NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Bedside Teaching and Respecting the Pediatric Patient: A Response to Verpaelst

L’enseignement au chevet, qui implique des patients, des médecins et des étudiants, est une technique omniprésente et utilisée pour la formation médicale. Le respect, le consentement libre et éclairé et la transparence sont des éléments clés d’un enseignement éthique et efficace. Le refus du patient à participer à l’enseignement au chevet doit être respecté. Ceci devrait être appliqué aux patients de tous âges, y compris les enfants qui ne comprennent pas pleinement ou qui ne sont pas aptes à consentir et à participer à l’enseignement. Bedside teaching involving patients, physicians, and students is a ubiquitous technique used for medical training. Respect, valid informed consent, and transparency are key to ethical and effective teaching. Patient refusal in participating in bedside teaching must be respected. These ought to apply to patients of all ages, including children, who may not fully understand or be capable of consenting to participating in teaching.

Keyphrases: pédiatrie, bioéthique, consentement, enseignement de chevet, éthique clinique, enseignement médical, consent, pediatrics, bioethics, consent, bedside teaching, clinical ethics, medical education
When Disability Rhymes with Negative Bias: A Response to Verpaelst

Dans ce commentaire, sur le texte de F. Verpaelst «Disability is in the Eye of the Beholder», je discute du pouvoir du langage et des images dans l’élaboration de notre construction sociale de la vision du monde et de la vie avec un handicap. La notion de handicap implique souvent un biais négatif, plutôt qu’une valorisation de la dignité personnelle. In this commentary on F. Verpaelst’s text “Disability is in the Eye of the Beholder”, I discuss the power of language and image in shaping our constructed view of life with disability. Disability often rhymes with negative bias, rather than empowering personal dignity.

Keyphrases: handicap, dignité, biais négatif, construction sociale, vision du monde, disability, disability, dignity, negative bias, social construction, view of life
When Two Worlds Meet: A Response to Heesters

Ce texte est un commentaire à propos de l’article de Heesters, « Healthy as a trout – as delicate as a dragon- fly », dans lequel elle relate son expérience de la maladie. Son texte montre qu’il existe deux mondes difficilement conciliables : celui des soignants et celui des soignés. La question est celle de savoir comment concilier ces deux univers de sens. Recevoir des soins est certes nécessaire, mais ce n’est pas suffisant dans la mesure où les soignés sont aussi motivés par le besoin de comprendre leur existence mise à mal en raison de la maladie. Le contact des sciences humaines, toutes ces formes d’expression qui touchent à la condition humaine, est d’un grand secours pour permettre aux soignants d’accompagner les personnes malades afin que celles-ci puissent mettre des mots sur leur vécu. Les humanités permettent de réduire l’écart entre le monde médical et le monde vécu. Et le texte de Heesters en est un exemple. This is a commentary on the article of Heesters, “Healthy as a trout – as delicate as a dragon-fly”, in which she describes her experience of illness. Her text shows that there are two worlds that are difficult to reconcile: that of caregivers and sick people. The question is how to reconcile these two worlds of meaning. To receive good care is certainly necessary, but not sufficient to the extent that sick people are also motived by the need to understand their existence that has been disturbed by illness. The contact of the humanities, all those forms of expression that touch on the human condition, is of substantial help to enabling caregivers to accompany sick people so that the latter can put words to their lived experience. The humanities help to reduce the gap between the medical world and the lived experience. And the text of Heesters represents a good example.

