NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Étude de l’interaction entre le champignon mycorhizien Glomus irregulare et les bactéries du sol

In this study, we isolated and cultivated bacterial cells intimately associated with Glomus irregulare spores in a natural soil Agrostis stolonifera rhizosphere. Sequencing of the 29 morphotypes isolated revealed the presence of only seven bacterial taxa (Variovorax paradoxus, Microbacterium ginsengiosoli, Sphingomonas sp., Bacillus megaterium, B. simplex, B. cereus and Kocuria rhizophila). These seven isolates were cultivated in vitro on the mycelium of G. irregulare to allow microscopic observation of growth and attachment to the mycelium in absence of nutritive sources other than those derived from the fungal mycelium. All isolates but B. cereus were able to grow on the experimental system and to attach to the mycelium to form biofilm-like structures on their surface. However, B. simplex formed these structures more quickly, in 15 days, than the remaining isolates that have formed them only after 30 days (K. rhizophila and B. megaterium) or 45 days (V. paradoxus, M. ginsengiosoli and Sphingomonas sp.). In addition, PCR-DGGE was used to compare bacterial diversity. The bacterial biodiversity associated with spores of G. irregulare that were isolated and cultured in vitro was significantly lower than that present on the spore surface, while total soil bacterial diversity was much higher. The bacteria associated with mycorrhizal fungi probably have an important role in the ability of plants to withstand biotic and abiotic stresses to which they are submitted.

Keyphrases: biofilm, Arbuscular mycorhizal fungi (AMF), bacteria, biodiversity, microscopy
L’incidence des buts d’accomplissement induits par les enseignants d’éducation physique sur la motivation de leurs élèves

According to achievement goal theory, physical education teachers may influence the motivation of their students with their attitudes and the teaching practices they use. The goals of this study were first to document the annual evolution of motivation in physical education students at the beginning of their secondary education according to gender and school level; then to verify the predictive value of the achievement goals induced by physical education teachers as well as the perception of these goals by the students themselves; and finally to evaluate the moderating effect of the perceived competence and student gender on the predictive value of the achievement goals. The results show that female students are generally less motivated than male students in physical education classes and that motivation decreases as the students age, regardless of gender. Our results also show that the attitudes and teaching practices of the teachers as well as the students' perception of the climate induced by the teachers can influence certain motivational characteristics of students like adopting mastery and performance-approach goals, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation (through introjection and external regulation), amotivation and the utility value they give to their physical education classes. The research also  demonstrates that the predictive value of the achievement goals and of the perception of these goals by the students was moderated by the students' perceived competence for the following motivational variables: mastery goals, intrinsic motivation, amotivation and utility value. Thus, the teachers’ attitudes and teaching practices as well as the perception of the class climate have a significant effect only if the perceived competence of the students is low. The predictive value of the achievement goals and of the perception of these goals by the students was also moderated by the gender of the students for the following motivational variables: performance-approach goals, performance-avoidance goals and amotivation. When student gender changes the relation, this is generally reversed according to the gender of the students: it is positive for male students and negative for female students. The results of this study lead us to believe that physical education teachers would be well advised to implement a mastery climate in their classes and to allow students to meet personal challenges, insisting on the value of the task. In order to satisfy the special needs of every classmate, it would be interesting if students could be grouped according to their abilities in sports. By doing so, the teachers would be able to establish a motivational climate better suited to the class.

Keyphrases: Motivation, Perceived competence, Motivation, Self-determination, Utility value, Motivational climate, Achievement goals
L’exemption de paiement des soins associée à la supervision et à la formation au Burkina Faso : les effets sur la prescription de médicaments

The limited financial access to health care has encouraged the creation of health policies for subsidizing care in Africa. In Burkina Faso, an NGO, in line with the national health policy has been subsidizing care and medicines for children under five years in the health district of Dori since September 2008. The program includes training of health workers, supervision and removal of fees for health care and medication. The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of this free care program on the adequacy of drugs prescriptions.  Nine health centers were taken into account. A total of 14,956 prescriptions of the target group of children under five years were collected from consultation records a year before and after the introduction of free care program. In addition, fourteen prescribers were interviewed. The prescriptions were analyzed in comparison to the WHO and the national reference. The prescribers’ responses were analyzed to understand their perception of their change in practice since the introduction of the free care program. The study showed that the free care program had an effect by decreasing the use of injections (Odds Ratio (OR) =0.28, p < 0.005) in acute respiratory infections (ARI) cases. It also led to decrease in inappropriate use of antibiotics in the case of malaria (OR=0.48, p<0.0005). The average number of drugs per prescription was also found to have decreased by 14% (p<0.0005) in ARI cases. Several prescribers asserted that their practices are maintained or improved. The program leads to an improvement in the adequacy of drugs prescriptions.

