NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Chronic pain and pain processing in Parkinson’s disease

Pain is experienced by the vast majority of patients living with Parkinson’s disease. It is most often of nociceptive origin, but may also be ascribed to neuropathic (radicular or central) or miscellaneous sources. The recently validated King’s Parkinson’s Disease Pain Scale is based on 7 domains including musculoskeletal pain, chronic body pain (central or visceral), fluctuation-related pain, nocturnal pain, oro-facial pain, pain with discolouration/oedema/swelling, and radicular pain. The basal ganglia integrate incoming nociceptive information and contribute to coordinated motor responses in pain avoidance and nocifensive behaviors. In Parkinson’s disease, nigral and extra-nigral pathology, involving cortical areas, brainstem nuclei, and spinal cord, may contribute to abnormal central nociceptive processing in patients experiencing pain or not. The dopamine deficit lowers multimodal pain thresholds that are amenable to correction following levodopa dosing. Functional brain imaging with positron emission tomography following administration of H215O revealed abnormalities in the sensory discriminative processing of pain (insula/SII), as well as in the affective motivational processing of pain (anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex). Pain management is dependent on efforts invested in diagnostic accuracy to distinguish nociceptive from neuropathic pain. Treatment requires an integrated approach including strategies to lessen levodopa-related response fluctuations, in addition to other pharmacological and non-pharmacological options such as deep brain stimulation and rehabilitation.

Keyphrases: Pain, Parkinson’s disease, Nociception, Fluctuations, Dopamine, Basal ganglia
Le processus d'adhésion aux citoyens souverains : une étude exploratoire du phénomène au Québec

Il est difficile de définir le groupe des citoyens souverains car il a été très peu étudié. Selon les sources, il s’agit d’un groupe terroriste, d’un groupe sectaire ou d’un mouvement radical. La Gendarmerie royale du Canada, les tribunaux et certains services fédéraux et provinciaux prennent des mesures pour contrer l’impact des actions criminelles qu’ils commettent. Pour sa part, le Service canadien du renseignement de sécurité (SCRS) n’identifie pas ce groupe comme une entité terroriste. L’objectif de ce mémoire n’est pas de définir le groupe des citoyens souverains, mais plutôt de comprendre le processus d’adhésion à ce groupe au Québec. À l’aide de la théorie de l’action situationnelle, il démontre les étapes de la création d’un filtre moral chez les adhérents au mouvement. Par induction analytique à partir de témoignages de membres du groupe, il présente les conditions nécessaires à l’adhésion aux citoyens souverains. Parmi celles-ci, on retrouve la victimisation et l’exposition sélective aux théories du complot. Ce mémoire est la première étude qui sonde le point de vue des adhérents pour permettre de comprendre comment ils en viennent à commettre des gestes illégaux qu’eux considèrent légitimes. Groups of sovereign citizens are hard to define since they are the subject of very few studies. According to sources, they are terrorist groups or sectarian groups or they are part of a radical movement. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police, courts and some federal and provincial departments and agencies are taking measures to offset the impact of criminal actions they commit. As for the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), it does not consider these groups as terrorist entities. The purpose of this thesis is not to define these groups per se, but rather to understand the enrolment process for Quebec sovereign citizens. Through situational action theory, it shows the various steps involved in the creation of a moral filter by this movement’s members. By analytic induction based on testimonies of group members, it shows the prerequisites for enrolling in the sovereign citizen movement – such as victimization and selective exposure to conspiracy theories. This thesis is the first study to poll the views of these members in order to understand how they get to commit illegal acts that they consider to be totally legitimate.

Keyphrases: citoyen souverain, processus d'adhésion, théorie de l'action situationnelle, victimisation, exposition sélective, théories du complot, sovereign citizen, enrolment process, situational action theory, victimization, selective exposure, conspiracy theories
Toutou Tango (cahier d'activité) suivi de Le jeu de la construction du sens dans Téléthons de la Grande Surface

