NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
L'intervention en contexte de réduction des méfaits et consommation de drogue : ethnographie des négociations morales des intervenantes d'un organisme communautaire

This master’s thesis is the result of a research conducted among a social intervention community organization in drug addiction. This community bases its work on a harm reduction approach and is in a Canadian urban center. This research is especially oriented toward the institutionalization of harm reduction in the public health system. This analysis is mostly based on more than 200 hours of observation, and 19 semi-structured interviews. The research aims to enlighten how the intervention team, and especially the social workers and case workers, put into application their axiological foundations. This set of priorities, inspired by harm reduction and the field of social work, shape a local system of norms and values. The daily adherence to this system of values leads to various issues, observed at various levels: ethical, interpersonal, personal, professional and societal. This adherence is generally observed through team cohesion and professional mechanisms. Doing so, the intervention team members act as ethical subjects, and end up negotiating with their own position and the meaning they give to their work, through the moral community landmarks. In this context, ethic serves as ground for social, political and economical criticism. Nevertheless, through observation of the team’s intervention ethos, we consider that it is their very possibilities of action and of ethical reflection which are at stakes. Therefore, this master’s thesis is about the interaction of various normative unfolding in micro interactions with service users, and with the institutions including public health mechanisms. As they act as limiting forces, they also open a field of possibilities for social workers as ethical and moral subjects. Those possibilities are entries to investigate the institutionalized harm reduction system and its limits of application.

Keyphrases: intervention sociale, profession, harm reduction, ethic, moral, moral and ethical anthropology, health anthropology, symbolic interactionism, social intervention, community organization, norms, values, drugs, poverty, marginality, public health, technique of the self
Jouer dehors : un retour vers les espaces urbains

Practical examples of urban gamification become more common every day. Thereby, these ludic activities in the city present new practices that raises critical issues deserving further studies. Enlightened by the urban games studies of De Souza e Silva and Andrade and Gehl's concept of cities for people, we seek to expand the understanding about how ludic activities in urban spaces can encourage their appropriation. Through a qualitative approach of multiple cases study, we investigated how this process is accomplished by the observation of three different ludic activities in Montreal. Analyzing the data collected from observed pathways, online questionnaires and group interviews, we have discovered the determinant factors that promote the appropriation of urban spaces. Beyond that, we have also identified other triggered phenomena, such as the occupation of urban spaces, the creation of new memories, the encouragement of new behaviors, the discovery and exploration of the city, the change of function and perception of spaces and the valorization of urban spaces. Moreover, we have verified that narratives enhance all these phenomena, making the activity more interesting, pleasant and enlightened. Some ludic activities thus can be used to nourish the concept of cities for people, contributing to its liveness, safety, sustainability and health. They also present positive effects on participants, to a better live together, sociability and emotional bonding in urban spaces.

Keyphrases: urban spaces, urban games, appropriation of urban spaces, ludic activities, urban animations, cultural heritage, playful city, urban gamification
Co-analyse de la reconstruction du savoir-évaluer d’enseignants formés à l’étranger en situation d’intégration socioprofessionnelle au Québec : une recherche collaborative

The schools in Quebec have more and more internationally educated teachers (MELS, 2014), seen as inspiring models for immigrant students (Wang, 2003) and mediators between school and families immigrants (Cruickshank, 2004). One of the greatest challenges of their socioprofessional integration concerns the adjustment of their assessment skills to the norms and values which are aimed ensure success of the largest number of students in Quebec. This is so because they have evolved in a context where evaluation serves to sanction and select the best. An analysis of recent literature review shows that the question of adjusting learning assessment practices of migrant teachers has been neglected so far (Morrissette et al., 2014, Niyubahwe et al., 2013). Thus, this thesis aims to highlight how migrant teachers reconstruct their assessment skills in Quebec schools. In this perspective, it bases on Schön's work (1983) on the (re)construction of the practitioner's repertoire of actions as well as on a socioconstructivist perspective that leads us to consider that this transformation of the repertoire takes place in the center of the interactions in working situation. This thesis is part of a research that focuses more broadly on the socio-professional integration of teachers trained outside of Quebec, who work in Montreal schools (Morrissette & Demazière, CRSH 2015-2017) and from which data collected through biographical interviews and group analysis with 5 immigrant teachers and members of their professional ecology. The analysis follows the strategy of case-based reasoning (Becker, 2016), leading to the description of two adaptive processes of reconstruction of the assessment skills: the abandonment of the non-operative ways of evaluating and the adjustment of the transversal ways of evaluating in two contexts. The second register of analysis mobilizes the perspective of the interactionist sociology of Abbott's professional groups (1988, 2003). This new theoretical perspective leads to highlighting the labor code in the area of assessment of learning, which is the object of ongoing negotiations among all the actors of the schools in Montreal.