Keyphrases: free care, rational use of medicines, essential medicines, children under five years
Variation des biomarqueurs dans le spectre visible non résolu de la Terre

The rapid evolution of the detection and characterization of exoplanets since the nineties is such that instruments like the Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) will surely take the first spectra of exoplanets similar to the Earth in the next decades. The study of the spectrum of the only inhabited planet we know, the Earth, is thus essential to conceive these instruments and to complete pertinent analyses of their results. This research presents the optical spectra (390-900 nm) of the Earth that were secured on 8 observing nights covering more than a year. These spectra were obtained by observing the Earthshine with the 1.6 m telescope at the Observatoire du Mont-Mégantic (OMM). Because the surface of the Moon reflects diffusely the light coming from a portion of the Earth, the observation of Earthshine allow us to get spatially unresolved spectra, like those that will likely be obtained for exoplanets with the first generation of instruments. The variation of the Earth’s spectrum with the changing contributing phase of the Earth is also similar to that of an exoplanet spectrum, which changes with its position around the star.   Water, oxygen and ozone of the Earth’s atmosphere, detected in all of our spectra, are biomarkers. They give clues about the habitability and the possible presence of life on a planet. The Vegetation Red Edge (VRE), another spectral biomarker, caused by photosynthetic organisms, is characterized by an increase in reflectivity around 700 nm. For the spectra of 5 nights, this increase was evaluated to be between -5 and 15% ±~5%, after the contributions of Rayleigh and aerosol scattering, as well as of a wide ozone absorption band were removed. These values are consistent with the presence of vegetation in the phase of the Earth contributing to the spectra. However, they cover a larger range than that usually found in the literature (0-10%). A possible explanation could be the few arbitrary choices that were made during data processing and VRE computation or the presence of other surface and atmospheric elements with a spectral signature varying around 700 nm.

Keyphrases: Vegetation Red Edge, Earth spectrum, Earthshine, Biomarkers, Vegetation Red Edge, Terrestrial exoplanets
Influence de la morphologie sacro-pelvienne dans l'évolution du spondylolisthesis L5-S1 développemental

Developmental spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis is a well known and described sagittal spinal deformity in the literature.  However, there is still an ongoing debate on different aspects about this pathology including its etiology, pathophysiology, natural evolution and preferred treatment.  Numerous parameters and radiologic measures have been described in order to precisely quantify the abnormal relationship between L5 and S1.    So far none of these parameters have been proven reliable to predict the evolution in the spinal deformity.  Recently, two interesting studies showed that sacral morphology has a significant influence on spondylolisthesis.4,5  These findings have a direct implication to the evaluation and treatment of spondylolisthesis.  This also renews our scientific interest in the sagittal morphology in this condition.    The principal objective of this work is to evaluate the influence of the sacral form and orientation in patients with spondylolisthesis.  First of all, we constructed a large database of all patients with spondylolisthesis with a comparable control group.  After the radiographs are analyzed by computer to calculate all possible sagittal parameters described in the current literature.    This project has first of all allowed us to establish an ongoing database of all patients with spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. So far this database is the largest in the literature and consists of more than 120 subjects.  This database allows us to analyze retrospectively and prospectively on the influence of sacropelvic sagittal morphology in subjects with spondylolisthesis.

Keyphrases: Spondylolysis, Spondylolisthesis, Pelvis, Morphology, Pelvic incidence
Rôle de la synthèse de l'acide rétinoïque dans le contrôle de la prolifération et de la différenciation des cellules épithéliales mammaires

Retinoic acid (RA) is ligand of nuclear receptors RARs and RXRs that act as ligand-inducible transcription factors and  mediate its biological effects. It was shown that RA has antiproliferative and prodifferenciating properties in mammary cells. A loss of RA sensitivity was associated with increased tumorigenicity in the mammary tissue, potentially facilitating the growth of tumors. It’s believed that is was mainly due to deficiencies in the RA signaling pathway, probably caused by the loss of RAR and RXR expressions. However, some tumorigenic cell lines were still reported to be RA sensitive.  The role of RA synthesis in mammary tumorigenesis has been poorly characterized. RA is synthezised in target tissues from vitamin A (retinol) its precursor in blood. It was shown that mammary epithelial cells were able to synthesize RA from retinol in vitro. We show here for the first time that RALDH3, an enzyme involved in RA synthesis, is probably responsible for RA synthesis in normal mammary epithelial cells. Our result suggest that luminal cancer cells (that express ER and represent 75 % of breast tumors) have a very low capacity of RA synthesis, probably due to a low estrogen-mediated RALDH3 expression. It might represent a new mechanism of estrogen-driven tumorigenenesis allowing RA senstive tumors to proliferate in the presence of retinol in the blood. It was suggested that RALDH1, an other enzyme of the RA synthesis pathway that shares 70 % of identity with RALDH3, is a marker of  mammary stem cells, of more agressive tumors and  higher occurance of metastasis. We shown that unlinke RALDH1, RALDH3 is a marker of a lower occurance of metastasis and probably a marker of differentiation, suggesting different roles in the mammary gland for these 2 enzymes. This is in good agreement with our results showing that they have very different enzymatic properties. All together our data suggest that RALDH1 and 3 might be markers of different populations of cells of  in the mammary epithelium. We propose to use the differences between RALDH1 and 3 to rationally develop methods and tools to separate and isolate RALDH1- and 3-expressing cells that would help the understand the role of RA synthesis in the mammary gland.

