NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Educating interior design & architecture clients about sustainable design : issues, perceptions, and expectations

This research explores the barriers that prohibit the success of a sustainable design project. The study explores what issues prevent sustainable project implementation from the perspectives of experienced educators and professionals. Different approaches are examined in the implementation phase. The literature review included the examination of private certifications and systems that provide sustainable certifications in the design industry. Data collection included case studies as a general view, interviews with experienced educators and professionals, and the examination of two detailed case studies. Case studies are examined in Beirut, Lebanon and Montreal, Canada, along with other practices found with a better implementation of sustainable projects. The methodological approach includes exploratory interviews and interpretive analytic methods to analyze the data provided by the interview participants, as well as a comparison between two case studies in sustainable development. Educating the client was the primary target of this research alongside acknowledging the importance of social context when approaching a sustainable design project. Findings are presented in a discussion considering a re-evaluation of the design process to form a precise idea of the sustainable potential that might be found in Beirut, Lebanon and Montreal, Canada. The final discussion presents emergent perspectives of how a sustainable design process can lead to a better evaluation of environmental design.

Keyphrases: Environmental Design, Client Education, Sustainable design barriers, Interpretive approach, Integrated Design Process, Barrières de design durable
Contrat et imprévision : approche comparée

Hardship is a topic at the border between contractual freedom and contractual justice. However, a new glance can be carried on this institution of contract law through the theory of relational contracts developed by Ian R. Macneil or the contrat-cooperation theorised by Suzanne Lequette. This theory invites to take into account the intrinsic value of the contractual link and the incompleteness of the contract. Imprévision thus forms integral part of the relational contracts from their nature. The primary purpose of the relational contrat is to continue, forcing the contractors to standards of cooperation and flexibility. According to good faith, the relationnality would be the foundation of changed of circumstances. A comparative study of the regime of changed of circumstances makes certain clarifications. There appear two approches of the changed of circumstances, one restricted based on economic modifications, and the second wide one, based on the purpose or foundation of the contract. Finally, the effects of the changed of circumstances should give priority to maintain the relation and the norm of cooperation by imposing renegotiation then by allowing judicial adaptation of the terms of the contract. Termination, contrary to the nature of relational contracts, should intervene only exceptionally.

Keyphrases: Imprévision, Hardship, Geschäftsgrundlage, Eccessiva onerosità, Changed of circumstances, Relational contract, Renegotiation, Contractual relation, Judicial review of the contractual terms, Adaptation of the terms of the agreement
Convergence des technologies de l’information : plaidoyer pour une nouvelle normativité des communications dans l’espace UEMOA

The combination of the telephony, Internet and audiovisual sectors due to the convergence of information technology (IT) raises numerous legal questions concerning the adequacy of the legal framework. Thus, the present study proposes a reading of space law West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) under the prism of convergence. Firstly, it questions the adequacy of the regulations at both Community and state level take into account this technological change, and the advisability of maintaining the current normative model of bringing together different legal frameworks and regulators for more and more integrated activities. Secondly, taking into account the constant evolution of IT and the advent of the phenomena of globalization and inspired by practices in the European Union and Canada, the prospective study subjects some major Lines of a new IT normativity. It proposes a revision of the regulatory framework as well as a modification of the status of the IT regulatory bodies. Keywords : information technology, convergence, regulatory authority, independent administrative authority, regulation, electronic communications, globalization

Keyphrases: Convergence, Information technology, Regulatory authority, Independent administrative authority, Electronic communications, Globalization
Entre le son et la cloche, l'air cristallin

Which is the role of mediation and medium in human beings perceptual structures? Refusing the compartmentalization of the philosophical debate on the Germanophone phenomenology of perception in the 1920s, Heider shift the core of the philosophical reflection on the subject beyond classical opposition between man and world, intellecte and senses, subject and object. Questioning the notion of medium, Heider brings us to reconsider our ways to perceive the world, developing a phenomenological theory on mediation, based on the idea of perceptual milieu.

