NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Digital Paratext : Editorialization and the Very Death of the Author

As shown by different scholars, the idea of “author” is not absolute or necessary. On the contrary, it came to life as an answer to the very practical needs of an emerging print technology in search of an economic model of its own. In this context, and according to the criticism of the notion of “author” made during the 1960–70s (in particular by Barthes and Foucault), it would only be natural to consider the idea of the author being dead as a global claim accepted by all scholars. Yet this is not the case, because, as Rose suggests, the idea of “author” and the derived notion of copyright are still too important in our culture to be abandoned. But why such an attachment to the idea of “author”? The hypothesis on which this chapter is based is that the theory of the death of the author—developed in texts such as What is an Author? by Michel Foucault and The Death of the Author by Roland Barthes—did not provide the conditions for a shift towards a world without authors because of its inherent lack of concrete editorial practices different from the existing ones. In recent years, the birth and diffusion of the Web have allowed the concrete development of a different way of interpreting the authorial function, thanks to new editorial practices—which will be named “editorialization devices” in this chapter. Thus, what was inconceivable for Rose in 1993 is possible today because of the emergence of digital technology—and in particular, the Web.

Keyphrases: Numérique, Paratexte, Éditorialisation, Auteur, Littérature numérique, Mort de l'auteur
Polyneuromyopathie des soins intensifs : prévention, évaluation, traitement et transfert de connaissances en physiothérapie

Introduction/problématique : La polyneuromyopathie des soins intensifs est une pathologie caractérisée par une faiblesse généralisée se développant pendant une hospitalisation pour un état critique. À long terme, cette pathologie engendre des limites dans les activités fonctionnelles des patients et des coûts importants pour le système de santé. Une meilleure prise en charge de cette pathologie en physiothérapie pourrait contribuer ultimement à améliorer la qualité de vie de ces patients. Objectifs : Recenser les évidences scientifiques sur les facteurs de risque, la prévention, l’évaluation et le traitement en physiothérapie de cette pathologie. Faire le transfert de connaissances sur ces évidences en physiothérapie. Méthodologie : Revue systématique sur chacun des thèmes (prévention, évaluation, traitement) dans les bases de données Pubmed,  Embase, CINAHL,  PEDro et Cochrane. Résultats : Les facteurs de risque majeurs sont l’inflammation systémique, la sévérité de la condition, l’hyperglycémie, les corticostéroïdes à hautes doses et le sexe féminin. La prévention doit inclure l’insulinothérapie intensive et la stimulation neuromusculaire. L’outil d’évaluation à privilégier est le dynamomètre manuel pour évaluer la force de préhension. L’intervention précoce en physiothérapie associée à la stimulation neuromusculaire démontre les meilleures évidences. Dans le contexte des soins intensifs, l’utilisation d’une stratégie de transfert de connaissances associant un blogue, des conférences impliquant les gestionnaires et des aide-mémoires dans le milieu pourrait engendrer un changement dans les pratiques. Conclusion : Des stratégies de transfert des connaissances issues de ces données probantes devront être instaurées et évaluées afin d’améliorer le suivi en physiothérapie de la polyneuromyopathie des soins intensifs.

Keyphrases: Polyneuropathie, myopathie, physiothérapie, évaluation, prévention, facteurs de risque, traitement
AST-120 (spherical carbon adsorbent) lowers ammonia levels and attenuates brain edema in bile duct-ligated rats

The pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy is multifactorial, involving gut-derived toxins such as ammonia, which has been demonstrated to induce oxidative stress. Therefore, a primary hepatic encephalopathy treatment target is reducing ammonia production in the gastrointestinal tract. AST-120, an oral adsorbent of engineered activated carbon microspheres with surface areas exceeding 1600 m(2) /g, acts as a sink for neurotoxins and hepatotoxins present in the gut. We evaluated the capacity of AST-120 to adsorb ammonia in vitro and to lower blood ammonia, oxidative stress and brain edema in cirrhotic rats. Cirrhosis was induced in rats by bile duct ligation for 6 weeks. AST-120 was administered by gavage preventively for 6 weeks (0.1, 1, and 4 g/kg/day). In addition, AST-120 was evaluated as a short-term treatment for 2 weeks and 3 days (1 g/kg/day) and as a sink to adsorb intravenously infused ammonium acetate. In vitro, AST-120 efficiently adsorbed ammonia. Ammonia levels significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner for all AST-120-treated bile duct-ligated rats (nontreated: 177.3 ± 30.8 μM; AST-120, 0.1 g/kg/day: 121.9 ± 13.8 μM; AST-120, 1 g/kg/day: 80.9 ± 30.0 μM; AST-120, 4 g/kg/day: 48.8 ± 19.6 μM) and significantly correlated with doses of AST-120 (r = -0.6603). Brain water content and locomotor activity normalized after AST-120 treatments, whereas arterial reactive oxygen species levels remained unchanged. Furthermore, AST-120 significantly attenuated a rise in arterial ammonia after ammonium acetate administration (intravenously). Conclusion:AST-120 treatment decreased arterial ammonia levels, normalized brain water content and locomotor activity but did not demonstrate an effect on systemic oxidative stress. Also, AST-120 acts as an ammonia sink, efficiently removing blood-derived ammonia. Additional studies are warranted to evaluate the effects of AST-120 on hepatic encephalopathy in patients with advanced liver disease. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;).

Keyphrases: Ammonia, Chronic liver failure, Oxidative stress, Hepatic encephalopathy, Activated carbon microspheres, Ammoniac, Maladie du foie en phase terminale, Stress oxydatif, Encéphalopathie hépatique
Increased brain lactate is central to the development of brain edema in rats with chronic liver disease

The pathogenesis of brain edema in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and minimal hepatic encephalopathy (HE) remains undefined. This study evaluated the role of brain lactate, glutamine and organic osmolytes, including myo-inositol and taurine, in the development of brain edema in a rat model of cirrhosis.Six-week bile-duct ligated (BDL) rats were injected with (13)C-glucose and de novo synthesis of lactate, and glutamine in the brain was quantified using (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Total brain lactate, glutamine, and osmolytes were measured using (1)H NMR or high performance liquid chromatography. To further define the interplay between lactate, glutamine and brain edema, BDL rats were treated with AST-120 (engineered activated carbon microspheres) and dichloroacetate (DCA: lactate synthesis inhibitor).Significant increases in de novo synthesis of lactate (1.6-fold, p<0.001) and glutamine (2.2-fold, p<0.01) were demonstrated in the brains of BDL rats vs. SHAM-operated controls. Moreover, a decrease in cerebral myo-inositol (p<0.001), with no change in taurine, was found in the presence of brain edema in BDL rats vs. controls. BDL rats treated with either AST-120 or DCA showed attenuation in brain edema and brain lactate. These two treatments did not lead to similar reductions in brain glutamine.Increased brain lactate, and not glutamine, is a primary player in the pathogenesis of brain edema in CLD. In addition, alterations in the osmoregulatory response may also be contributing factors. Our results suggest that inhibiting lactate synthesis is a new potential target for the treatment of HE.

Keyphrases: Chronic liver failure, Hepatic encephalopathy, Lactate, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Glutamine, Brain edema, Maladie du foie en phase terminale, Encéphalopathie hépatique, Acide lactique, Résonance magnétique nucléaire biomoléculaire, Oedème cérébral
Association of reduced extracellular brain ammonia, lactate, and intracranial pressure in pigs with acute liver failure

We previously demonstrated in pigs with acute liver failure (ALF) that albumin dialysis using the molecular adsorbents recirculating system (MARS) attenuated a rise in intracranial pressure (ICP). This was independent of changes in arterial ammonia, cerebral blood flow and inflammation, allowing alternative hypotheses to be tested. The aims of the present study were to determine whether changes in cerebral extracellular ammonia, lactate, glutamine, glutamate, and energy metabolites were associated with the beneficial effects of MARS on ICP. Three randomized groups [sham, ALF (induced by portacaval anastomosis and hepatic artery ligation), and ALF+MARS] were studied over a 6-hour period with a 4-hour MARS treatment given beginning 2 hours after devascularization. Using cerebral microdialysis, the ALF-induced increase in extracellular brain ammonia, lactate, and glutamate was significantly attenuated in the ALF+MARS group as well as the increases in extracellular lactate/pyruvate and lactate/glucose ratios. The percent change in extracellular brain ammonia correlated with the percent change in ICP (r(2) = 0.511). Increases in brain lactate dehydrogenase activity and mitochondrial complex activity for complex IV were found in ALF compared with those in the sham, which was unaffected by MARS treatment. Brain oxygen consumption did not differ among the study groups. Conclusion: The observation that brain oxygen consumption and mitochondrial complex enzyme activity changed in parallel in both ALF- and MARS-treated animals indicates that the attenuation of increased extracellular brain ammonia (and extracellular brain glutamate) in the MARS-treated animals reduces energy demand and increases supply, resulting in attenuation of increased extracellular brain lactate. The mechanism of how MARS reduces extracellular brain ammonia requires further investigation.