Keyphrases: RALDH, Retinoid acid, Stem cell, Breast cancer
Forme et dynamique sociale de l'entreprise réseau : monographie d'un atelier de dessin technique

The strategic focus on the core business by bureaucratic firms contributed to the destabilization of this organizational form in three ways: the move to small « profits centers », the multiplication of exchange relations between firms and the changing nature of the relationships between them. The literature that explains the why and how of what we conceptualize as a « network firm » is still problematic. This management literature has two paradigms: either this organizational form is the result of a unilateral adaptation it’s environment ; either the social dynamic between firms is only based on trust. Our inductive research design is based on a single case of a multinational network Quebec firm. It tries to contribute to the analysis of this concept and to its sociological understanding. We conclude that this organizational form cannot be fully understood unless it is putted in perspective with the bureaucratic firm.

Keyphrases: Network firm, Organizational sociology, New organizational form, Strategic analysis, Trust, Power, Dessin technique, Technical drafting, Construction industry, Multinationales, Multinationals, Canada
Self-assembly of PS-PVP block copolymers and their complexes at the air/water interface

Deeper understanding and control of the self-assembly of diblock copolymers and their complexes at the air/water interface allow the formation of nanopatterns with known properties to provide a competitive substitute to nanolithography. In this dissertation, Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) monolayers obtained from polystyrene-poly(4-vinyl pyridine) diblock copolymers (PS-PVP), alone and hydrogen-bonded by various small molecules [particularly, 3-n-pentadecylphenol (PDP)], have been extensively investigated. A major part of the research was devoted to the study of an uncommon monolayer pattern that we term the nanostrand network. LB monolayers consisting of nanostrands have sometimes been reported in the literature, but are often coexistent with other morphologies, which is not useful for potential applications. We have determined the molecular parameters and experimental conditions that control this morphology, making it highly reproducible, and have proposed a novel mechanism for the formation of this morphology. In addition, we have shown that the use of high-boiling spreading solvents, not usually used for Langmuir film preparation, can improve the nanostrand order. By investigation of a wide range of PS-PVP’s with various block ratios and molecular weights, with and without PDP present, we have established the composition dependence of the main LB morphology types (planar, nanostrand, nanodot) and the influence of each type on spreading solution concentration. This led to an extensive discussion concerning the mechanisms of morphology formation, including kinetic, molecular association, and dewetting contributions. We have also shown that the isotherm plateau transition for nanodot-forming PS-PVP/PDP is related to an order–order transition that occurs simultaneously with PDP reorientation, both aspects being clearly observed by AFM. These studies also form the basis for the use of ultrathin PS-PVP/PDP films as templates. The ability to produce well-controlled nanopatterned films on various substrates has been demonstrated, and film stability has been verified. Removal of small molecules from the nanostructures has revealed the appearance of new substructure of interest for further study.

Keyphrases: self-assembly, nanostructured ultrathin films, block copolymers, nanostrand network, Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers, air/water interface, supramolecular approach, polystyrene-poly(4-vinyl pyridine)
Discours et pratiques du théâtre populaire : le cas du Théâtre Populaire du Québec de 1963 à 1976

The concept of popular theatre, which is full of the most diverse purposes, becomes institutionalized in France at the end of the XIXth century thanks to, among others, Romain Rolland, Firmin Gemier, Jacques Copeau, Jean Vilar and Bertolt Brecht. Numerous traces of these thoughts and practices are found in Quebec theatre, and throughout the existence of the Theatre Populaire du Quebec (TPQ) of which this report aims to draw the artistic thoughtʼs main elements of the successive directions, to then confront them with the established programs, that from the foundation of the company in 1963 until 1976. During this period, which turned out to be a deciding factor in the field of theatrical production in Quebec, the history of this company enlightens the paradoxes and aporias of the concept of popular theatre.