Keyphrases: Medium, Perception, Milieu, Heider, Fritz, Corps
Toxoplasma gondii dans la viande au détail au Canada : prévalence, quantification et facteurs de risque dans une perspective de santé publique

The consumption of raw or undercooked meat is a route of transmission of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) to humans whose public health impact is little known. In a human exposition assessment perspective, we characterized the presence of T. gondii in retail meat in Canada by the estimation of prevalences, risk factors and amounts of parasites per serving. A total of 302 samples of lamb, 363 pork and 330 beef were collected in food stores across the country. Lamb and pork were tested by ELISA. All seropositive samples and all beef samples were tested by magnetic capture polymerase chain reaction (MC-PCR). Among pork and beef samples, 0.3% and 0.6% were T. gondii positive, respectively. Prevalences of 11.1%, 4.3% and 5.4% were found in lamb meat purchased in Quebec, British Columbia and Ontario respectively, with generally more than 4000 parasites.  Multivariate logistic regression identified lamb meat as being more at risk to contain T. gondii compared to beef (OR=13.9, p<0.001) and pork (OR= 33.3, p<0.001). Ground lamb meat compared to other cuts (OR=3.2, p<0.001) and lamb from New Zealand compared to Australia (OR=12.3, p<0.001) were also identified as risk factors. These data are essential to the development of quantitative models for assessing the risk of toxoplasmosis by meat consumption and therefore guide its management in Canada.

Keyphrases: Toxoplasma gondii, Quantification, MC-PCR, Boeuf, Prevalence, Risk factors, Pork, Lamb, Beef, Public health, Risk assessment
L’e-mentoring dans les programmes de soutien clinique des nouvelles infirmières diplômées

A national clinical support program for nurses with little experience was put in place in 2008 but, at present, no frame of reference have been published for mentoring. Some institutions have recently introduced information and communication technologies (ICTs) to mentoring. The benefits are very promising and could optimize existing programs. This guided work consists of analyzing the possibility of introducing e-mentoring into the clinical support programs of new nurses graduating in Quebec. A search for scientific literature was done in the main databases associated with nursing. Literature review and analysis were structured according to the steps of the structured mentoring model of Single and Muller (1999) (planning, structure, evaluation). The analysis made it possible to issue a formal e-mentoring proposal including the elements of the main stages and the favorable conditions to be considered for the implementation of such a project.

Keyphrases: mentor, nursing, e-mentoring, online, virtual, computer, electronic
Environnement alimentaire de consommation : développement d’un instrument de mesure et évaluation dans quatre quartiers de Montréal

Background: The food environment can be described as a set of conditions in which food is purchased and eaten. This environment has the potential to influence individual dietary behaviours. The consumer food environment in Québec is not well documented, which impedes our ability to develop programs and policies to promote healthy diets.  Objectives: The main objective of this study was to design and validate a tool for evaluating the consumer food environment, with specific application to the Quebec context. The secondary objective was to characterize the consumer food environment in the supermarkets of four neighbourhoods of Montréal.   Methods: The MEAC-S was developed, tested for reliability and used to assess the food environment inside 17 supermarkets. Shelf length, variety, price, display counts and in-store positions of fruits and vegetables (FV) and chips, sodas and frozen entrees were measured. Quality was assessed for fresh FV. Store size was estimated using the total measured shelf length for all food categories. Intra-class correlation coefficients were calculated to test the MEAC-S for reliability and Spearman correlations were conducted between indicators of the food environment.  Results: Reliability analyses revealed satisfactory results for most indicators. Regarding the consumer food environment, the results highlight the variability in the shelf length, variety and price of FV between supermarkets and suggest a disproportionate promotion of ultra-processed food products. Price of ultra-processed food products is inversely associated with their prominence (p<0,005) and promotion (p<0,003). Store size is associated with display counts and strategic in-store positioning of ultra-processed food products (p<0,001), but not with FV.   Conclusion: This study suggests the in-store content greatly varies from one supermarket to another and stresses the necessity of using a comprehensive set of measures to assess the consumer food environment.

Keyphrases: Marketing, Diet, Food supply, Food environment, Fruits and vegetables, Food processing, Food purchase behaviour, Obesity
N’oublions pas le futur. Valeurs, justice et taux d’actualisation

The consequences of discounting are often disputed, for various motives, such as the overexploitation of natural resources or the transmission of an unacceptable level of pollution to the future generations. It is then tempting for the public authorities to overcome this difficulty by delegating to a third party the choice of the discounting methods and the discount rate. But by doing so, it gives up some of its prerogatives, finally weakens itself, in order to get in return standards, however cleverly chosen they may be, which can only arouse reluctances or oppositions, on the grounds that that they do not respect certain values bound to considerations of inter-temporal justice. It seems that it would be preferable to ensure that the public debate is targeted on these values, then only to define and apply the methods and the discount rates that may arise therefrom. The discussions on the values would so concern the roots of the decisions, and not their consequences.