Keyphrases: soins de la santé, maladie, humanisme, phénoménologie, healthcare, sick, phenomenology, humanities
Evaluation of multiple reaction monitoring cubed for the analysis of tachykinin related peptides in rat spinal cord using a hybrid triple quadrupole–linear ion trap mass spectrometer

Targeted peptide methods generally use HPLC-MS/MRM approaches. Although dependent on the instrumental resolution, interferences may occur while performing analysis of complex biological matrices. HPLC-MS/MRM3 is a technique, which provides a significantly better selectivity, compared with HPLC-MS/MRM assay. HPLC-MS/MRM3 allows the detection and quantitation by enriching standard MRM with secondary product ions that are generated within the linear ion trap. Substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA) are tachykinin peptides playing a central role in pain transmission. The objective of this study was to verify whether HPLC-HPLCMS/ MRM3 could provide significant advantages over a more traditional HPLC-MS/MRM assay for the quantification of SP and NKA in rat spinal cord. The results suggest that reconstructed MRM3 chromatograms display significant improvements with the nearly complete elimination of interfering peaks but the sensitivity (i.e. signal-to-noise ratio) was severely reduced. The precision (%CV) observed was between 3.5% - 24.1% using HPLC-MS/MRM and in the range of 4.3% - 13.1% with HPLC-MS/MRM3, for SP and NKA. The observed accuracy was within 10% of the theoretical concentrations tested. HPLC-MS/MRM3 may improve the assay sensitivity to detect difference between samples by reducing significantly the potential of interferences and therefore reduce instrumental errors.

Keyphrases: Tachykinins, Neuropeptides, Mass spectrometry, Multiple reaction monitoring, Biomarkers
In Vitro Ketamine CYP3A Mediated Metabolism Study using Mammalian Liver S9
Fractions, cDNA Expressed Enzymes and Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass
Spectrometry

Ketamine is widely used in medicine in combination with several benzodiazepines including midazolam. The objectives of this study were to develop a novel HPLC-MS/SRM method capable of quantifying ketamine and norketamine using an isotopic dilution strategy in biological matrices and study the formation of norketamine, the principal metabolite of ketamine with and without the presence of midazolam, a well-known CYP3A substrate. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a Thermo Betasil Phenyl 100 x 2 mm column combined with an isocratic mobile phase composed of acetonitrile, methanol, water and formic acid (60:20:20:0.4) at a flow rate of 300 μL/min. The mass spectrometer was operating in selected reaction monitoring mode and the analytical range was set at 0.05–50 μM. The precision (%CV) and accuracy (%NOM) observed were ranging from 3.9–7.8 and 95.9.2–111.1% respectively. The initial rate of formation of norketamine was determined using various ketamine concentration and Km values of 18.4 μM, 13.8 μM and 30.8 μM for rat, dog and human liver S9 fractions were observed respectively. The metabolic stability of ketamine on liver S9 fractions was significantly higher in human (T1/2 = 159.4 min) compared with rat (T1/2 = 12.6 min) and dog (T1/2 = 7.3 min) liver S9 fractions. Moreover significantly lower IC50 and Ki values observed in human compared with rat and dog liver S9 fractions. Experiments with cDNA expressed CYP3A enzymes showed the formation of norketamine is mediated by CYP3A but results suggest an important contribution from others isoenzymes, most likely CYP2C particularly in rat.

Keyphrases: Ketamine, Cytochrome P450, CYP3A, Drug Metabolism, Drug-Drug Interactions, Mass Spectrometry, Bioanalysis, Anesthesia
Identification of a new cell line permissive to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection and replication which is phenotypically distinct from MARC-145 cell line

Background Airborne transmitted pathogens, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), need to interact with host cells of the respiratory tract in order to be able to enter and disseminate in the host organism. Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) and MA104 derived monkey kidney MARC-145 cells are known to be permissive to PRRSV infection and replication and are the most studied cells in the literature. More recently, new cell lines developed to study PRRSV have been genetically modified to make them permissive to the virus. The SJPL cell line origin was initially reported to be epithelial cells of the respiratory tract of swine. Thus, the goal of this study was to determine if SJPL cells could support PRRSV infection and replication in vitro.  Results The SJPL cell growth was significantly slower than MARC-145 cell growth. The SJPL cells were found to express the CD151 protein but not the CD163 and neither the sialoadhesin PRRSV receptors. During the course of the present study, the SJPL cells have been reported to be of monkey origin. Nevertheless, SJPL cells were found to be permissive to PRRSV infection and replication even if the development of the cytopathic effect was delayed compared to PRRSV-infected MARC-145 cells. Following PRRSV replication, the amount of infectious viral particles produced in SJPL and MARC-145 infected cells was similar. The SJPL cells allowed the replication of several PRRSV North American strains and were almost efficient as MARC-145 cells for virus isolation. Interestingly, PRRSV is 8 to 16 times more sensitive to IFNα antiviral effect in SJPL cell in comparison to that in MARC-145 cells. PRRSV induced an increase in IFNβ mRNA and no up regulation of IFNα mRNA in both infected cell types. In addition, PRRSV induced an up regulation of IFNγ and TNF-α mRNAs only in infected MARC-145 cells.  Conclusions In conclusion, the SJPL cells are permissive to PRRSV. In addition, they are phenotypically different from MARC-145 cells and are an additional tool that could be used to study PRRSV pathogenesis mechanisms in vitro.

