NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Re-framing the moral appeal of the minimum wage

The diversity in the treatment of the minimum wage by economists has contributed to the fuzziness regarding what role this institution is meant to serve in modern society. Particularly, the moral appeal behind the minimum wage, tightly tied to this role, does not seem to have been adequately articulated in the literature. This paper attempts at putting forward an alternative perspective from which the moral appeal of the minimum wage should be evaluated. Specifically, we argue, there is a considerable gain from paying attention to our evolutionary heritage to make sense of the persistent popular support behind the minimum wage laws. In the framework proposed here, the minimum wage laws will be viewed as instrumental in meeting the “primary needs” of those who are offering productive contributions akin to egalitarian sharing of food among our hunter-gather ancestors. The approach taken in this paper will supplement (and slightly modify) old institutionalist framework and equip it with more robust moral foundations. La diversité dans le traitement du salaire minimum par les économistes a contribué au flou quant au rôle que cette institution est censée jouer dans la société moderne. En particulier, l'attrait moral du salaire minimum, étroitement lié à ce rôle, ne semble pas avoir été adéquatement articulé dans la littérature. Cet article tente de proposer une perspective alternative à partir de laquelle l'attrait moral du salaire minimum devrait être évalué. Plus précisément, nous soutenons qu'il y a un gain considérable à prêter attention à notre héritage pour donner un sens au soutien populaire persistant derrière les lois sur le salaire minimum. Dans le cadre proposé ici, les lois sur le salaire minimum seront considérées comme essentielles pour répondre aux «besoins primaires» de ceux qui offrent des contributions productives comparables au partage égalitaire de la nourriture entre nos ancêtres chasseurs-cueilleurs. L'approche adoptée dans cet article complètera (et modifiera légèrement) le vieux cadre institutionnaliste et l'équipera de bases morales plus solides.

Keyphrases: philosophy, ethics, economics, Minimum wage, basic needs, institutionalism, philosophy, ethics, economics, philosophie, éthique, économie, philosophie, éthique, économie, Salaire minimum, besoins de base, institutionnalisme
Is Luck Capabilitarianism Possible?

Capability theorists claim that real freedoms should constitute the informational basis for assessing individual wellbeing. Nevertheless, they have not yet developed a normative theory of social justice accounting for why or under what circumstances a political community has the obligation to mitigate deficits in real freedoms. This paper examines whether combining Luck Egalitarianism principles with capabilities as a metric of advantage can deliver an acceptable solution to this problem. However, in light of its inconsistency with the core claims found in capability literature, this paper ultimately rejects that possibility for two reasons: First, because it disregards the multidimensional character of the metric. Second, because it undermines the notion that capabilities are valuable not just because they represent positive freedom but because of the beings and doings they enable. Les théoriciens de l’approche par les capabilités affirment que les libertés réelles devraient constituer la base informationnelle pour évaluer le bien-être individuel. Néanmoins, ils n'ont pas encore élaboré une théorie normative de la justice sociale expliquant pourquoi et dans quelles circonstances une communauté politique a l'obligation d'atténuer les déficits dans les libertés réelles. Cet article examine si la combinaison des principes de l'égalitarisme des chances avec les capabilités en tant que mesure de l'avantage peut fournir une solution acceptable à ce problème. Cependant, à la lumière de son incompatibilité avec les revendications de base trouvées dans la littérature sur les capabilités, cet article rejette finalement cette possibilité pour deux raisons: Premièrement, parce qu'elle ne tient pas compte du caractère multidimensionnel de la métrique. Deuxièmement, parce que cela sape la notion que les capabilités sont valables, non seulement parce qu'elles représentent une liberté positive, mais aussi en raison des manières d’êtres et de faire qu'elles permettent.