Keyphrases: Ammonia, Intracranial Pressure, Glutamine, Detoxification, Liver Failure, Lactate, Glutamate, Ammoniac, Pression intracrânienne, Défaillance hépatique, Acide lactique
L-ornithine phenylacetate attenuates increased arterial and extracellular brain ammonia and prevents intracranial hypertension in pigs with acute liver failure

Hyperammonemia is a feature of acute liver failure (ALF), which is associated with increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and brain herniation. We hypothesized that a combination of L-ornithine and phenylacetate (OP) would synergistically reduce toxic levels of ammonia by (1) L-ornithine increasing glutamine production (ammonia removal) through muscle glutamine synthetase and (2) phenylacetate conjugating with the ornithine-derived glutamine to form phenylacetylglutamine, which is excreted into the urine. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of OP on arterial and extracellular brain ammonia concentrations as well as ICP in pigs with ALF (induced by liver devascularization). ALF pigs were treated with OP (L-ornithine 0.07 g/kg/hour intravenously; phenylbutyrate, prodrug for phenylacetate; 0.05 g/kg/hour intraduodenally) for 8 hours following ALF induction. ICP was monitored throughout, and arterial and extracellular brain ammonia were measured along with phenylacetylglutamine in the urine. Compared with ALF + saline pigs, treatment with OP significantly attenuated concentrations of arterial ammonia (589.6 +/- 56.7 versus 365.2 +/- 60.4 mumol/L [mean +/- SEM], P= 0.002) and extracellular brain ammonia (P= 0.01). The ALF-induced increase in ICP was prevented in ALF + OP-treated pigs (18.3 +/- 1.3 mmHg in ALF + saline versus 10.3 +/- 1.1 mmHg in ALF + OP-treated pigs;P= 0.001). The value of ICP significantly correlated with the concentration of extracellular brain ammonia (r(2) = 0.36,P< 0.001). Urine phenylacetylglutamine levels increased to 4.9 +/- 0.6 micromol/L in ALF + OP-treated pigs versus 0.5 +/- 0.04 micromol/L in ALF + saline-treated pigs (P< 0.001).Conclusion:L-Ornithine and phenylacetate act synergistically to successfully attenuate increases in arterial ammonia, which is accompanied by a significant decrease in extracellular brain ammonia and prevention of intracranial hypertension in pigs with ALF.

Keyphrases: Ammonia, Intracranial Hypertension, Liver Failure, Ornithine, Phenylacetate, Ammoniac, Hypertension intracrânienne, Défaillance hépatique, Phénylacétates
Les compagnies aériennes, leurs menus et les religions qu'elles y reconnaissent

Partant de l’idée bien établie que la religion exerce une influence profonde sur les modes d’alimentation, trois chercheurs en théologie, en géographie et en sciences politiques ont unis leurs connaissances pour débusquer cette influence là où on ne l’attend pas, dans les menus proposés par les compagnies aériennes. Pour ce faire, ils ont identifié les menus religieux reconnus par l’IATA (hindou, halal, cacher et jaïn) ; visité les sites Internet de 34 compagnies aériennes pour savoir quelles compagnies proposent quels menus religieux ; identifié comment ces compagnies prétendent répondre aux prescriptions des différentes religions ; cherché à comprendre les logiques théologiques, géographiques et/ou politiques derrière les choix des compagnies aériennes ; évalué l’impact que les menus religieux proposés par les compagnies aériennes exercent sur la relation entre religion et alimentation.

