Rôle de la protéine tyrosine phosphatase DEP-1 dans la régulation du programme
angiogénique induit par le VEGF

Since the discovery of the first protein tyrosine kinase [PTK] in 1980, the importance of these proteins and of tyrosine phosphorylation cascades in the regulation of intracellular signaling events has been well-established. The protein tyrosine phosphatases [PTPs], whose existence was only revealed ten years later, have been regarded for a long time as passive PTKs conteracting enzymes. It is now evident that PTPs activities are specific, exquisitely regulated, and that they have to be coordinated with PTKs activities for an appropriate regulation of intracellular signaling events. Despite these findings, the contribution of PTPs to the regulation of many fundamental physiological processes is not well-characterized. This is the case of angiogenesis, the process whereby new vessels are generated from pre-existing ones. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), one of the most important angiogenic factors, is known to induce its biological effects mainly by activating VEGFR2 (Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2). As angiogenesis is involved in the development of a multitude of pathologies, including tumoral progression, a better characterization of PTPs, which ensure the quality of the angiogenic response by acting together with VEGFR2, is crucial to refine current therapeutic tools. Expression of a PTP called DEP-1 correlates with dephosphorylation of VEGFR2, and contributes to the inhibition of VEGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation at high cell confluence. However, the specific contribution of DEP-1 to the regulation of signaling pathways and biological responses induced by VEGF remained unknown. The research presented in this thesis demonstrates that DEP-1 negatively regulates the tyrosine kinase activity of VEGFR2 by dephosphorylating the specific tyrosine residues Y1054/Y1059 in its activation loop. Consequently, this leads to a global decrease in the phosphorylation of the receptor and to a reduced activation of most of the signaling cascades induced by VEGF, including the mitogenic PLCγ- ERK1/2 pathway. Moreover, despite this negative role, our work reveals for the first time that DEP-1 contributes in a positive way to promote the survival of endothelial cells via the activation of the Src-Gab1-Akt pathway downstream of VEGFR2. This survival function of DEP-1 in endothelial cells is accomplished by the dephosphorylation of the Src inhibitory tyrosine (Y529). During our study, we identified two residues in the carboxy-terminal tail of DEP-1, Y1311 and Y1320, whose phosphorylation is dependent on Src. These two phosphorylated tyrosine residues bind to the SH2 domain of Src, and our work also revealed that mostly Y1320 is required for Src and Akt activation upon VEGF stimulation of endothelial cells. These findings represent a major step forward in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which DEP-1 may regulate the VEGF-dependent angiogenic program. Moreover, the discovery of a positive role for DEP-1 in the survival of endothelial cells could lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches to inhibit this specific function of DEP-1 in order to block pathological angiogenesis.

Keyphrases: angiogenesis, endothelial cells, cell signaling, VEGFR2, Src, Gab1, Akt, VE-cadhérines, VE-cadherin, survival