Étude du rôle de l'inflammation dans l’insulte cérébrale précoce associée à l'hémorragie sous-arachnoïdienne.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a redoubtable pathology resulting frequently from the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm. It is associated to an important mortality and severe neurologic deficits. The bleeding leads to an increase in the intracranial pressure, to a decrease in cerebral blood flow, to the development of cerebral inflammation and to neuronal death. These events of early brain injury (first 72 hours) determine the patient’s prognosis. The vasospasm was first thought to be the main cause of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), but its pharmacological decrease was not being associated to any benefits for the patients. However, rapid leucocytic infiltration in the CNS secondary to the bleeding seems implicated in the development of DCI. Our hypothesis is that the early immune system activation in SAH is responsible for delayed neuronal death and for the onset of symptoms in SAH patients. Our goals were to characterize the contribution of leucocytes in cerebral inflammation and neuronal death in our SAH mice model, to modulate the inflammation by using MFG-E8 protein, an anti-inflammatory protein promoting the apoptotic clearance, and to confirm this similar immunologic signature in SAH patients. Our mouse model allows us to surgically induce SAH and to inject the MFG-E8 protein by intraperitoneal injection. The cellular composition of blood (human and mouse) and of mouse brains were analyzed by flow cytometry. The plasma (human and mouse) and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were analyzed by cytokine assay. Some mice brains were paraffin-embedded for confocal microscopy imaging. Microglia cell lines allowed us to evaluate the modulation of phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production secondary to the exposition to SAH patients’ serum and CSF. In the first study, we have demonstrated the impact of early cerebral inflammation on neuronal death and the occurrence of symptoms in SAH mice. We also have characterized the presence of systemic inflammatory markers in SAH patients. In the second study, we have shown that MFG-E8 protein treatment in our SAH mice model is linked to a decrease in peripheric inflammation as well as to a decrease of M1 markers, astrocytic activation and neuronal death in the brain leading to a decrease of symptoms severity. iv The study of immune activation in SAH patients allowed us to observe an immune signature like in our mouse model. We have revealed that SAH patients have an increase in innate immune cells and in lymphocytic immunosuppression in comparison to healthy donors. We have also described the importance of gender and SAH grade by the characterization of a more severe inflammatory profile in high-grade and in male patients. To conclude, our results confirm the existence of a similar immune signature between SAH patients and our mouse model leading in both cases to an increase in systemic and cerebral inflammation. This immunologic signature depends on the patients’ gender and on the grade of SAH. The decrease of symptom severity with MFG-E8 protein treatment in our mice model confirms the unquestionable implication of inflammation in the occurrence of motor deficits secondary to neuronal death and the therapeutic potential of MFG-E8 for the development of new therapies.

Keyphrases: MFG-E8, Subarachnoid hemorrhage, Cerebral inflammation, Innate immunity, Early brain injury, Delayed cerebral ischemia, Neuronal death