Keyphrases: Alimentation, Food, Religion, Compagnies aériennes, Airlines, Christianisme, Christianity, Judaïsme, Judaism, Islam, Hindouisme, Hinduism, Jaïnisme, Jainism
What’s Unethical About Interprofessional Collaboration?

Dans ce commentaire, la valeur bénéfique des dimensions relationnelles relative aux collaborations interprofessionnelles est mise en valeur afin de démontrer que les conflits d’intérêts émanant des auto- référencements sont plus complexes que les conflits d’intérêts traditionnels. Un échange entre professionnels de la santé et éthiciens est recommandé afin de mieux comprendre les aspects relationnels, qui sont essentiels au bien-être et à l’autonomie du patient, concernant différents soins et contextes organisationnels qui se produisent dans les secteurs publics et privés. Ceci afin d’éclairer les élaborations politiques quant à la gestion des conflits d’intérêts associés aux auto-référencements. In this commentary, the beneficial value of the relational aspects of interprofessional collaboration is emphasized to demonstrate that conflict of interests arising in self-referrals are more complex than presented in classic cases of conflicts of interest. A dialog involving health professionals and ethicists is recommended to better understand the relational aspects that are essential to patient wellness and autonomy, in relation to the various care and organizational contexts across private and public sectors. The goal is to inform policy making on management of conflicts of interests associated with self-referrals.

Keyphrases: référencements, collaboration interprofessionnel, équipe de soins, éthique, relation de soins, soins axés sur le patient, referrals, interprofessional collaboration, healthcare team, ethics, care relation, patient-centred care
Détection d'évènements à partir de Twitter

Nous proposons dans cette thèse un système permettant de déterminer, à partir des données envoyées sur les microblogs, les évènements qui stimulent l’intérêt des utilisateurs durant une période donnée et les dates saillantes de chaque évènement.  Étant donné son taux d’utilisation élevé et l’accessibilité de ses données, nous avons utilisé la plateforme Twitter comme source de nos données. Nous traitons dans ce travail les tweets portant sur la Tunisie dont la plupart sont écrits par des tunisiens.  La première tâche de notre système consistait à extraire automatiquement les tweets d’une façon continue durant 67 jours (de 8 février au 15 avril 2012).   Nous avons supposé qu’un évènement est représenté par plusieurs termes dont la fréquence augmente brusquement à un ou plusieurs moments durant la période analysée. Le manque des ressources nécessaires pour déterminer les termes (notamment les hashtags) portant sur un même sujet, nous a obligé à proposer des méthodes permettant de regrouper les termes similaires. Pour ce faire, nous avons eu recours à des méthodes phonétiques que nous avons adaptées au mode d’écriture utilisée par les tunisiens, ainsi que des méthodes statistiques.  Pour déterminer la validité de nos méthodes, nous avons demandé à des experts, des locuteurs natifs du dialecte tunisien, d’évaluer les résultats retournés par nos méthodes. Ces groupes ont été utilisés pour déterminer le sujet de chaque tweet et/ou étendre les tweets par de nouveaux termes.  Enfin, pour sélectionner l'ensemble des évènements (EV), nous nous sommes basés sur trois critères : fréquence, variation et TF-IDF. Les résultats que nous avons obtenus ont montré la robustesse de notre système. In this thesis, we propose a method to highlight users’ concerns from a set of Twitter messages. In particular, we focus on major events that stimulate the user’s interest within a given period. Given its rate of use and accessibility of data, we used Twitter as a source of our data. In this work, we use tweets related to Tunisia, most of them being written by Tunisians.  The first task of our system was to continuously extract tweets during 67 days (from February 8th to April 15th, 2012).  We assumed that an event is represented by several terms whose frequency sharply increases  one or more times during the analyzed period. Due to the lack of resources that allow determining the terms (including hashtags) referring to the same topic, we propose methods that help grouping similar terms. To do this, we used phonetic methods adapted to the way Tunisians write and statistical methods. To determine the validity of our methods, we asked the experts, who are native speakers of the Tunisian dialect, to evaluate the results returned by our methods. These clusters are used to determine the subject of each tweet and/or expand the tweets by new terms.  Finally, to select the set of events (EV), we relied on three criteria: frequency, variation and TF-IDF. The results that we obtained show the robustness of our system.

