NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Évaluation tridimensionnelle de la reconstruction du ligament croisé antérieur

Le ligament croisé antérieur (LCA) demeure un des ligaments du genou le plus souvent blessé. Un mauvais positionnement des tunnels osseux est souvent mis en cause dans les échecs de reconstructions du LCA. Une meilleure compréhension biomécanique du phénomène devient essentielle. Par l’utilisation de l’imagerie biplanaire stéréoradiographique à faible irradiation EOS , notre groupe a développé une méthode de reconstruction 3D permettant une description morphologique osseuse remarquable. Par l’entremise de ce système, un référentiel permet d’évaluer, de manière automatisée, précise et reproductible, le positionnement tridimensionnel des tunnels osseux. Notre groupe souhaite partager ce référentiel afin d’assister les chirurgiens orthopédistes à restaurer une biomécanique optimale dans les reconstructions du LCA. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) remains one of the most injured ligament of the knee. Mispositioning the tunnels remains a common cause of ACL reconstruction failure. A better biomechanical description of this phenomenon is therefore essential. Using the low irradiation biplanar stereoradiographic EOStm imaging system, our group developed a 3D reconstruction method allowing a precise morphologic description of the knee. With this system, the tridimensional positioning of the femoral tunnel can be evaluated in a novel, computerized, precise and reproducible coordinate system. With this referential, our group wish to assist orthopedic surgeons in the restoration of optimal biomechanics in ACL reconstructions.

Keyphrases: Genou, Ligament croisé antérieur, Imagerie tridimensionnelle, Imagerie biplanaire stéréoradiographique, Reconstruction LCA, EOStm imaging, Knee, Anterior cruciate ligament, ACL Reconstruction, Tridimensional imaging, Biplanar stereoradiographic x-ray
Meeting the hhallenges of globalization while preserving institutional singularity : the case of Quebec CEGEPs

Focusing on the case of Quebec general and vocational colleges (collèges d’enseignement general et professionnel – CEGEPs), this chapter will explore how colleges’ responses to global challenges may relate symbiotically with the nature of the higher education system in which they are embedded, and thus preserve their singularity in the global era. CEGEPs interact with organizations across borders and across spatial levels, but their capacity to preserve their singularity relies on institutional initiatives consistent with and supported by the local and provincial contexts. College-university transfer is not an issue in Quebec because it is embedded in the system. CEGEPs however need to respond to the growing knowledge-intensiveness of the economy, and they do so by establishing DEC-BAC dual degrees with local universities and as well as by developing a coherent system of CCTTs that conducts locally-relevant research. CEGEPs have also responded to the global devaluation of diplomas by engaging in international activities that are consistent with Quebec’s knowledge diplomacy, i.e. a province, a region or a country using international education activities to outsource its values, communicate the relevance of its political agenda, and increase its attractiveness (Olds, 2009).

Keyphrases: CEGEPs, Transfers, Academic drift, College degrees, Research, Internationalization, Knowledge diplomacy, Quebec
Brexit - populist reaction to the 2008 speculative bubble bursting?

As evidence accumulates about the harmful effects Brexit is likely to cause to the British economy, one may wonder what made a majority of Brits vote to leave the EU. Rather than treat it as a fit of ill temper or an unfortunate accident, this paper explores the idea that it should be seen as a populist reaction triggered by the burst of the speculative bubble in 2008-2009 and the subsequent economic mayhem. To make the case, the paper looks at (1) what populism is, (2) how it can arise as part of long-term economic waves and (3) what precisely happened in Britain before and after 2009.