Keyphrases: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, PRRSV, SJPL cells, Virus replication, Cell permissivity, Type 1 IFN, IFNγ, TNF-α, Cytokines
Anatomic and molecular characterization of the 1 endocrine pancreas of a teleostean fish: Atlantic wolffish (Anarhichas lupus)

Background: The biologic attributes of the endocrine pancreas and the comparative endocrinology of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) of fish are not well described in the literature. This study describes the endocrine pancreas of one teleostean fish. Ten captive Atlantic wolffish (Anarhichas lupus) from the Montreal Biodome were submitted for necropsy and their pancreata were collected. Results: Grossly, all the fish pancreata examined contained 1-3 nodules of variable diameter (1-8 mm). Microscopically, the nodules were uniform, highly cellular, and composed of polygonal to elongated cells. Immunofluorescence for pancreatic hormones was performed. The nodules were immunoreactive for insulin most prominent centrally, but with IAPP and glucagon only in the periphery of the nodules. Exocrine pancreas was positive for chromogranin A. Not previously recognized in fish, IAPP immunoreactivity occurred in α, glucagon-containing, cells and did not co-localize with insulin in β cells. The islet tissues were devoid of amyloid deposits. IAPP DNA sequencing was performed to compare the sequence among teleost fish and the potency to form amyloid fibrils. In silico analysis of the amino acid sequences 19-34 revealed that it was not amyloidogenic. Conclusions: Amyloidosis of pancreatic islets would not be expected as a spontaneous disease in the Atlantic wolffish. Our study underlines that this teleost fish is a potential candidate for pancreatic xenograft research.

Keyphrases: Beta cells, Endocrine pancreas, Glucagon, Insulin, Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), Teleost fish
Analyse de la transnationalisation de l’action collective : proposition pour une géographie des solidarités transnationales

Cet article propose une réflexion théorique autour de l’analyse des phénomènes de transnationalisation de l’action collective. L’approche du processus politique, approche dominante dans le champ de la transnationalisation, limite notre compréhension des pratiques de transnationalisation par sa conception du politique, du pouvoir et du changement social (partie I). Ces limites conceptuelles, qui ne sont pas nouvelles, prennent cependant une couleur particulière dans le cas des actions qui transcendent le territoire national et font resurgir la nécessité de penser l’action collective par le biais d’une « géographie » des solidarités transnationales (partie II). Finalement, nous décrivons le cas exemplaire de transnationalisation des solidarités que représente la Marche mondiale des femmes, qui contraste les apports respectifs de l’approche des processus politiques et celle proposée ici (partie III). This article considers the phenomenon of the transnationalization of collective action from a theoretical perspective. Our understanding of transnationalization and its practices is limited by the prevailing political process approach and its concept of politics, power and social change (Part I). The conceptual constraints, while not new, nonetheless take on a special colour when the actions transcend national boundaries and spark collective actions through a “geography” of transnational solidarities (Part II). Finally, we describe the exemplary case of solidarities represented by the World March of Women which contrasts the respective contributions of the political process approach with the approach proposed here (Part III). Este artículo propone una reflexión teórica en torno al análisis de los fenómenos de transnacionalización de la acción colectiva. El enfoque del proceso político, que domina el campo de estudio de la transnacionalización, limita nuestra comprensión de las prácticas de transnacionalización por su concepción sobre la política, el poder y el cambio social (parte I). Estos límites conceptuales, que no son del todo nuevos, toman sin embargo un matiz particular en el caso de las acciones que trascienden el territorio nacional, y nos hace reflexionar sobre la necesidad de pensar la acción colectiva por medio de una “geografía” de las solidaridades transnacionales (parte II). Por último, describimos el caso ejemplar de transnacionalización de las solidaridades representado por la Marcha mundial de las mujeres, que contrasta las contribuciones respectivas del enfoque del proceso político con la propuesta que se desarrolla en este artículo (parte III)

