NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Gestionnaire de vie privée : un cadre pour la protection de la vie privée dans les interactions entre apprenants

The emergence of social tools and their integration in learning contexts has fostered interactions and collaboration among learners. The consideration of social interaction has several advantages for learners, mainly establishing new connections, sharing personal experiences and receiving assistance which may improve learning. However, the amount of personal information that learners disclose in these interactions, raise several privacy risks such as identity theft and cyberbullying which may lead to serious consequences. Despite the raised concerns, privacy as a human fundamental right is hardly recognized in today’s social context. Indeed, the conceptualization of privacy as a set of sensitive data to protect from external intrusions is no longer effective in the new social context where the risks come essentially from the self-disclosing behaviors of the learners themselves. With that in mind, the main challenge for social learning environments is to promote social interactions between learners while preserving their privacy. To the best of our knowledge, innovations in social learning environments have only focused on the integration of new social tools, without any consideration of privacy as a necessary factor to establish a favorable learning environment. In fact, integrating social interactions to maintain learners’ engagement and motivation is as necessary as preserving privacy in order to promote learning. Therefore, we propose, in this research, a privacy framework, that we called privacy manager, aiming to preserve the learners’ privacy during their interactions. Considering social interaction as a strategy to seek and request peers’ help in informal learning contexts, we analyze learners’ interaction as a cognitive activity involving contextual, social and emotional factors. Hence, our main goal is to consider all these factors in order to find a tradeoff between the advantages of interaction, mainly seeking peer feedback, and its disadvantages, particularly data disclosure and privacy risks. This was done on three levels: the first level is to help learners interact with appropriate peers, considering their learning competency and their trustworthiness. The second level of protection is to quantify potential disclosure risks and decide about data disclosure. The third level of protection is to analyze learners’ interactions in order to detect and discard any personal data disclosure using machine learning techniques and semantic analysis.

Keyphrases: Informal learning, privacy, personal data protection, data disclosure
Réaction d’amination intramoléculaire de liens C-H à partir de N-mésyloxycarbamates catalysée par des complexes de rhodium et d’autres métaux de transition : s
ynthèse verte d’oxazolidinones

C-H amination reactions, i.e. the direct transformation of a C-H bond into a C-N bond, represents a very promising synthetic approach to prepare nitrogen-containing compounds. The strategy, when applied to intramolecular transformations, represents a powerful method for the preparation of heterocycles. In particular, oxazolidinones (5-membered carbamate heterocycles), which are a novel class of promising antimicrobials, could be easily accessed using C-H amination. Nearly a decade ago, our research group developed methods for metal nitrene-mediated C-H aminations, for both intra- and intermolecular transformations. N-Tosyloxycarbamates, in the presence of a tetracarboxylate rhodium (II) dimer catalyst and a base, were found to be good precursors to metal nitrenes; the latter being able to perform C(sp3)-H insertions. In the present thesis, we have worked on developing a “greener” method for C-H amination reactions. N-Mesyloxycarbamates, lighter than their N-tosyloxycarbamate homologues, were identified as nitrene precursors. The methodology requires only 3 mol % of rhodium dimer Rh2(tpa)4 and 1.5 equivalents of an aqueous saturated solution of K2CO3, in AcOEt and provides the cyclized product in good yields. The scope of the reaction was investigated, illustrating the tolerance and limitations of the catalytic system: heteroatoms are not a problem except for nucleophilic nitrogens, which should be protected, in order to allow for efficient transformation. We observed that secondary C-H bonds were less reactive than tertiary ones. After attempting to develop specific conditions for non-activated bonds, we showed that propargylic C-H bonds can be chemoselectively aminated; and the C-C triple bond can easily be further derivatized, allowing for structural diversification. With regards to replacing rhodium complexes by complexes of other metals, which are more abundant and cheaper, we focused first on iron complexes and then on nickel pincer complexes. Iron phthalocyanin complexes are viable catalysts for the intramolecular C-H amination using N-mesyloxycarbamates. Iron (III) phthalocyanin chloride, along with AgBF4 salt and K2CO3, in anhydrous 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, allows the formation of phenyloxazolidin-2-one in 63% yield. Likewise, the same product can be generated in 49% yield, when a POCN nickel pincer is used as a catalyst, along with a sodium mesylate salt and a base, in anhydrous DCM. Some mechanistic clues could be collected while studying the catalytic systems.

Keyphrases: Oxazolidinones, C-H Amination, N-Mesyloxycarbamates, Rhodium dimers, Iron phtalocyanin, Nickel pincers
Vaccin RRO et autisme : la désinformation à l'œuvre

The goal of this article is to provide an up-to-date summary of the controversy that was created by Wakefield and his colleagues around the possibility that the MMR vaccine is a possible trigger of a form of autism. After a presentation of the research of Wakefield et al., the authors show that research in several different countries indicates that there is no foundation to the hypothesis that there is a link between the MMR vaccine and autism. The results are presented through a discussion of three themes: the nature of the recent increase in autism cases, the methodology used to verify the hypothesis that there is a link between the MMR vaccine and autism, and the ethical issues that surround such a controversy.