Keyphrases: Twitter, hashtags, évènement, Twitter, hashtags, TALN, event, NLP
Exact Lagrangian cobordism and pseudo-isotopy

Dans cette thèse, on étudie les propriétés des sous-variétés lagrangiennes dans une variété symplectique en utilisant la relation de cobordisme lagrangien. Plus précisément, on s'intéresse à déterminer les conditions pour lesquelles les cobordismes lagrangiens élémentaires sont en fait triviaux.  En utilisant des techniques de l'homologie de Floer et le théorème du s-cobordisme on démontre que, sous certaines hypothèses topologiques, un cobordisme lagrangien exact est une pseudo-isotopie lagrangienne. Ce resultat est une forme faible d'une conjecture due à Biran et Cornea qui stipule qu'un cobordisme lagrangien exact est hamiltonien isotope à une suspension lagrangianenne. In this thesis we study the properties of Lagrangian submanifolds of a symplectic manifold by using the relation of Lagrangian cobordism. More precisely, we are interested in determining when an elementary Lagrangian cobordism is trivial.   Using techniques coming from Floer homology and the s-cobordism theorem, we show that under some topological assumptions, an exact Lagrangian cobordism is a Lagrangian pseudo-isotopy. This is a weaker version of a conjecture proposed by Biran and Cornea, which states that any exact Lagrangian cobordism is Hamiltonian isotopic to a Lagrangian suspension.

Keyphrases: Sous-variété lagrangienne, Cobordisme lagrangien, Pseudo-isotopie lagrangienne, Homologie de Floer, Torsion de Whitehead, Lagrangian submanifold, Lagrangian cobordism, Lagrangian pseudo-isotopy, Floer homology, Whitehead torsion
Of Songwriting and Storytelling as learned through the composition of WAG! The Musical

WAG! The Musical est la seconde comédie musicale d'Aleksey Shegolev ainsi que la première à être exécutée dans un théâtre off-Broadway à New York durant l'été 2013. Une des premières comédies de William Shakespeare, Peines d’amour perdues, a servi d’inspiration pour son partenaire Julian Silverman (dramaturge) et lui (compositeur et librettiste) dans la composition de WAG!. Afin de moderniser le sujet shakespearien traité dans les Peines d’amour perdues, plusieurs ajustements ont été nécessaires. Dans le but de maintenir l’attention des spectateurs, le niveau d'intensité dans l’action doit constamment s'élever. Cette thèse traitera notamment des divers procédés musicaux employés dans le but de soutenir l’action. Le rock ' n' roll, ainsi que le jazz furent les principaux langages musicaux à avoir une forte influence sur cette composition. Conséquemment, à travers une analyse détaillée, Shegolev explique comment le rythme, l'harmonie et la texture construisent sa comédie musicale. De plus, la manière de rendre l’humour en musique, si nécessaire au genre comique, sera également objet de discussion dans cette dissertation. La dissertation sera clôturée par un chapitre qui traitera de l'expérience personnelle que Shegolev a accumulée au cours des ateliers de lecture et des répétitions aux quelles sa pièce a été assujettie, afin de monter WAG! dans un théâtre de production à petite échelle à New York. WAG! The Musical is Aleksey Shegolev's second full-length musical and it is the first to be performed in an off-Broadway theatre in New York during the summer of 2013. The idea for the plot was inspired by William Shakespeare’s Love’s Labour's Lost, and he and his partner, Julian Silverman, created a story fit for modern times. Shegolev was the composer and lyricist, while Silverman was the book writer. Good storytelling and strong songwriting depends on the characters having a goal to pursue as they overcome the obstacles in their paths. As the story progresses, the level of intensity must always rise to keep the audiences’ attention. Jazz and rock ‘n’ roll were the main musical influences on this piece and we will see how rhythm, harmony and texture played a part in creating WAG!. Musicalizing comedy by using various techniques in composition is another topic that will be explored. Finally, this dissertation will close with Shegolev's experiences during the workshop from dealing with the director to the endless revisions and cuts that had to be made before opening night.

Keyphrases: Comédie musicale, Théâtre, Paroles de chansons, musique tonale, Jazz, Musical, Broadway, Jazz, Rock 'n' roll, Musical, Theatre, Lyrics, Songwriting, Broadway