Transcriptional regulation in the dinoflagellates

Dinoflagellates are a large family of unicellular eukaryotes found in marine and freshwater ecosystems and are important primary producers in marine ecosystem. They are famous for several distinctive behaviors including forming harmful algal blooms called “red tides”, emission of bioluminescence in the ocean, and contributing to the formation of coral reefs. They have an unusual genome structure with large amounts of DNA and permanently condensed chromosomes throughout all stages of the cell cycle. The chromatin lacks observable nucleosomes and has a liquid crystal structure. Some genes are encoded in multiple repeats located in tandem arrays producing virtually identical proteins without any known conserved elements detected in the upstream promoter regions or intergenic spacers. These unique features make it difficult to understand how gene expression is regulated. This thesis describes two experimental tests for the hypothesis that transcriptional regulation is difficult and is not the primary means of regulating gene expression in dinoflagellates.  Dinoflagellates show a paucity of transcription factors, and of these, cold shock domain proteins (CSPs) account for the majority of potential DNA binding proteins in the transcriptome. Here, the potential of dinoflagellate CSPs from free-living Lingulodinium polyedra and reef-forming Symbiodinium kawagutii (recently renamed to Fugacium kawagutii) to act as sequence specific transcription factors was tested. These studies using four different CSPs showed a preference for RNA over both single and double stranded DNA using electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA). A second approach, testing for specific sequence binding by three cycles of selection and amplification binding (SAAB) did not enrich any consensus motif for any of the four proteins. We conclude dinoflagellate CSPs are more likely to function as RNA binding proteins than as transcription factors.  Expression of many genes in many dinoflagellate species has been reported to be regulated by light. This was tested for three genes whose expression was reported to be light-regulated in Symbiodinium kawagutii. The availability of a genome sequence for this species suggested that it might be possible to identify potential regulatory elements in the promoter of these genes. However, Northern blot analysis was unable to confirm differential expression of these three genes over a 24 hour light-dark cycle. Furthermore, RNA-Seq of samples taken at the end of the day and night also indicated these three genes were not light-induced. In total, only seven genes were found to be differentially expressed at dawn and dusk using RNA-Seq in triplicate with a false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.1. All were of lower abundance at the end of the light period on a 12:12 L:D cycle suggesting possible repression by light. Three of these seven, picked at random, were examined using qPCR analysis. Only two of the three had lower abundance at the end of the day by this technique, and the fold difference was less than what was observed with RNA-Seq.  We conclude from this that there is little light regulation of gene expression in this dinoflagellate species. Taken together, the studies described here support the hypothesis that dinoflagellates do not rely on regulation of genes at the transcriptional level to the same extent as other organisms.

Keyphrases: Symbiodinium, Lingulodinium, Transcription, Transcriptome, Dinoflagellate, Genome, Gene expression, Transcription factors, Cold shock domains proteins, Cold shock domain, Light regulation