Keyphrases: philosophy, ethics, economics, Capabilitie, Luck Egalitarianism, Wellbeing, philosophy, ethics, economics, philosophie, éthique, économie, philosophie, éthique, économie, Capabilités, Egalitarisme des changes, Bien-être
From theoretical concepts to policies and
applied programmes: the landscape of
integration of oral health in primary care

Background: Despite its importance, the integration of oral health into primary care is still an emerging practice in the field of health care services. This scoping review aims to map the literature and provide a summary on the conceptual frameworks, policies and programs related to this concept. Methods: Using the Levac et al. six-stage framework, we performed a systematic search of electronic databases, organizational websites and grey literature from 1978 to April 2016. All relevant original publications with a focus on the integration of oral health into primary care were retrieved. Content analyses were performed to synthesize the results. Results: From a total of 1619 citations, 67 publications were included in the review. Two conceptual frameworks were identified. Policies regarding oral heath integration into primary care were mostly oriented toward common risk factors approach and care coordination processes. In general, oral health integrated care programs were designed in the public health sector and based on partnerships with various private and public health organizations, governmental bodies and academic institutions. These programmes used various strategies to empower oral health integrated care, including building interdisciplinary networks, training nondental care providers, oral health champion modelling, enabling care linkages and care coordinated process, as well as the use of e-health technologies. The majority of studies on the programs outcomes were descriptive in nature without reporting long-term outcomes. Conclusions: This scoping review provided a comprehensive overview on the concept of integration of oral health in primary care. The findings identified major gaps in reported programs outcomes mainly because of the lack of related research. However, the results could be considered as a first step in the development of health care policies that support collaborative practices and patient-centred care in the field of primary care sector.

Keyphrases: Oral health, Integration, Primary care
Les écarts entre les sexes dans les statistiques sociales, le soin aux proches et l’emploi, doit-on toujours s’en préoccuper? L’apport des neurosciences

Au Québec, certaines politiques sociales visent à éliminer les écarts hommes/femmes dans les statistiques relatives aux catégories d’emploi, salaires, temps de travail et temps consacré aux soins aux enfants. Le féminisme dominant (institutionnalisé et médiatique) encourage des rôles sociaux identiques pour hommes et femmes. Le féminisme de genre, très présent, affirme que ces différences ont pour origine la socialisation différenciée et ne reconnaît aucun apport de la biologie. Les femmes choisissent en plus grand nombre le travail d’aide, de soin et de se consacrer à leur famille. Nombre de différences entre les sexes ont été étudiées dans la structure et la fonction des différentes zones du cerveau. Les prédispositions aux maladies mentales diffèrent, de même que les aptitudes. Les causes en sont multiples : génétiques, endocriniennes, épigénétiques, sociales et environnementales. La somme de ces différences pourraient expliquer certains choix différents des femmes et hommes. Bien loin de remettre en question l’égalitarisme, j’affirme qu’il est paternaliste de ne pas respecter les choix autonomes des femmes et que ces pressions pour des rôles identiques sont inéquitables. Il serait plus bienfaisant de laisser chacune choisir le mode de vie favorable à son bien-être et celui de sa famille, choix effectué en fonction de valeurs morales qui sont les leurs. Dans cette vision, c’est le soin qu’il faut revaloriser (peu importe le sexe du donneur de soins) plutôt que de pousser les femmes à suivre les anciens modèles masculins.

Keyphrases: différences entre les sexes, neurosciences, travail de soin, écarts dans les statistiques sociales et l'emploi, choix moral, satisfaction face à sa vie
L’émergence et l’implantation du centre commercial régional dans la ville nord-américaine