Keyphrases: Law and economics, Public choice, Populism, Technological revolutions and bubble collapses, Brexit
Development of a post-simulation debriefing intervention to prepare nurses and nursing students to care for deteriorating patients

To provide optimal care, nurses need to be prepared to recognize signs and symptoms of patient deterioration so they can obtain assistance from appropriate respondents and initiate rescue interventions when needed. In this paper, we describe the development of a post-simulation educational intervention aimed at improving nurses' and nursing students' recognition and response to patient deterioration. This intervention takes the form of a debriefing after a simulated patient deterioration experience.  Following the Medical Research Council's guidance on complex interventions, we reviewed empirical studies of existing educational interventions for content, teaching strategies, and outcomes, as well as for frameworks, theoretical underpinnings, and rationale. Based on those results, we reviewed theoretical literature (Tanner's clinical judgment model and Dewey's theory of experiential learning) that might inform our understanding of our intervention's intended effect (learning outcomes) and of the mechanisms by which the intervention could lead to it. Integrating results from the empirical and theoretical phases helped us define the new intervention's rationale and develop its components according to relevant standards of best practices. The resulting educational intervention, REsPoND, consists in a reflective debriefing after a patient deterioration simulation. It will be tested in an upcoming mixed methods study.

Keyphrases: Patient deterioration, Debriefing, Simulation, Reflection
La spécificité du droit international de l’environnement dans son rapport avec la souveraineté étatique

La détérioration de l’environnement et les menaces graves pour la planète, notamment les changements climatiques, l’appauvrissement de la couche d’ozone, les taux d'extinction des espèces et le défi d’alimenter une population croissante, figurent parmi les nombreux problèmes non résolus et qui mettent l'humanité en danger, et dépassent la capacité et la souveraineté des États. En droit international de l’environnement, on ne peut pas parler du principe de souveraineté étatique absolue. Dans le contexte des problèmes environnementaux globaux, l’interdépendance écologique ne permet pas l’imperméabilité du territoire, ce qui a des impacts sur l’exercice de la souveraineté de l’État. L’environnement est un bien commun qui n’a pas de frontières, ce qui a des répercussions sur les considérations légales de souveraineté étatique.  Les écosystèmes ignorent les États et leurs frontières, et pour lutter contre les atteintes à l’environnement qui mettent en cause à terme la survie même de l’humanité, les États ne peuvent plus limiter leur action au cadre national. Dans ce contexte, une sorte de conciliation parait nécessaire entre les exigences de la souveraineté et celles de l'environnement que le droit international de l'environnement cherche à établir. D'où notre étude sur l'adaptation de la souveraineté étatique aux impératifs de sauvegarde de la biosphère et par là même de l'humanité tout entière. Environmental  degradation  and  serious  threats  to  the  planet,  including  climate  change,  depletion of the ozone layer, the extinction rate of species and the challenge of feeding a large population,  are  among  the  various  unsolved  problems  that  endanger  humanity  and  that  go  beyond the capacity and sovereignty of States. In international environmental law, one cannot speak of the principle of absolute State sovereignty. In the context of the global environment, ecological interdependence does not allow territorial impermeability, which impacts on the exercise of State sovereignty. The environment is by nature a common good, not defined by borders, which has legal repercussion on State sovereignty. Ecosystems ignore States and their borders, and to fight against environmental damages that affect the very survival of humanity, States can no longer limit their action to their national context. In such context, a sort of reconciliation seems necessary between the requirements of  sovereignty  and  those  of  the  environment  that  international  environmental  law  seeks  to  establish.  Hence  our  study  on  the  adaptation  of  state  sovereignty  to  the  imperatives  of  safeguarding the biosphere and thereby humanity as a whole.

Keyphrases: Droit international de l’environnement, Principe de souveraineté, Patrimoine commun de l’humanité, international environmental law, common heritage of mankind, Principle of sovereignty
A competency-based approach to nurses' continuing education for clinical reasoning and leadership through reflective practice in a care situation

Newly graduated nurses need to demonstrate high levels of competencies when they enter the workplace. A competency-based approach to their education is recommended to ensure patients' needs are met. A continuing education intervention consistent with the competency-based approach to education was designed and implemented in eight care units in two teaching hospitals. It consists of a series of 30-min reflective practice groups on clinical events that newly graduated nurses encountered in their practice. It was evaluated using a descriptive longitudinal evaluative research design, combining individual and group interviews with stakeholders, the analysis of facilitators' journal entries, and a research assistant's field notes. The results suggest that issues associated with the implementation of the continuing education intervention revolved around leadership for managers, flexibility for nursing staff, and role shifting for the facilitators. Newly graduated nurses who participated in the study noted that the reflective practice sessions contributed to the development of both clinical reasoning and leadership. Nursing managers stated the advantages of the intervention on nurses' professional development and for the quality and safety of care. Following the end of the study, participants from two units managed to pursue the activity during their work time.

