NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Las intervenciones del sujeto traductor en la Gaceta de Caracas (1808-1822)

The Spanish-American colonial press played a significant role in the spread of foreign ideas in the American colonies. This press became the speaker of certain ideologies, which have been strengthened through the translation of news coming mainly from Europe and the United States. Our thesis studies the translator interventions in the Gaceta de Caracas (GdC). Published from 1808 to 1822, this periodical is the most emblematic of the Venezuelan emancipation period. Established to disseminate pro-monarchy news and ideas in the Venezuelan province, the GdC exceeds its primary objectives and witness the political, economic and social changes during the process of independence of the country which, in fourteen years, has successively royalists and republican periods. Like other periodical of the Province, the GdC brings up an important translational activity by the use of foreign sources (periodicals published in Europe, the United States and the Caribbean). Translation in the GdC is part of a political project, and translators do not hesitate to use it to communicate their ideologies. However, the translation serves two distinct projects depending on the political stage of the country: during the royalist period, it seeks to maintain the power of the Spanish monarchy in the colony, while during the patriotic period, it seeks emancipation. Previous studies show that the translator of the GdC employs a strategy of appropriation for political reasons and intervene in the translation process (Bastin, Navarro & Iturriza, 2010; Iturriza, 2011; Navarro, 2008, 2010, 2011). Within the approach of Descriptive Translation Studies - DTS (Toury, 1995), we study the translational editors’ choices. We examine specifically the reasons, the manifestations and the effects of these choices to determine the role of translation in the independence process in Venezuela.

Keyphrases: Venezuela, Gaceta de Caracas, Colonial press, Translation History
Modeling High-Dimensional Audio Sequences with Recurrent Neural Networks

This thesis studies models of high-dimensional sequences based on recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and their application to music and speech. While in principle RNNs can represent the long-term dependencies and complex temporal dynamics present in real-world sequences such as video, audio and natural language, they have not been used to their full potential since their introduction by Rumelhart et al. (1986a) due to the difficulty to train them efficiently by gradient-based optimization. In recent years, the successful application of Hessian-free optimization and other advanced training techniques motivated an increase of their use in many state-of-the-art systems. The work of this thesis is part of this development.   The main idea is to exploit the power of RNNs to learn a probabilistic description of sequences of symbols, i.e. high-level information associated with observed signals, that in turn can be used as a prior to improve the accuracy of information retrieval. For example, by modeling the evolution of note patterns in polyphonic music, chords in a harmonic progression, phones in a spoken utterance, or individual sources in an audio mixture, we can improve significantly the accuracy of polyphonic transcription, chord recognition, speech recognition and audio source separation respectively. The practical application of our models to these tasks is detailed in the last four articles presented in this thesis.   In the first article, we replace the output layer of an RNN with conditional restricted Boltzmann machines to describe much richer multimodal output distributions. In the second article, we review and develop advanced techniques to train RNNs. In the last four articles, we explore various ways to combine our symbolic models with deep networks and non-negative matrix factorization algorithms, namely using products of experts, input/output architectures, and generative frameworks that generalize hidden Markov models. We also propose and analyze efficient inference procedures for those models, such as greedy chronological search, high-dimensional beam search, dynamic programming-like pruned beam search and gradient descent. Finally, we explore issues such as label bias, teacher forcing, temporal smoothing, regularization and pre-training.

Keyphrases: Machine learning, Recurrent neural networks, Music information retrieval, Sequential models, Polyphonic transcription, Speech recognition, Non-negative matrix factorization
Rôle de l’enzyme PAS kinase dans la régulation du facteur de transcription PDX-1 dans la cellule bêta pancréatique

