NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Justice coopérative et gratuité des transports en commun

Cooperative Justice and Free Public Transit - Urban transportation is a central issue for theories of urban justice. The current car culture is unjust because it discriminates against those who cannot afford to be a part of it, and it is inefficient because it creates a collectively disadvantageous situation. In this paper, I will first argue that public policies should encourage a modal transfer from car to public transit. Drawing on a theory of cooperative justice, I will then argue that free public transit is mutually advantageous and can be defended from both the perspectives of equality and efficiency.

Keyphrases: Philosophie, Éthique, Économie
Social Opportunities and Individual Responsibility: The Capability Approach and the Third Way

The fashionable widespreading of Sen’s ideas coincides with a new mood in the shaping of public policies in affluent societies. In Europe indeed, an “opportunity”-based approach to social security has been implemented through the European Employment Strategy. Public action tends to rely on a procedural concern with individual opportunities or potentialities in the labour market. The underlying ethics is that individuals are then responsible to use these background opportunities in order to lead the kind of life they value most. More broadly, the discourse and practice of the so-called “Third Way” shares with the capability approach an appeal for a procedural and enabling depiction of the role of the State. The paper intends to clarify the relation between procedural and opportunity-based approaches to social justice, among them the capability approach, and these new patterns of public action. Our vision goes in the way of a yet renewed, but deeper action of the welfare state, where social agency is envisaged as the very condition of individual agency. Drawing on the various critics of mainstream equality of opportunity, two opposed approaches to responsibility are identified: on the one hand, responsibility is conceived of as i) a “luck vs. choice” fixed starting point, ii) a backward-looking conception and iii) a highly individualistic framework. On the other hand, responsibility is envisaged as i) an outcome of public policies rather than a starting point, ii) a forward-looking conception, and iii) a combined institutional-individual framework. We situate here Sen’s capability approach, as well as critics of the luck egalitarianism path. The Third Way rhetoric is assessed against both these perspectives. The issue eventually boils down to an ethical reflection on the articulation of responsibilities, and to a pragmatic and substantial concern for the content of what providing security should mean in practice.

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Ethics, Economics
Responsabilité, Handicaps, Accidents et Opportunités sociales en Mauritanie

L’analyse économique des capabilités proposée par A. Sen ouvre la voie à une réflexion sur la pauvreté. Cependant, cette approche est insuffisante dans un cadre social où la responsabilité est primordiale. Cet article vise à montrer que la responsabilité est première. Elle se construit à partir de principes culturels et religieux qui déterminent à leur tour les mécanismes de redistributions et donc les inégalités. Dans un tel cadre, les opportunités sociales offertes aux individus découlent directement de leur statut social dans la société.

Keyphrases: Philosophie, Éthique, Économie
A Reading of the conception of man in Hans Jonas’ works: Between Nature and Responsibility. An Environmental Ethics Approach

Hans Jonas is considered one of the principal leaders of the ecological doctrine that fights against the hegemony of technical power upon society. We will study the conception of man in Jonas’ ideology through the lens of nature and of responsibility. He brandishes the specter of disaster (“heuristics of fear”) as a guard against technological excesses. He appeals to a prospective, universal and categorical responsibility to protect nature and to save future generations. Jonas considers responsibility as a method of anticipating the threat to that which is vulnerable, ephemeral, and perishable. Thus, the responsibility that Jonas decrees implies an ethics of conservation. Jonas’ writings aim to procure a new dimension of acting, which necessitates an ethics of foresight and responsibility.

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Ethics, Economics
Two approaches to stakeholder identification

The paper presents two fundamentally different ways to approach the identification of stakeholders. The first is the relationship approach. According to this approach, special obligations arise between individuals or groups only if a specific relationship exists between them. The rival approach is the assignment approach. This approach challenges the claim that obligations only arise if a particular relationship exists between the company and a group. It holds that the distribution of responsibilities should be viewed as a set of pragmatic rules derived from general moral considerations. The paper discusses the extent to which these two approaches can justify the main features of the traditional stakeholder model.

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Ethics, Economics
What can the Stakeholder Theory Learn from Enron?

