducted using the format of semi-structured interviews. The French version of the “Adapted User Involvement Questionnaire” (Diamond et al., 2003) was administered in order to document the extent of user participation in the targeted CBOs. In the second phase, two CBOs were selected on the basis of the results of the questionnaire and the findings of the archival data analysis. The scores obtained by the administration of this questionnaire made it possible to choose CBOs with constrasting results on user participation. Different groups of key informants (members of the governing board of the CBO, service users, CBO staff and directors) from the two CBOs participated in semi-structured interviews to collect detailed information about the following themes: the nature of user participation and facilitators and inhibitors for user participation.  Results of the analysis show that: (1) factors that facilitate user participation are : access to participatory space for service users and professionals of different disciplines supporting service users in user participation activities; (2) factors that inhibit user participation are : social stigmatization of individuals with mental health problems and service users’ personal characteristics associated with their mental health problems; and (3) advantages of user participation are: services adapted to users’ needs and requests, service user empowerment (in participating in organization of CBO services) and service users’ sense of belonging to the CBO. Consequently, the study’s findings suggest that accompanying service users in their participation in CBOs, in order to facilitate their empowerment and improve their well-being, is a promising avenue for community mental-health nurses.

Keyphrases: Participation, Mental health, Community-based organization, Community mental health nursing, Participation
Are words read by letters? (Lisons-nous par lettres?)

It has been demonstrated that words are more readily recognized when their lower half has been erased, leaving the upper half intact, than when the upper half has been erased. If letter recognition subtends word recognition as it is so often assumed, then we would expect to find a similar effect with letters, but it is not the case. The goal of this master's thesis has first been to investigate this difference between words and letters and then to demonstrate that the preference for the upper half of words cannot be accounted for by letters. In the end, we look into the existence of a construct between features and words and propose that lexical strings could be that construct.

Keyphrases: Vision, Word recognition, Letter recognition, Computer-assisted demonstration, Reading, Lecture, Letters in word recognition
Les provinces et la fédéralisation de l’immigration au Canada, 1990-2010

This dissertation analyzes a process of gradual institutional change defined as a federalization of the governance of Canada’s immigration and integration regime. This process of change unfolded gradually between 1990 and 2010. Its central feature was the growth of the activities of the ten provincial governments in the domains of immigration and integration, coupled with the maintenance of federal activities in these same policy areas. The central argument defended in this dissertation is that provinces acted both as central triggering agents of this process of institutional change, as well as the maintainers of this process Thus, federalization cannot be understood solely as the result of federal decisions to decentralize Canada’s immigration and integration regime. Instead, the analysis shows that this change is the result of the interaction – in time – of two mechanisms: province building and decentralization. Central to this argument is the existence of a structured variation in provincial policy responses, which hints at provincial agency within a specific institutional regime. Indeed, the dissertation’s central argument is rooted in the empirical demonstration of four contemporary modes of intervention in immigration and integration: 1) holistic (Quebec and Manitoba), 2) reactive (Ontario and British Columbia), 3) bridging (Alberta and Saskatchewan), 4) attraction-retention (Atlantic Provinces). Despite this structured variation, one similarity is shared by all of the provinces: a conception of immigration as a resource for provincial societies.  Process-tracing methodologies are used to follow the unfolding of the federalization process, focusing on ten provincial trajectories. This method makes it possible to document the activities and interactions of the two mechanisms in time. The analysis demonstrates that the timing of each province’s engagement in the federalization process partially explains the specificities of their mode of intervention in immigration and integration. More broadly, the analysis highlights important connections between the evolution of Canadian federalism and the activation of a province building mechanism centered on immigration in Canada between 1990 and 2010.  The dissertation makes three contributions. First, it demonstrates the relevance of the historical institutionalist approach, particularly of work focused on gradual processes of institutional change, for the study of Canadian federalism and public policy. Second, the dissertation makes an empirical contribution by comparing ten provincial trajectories of policy development over a twenty-year period, using interviews, official documents and archival materials. Third, the dissertation contributes to a revitalization of the concept of province building by showing that recasting it as a social mechanism can increase both its portability and its explanatory power.

Keyphrases: immigration, provinces, Canada, federalism, integration, social mechanisms
The Search for New Resonances in Strong Symmetry Breaking Scenarios with the ATLAS Detector

