NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
L’interdisciplinarité au pays des protocoles : ethnographie du travail d’équipe dans une unité d’hémato-oncologie pédiatrique

Ce mémoire de maîtrise se penche sur la façon dont l’interdisciplinarité peut s’exprimer dans le quotidien d’une équipe de soin, en l’occurrence l’unité d’hémato-oncologie du Centre hospitalier universitaire Ste-Justine. Par une approche ethnographique soutenue par des observations au sein de l’unité et dans des réunions, par du shadowing auprès de divers professionnels et par des entrevues avec les professionnelles, j’ai tenté de sortir du champ gravitationnel de la dyade médecin-infirmière pour m’intéresser aux professions les plus en « marge » : les intervenantes psychosociales et les préposés aux bénéficiaires. J’ai cherché à mieux comprendre la façon dont l’unité se positionne dans la multiplicité de définitions de l’interdisciplinarité, puis cela a mis en lumière l’importance du quotidien et d’une approche de care. C’est quand les soignants tâtonnent, quand ils cherchent des solutions dans la perspective de la vie qui continue, plutôt que le « protocole », qu’ils semblent avoir le plus de facilité à travailler en équipe. Dans ce contexte, les infirmières se retrouvent à jouer un rôle clé, étant les principales interlocutrices à la fois des mondes médicaux et psychosociaux. Parallèlement, le contexte de travail des préposés montre la persistance d’une hiérarchie dans l’unité, malgré un discours faisant la promotion d’une collaboration plus égalitaire. This Master's thesis examines how interdisciplinarity can be expressed in the daily practice of a healthcare team, in this case the Hematology-Oncology Unit at CHU Ste-Justine. I looked at the daily practice within the unit through an ethnographic lens sustained by observing, shadowing and interviewing various professionals. In an attempt to further understand which type of interdisciplinarity is found in the unit, I tried to escape the doctor-nurse dyad's gravitational field to look at the most "marginal" professions instead – psychosocial workers and healthcare assistants. I sought to better understand which type of interdisciplinarity is practiced in the unit. My work highlights the importance of everyday life and of a logic of care. It is when caregivers are trying and guessing, when they are looking for solutions from a perspective where "life goes on" rather than one that follows the "protocol", that they seem to be the most at ease working as a team. In this context, nurses find themselves playing a key role, being the main interlocutors of both the medical and psychosocial worlds. At the same time, healthcare assistants show us the persistence of hierarchy in the unit, despite a discourse promoting more egalitarian collaboration.

Keyphrases: anthropologie de la santé, ethnographie hospitalière, interdisciplinarité, relations interprofessionnelles, travail d'équipe, care, care, Anthropology of health, Hospital ethnography, Interdisciplinarity, Interprofessional relations, Teamwork
Impact du sexe sur l’immunogénicité, l’efficacité et l’innocuité du vaccin contre la grippe saisonnière : revue systématique

Bien qu’elle soit évitable par la vaccination, la grippe saisonnière est responsable annuellement de taux de morbidité et de mortalité élevés. Plusieurs études ont démontré que les facteurs sexuels (gènes et hormones) affectent la susceptibilité des individus aux maladies infectieuses et leur réponse aux vaccins.  Toutefois, le sexe est souvent considéré comme une variable de confusion dans les études épidémiologiques, les résultats sont ainsi ajustés pour cette variable, ce qui rend la comparaison entre les deux sexes impossible.  Le but de mon mémoire est de synthétiser les preuves existantes sur les différences liées au sexe dans la réponse au vaccin antigrippal. Ceci permettrait d’orienter les recommandations vaccinales qui tiendraient compte du sexe.  Par conséquent, nous avons procédé à une revue systématique de la littérature afin d’analyser les données disponibles concernant les différences liées au sexe dans l’immunogénicité, l’efficacité potentielle, l’efficacité réelle et l’innocuité du vaccin contre la grippe saisonnière.  Les résultats n’indiquent aucune différence dans l’immunogénicité et l’efficacité réelle du vaccin antigrippal saisonnier entre les sexes. Tandis que les taux de manifestations cliniques inhabituelles (MCI) étaient plus élevés chez les femmes.  Enfin, il est nécessaire de disposer de données probantes afin de mieux comprendre les différences liées au sexe dans la réponse au vaccin antigrippal. Every year, seasonal influenza is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, despite being vaccine-preventable. Several studies have demonstrated that sex factors (genes and hormones) impact individuals’ susceptibility and response to infectious diseases and vaccines. However, most studies do not explicitly assess sex differences in vaccine response despite collecting this data, but rather adjust for sex.  The purpose of my dissertation is to synthesize the current evidence on sex differences in response to seasonal influenza vaccine in an attempt to guide sex-specific recommendations in influenza vaccines administration. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to analyze available evidence on sex differences in immunogenicity, efficacy, effectiveness and/or safety of the seasonal influenza vaccine. Available data show no sex differences in the immunogenicity and effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine, while higher rates of adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) seem to occur in females. However, evidence of higher quality is needed to better understand sex differences in response to influenza vaccine.

