NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Le droit international au soutien de l'intégration des femmes dans les instances décisionnelles des entreprises canadiennes et québécoises

International law offers a supplementary dimension to think about the place of women in boards of directors and among executive teams, an issue mainly addressed by the company and domestic laws, as illustrated by the most recent adoption of Bill C-25. The unbalanced progression of women in these authorities, reflecting of countless national and business contexts, is real. To rectify this situation, principles derived from group dynamics (critical mass, tokenism) are sometimes evoked and many economic justifications are argued. However, the latter are controversial and insufficient. This thesis offers to complete them with democratic considerations and egalitarian claims based on human rights from international legal instruments. As Canada is a party to some of them, they constitute a first analytical framework. This is then complemented thanks to the CSR prism, bringing human rights into the company’s field through the principles developed by Ruggie. Finally, after recalling Canada’s commitment on the international scene with respect to this theme and noting certain shortcomings, the means by which this country can overcome them will be summarized. If the status quo continues, international law allows injured people and groups to use certain remedies. International law is relevant in that it promotes fundamental rights denied by the minority status of women in these decision-making bodies and offers means of monitoring their application after the fact.

Keyphrases: Discrimination, Loi contraignante, Board of directors, CEDAW, Executive team, Critical mass, Human rights, International law, Discrimination, Corporate social responsability, Binding law
Le rôle de la banque dans la lutte contre le blanchiment d’argent : étude comparative entre le droit Libanais et le droit Canadien

The development of banks’ areas of expertise and the reinforcement of the banking secrecy, a system that protects personal information, have played an important role in the development of the financial sector, notably the banking sector. These systems have offered clients many advantages. However, they have also triggered the emergence of financial fraud, giving rise specifically to the act of money laundering. As a result, the international community fighting against money laundering has realised that the only way to make a change would be to integrate all the professions implicated directly in the problem of dirty money. Thus, it has decided to intrust financial middlemen and bankers with the task of integrating a number of regulations to deal with the issue. This includes the declaration of suspicious activities and the obligation to monitor clients’ activities at all times. As a result of these new regulations, each banker plays the role of the middleman and reports to the police of financial circuits. Bankers will be severely punished if they fail to achieve their duties and they will be personally held responsible for the ensuing consequences.

Keyphrases: conventions internationales, money laundering, fight against money laundering, international conventions, banker, bank, derogations of banking secrecy, obligation of discretion, client identification and verification of identity, responsibility
Le traitement réservé à la Charia dans l'arbitrage international

Globalization has led to the development of economic exchanges between countries with contrasting legal and cultural traditions. These interactions require an understanding and respect of the legal systems because all countries wish to retain their interests, whether it be commercial or not. In the face of these economic advances, international commercial arbitration has emerged as a way to remove states from a particular state legal system and to bring consensus on how to settle disputes. However, when a conflict emerges between East and West, the cultural differences and the religious variables lead the Western countries to question the normativity of Arab Muslim’s rights. Despite the fact that the majority of these states are now secularized in the field of business today, there are challenges to the apprehension and application of Sharia’h, Islamic law and Fiqh. The Western perception of these rights as precarious or unsuitable for governing international trade may have led to some isolation of legislation. Through this study it will be necessary to understand what Sharia’h and Islamic law really are, but especially their content and impact in the field of business in order to justifiy the initial rejection of these systems in the arbitration system. Thus will be traced the evolution of the reception of Sharia’h in international commercial arbitration and the treatment that has been reserved for it until today.

Keyphrases: Normativity, Sharia'h, Arab muslim's rights, International commercial arbitration, Business law, Positivity
Perception des politiques de financement public des écoles confessionnelles au Québec : une analyse à travers le récit d’action publique véhiculé par les médias journalistiques écrits

The legitimacy of public funding for denominational schools raises heated controversies both in Quebec and in other democratic societies. In Quebec, opponents of the public funding policies of denominational schools invoke the irreconcilability of state funding with the societal values advocated by the Quebec model of intercultural integration, highlighting the risks of social division and reconfessionalization of the school system. In this documentary research, we propose a cognitive analysis of the media debate about policies relating to state grants to religious schools. The objectives of our study are to identify the public action narratives conveyed by Quebec's written journalistic media, to understand the mechanisms that determine the emergence of this media discourse, as well as its influence on the trajectory of the public policies under study.

