L’asymétrie mammaire chez les adolescentes présentant une scoliose idiopathique

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a complex tridimensional deformation of the spine affecting primarily girls. The progressive course is mostly aesthetic with, in particular, a resulting rib cage deformity. Breast asymmetry is a frequent concern expressed by these girls. Defined as a difference in shape, position or volume of the breasts or the nipple complex, breast asymmetry is common in women but usually minor and not visible.  It remains unknown in the literature if breast asymmetry is more frequent in scoliotics. Moreover, very few studies have evaluated the relationship between scoliosis and breast asymmetry. It is commonly believed that it is not the breasts that are asymmetric, but rather the trunk rotation giving this perception.  The breasts represent one of the most challenging organs to measure due to their great variability. Many measuring methods have been described. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the most precise tool to define the mammary gland and its delimitation on the rib cage.  This study aims at measuring objectively breast asymmetry, as described by a volume difference between the breasts, in a cohort of young girls presenting with significant AIS, using the MRI as a measuring tool. Then, an automated measuring method, applied on the 3D surface topography, is proposed. The results obtained with this method are confronted to those of the MRI. The influence of posture on breast volume is also examined from the two different modalities.   To achieve these objectives, a cohort of 30 scoliotic patients was enrolled on the basis of their thoracic curvature and their bone and breast maturity. Two torso imaging were performed: 3D surface topography and MRI. Initially, the sommation of segmented images acquired by MRI enabled us to measure very precisely breast volume. The statistically significant mean breast asymmetry was found to be 8.32%. 66.6% of the patients presented an asymmetry ≥ 5%. A weak positive non-significant correlation exists between breast volumes and Cobb angle as well as thoracic gibbosity.  Thereafter, an automated measuring method, developed from the numeric environment Matlab, is applied directly on the 3D reconstructions. In short, it consists in identifying the breasts contours to excise them in order to expose the rib cage, then subtracting from the complete thorax, the thorax without breasts to determine the breast volumes.   The breast volumes acquired by the automated method are, as expected, smaller than those obtained with MRI. A strong correlation is established between breast volumes obtained from the two different techniques. Although statistically significant, breast asymmetries (r= 0.614, p< .001) are not as strongly correlated therebetween as are breast volumes. The right breast (r=0.805) presents a higher correlation than the left breast (r=0.747). Finally, the influence of posture is studied from the meshes obtained from MRI (prone) and 3D surface topography (standing position). Excellent correlations are confirmed between breast volumes; r= 0.896 and r= 0.939, respectively for the left and right breast volumes. This project enabled us to demonstrate, for the first time, that it is possible to measure breast volume objectively and accurately in a cohort of scoliotic patients. As a result of the anatomic landmarks precision, the MRI allowed us to revisit a common belief in the scoliosis community, which states that breast asymmetry expressed by patients, is in fact a perception. These new data will help us counsel our young girls with AIS, regarding their concerns with the asymmetry of their breasts.  We have confirmed that the automated measuring method is clinically feasible and could be used to predict MRI volumes. Furthermore, it is the first breast volumetric measuring tool completely automatic, to our knowledge. Also, the breast volumes obtained in standing and in prone are comparable.  

Keyphrases: Volume, Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, Breast, Breast asymmetry, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Measure, Scoliosis, Surface topography, Three-dimensional (3D), Volume