Keyphrases: Grippe, Vaccins, Sexe, Immunogénicité, Efficacité, Innocuité, Influenza, Genre, Flu, Vaccines, Sex differences, Gender differences, Immunogenicity, Effectiveness, Efficacy, Safety
The effect of contextual risk factors on the effectiveness of brief personality‐targeted interventions for adolescent alcohol use and misuse : a cluster‐randomized trial

Background A range of school‐based prevention programs has been developed and used to prevent, delay, or reduce alcohol use among adolescents. Most of these programs have been evaluated at the community‐level impact. However, the effect of contextual risk factors has rarely been considered in the evaluation of these programs. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential moderating effects of 2 important contextual risk factors (i.e., socioeconomic status [SES] and peer victimization) on the effectiveness of the school‐based personality‐targeted interventions (Preventure program) in reducing adolescent alcohol use over a 2‐year period using a cluster‐randomized trial.  Methods High‐risk adolescents were identified using personality scores on the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale and randomized to intervention and control groups. Two 90‐minute cognitive behavioral therapy‐based group sessions targeted 1 of 4 personality risk profiles: Anxiety Sensitivity, Hopelessness, Impulsivity, or Sensation Seeking. Multilevel linear modeling of alcohol use, binge drinking, and drinking‐related harm was conducted to assess the moderating effect of baseline peer victimization and SES.  Results Results indicated that the Preventure program was equally beneficial to all adolescents, regardless of SES and victimization history, in terms of their alcohol outcomes and related harm. Receiving the intervention was additionally beneficial for adolescents reporting peer victimization regarding their alcohol‐related harm compared to nonvictimized youth (β  = −0.29, SE =  0.11, p  =  0.014).  Conclusions Findings suggest that the content of personality‐targeted interventions is beneficial for all high‐risk youth regardless of their SES or experience of peer victimization. The current study suggests that using targeted approaches, such as targeting underlying personality risk factors, may be the most appropriate substance use prevention strategy for high‐risk youth, as it is beneficial for all high‐risk youth regardless of their contextual risk factors.

Keyphrases: Adolescents, Peer victimization, Personality‐targeted interventions, School‐based alcohol use prevention, Socioeconomic status
The judicious judicial dispositions juggle: characteristics of police interventions involving people with a mental illness

Objective: The number of police interventions with people presenting a mental health problem has been increasing over the past 30 years and police services are becoming more aware of the human resources and skills these interventions require. Our study addresses the characteristics explaining police time used and outcomes of interventions as police officers interact with people with mental illness. Method: Using a police service administrative database from a large Canadian city, and an identification algorithm method, police interventions with people with mental illness were identified on 3 randomly selected days in the year. A content analysis of intervention logs was carried out to identify characteristics of those interventions; the call initiator, the location, and the final outcome of the intervention. Results: Interventions with people with mental illness represent a small proportion (3%; n = 272) of all police interventions (n = 8485). General linear models show that the type of outcome is the most important factor in estimating the time required by police interventions. Arrests and hospitalizations are the least time-efficient outcomes, consuming 2.0 and 3.2 times, respectively, more time than informal dispositions. A multiple correspondence analysis shows that police interventions can be depicted in 2 dimensions, representing their main roles concerning people with mental illness, namely, to ensure the public safety and to protect the most vulnerable citizens. The more these services are required, the more police time will be required. Conclusion: Education and partnerships between police services and mental health services are essential to a proper management of outcomes.

Keyphrases: Mental illness, Police, Criminality, Diversion, Police resource allocation
Interleukin-8 predicts fatigue at 12 months post-injury in children with traumatic brain injury

Despite many children experiencing fatigue after childhood brain injury, little is known  about the predictors of this complaint. To date, traditional indices of traumatic brain injury  (TBI) severity have not reliably predicted persisting fatigue (up to 3 years post‐injury). This  study aimed to establish if persisting fatigue is predicted by serum biomarker  concentrations in child TBI. We examined if acute serum biomarker expression would  improve prediction models of 12‐month fatigue based on injury severity. Blood samples  were collected from 87 children (1 – 17 years at injury) sustaining mild to severe TBI (GCS  range 3‐15; mean 12.43; classified as mild TBI (n=50, 57%) vs moderate/severe TBI n=37,  43%), and presenting to the Emergency Departments (ED) and Pediatric Intensive Care  Units (PICU) at one of three tertiary pediatric hospitals (Royal Children’s Hospital (RCH);  Hospital for Sick Children (HSC), Toronto St Justine Children’s Hospital (SJH), Montreal). Six  serum biomarker concentrations were measured within 24 hours of injury [interleukin‐6  (IL‐6), interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (SVCAM), S100 calcium  binding protein B (S100B), neuron specific enolase (NSE), and soluble neural cell adhesion  molecule (sNCAM)]. Fatigue at 12 months post‐injury was measured using the Pediatric  Quality of Life Inventory Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (parent report), classified as  present/absent using previously derived cut‐points. At 12 months post‐injury, 22% of  participants experienced fatigue. A model including interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) was the best serum  biomarker for estimating the probability of children experiencing fatigue at 12 months  post‐injury. IL‐8 also significantly improved predictive models of fatigue based on severity.

