NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
The systematics and evolution of Cambrian graptolites from the Burgess Shale of Canada

Les ptérobranches sont originaires du Cambrien basal (Fortunien) et sont principalement connus pour leurs tubes conservés dans les registre fossile. Les formes les plus anciennes représentent des colonies benthiques arborescences qui ne sont pas largement étudiées en raison de la qualité de la conservation et de l'identification traditionnelle erronée de l’espèce. Pour cette raison, les relations phylogénétiques du groupe ne sont pas clairement connues, principalement des formes les plus basales. Les graptolites des schistes de Burgess (Cambrien moyen) étaient vaguement connus grâce à la présence de Chaunograptus scandens, de certaines espèces discutables du genre Yuknessia et d’autres matériaux fragmentés non déterminés. Cette étude représente une description complète de C. scandens, un consensus pour Yuknessia simplex et Y. stephenensis, ainsi que le nouveau rapport de Protohalecium hallianum et Mastigograptus sp. de la localité, également trouvés dans des localités de type Burgess Shale en Utah et en Australie. Les analyses phylogénétiques de 34 caractères morphologiques de ces genres des schistes de Burgess, ainsi que de certains taxons benthiques et planctoniques connus (n = 22), placent ces espèces cambriennes comme formes basales entre le ptérobranche pseudocoloniale Cephalodiscus et le graptolite vivant Rhabdopleura. Pterobranchs originated in the basal Cambrian (Fortunian) and are mostly known by their tubes preserved in the fossil record. The earliest forms represent bushy erect growing colonies that are not widely studied due to preservation quality and species misidentification. For this reason, basal phylogenetic relationships within the group are not clearly established. Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale graptolites were poorly known from the presence of Chaunograptus scandens, some debatable species of the genus Yuknessia, and other undetermined fragmented material. This study represents a complete description of C. scandens, a consensus for Yuknessia simplex and Y. stephenensis, and the new report of Protohalecium hallianum and Mastigograptus sp. from the locality, which have also been found in Burgess Shaletype localities in Utah and Australia. Phylogenetic analyses of 34 discrete morphological traits from these Burgess Shale genera and some known benthic and planktic taxa (n=22), place these Cambrian species as basal forms between the pseudocolonial pterobranch Cephalodiscus and the living graptolite Rhabdopleura.

Keyphrases: graptolites, Schistes de Burgess, Paléozoïque, Cambrien, systématique, paléontologie, évolution, Burgess Shale, Hemichordata, Pterobranchia, graptolites, Burgess Shale, paleontology, Paleozoic, Cambrian, systematic
Réduction du risque des invalidités liées à la consommation de l’alcool : l’effet à long terme de l’introduction de la loi zéro tolérance

De 1990 à 1998, la totalité des cinquante et un états américains ont employé la loi tolérance zéro en vue de réduire à la fois les accidents de route et le taux de beuveries chez les jeunes. En 1998 aux États-Unis, il est interdit aux jeunes conducteurs âgés de 16 à 21 ans de conduire si une quantité minime d’alcool se trouve dans son sang, alors que la loi pour les personnes âgées de 22 ans et plus demeure inchangée. Ce papier examine l’effet de l’implémentation de cette loi sur la santé à long terme. En employant la méthode de différence-en-différence, nous trouvons une réduction des invalidités ambulatoire et visuelle ou auditive à l’âge de 37 à 40 ans. Ces résultats sont robustes à l’inclusion de la tendance linéaire par année de naissance. D’une façon plus intéressante, nous trouvons que les effets sont concentrés sur les hommes blancs. Il n’existe quasiment pas d’effets pour les hommes non blancs ou même pour les femmes de n’importe quelle race. From 1990 to 1998, all fifty-one US states implemented the Zero Tolerance Law in order to reduce both traffic accidents and youth drinking rates. By 1998, young American drivers aged between 16 and 21 are prohibited from driving if a minimal amount of alcohol exists in their blood, while the law concerning people aged over 22 remains unchanged. This paper examines the long-run effects of the law on one’s health. Using the difference-in-difference method, we find a reduction in ambulatory and visual or hearing disabilities at the age of 37 to 40 years. These results are robust to the inclusion of year of birth linear trend. Interestingly, we find that the effects are mainly concentrated on white men. There are virtually no effects for non-white men or even women of any race.