Roughly speaking, Enron has done for reflection on corporate governance what AIDS did for research on the immune system. So far, however, virtually all of this reflection on and subsequent reform of governance has come from those with a stake in the success of modern capitalism. This paper identifies a number of governance challenges for critics of capitalism, and in particular for those who urge corporations to voluntarily adopt missions of broader social responsibility and equal treatment for all stakeholder groups. I argue that by generally neglecting the governance relation between shareholders and senior managers, stakeholder theorists have underestimated the way in which shareholder-focused governance can be in the interests of all stakeholder groups. The enemy, if you will, is not capitalists (shareholders), but greedy, corrupt or incompetent managers. A second set of governance challenges for stakeholder theorists concerns their largely untested proposals for governance reforms that would require managers to act in the interests of all stakeholders and not just shareholders; in other words to treat shareholders as just another stakeholder group. I suggest that in such a governance regime it may be almost impossible to hold managers accountable to anyone – just as it was when state-owned enterprises were given “multi-stakeholder” mandates in the 1960s and 1970s.

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Ethics, Economics
La Petite danseuse de quatorze ans :
une analyse de la fonction subversive de l’œuvre

La Petite danseuse de quatorze ans (1881) de l’artiste français Edgar Degas (1834-1917) représente et déforme plusieurs catégories sociales et artistiques de son époque. L’œuvre peut ainsi être lue comme une mise en abyme à la fois des changements sociaux et des peurs qu’ils suscitent quant aux redéfinitions du rôle et de la place de la sculpture dans l’art et de l’art, des classes sociales, de la science et de la femme dans la société qui s’opèrent dans la seconde moitié du 19e siècle. D’une mise en contexte de l’œuvre à une analyse de la figure de la ballerine, en passant par une lecture du monde de la poupée et de la criminalité, nous chercherons à montrer comment l’œuvre offre une lecture subversive des valeurs qui sous-tendent ces catégories structurelles du Paris industriel. Ce jeu des catégories fait de la Petite danseuse une œuvre instable et ambiguë à l’image, peut-être exacerbée, de la société. La sculpture de Degas joue avec et surtout entre ces divers pôles de la société parisienne, décloisonnant ceux-ci et proposant une autre façon de comprendre la société contemporaine.  Prenant ancrage dans un discours critique postmoderne, féministe et postcolonialist, le présent travail se propose ainsi de réactualiser la fonction critique de l’œuvre. The Little Dancer Aged Fourteen (1881) of French artist Edgar Degas (1834-1917) represents and deconstructs all at once, many social and artistic categories of its own time.  The work represents social changes and the fear that they generate as it relates to the place of sculpture in art and of art, social classes, science and women’s role in society. Degas’ sculpture plays with and between these structures, deconstructing them and offering new ways of understanding contemporary society. After putting the work in context, we look at the link it has with dolls, how it addresses criminality, and how it questions the ballerina image.  The Little Dancer then becomes an ambiguous, unstable and indefinable work reflecting in an acute way its society.  Rooted in postmodernism, feminism and postcolonialism, we will explain how the sculpture offers a subversive reading of the values subtending industrial 19th Century Parisian constructs.

Keyphrases: Petite danseuse de quatorze ans, subversion, 19e siècle, Edgar Degas, sculpture, féminisme, subversion, Edgar Degas, sculpture, Edgar Degas, sculpture, France, Little Dancer Aged Fourteen, 19th Century, Edgar Degas, sculpture, France, feminism
Is There Personal Identity in Economics?

John B. Davis explores the question of what the economic individual is. He bases his considerations of orthodox economics on the assumption that these theories implicitly rely on a conception of the individual that has its origin in Locke’s idea of the self as subjective inwardness. Economic history then is the attempt to deal with Locke’s inherent problems that this view involved. If neoclassical economics still has aspects of human psychology, mainstream economics dropped the subjective concept of the individual out of their considerations. However, Davis demonstrates that even the neoclassical concept of the individual fails to pass the existence test of individual identity. The latter is an idea developed in analogy to philosophers’ concern about personal identity and examines if the individual can be distinguished among different individuals and if he or she can be reidentified as the selfsame individual through time. The failure of the theory of the individual in orthodox economics led Davis to develop a concept of a socially embedded individual in accordance with heterodox accounts of economics. He submits this conception to the same test of individual identity. It appears that the socially embedded individual can be said to hold an identity in specific circumstances. John B. Davis traite, dans son livre, la question suivante: qu’est-ce que c'est l'agent économique. Il base l'ensemble de ses considérations sur une vision de l'économie orthodoxe qui fonde implicitement ses théories sur une conception de l'individu ayant ses origines dans le concept de Locke du "soi" vu comme une intimité subjective. Les développements de l'économie orthodoxe consistent ensuite en une tentative de traiter des problèmes inhérents à cette conception de l'individu. Si l'économie néo-classique a toujours espéré intégrer la psychologie humaine, l'économie contemporaine a écarté la subjectivité de ses considérations. Davis démontre cependant que même la conception néoclassique de l'individu échoue au test d'existence d'identité de l'individu. Ce test d'existence est développé en analogie avec les investigations des philosophes sur l'identité personnelle et s'interroge simultanément sur la possibilité de distinguer un individu parmi d'autres individus et de le ré-identifier comme un seul et même individu dans le temps. L'échec de la théorie de l'individu utilisée par l'économie orthodoxe à réussir un tel test d'existence conduit Davis à considérer l'individu comme inclu dans le social et ce, en accord avec les propositions de l'économie hétérodoxe. Il soumet ensuite cette conceptualisation au même test d'existence. Il apparaît que l'individu inclu dans le social peut être considéré comme doté d'une identité dans certaines circonstances.