Keyphrases: Fatigue, Serum biomarkers, Children, Glasgow coma scale, GCS, TBI, Traumatic brain injury
Adaptation de la levure à la suite des perturbations du mécanisme de contrôle de qualité de l'ARN

The life-cycle of RNA is determined by several processing steps, which allow the cell to export and translate a coding transcript. The cell has developed an astonishingly complex mechanism to ensure the integrity of RNA processing steps. The quality control mechanism of RNA balances the biosynthesis and degradation of various transcripts, adding another layer of gene regulation to the complex system of gene expression. The exosome is a central piece of the RNA quality control mechanism as it degrades many of the aberrant or non-functional RNAs in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. This project characterizes and highlight a response to mutation of components from the RNA quality control mechanism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These perturbations include functional components of the exosome (Csl4 and Dis3), a cofactor of the nuclear exosome (Rrp6), an essential protein for pre-rRNA processing (Enp1) and a component of RNA export machinery (Srm1). Here, I present bioinformatics approaches to characterize the cellular response at a level of transcript expression and polyadenylation size. The stress response embedded in the gene expression profile is highly similar between the mutants. This work suggests a generic response to a failure in different components of the RNA quality control machinery. Le cycle de vie des ARN est déterminé par différentes étapes permettant à la cellule d’exporter et de traduire un transcrit codant. La cellule a développé un mécanisme incroyablement complexe pour s’assurer de l’intégrité des étapes de maturation de l’ARN. Le mécanisme de contrôle de qualité balance la biosynthèse et la dégradation de différents transcrits, ce qui ajout un niveau de régulation au système de l’expression génique. L’exosome est une pièce centrale du mécanisme de contrôle de qualité de l’ARN alors qu’elle dégrade une grande partie des transcrits aberrants ou non-fonctionnels dans le noyau et le cytoplasme. Ce projet caractérise et souligne la réponse cellulaire à la suite de la mutation de composantes du mécanisme de contrôle de qualité de l’ARN chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ces perturbations comportent des composantes fonctionnelles du complexe de l’exosome (Csl4 et Dis3), un cofacteur de l’exosome nucléaire (Rrp6), une protéine essentielle pour la maturation des pré-ARNr (Enp1) et une composante de la machinerie d’export de l’ARN (Srm1). Ici, je présente des approches bio-informatiques pour caractériser la réponse cellulaire au niveau de l’expression des transcrits et de la taille des segments polyadénylés. La réponse au stress cellulaire intégré dans le profil d’expression du génome est très similaire entre les mutants. Ce travail suggère une réponse générique à la suite de la perturbation de différentes composantes du mécanisme de contrôle de qualité de l’ARN.

Keyphrases: bioinformatic, transcriptomic, RNA quality control, exosome, polyadenylation, bio-informatique, transcriptomique, contrôle de qualité de l'ARN, exosome
Investigating the localization mechanism of Bsg25D mRNA in Drosophila melanogaster

Le transport subcellulaire et la traduction localisée des molécules d'ARNm semble être un processus très répandu et important pour contrôler la distribution asymétrique des protéines dans les cellules. L’ARNm, Bsg25D, connu pour se localiser aux centrosomes et aux microtubules astraux dans les embryons de drosophile au cours des premiers événements d'embryogenèse, a été sélectionné pour déterminer le rôle et l'importance du ciblage de l'ARNm à l'appareil mitotique lors de la division cellulaire. La localisation de Bsg25D aux centrosomes dans les embryons de drosophile est conservée entre espèces telles que D. melanogaster, D. simulans et D. yakuba. Bsg25D encode une protéine qui est étroitement liée à la Ninein (Nin) et à la Ninein-like protein (Nlp), deux protéines associées aux centrosomes présentes dans les cellules mammifères. L’analyse structure-fonction démontre que la région codante et la région 3’UTR de Bsg25D sont nécessaires pour son ciblage. Ceci suggère qu’un élément de régulation en cis, qui favorise sa localisation se situe dans la région codante + 3’UTR. The subcellular transport and localized translation of mRNA molecules is emerging as a highly prevalent and important process for controlling asymmetric protein distribution in cells. A candidate mRNA, Bsg25D, known to localize to centrosomes and astral microtubules in Drosophila embryos during early events of embryogenesis, was selected to determine the role and importance of mRNA targeting to the mitotic apparatus during cell division. The localization of Bsg25D to centrosomes in Drosophila embryos is conserved between species such as D. melanogaster, D. simulans and D. yakuba. Bsg25D encodes a protein closely related to centrosome-associated proteins Ninein (Nin) and Ninein-like protein (Nlp) in mammalian cells. Structure function analysis revealed that the coding and 3’UTR of Bsg25D are necessary for its targeting pattern, suggesting that a cis-regulatory motif that drives its localization, is in the coding + 3’ UTR region.