Keyphrases: Lois de l’Alcool Pour Les Jeunes, Youth Alcohol Policies
L'usage du droit comparé dans le raisonnement du juge : analyse en matière de droits fondamentaux au Canada et en Afrique du Sud

L’établissement de textes de droits fondamentaux dans de nombreux pays du monde offre un terrain élargi d’observation pour le juge constitutionnel national interprétant ces droits. Pour donner vie à ces textes, il arrive que les juges nationaux s’intéressent à leur mise en application dans d’autres États. Cette étude portera dans un premier temps sur la façon dont ces juges recourent à la technique comparative. Ainsi, l’utilisation de cette méthode dans le raisonnement du juge est souvent utile afin de s’inspirer du travail que d’autres ont effectué avant lui. Deux États qui se distinguent par le recours à la technique comparative dans l’interprétation de leurs textes fondamentaux sont le Canada et l’Afrique du Sud. Les juges des hautes juridictions de ces pays recourent de façon régulière au droit comparé, offrant ainsi un terreau fertile d’analyse de l’utilité, mais aussi, des limites de cette technique. L’utilisation du droit comparé dans le raisonnement du juge est donc souvent justifiée, mais est-elle toujours légitime ? Au cours de cette étude, nous nous intéresserons plus en profondeur aux différents aspects concernant l’utilisation de la technique comparative par le juge. Ainsi, nous observerons quelle est l’utilité du recours à cette méthode, mais aussi les dangers que peut susciter l’utilisation du droit étranger dans l’interprétation des textes fondamentaux nationaux. Establishing fundamental rights texts over a broad diversity of countries offers the national constitutional judge a full field of study to interpret these rights. To give life to the text itself, it is common that national judges focus a lot on the methods applied in other states. This study will primarily be centered around how these judges use the comparative technique. Therefore, the use of this method in the judge's reasoning can often be seen as useful in order to be inspired by the work of others that came before him. Two states that stand out by the way they use the comparative method in their fundamental rights interpretation are Canada and South Africa. These two countries higher courts judges are using this method in a recurrent way, and thus providing a fertile ground for the analysis of the pros and cons, utilities and limits of this technique as a whole. The use of comparative law in the judge's reasoning is thus often useful, but is it always legitimate? Over the course of this study, we will dig deeper to take a closer look at the way judges are using the comparative method. Thus, we will note the utility as well as the dangers of resorting to foreign law in the practice of interpretating national fundamental texts.

Keyphrases: Droits étrangers, Droit comparé, Interprétation, Constitution, Droits Fondamentaux, Canada, Afrique du Sud, Juges, Cours Constitutionnelles, Constitution, Canada, Foreign Law, Comparative Law, Fundamentals rights, South Africa, Judges, Constitutional Courts
L’article 5 de la CEDEF : l’obligation d’éliminer les stéréotypes de genre néfastes et injustifiés

Ce mémoire de recherche s’intéresse à l’un des articles les plus fascinants du droit international des droits des femmes : l’article 5 de la Convention sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination à l’égard des femmes (CEDEF, adoptée le 18 décembre 1979). Cette disposition crée l’obligation pour les États parties d’éliminer les stéréotypes de genre néfastes et injustifiés. Ce mémoire a pour objectif d’analyser l’application et la portée de l’article 5 suite à la transformation, notamment par les théories de genre, de la définition du terme « genre » et du terme « femme ». Enfin, ce mémoire explorera la possibilité d’un stéréotype de genre bénéfique et justifié pour les femmes, et pour toute personne, en s’inspirant de l’objectif d’égalité substantielle des mouvements féministes. This master’s thesis concerns one of the most fascinating provisions in international women’s rights: article 5 of the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW, adopted on December 18, 1979). This provision creates the obligation for State Parties to eliminate gender stereotypes that are wrong and unjustified. Moreover, this thesis wishes to address the impact of gender theories on the definition of the terms "sex" and "women" within the application and scope of article 5. Finally, this thesis will also aim to give meaning to a beneficial and justified gender stereotype, while keeping in mind the substantive equality objective of feminist movements.