Keyphrases: Forum, Private religious schools, Public funding policies, Pulic action narratives, Forum, Media coverage, Interests
Prioriser l’apprentissage dans la gestion des établissements scolaires : une étude documentaire descriptive des dimensions du leadership centré sur l’apprentissage dans le fonctionnement et les activités d’écoles québécoises de milieux défavorisés

This dissertation is in line with the current work of Archambault, Poirel and Garon (2014) research group on school principals focused on learning. It tries to answer the following question, still scarcely studied in Quebec: what do these schools where the school principals give priority to learning in their management, specifically in a disadvantaged environment, do to have an impact on student success? This descriptive documentary study of the dimensions of learning-centered leadership in the operation and activities of Québec schools in disadvantaged neighborhoods describes and gather information the actions planned by schools to give priority to learning. In order to do so, we rely on the most recent French-language conceptual framework in our field, namely that of the research group of Archambault, Poirel and Garon (2014). We describe and document this set of practices and means included in the documents of 13 primary schools (educational project, success plan, management agreement). We use documents recently collected but not processed by Archambault, Poirel and Garon (2014). Although these documents allow only an observation of the actions proposed by the schools, prospective actions, and that their study thus presents certain limits, their interest remains undeniable since they are public documents with obligatory production. In this memoir, we present quantitative data and content data for each category of each of the 14 dimensions of learning-centered leadership using Archambault, Poirel and Garon’s (2014) conceptual model. From this analysis, we produce a synthesis of the presence of themes and the means, actions and strategies associated in schools, classified by dimension. This allows us to see what is in strong presence and what is not present in the documents: all the dimensions of a leadership focused on learning are observed, except the dimension of the social commitment which is under-represented. . Also, we found that schools mainly use data entry, academic results, to quantify the achievement of a goal.We hope that this memoir will serve as a reflexive lever but also as a tool for writing the new generation of permanent products.

Keyphrases: learning-centered leadership, permanent products, underprivileged backgrounds, Quebec elementary schools, documentary study
L'apprentissage de vocabulaire à travers la littérature jeunesse en classe d'accueil préscolaire : une comparaison de deux approches de lecture interactive

This research compared the effects of two interactive classroom reading approaches on learning new vocabulary: direct teaching of words through repeated single-album reading or direct word teaching through a thematic literary network. This research also seeks to verify whether certain lexical factors such as the class of words and their concrete or abstract nature promote or not their learning. The contribution of oral vocabulary on reading proficiency and academic success has been repeatedly demonstrated (Scarborough, 2001, Muter, Hulme, Snowling and Stevenson, 2004, Giasson, 2011). Since acquiring vocabulary requires several encounters with words, we wonder about the contexts of multiple exposures that would benefit students the most: repeated reading of the same album (Penno, Wilkinson and Moore, 2002), or use of a thematic literary network (Dupin de Saint-André, Montésinos-Gelet and Bourdeau, 2015). For our project, we selected eight words in the album La mouche dans l’aspirateur (Mélanie Watt, 2015) for the repetitive reading approach and eight words through a literary network of four books around the theme of the sea. The eight target words were worked for four consecutive days, through daily reading periods. These selected words were pretested on twelve preschool students before reading periods, then tested immediately after the procedure, finally two weeks later. The immediate posttests of the two approaches show similar average evolutions: 52.3% for repeated reading and 50.2% for the literary network. At this time, the difference in means between these two groups was not significant (p = .782). The averages were more differentiated during posttest postponements: the repeated reading approach obtains 68.2%, 12.5% ​​more than that of the literary network (55.7%) and the difference was significant (p = .028). We also observed that names get the best averages, followed by adjectives and verbs. The class of words seems to influence significantly (p =, 008) the evolutions of means, as well as the moment of passing of the posttest (p =, 004). Finally, the average differences between the concrete and abstract words are significant in the immediate posttests (p =, 000) and in the delayed posttests (p =, 026), two weeks later. The entire project generated excitement among students and an attachment to reading books and learning target words.

Keyphrases: vocabulary, second language, children's literature, class, repeated reading, literary network, learning
Relations entre lecture et vocabulaire chez des élèves ayant un trouble développemental du langage de 8 à 11 ans

Reading development requires the mobilization of several processes and particular knowledge from learning readers. Among these, vocabulary knowledge - i.e. the subset of a language’s lexicon known by a person - plays an important part in attaining a certain level of reading performance. Yet, students with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) have a known limited vocabulary and weak lexical representations, which can become important obstacles in the development of their reading skill. It is against this background that our study makes its recommendation. As such, our research objectives are the following: 1) to verify if vocabulary and reading performances in three groups of participants (DLD participants, participants of the same chronological age and younger participants with the same reading level) differ depending on the group; 2) to establish the relationships between word identification and vocabulary dimensions depending on the group; and 3) to establish the relationships between reading comprehension and vocabulary dimensions depending on the group. To achieve these objectives, 27 DLD participants, 47 participants with the same chronological age and 25 younger participants with the same reading level were submitted to two vocabulary tests, respectively evaluating breadth and depth of vocabulary, as well as two reading tests, including a word identification test and a reading comprehension test. Following these tests, results have demonstrated a significant correlation between vocabulary breadth and word identification, as well as between vocabulary breadth and reading comprehension, in DLD participants. Furthermore, similar relationships were identified in both control groups. Thus, based on these results, we suggest that interventions aimed at developing vocabulary breadth should be encouraged for DLD students, especially at the beginning of their schooling career.