Ayant émergé aux États-Unis en tant que composante d’un certain continuum urbain — ou plutôt suburbain — caractérisé par la dispersion de la population, la conception du centre commercial régional s’intégrait dans une stratégie de décentralisation urbaine pour des raisons de défense nationale, appuyée par des acteurs politiques et économiques. À travers l’analyse morphologique d’un échantillon représentatif de centres commerciaux régionaux réalisés par Victor Gruen — architecte pionnier de ce type de bâtiment vers les années 1950 —, il est possible de mettre en évidence la nature du rapport qu’entretenait le centre commercial avec le cadre régional et notamment avec les entités urbaines avoisinantes. Des plans directeurs tels que ceux de Palm Springs en Californie ou de Maryvale Subdivision en Arizona montrent que Gruen a essayé d’intégrer le centre commercial dans un contexte régional regroupant une multitude de fonctions urbaines. Bien que l’architecte ait tenté principalement d’articuler ses édifices avec les infrastructures viaires à travers l’étude de leur implantation, des flux qu’elles supportent afin d’offrir aux automobilistes une accessibilité meilleure et une facilité de stationnement, le centre commercial régional pourrait cependant être considéré comme une unité architecturale introvertie et « autonome », traduisant ainsi une certaine « discontinuité » par rapport à son environnement extérieur.

Keyphrases: Architecture, Centre commercial régional, Études urbaines, Forme urbaine, Infrastructures viaires, Ville-région
Using ABC narrative recording to identify the function of problem behavior: a pilot study

Many professionals report using ABC narrative recording to identify the function of problem behavior in children with developmental disabilities, but research has not established whether their analyses yield valid results. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine whether the function identified by expert reviewers using ABC narrative recordings would match the one identified by a functional analysis (FA) and the Questions About Behavioral Function (QABF) scale in four children with developmental disabilities. The functions identified by all twelve experts using the ABC narrative recordings matched at least one of the functions identified by the FA for three of four participants. The experts’ analyses also agreed with the informant-based assessment at a statistically significant level for two of three participants with a conclusive QABF. Altogether, the results suggest that ABC narrative recording may be useful to generate hypotheses to identify the function of problem behavior, but that more research is needed before recommending its use as a standalone functional behavior assessment.

Keyphrases: ABC narrative recording, Descriptive assessment, Functional analysis, Indirect assessment, Problem behavior, QABF
L’Utilisation de devis expérimentaux à cas unique en
psychoéducation

L’une des opérations professionnelles de la psychoéducation, l’évaluation des résultats, consiste à effectuer un suivi continu des effets de l’intervention proposée par le psychoéducateur. Pour ce faire, les devis expérimentaux à cas unique représentent une option à privilégier puisqu’ils permettent (a) d’évaluer l’efficacité de l’intervention et (b) de démontrer que l’intervention est responsable des changements observés. L’objectif de cet article est de guider les psychoéducateurs dans la sélection et la mise en place de devis expérimentaux à cas unique pour évaluer les effets d’interventions en milieu de pratique. Premièrement, les éléments à considérer lors de la planification de l’évaluation de l’intervention sont présentés. Ensuite, les devis ABAB, avec alternance de traitements, à niveaux de base multiples et avec changement de critères sont décrits en mettant l’accent sur leurs avantages et leurs limites. La sélection et l’application de chaque devis sont aussi illustrées à l’aide d’exemples. Finalement, les défis associés à l’implantation des devis expérimentaux à cas unique sont examinés en discutant des facteurs environnementaux qui pourraient prévenir et faciliter leur adoption par des psychoéducateurs en milieu de pratique. One of the professional activities of psychoeducation, results assessment, involves the continuous monitoring of the effects of the intervention proposed by the psychoeducator. To implement this monitoring, single-case experimental designs are an option to favour because they allow (a) the assessment of the effectiveness of the intervention and (b) the demonstration that the intervention is responsible for the observed changes. Thus, the purpose of the current article is to guide psychoeducators in the selection and implementation of single-case experimental designs to assess the effects of interventions in applied settings. First, issues to consider when planning the assessment of the effectiveness of an intervention are presented. Then, reversal, multielement, multiple baseline, and changing criterion designs are described with an emphasis on their advantages and limitations. The selection and application of each design are also illustrated using examples. Finally, the challenges associated with the implementation of single-case experimental designs are examined by discussing environmental contingencies that may prevent and facilitate their adoption by psychoeducators in applied settings.

