Réorganisation fonctionnelle et structurale des cortex auditifs, visuels et associatifs chez les sourds profonds congénitaux ou prélinguaux

Due to the use of a mode of communication completely different from hearing people, Due to [the use of] a communication mode completely different from hearing people, the sign language and the absence of afferences from the auditory system, it is likely that significant functional and structural changes take place in the brains of profoundly deaf individuals. Previous studies suggest this reorganization may have greater impact on cortical structures located along the dorsal visual pathway than within the regions located inside the ventral pathway.  The hypothesis, widely accepted by the scientific community, proposed by Ungerleider and Mishkin (1982) for the presence of two visual pathways in the occipital regions is also fairly contested. According to this hypothesis, one stream projecting from the striate cortex to the posterior parietal regions is involved in spatial vision and a second stream projecting to regions of the inferior temporal cortex underlying form recognition. Goodale and Milner (1992) subsequently proposed that the dorsal pathway, in addition to its involvement in the processing of visuospatial information, takes part in the necessary sensorymotor adjustments to guide actions. In this context, it is plausible to consider that a group of people using sensorimotor language (e.g., sign language) in their everyday life, the cerebral reorganization is more suited to target the dorsal pathway.   The first objective of the study is to explore both visual pathways, especially the dorsal pathway, in hearing subjects by the use of two similar motion stimuli that evoke different types of processing. This was done with a form-from-motion stimuli and a global motion stimuli. Our results indicate that both dorsal and ventral pathways process forms defined by motion, while only the dorsal pathway is activated during a task of global motion whose psychophysical characteristics are relatively similar.  Subsequently, we used these stimuli to activate the dorsal and ventral stream to investigate functional differences in the visual and auditory brain regions in profoundly deaf individuals. Several studies show cortical reorganization in the visual and auditory areas in response to the absence of a sensory modality. However, few studies have explored the specific involvement of dorsal and ventral visual streams, despite several results suggesting greater involvement of the dorsal pathway in visual reorganization with the deaf population. Following the use of functional brain imaging to investigate these issues, our results differed from the hypothesis suggesting a reorganization specifically targeting the dorsal pathway. Rather, our results indicate a non-specific reorganization to the different types of stimulations used. Indeed, the superior temporal gyrus was activated with the deaf following the presentation of our visual stimuli, regardless of their complexity. The group of deaf participants also showed activation of the posterior association cortex, possibly recruited to process visual information in the absence of competition from the temporal auditory regions. These results add to data already collected on the functional changes that may occur throughout the brains of deaf people, however, the anatomical correlates of deafness remains unknown in this population.  A third study aimed to explore the structural changes occurring in the brains of prelingual and congenital profoundly deaf. Our results show that several brain regions appear to be different between the groups of participants composed of the deaf and hearing. Our analysis showed volume increases of up to 20% in the frontal lobe, including Broca's area and adjacent regions involved in motor control and language production. The temporal lobes also presented some morphometric differences even if they are not significant. Though not significant, the temporal lobes also presented some morphometric differences. Finally, differences in volume were also found in parts of the corpus callosum considered to carry fibers connecting the temporal and occipital lobes of both hemispheres.

Keyphrases: inter/intramodal reorganization, deafness, dorsal and ventral visual streams, vision, vision, plasticity, morphometry, deaf, cerebral imaging, form-from-motion