NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Die Bestimmung der Sinnenwelt durch das vernünftige Wesen (Folgesatz)

Fichte depicts § 2 of his Foundations of Natural Right (1796) as a “corollary,” implying that it follows from the “theorem” exposed in § 1. Yet if in the latter the finite rational being ascribes to itself a free activity, § 2 adds that at the same time this being sets a sensible world outside of itself. I then draw a parallel between this position of an outside world and Kant’s refutation of Cartesian idealism, in order to show that the failure of this refutation is due to the fact that Kant, as opposed to Fichte, presents a proof that is exclusively theoretical. I also examine Fichte’s positive appraisal of Jacobi’s conception of causality, as well as the implicit critique of Reinhold’s Tatsache, which remains far behind the Fichtean Tathandlung.

Keyphrases: Fichte, Kant, Jacobi, Reinhold, Sensible world, Free activity
Dialogue, collaboration et transmission du savoir entre intellectuels juifs et chrétiens : la France des XIIIe-XIVe siècles

This thesis sheds lights on collaborations and transfer of knowledge between Jewish and Christian scholars in France during the 13th and 14th centuries. We propose a comparative analysis of different exchanges, in three distinct areas: theological, philosophical and astronomical. Taking into account the Latin and Hebrew sources that testify this transmission of knowledge, we propose an in-depth study, dividing in two sections. The first part narrates the evolution of education in the Jewish communities and in Christian society. The second part analyses the context of the Extractiones de Talmut, the transmission of knowledge between Maimonides and Thomas Aquinas, the close collaboration between Jacob ben Makhir and Armengaud Blaise, as well as the significant intellectual exchange between Gersonides and his fellow Christians. Our objective is to answer the following questions: did Christian and Jewish scholars receive information according to their own intellectual value, ignoring their source? And was there a direct influence from one scholar towards the other? Thus, this study demonstrates the different motives of these exchanges through a contextual field constituted by a specific intellectual event. We will perceive that these relations vacillate between mistrust and admiration.

Keyphrases: France, Collaborations, Contestations, Thirteenth Century, Fourteenth Century, Jewish scholars, Christian scholars, Protest, Judeo-Christians relations, Intellectual history, History of scholars
Comment le projet de laïcité de l'État québécois est défavorable aux femmes : l'urgence de briser une évidence

Given the persistence of patriarchy within the majority Quebec religious group, Catholicism, this thesis defends a counterintuitive idea: the affirmation of the secular nature of the Quebec state is harmful to women. Feminist analyses of political liberalism and its genealogy by Michel Foucault show that secularism has developed in the denial of the citizenship of women believers. The separation of religion and state and neutrality has created an area of lawlessness for women believers. The organization of liberal democracy, inspired by John Rawls in the Western culture, defended the notion of religious freedom. Analyzed from a postcolonial feminist perspective, religious freedom protects the privilege of men to exercise their domination in religious groups. For women, this freedom can be summed up in the possibility of leaving the group. It denies the agentivity of women believers and presupposes that living a religious affiliation is equivalent to renouncing the right to equality. It seems natural that women believers should refrain from using the legal tools that have advanced women's rights in other areas. In addition, the current debates on secularism on the management of religious diversity overshadow the practices of the Quebec state. This, whether through State feminism, associative law, the recognition of canon law by the judiciary or the organization of public services, provides instruments that support discriminatory practices against women. State intervention to enforce the right to equality in the religious sphere seems inconceivable in the legal tradition. However, it is possible to think otherwise about secularism by considering the State's commitments to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and by noting the challenge to patriarchy by women believers within religious groups.

Keyphrases: feminism, agency, catholicism, liberalism, Quebec state, law, citizenship, equality, CEDAW, secularism
Les caractéristiques individuelles, de l'événement criminel et de l'enquête criminelle en matière d'homicides sexuels sériels et non-sériels

Over the last three decades, many theoretical models of sexual homicide have been proposed, which have made it possible to propose a profile of individuals. Although these models and profiles have suggested associations between the commission of one or more sexual homicides and a wide variety of factors—notably developmental, psychological, and crime-phase—none has produced a unified vision of sexual homicide that takes into account all factors. Moreover, these models and profiles, with the exception of that of the US Federal Bureau of Investigation, have been based on samples of individuals having committed a single homicide. As a result, although they propose explanations of the emergence of sexual homicide, current models and profiles are silent on the determinants of its repetition and cessation. Additionally, these models and profiles do not address post-homicide parameters, such as those related to the criminal investigation, since they do not take into account the sexual murderer’s life course following the commission of the homicide. For all these reasons, considerable uncertainty remains about why some individuals commit a series of sexual homicides while others commit only one. The principal objective of this thesis’s research was therefore to identify the distinctive characteristics of individuals having committed a series of sexual homicides, in order to proposed profiled of serial and nonserial sexual murderers. To this end, comparative analyses of serial sexual murderers (HSSs; n = 33) and nonserial sexual murderers (HSs n = 87) were conducted. The results indicate that the two groups of participants in this sample can be distinguished not only on individual factors and the manner in which the homicide was committed, but also on the failure of criminal investigators to apply best practices and rapidly resolve the homicides. Finally, this thesis’ research establishes a foundation for the development of theoretical models of serial and nonserial sexual homicide that explain the circumstances responsible for the emergence, repetition, and cessation of this phenomenon.

