Pratiques parentales, fréquentation d'amis déviants et consommation problématique de substances psychoactives à l'adolescence : effets modérateurs des symptômes dépressifs et du sexe

Psychoactive substance use and problem substance use are common phenomena in adolescence. They have generated a sustained interest in Western countries in the past few decades. Research has highlighted the necessity of a model examining the joint effects of peer group and family on these phenomena. Two major theoretical trends have emerged from the literature, namely socialization and selection processes. Moreover, many studies have attempted to explain the observed comorbidity of these phenomena with depressive symptomatology, which is generally associated with a heavier prognostic. However, the nature and direction of this association remain unclear. Clarifying the underlying mechanisms is necessary to guiding prevention and intervention efforts. The first objective of this thesis is to contribute to clarify the nature of the etiology of problem substance use in adolescence. It examines how problem substance use revolves around familial, behavioral and affective factors and with substance using and deviant friend affiliations. To do so, it tests two competitive mediation models. The second objective of this thesis is to clarify the association between these different dimensions and depressive symptomatology by testing the moderator effect of depressive symptoms on the proposed mediation sequence. The third and last objective is to identify the particularities that may exist between boys and girls by testing the moderator effect of gender on the same mediation sequence.  This work was carried out using a cohort from the New Approaches, New Solutions (NANS) longitudinal dataset, which comprises more than 3000 students attending school in mostly disadvantaged areas of Quebec who were followed throughout high school (2003-2007). The analyses carried out in this thesis provide empirical support to the socialization model but not to the selection model when both models are tested separately. However, when tested simultaneously, the structural crosslagged models provide no empirical support to the mediation associations predicted by both models, in favor of stability mediation associations, except for one association suggested by Patterson’s model for boys. Moderation analyses (multigroups) suggest indeed that gender has a moderator effect. Parental behavioral control appears particularly important in the etiology of problematic behaviors in boys, while familial conflicts seem more central for girls. Moderation analyses also suggest a moderator effect of depressive symptoms, but while it was expected that these symptoms would exacerbate the studied associations, none of the associations actually remained significant in the depressive group. This study therefore suggests that depressive symptomatology and problem substance use appear together in a more global profile of risk.  To our knowledge, this thesis is the first to take a specific interest in the moderation effect of depressive symptoms on the associations between the different dimensions under study. The results underscore the importance of an early psychosocial intervention with adolescents at risk and with adolescents struggling with depressive symptoms, while targeting specific aspects for boys and girls.

Keyphrases: Adolescence, Adolescence, Psychoactive substances, Depressive symptoms, Problem substance use, Deviant friend affiliation, Parental practices, Gender differences, Longitudinal design, Moderation, Risk factors