Keyphrases: CEDEF, ARTICLE 5, Stéréotypes, Genre, Discrimination, Égalité, Féminisme, Droit international, ARTICLE 5, Discrimination, LGBTQ, CEDAW, Stereotypes, International law, Feminism, Equality, Gender, Section 5
Grunge, genre et style : analyse d'un phénomène du rock américain des années 1990

En 1991, le monde découvre le grunge grâce à la popularité surprise de Nirvana et de son single « Smells Like Teen Spirit ». Pendant près de la moitié de la décennie 1990, la musique populaire américaine va changer de visage et le grunge va apparaitre comme le porte-étendard de toute une génération. Rock à guitares énervées, prétendument nihilistes, le grunge s’incarne au travers d’une imagerie forte et autour de la ville de Seattle, dans l’État de Washington. Soundgarden, Pearl Jam et Alice in Chains embarqueront dans le succès du grunge, mais est il possible de véritablement définir ce qui apparait comme un genre particulièrement populaire, sous des considérations stylistiques ? Ce travail propose d’abord de reconsidérer le grunge dans ses aspects relevant du genre, pour ensuite tenter de décoder son éventuelle unité stylistique. Le grunge se popularisant, au début des années 1990, en plein requestionnement des modes de consommation et de production de la musique populaire avec la démocratisation des technologies audionumérique, en quoi ces changements ont pu influer, et même conditionner l’émergence et la popularisation de ce style ? The world discovered grunge in 1991 thanks to the popularity of Nirvana’s « Smells Like Teen Spirit». During almost half of a decade, the American popular music changed profoundly and grunge appeared to be the standard bearer of an entire generation. With heavy guitars and an alleged nihilism, grunge was embodied through strong imagery and around the city of Seattle, Washington. Soundgarden, Pearl Jam and Alice in Chains joined the success of grunge, but is it really possible to define what appears to be a « genre » trough stylistic considerations ? This work suggests, at first, reconsidering grunge in its aspects of « genre », to try then to decode its possible stylistic unit. Grunge popularizing, at the beggining of the 1990’s, in a era of great call into question about music consumption and production because of democratization of audio digital technologies. Do these changes were able to influence, and even to condition the emergence and the popularization of that new style ?

Keyphrases: musique populaire, grunge, musique alternative, musique enregistrée, rock, Seattle, Pearl Jam, Nirvana, Soundgarden, Genre, Style, Analyse rock, audionumérique, analogique, Alice In Chains, grunge, punk, Seattle, Pearl Jam, Nirvana, Soundgarden, Moore, Genre, Style, Popular music, Alternative music, Recorded music, Analysis, Digital audio, Alice In Chains
Rationing hepatitis C treatment in the context of austerity policies in France and Cameroon : a transnational perspective on thepharmaceuticalization of healthcare systems