Using the most recent data collected by the ATLAS detector in pp collisions delivered by the LHC at 7 and 8 TeV, this thesis shall establish severe constraints on a variety of models going beyond the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. More particularly, two types of hypothetical particles, existing in various theoretical models shall be studied and probed. The first type will be the search for vector-like quarks (VLQ) produced in pp collisions through electroweak couplings with the u and d quarks. The quest for these particles will be made as they decay into either W(lν)+jet or Z(ll)+jet. There exist theoretical arguments that establish that, under certain reasonable conditions, single production of VLQ dominates over production in pairs. The particular topology of such events enables the implementation of effective techniques to extract signal over electroweak background. The second type is the search for resonant particles decaying to WZ when the gauge bosons W and Z decay leptonically. The final states detected by ATLAS therefore contain three leptons (e, or μ) and missing transverse energy. The distribution of the invariant mass of these objects will then be examined to determine the presence or absence of new resonances that manifest themselves as localized excesses in m(WZ). Despite the fact that, at first glance, these two new types of particles have very little in common, they are in fact both closely linked to electroweak symmetry breaking. In many theoretical models, the hypothetical existence of VLQ is put forward to counteract the top quark’s contribution to radiative loop corrections of the Higgs mass, a calculation which assumes that the Higgs is an elementary particle. Concurrently, other models foretelling the existence WZ resonances alternatively suggest that the Higgs is a composite particle, completely rewriting the whole Higgs sector of the SM. In this perspective, the two analyses presented in this thesis have a fundamental link with the very nature of the Higgs, thereby extending our knowledge of the origin of particle masses. Ultimately, the two analyses did not observe any significant excess in their respective signal regions, paving the way for the computations of limits on the production cross section as a function of the mass of the resonances.

Keyphrases: ATLAS, LHC, diboson, resonance, Analyse, Higgs Composite, Collider, Vector-like Quark, Technicolor, Analysis, Composite Higgs
Analyse des propriétés électroniques de supraconducteurs à l’aide de la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité

In this thesis, the electronic structure of different kinds of superconductors is explored with the density functional theory. A brief explanation of this theory is done in the in- troduction. The Hubbard model is also presented as it can be used to solve shortcomings of the theory in some materials such as cuprates. The blend of the two theories is the DFT+U which is used to describe materials with strongly correlated electrons. After- ward, a paper describing the electron-phonon coupling in the superconductor NbC1−xNx is presented. Results from this work show the role of the Fermi surface in the electron pairing mechanism leading to superconductivity. Based on these results, a model is de- veloped explaining how the critical temperature is influenced by the change in frequency of the vibration modes. Then, quantum oscillation results based on a detailed analysis of Fermi surfaces, allowing a direct comparison with experimental data, are presented within two papers. The first one is about a material in the iron pnictide family, the LaFe2P2. Our calculations show that the Fermi surface of this material is different from the superconducting doped BaFe2As2 which explains why this material shows no sign of superconductivity. The second paper is about the heavy fermion system YbCoIn5. To do this, a new efficient method to calculate de Haas-van Alphen frequencies is developed. Finally, a paper on superconducting YBa2Cu3O6.5 is presented. Using DFT+U, the role of various magnetic orders on the Fermi surface are studied. The results allow a better understanding of the measured quantum oscillations in this material.

Keyphrases: DFT, DFT+U, Cuprates, Electron correlation, Pnictides, Superconductivity, Electron-phonon coupling, Fermi surface
Le roman édifiant aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles

Edifying novels of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries - narrative prose fictions that clearly put forth their will to convey Christian values and influence the behavior of their readers in the sense of these values - develop a specific poetics, based on the research and the unveiling of Christian truth through mundane fiction. They therefore emphasize a  problem that has haunted writers and theorists of the Classical Age, namely the reconciliation of novelistic pleasure and morality. The narrative topics of the edifying novel (characters, places and times), its materiality (titles, internal divisions, groups of works) and voice (narrative and rhetorical) contribute to the development of significations that serve the persuasive and religious aim of the works while creating stories and imaginary worlds capable of satisfying the taste of the audience for the novel. This study aims to reintegrate in the history of the novel a body of works neglected by literary critics by showing their contribution to the development of the novel: the novel of the Old Regime, but also the modern novel of thesis and by extension, the entire ideological fiction.

Keyphrases: narration, Seventeenth-century French literature, eighteenth-century French literature, edifying novel, Christianity, rhetoric, narration
Road novel, road movie : approche chronotopique du récit de la route

Appearing in the wake of World War II, with the publication in 1957 of On the Road by Jack Kerouac, followed 12 years later with the screening of Denis Hopper’s Easy Rider, the road novel and road movie constitute, we argue, two sides of what we call the road narrative. Faced with a lack of comprehensive studies embracing both sides concurrently, and with recurrent amalgams, we reflect on the components differentiating the road novel and road movie from other types of wandering stories. Such a project calls for the construction of an intermedial apparatus, enabling us to jointly encompass artworks belonging to different media formats. Consequently, we build on the concept of the chronotope, as developed by Bakhtin as a tool for literary criticism, and recently extended by scholars to cinematographic objects. We show how road novels and road movies emerge from the combination of two fundamental chronotopes: that of the road, exemplified by a postmodern universe dominated by motor vehicles and non-places, and that of the threshold, understood as the expression of a critical turn in one’s life. The noted presence of a parodic dimension in road narratives calls for the introduction of an additional bakhtinian concept: the carnivalesque, which, as we show, can be articulated in relation to the previously defined road and threshold chronotopes. For this chronotopical analysis, we selected artworks from the American, Quebecois and German repertoires, a choice justified by the numerous potential connections to be established between those three different cultures.