Keyphrases: Modus operandi, Sexual homicide, Seriality, Adverse childhood experience, Daily life, Modus operandi, Criminal investigation
La réponse de Kant au vicaire savoyard : la méthodologie transcendantale

The concept of “discipline” occurring in the title of the first section of the CPR’s Transcendental Methodology belongs in truth to Kant’s theory of education. Yet it is a fact that one of the main differences between the pedagogy of Rousseau’s Émile and Kant’ theory of education lies in the absence of discipline in Rousseau. The latter relies for the child’s development on “nature,” without other forms of constraint. Therefore, if in the famous “Profession of Faith of the Savoyard Vicar” of the Émile, Rousseau grounds the certainty of the three ideas 1- immortality of the soul, 2- freedom of the will and 3- existence of God, on a “natural sentiment,” rejecting the reasoning of the philosophers, Kant recognizes for his part the rational character of these ideas treated in the Transcendental Dialectic and, rather than abandoning reason outright, he urges it to respect its limits and to bend to a “discipline.” In fact, dialectical illusion is according to Kant “natural” to reason, and only a critique – as a product of high culture – can restrain reason in its theoretical claims.

Keyphrases: Kant, Rousseau, Discipline, Nature, Education, Metaphysics
Développement de réactions photochimiques pour la synthèse d’hétérocycles azotés en chimie en flux continu

This thesis will focus on the development of new photochemical methodologies using continuous flow chemistry. The work presented in Chapter 2 describes the use of an iron(II) photocatalyst for the synthesis of substituted carbazoles. The cyclization of diaryls and triarylamines was carried out using the [Fe(phen)3](NTf2)2/O2 catalyst system with yields varying between 63 and 91 %. Continuous flow chemistry technology has made it possible to undertake the study of the scale-up of this photochemical reaction. The numbering-up technique reduced by half the process time to form one gram of final product.   Chapter 3 deals with the development of a new photochemical reactor composed of purple LEDs. This photoreactor makes it possible to carry out the decomposition of aromatic azide to provide heterocycles like carbazoles, indoles and pyrroles. More than 21 examples were synthesized with yields from 33 to 95 %. In addition, carbazoles having a carbon-halogen bond have been synthesized without bond breakage which can be used as a synthetic handle in a multi-step process.  Finally, Chapter 4 presents the work incorporating the azide photodecomposition reaction developed in Chapter 3 into a multi-step continuous flow process (post-functionalization). Clausine C derivatives synthesis was investigated using the azide photodecomposition providing a brominated derivative that can be subsequently transformed upon Suzuki cross-coupling. This type of multi-step process has made it possible to develop a library of eight Clausine C derivatives with overall yields ranging from 36 to 74 % (over 2 steps). In addition, the first multi-step process incorporating two subsequent photochemical transformations was studied using a metallophotoredox coupling to form a Csp2-Csp3 bond. The synthesis of the benzyl derivative of Clausine C was obtained with a total yield of 39 % (over 2 steps).

Keyphrases: Continuous flow, Photochemistry, Photocatalysis, Heterocycles, Iron, Azides
Die Entstehung der Illusion in den Paralogismen

We tend to underestimate the authentically productive role of reason in the Transcendental Dialectic of the Critique of Pure Reason. This paper provides an illustration of this role as it can be traced in the Paralogisms of Pure Reason, which themselves became possible on the basis of a negative fiction applied to the inner sense. The main point here consists in distinguishing the negative fiction from a mere logical “abstraction.” It is therefore important to make the difference between “Absonderung” and “Abstraktion.” The former is the source of the negative fiction, of a fiction that operates “praescindendo”, as Baumgarten writes about the “facultas fingendi.” In this sense, reason is an intellectual faculty of invention. This illustration is part of a larger project aiming at an interpretation of the Transcendental Dialectic based on a theory of schematism, which is somehow overshadowed by Kant’s critical intentions.

Keyphrases: Kant, Baumgarten, Abstraction, Paralogisms, Negative fiction, Schematism
Rousseau et Kant : à propos de la genèse de la théorie kantienne des idées

I examine in this article the scope of the thesis defended both by Dieter Henrich and Klaus Reich according to which Rousseau through his text De l’imitation théâtrale (1764) would have drawn Kant’s attention on the Platonic “Idea,” allowing him to solve among other things the problem of the criterion of the morally good (principium diiudicationis). I am thinking here of Paragraph 9 of the Dissertation of 1770. Kant will insist on the conceptual nature of the Idea and on its origin in reason, in order to remove the threat of mysticism.

