Molecular mechanisms underlying deficient neurogenesis in Alzheimer’s disease

In the adult brain, neurogenesis continues in the subventricular zone (SVZ) surrounding the lateral ventricles and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus where it plays a critical role in learning, memory, and olfactory function. Within these microenvironments, combinatorial signals control neural stem cell (NSC) self-renewal, proliferation, fate determination and differentiation. Unfortunately, during aging, neurogenesis declines along with many other homeostatic and regenerative capabilities. Furthermore, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients and many AD models show an acceleration of several aging related phenotypes including neurogenesis. We hypothesize that uncovering how neurogenesis is affected during aging and in AD will provide novel targets for prevention of cognitive decline. However, conflicting findings including the age of onset and the mechanisms altering neurogenesis in AD propelled us to perform the two following studies. First, we examined the various steps of neurogenesis and how they change as a result of aging, neuropathology development, and neurogenic niches. We studied neurogenesis in the SVZ, olfactory bulb, and DG of 11- and 18-month-old female mice and simultaneously measured the stages of the two major AD-associated pathologies, amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. We found that, 3xTg-AD mice had fewer proliferating cells, neural progenitors and neuroblasts, resulting in decreased numbers of adult-born cells added to the dentate granule cell layer and the olfactory bulbs. Interestingly, the levels of neurogenesis in 11-month-old 3xTg mice were similar to those in 18-month-old WT mice, indicating an acceleration of aging-related changes in neurogenesis. Interestingly, we found that the deficits in neurogenesis appear at early stages of AD-associated pathologies, before the appearance of the hallmark Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Instead, we found a pronounced accumulation of large lipid droplets, suggestive of significant organizational and metabolic changes (Chapter 2). Second, we examined the mechanisms inhibiting neurogenesis in AD. Studying young 5-month-old mice, we found that deficits in SVZ and DG neurogenesis still correlated with extensive lipid accumulation coinciding with the onset of cognitive decline. Importantly, we found that postmortem AD brains and 3xTg-AD mice accumulate neutral lipids within ependymal cells, the main support cell of the SVZ niche. Using novel mass spectrometry techniques, we identified these lipids as oleic acid-enriched triglycerides. Moreover, analysis of plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and microdissected SVZs showed that these lipids originate from niche-derived rather than peripheral lipid metabolism defects. Remarkably, locally increasing oleic acid in wild-type mice was sufficient to recapitulate the AD-associated ependymal triglyceride phenotype and led to a de-regulation of the Akt-FoxO3 NSC preservation pathway, and inhibition of NSC activation in vitro and in vivo (Chapter 3). Together, this work suggests a novel mechanism of cognitive defects. Specifically, lipid accumulation within SVZ niche cells during early adulthood inhibits the proliferative and regenerative capacity of NSCs in AD.  Future work aimed at understanding how and why brain lipid metabolism is altered in AD could provide therapeutic targets for preventative and regenerative strategies for those suffering from AD.

Keyphrases: Acide gras, Alzheimer’s disease, Aging, Stem cell, Neurogenesis, Subventricular zone, Hippocampus, Dentate gyrus, Lipid, Fatty acid, Oleic acid