Keyphrases: Action collective, Transnationalisation, Marche mondiale des femmes
Identification of a novel herpesvirus associated with cutaneous ulcers in a fisher (Martes pennanti)

On December 8, 2008, a male fisher (Martes pennanti) housed in a quarantine enclosure at the St-Félicien Zoo was found dead with multiple skin ulcers on the muzzle and plantar pads. At necropsy, no major findings were found, and a specific cause of death was not determined microscopically. However, at the borders of ulcerated sites, there were increased numbers of koilocytes, with perinuclear vacuolation and nuclear enlargement. A pan-herpesvirus nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was conducted, and an expected PCR product of 230 nucleotides was obtained within tissues collected from around the skin ulcers. Other tissues, including intestines and pool of lung, liver, and kidney, tested negative. The obtained PCR amplicon was sequenced and was highly related to the partial viral DNA polymerase (DPOL) gene of Mustelid herpesvirus 1. Virus isolation was negative, and no virion was detected by electron microscopy. The pathogenic potential of this novel herpesvirus and its role in the death of the fisher are unknown.

Keyphrases: Fishers, Fisher herpesvirus, herpesvirus, Martes pennanti, skin, ulcer
The role of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus structural and non-structural proteins in virus pathogenesis

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an economically devastating viral disease affecting the swine industry worldwide. The etiological agent, PRRS virus (PRRSV), possesses a RNA viral genome with nine open reading frames (ORFs). The ORF1a and ORF1b replicase-associated genes encode the polyproteins pp1a and pp1ab, respectively. The pp1a is processed in nine non-structural proteins (nsps): nsp1a, nsp1b, and nsp2 to nsp8. Proteolytic cleavage of pp1ab generates products nsp9 to nsp12. The proteolytic pp1a cleavage products process and cleave pp1a and pp1ab into nsp products. The nsp9 to nsp12 are involved in virus genome transcription and replication. The 30 end of the viral genome encodes four minor and three major structural proteins. The GP2a, GP3 and GP4 (encoded by ORF2a, 3 and 4), are glycosylated membrane associated minor structural proteins. The fourth minor structural protein, the E protein (encoded by ORF2b), is an unglycosylated membrane associated protein. The viral envelope contains two major structural proteins: a glycosylated major envelope protein GP5 (encoded by ORF5) and an unglycosylated membrane M protein (encoded by ORF6). The third major structural protein is the nucleocapsid N protein (encoded by ORF7). All PRRSV non-structural and structural proteins are essential for virus replication, and PRRSV infectivity is relatively intolerant to subtle changes within the structural proteins. PRRSV virulence is multigenic and resides in both the non-structural and structural viral proteins. This review discusses the molecular characteristics, biological and immunological functions of the PRRSV structural and nsps and their involvement in the virus pathogenesis.