Keyphrases: Kant, Rousseau, Platonic idea, Criterion of the good, Mysticism
La coopération dans le nouveau Code de procédure civile : à la croisée de la procédure civile et de la déontologie

The obligation of cooperation has enacted in the Code of civil procedure in 2016, inspired by the reform English civil procedure. This obligation is at the heart of this analysis which attempts to define this new obligation and to demonstrate its complementarity with the ethical obligation lawyers has pursuant to the Code of professional Conduct. The practical application of cooperation in lawyer’s modern practice is indeed a mix of those two jurisdictions.  In the Code of Civil Procedure, the need for cooperation is described in the preliminary disposition and is expressed as a guiding principle of the procedure at article 20 of the Code. It acts simultaneously with the notions of good faith and abuse of process. The obligation of cooperation is applicable at every step of conflict resolution: to alternative dispute resolution, to pre-judiciary protocol and to case management. The obligation of cooperation also has major repercussions for rules of evidence. When followed properly, it improves not only the research for truth by increasing information exchanges; it also enhances access to justice by reducing the time in court. As a professional obligation, cooperation generally has an impact on lawyer-client relationships and invites the professional to take responsibility for the accomplishment of his functions. However, the professional practice’s landscape does not currently promote cooperation between colleagues, notably because of the commercialisation of legal services and hourly billing. In our opinion though, despite the actual context of legal practice, solutions exist to promote a professional culture based on cooperation.

Keyphrases: cooperation, civil procedure, ethics, professional ethics, access to justice, alternative dispute resolution, evidence law, commercialisation of legal services, lawyer-client relationship, civility, good faith, abuse of process
Mesure de la déformation pleurale régionale durant la ventilation mécanique par élastographie ultrasonore : une étude preuve de concept

Mechanical ventilation is a common therapy in operating rooms and intensive care units. When ill-adapted, it can lead to ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), which in turn is associated with poor outcomes. Excessive regional pulmonary strain is thought to be a major mechanism responsible for VILI. Scarce bedside methods exist to measure regional pulmonary strain. We propose a novel way to measure regional pleural strain using ultrasound elastography. We conducted a single blind randomized crossover pilot study in 10 patients requiring general anesthesia. After induction, patients were received tidal volumes of 6, 8, 10 and 12 mL.kg-1 in random order, while pleural ultrasound cineloops were acquired at 4 standardized locations. Ultrasound radiofrequency speckle tracking allowed computing various pleural translation, strain and shear components. These were screened to identify those with the best dose-response with tidal volumes using linear mixed effect models. Goodness-of-fit was assessed by the coefficient of determination. Intraobserver, interobserver and test-retest reliability were calculated using intraclass correlation coefficients. Analysis was possible in 90.7% of ultrasound cineloops. Lateral absolute shear, lateral absolute strain and Von Mises strain varied significantly with tidal volume and offered the best dose-responses and data modelling fits. Point estimates for intraobserver reliability measures were excellent for all 3 parameters (0.94, 0.94 and 0.93, respectively). Point estimates for interobserver (0.84, 0.83 and 0.77, respectively) and test-retest (0.85, 0.82 and 0.76, respectively) reliability measures were good. Thus, strain imaging is feasible and reproducible, and may eventually guide mechanical ventilation strategies in larger cohorts of patients.

Keyphrases: Anesthesia, General, Humans, Lung/diagnostic imaging/physiopathology, Ultrasonography/methods, Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury/diagnostic imaging/physiopathology, Positive-Pressure Respiration/adverse effects
Détermination de la contamination microbiologique des litières de fumier recyclé en filière de production bovine en fonction des pratiques de productions et de gestion en élevage.

Recycled manure solid bedding (RMS) is used on Canadian farms as an alternative to conventional straw bedding. RMS is obtained by extracting the solid fraction of dairy cow manure, sometimes followed by maturation. However, the microbiological characteristics of this bedding are poorly documented. This study allowed the description of the microbiota and microbiological characteristics of RMS compared to straw and assessed the impact of the RMS production methods on its microbiota. The results of the microbiota analyses demonstrated that the richness and diversity of the microbiota in unused RMS were different from unused straw. Unused RMS and used RMS possessed more similar microbial diversity compared to the microbial diversity between unused and used straw. Moreover, the different RMS production methods did not influence the richness of the microbiota but influence its composition. The RMS production method using separation followed by heap maturation had a lower bacterial load than production method using separation followed by box maturation. Finally, RMS contained more Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp than straw bedding. This leads to the conclusion that RMS bedding currently produced on farms in Eastern Canada, clearly constitute a greater microbiological risk as compared to straw bedding.