Keyphrases: Road movie, Road novel, Chronotope, Road movie, Road novel, Road narrative, Wandering, Treshold, Bakhtin, Chronotope, Carnivalesque
Sous un même toit? La formation et la transformation des maisonnées dans le Sud du Maroc : le cas des Ammeln (Tafraout, Anti-Atlas)

Family history in the Islamic Middle East was born in the early 1990s from a shared concern to avoid sweeping generalizations and accumulate the basic facts about residential and family life. However, both the current scientific discourse and the one that preceded it are based upon a common set of assumptions that suggest that members of Islamic societies share a collectivistic mentality and a common desire to live amongst themselves in the promiscuity of large and complex households.   In the spirit of positive criticism, this thesis aims to illustrate the relevance of a new “atomistic” perspective by studying the case of the Ammeln, a group of peasants from the Berber highlands of the Anti-Atlas, in Southern Morocco. This research is based on a variety of ethnographic, demographic and historical sources that make it possible to go back in time and follow the process of formation and transformation of households in this small village community, from pre-colonial times to the present day. As such, it will become clearer that, in Islamic societies, as small and isolated as they may be, elementary family units are inclined to live on their own, and that they choose to do otherwise only because of a given set of forces and constraints preventing them from attaining residential autonomy and benefiting from the resulting freedom.

Keyphrases: Anti-Atlas, Ammeln, Family history, Household, Living arrangements, Atomistic perspective, Morocco
Apport des technologies mobiles à l'amélioration des soins en cancérologie

The impact of cancer care is a major public health issue, mainly because of both its major health and economic impacts. The use of information technologies (IT) is seen as a solution that can contribute to reduce the load associated with cancer. Despite this, there are only few experiments evaluating their use in the cancer care. The purpose of this memoir is to find ways how IT can be used to improve this situation and describe what strategies can help them succeed. To do so, this memoir presents two articles each pursuing a goal related to that global objective. The first article aims to gather existing knowledge on how the use of IT may provide better coordination of cancer care. It presents the results of a literature review that built a typology of six uses in which IT can be used to provide better care coordination. It also offers six recommendations to insure the success of their design and their implementation. The two most important ones are rigorous planning and strong intervention design. The second article reports and analyse the perception of health professionals in relation to the use of mobile technologies in a cancer care setting. It presents data gathered from 10 interviews conducted a the cancer center (France). Their analysis shows that most of them have a positive attitude towards the use of IT in cancer care. It also denotes some of the fears associated with the adverse impacts it may bring. The results highlights the importance of considering organizational issues for the implementation of sucessful interventions. These two studies show that there are many similarities and few differences between the usages and recommendations from the literature and the perceptions of the professionnals working in a specialized cancer care center.

Keyphrases: Information technology, Mobile technology, Cancer care, Care coordination, Case study, Review, Organizational issues, Telehealth
« Good night, sleep tight, don’t let the bed bugs bite» : exploring the mental health fallout of urban bed bug infestation in Montréal, Québec

Background : The peer-reviewed literature currently contains no epidemiologic study examining the relationship between exposure to bed bug (Cimex lectularius) infestation and mental health. The objective of this research study is to explore the relationship between bed bug exposure status and measures of depression, anxiety and sleep disturbance. Methods : This is a cross-sectional study based on a secondary analysis of data from N=91 adult tenants of unfit dwellings who responded to a health questionnaire at the time of medico-environmental interventions led by the Montreal Public Health department between January and June 2010. The health questionnaire included the Brief Patient Health Questionnaire Mood Scale (PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) and items 1-18 of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The relationship between self reported bed bug exposure and level of sleep disturbance as per the PSQI’s 5th subscale, depressive and anxious symptoms according to the PHQ-9 and the GAD-7 respectively, was evaluated using multivariate linear regression analysis. Descriptive data pertaining to self-reported sleep difficulties and social isolation behaviours due to bed bugs in the exposed subset are also presented. Results : The study sample included 38 men and 53 women. Out of the 91 participants, 49 adults reported bed bug exposure and of these, 53.06% (26/49) reported sleep difficulties and 46.94% (23/49) social isolation behaviours, due to exposure. Adults exposed to bed bugs scored significantly higher on the PHQ-9 (p=0.025), the GAD-7(p=0.026) and on the sleep disturbance subscale, PSQI(5) (p=0.003) compared to those unexposed. Conclusions : This first exploratory study highlights a significant association between bed bug exposure status and sleep disturbance as well as anxious and depressive symptoms, delineating individuals exposed as a possible group at risk for mental health problems. These findings support policy-makers’ initiatives to organize coordinated eradication efforts at the city and state levels.

Keyphrases: bed bug, mental health, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance