Implication de MEK1 et MEK2 dans l'initiation et la progression du cancer colorectal

The Ras-dependent Raf/MEK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway is frequently hyperactivated in human cancer as a result of receptor tyrosine kinase overexpression or gain-of-function mutations in RAS or RAF genes. More specificaly, activating mutation in RAS genes are found in ~ 30-50% of colorectal adenomas and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 is frequently observed in human colorectal cancer cells and tumor specimens. In a large TMA analysis, we found that MEK1/MEK2 are aberrantly activated in 44% of human colorectal cancers. In addition, our analysis revealed that 79% of colorectal cancers exhibit aberrant phospho-MEK1/2 staining in the nucleus, as compared to 4% of normal tissue. How dysregulation and mislocalization of MEK1/2 contribute to tumor initiation and progression is not well understood.   In order to determine the exact contribution of MEK1 and MEK2 to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer, wild type and constitutively active forms of MEK1 and MEK2 were ectopically expressed by retroviral gene transfer in the normal intestinal epithelial cell line IEC-6. We found that the expression of activated MEK1 or MEK2 is sufficient to morphologically transform intestinal epithelial cells, dysregulate cell proliferation and induce the formation of high-grade adenocarcinomas after orthotopic transplantation in mice. A large proportion of these intestinal tumors metastasize to the liver and lung. Importantly, we show that silencing of MEK2 expression completely suppresses the proliferation of human colon carcinoma cell lines, whereas inactivation of MEK1 has a much weaker effect.   In a second project, we have investigated the impact of the nuclear mislocalization of phosphorylated MEK1/2 observed in colorectal tumors. We show that oncogenic activation of Ras is sufficient to induce the nuclear accumulation of phosphorylated MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 in intestinal epithelial cells. To evaluate the biological impact of the mislocalization of MEK1/2, we have forced the localization of MEK1 in the nucleus of epithelial cells. We found that sustained nuclear MEK1 signaling leads to hyperactivation of ERK1/2 and to enhanced cell proliferation. Nuclear localization of MEK1 also leads to tetraploidization, chromosomal instability (CIN) and tumorigenesis. Importantly, we show that oncogenic Ras downregulates the spatial regulator Sef, concomitant to nuclear accumulation of activated MEK1/2. Moreover, re-expression of Sef is sufficient to restore the normal localization of MEK1/2 and to revert the cell cycle defects and tumorigenesis induced by oncogenic Ras.    Another project was initiated to characterize the tetraploidy and CIN observed upon hyperactivation of the Ras-ERK1/2 pathway. Aneuploidy and CIN are observed in the majority of colorectal cancers and are associated with a poorer prognosis. We show that hyperactivation of ERK1/2 by oncogenic Ras or sustained nuclear MEK-ERK1/2 signaling induces mitotic defects that lead to tetraploidy, aneuploidy and CIN. We also found that dysregulation of Ras-ERK1/2 signaling alters the expression and localization of Aurora A and the Chromosomal passenger complex proteins.    In conclusion, we show for the first time that the MEK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway is implicated in aneuploidy and CIN. Our results suggest that sustained nuclear ERK1/2 signaling may contribute to the initiation and progression of colorectal cancer by rapidly inducing aneuploidy and CIN. We suggest that loss of Sef is an early oncogenic event that contributes to genetic instability and tumor progression by sustaining nuclear ERK1/2 signaling. These observations are significant and highlight the importance of the Ras-ERK1/2 signaling pathway in colorectal tumorigenesis.

Keyphrases: Signaling pathway, Oncogenic RAS, MEK1/2, MEK1/2, ERK1/2, ERK1/2, Cancer colorectal, Colorectal cancer, Tumorigenesis, Aneuploidy, Chromosomal instability, MEK1/2 inhhibitor