Keyphrases: Continuing education, Competency-based approach to education, Reflective practice, Newly graduated nurses
Retrospective case control study of pet ferrets with cystine urolithiasis in Quebec, Canada : epidemiological and clinical features

Objective: To describe epidemiological and clinical features of cystine urolithiasis in pet ferrets. Methods: Retrospective case control study on medical records from four private clinics and one teaching hospital for pet ferrets diagnosed with cystine urolithiasis confirmed by spectrophotometry presented between July 2014 and July 2019 in Quebec, Canada; these cases were then compared to a reference population of 210 ferrets (controls) presented at the same facilities over the same timeframe. Results: Among the 36 identified cases, most affected ferrets were neutered males (32/36, 89%) and the mean age at presentation was 1.8 (± 1.0 standard deviation) year. Grain-free diets of six different brands were offered for at least three weeks prior to the presentation to 34/36 (94%) of the included cases. The ferrets that developed cystine urolithiasis were 57.9 times (Odds ratio [OR], 95% Confidence interval [95% CI]: 11.0, 304.8) more likely to receive a grain-free diet compared to the reference population. No significant difference in the values for the energy, protein, cysteine, and methionine contents were detected between the grainfree and the cereal-based diets offered to these pet ferrets. Among ferrets with uroliths, those with urethral calculi were 4.7 times (OR, 95% CI: 2.1, 10.4) more likely to develop an acute urinary tract obstruction. Conclusion: Although a definitive causation could not be drawn solely from these clinical cases, this case control study highlights a possible nutritional aetiology in the complex pathogenesis of cystine urolithiasis in ferrets.

Keyphrases: Cystine, Diet, Ferret, Grain-free, Hematuria, Mustela putorius furo, Urinary retention, Urolithiasis
Les ressources de la vidéo pour l’archivage en ligne

Cet article vise à comprendre en quoi l’usage d’entretiens filmés avec des acteurs de l’histoire peut constituer un moyen de repenser la conception des archives en ligne. En effet, si ce type d’interfaces se résume bien souvent à la numérisation de documents accompagnés de quelques métadonnées, il est aussi possible de les penser comme de véritables médiations culturelles. Celles-ci conduisent alors à reconsidérer les rapports trop souvent perçus comme allant de soi entre histoire et mémoire, document et témoignage, subjectivité et supposée objectivité, passé et présent, ordre et désordre.

Keyphrases: Entretien, Archive, Numérique, Histoire, Médiation, Théâtre
How to combine and analyze all the data from diverse sources : a multilevel analysis of institutional trust in the world

Scholars who want to perform cross-national comparative research rely on data provided by International survey projects, which study the same concepts in varying countries and periods using different question wordings and scales. In this article, we propose a process to combine and analyse the data pertaining to the same concept—institutional trust—when measures and sources differ. We show how we combined 1327 surveys conducted from 1995 to 2017 by 17 survey projects in 142 countries. The database comprises close to 2 M respondents and 21 M answers to trust questions. We use local regression to visualize the trends in trust for different institutions and sources of data in different parts of the world. We complete these analyses with a 4-level longitudinal analysis of repeated measures. These analyses lead to reliably conclude that institutional trust is a property of the institutions themselves and of the context in which they operate since there is much more variance within respondents than between respondents and more variance between countries than over time. This research contributes to the current debates in political trust research. Since the process presented here can be applied to other fields of research, the research also contributes to enhance the possibilities for comparative cross-national analysis.