New powerful drugs against hepatitis C can cure the disease, but they are not widely distributed because their exorbitant prices are destabilizing healthcare systems in both African and European countries. This article takes access to hepatitis C treatments since 2013 in France and in Cameroon as a lens to analyze the rationing of pharmaceutical treatments in relation to recent transformations of health systems. Access to these treatments is analyzed thanks to ethnographic observation and interviews lead in Paris and Yaoundé, with patients, associations, health professionals and public health experts. In Cameroon, rationing takes place through various layers of socio-economic restrictions, and no patient organization advocates for hepatitis treatment. In France, access to hepatitis C treatments has become politicized, and collective mobilizations have denounced rationing as a threat to the promise of universal social security. In this study, we examine Africa's long experience with rationing in the context of structural adjustment, and we bring together experiences in France and Cameroon. This article analyses the phenomenon of the pharmaceuticalization of healthcare systems, that is to say the growing use of pharmaceuticals in healthcare systems, by documenting the social and political construction of scarcity. Indeed, whereas pharmaceuticalization is a concept that has often been used in situations of drugs abundance, a parallel analysis of rationing highlights a political economy of pharmaceuticals that shapes public health debates and policies according to an economy of scarcity, especially in times of austerity.

Keyphrases: Hepatitis, C Rationing, Pharmaceuticalization, DAA, France, Cameroon, Anthropology, Austerity
A short-term assessment of nascent HIV-1 transmission clusters among newly diagnosed individuals using envelope sequence-based phylogenetic analyses

The identification of transmission clusters (TCs) of HIV-1 using phylogenetic analyses can provide insights into viral transmission network and help improve prevention strategies. We compared the use of partial HIV-1 envelope fragment of 1,070 bp with its loop 3 (108 bp) to determine its utility in inferring HIV-1 transmission clustering. Serum samples of recently (n = 106) and chronically (n = 156) HIV-1-infected patients with status confirmed were sequenced. HIV-1 envelope nucleotide-based phylogenetic analyses were used to infer HIV-1 TCs. Those were constructed using ClusterPickerGUI_1.2.3 considering a pairwise genetic distance of £10% threshold. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between the demographic factors that were likely associated with HIV-1 clustering. Ninety-eight distinct consensus envelope sequences were subjected to phylogenetic analyses. Using a partial envelope fragment sequence, 42 sequences were grouped into 15 distinct small TCs while the V3 loop reproduces 10 clusters. The agreement between the partial envelope and the V3 loop fragments was significantly moderate with a Cohen’s kappa (j) coefficient of 0.59, p < .00001. The mean age (<38.8 years) and HIV-1 B subtype are two factors identified that were significantly associated with HIV-1 transmission clustering in the cohort, odds ratio (OR) = 0.25, 95% confidence interval (CI, 0.04–0.66), p = .002 and OR: 0.17, 95% CI (0.10–0.61), p = .011, respectively. The present study confirms that a partial fragment of the HIV-1 envelope sequence is a better predictor of transmission clustering. However, the loop 3 segment may be useful in screening purposes and may be more amenable to integration in surveillance programs.

Keyphrases: HIV-1 transmission networks, Clusters, Envelope gene sequences, Pairwise genetic distance
The partnership in social and solidarity economy : from contract to alliance : a case study

Among development policies, social and solidarity economy (SSE) practices are taking on increasing importance. These practices are characterised by the development of ‘relational wealth’ in addition to material and financial wealth and in particular the relationship of reciprocity (Polanyi 1944; Servet 2007). In this context, the notion of alliance becomes highly significant. This refers to various forms of partnerships forged by the parties involved. Nonetheless, very different, and sometimes even opposite, relational logics underlying these partnerships can be observed. We suggest comparing two different partnership logics: the contract logic and the alliance logic. The analysis is made in relation to the study of a large French SSE organisation operating in the field of sport. Dans le contexte des politiques de développement, les pratiques associées à l’économie sociale et solidaire (ESS) prennent de plus en plus de place. Or ces pratiques se caractérisent par la mise en valeur d’une richesse « relationnelle » en plus de la richesse matérielle et financière, et en particulier par la relation de réciprocité (Polanyi 1944; Servet 2007). La notion d’alliance acquiert dans ce cadre une signification de grande importance. Elle renvoie aux différentes formes de partenariat établies entre les acteurs associés. On constate pourtant, dans ces partenariats, des logiques relationnelles très différentes, voire même opposées. Nous proposons de comparer deux logiques de partenariat : celle du contrat et celle de l’alliance. L’analyse se fera en lien avec une étude réalisée au sein d’une grande structure française de l’ESS travaillant dans le domaine du sport.