Par la décontextualisation et la mise en espace d’éléments divers, la forme de la liste en poésie porte à une autre activité interprétative qu’un discours constitué de phrases syntaxiques. Ce mémoire propose que cette forme déplace les enjeux de l’activité de lecture et ouvre la porte à une interprétation plus libre. La partie création, Toutou Tango (cahier d’activité) aborde liste comme mode d’appréhension du monde et les enjeux liés aux interventions de l’interprète dans le texte. L’essai portant sur l’œuvre de Marc-Antoine K. Phaneuf Téléthons de la Grande Surface, étudie les potentielles interventions d’un lecteur figuré en se penchant plus précisément sur les enjeux dialogiques liés à la construction du sens dans la liste. Devant la multiplicité des sens potentiels du texte, l’interprète de la liste est amenée à reconstruire un sens de manière dialogique à partir des collections d’éléments a priori disparates. By taking elements out of their respective context and placing them together in a shared space, the form of the list in poetry engages the reader in different ways than linear forms of literature made of regular sentences would. Therefore this thesis proposes that the list gives way to a wider range of interpretation, transforming the activity of the reader into something of a game. The creative part, Toutou Tango (cahier d’activité) explores the form of the list as a way of apprehending reality into words and plays with the idea of the reader’s intervention in the text. The essay about Téléthons de la Grande Surface studies a reader’s intervention and its dialogic aspects in regards to meaning-making. Especially within the context of the list, meaning is in the eye of the beholder.

Keyphrases: liste, construction du sens, lectrice, list, poésie, dialogisme, list, meaning making, reader, dialogisme, poetry
Application de la sémantique intertextuelle à la modélisation de constats d'infraction de la ville de Québec

Nous modélisons un type de constat d’infraction avec le métalangage XML en appliquant l’approche de la sémantique intertextuelle au design d’objets informationnels de Marcoux. Nous établissons notre propre méthode à partir de trois méthodes de modélisation dite « classiques » : la méthode de Maler et El Andaloussi, le Document Engineering de Glushko et la méthode RASKE de Salminen. Premièrement, nous procédons à l’analyse d’un corpus sélectionné de documents et résumons les informations recueillies sur notre objet d’étude et sur son contexte d’utilisation. Nous transposons ensuite le Règlement sur la forme des constats d’infraction (C-25.1, r. 1) vers un nouveau médium, la définition de type de document, et élaborons sa spécification de la sémantique intertextuelle. Le résultat de notre travail est un prototype d’un modèle permettant la création d’un type de constat d’infraction en XML originairement électronique, et qui génère également un rendu de sa signification en langue naturelle sur une page-écran d’un navigateur. En scénarisant la DTD pour élaborer des modèles de contenus qui soient les plus séquentiels possible, et en distribuant les thèmes abordés dans le Règlement sur la forme des constats d’infraction en accord avec la syntaxe de la langue naturelle française, nous simplifions le rendu de la sémantique intertextuelle du constat XML et améliorons possiblement son idiomaticité. In the current thesis, we propose an XML modelling of a legal document, the statement of offense, using Marcoux’s intertextual semantics approach to information object design. Our method combines the modelling approaches of Maler and El Andaloussi, Glushko's Document Engineering and Salminen's RASKE method. We first analyse a selected corpus of documents, and identify information relevant to our topic and its context of use. We then transpose the document from a paper medium onto a XML-based electronic medium by i) the construction of a Document Type Definition (DTD) and ii) the elaboration of its intertextual semantics specification. The result is a prototype that enables the authoring of a statement of offence in XML, and allows for the automatic rendering of the document’s intended meaning in a natural language via a web browser.  By designing the DTD so that the content models are mostly introduced sequentially, and by distributing the themes included in the "Règlement sur la forme des constats d’infraction" in accordance with the syntax of the French language, we simplify the rendering of the intertextual semantics and possibly improve its idiomaticity.

Keyphrases: XML, Documents structurés, Modélisation documentaire, Sémantique intertextuelle, Document engineering, XML, Cyberjustice, Structured documents, Intertextual semantics, Document modelling, Document engineering
Improving the measurement of neighbourhood characteristics through systematic
observation: Inequalities in smoking as a case study

Systematic observation is increasingly used as a method to measure neighbourhood        characteristics thought to influence health inequalities. This article reports on       the theory-driven development of a new observation tool composed of reflective       indicators of neighbourhood characteristics believed to influence inequalities in       smoking. We also report the results of generalisability analyses conducted to       estimate the reliability (inter-rater reliability and temporal stability) of the        observation tool. We use the reliability results to reflect on the quality of the       measures and on the theoretical anchors of the tool. We conclude by making       recommendations to improve measures collected through systematic observation.