Keyphrases: Devis expérimentaux à cas unique, Évaluation, Intervention, Psychoéducation, Intervention, Assessment, Single-case experimental designs
Effects of reducing stereotypy on other behaviors: a systematic review

Researchers have shown that high levels of stereotypy in individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders were correlated with more significant impairments in social and adaptive functioning. Reducing stereotypy may thus potentially occasion an increase in appropriate social and adaptive behaviors. Hence, the purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of reducing stereotypy on engagement in other behaviors. Following a thorough literature search, we identified 60 studies that both reduced engagement in stereotypy and measured engagement in at least one other behavior. We divided the studies into six broad categories: noncontingent reinforcement, differential reinforcement, punishment-based interventions, multiple contingencies, physical exercise, and other antecedent-based interventions. The results of our analyses suggest that reducing stereotypy produces reallocation toward other behaviors, albeit not necessarily appropriate. As such, clinicians and researchers targeting stereotypy should plan to strengthen an appropriate alternative behavior while targeting all response forms of stereotypy for reduction. Moreover, our review suggests that measuring untargeted behaviors when implementing interventions designed to reduce stereotypy may be essential in clinical and research settings.

Keyphrases: Autism, Collateral behavior, Developmental disabilities, Intervention, Literature review, Stereotypy
Initial validation of the Brief Assessment of Service Satisfaction in Persons with an Intellectual Disability (BASSPID)

Individuals with an intellectual disability often require intensive services to promote their social participation to the fullest extent. As such, measuring satisfaction with these services appears essential to enhance the quality of life of individuals with an intellectual disability and to improve service delivery within agencies. Thus, the purpose of the study was to conduct an initial validation of the Brief Assessment of Service Satisfaction in Persons with an Intellectual Disability (BASSPID), a 15-item questionnaire designed to assess service satisfaction. To examine the structure, reliability, and validity of the BASSPID, we interviewed 98 individuals with an intellectual disability and 23 parents. Overall, the BASSPID contained one scale, which had strong content and convergent validity as well as items easily understandable for individuals with an intellectual disability. Furthermore, the questionnaire had good internal consistency and adequate test-retest reliability. However, parents generally overestimated the perceived satisfaction of their child. The study suggests that the BASSPID may be useful to assess the satisfaction of individuals with an intellectual disability, but more research is needed to examine its potential impact on improving service quality.

Keyphrases: Assessment, Intellectual disability, Questionnaire, Satisfaction, Validation
Newspaper coverage of autism treatment in Canada:
10-year trends (2004–2013)

Objective: To compare trends in coverage of empirically supported and alternative autism treatments in Canadian newspapers during a 10-year period and to examine whether the portrayal of empirically supported and alternative treatments differed.  Method: We searched a sample of 10 daily local and national Canadian newspapers using the word autism combined with intervention or treatment in the Proquest Canadian Newsstand and Eureka.cc databases, which yielded a total of 857 articles published between 2004 and 2013. In our subsequent analyses, we only included articles whose main topic was autism and that referred to at least one treatment. We then categorized the 137 remaining articles by treatment and rated whether each treatment category was portrayed in a favourable, unfavourable, or neutral manner.  Results: In total, 46% of the articles discussed at least 1 empirically supported treatment, 53% at least 1 alternative treatment, and 12% at least 1 uncategorized treatment. Newspaper articles provided favourable, unfavourable, and neutral portrayals of empirically supported treatments in 75%, 10%, and 16% of cases, respectively. In contrast, alternative treatments were portrayed favourably in 52%, unfavourably in 32%, and neutrally in 16% of cases. Our analyses indicated that empirically supported treatments were portrayed more favourably than alternative treatments (χ2 = 10.42, df = 2, P = 0.005).  Conclusions: Despite some encouraging trends, our study has shown that researchers and clinicians must continue to clarify misconceptions about autism treatment. Families of people with autism spectrum disorders should be directed toward more reliable and accurate sources of information.