Keyphrases: autism, RRO vaccine, ethic
Les variations spatiales du comportement policier: l'exemple de la Sûreté du Québec

In order to explain spatial variations in crime, some theories were proposed, such as social disorganisation (Shaw & McKay, 1969) and rational choice (Clarke & Cornish, 1985), taking into account the possible influence of the environment. It also appears that the reaction to crime, personified par the police, vary into space. The first ecological theory of police behavior is the one from Klinger (1997), where police vigor is inversely proportional to police workload, deviance and social disorganisation. Results from later studies are more or less consistent with the theory. The objective of this study is to make a spatial analysis of police behavior of the Sûreté du Québec. The results suggest that police vigor is positively associated with police workload and some variables of social disorganisation. Associations with deviance are varied. These results contrast with Klinger’s theory. In his theory, Klinger considers the overall environment of the police officer. However, the officer bases his decisions in regard of his immediate surroundings, for example the suspect or the victim. An ecological theory of police behavior should take into account not only the overall environment of the officer, but also its immediate surroundings.

Keyphrases: Police, Rural, Police behavior, Police, Environment, Ecology, Vigor, Rural policing
Pour le maintien de la mémoire sociétale : la pertinence de l’évaluation à l’ère du numérique

In the past, while archives belonged to an environment almost exclusively paper, the relevance of archival appraisal has often been questioned. The advent of digital technology has led to further criticism of the relevance of appraisal, as it also provided archivists with new arguments in its defense. This work is a response to the question "Why appraise when it is easier to keep everything?". It presents the arguments refuting and defending archival appraisal in general, and those refuting and defending appraisal’s relevance in the digital environment. Finally, it explains how archival appraisal in the digital age has become even more essential than it was in the analog environment. It also explains why the absence of the appraisal of archives may prove disastrous for long-term retention of social memory.

Keyphrases: Digital archives, Digital records, Digital age, Conservation, Archival appraisal, Societal memory, Documentary heritage, Digital heritage, Relevance of archival appraisal, Infobesity, Right to be forgotten
Perspective maternelle de la consultation anténatale pour travail préterme : une approche relationnelle

Women at risk of preterm labour experience a highly stressful situation for which they are often hospitalised to receive the medical care required to delay their baby’s birth or to improve his outcome. Professional medical associations have published guidelines encouraging consultations with a neonatologist in these contexts. These emphasize informing parents about prematurity’s potential complications and outcomes. However, they are based on expert medical opinions, and little is known about parents’ perspectives of the antenatal consultation for preterm labour. This thesis proposes to elaborate a clinical model of a physician-patient relationship, grounded in mothers’ experiences and expectations from the antenatal consultation for preterm labour. In order to offer a comprehensive analysis of this clinical and ethical issue, both empirical data and a normative feminist bioethical framework were used. An empirical quantitative research project was first conducted to explore women’s experiences and their expectations regarding the antenatal consultation. Participants hoped to receive more than information from the antenatal consultation for preterm labour. Indeed, they hoped the neonatologist would strive to understand their unique and distinctive situations. They wanted the physician to develop trusting relationships, in which they would be enabled to ask questions important to them and in which many topics could be discussed – such as their roles as mothers of a premature baby. A feminist theory of relational autonomy was then used to examine this data. An approach to care responsive to women’s experiences is suggested, which considers not only their individual needs, but which is also critical of the many power imbalances inherent to the clinical setting that influence patients’ health and autonomy. This approach emphasizes the importance of relationships in the physician-patient encounter; it offers a striking contrast to consultation models that endorse a minimal conception of patient autonomy, in which the simple transfer of medical knowledge and data is believed to uphold the legal doctrine of informed consent. This relational model suggests practical and tangible means for physicians to engage in relationships with their patients and to consider the influence they have on their patients’ relational autonomy.

