NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Le support de VoIP dans les réseaux maillés sans fil WiMAX en utilisant une approche de contrôle et d'assistance au niveau MAC

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs), because of their advantageous characteristics, are considered as an effective solution to support voice services, video and data in next generation networks. The IEEE 802.16-d specified for WMNs, through its mesh mode, two mechanisms of scheduling data transmissions; namely centralized scheduling and distributed scheduling. In this work, we evaluated the support of the quality of service (QoS) of the standard by focusing on distributed scheduling. System problems in the support of voice traffic have been identified. To solve these problems, we proposed a protocol for supporting VoIP, called Assisted VoIP Scheduling Protocol (AVSP), as an extension to the original standard to support high QoS to VoIP. Our preliminary simulation results show that AVSP provides a good improvement to support VoIP.

Keyphrases: Wireless Mesh Networks- WMNs, Voice over IP- VoIP, Quality of Service- QoS
Musiquer : plaidoyer évolutionniste transdisciplinaire

The subject is based on an assumption: originally, the music is a cultural and a biological phenomenon, it is social (and not private) and institutional (and not individual). Several evolutionary theorists of language and/or music support the hypothesis that the purpose of language/music is beyond the opposition between nature and culture. Assuming those characteristics, then what is their influence on the development of musicality or of a faculty of music? To advance our thinking, we point out researches on the musical brain. Precisely, we evaluate the contribution of researches on amusia to the question of the origin of music. Subsequently, we study the relationship between intentionality and the evolution of music. Then, we focus on the social nature of the musical phenomenon, and propose to integrate social and biological characterization of music in a community and institutional conception. From then on, our assumption is philosophically founded and we assume that it can be an appropriate vehicle to exceed the disciplinary’s limits. Finally, we present some options proposed by different authors describing the contribution of music to the development of neural networks with a “mirror” property. Then, we try to answer this inevitable question: can music, given its irreducibly cultural, social and institutional characteristics, maintain neural connections? About this part, we examine the implications of chaos theory and the results of computer simulations.

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Music, Language, Mirror neurons, Evolution, Transdisciplinarity
Spectroscopie de complexes plans carrés de platine(II) et de palladium(II) en fonction de la température et de la pression : structure et énergie

Interactions between platinum(II) or palladium (II) compounds influence a large range of chemical and materials properties. These properties can be studied with the help of many different spectroscopic methods such as Raman, absorption, luminescence and diffuse reflectance. The stacking of molecules has a very important effect on their photophysical properties. Luminescence spectroscopy is especially useful to understand what role of intermolecular effects in inorganic complexes. Square planar Pt(II) and Pd(II) complexes are very interesting to study because of their multiple intermolecular and intramolecular effects. Work on these complexes under variable external pressure and temperature corresponding to variable intermolecular effects was executed.  These changes include variations of pressure (between ambient pressure and 40 kbar) and temperature (from 80 K to 300 K). The ground-state structure of Pt(II) and Pd(II) square planar complexes has an obvious impact on the luminescence properties. Pressure allows a continuous variation of the structure. Complexes with axial donors show a shift of the luminescence maxima to lower energy as pressure increases, similar complexes without the axial component show a shift of the luminescence maxima to higher energy. The packing also plays an important role defining effects of pressure and temperature. These effects are illustrated with a series of pincer complexes that have shown energy shifts between -1 cm-1/kbar and -30 cm-1/kbar. These complexes also show different emitting states depending on the pressure that is applied. A ligand centered (LC) transition is observed at low pressure replaced by a metal-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) emission at higher pressure. The combination of crystallographic and spectroscopic data gives quantitative variations of the electronic structure for many complexes.

Keyphrases: Complexe plan-carré, Luminescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Pressure, Temperature, Square planar, Platinum(II)
Essais sur les logiciels libres : licences doubles, effets de réseau, et concurrence