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Ethics, Economics, Alliance, Contract, Partnership, Social and solidarity economy, Organisation, Philosophie, Éthique, Économie, Alliance, Contrat, Partenariat, Économie sociale et solidaire
Environmental drivers of rare earth element bioaccumulation in freshwater zooplankton

Human activities have resulted in significant release of rare earth elements (REEs) into the environment. However, the pathways of REEs from waters and soils into freshwater food webs remain poorly understood. Recent studies suggest that aquatic invertebrates may be good biomonitors for REEs, yet there is little information on factors that control REE bioaccumulation in these organisms. Our goal was to study the environmental drivers of REE levels in zooplankton, a key component in plankton food webs, across lakes from geographic areas with different bedrock geology. From 2011 to 2014, bulk zooplankton samples were collected for REE analysis from 39 lakes in eastern Canada. We observed a more than 200 fold variation in surface water REE concentrations and a 10-fold variation in sediment REE concentrations. These concentration gradients were associated with a range of more than an order of magnitude in zooplankton REE concentrations (∑REEY 3.2−210 nmol g−1 ). We found higher REE bioaccumulation in zooplankton from lakes with lower pH and higher REE to dissolved organic carbon ratios. Bioaccumulation was also strongly linked to the free ion concentrations of REEs (REE3+) in surface waters. Our study suggests that zooplankton REE bioaccumulation is an excellent predictor of bioavailable REEs in freshwaters.

Keyphrases: Lanthanides, Aquatic systems, Sediment, Free ion activity model, Surface waters, Arctic, Temperate, Subarctic, Biogeochemistry, Trace metal
arXiv E‐prints and the journal of record : an analysis of roles and relationships

Since its creation in 1991, arXiv has become central to the diffusion of research in a number of fields. Combining data from the entirety of arXiv and the Web of Science (WoS), this article investigates (a) the proportion of papers across all disciplines that are on arXiv and the proportion of arXiv papers that are in the WoS, (b) the elapsed time between arXiv submission and journal publication, and (c) the aging characteristics and scientific impact of arXiv e‐prints and their published version. It shows that the proportion of WoS papers found on arXiv varies across the specialties of physics and mathematics, and that only a few specialties make extensive use of the repository. Elapsed time between arXiv submission and journal publication has shortened but remains longer in mathematics than in physics. In physics, mathematics, as well as in astronomy and astrophysics, arXiv versions are cited more promptly and decay faster than WoS papers. The arXiv versions of papers—both published and unpublished—have lower citation rates than published papers, although there is almost no difference in the impact of the arXiv versions of published and unpublished papers.

Keyphrases: Bibliometrics
Costly collaborations : the impact of scientific fraud on co-authors’ careers

Over the last few years, several major scientific fraud cases have shocked the scientific community. The number of retractions each year has also increased tremendously, especially in the biomedical field, and scientific misconduct accounts for approximately more than half of those retractions. It is assumed that co-authors of retracted papers are affected by their colleagues’ misconduct, and the aim of this study is to provide empirical evidence of the effect of retractions in biomedical research on co-authors’ research careers. Using data from the Web of Science (WOS), we measured the productivity, impact and collaboration of 1,123 co-authors of 293 retracted articles for a period of five years before and after the retraction. We found clear evidence that collaborators do suffer consequences of their colleagues’ misconduct, and that a retraction for fraud has higher consequences than a retraction for error. Our results also suggest that the extent of these consequences is closely linked with the ranking of co-authors on the retracted paper, being felt most strongly by first authors, followed by the last authors, while the impact is less important for middle authors.

Keyphrases: Scientific misconduct, Retractions, Collaboration, Bibliometrics