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Ethics, Economics
Incentives and Principles for Individuals in Rawls’s Theory of Justice

Philippe van Parijs (2003) has argued that an egalitarian ethos cannot be part of a post- Political Liberalism Rawlsian view of justice, because the demands of political justice are confined to principles for institutions of the basic structure alone. This paper argues, by contrast, that certain principles for individual conduct—including a principle requiring relatively advantaged individuals to sometimes make their economic choices with the aim of maximising the prospects of the least advantaged—are an integral part of a Rawlsian political conception of justice. It concludes that incentive payments will have a clearly limited role in a Rawlsian theory of justice.

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Ethics, Economics
Pogge -vs- Sen on Global Poverty and Human Rights

This Paper is part of a broader project examining the ways in which Amartya Sen’s “capability approach” provides a framework for thinking about global poverty as a denial or a violation of basic human rights. The Paper compares the “capability approach” as a basis for thinking about global poverty and human rights with the alternative framework developed by Thomas Pogge. Both the “capability approach” and Pogge’s theory of “severe poverty as a violation of negative duties” support the idea of “freedom from severe poverty as a basic human right”. However, there are important differences. The Paper examines the limitations of Pogge’s “apparent minimalism” and establishes the ways in which Sen’s treatment of the “capability approach” and human rights moves beyond a “minimalist normative position” whilst avoiding Pogge’s charge of “implausibility”.

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Ethics, Economics
Companies’ practices and social responsibility: cases of companies in the French tourist sector

This article examines the firms’practices in the French tourist sector. By confronting the concepts defined in the literature on the social responsibility and what really happens in companies, the current research shows that the studied firms implement a minimal social responsibility which remains well below the expectation level of some stakeholders. This situation is explained by several factors, namely structural. Finally, the paper suggests ways to improve the concept of social responsibility.

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Ethics, Economics, Corporate social responsibility, Stakeholder theory, Tourism
Religion and Clothing: the Capabilities Approach Considered

Proponents of the capabilities approach claim that it should be used to give guidance for the implementation of good constitutional laws. This suggests that it also gives us grounds to support attempts to create or protect constitutions based on something like the capabilities approach. The Turkish Republic claims that in order to protect secularism and the equal status of women, it needs to keep certain Islamic practices away from the public domain. The wearing of the headscarf has been singled out as such a practice, and the Turkish Republic has therefore legislated against headscarf wearing in schools, universities, and government buildings. In consequence many women are forced to choose between religion over education and politics in a way that curtails central human capabilities. Nussbaum claims that the best way to help states resolve the dilemma presented by the conflict between religious choice and other central capabilities is to refer to principles embodied in to the US Religious Freedom Restoration Act 1993, which states that a law can burden a person's exercise of religion only when the burden is a furtherance of a compelling state interest. In this paper I consider how this advice partly vindicates the Turkish case and how the solution it yields is in many ways more satisfactory than that of more traditional approaches in political philosophy.

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Ethics, Economics
Une approche géographique du « travail » des enfants des rues

Cet article propose de décrire le quotidien des enfants des rues de Yaoundé (Cameroun) et d’Antananarivo (Madagascar) en mettant l’accent sur les activités générant des revenus. Quels espaces de travail émergent au sein de la ville, suivant quelles logiques? Ce questionnement nous permet de dessiner les contours, incertains, de l’univers de la rue. Il ouvre aussi la réflexion sur le devenir des enfants et leur capacité à s’insérer au sein de la société urbain. Nous prenons en compte les actions de l’Etat, des ONG et les représentations des habitants. (Cameroon) and Antananarivo (Madagascar), with special focus on the activities which generate money. Which working spaces do exist in the city, according to which logics? This questioning allows us to draw the hesitant limits of the street universe. We open up the reflection about the children’ destiny and their capacity to integrate the urban society. We take into account the actions of the State and of the NGO and the representations from city dwellers.