Keyphrases: dysphasie, developmental language disorder, specific language impairment, primary language impairment, reading, reading comprehension, word identification, vocabulary, vocabulary depth, vocabulary breadth
Biosurveillance des retardateurs de flamme organophosphorés chez les travailleurs du recyclage électronique au Québec

Electronic waste (e-waste) contains organophosphate esters (OPEs) flame retardants, which may be emitted into the workplace environment during recycling operations. However, there is a paucity of data in the scientific literature regarding occupational exposure to OPEs in e-waste recycling facilities. In this study, we aimed to measure urinary concentrations of OPE metabolites in e-waste recycling workers, and to evaluate their association with measured air OPE concentrations. Fifteen urinary OPE metabolites were measured in urine samples from 88 workers (six facilities in the province of Quebec, Canada) at the end of their work shift (on Wednesdays). On the same day, 11 OPE were measured in 8-hour personal air samples (n=88) collected in workers’ breathing zone. Spearman rank correlation and linear regressions were performed to assess the relationship between the urinary concentrations of OPE metabolites and air concentrations of their parent compound. Bis (1-chloro-2-propyl) 1-hydroxy-2-propyl phosphate (BCIPHIPP), diphenyl phosphate (DPhP), bis (1-chloro-2-propyl) carboxy 2-ethyl phosphate (BCIPCEP) and bis (2-chloroethyl) carboxymethyl phosphate (BCECMP) were detected in more than 70% of urine samples. Tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (metabolite: BCECMP), tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (metabolites: BCIPCEP, BCIPHIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (metabolite: DPhP) were detected in more than 90% of air samples. The correlation coefficients between the concentrations of urinary metabolites and the concentrations of their parent compounds in air ranged from 0.28 to 0.43 (p <0.05). However, the coefficients of determination (R2) of univariate linear regression models were low (R2s: 0.05-0.12). Our data shows that workers performing e-waste recycling tasks are exposed to OPEs, but that airborne OPEs appear to contribute minimally to absorbed doses

Keyphrases: Flame retardants, Organophosphate esters (OPEs), Urinary biomarkers, Electronic waste recycling, Occupational exposure
L’œil et ses malaises : une histoire à retracer : effet délétère de l’inflammation médiée par interleukine-1 sur le développement nerveux et vasculaire de l’œil

Inflammation has an important role in preterm birth (PTB) and has been independently linked to many perinatal morbidities, including blindness. However, the specific role of gestational inflammation mediated by the interleukin (IL)-1 on vascular development in the eye hasn’t yet been defined. Using a murine model of IL-1 induced PTB, we studied that role in the developing retina and choroid, while testing a novel therapeutic approach targeting the IL-1 receptor, IL-1R. Pregnant mice were injected with IL-1 in utero to induce PTB. Subcutaneous injections of IL-1R antagonists were received by some of them: 101.10 (non-competitive) or Kineret (competitive). Progeny’s eyes were collected to measure inflammatory gene expression, which was elevated for Casp1, Il1b, Il8 and Il12. After the prenatal induction of inflammation, inflammatory cells infiltrate the retina and choroid before birth and stay present throughout development. After birth, pups exposed to IL-1 during gestation suffer from retinal vessel growth delay, choroidal and subsequent retinal thinning. This causes functional deficits on electroretinography, seen as a diminished b-wave amplitude. Antenatal administration of 101.10 was efficient in preventing those damages, whereas Kineret had a variable effect. Thus, uterine inflammation generates an inflammatory response in the eyes of the fetus, impairing vascular and retinal development and function. We suggest antenatal administration of 101.10 to protect the fetal eyes from deleterious inflammation and potential consequences on vision.