Keyphrases: Data combination, Institutional trust, 4-level multilevel analysis, Harmonization, Survey data recycling, Longitudinal analysis, Repeated measures, Comparative analysis, Cross-national analysis
Le concept de philosophie de Husserl

La philosophie de Husserl se veut une réaction à la crise qui sévit au sein de la science moderne, crise qui provoque à son tour une crise de l’humanité européenne. Sans doute le renouvellement de la philosophie sous la forme d’une phénoménologie s’inscrit-il dans le prolongement des Lumières européennes, au sens où la connaissance vraie doit inévitablement avoir une incidence positive sur le destin de l’humanité, sauf que Husserl voit l’origine de la crise précisément dans l’allure prise par la science à l’époque moderne. Répondant de manière immédiate aux urgences de la vie, elle est devenue une simple « technique » théorique. À l’aide de plusieurs textes de Husserl, je me livre ici à une discussion critique de la réforme de la science proposée par Husserl, à savoir la réhabilitation, sur les bases nouvelles de la phénoménologie, de l’idéal grec de scientificité fondé sur une attitude « théorique » pure tournée vers un « cosmos » ordonné. Husserl conceives his philosophy as a reaction to the crisis that unfolds in modern science, a crisis that is in its turn responsible for the crisis of European humanity. To be sure, the renewal of philosophy through phenomenology goes along the lines of European Enlightenment, according to which true knowledge inevitably has a positive impact on the fate of humanity. But the fact is that Husserl sees the origin of the crisis precisely in the course taken by science in modern times. Responding to the pressing needs of the life-world, modern science has become a mere theoretical “technique.” With the help of many of Husserl’s texts, I assess critically his proposed reform of science, that is: the rehabilitation, on the new basis of phenomenology, of the Greek ideal of science grounded in a pure “theoretical” attitude turned toward a well ordered “cosmos".

Keyphrases: Husserl, Philosophie, Crise, Épistémè, Cosmos, Husserl, Theoria, Cosmos, Philosophy, Crisis, Episteme
Quebec 2018, a failure of the polls or else?

The polls of the 2018 Quebec election forecast a close race between the two leading parties. The result, a clear victory of the Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ) over the Parti libéral du Québec (PLQ), was clearly at odds with the polls. We argue that when the polls get it wrong, it is important to determine whether there was a polling miss, in which the discrepancy is due to changing voter behaviour, or a poll failure, in which the problem stems from polling methodology. Our post-election poll shows that changing voter behaviour—last-minute shifts and the vote of non-disclosers—explains most of the discrepancy. These movements varied by region. We conclude that the Quebec 2018 election was among the worst polling misses in history but not necessarily a major poll failure. Les sondages de l’élection Québécoise de 2018 avaient annoncé une lutte serrée entre les deux principaux partis. Le résultat, une victoire décisive de la Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ) aux dépens du Parti Liberal du Québec (PLQ), n’était clairement pas ce qui avait été anticipé. Nous soutenons que, lorsque les sondages se trompent, il est important de déterminer si l’écart entre les estimations des sondages et le vote est dû à un changement dans le comportement des électeurs ou à un échec des sondages eux-mêmes attribuable à la méthodologie utilisée. Notre sondage post-électoral montre que des changements dans le comportement des électeurs—changements de préférences de dernière minute et vote des discrets—expliquent la majeure partie des écarts dans cette élection. Ces mouvements varient toutefois selon les régions. Nous concluons que l’élection québécoise de 2018 se situe historiquement parmi les pires écarts entre les sondages et le vote mais ne peut pas être considérée comme un échec majeur des sondages eux-mêmes.