Keyphrases: Quebec theatre, Theatre historiography, Popular theatre, Theatre Populaire du Quebec (TPQ)
Génération et reconnaissance de rythmes au moyen de réseaux de neurones à réservoir

Reservoir computing, the combination of a recurrent neural network and one or more memoryless readout units, has seen recent growth in popularity in and machine learning, signal processing and computational neurosciences. Reservoir-based methods have been successfully applied to a wide range of time series problems [11][64][49][45][38] including music [30], and usually can be found in two flavours: Echo States Networks(ESN)[29], where the reservoir is composed of mean rates neurons, and Liquid Sates Machines (LSM),[43] where the reservoir is composed of spiking neurons. In this work, we propose two new models based upon the ESN architecture. The first one is a model for rhythm recognition that uses two levels of learning and with which we have been able to get satisfying results on both recognition and noise resistance. The second one is a model for learning and generating periodic sequences, with this model we introduced a new architecture for generative models based upon ESNs where the reservoir receives inputs from a clock, as well as a new learning algorithm that we called "Orbite". By combining these two elements within our model, we were able to get good results on generation, over-fitting and data extraction. We also believe that a combination of several instances of our model can serve as a basis for the elaboration of an entirely virtual orchestra, and we propose two architectures that this orchestra may have. In the last part of this work, we briefly present the tools that we have developed during our research.

Keyphrases: Echo state networks, Liquide state machines, Reservoir computing, Generative model, Recurrent neural networks, Music, Rhythm, Periodic time series, Machine learning, Artificial intelligence
Chasseurs de bisons : apports de l’archéozoologie et de la biogéochimie isotopique à l’étude palethnographique et paléoéthologique du gisement épigravettien d’Amvrosievka (Ukraine)

Bison are one of the most abundant and widely distributed large mammals during the Late Pleistocene and are commonly found in archaeological sites. This large bovid is omnipresent in Palaeolithic faunal assemblages from the Southern Plains of Eastern Europe, where Palaeolithic economies are considered to specialise in bison hunting. Amvrosievka is a complex of Epigravettian sites, particularly rich in bison remains; thus, it provides a good context for verifying the applicability of this notion to the northern Black sea economies.  A synthesis of recent ethological analyses demonstrates the behavioural diversity of bison, linked mainly to local environmental variability, climatic conditions and population density. It was therefore necessary to reconstruct the behaviour of the steppe bison hunted at Amvrosievka before attempting to identify the acquisition strategies used. There are two distinct aspects to this research: an intra- and interindividual study of isotopic signatures – carbon, oxygen and strontium isotope ratios from enamel bioapatite; nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios from bone and dentin collagen –, and a palethnological analysis, based on the zooarchaeological study of the faunal remains. Aspects of steppe bison palaeoethology are identified that had a direct impact on the choice of hunting strategy and subsistence economy of the Epigravettian occupants of Amvrosievka: in particular, the non migratory behaviour of steppe bison is shown to have affected the seasonality of acquisition as well as hunting and butchering strategies developed by the Epigravettians. Finally, through a comparison of the faunal data from Amvrosievka with published records from other sites where bison is well represented in the archaeofaunal material, we discuss Prehistoric acquisition strategies and subsistence economies related to this emblematic species.

Keyphrases: isotopes stables, bison, Archaeology, Prehistory, Zooarchaeology, Biogeochemistry, Stable isotopes, Palethnography, Palaeobiology, bison, intra and interindividual study, hunting strategies
L’importance du conflit identitaire majeur et de la perte d’identité sur le changement de trajectoire de vie

An important number of individuals suffer from negative consequences associated with a negative social identity (i.e., members of street gangs). A number of them are able to get rid of that identity, whereas others continue to belong to a negative group. We theorize that individuals who no longer identify to a negative group are those who integrate a pro-social identity, in conflict with their original identity. In this thesis, we bring forward the argument that in the presence of a strong identity conflict between two identities; the identity integration process follows a subtractive pattern. In order to support this statement, the five following sub-hypotheses have been tested: a high level of identity conflict predicts a low level of identification towards the identity with a perceived lower status (hypothesis 1).  The status attributed to an identity predicts of the level of identification toward that identity (hypothesis 2). A high level of identity integration of the new identity predicts a low level of identification towards the identity with the perceived lower status (hypothesis 3). A high level of identity integration of the new identity predicts a low level of deviance (study 1) and alcoholism (study 2) (hypothesis 4). Finally, a high level of identity integration of the new identity predicts a high level of well-being (hypothesis 5). Results from the first study (N=42), conducted on a sample of young girls placed in a rehabilitation center, support hypothesis 2 and 3 whereas results from study 2 (N=28), conducted on a sample of individuals member of Alcoholics Anonymous, support hypotheses 2 and 5.

Keyphrases: Identity conflict, Subtractive identity integration, Negative social identity, Life trajectory change