This thesis examines the microeconomic consequences of the arrival of open source in the software market. Specifically, it analyzes three features of open source software by using specific models of industrial organization. Open source software is free, and may be modified or duplicated by anyone.  The first paper studies the entry of an open source software in a closed source software market. Using a model of horizontal differentiation, the analysis considers a closed source firm's investment in the quality of its software. The introduction of open source on the market reduces the firm's investment in quality and increases the price of its software. Moreover, the entry of open source software may reduce consumer welfare. Post-entry by an open source software, the reduction in market share lowers the firm's incentive to invest in quality.  The second paper features vertical differentiation to study a monopolist selling supporting product to its software. The study begins by contrasting the supply of support by an open source provider and a closed source vendor. The model shows that in both cases the levels of support offered are the same. In addition, consumer welfare is higher and profit lower under an open source software. Then, the paper considers the competition in the provision of support. Here, the supply of high level support is greater than under a monopolist. Finally, the monopolist adopts a dual licensing strategy to extract more surplus from developers interested in modifying open source software and redistributing the resulting product. This technique, when the developers place high value on the source code, generates more profit if the monopolist chooses to publish as open source rather than closed source.  The last paper studies how a closed source firm is affected by the introduction of an open source benefiting from contributions by users. A vertical differentiation model is used, and reveals that, when contribution of users is present, the closed source vendor may lower its price to a level where it forces the open source out of the market. The firm's lower price not only increases demand for its software, but also induces consumers into switching from open to closed source software therefore reducing the contribution of users.

Keyphrases: Open source, Software, Closed Source, Dual license, Licence double, Network effect, Price discrimination, Location model
La faiblesse de volonté : conceptions classiques et dynamiques

This thesis explains, analyses and examines the classical and modern positions on the nature and causes of the weakness of will. Since Plato and Aristotle’s identification of the problem, many principles and propositions on the subject of practical rationality in general and motivation in particular have been examined in details. These principles and propositions are being discussed on the basis that they are still somewhat relevant to modern theories. An emphasis is made on what is now known as the standard conception of strict akrasia and its supposedly paradoxical nature.  We argue that a skeptical position toward strict akrasia cannot be based on one version or another of the preference-revealed theory and we demonstrate that a description of the decision process is necessary to assign an overall preference or a better judgment. We discuss the philosophical debate on internalist and externalist conceptions of the connection between better judgment and decision. We then argue that, based on experimental results in cognitive psychology and neuroscience, the externalist conception, although imperfect, is stronger. But these experimental results are not incompatible with the hypothesis that agents are maximizers when it comes to the satisfaction of their preference. This hypothesis continues to justify a form of skepticism toward strict akrasia. However, we strongly argue against this hypothesis and we demonstrate why maximization is not absolutely necessary to rational choice; therefore, we have to revise the standard conception of strict akrasia.  We then discuss Richard Holton’s influential theory on non-strictly akratic weakness of will. Although compatible with a non-maximizing conception, Holton’s theory tends to reduce episodes of weakness of will to irresolution cases.   Lastly, we introduce the theory of intertemporal choice, a more potent theory that describes and explains, with the same conceptual schema, both strict and non-strict akrasia. This schema concerns the properties of temporal distribution of akratic decision’s consequences and the prospective attitudes that motivate agents to make those decisions. Also, the structure of these distributions, along with the devaluation of the future, allows us to explain, clearly and simply, why weakness of will is irrational. We discuss the hypothesis that this devaluation of the future is due to a pure temporal preference and we mention a number of critical elements and rival hypothesis more in keeping with a cognitive approach to the problem.

Keyphrases: motivation, philosophy, will, akrasia, decision, motivation, judgment, rationality, maximization, intertemporal
La musique traitée comme sujet dans le cinéma narratif, contemporain et occidental : réflexion et expérimentation autour d’une forme : la matérialisation de la musique

This work is divided in two parts. The first one, theoretical, studies music as the subject in the narrative, western and contemporary cinema, i.e., from the 1960s until today. The second part is a fictional movie of thirty minutes titled A Capella.  The scenario is included here in appendix. SYNOPSIS: Born with a vocal handicap, Hubert developed as time goes by a new technique of rehabilitation: the physiophony. Sophie, a young wounded dancer, tries this new method...  This document, consisting in the theoretical part, first summarizes the reflections of Michel Chion and Claudia Gorbman on the subject.  Then it presents the first draft of a typology on the subject organized around four categories: the musician, the music group, the place of music and the materialization of music.  This last category echoes well the practical part of this project and, as such, it will be developed furthermore in the third section. The interest of this work lies mainly in the bridges between theory and practice it creates, which will be treated in the fourth section.  The materialization of the music is analyzed from the voice of the main character, the movements of the dancer as well as the technique of rehabilitation, the physiophony. The challenges faced while screenwriting, directing the movie and composing the music will also be explained.