Keyphrases: Abandon, Recherche collaborative, Reconstruction, Abandonment, Adjustment, Co-analysis, Schools in Quebec, Schools in Montreal, Professional ecology, Epistemology of practice, Overseas trained teachers, How to evaluate, interactionist perspective, Adaptive processes, Reasoning by case, Collaborative research, Reconstruction, Assessment skills, Interactionist sociology of professional groups, Socioconstructivism
Mécanismes de régulation de l’activité de la lignée neurale adulte

In the adult, neuron production is possible through neural stem cells (NSCs) that maintain neurogenesis throughout life. The proliferation of NSCs makes it possible to generate progenitors and new neuroblasts. The difficulty of intersecting functional and anatomical data poses a major problem. Several publications indicate that mitotic NSCs are ephemeral and disappear after division, which requires the presence of a reservoir of cells to succeed them. The hypothesis is that there are dormant NSCs that would be activated to replace them. Anatomically, quiescent cells, with same morphology and antigenic characteristics, are present alongside the mitotic NSCs, it has been postulated that they provide the cellular reservoir. Their transition, from quiescent state to active, and their activation mechanisms are unknow but represent a major issue to allow adult neurogenesis modulation. To understand activation mechanisms, we wanted to understand how extrinsic factors, with opposite effects, can be integrate by NSCs and progenitors. Thus, we chose to oppose a factor stimulating cell proliferation (EGF) to an anti-neurogenic (BMP). The results obtained in vitro demonstrated that BMP is dominant over all observed cellular behaviors including proliferation and differentiation. The dominance of BMP is not achieved by the inhibition of downstream signaling pathways of EGF, since Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR, induces different effects on BMP. In vivo, BMP limits the proliferation induced by EGF. Using electroporation, approach which allow to specifically target astrocytic cells in the lateral wall, we showed that the inhibition of the SMAD pathway, which integrates the BMP factor, makes it possible to prime the NSCs. In this experiment, we realized that the majority of electroporated cells were quiescent, giving us an opportunity to define the biological properties of these dormant cells. This approach allowed us to show that the electroporated cells are largely quiescent and produce very few neurons. In addition, they do not allow the regeneration of the subventricular zone nor the production of neurospheres, which implies that they are difficult to activate. However, activation of the EGF pathway can prime them and allow them to enter the cell cycle. Our results suggest that electroporated cells contribute only marginally to adult neurogenesis and mitotic NSC production. With these data, we can suppose that there exists a heterogeneity of the astrocytic cells in contact with the cerebrospinal fluid of which only some iv populations contribute to neurogenesis or that the mitotic NSCs are generated from another cell population.

Keyphrases: cellule souche neurale adulte, activation, EGF, BMP, adult neural stem cell, neurogenesis, subventricular zone, proliferation, activation, electroporation
Fighting for the mantle of science : the epistemological foundations of neoliberalism, 1931-1951

This dissertation examines the intellectual genesis of neoliberalism through the prism of its epistemology. It interrogates the development of its arguments regarding the production and diffusion of knowledge, guided by the hypothesis that formulating a common epistemological stance was crucial for the consolidation of its ideological program. I propose that early neoliberalism, by provoking a rupture with classical liberalism, recoded liberal principles into an epistemological framework based on conventionalism, with premises drawn from the natural sciences, economic theory, and the philosophy of science. To achieve a contextual picture of its emergence, the dissertation provides a reconstruction of the intellectual debates of the 1930s in England on two major fronts: the debate on planning in science, and the debate on planning in the economy. Amidst a general enthusiasm for planning ideas perceived as being more rational and scientific, early neoliberals warned of the limited value of positive science in guiding policy decisions. The rise of totalitarianism gave their discourse a dramatic urgency as it explicitly linked faulty scientific views with the rise of state collectivism. During the Second World War, the formation of a neoliberal network triggered a cross-fertilization between these early neoliberal thinkers, whose common agenda had been defined at the Walter-Lippmann Colloquium in 1938.   Drawing from their intuitions about the inner workings of science and the economy held as models of free cooperation, Michael Polanyi, Friedrich Hayek, Louis Rougier, Walter Lippmann, and Karl Popper, cemented a coherent social theory which vindicated liberal ideals on new epistemological grounds. To them, the aspiration towards ‘scientific’ politics denoted a methodological delusion built on a misunderstanding of the nature of knowledge and of scientific work, as well as on a hubristic conception of their potential. By linking analogically the freedom experienced by the scientist, to the one guaranteed by the market or by the rule of law, the position of thought and knowledge in society became their core concern. Paying attention to this recoding process sheds light on the peculiar shape of neoliberal ideology: competition and markets were redefined as discovery procedures, traditions were seen as receptacles of tacit knowledge, and institutions were conceived as the preconditions and results of dynamic evolutionary orders. The institutionalization of this fragmentary thought collective at the foundation of the Mont-Pèlerin Society in 1947 revealed both the novelty of this project and its immediate limits, in particular the tensions between its scientific ambition and its ideological projection.