Keyphrases: Neonatology, Prematurity, Clinical ethics, Feminist bioethics, Autonomy, Relational autonomy, Shared decision-making, Informed consent, Physician-patient relationship
Trouble du spectre de l’autisme : Une agentivité morale objective, rigoriste et émotionnelle

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) refers to a set of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by deficits in social communication and social interactions, as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests and activities (1). Social interaction deficits notably include difficulties in empathic processes, often considered as affecting moral abilities in people suffering from ASD. Several studies in psychology and neuroscience have attempted to detect disturbed empathic processes that cause alterations in their understanding of morality (2-4). Social problems in autistic people are manifested by difficulties in their affective lives concerning their own emotional states (5-9). In this paper, I suggest that moral particularities of people with autism are a consequence of their particularities in emotional access, namely the way they relate to their own emotions, and not a consequence of empathic deficits. I will show that these particularities do not prevent them from belonging to the moral community. People with autism can indeed be rigorous moral agents, that is to say, they display a tendency to moral intransigence and inflexibility. These characteristics will be explained. In light of dual process theories, I will show how socio-emotional and moral particularities are underpinned by an overuse of type 2 processes, namely an overuse of deliberate and rule-based cognitive reasoning, instead of type 1 automatic processes. The main purpose of this study is to highlight the particularities that allow people with autism to be moral agents who, although inflexible, are nonetheless emotionally committed in moral situations.

Keyphrases: ASD, Autism, Morality, Emotional access, Emotions
Retombées du cirque social (Cirque du Soleil) en contexte de réadaptation 
sur la participation sociale de jeunes adultes avec déficiences physiques
en transition vers la vie active : étude qualitative

Introduction: Youth with physical disabilities transitioning to adulthood have great difficulties achieving an optimal social participation. This study explores the impact of a social circus program as a new physical rehabilitation approach on the their perceived social participation level of these young adults based on their experience and on their parent’s perspective. Method: Exploratory phenomenological qualitative design. Nine youth with physical disabilities, aged 18 to 25 years were exposed to the program over nine months. Main outcomes: perception of their social participation level documented through pre, mid-term and post semi-structured interviews held with the young adults and one of their parents. Pre-tested interview guide anchored in the Human Development Model-Disability Creation Process-2 (HDM-DCP2) was used. Interview audio content was transcribed, verbatim analysed with Nvivo 9 software through a validated process (reverse-coding) and coding grid (co-coding). Results: Fifty-four interviews were analyzed. The average age of the youth was 20.0 ± 1.4 years; parents’ mean age was 51.0 ± 3.6 years old. According to all, the youths’ social participation was optimized. The impact has been stronger for the communication, mobility, interpersonal relationships, responsibility and community life categories. The social circus program was reported as strengthening their self-perception and social skills that led to a greater self-determination and self-efficacy. Conclusion: This study supports the potential of a social circus program as a new approach in adult physical rehabilitation for this transitioning population. Future research using mixedmethods design study and standardized outcome measures are needed to ensure greater credibility, sustainability, and knowledge transfer of this innovative approach in rehabilitation towards new populations.

Keyphrases: Participation, Circus, Art therapy, Participation, Young people, Physically disabled, Transition childhood to adulthood
Modélisation de l’activité électrique des oreillettes avant et après ablation par cathéter

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common form of arrhythmia in humans. The mechanisms governing the initiation and manifestations of that disease are complex, dynamic in nature, including interactions across multiple spatial and temporal scales in the atria. This often leads to unpredictable manifestations and phenomena that arise at the level of the organ, and are reflected across the entire torso. To remedy that problem, catheter ablation can be carried out, which consists in creating linear lesions which block and force the electrical propagation in the atrial tissue. Sometimes these lines reconnect after the procedure, which leads to atrial fibrillation recurrence, thus requiring a new intervention. The purpose of this work is to model the monitoring of the postoperative P wave to detect non-invasively the reconnection of ablation lines and to predict atrial fibrillation recurrences. Using a mathematical model of the atria and thorax, the P waves are simulated before and after ablation, as well as after reconnection of some ablation lines. The results show that the morphology and the characteristics of the P wave as well as the activation map are significantly affected by the ablation lines and the subsequent reconnections. These differences are more easily detected when reconnections arise on the left inferior pulmonary vein. The changes are most important in electrodes placed in certain areas of the torso, notably in the back. These new data are helping to plan a clinical study to validate the approach.

Keyphrases: Atrial fibrillation, Mathematical modeling, Catheter ablation, Ablation lines reconnection, P wave, Electrocardiogram
L'étude in vivo de l'impact de la pression pulsée sur les capillaires cérébraux de souris