Keyphrases: narration, cinema, music, narration, intermediality, materialization
La prévention du suicide en milieu carcéral :
analyse d'un programme de soutien par les pairs

The suicide in prison represents an important problem as indicate the high rates found during the last few years. Despite the complexity of suicide prevention, wellbeing and security of each prisoners are a part of the obligations to be respected by all institutions. That was, for a long time, analysed as an individual problematic, but social support is now used as a protection factor that allows to break isolation as well as the suicidal process. The programs of peers helpers represent a new interesting option in suicide prevention by encouraging the creation of a new social network. The program's efficiency rest on solidarity, confidentiality and voluntary participation. The peers helpers play a primordial role allowing an increased visibility, a better accessibility, a made easier working alliance and a role of positive model. New possibilities about the peers helpers programs are also discussed in this report.

Keyphrases: Suicide, Prisons, Prevention, Peer helpers, Peer support, Inmates
Les individus motivés sont-ils plus performants? : examen des liens entre la quantité et la qualité de la motivation au travail et la performance individuelle au travail

The topic of motivation at work in relation to employee performance has captivated the interest of theorists, researchers, practitioners and managers for close to a century. Keen interest in the study of these concepts has led to significant scientific advances that clarify practices. However, one notes that the popularity of this topic also presents certain challenges. In particular, the multitude of theories in this area is almost dizzying with their scattered knowledge and ambiguous results.  This thesis will first present a multi-theory meta-analysis conducted from field studies that examined the relationship between motivation at work and the performance of workers between 1985 and 2010. The results of this review indicate that, regardless of the motivational theory used, the strength and direction of the motivation-performance relationship are similar rather than different. Of the moderating variables examined, only the source of the measures was significant in indicating that the relationship between the variables of interest is stronger when the measures come from the same source – in our study they all proved to be self-reported – versus when collected from different sources.   Second, a laboratory study observed that motivation may change over a short period of time, less than 90 minutes, as per 3 measures of motivation used throughout the experiment. More specifically, the study of motivation by type and quantity, considering the time factor, indicates that intrinsic motivation increased while extrinsic motivation and amotivation decreased. This study, employing a multi-dimensional and dynamic perspective of motivation, as proposed by the framework of the theory of self-determination, shows that the evolution of all study participants’ motivation was similar regardless of their performance.  In addition to the advancement of knowledge in the field of motivation and performance at work, this thesis distinguishes itself in several respects. On one hand, it is the first multi-theory meta-analysis of motivation to be conducted. On the other hand, the laboratory study simultaneously examined the type and quantity of motivation using a repeated measures design while most studies focus on either the quantity or the type and often neglect to consider the time variable. In addition, this laboratory study was conducted from a high-potential activity with ecological validity, similar to a human resource candidate selection task. In summary, this thesis brings an interesting light both in terms of knowledge about the determining moderating variables involved in motivation-performance relationships, in terms of the rhythm of changes in types of motivation, and in terms of the optimal and complementary use of sophisticated research techniques. All recommendations for research and intervention ensuing from these two studies are presented in the conclusion.

Keyphrases: motivation at work, performance at work, meta-analysis, theory of self-determination
L'impact des cellules souches issues de la moelle sur la néovascularisation dans un modèle de souris de rétinopathie induite par l'oxygène

Oxygen induced retinopathy (OIR) is an animal model that mimics the developing phases of retinopathies seen in humans such as diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity.  An initial destruction of retinal microvasculature is followed by pathological neovascularization that can lead to retinal detachment in humans and therefore blindness.   Utilizing bone marrow derived stem cells (mesenchymal and hematopoietic), we aimed to repopulate the retina with normal vessels which are affected in the OIR model.   Cells injected into the vitreous migrated to the retina and reduced both the area of vasoobliteration and neovascularization.  Injection of conditioned cell medium also induced proper vascular repair similar to that seen in mice injected with cells indicating that the cells therapeutic effect is achieved through paracrine action.  These results suggest that bone marrow stem cells play a role in angiogenesis and could be a potential therapeutic aid in treating retinopathies.

Keyphrases: Inflammation, Stem cells, Mesechymal stem cells, Hematopoietic stem cells, Retinopathy of prematurity, Angiogenesis, Ischemia, Oxygen induced retinopathy
Les postures des animateurs et des animatrices scientifiques quant au dialogue "sciences en/et société"

The purpose of this study was to explore informal science educators’ position on the “science in/and society” dialogue and the means whereby they ensure that dialogue through their pedagogical interventions in out-of-school settings. Six informal science educators were interviewed, leading to rich data in terms of their understanding of the nature of science, their pedagogical positions as transmitters, constructors and mediators of children’s development of science literacy in out-of-school settings, and the manner they perceive the role of their pedagogical interventions in children’s science literacy development and understanding of science as a tool for socio-political action, as called for by a science in/and society dialogue. The epistemic, pedagogical and social positions identified range from empiricism to constructivism, from entertainment to empowerment, and from recognition of the value of science in society to a critique of its pre-eminence, suggesting great diversity among the educators studied. Many of the sampled educators held hybrid and at times conflicting positions, suggesting the potential value of educational interventions that offer a means for informal science educators to question and critically re-examine their current practices.