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by an impaired insulin secretion from the pancreas and a peripheral insulin resistance. In pancreatic beta cells, glucose stimulates insulin production by inducing its gene transcription, translation and secretion. Chronic and simultaneous exposure of pancreatic beta cells to elevated glucose concentrations in the presence of fatty acids lead to the deterioration of their function and the development T2D. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this regulation are not completely known. The aim of this thesis is to identify the mechanisms involved in the regulation of insulin gene transcription.    PDX-1 is a major transcription factor that is essential for the development and function of the pancreas. In response to glucose, PDX-1 binds to the insulin gene promoter and triggers its transcription. This is inhibited by the fatty acid palmitate. In the first study, we identified two mechanisms of regulation of insulin gene transcription. An ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2)- and a PASK (Per-Arnt-Sim kinase)-mediated pathways. We also show evidence of a third mechanism that involves inhibition of the expression of the transcription factor MafA by palmitate.  Our data indicate that PASK-mediated regulation of insulin gene transcription is a major pathway. PASK expression is induced by glucose and inhibited palmitate. Its overexpression in MIN6 cells and isolated rat islet mimics the effect of glucose on both insulin gene transcription and PDX-1 expression and it prevents the inhibitory effects of palmitate.   In the second part of this work, we identified a novel role of PASK in the pancreatic beta cell, by which it promotes PDX-1 protein stability, via phosphorylation and inactivation of GSK3 beta (glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta).  Glucose induces PDX-1 nuclear translocation which is required for its binding to the promoter of its target genes. Nuclear exclusion of PDX-1 has been observed in both ex vivo and in vivo models of beta cell dysfunction. Here, we demonstrate the importance of using isolated islets to study endogenous PDX-1 nuclear translocation as this regulation is absent in the insulin secreting cell lines MIN6 and HIT-T15.  This work has led us to identify and better understand the mechanisms of regulation of insulin gene transcription via PDX-1. The molecular targets herein identified, may contribute to the development of new therapeutic approaches T2D treatment.  Keywords : Diabetes, islets of Langerhans, pancreatic beta cells, insulin gene, PDX-1, PASK, GSK3 beta, ERK1/2, PKB, glucose, palmitate.

Keyphrases: Glucose, Palmitate, PDX-1, PASK, GSK3b, ERK1/2, PKB, Diabetes, Glucose, Palmitate, Pancreatic beta cell, Islet of Langerhans
Caractérisation de la voie de signalisation du récepteur des minéralocorticoïdes dans le rein foetal suite à une restriction de croissance intrautérine

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) contributes to the development of diseases in adulthood, of which some are influenced by sex. Our laboratory has developed an IUGR model in the rat by administering a low-sodium diet during the last third of gestation which leads to a reduced volume expansion and uteroplacental perfusion. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone concentration are increased in IUGR dams and foetuses. Previously, our laboratory has shown that gene and protein expression of Na+-K+-ATPase-α1 was increased solely in female IUGR kidneys. Therefore, we hypothesize that the reduced maternal volume will result in an increase and differential expression, influenced by foetal sex, of elements from the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) pathway. Gene expression is determined by qRT-PCR and for protein, Western blotting is performed. Although results show that gene expression of SGK1, α-ENaC and GILZ is increased in IUGR foetal kidneys, protein expression for SGK1, pSGK1 (Thr256), and α-ENaC is similar to controls. GILZ protein is not detected. For CNKSR3, no difference in mRNA or protein expression is observed between the groups. Gene expression of MR is unchanged, while its protein expression is decreased in IUGR foetuses. In conclusion, the increase in plasma aldosterone in IUGR foetuses stimulates gene transcription of several components of the sodium reabsorption pathway without affecting protein expression. These results suggest that there may be post-transcriptional regulation or a higher protein turnover. Despite the importance of biological sex in the development of disease, it did not affect the expression of elements from the sodium reabsorption pathway in the foetus. It would be important to verify this same pathway in animals of different ages to correlate gene and protein expression with the appearance of diseases.

Keyphrases: Programmation foetale, Foetal programming, Developmental plasticity, Aldosterone, Low-sodium diet, Sodium channel
A study of the polycomb group complexes in the maintenance of heterochromatic genome stability and Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive and irreversible decline in cognitive functions and thinking skills. There are two types of AD: early-onset or familial AD (EOAD) that accounts for 5% of cases and is linked to mutations affecting the amyloid metabolism and late-onset or sporadic AD (LOAD), which accounts for 95% of cases, however the etiology of this type remains poorly delineated with ageing presenting the main risk factor. Epigenetic changes involving histone modifications play a critical role in ageing and age- related neurodegenerative diseases. Recent evidence describing LOAD as an epigenetic disorder has accrued, associating this disorder to global genomic instability.  Polycomb group proteins are epigenetic modifiers initiating chromatin remodeling and gene repression at facultative heterochromatin. We report that mice heterozygous for a polycomb protein develop with advancing age a neurological disorder resembling LOAD characterized by impaired memory behaviour, tau phosphorylation, amyloid accumulation, and synaptic dysfunction. Interestingly, this phenotype was preceded by neuronal heterochromatin decondensation and activation of DNA damage response. Concomitantly, polycomb deficiency, de-compaction of neuronal heterochromatin, and accumulation of DNA damage machinery were also characteristic of LOAD brains. Remarkably, DNA damage was not randomly distributed on the genome but enriched at heterochromatin. The findings presented in this thesis identified specific epigenetic modifications that lead to aberrant genomic instability in LOAD and will aid in the development of novel therapeutics, which may potentially slow neurodegeneration.