Keyphrases: Philosophie, Éthique, Économie, Enfants des rues, Villes, Travail, Cameroun, Madagascar, Madagascar
Introduction: Working in Development Ethics – a tribute to Denis Goulet

Denis Goulet (1931-2006) was probably the main founder of work on ‘development ethics’ as a self-conscious field that treats the ethical and value questions posed by development theory, planning and practice. This overview of a selection of papers presented at a conference of the International Development Ethics Association (Uganda, 2006) surveys Goulet’s work and compares it with issues and approaches in the selected papers. Ideas raised by Goulet provide a framework for discussing the set of papers, which especially consider corruption, professional ethics and the rights to water and essential drugs. The papers in turn provide a basis for comparing Goulet’s ideas with actual directions of work on development ethics. Rather than as a separate sub-discipline, development ethics takes shape as an interdisciplinary meeting place, aided though by the profile and intellectual space that Goulet strikingly strove to build for it.

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Ethics, Economics, development ethics, Denis Goulet, professional ethics, corporate responsibility
Bribery: An Exploration of Uganda Perspectives

Cet article examine le concept de pot de vin dans un contexte multiculturel. Le terme pot de vin n’existe pas toujours dans certains contextes africains. L’Ouganda, et plus spécifiquement Ankole, est pris comme exemple. Afin de donner sens au terme, une définition contextuelle et une différenciation doivent être proposées. De manière similaire, les termes d’éthique et de politique économique ont besoin d’un traitement contextuel. Par exemple, les codes éthiques peuvent-ils être universalisables ?la discussion suggère un déplacement de la nature et de l’impact de l’éthique et de l’économie vers les contextes dans lesquels ils opèrent. This is an investigation of the concept of bribery in a multicultural context. It is possible that the term and concept “bribery” do not exist in some African contexts. Uganda is taken as the example and centre for this discussion, and in particular Ankole. In order for both the term and concept to make sense, there is need for contextual definition and differentiation. Similarly the terms Ethics and Economic Policies need a contextual treatment. For instance, can Ethical Codes be universalised? The discussion suggests a shift from concentrating on the nature and impact of Ethics and Economics to the understanding of the contexts where they operate.

Keyphrases: Uganda, Philosophy, Ethics, Economics, bribery, Uganda, multicultural context, public office
Ethic of Care versus Ethic of Justice? The Gender- Corruption Nexus: Testing the New Conventional Wisdom

Ce papier utilise des données empiriques sur le Ghana afin d’examiner comment, le genre, en tant que système social, génère des dilemmes moraux dans le secteur public. Les hommes et les femmes se sentent obligées de choisir des conditions privées de moralité dans le secteur de l’éthique publique. Ce papier démontre que les références qui délimitent les personnalités comportementales sexuées et qui sont utilisées pour justifier le plus haut degré de standard éthique des femmes peut aussi être potentiellement source de corruption, si les femmes essaient de respecter les attentes en matière de genre dans la conduite des obligations publiques. Fondamentalement, le papier argumente que l’éthique sexuée- supposant la division entre éthique de la compassion et éthique de la justice- pourrait perpétuer des comportements qui nient l’éthique du secteur public, mais se conforme à l’éthique sociale. En utilisant les travaux de Carol Gilligan (1982) sur la théorie du développement moral, il conclut, inter alia, que le recrutement des femmes dans le secteur public devrait être promu en tant que droit plutôt qu’à partir de leur probité morale présumée supérieure. Promouvoir les femmes dans le services publics sur la base de leur éthique supérieure pourrait s’avérer contre-productif si les espoirs étaient déçus. This paper employs empirical data from Ghana to examine how gender, as a social system, generates moral dilemmas in the public sector. Female and male officials feel forced to choose private (family/social) requirements of morality over public sector ethics. The paper demonstrates that the very same gender which delineates behavioural personalities and is used to justify women’s higher ethical standards could potentially be a source of corruption, as women attempt to fulfil expectations of femaleness in the conduct of public duties. Fundamentally, the paper argues that gendered ethics -which require women and men to exude an ethic of care and an ethic of justice respectively- could perpetuate behaviours that negate public sector ethics (corrupt behaviours), but conform well to social ethics. Employing as its theoretical base, Carol Gilligan’s (1982) moral development theory, it concludes, inter alia, that injecting women into the public sector should be promoted as a right, rather than on grounds of women’s presumed superior probity. Premising women’s inclusion in the public realm on assumptions of their higher ethical standards risks being counterproductive in achieving equal representation, if such assumptions are later disconfirmed.

Keyphrases: Corruption, Ghana, Philosophy, Ethics, Economics, Corruption, Gender, Ethic of Care, Ethic of Justice, Ghana