Keyphrases: informal science education, out-of-school settings, dialogue "sciences en/et société", “science in/and society” dialogue, nature of science, epistemology of science, informal science pedagogy, science teaching for socio-political action
Relationship between monitored elements and prescribed ventilator setting modifications in critically ill children

Pediatric intensivists have a multiplicity of elements available to guide them in mechanical ventilator decision-making; however, no prospective studies describe which elements intensivists currently use to make ventilator setting changes. Objectives: We describe the current practice of ventilator setting modification in the intensive care unit at Sainte-Justine Hospital, a tertiary care pediatric hospital. Hypothesis: Eighty percent of ventilator settings affecting carbon dioxide clearance are based on the PCO2 or pH while eighty percent of settings affecting oxygenation are based on pulse oximetry.  Methods: Caregivers recorded the primary element and any secondary elements leading to a ventilator setting change at the time of the change via a custom-designed data gathering software.  Results: We included twenty patients. Of a combined 194 changes affecting CO2 clearance, 42.3% ±7.0% were in reference to blood PCO2 or pH.  Of forty-one changes to positive end-expiratory pressure, 34.1% ±14.5% were in reference to pulse oximetry, as were 84.5% ±2.5% of the 813 changes to the fraction of inspired oxygen. Conclusion:  Physicians over-estimate the role of blood pH and PCO2 in their ventilator management, while under-estimating the role of other elements.  Improving our understanding of current practice patterns can help in the development of systems to aid in clinical decision-making in mechanical ventilation, improving clinical outcomes.

Keyphrases: Mechanical ventilation, Practice patterns, Pediatric intensive care
Ethnographie de l'usage rituel d'ayahuasca au Québec

Ayahuasca is a decoction of mainly two plants from the Amazonian forest. The vine (Banistereopsis caapi) and the shrub (Psychotria viridis) are its components. Both contain psychoactive subsances. They are respectively Harmine and DMT. It has been used long before the Conquest. People in this region use it as a shamanic tool. However, during the early 20th century, rubber industry brought workers in this region. One Christian rubber tapper of African origin founded a syncretic religion based on the use of ayahuasca. The religion is named Santo Daime. Today, the ritual use of ayahuasca has spread over the world. In Québec, there are spiritual groups that ritually use ayahuasca. This is the ethnography of a group active in Québec. The main purpose of this research was to describe this group. The fieldwork took place during the summer of 2010. This research has shown that the ritual use of ayahuasca brings about insights that are integrated in the participant’s life through the group workshop. Moreover, the ritual structure prevents abusive comportments towards this substance.

Keyphrases: Ayahuasca, Québec, Quebec, Spirituality, Religion, New Age, Shamanism
Scepticisme du cinéma, scepticisme de Gus Van Sant : étude de la tétralogie de Gus Van Sant à partir de la philosophie de Stanley Cavell

This thesis aims to explore the close ties between philosophical skepticism, the cinematic apparatus and Gus Van Sant's tetralogy of films: Gerry, Elephant, Last Days and Paranoid Park. From Stanley Cavell’s philosophical perspective, we will first address the question of skepticism as a condition of existence rather than a philosophical doctrine. Stanley Cavell redirects the skepticism problem of cognition towards ethics and we will look at how Gus Van Sant meets the ethical dimension of skepticism by offering a cinema of idleness and melancholia in which individuals are at odds with the world. Furthermore, we will study how the cinematic apparatus is the very expression of Cavellian skepticism and how it moves toward moral perfectionism by forcing the recognition of our existence through moral decision-making. Finally, we will look at how Gus Van Sant, in a singular manner, addresses the problem raised by skepticism by reinventing the sequence shot and the slow motion, and therefore reinstates the individual to the world through formal manipulations that respond to modern idleness as an existential condition. The answers Gus Van Sant has found are not solutions, but rather the exploration of the dimensions of a problem he is restating: skepticism.

Keyphrases: Cinema, Skepticism, Gus Van Sant, Stanley Cavell, Philosophy