Keyphrases: Friedrich Hayek, Michael Polanyi, Louis Rougier, Walter Lippmann, epistemology, history of science, ideology, Mont-Pèlerin Society, neoliberalism, sociology of knowledge
Employment protection legislation in a frictional labor market

This thesis analyzes the effect of employment protection on labor market outcomes. The thesis focuses on the impact of firing restrictions and the regulation of temporary contracts. In many OECD countries, the employment protection legislation combines high firing restrictions and relatively lax regulation of temporary jobs which is, according to several economists, a source of labor market segmentation.  The first chapter argues that analyzing the effect of employment protection requires to understand how economic agents choose between permanent and temporary contracts. This chapter examines a dynamic employment contract between a risk-averse worker and a risk-neutral firm. I argue in this chapter that the choice between a permanent and a temporary contract is driven by a trade-off between efficient risk-sharing and flexibility.  The second chapter builds a model of the labor market with search frictions,  in which the contracting problem of chapter 1 is embedded. Thus, this chapter proposes a model in which the allocation of agents into permanent and temporary jobs is endogenous to risk-sharing considerations. The model is calibrated to the features of the French labor market during the 2000s and indicates that temporary contracts tend to increase productivity but unemployment as well.  The third chapter proposes a life-cycle model to evaluate the effect of firing costs across different experience and education groups. The model is calibrated using a French labor force survey dataset. Policy experiments suggest that firing costs have a negative effect on employment, which is concentrated on low experience and education workers.

Keyphrases: Labor Market, Unemployment, Employment protection legislation, Firing costs, Temporary employment, Dynamic contract, Risk-sharing, Search and matching frictions, Life cycle
Sur les origines photosphériques des structures dans les vents des étoiles chaudes et lumineuses

Major advances in the characterization of hot star winds have been achieved during the era of the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) space-based mission. Of paramount interest was the detection of the enigmatic discrete absorption components (DACs): time-variable discrete absorption features propagating in the P Cygni absorption troughs of unsaturated UV resonance lines of O stars, best interpreted as spectroscopic manifestations of the presence of large-scale spiral-like corotating interaction regions (CIRs) in the stellar wind. Additionally, ground-based optical spectroscopic observations have indicated the clumpy nature of the winds of O stars. Several theoretical investigations on the origins of these two distinct types of hot star wind structures have emerged over the past three decades. Particularly, some theoretical studies have found the possibility that both of these wind structures might have their origins at the level of the stellar photosphere. Nevertheless, the last words always belong to the observations, although in this particular case a lot of work still needs to be done in that regard.  The research project conducted in the context of this thesis, essentially observational in nature, aims towards the investigation of the potential photospheric sources of those structures in hot stellar winds, by probing the low-amplitude photospheric variability of three key massive O-type stars, xi Persei [O7.5III(n)((f))], zeta Puppis [O4I(n)fp], and V973 Scorpii [O8Iaf], by means of high-precision time-dependent photometry with the Microvariability and Oscillations of STars (MOST) microsatellite, and the nanosatellites of the BRIght Target Explorer (BRITE-Constellation) mission. For zeta Pup, simultaneous ground-based intensive spectroscopic monitoring of the HeII 4686 wind emission line of the star was also performed. These efforts led to the detection of observational evidence for the presence of bright photospheric spots driving CIRs in hot stellar winds, as well as some stochastically-triggered surface structures initiating clumping at the very base of the wind. The origins of the bright spots (particularly the possibility that they might be of magnetic origin), the true nature of the randomly-excited photospheric structures (whether they are the manifestations of internal gravity waves or turbulent convection in a subsurface convection zone), as well as the universality of both of these photospheric structures in O-type stars, will be the main subjects of the next steps in this long-term quest.