Keyphrases: Polycomb, Late-Onset Alzheimer's disease, genomic instability, heterochromatin
Analyse de la structure logique des inférences légales et modélisation du discours juridique

The present thesis develops formal tools relevant to the analysis of legal discourse. When applied to legal reasoning, logic can be used to model the structure of legal inferences and, as such, it provides a criterion to discriminate between good and bad reasonings. But using logic to model normative reasoning comes with some problems, as shown by the various paradoxes one finds within the literature. From a historical point of view, these paradoxes lead to the introduction of different approaches, such as the ones that emphasize the notion of action and those that try to model conditional normative reasoning. In the first part of this thesis, we provide a review of the literature, which is complementary to the one we did in Peterson (2011). The second part of the thesis concerns our theoretical contribution. First, we propose a monadic deontic logic as an alternative to the standard system, answering many objections that can be made against it. This system is then adapted to model unconditional normative inferences and test their validity. Second, we propose to look at deontic logic from the proof-theoretical perspective of category theory. We begin by proposing a categorical analysis of action logics and then we show that many problems that arise when trying to model conditional normative reasoning come from the structural properties of the logic we use. As such, we show that modeling normative reasoning within the framework of monoidal categories enables us to answer many objections in favour of dyadic and non-monotonic foundations for deontic logic. Finally, we propose a proper typed deontic system to model legal inferences.

Keyphrases: Action, Deontic logic, Categorical logic, Deductive system, Modal logic, Linear logic, Non-monotonic logic, Action logic, Algebra, Category theory, Monoidal category
Traitement des mélanges par le système trigéminal

The trigeminal system – along with smell and taste – is a chemical sense that allows the perception of chemosensory information in our environment. However, contrary to smell and taste, we lack knowledge of the trigeminal processing of mixtures. We therefore investigated trigeminal perception using mixtures of three relatively receptor specific agonists (eucalyptol, TRPM8 agonist; cinnamaldehyde, TRPA1 agonist and camphor, TRPV1 agonist) together with one control odor (phenyl ethyl alcohol or PEA) in different proportions to determine basic dimensions of trigeminal perception. Four main dimensions were proven relevant to trigeminal perception: intensity, warmth sensation, cold sensation and pain sensation. Subsequently, we used these dimensions to investigate perception of mixtures and combinations of trigeminal stimuli using different concentrations of a cooling stimulus (eucalyptol) with a stimulus which evokes warmth perception (cinnamaldehyde). Results showed mixtures generally yielded higher ratings than combinations on the trigeminal dimensions “intensity”, “warm” and “painful” whereas combinations yielded higher ratings than mixtures on the trigeminal dimension “cold”.  These results suggest dimension specific interactions in the perception of trigeminal mixtures. For the mixtures we used, we reach the conclusion of additivity for the dimensions “intensity”, “warm” and “painful”; we observed suppression of the cold perception of both stimuli in mixtures suggesting particular interactions which may take place on peripheral or central levels.

Keyphrases: Trigeminal system, Binary mixtures, Smell, Chemosensory perception
Le leadership authentique : validation d’une mesure et étude de ses effets sur le climat de travail et le bien-être des personnes

Occupational health has been recognized as an important long-term element of global economic development. However, statistical projections suggest dawn concerns on two levels: workers are aging and psychological well-being is deteriorating. To overcome its problems, strong leaders are sought for growing climate of trust as well as the well-being of their employees. This thesis aims to study authentic leadership as a contributor to the work climate and well-being of employees. To this end, two studies were performed. The first study aimed to translate and validate the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire in French. Confirmatory factor analyzes were performed on two samples of Quebec workers (N = 365, N = 859). The results obtained with a shortened version of the instrument show that a second-order structure with four associated factors provides the best fit to the data. The validity of the measure was further supported with authentic leadership correlates. The results revealed that leader’s personal level of authenticity was positively related to the exercise of an authentic leadership, as well as with the leader’s psychological well-being. Furthermore, the expected links between authentic leadership and followers’ well-being, trust and interpersonal justice were supported. No support was found for the link between auto-reveled authentic leadership by the leader and his/her psychological well-being. The second study investigated a mediation model where authentic leadership has been purported to influence psychological well-being through its impact on work climate. Using a sample of 406 nurses, a time-lagged study design was employed to determine the mediational role of work climate in explaining the impact of authentic leadership. A mediation analysis with the use of a bootstrapping technique revealed that work climate mediated the relationship between authentic leadership and psychological well-being at work. These findings indicate that authentic leadership impacts the work climate in a positive manner; thereby, increasing levels of psychological well-being at work. Finally, in conclusion of this thesis endeavour, results are commented, contributions are presented, practical implications are suggested, limits are outlined, and future research are proposed.