Keyphrases: Inflammation, Interleukine-1, 101.10, Kineret, Interleukin-1, Retina, Choroid, Angiogenesis, Electroretinography, Prematurity, Mouse
Le CLCF1 inhibe la différenciation des MSC en ostéoblastes

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent cells capable of differentiating into adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes or myocytes. They are present in most tissues in adults and fetuses. MSC secrete an array of cytokines giving them the ability to regulate immune responses. MSC have immunosuppressive properties and were therefore tested in clinical trials. MSC express the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor chain (LIFRβ) on their surface. A mutation in the LIFR gene is associated with the Stüve-Wiedemann syndrome characterised by the development of scoliosis, curvatures of the long bones and the inability to regulate body temperature. LIFRβ is one of the signalling chains of the cardiotrophin-like cytokine (CLCF1) receptor. We therefore tested the hypothesis that CLCF1 regulates the differentiation of MSC into osteoblasts. Preliminary results showed that CLCF1 binds bone marrow-derived MSC as well as a bone marrow population that is negative for the hematopoietic cell marker CD45. The addition of CLCF1 during the induction of MSC differentiation into osteoblasts resulted in a decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity and in mineralization. Analysis of mARN levels by RT-qPCR indicated that the inhibitory effect of CLCF1 on osteoblast differentiation was paralleled by a down-regulation of the expression of Runx2, Osterix and Dlx5, 3 transcription factors involved in the control of osteogenesis. In conclusion, these results suggest that CLCF1 inhibits the differentiation of MSC into osteoblasts and that this cytokine is a potential therapeutic target in bone pathologies such as osteoporosis.

Keyphrases: Cytokines, CLCF1, LIFR, Mesenchymal stem cells, Cytokines, Osteoblast
Cost-utility analysis of imaging for surveillance and diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a serious complication associated with chronic liver disease. Current guidelines recommended HCC surveillance using ultrasound (US) every six months. However, US surveillance can be challenging for some patients, particularly those with cirrhosis or obesity. Alternately, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and abbreviated MRI have been explored as alternative imaging modalities and may be used in selected patients who are likely to have experienced inadequate US examinations. In this thesis, we aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of imaging-based surveillance and diagnostic strategies in patients at risk of HCC while taking into account technically inadequate examinations and patients’ compliance. We compared seven surveillance and diagnostic strategies: strategy A, US for surveillance and CT for diagnosis; strategy B, US for surveillance and MRI for diagnosis; strategy C, US for surveillance and CT for inadequate or positive surveillance; strategy D, US for surveillance and MRI for inadequate or positive surveillance; strategy E, surveillance and diagnosis with CT followed by MRI for inadequate surveillance; strategy F, surveillance and diagnosis with MRI followed by CT for inadequate surveillance; and strategy G, surveillance with abbreviated MRI followed by CT for inadequate surveillance or MRI for positive surveillance. Two compliance scenarios were evaluated: optimal and conservative. For each scenario, the most cost-effective strategy was based on a willingness-to-pay threshold of Can$50,000 (Canadian dollars) per quality-adjusted life year (QALY). We also performed sensitivity analyses.  Our results demonstrated that strategy E was the most cost-effective strategy in scenarios with optimal patient compliance (Can$13,631/QALY). However, in scenarios with low patient compliance, strategy G was the most cost-effective alternative to the current US-surveillance practice (Can$39,681/QALY). Sensitivity analyses supported the base-case analysis in the optimal compliance scenario; however, several parameters altered the cost-effectiveness relationship in the conservative compliance scenario. By performing this economic analysis, we concluded that an individual approach, considering the clinical particularities of the patients, is more cost-effective than the current “one-size-fits-all” strategy. However, before implementing a surveillance program incorporating imaging modalities other than US, future studies should address the economic burden associated with false-positive HCC diagnoses and the accuracy of abbreviated MRI examinations in a surveillance setting.

Keyphrases: Cost-effectiveness, Early detection, Liver cancer, Liver imaging, Markov model
Les lois anticorruption brésilienne et canadienne et leurs effets sur la compliance des entreprises au Brésil

The purpose of this study is to understand the influence of Canadian and Brazilian anti-corruption laws in compliance programs in Brazil. For that, the research will be divided into three parts. The first part will analyze the corruption itself, its definitions, its history in Canada, Brazil and in the world. Understanding the history of the fight against corruption, of the national laws, and the main conventions adopted over the years to reduce its harmful effects will help us get a better idea of the current scenario in Brazil. In a second part, we will better understand the corruption in Canada and Brazil, as well as efforts to combat it in those two countries over the years. This will be done through an overview of the history and the adopted legislations. In the last part, we will look into compliance programs to better understand how this subject has evolved in Brazil in recent years, under the influence of these two national laws. This work adopts the deductive research method, and analyzes existing doctrines, articles and laws. The main question is: how have the new Brazilian and Canadian anti-corruption laws changed compliance programs in Brazil? Compliance consists on policies and procedures designed to detect, combat and correct irregularities in the business sphere, generally associated with corrupt practices, developing a culture of ethics, integrity and preventing wrongdoing. It is one of the main distractors and generators of inequality in the economy, and therefore, compliance plays a fundamental role in this work.

Keyphrases: corruption, compliance, loi anticorruption, Brazil, law, compliance programs