Keyphrases: Neighborhood, Systematic observation, Reliability, Social inequality, Smoking
Fair Innings: Equality and Children’s Healthcare

Ce commentaire évalue les implications éthiques en soins de santé d’une approche axée sur le “fair innings” à travers la loupe de la garantie d’égalité inscrite dans la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés. This commentary assesses the ethical implications of a fair innings inspired approach to healthcare through the lens of the equality guarantee contained in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Keyphrases: fair innings, égalité, soins de santé, enfants, fair innings, justice, allocation de ressources, Canada, equality, resource allocation, healthcare, children
Des enjeux éthiques liés à l’utilisation des données de recherches en collaboration internationale

Cette étude de cas en santé mondiale met au jour les enjeux éthiques associés à l’utilisation des données de recherche collectées dans le cadre d’une collaboration internationale ayant recours à des assistants de recherche. This global health case study uncovers the ethical issues associated with the use of research data collected in the context of international collaboration involving research assistants.

Keyphrases: santé mondiale, collaboration internationale, utilisation de données, thèse, global health, international collaboration, data use, thesis
Éthique tu cliques! Entre idéal et réalité : enjeu(x) éthique(s) de la recherche

Le principe de ce jeu, qui s’adresse essentiellement aux jeunes chercheurs, est le suivant : les participants sont invités à incarner une équipe de recherche, chargée d’étudier les impacts sanitaires inhérents à la conduite d’activités minières en Bolivie. Ce jeu interactif, qui promeut la réflexion éthique et la prise de décision par un processus dialogique et réflexif, a été conçu afin de mettre en pratique l’intégration de la prise de décision, l’interaction entre les participants et la construction conjointe de sens. The principle of this game, which is primarily aimed at junior researchers, is as follows: participants are asked to embody a research team studying the health impacts associated with the conduct of mining activities in Bolivia. This interactive game, which promotes ethical reflection and decision-making through a dialogical and reflexive process, was designed to put into practice the integration of decision-making, interaction between the participants and the co-construction of meaning.

Keyphrases: bioéthique, enseignement, jeu interactif, prise de décision, éthique de la recherche, bioethics, teaching, interactive game, decision making, research ethics
Ion homeostasis in rhythmogenesis : the interplay between neurons and astroglia

Proper function of all excitable cells depends on ion homeostasis. Nowhere is this more critical than in the brain where the extracellular concentration of some ions determines neurons' firing pattern and ability to encode information. Several neuronal functions depend on the ability of neurons to change their firing pattern to a rhythmic bursting pattern, whereas, in some circuits, rhythmic firing is, on the contrary, associated to pathologies like epilepsy or Parkinson's disease. In this review, we focus on the four main ions known to fluctuate during rhythmic firing: calcium, potassium, sodium, and chloride. We discuss the synergistic interactions between these elements to promote an oscillatory activity. We also review evidence supporting an important role for astrocytes in the homeostasis of each of these ions and describe mechanisms by which astrocytes may regulate neuronal firing by altering their extracellular concentrations. A particular emphasis is put on the mechanisms underlying rhythmogenesis in the circuit forming the central pattern generator (CPG) for mastication and other CPG systems. Finally, we discuss how an impairment in the ability of glial cells to maintain such homeostasis may result in pathologies like epilepsy and Parkinson's disease.

Keyphrases: Astrocytes, Rhythmogenesis, Homeostasis, Calcium, Potassium
Application du renforcement non contingent pour
réduire les comportements problématiques chez les
personnes ayant un trouble du spectre de l’autisme

Le renforcement non contingent (RNC) est une intervention basée sur des données probantes pour réduire les comportements problématiques chez les personnes ayant un trouble du spectre de l’autisme (TSA). L’intervention implique de donner à ces personnes quelque chose qu’elles préfèrent, généralement le renforçateur qui maintient le comportement problématique, sur une base régulière ou continue. L’article a un but pédagogique : décrire et discuter des facteurs à considérer lors de l’application du RNC auprès de personnes ayant un TSA. L’importance d’effectuer une évaluation fonctionnelle avant d’intervenir est expliquée en précisant les différentes catégories de renforçateurs qui maintiennent les comportements problématiques. Ensuite, l’identification des stimuli préférés est décrite au cas où le renforçateur qui maintient le comportement problématique ne puisse pas être utilisé dans le cadre du RNC. Par la suite, deux différentes procédures sont présentées pour la mise en place de l’intervention. Un exemple clinique fictif illustre l’utilisation du RNC avec un jeune enfant ayant un TSA, qui émet un comportement problématique (crier) lors de rencontres à la maison entre sa mère et une professionnelle. Enfin, les avantages et les désavantages de l’intervention ainsi que des suggestions éventuelles de recherche sont discutés dans le but de promouvoir une application optimale du RNC auprès des personnes ayant un TSA. Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) is an intervention with strong empirical support to reduce problem behaviour in individuals with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The intervention involves providing access to a preferred stimulus, typically the reinforcer maintaining the problem behaviour, on a regular or continuous basis. The paper has an educational purpose, which is to describe and discuss issues to consider when applying NCR with individuals with an ASD. The importance of conducting a functional assessment prior to intervening is explained with an emphasis on the different types of reinforcers that maintain problem behaviour. Then, the identification of preferred stimuli is described in case the reinforcer maintaining the problem behaviour cannot be used as part of NCR. Subsequently, two different procedures are presented in order to assist clinicians in implementing the intervention. A fictitious clinical example illustrates the use of NCR with a child with an ASD who emits problem behaviour (i.e., screaming) during meetings at home between his mother and a professional. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the intervention as well as directions for future research are discussed to promote an optimal application of NCR with individuals with an ASD.