Keyphrases: Localisation des ARNm, Centrosomes, Embryogenèse, Centrosomes, Hybridation in situ de fluorescence, mRNA localization, Fluorescent in situ hybridization, Embryogenesis
Genetic and environmental influences on developmental trajectories of adolescent alcohol use

Adolescent alcohol use demonstrates distinct developmental trajectories with different times of onset, levels, and rates of growth. Twin research on adolescent alcohol use has shown that genetic influences are consistent with a gradual growth of risks, whereas non-shared environmental influences are more consistent with an accumulation of risks over time. The current study investigated the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences on shaping different developmental trajectories of alcohol use through adolescence. Self-reported past year alcohol use was collected from 877 Canadian twins (47.1% males) at age 13, 14, 15, and 17-year-old. Growth mixture models were fit to examine different developmental trajectories of alcohol use, and biometric liability threshold models were fit to investigate genetic and environmental influences on the liability of belonging to identified trajectories. Three trajectories were identified: low (15.1%), early onset (8.2%), and normative increasing (76.7%). Memberships in the low and early onset group were under genetic (27.6% and 34.7%), shared (42.4% and 21.5%), and non-shared environment influences (30.0% and 43.8%). Membership in the normative increasing group was under genetic (37.7%) and non-shared environment influences (62.3%). Non-shared environmental influences were significantly larger for the normative increasing trajectory than for the low trajectory. These findings provide a more refined picture of genetic and environmental influences in the development of alcohol use in subgroups of adolescents. Genetic and environmental influences both matter, but to different degrees in different trajectories. Future research should identify specific shared and non-shared environmental experiences that distinguish different trajectories.

Keyphrases: Adolescence, Alcohol use, Developmental trajectory, Genetic influences, Twin design
Étude ethnobotanique des plantes médicinales antidiabétiques utilisées au Liban

Le diabète de type 2, ayant vu une augmentation fulgurante mondialement ces dernières décennies, représente un problème de santé significatif au Liban avec une prévalence de 14.6% en 2017. Dans le but d’identifier des plantes médicinales à potentiel antidiabétique utilisées au Liban, des entrevues ont été effectuées avec 30 herboristes provenant de 6 provinces différentes. La majorité des herboristes sélectionnés ont au moins 10 ans d’expériences, à l’exception d’un seul candidat. Une approche ethnobotanique a été employée dans le but d’identifier les plantes ayant un potentiel antidiabétique à l’aide d’un questionnaire semi-dirigé, reposant sur 15 symptômes et complications associés au diabète de Type 2. Un total de 42 espèces a été mentionné par les herboristes. Les espèces mentionnées ont été classifiées grâce à l’indice SIV (valeur d’importance syndromique), tenant compte du degré d’association de chaque symptôme avec le diabète de Type 2. Une analyse de la littérature scientifique sur les 5 premières plantes a permis d’appuyer le savoir des herboristes. Une analyse de correspondance entre symptômes et espèces a aussi démontré une association de 8 plantes en particulier avec 3 symptômes différents. Type 2 diabetes has increased dramatically globally in recent decades, representing a significant health problem in Lebanon with a prevalence of 14.6% in 2017. To identify medicinal plants with antidiabetic potential used in Lebanon, interviews were conducted with 30 herbalists from 6 different provinces. Most of the selected herbalists had at least 10 years of expertise, with the exception of one candidate. An ethnobotanical approach was applied to identify plants with antidiabetic potential, using a semi-structured questionnaire based on 15 symptoms and complications associated with Type 2 diabetes. A total of 42 species were mentioned by the herbalists. The species mentioned were classified by SIV (Syndromic Importance Value) ranking, taking into account the degree of association of each symptom with Type 2 diabetes. A correspondence analysis between symptoms and species was then performed and demonstrated an association of 8 plants with 3 different symptoms.

Keyphrases: Diabète, Plantes médicinales, Liban, Herboriste, Diabète type 2, Plante antidiabétique, Ethnobotanique quantitative, Diabetes, Medicinal plants, Lebanon, Herbalists, Quantitative ethnobotany, Type 2 Diabetes, Antidiabetic plants