Keyphrases: PRRS, Viral pathogenesis, Structural proteins, Non-structural proteins, Virulence, Molecular characteristics, Immunological functions
Exploration of Recovery Trajectories in Sexually Abused Adolescents

This study documents recovery status and symptom changes in a one-year follow-up of sexually abused (SA) adolescent girls in child protection services in the province of Québec, Canada. Sixteen French-speaking participants were interviewed using the Multidimensional Trauma Recovery and Resiliency Interview (MTRR-I), which was in turn rated by interviewers using the companion rating scale, the MTRR, and completed questionnaires assessing symptoms, types of maltreatment endured and services received. Participants were between the ages of 13 and 17 years (M = 15.2 years) when first interviewed and had experienced severe sexual abuses. Analyses of one-year follow-up data revealed statistically significant changes towards better functioning on multiple domains and less symptomatology for a majority of the girls interviewed. The recovery status of a minority of research participants seems to have worsened in the interval. The discussion considers these findings and addresses relevancy of the MTRR measures in cases of SA adolescents.

Keyphrases: Child sexual abuse, Adolescence, Recovery, Resilience, Child protective services
Development and use of a multiplex real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for detection and differentiation of Porcine circovirus-2 genotypes 2a and 2b in an epidemiological survey

By the end of 2004, the Canadian swine population had experienced a severe 2 increase in the incidence of Porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), a problem that was 3 associated with the emergence of a new Porcine circovirus-2 genotype (PCV-2b), previously 4 unrecovered in North America. Thus it became important to develop a diagnostic tool that could 5 differentiate between the old and new circulating genotypes (PCV-2a and -2b, respectively). 6 Consequently, a multiplex real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (mrtqPCR) assay that 7 could sensitively and specifically identify and differentiate PCV-2 genotypes was developed. A 8 retrospective epidemiological survey that used the mrtqPCR assay was performed to determine if 9 cofactors could affect the risk of PCVAD. From 121 PCV-2–positive cases gathered for this 10 study, 4.13%, 92.56% and 3.31% were positive for PCV-2a, PCV-2b, and both genotypes, 11 respectively. In a data analysis using univariate logistic regressions, PCVAD compatible 12 (PCVAD/c) score was significantly associated with the presence of Porcine reproductive and 13 respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), PRRSV viral load, PCV-2 viral load, and PCV-2 14 immunohistochemistry (IHC) results. Polytomous logistic regression analysis revealed that 15 PCVAD/c score was affected by PCV-2 viral load (P = 0.0161) and IHC (P = 0.0128), but not by 16 the PRRSV variables (P > 0.9); suggesting that mrtqPCR in tissue is a reliable alternative to IHC. 17 Logistic regression analyses revealed that PCV-2 increased the odds ratio of isolating 2 major 18 swine pathogens of the respiratory tract, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Streptococcus 19 suis serotypes 1/2, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7, which are serotypes commonly associated with clinical 20 diseases.

Keyphrases: Epidemiological survey, Genotyping, Molecular diagnostic test, Porcine circovirus-2
Identification of a novel herpesvirus associated with a penile proliferative lesion in a beluga (Delphinapterus leucas)

The carcass of an adult male beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) was found beach cast in 2008 on the shore of the St. Lawrence Estuary at Rivière-Ouelle, Quebec, Canada. The carcass was transported to the Faculté de médecine vétérinaire of the Université de Montréal for postmortem examination. Aspiration pneumonia was the probable cause of death. Necropsy revealed a focal papilloma-like penile lesion, characterized by focal mucosal thickening with disorganization of the epithelial layers and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration. A pan-herpesvirus nested PCR assay on frozen tissue from the penile lesion was positive. The PCR product sequencing revealed a partial herpesvirus DNA polymerase (DPOL) gene sequence of 600 nucleotides. Its nearest nucleotide identity was with the partial DPOL gene of an alphaherpesvirus, bovine herpesvirus 5 (79.5% identity). It also shared high identity with several other marine mammal herpesviruses (50.2 to 77.3% identity). This new herpesvirus was tentatively named beluga whale herpesvirus (BWHV). Virus isolation was unsuccessful. The pathogenic potential of BWHV is unknown, but the evaluation of archived tissues suggests that the virus is endemic in the St. Lawrence Estuary beluga population.

Keyphrases: Beluga, Beluga whale herpesvirus, Cetaceans, Delphinapterus leucas, Marine mammals, Mucosal lesions, Penile papilloma