Many decades of research have given us a better understanding of the effects of atherosclerosis on different organs.  For example, works on the cardiovascular effects of atherosclerosis have improved the prevention, screening and treatment resulting in a better prognosis.  The effects of atherosclerosis on cerebral vessels are misunderstood even if the link between brain function and cerebral perfusion is well known. With the improvements in brain imaging, there are more possibilities to better define the physiopathology of brain perfusion and the impact of disease on cerebral microvasculature.  First, this work reviews the theory behind the development of two-photon laser microscopy (TPLM) and the measure of hemodynamics in small vessels such as cerebral capillaries in mice.  We also describe how we measured cerebral hemodynamics in anesthetized mice: red blood cell speed, red blood cell flux, blood hematocrit, and vessel diameter.  We compared results obtained between normal mice (WT ; n=6) and pathological mice (ATX ; n=6), all aged 3 months old.  ATX mice are well recognized to develop early atherosclerosis and served as a model for high pulse pressure.  We measured 209 cerebral capillaries (103 on WT mice and 106 on ATX mice).  ATX mice tend to show a trend toward a higher red blood cell speed (+40%), higher red blood cell flux (+12%) and higher capillary flux (+14%) in ATX mice.  Mean hematocrit (35±4% vs 33±2% ; p=0.71) and mean vessel diameter (4.88±0.22μm vs 4.86±0.20μm ; p=0.23)  were not statistically different between both groups. Red blood cell speed showed a weak correlation with vessel diameter (r=0.39) and red blood cell flux (r=0.59).  In conclusion, the TPLM should permit a better understanding of the effect of vascular disease in cerebral hemodynamics.  However, the effect of high pulse pressure on cerebral microvasculature needs to be better defined.

Keyphrases: Microscopie laser 2-photons, Cerebral hemodyamics, Two-photon laser microscopy, Cerebral pulse pressure, Red blood cell velocity
Effet des acides gras polyinsaturés EPA et DHA dans un modèle d’infarctus du myocarde

Several studies show that fatty acids (FA) Omega-3 are beneficial for cardiovascular health. A previous study in our laboratory has shown that omega-3 intake AG reduced the size of the myocardial infarction. However the question remains whether the two main omega-3 long chain eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are also effective in reducing infarct size. The purpose of this project is to determine the mechanisms by which one or other of the FA Omega-3 act to protect the myocardium. For this purpose, Sprague-Dawley adult male rats were fed for 14 days with diets comprising one of: 1- Any FA omega-3; 2- 5 mg EPA / kg diet; 3- 5 mg DHA / kg feed; 4- 2.5 mg of each omega-3 AG / kg diet; 5- 5 mg each AG omega-3 / kg of feed. Thereafter, the animals were subjected to ischemia for 40 minutes, caused by occlusion of the left coronary artery descending. At 24 hours of reperfusion, the infarct size is determined. In a subgroup of animals, the activity of caspase-3 and the activation levels of Akt are measured in the ischemic region to 30 minutes of reperfusion. And finally at 15 minutes of reperfusion, the opening of the permeability transition pore mitochondrial mPTP is determined. The results indicate that diets EPA or DHA significantly reduce the infarct size compared to the diet without FA omega-3 while the combination of two FA omega-3 did not show reduction of the infarct size. The activity of caspase-3 is reduced to the DHA group, then AKT activity is increased with EPA and DHA diets and DHA individually confers a resistance to the opening of the pore mPTP.  EPA and DHA are individually effective in reducing infarct size while the combination of 2 FA is not at low concentrations.

Keyphrases: Inflammation, Apoptose, Omega-3, Myocardial infarction, Caspase
Rôle de l'isoforme p35 de la chaîne invariante humaine dans la formation et le transport de complexes de CMH II

Antigen presentation by the major histocompatibility complex class II molecules (MHCII) is a pathway essential to the immune system control over pathogens. There are three MHCII isotypes in humans, which are HLA-DP, DQ and DR. These are all heterodimers made of an α and a β chain. MHCII is expressed at the cell surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs) and activated epithelial cells and its role is mainly to present peptides of exogenous origin to CD4+ T lymphocytes. MHCII oligomerization and trafficking are largely favored by its chaperone, the invariant chain (Ii). Ii is a non-polymorphic type II protein. It hetero- or homotrimerizes right after biosynthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and then its CLIP region interacts with MCHII to form a αβIi structure. This multimer exits the ER and starts its journey towards numerous compartments and the cell surface. Humans have four Ii isoforms: p33, p35, p41 et p43. The two most predominantly expressed are Ii p33 and p35. They differ in a N-terminal extension long of 16 amino acids that is displayed by Iip35. This extension bears an ER retention motif (ERM) made of the RXR residues. The RXR motif must be masked by the MHCII β chain in order for the αβIi multimer to exit the ER. Our group investigated the masking and ER exit mechanisms of the αβIi structures. Here we show that a direct (cis) interaction between the MHCII β chain and Iip35 is essential for ER exit, thus promoting the formation of high order αβIi structures. Moreover, we demonstrate that the bacterial virulence factor NleA impairs the trafficking of Iip35-containing αβIi multimers. This observation is mediated by an interaction between COPII subunits and Iip35. Altogether, Iip35 plays a crucial role in the αβIi multimer formation and ER exit. Iip35 is therefore a key regulator for MHCII antigen presentation.

Keyphrases: NleA, COPII, Antigen presentation, MHC class II, Invariant chain, ER retention motif, RXR motif