Keyphrases: Recycled manure solids (RMS), Straw, Microbiota, Dairy cow, RMS production methods
La gaine carpienne chez le cheval : comment améliorer les techniques diagnostiques de base actuelles?

Objective: (1) To assess the effect of carpal sheath anaesthesia on skin sensitivity of the distal forelimb and to determine potential locations for desensitisation of palmar nerves. (2) To investigate the use of a needle arthroscope for diagnostic tenoscopy of the carpal sheath in standing horses. Study design: Experimental ex vivo and in vivo studies. Animals: Cadaveric limbs (n=20+6) and live horses (n=8+6). Methods: (1) Mechanical nociception of the distal forelimb was measured with a dynamometer on 8 horses between t0 and t180mn after intrathecal anesthesia (mepivacaine). Twenty cadaveric limbs were prepared and dissected transversally or longitudinally. (2) Needle and regular arthroscopes were compared during carpal sheath tenoscopy of 6 cadaveric limbs. Then, standing carpal sheath tenoscopy was performed in 6 sedated healthy horses with the needle arthroscope.  Results: (1) Six out of 8 horses were completely desensitized on both heel bulbs. Cadaveric specimens revealed close proximity between the sheath and palmar nerves at 2 possible diffusion sites identified. (2) Needle arthroscopy allowed thorough visualization of the proximal region of the carpal sheath in cadaveric limbs and standing horses (6/6). However, remaining flexor tendons tension limited visualization of the superficial digital flexor tendon in 4/6 of horses. Conclusion: (1) Carpal sheath anaesthesia should be interpreted within 15min post-injection and perineural or articular blocks distal to the carpus should be delayed for more than 3 hours post-carpal sheath anesthesia. (2) Standing carpal sheath tenoscopy allows a safe and thorough evaluation of the proximal region of the sheath, offering an alternative diagnostic technique.

Keyphrases: Horse, Carpal sheath, Anaesthesia, Tenoscopy
Créations didactiques pour publics non-initiés : une démarche qui met en relation composition, lutherie numérique et médiation culturelle

This research-creation project aims to understand the specific relationship of an artist wanting to work on sound composition, digital lutherie and cultural mediation in a unique creative process dedicated to the creation of didactic art projects for non-initiated publics : "La couleur du son" and "Art martial sonore". To do so, this master's thesis first presents a study for each of the field, one at a time, before presenting a reflexion on how they can coexist.   Are then studied different original art projects containing each of the three field of works, created specifically for this research-creation. Each of those creations concentrates mainly on one of the three fields of work and connect the other two to it in a way that seeks to be as uniform as possible.

Keyphrases: Composition, Lutherie, Art martial, Public, Expert, Performance, Oscillation, Onde sonore, Application mobile, Music, Digital, Martial art, Touch screen, Smart phone, Non-initiated, Sound wave, Oscillator, Mobile application, Didactic, Audiodigital
Les réseaux sociaux comme prédicteurs de la criminalité urbaine

The present study attempts to determine the importance of analyzing crime at increasingly precise spatial and temporal levels. Also, a source of data from social media, Twitter, is used to predict the distribution of crimes in Montréal by estimating the ambient population on the territory, and characterizing it according to its mood. Poisson multilevel models are used to predict violent and property crimes aggregated to the street segment by time of day. The results show that it is essential for any analysis of crime in Montreal to take into account the variance of crime at the micro-place and to incorporate intraday periods. Also, the characterization of the ambient population has been identified as a promising avenue for the prediction of crime. Finally, the study provides proof of concept of the use of Twitter for the prediction of criminality, and following a markup related to the representativity of the users of the platform, the data could be used by public safety actors.

Keyphrases: Population flottante, Lag spatial, Twitter, Crime analysis, Spatial analysis, Temporal analysis, Ambient population, Spatial lag, Criminology of place, Sentiment analysis, Social media, Aoristic analysis
Kant et les organismes non vivants

In this article, I question the position adopted by Peter McLaughlin and Reinhard Löw who tend to neglect in their commentaries the sharp distinction established by Kant between “organism” and “life.” In truth, the second part of the CJ deals specifically with the paradigmatic case of organism, and this in accordance with Kant’s intentions in this work. Therefore, properly speaking, the main topic here is not a philosophy of “bio-logy.” Organism is at most an “analogon of life” according to Kant. Furthermore I examine the reasons that lead him to reject two ways of explaining organism, namely “hylozoism” (contradictory) and the theory of the world-soul (anthropomorphic) in order to conclude that the only possible explanation for Kant is the supersensible realm.

Keyphrases: Kant, McLaughlin, Peter, Löw, Reinhard, Organism, Life, Hylozoism, World-soul