Modulation of T cell receptor signals during thymic selection

Conventional ɑβ T cells express antigen receptors that can recognize and respond to a wide range of foreign pathogens. In parallel, critical mechanisms are in place to prevent T cells from reacting to self-antigens causing autoimmunity. To ensure the generation of a functional, diverse yet self-tolerant T cell pool, appropriate ɑβ T cell receptors (TCR) are selected in the thymus based on the quality and quantity of their interactions with self-peptides presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on thymic antigen presenting cells (APC). In neonates, cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms influence TCR and self-peptide-MHC interactions resulting in a T cell pool that exhibits distinct functions as compared to their adult counterparts. Similarly, non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, which contain autoreactive T cells that attack insulin-producing pancreatic β cells, carry genetic polymorphisms that can influence thymic selection. Therefore, we hypothesized that cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors modulate thymic selection throughout life and may ultimately contribute to the function and dysfunction of effector T cells.  The overall perceived strength of TCR signaling during T cell development can be measured by several molecules, including CD5. We found that, in both mice and humans, the neonatal T cell pool is composed of T cells with higher CD5 levels than their adult counterparts. The increased CD5 levels are not due to defects in central tolerance. Instead, we demonstrated that thymic selection is altered in neonates. Thymocytes expressing a TCR with low affinity to self-antigen that develop in adults are not efficiently selected into the neonatal T cell pool. This shift in thymic selection thresholds skews the basal self-reactivity of the neonatal T cell repertoire and may explain, in part, differences in the neonatal versus adult response to infections.   By comparing CD5 levels on thymocytes and peripheral T cells from diabetes-prone NOD mice with those from autoimmune-resistant C57BL/6 (B6) mice, we found that T cell populations in NOD mice do not necessarily perceive stronger TCR signals when interacting with self-antigens. Rather, NOD mice allow the differentiation of more CD4+ T cells and thymic Tregs with lower CD5 levels. This phenotype is strongly dependent on the NOD MHC locus. In contrast, CD5 levels on peripheral NOD CD8+ T cells are higher than those in the B6 mice that is likely due to a cell-intrinsic survival bias. These differences in CD5 levels in the NOD T cell pool have direct functional consequences and may contribute to the development or progression of autoimmune diabetes.   Lastly, we investigated whether thymic selection is modulated by the co-signaling molecule, inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS). ICOS belongs to the CD28 family of co-signaling molecules and binds to the ICOS ligand (ICOSL). While other co-signaling molecules have been implicated in central tolerance, the role played by ICOS is unclear. We demonstrated that ICOSL is expressed by an array of thymic APCs important for central tolerance induction, and that ICOS is upregulated during thymic selection relative to the strength of TCR signaling the thymocytes perceive. We also provide, for the first time, evidence that the ICOS-ICOSL pathway may fine-tune negative selection.   In conclusion, the results presented in this thesis demonstrate that thymic selection appears to be altered within the context of ontogeny and autoimmune diabetes, leading to the development of T cells with relatively higher or lower basal self-reactivity as compared to healthy adult animals. These modulations may have significant consequences on immune function and require careful consideration for future vaccination and therapeutic approaches within these populations.

Keyphrases: NOD, CD5, ICOS, Thymic selection, Neonates, Type 1 Diabetes, Positive Selection, Negative Selection, Central Tolerance