Keyphrases: philosophy, ethics, economics, preference, present, trade-off, sustainability, altruism, legitimacy, planning, natural resources, philosophy, ethics, economics, préférence, présent, durabilité, légitimité, aménagement
Do universities have moral duties with regard to a human right to health?
In defense of some proposals by UAEM 1 (Universities Allied for Essential Medicines)

This article argues that universities have duties to negotiate contracts with the pharmaceutical industry that are favourable to the world’s poor, and to do more research into diseases which disproportionately strike the global poor. It is argued that these duties are related to human rights (in particular to a human right to health) and that they are therefore very weighty. Furthermore, these duties are in line with some of the most important things that Universities Allied for Essential Medicines (UAEM), a worldwide group of students and academics, wants universities to do. A number of objections are discussed, among other things to do with safeguarding pharmaceutical innovation, and it is argued that the aforementioned duties should, as UAEM also advocates, often be combined with efforts on the part of universities to work towards more long-term, large-scale institutional arrangements to ensure access to and availability of essential medicines for the global poor.

Keyphrases: philosophy, ethics, economics, moral duties of universities, essential medicines, human rights, human right to health, ethics/moral philosophy, philosophy, ethics, economics, philosophie morale
Behavioral economics and the positive- normative distinction: Sunstein’s Choosing Not to Choose and behavioral economics imperialism

This paper examines behavioral economics’ use of the positive-normative distinction in its critique of standard rational choice theory as normative, and argues that it departs from Robbins’ understanding of that distinction in ways that suggest behavioral economists themselves do not observe that distinction. One implication of this is that behavioral economists generally do not recognize Putnam’s fact-value ‘entanglement thesis’ while a second implication is that the charge that rational choice theory is descriptively inadequate paradoxically appears to mean that it does not employ the implicit value basis and normative vision that behavioral economics recommends, thus actually violating Robbins’ distinction. This latter argument is developed through an examination of Sunstein’s Choosing Not to Choose which uses nudge policy in the form of default rules to advance a different conception of freedom than standard choice theory employs. The paper goes on to argue that behavioral economics imperialism, particularly in the form of behavioral development economics imperialism, is more about promoting its implicit value basis and normative vision over that promoted by standard rational choice theory than about advancing an alternative conception of economics for social science. A final section comments on economics’ status and relation to the other social sciences.

Keyphrases: philosophy, ethics, economics, positive-normative, Putnam, Sunstein, freedom, economics imperialism, philosophy, ethics, economics, Putnam, Sunstein
Ciblage thérapeutique de la voie Hippo pour le traitement des cancers mammaires chez la chienne

Canine mammary tumors are the most common neoplasms in intact female dogs with 50% of them being malignant tumours. Resection is the standard treatment for canine mammary tumours, but in inoperable cases such as inflammatory carcinomas and advanced metastatic tumours, no efficient chemotherapeutic treatment is available. Studying canine mammary tumour pathogenesis helps with the discovery of novel therapeutic targets and of drugs able to act on these targets to treat the cancer. Recent insight on the Hippo pathway deregulation and the role it plays in breast cancer tumorigenesis, as well as its presence in canine mammary tumours, has lead to our research for the validation of this pathway as a pharmacological target for the treatment of canine mammary gland tumors. Six canine mammary tumour cell lines were assessed for their basal expression of the Hippo pathway effectors YAP and TAZ, and for their sensitivity to verteporfin, an inhibitor of YAP-mediated transcriptional coactivation. Four cell lines that had detectable baseline levels of YAP (CMT-9, -12, -28, -47) were found to be very sensitive to verteporfin treatment, which killed the cells through induction of apoptosis with ED50 values of 14-79 nM. Conversely, two cell lines that did not have detectable levels of YAP (CF-35, CMT-84) were an order of magnitude more resistant to verteporfin. Verteporfin suppressed the expression of YAP and TAZ target genes, particularly CYR61 and CTGF, which play important roles in breast cancer development. Verteporfin was also able to inhibit cell migration and anchorage-independent growth. Likewise, verteporfin efficiently suppressed tumor cell invasiveness in the CMT-28 and -47 lines, but not in CF-35 cells. Together, our findings provide proof of principle that pharmacological targeting of the Hippo pathway compromises the viability and attenuates the malignant behavior of canine mammary tumour cells. These results will serve as the basis for the development of novel chemotherapeutic approaches for canine mammary tumors that could translate to human medicine.