Keyphrases: Poll failure, Polling miss, Quebec 2018 election, Late campaign shift, Échec des sondages, Erreur des sondages, Élection Québec 2018, Changement de fin de campagne
Conception, synthèse et applications biologiques d’inhibiteurs de biofilms à base d’imidazole et de benzimidazole

La résistance aux antibiotiques est l'une des menaces les plus graves pour la santé mondiale de nos jours. L'émergence de bactéries multirésistantes encourage les chercheurs à développer de nouveaux antibiotiques et stratégies pour compenser leurs différents mécanismes de résistance. L'un de ces mécanismes de défense est la formation de biofilms. Sous cette forme, les bactéries développent une matrice extracellulaire protectrice les rendant plus résistantes à divers traitements antimicrobiens. Nous avons conçu et synthétisé des composés de déstabilisation des membranes avec des caractéristiques clés : un cation benzimidazolium ou imidazolium, une chaîne apolaire hydrophobe et/ou un site de reconnaissance des anions lipophiles. Ces caractéristiques leur confèrent une activité antimicrobienne accrue et une grande capacité à perturber les membranes cellulaires. Ces composés perturbateurs de la membrane agissent via un mécanisme rapide et efficace et ont montré de bons résultats contre les souches de SARM (staphylococcus aureus résistant à la méthiciline) en tant que candidats antibiofilms prometteurs. Ces nouveaux agents ont le potentiel de se disperser et d'inhiber la formation de biofilms et pourraient avoir un impact positif sur la médecine humaine à l'avenir. Antibiotic resistance is one of the most serious threats to global health nowadays. Emergence of resistant bacteria encourages researchers to develop new antibiotics and strategies to mitigate their different resistance mechanisms. One of these defense mechanisms is the formation of biofilms. In this form, bacteria develop a protective extracellular matrix making them more resistant to various antimicrobial treatments. We have designed and synthesized membrane destabilizing compounds with three key features: a benzimidazolium or an imidazolium cation, a hydrophobic apolar chain, and a lipophilic anion recognition site. These characteristics give these compounds increased antimicrobial activity and greater ability to disrupt cell membranes. These membrane-disrupting compounds act via a fast and efficient mechanism and showed good results against MRSA (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus) strains as promising antibiofilms candidates. These new agents have the potential to disperse and inhibit the formation of biofilms and could have a positive impact on human medicine in the future.

Keyphrases: Benzimidazolium, Imidazolium, Membrane cellulaire, Biofilms, Bactéries, Antibiotique, Perturbateur membranaire, Benzimidazolium, Imidazolium, Biofilms, Ammonium quaternaire, Cellular membrane, Bacteria, Antibiotic, Membrane perturbator, Quaternary ammonium
Entre mémoire singulière et histoire du singulier : la double anamnèse de Michael Podchlebnik dans Shoah

Histoire et mémoire, témoignage et document, réalisateur et historien constituent autant de binômes dont les termes sont aujourd’hui encore plus souvent opposés que rapprochés. Dans le cadre de cet article, il s’agira de réfléchir à la manière dont les témoignages participent à l’écriture de l’histoire, ainsi qu’à la façon dont il est possible de faire l’histoire des propos tenus par les témoins. Cela conduira à considérer aussi bien la subversion de l’histoire proposée par des auteurs dits postmodernes, que la subversion de cette subversion par le philosophe Paul Ricœur. Pour résumer, on se demandera : comment l’historien peut-il intégrer le subjectif à son récit sans perdre de vue les attendus de sa discipline ? Et quel rôle l’historien peut-il occuper face au surgissement de la mémoire des acteurs de l’histoire ? Comment leur intégration à une forme filmique par un réalisateur peut-elle être interprétée ? Ces réflexions épistémologiques sont ici adossées à l’étude du cas particulier de l’entretien accordé en 1979 par Michael Podchlebnik – l’un des seuls survivants du Sonderkommando du camp d’extermination de Chelmno – à Claude Lanzmann pour Shoah. Pragmatiquement, cet exemple et l’analyse d’autres prises de parole du même survivant en 1945 et en 1961, conduisent à quelques gains d’intelligibilités dans la perspective d’une histoire du singulier prenant en compte la mémoire des individus.

Keyphrases: Shoah, Histoire, Mémoire, Camp d'extermination, Juif, Anamnèse, Témoignage, Ricœur, Paul, Bédarida, François, Podchlebnik, Micheai, Lanzmann, Claude