Keyphrases: Autisme, Comportements problématiques, Intervention, Programme basé sur le temps, Renforcement non contingent, Intervention, Autism, Intervention, Intervention, Noncontingent reinforcement, Problem behavior, Time-based schedule, Autism
Supporting ethics educators in Canadian occupational therapy and physical therapy programs: A national interprofessional knowledge exchange project

Ethics education is the cornerstone of professional practice, fostering knowledge and respect for core ethical values among healthcare professionals. Ethics is also a subject well-suited for interprofessional education and collaboration. However, there are few initiatives to gather experiences and share resources among ethics educators in rehabilitation. We thus undertook a knowledge exchange project to 1) share knowledge about ethics training across Canadian occupational and physical therapy programs, and 2) build a community of educators dedicated to improving ethics education. The objectives of this paper are to describe this interprofessional knowledge exchange project involving ethics educators (with a diversity of professional and disciplinary backgrounds) from Canadian occupational and physical therapy programs as well as analyze its outcomes based on participants’ experiences/perceptions. Two knowledge exchange strategies were employed: an interactive one-day workshop and a wiki platform. An immediate post-workshop questionnaire evaluated the degree to which participants’ expectations were met. Structured telephone interviews nine to ten months after the workshop collected participants’ perceptions on whether (and if so, how) the project influenced their teaching or led to further interprofessional collaborations. Open-ended questions from the post-workshop questionnaires and individual interviews were analyzed using qualitative methods. Of 40 ethics educators contacted, 23 participated in the workshop and 17 in the follow-up interview. Only 6 participants logged into the wiki from its launch to the end of data collection. Five themes emerged from the qualitative analysis: 1) belonging and networking; 2) sharing and collaborating; 3) changing (or not) ways of teaching ethics; 4) sustaining the network; and 5) envisioning the future of ethics education. The project attained many of its goals, despite encountering some challenges. While the wiki platform proved to be of limited benefit in advancing the project goals, the interactive format and collaborative nature of the one-day workshop were described as rewarding and effective in bringing together occupational therapy and physical therapy educators to meet, network, and share knowledge.

Keyphrases: ethics, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, Canada, ethics teaching, knowledge exchange, interprofessional education, rehabilitation, ergothérapie, éthique, physiothérapie, formation interprofessionnelle, réhabilitation
The priming of priming : Evidence that the N400 reflects
context-dependent post-retrieval word integration in working
memory

Which cognitive processes are reflected by the N400 in ERPs is still controversial. Various recent articles(Lau et al., 2008; Brouwer et al., 2012) have revived the idea that only lexical pre-activation processes(such as automatic spreading activation, ASA) are strongly supported, while post-lexical integrative pro-cesses are not. Challenging this view, the present ERP study replicates a behavioral study by McKoon andRatcliff (1995) who demonstrated that a prime-target pair such as finger − hand shows stronger primingwhen a majority of other pairs in the list share the analogous semantic relationship (here: part-whole),even at short stimulus onset asynchronies (250 ms). We created lists with four different types of semanticrelationship (synonyms, part-whole, category-member, and opposites) and compared priming for pairsin a consistent list with those in an inconsistent list as well as unrelated items. Highly significant N400reductions were found for both relatedness priming (unrelated vs. inconsistent) and relational priming(inconsistent vs. consistent). These data are taken as strong evidence that N400 priming effects are notexclusively carried by ASA-like mechanisms during lexical retrieval but also include post-lexical inte-gration in working memory. We link the present findings to a neurocomputational model for relationalreasoning (Knowlton et al., 2012) and to recent discussions of context-dependent conceptual activations(Yee and Thompson-Schill, 2016).

Keyphrases: N400, Semantic priming, Context effects, List effects, Relational priming, Analogical reasoning