Keyphrases: Xi Persei, Zeta Puppis, V973 Scorpii, Massive stars, Starspots, Stellar winds, Photometry, Spectroscopy, Asteroseismology
Consensus ou fusion de segmentation pour quelques applications de détection ou de classification en imagerie

Recently, some true metrics in a criterion sense (with good asymptotic properties) were introduced between data partitions (or clusterings) even for data spatially ordered such as image segmentations. From these metrics, the notion of average clustering (or consensus segmentation) was then proposed in image processing as the solution of an optimization problem and a simple and effective way to improve the final result of segmentation or classification obtained by averaging (or fusing) different segmentations of the same scene which are roughly estimated from several simple segmentation models (or obtained with the same model but with different internal parameters). This principle, which can be conceived as a denoising of high abstraction data, has recently proved to be an effective and very parallelizable alternative, compared to methods using ever more complex and time-consuming segmentation models. The principle of distance between segmentations, and averaging of segmentations, in a criterion sense, can be exploited, directly or easily adapted, by all the algorithms or methods used in digital imaging where data can in fact be substituted to segmented images. This thesis proposal aims at demonstrating this assertion and to present different original applications in various fields in digital imagery such as the visualization and the indexation in the image databases, in the sense of the segmented contents of each image, and no longer in the common color and texture sense, or in image processing in order to sensibly and easily improve the detection of movement in the image sequence or finally in analysis and classification in medical imaging with an application allowing the automatic detection and quantification of Alzheimer’s disease.

Keyphrases: Indexation, Fusion/moyennage/consensus de segmentations., Visualization of image databases, Indexing, Movement detection, Classification/quantification of the Alzheimer disease, Fusion/averaging/consensus of segmentations
Memoria y autoficción : la figura del desaparecido en la obra de hijos de militantes políticos en Argentina

This thesis considers the importance of memory and autofiction in the literary and audiovisual work produced by the children of the 1970´s Argentinian political activists. Our analysis comprises the documentary Los rubios (2003) by Albertina Carri, the novels Los topos (2014) by Félix Bruzzone, and La casa de los conejos (2008) by Laura Alcoba. These authors, along with others from their generation who also had activist parents, reflect on the events that took place during the last Argentinian dictatorship (1976-1983) by focusing on the figure of the desaparecido (the missing person). At the same time, these authors present themselves as the protagonists of their own stories. The memories of family members and of political survivors become an instrumental tool for the authors to understand the fate of their missing parents. For these authors, autofiction becomes necessary if they are to elaborate their narratives, which merge fiction, biographical experiences and historical events. The autofictional work of the authors we study here proposes a different reading contract from the one usually established by canonical autofiction. Our analysis delves into issues related to memory and history, which reveal the specific and original way in which these works consider the past. Cultural, literary or audiovisual works become a space for the working through of historical trauma. These narratives problematize the past, questioning the memory of 1970s political activism, doubting their parents´ decisions, searching for their own identities, and include voices that had been previously ignored. Through their work, the children of political activists and/or missing persons have opened new ways of considering one of the most tragic periods of Argentinian history, representing other memories and recalling a past about which not all has been told.

Keyphrases: Autofiction, Trauma, Autofiction, Memory, Trauma, Identity, History, Forced dissapearance, Missing persons, Children, Dictatorship, Political activism, Trauma
Élites commémorantes et mise en scène de l’histoire dans la construction de l’identité lachinoise à l’époque du maire Anatole Carignan (1933-1939 et 1944-1952)

This M.A. thesis considers the role of commemorative elites2 who contributed to the development of local identity. Starting with the mandates of mayor Anatole Carignan, in Lachine, 1933 to 1939 and 1944 to 1952, it identifies key members of the elites and of the network linked to the creation of events, monuments and festivities of the local history. Commemorations presented to the citizens are the recognition of historical figures such as René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle and Désiré Girouard, the civic holiday of July 6th, the 275th anniversary of Lachine in 1944, the 100th anniversary of the incorporation of the municipality of Lachine in 1948. The thesis contains a critical  review  of  two important productions that took place in this period: the Lachine massacre and its funeral ceremonial in  the  heart  of  Old  Lachine;  and,  a  pageant  recreating  the  history  of  Lachine  from  1667  to  1944. Additionally, these municipal elites bequeathed two important legacies:  the acquisition of the  LeBer-LeMoyne  house, which became a museum, and the founding of the Lachine Regional History Society.

Keyphrases: Anatole Carignan, mémoire collective, municipal council, commemorations, elites, identity, collective memory, Lachine Museum, politics, Lachine Regional History Society