Keyphrases: Verteporfin, Mammary gland tumors, Dog, Hippo pathway, Targeted chemotherapy
Le poids des chevrettes laitières à la mise à la reproduction : association avec l'âge et la probabilité de mettre bas

Weight at mating has been associated with lifelong productivity in dairy goat. The objective of this study was to estimate the relationships between weight at 210 days old (W210) with subsequent probability of first kidding (PK) and age at first kidding (AFK) of Alpine and Saanen goats, respectively. A convenient sample of 744 Alpine and 217 Saanen dairy goats from 17 farms performing regular milk controls in the province of Québec, Canada, was analysed. Kids’ weights were measured using a heart girth tape between the age of 5 and 9 months. Mixed linear regressions were used to model the weight according to the age of goat, which was then used to predict the W210 of each goat. The PK means were respectively 88.0% and 92.7% for the Alpine and Saanen goats. Based on logistic regression, PK was significantly associated with W210. Mean AFK were 502 ± 129.6 and 445.5 ± 92.6 days for the Alpine and Saanen breeds, respectively. Mixed linear regression showed that Alpine and Saanen goats with higher W210 kidded at younger age than goats with low W210. According to our results, Alpine and Saanen goat kids should weigh at least 30 and 34 kg respectively at the age of seven months to achieve PK of at least 90 %, and a median AFK by breed and herd in a range of ± 30 days.

Keyphrases: chevrotage, goat kid, doeling, growth, dairy goat, weight at mating, age at kidding, first kidding
Association between pathogenic and indicator pathogenic and indicator bacteria and some control points of a risk assessment model for food producing establishments in Quebec, Canada

Mitigating the risk of foodborne pathogens in food processing establishments is an essential part of food safety control system from an establishment or a food control agency perspective. The objective of this study was to estimate the association between selected microorganisms and scores from 20 control points of a risk assessment inspection model. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a convenient sample of 18 meat processing ready to eat (RTE) establishments food establishments located in Quebec between June and July 2015. Sponge swabs of 900 cm2 in surface area of three food contact and two non-food contact surfaces were sampled per establishment. Real Time-PCR was done using SYBER Green, targeting the siiA gene of Salmonella and both prfA and prs genes of Listeria monocytogenes. We detected one Salmonella (1 %) and 18 L. monocytogenes (20 %) isolates from the 90 samples collected in all establishments. E. coli was present in 7 of 18 (39%) establishments. The mean Log10 counts of E. coli and Total Aerobic Count (TAC) were 1.16 and 5.01, respectively. Among control points assessed by inspectors, “ambient temperature” and the presence of “potential factors supporting introduction of pathogenic microbes, toxic (hazardous) contaminants” showed a positive relationship with the level of L. monocytogenes (p = 0.03) and (p= 0.04) respectively. E. coli was also positively associated with the control point “ambient temperature” (p =0.02) and “environmental sources of contamination” (p = 0.005). The “presence of adequate hand washing facilities” was linked to the load of TAC (p = 0.01) in the establishments. This study provides new insight on the relationship between inspector assessment of specific control points and microbiological load in food establishments.

Keyphrases: Food establishments, Foodborne pathogens, Inspection model, Control points
Early lactation extended therapy against Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infections in heifers

Intramammary infections (IMI) in heifers caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are challenging to treat using standard protocols. Recent evidence suggests that an extended treatment protocol with pirlimycin is the most effective way to treat S. aureus IMI in North America. Using on farm culture methods with the PetrifilmTM Staph Express Count (STX) plates can help with the early detection of IMI. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the cure rate of an extended pirlimycin treatment on heifers in early lactation positive for S. aureus IMI identified using the STX plates. The secondary objective was to assess Petrifilm characteristics when used in a protocol for early lactation detection of infected quarters in heifers. Milk samples were collected from heifers (n=946) in the first few days of calving (mean= 5 days). Heifers with a laboratory-confirmed IMI caused by S. aureus (n=72) were randomly allocated in two groups. The treatment group (n=55 quarters from 39 heifers) received a sterile intramammary infusion of 50 mg of pirlimycin for 8 consecutive days in the infected quarters; the control group (n=43 quarters from 33 heifers) received no treatment. Mammary quarters treated showed a statistically significant cure rate of 64% compared to the control group (33%). Quarters treated were 3.6 times more likely to be cured then the control group. With the STX, a total of 38% of S. aureus positive quarters were identified as other staphylococci with standard culture. The study reveals that a high cure rate for S. aureus IMI can be achieved in dairy heifers if an extended treatment protocol is used soon after calving. Use of Petrifilm for identification of S. aureus infected heifers could lead to many unnecessary treatments because of false positive results.

Keyphrases: Staphylococcus aureus, Petrifilm, Pirlimycin, Intramammary infections, Heifers, Extended therapy