Keyphrases: Autism, Canada, Media, Newspaper, Treatment
Intervention psychosociale en autisme : examen de la
portée
 de la littérature francophone

Les publications scientifiques représentent une source importante d’informations pour les psychoéducateurs qui interviennent auprès des personnes en difficultés d’adaptation. Cependant, la majorité des articles figurant dans les bases de données paraissent en anglais. Par conséquent les découvertes et les développements scientifiques restent moins accessibles aux intervenants unilingues francophones, ce qui peut ralentir la mise en place des meilleures pratiques. Plus spécifiquement, l’intervention auprès des personnes ayant un trouble du spectre de l’autisme (TSA) connaît de nombreux développements grâce aux plus récentes recherches. Notre étude avait pour objectifs (a) de dresser un portrait de la littérature scientifique francophone touchant l’intervention psychosociale en autisme et (b) de déterminer si ce qui est disponible en français divulguent des programmes ou des interventions basées sur des données probantes. Nos résultats montrent que la majorité des articles recensés sont descriptifs et ne présentent pas des interventions basées sur des données probantes. Moins du tiers de ces articles sont empiriques et la plupart d’entre eux ont trait à l’approche comportementale. Scientific publications are an important source of information for psychoeducators working with individuals who have adjustment problems. However, most of articles in databases are published in English. As a result, scientific discoveries and developments remain less accessible to unilingual French practitioners and educators, which can hinder the implementation of best practices. More specifically, interventions for individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have been the subject of a significant amount of research in recent years. In this light, the purpose of our study was to (a) provide an overview of the French literature on psychosocial interventions for individuals with ASD and (b) determine whether the articles available in French present evidence-based programs or interventions. Our results show that most of the articles identified are descriptive in nature and do not present evidence-based interventions. Less than one-third of the articles published in French are empirical and most of these relate to the behavioral approach.

Keyphrases: Autisme, Examen de la portée, Intervention, Littérature, Francophone, Autism, Intervention, Autism, Scoping review, Literature
Assessment and treatment of vocal stereotypy associated with television: a pilot study

A 6-year-old boy diagnosed with autism participated in a pilot study showing that (a) television was associated with increased vocal stereotypy and (b) sitting was associated with lower levels of vocal stereotypy. Subsequently, we reduced vocal stereotypy while the television was on by reinforcing sitting on a variable-interval schedule. Results suggest that conditional percentages may be useful for identifying alternative behaviors as part of treatments for stereotypy.

Keyphrases: Autism, Automatic reinforcement, Differential reinforcement, Television, Vocal stereotypy
Prevalence of stereotypy in individuals with developmental disabilities: a systematic review

Although many researchers have examined the prevalence of stereotypy in individuals with developmental disabilities, the results of previous studies have not been aggregated and analyzed methodically. Thus, we conducted a systematic review of studies reporting the prevalence of stereotypy in individuals with developmental disabilities. Our results indicated that the average prevalence of stereotypy across studies was 61 % and that individuals with autism spectrum disorders had the highest reported prevalence (i.e., 88 %) across specific diagnoses. Children and adults generally had similar overall prevalence measures, but the specific forms varied with age and diagnosis. Studies using the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised and the Autism Diagnostic Schedule-Revised generally reported higher estimates of prevalence of specific forms of stereotypy when compared to the Behavior Problem Inventory. However, the latter seemed more sensitive than the Aberrant Behavior Checklist for overall prevalence. Studies with a low risk of bias found a lower prevalence of stereotypy than those with a high risk of bias. Our systematic review underlines the importance of continuing research efforts to improve the assessment and treatment of stereotypy in individuals with developmental disabilities.

Keyphrases: Autism spectrum disorder, Developmental disability, Prevalence, Repetitive behavior, Stereotypy