Essay on firm dynamics, competition and International trade

Firms’ market power has always been a topic of interest in terms of welfare and resource allocations analysis. On the one hand, market power reduces the firms’ incentive to produce, reducing consumer welfare. On the other hand, the variation in firms’ markup induces friction to input allocation and lowers aggregate productivity. With the ongoing debate on sales concentration in the US economy by a few firms, there is a lot of question concerning the causes and implications of market power. This thesis, divided into three chapters, contributes to this vast literature of studying the firm’s market power. The first chapter discusses the causes of US markup rise in an environment where firms are building intangibles assets. Indeed, over the last four decades, both the average price markups charged by firms and market shares concentration have increased. This raised concerns about market power and the extent of competition. I develop a new method to aggregate firm-level markups using the sales shares distribution. I then document three facts based on the joint distribution of markups and sales shares among publicly listed firms. First, the rise in the aggregate markup has been much less than that suggested by average markups. Second, the largest sales firms-called "superstar firms" are not at the top of the markups distribution and third, the rise in US markup has been driven by a reallocation of sales shares, jointly associated with a change in firm-level markup. To explain these trends, I develop a model where firms accumulate customers base over their life cycle by investing a fixed share of their sales. Changes in firm profitability lead to a temporary reduction in markups as firms attract new customers. An exogenous increase in the share of investment into the customer base benefits firms with high growth oppor- tunities, allowing them to gain more sales share and increase their markup. Therefore, I find that the rise in the share of investment into customer base over the last four decades explains half of the overall increase in US markup. The second chapter discusses the implications of an endogenous variation in markups to plant productivity over the life cycle. Indeed, markup varies across plants, inducing an inefficiency in allocating resources that lower the aggregate productivity. Using the Annual Columbia Manufacturing survey, I find a decrease in markup dispersion with age, suggesting a convergence of all plant-level markup with age in cross-sectional. I explain and test this dynamic through active learning on demand by plants over the life cycle (e.g. customer base formation). New plants draw a productivity shock and demand shock at entry and actively learn about their demand by adjusting their markup. Over their life, they build their demand and growth in both size and markup. This convergence results from a mismatch between the optimal scale a plant desire to operate and its current scale for a given level of productivity. The model predicts that the high variation in markups at entry induces inefficient input allocation, lowering the average productivity. Along with age, the declines in markups dispersion reduce the allocative inefficiency and foster productivity growth over the life cycle. In the third chapter, I study the welfare gain from new infrastructures investments. It is joint work with Mathilde Lebrand from the World Bank. Indeed, many frameworks don’t take into account the demand for transport services when studying trade policies. We develop a multi-countries and multi-sectoral Ricardian model with an endogenous transport sector. We introduce two main features for endogeneity: the multi-modality and a lack of competition in the transport sector. New infrastructure investments reduce the shipping cost along three margins: a transporters marginal cost reduction, a decline in the transporters profit margins and a reallocation of market shares across shipping modes. The two last margins are driven by the shipping mode preference for a good.

Keyphrases: Markup, Intangible assets, Aggregation, Allocative inefficiency, Growth, Productivity, Life cycle, Transport cost, International trade, Infrastructure investments