Towards higher predictability in enzyme engineering : investigation of protein epistasis in dynamic ß-lactamases and Cal-A lipase

Enzyme engineering is a tool with great utility in the biotechnological industry. It allows to tailor enzymes to a specific activity or reaction condition. In addition, it can allow to decipher key elements that facilitated their modification. While enzyme engineering is extensively practised, it still entails several bottlenecks. Some of these bottlenecks are technical such as the development of methodologies for creating targeted mutational libraries or performing high-throughput screening and some are conceptual such as deciphering the key relevant features in a target protein for a successful engineering project. Among these challenges, intragenic epistasis, or the non-additivity of the phenotypic effects of mutations, is a feature that greatly hinders predictability. Improving enzyme engineering needs a multidisciplinary approach that includes gaining a better understanding of structure-function-evolution relations.   This thesis seeks to contribute in the advancement of enzyme engineering by investigating two model systems. First, dynamic variants of TEM-1 ß-lactamase were chosen to investigate the link between protein dynamics and evolution. TEM-1 ß-lactamase has been extensively characterized in the literature, which has translated into extensive knowledge on its reaction mechanism, structural features and evolution. The variants of TEM-1 ß-lactamase used as model system in this thesis had been extensively characterized, showing increased dynamics at the timescale relevant to catalysis (µs to ms) but maintaining substrate recognition. In this thesis, in vitro evolution of these dynamic variants was done by iterative rounds of random mutagenesis and selection to allow an unbiased exploration of the fitness landscape. We demonstrate that the presence of these particular motions at the outset of evolution allowed access to known mutational pathways.  In addition, known epistatic interactions were introduced in the dynamic variants. Their in silico and kinetic characterization revealed that the additional motions on the timescale of catalysis allowed access to conformations leading to enhanced function, as in native TEM-1. Overall, we demonstrate that the evolution of TEM-1 b-lactamase toward new function is compatible with diverse motions at the µs to ms timescale. Whether this can be translated to other enzymes with biotechnological potential remains to be explored.  Secondly, the industrially relevant Cal-A lipase was chosen to identify features that could facilitate its engineering. Cal-A lipase presents characteristics such as substrate versatility and high thermal stability and reactivity that make it attractive for modification of triglycerides or synthesis of relevant molecules in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Contrary to TEM-1, most in vitro evolution studies of Cal-A lipase have been done towards an industrially-specified goal, with limited exploration of mutational space. As a result, features that define function in Cal-A lipase remain elusive. In this thesis, we report on focused mutagenesis of Cal-A lipase, confirming the existence of a key region for substrate recognition. This was done by combining a novel library creation methodology based on Golden-gate assembly with script-based structural visualization to identify and map the selected mutations into the 3D structure. The characterization and deconvolution of two of the fittest revealed the existence of epistasis in the evolution of Cal-A lipase towards new function. Overall, we demonstrate that mapping a variety of properties following mutagenesis targeted to specific regions can greatly improve knowledge of an enzyme that can be applied to improve the efficiency of directed engineering.

Keyphrases: TEM-1 ß-lactamase, Cal-A lipase, Enzyme engineering, Protein evolution, Intragenic epistasis, In vitro activity assays, Enzyme kinetics, In vivo activity assays, Flexible protein docking, Protein dynamics