Keyphrases: Climat, Authentic leadership, Climate, Well-being, Mediation, Scale
Les limites du langage ou la critique du langage comme thérapie dans la philosophie de Ludwig Wittgenstein

I propose to analyze the question of the limits of language. My intent is to examine the place and role of what is account to be unsayable in Wittgenstein's philosophy. This notion presupposes a criterion to grasp the limits of language. In the Tractatus, the criterion is given by the logical structure of the proposition. However, after he rejects this agreement of the logical form between language and reality, suggested by the pictorial theory, what’s taken to be unsayable does not seem to show up in the later writings after the Tractatus. At least with the notion of “language games”, the criterion to grasp the limits of language is no longer as clearly defined and the rules that determine the legitimate uses of language are not as strict. Finally, designing meaning as "use", the nature of language is seen as the result of a form of life, and from a pragmatic perspective, but under a minimalist position, a deflationary conception of truth can be established, avoiding the reification of superlative facts associated with the reality of what is unsayable. Therefore, the ineffable truth would no longer be associated with a mystical attitude toward reality, and Wittgenstein’s quietism, inspired by the therapeutic nihilism, remains the best avenue to neutralize the metaphysical discourse.

Keyphrases: Wittgenstein, philosophy, Wittgenstein, language, grammar, meaning, limits, sense, ethics
Affectation de composantes basée sur des contraintes énergétiques dans une
architecture multiprocesseurs en trois dimensions

Lithography and Moore’s law have led to extraordinary advances in integrated circuits manufacturing. Nowadays, many complex systems can be embedded on the same chip. Development constraints of these systems are so significant that a good planning from the beginning of the development stage is essential. Thus, the planning of energy management at the beginning of the development cycle has become important in the design of these systems. For several years, the idea was to reduce energy consumption by adding a cooling system once the circuit is created, a heat sink for example. The current strategy is to integrate energy constraints in the early stages of circuits design. It is therefore important to know the energy dissipation before the integration of the components in the architecture of a multiprocessor system so that each component can work within the limits of its thermal stresses. When a component is running, it consumes electric energy which is converted into heat. The aim of this thesis is to find an efficient assignment of components in a multiprocessor system architecture in three dimensions, taking into account the limits of its thermal factors.

Keyphrases: Operations research, Quadratic assignment, Taboo search, Architecture of multiprocessors, Heat dissipation, Assignment of elements, Choosing bus
Fin de vie active des travailleurs canadiens : une analyse des départs d’emploi de carrière et des emplois de transition selon l’industrie, 1993-2010

With the Baby-boom generation entering upon a retirement wave, the Canadian labour force will ineluctably go through a transition period. Those departures will leave a vacuum that will force many industries to readjust in order to avoid heavy turbulences. The impact of the retirement wave will not have the same impact for each of the industries. Using longitudinal data from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics for years 1993 to 2010, this study analyzes trends over time and across industries regarding workers leaving a career job. A particular attention will also be paid to bridge jobs by industry, in order to determine if this type of work may lessen the effects of the loss of many career jobs. The results show that workers are increasingly leaving career jobs during the period under review and that considerable variations exist between workers of various industries. The industry of Professional, Scientific and Technical Services shows the smallest proportion of workers that have left a career job (26%). Conversely, the highest probability of leaving a career job was recorded among workers of the Accommodation and Food Services industry (47%). Regarding bridge jobs, workers coming from the Construction industry have the greatest propensity to start such a type of work after leaving a career job. If some industries stand out from all the others, this is largely attributable to the distinct behaviour of the eldest workers (55 to 64 years old).

Keyphrases: Industrie, Canada, Retirement, Industry, Career jobs, Bridge jobs, Older workers, Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID)