Dérivation de cellules souches pluripotentes induites autologues à partir du clonage somatique équin

Le recours aux cellules souches pour améliorer la réparation et guérison des blessures et maladies musculosquelettiques chez le cheval est de plus en plus fréquent. Les développements récents dans la reprogrammation cellulaire ont permis le développement de nouvelles sources de cellules souches pour ces thérapies régénératives. Des cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPS) autologues peuvent être dérivées de cellules adultes par la reprogrammation directe à travers l'expression induite des gènes de pluripotence. Le clonage par transfert nucléaire (SCNT) suivi de la dérivation de cellules souches embryonnaires (ES) permet la reprogrammation indirecte des cellules adultes. Cependant, l’efficacité de ces deux méthodes pour la dérivation de cellules pluripotentes génétiquement stables est faible. Nous avons donc combiné les techniques SCNT et iPS dans le but de développer un protocole efficace de dérivation de cellules iPS autologues à partir de fibroblastes de la peau équine. Quatre facteurs de reprogrammation ont été introduits dans les cellules fibroblastes de fœtus clonés (ntFF) ainsi que les cellules ES provenant d’embryons clonés (ntES) pour induire leur reprogrammation en cellules iPS autologues. Les cellules ntFF-iPS et ntES-iPS ont des capacités prolifératives avancées et expriment des marqueurs de pluripotence importants. Par contre, les cellules ntES ont une efficacité de reprogrammation significativement supérieure aux cellules nt-FF et forment des colonies trois fois plus rapidement. Contrairement aux cellules ntES, les cellules ntES-iPS démontrent une augmentation de l’expression des marqueurs de pluripotence et survivent à la culture cellulaire prolongée. Les résultats présentés dans ce mémoire attestent que l’utilisation de la reprogrammation secondaire de cellules FF et ES clonées permet la production de cellules souches pluripotentes autologues stables chez le cheval. For veterinarians, regenerative medicine in horses has focused mainly in the use of stem cells for arthritis, tendon and ligament repair, indicating a need for treating musculoskeletal injuries. The recent developments in cell reprogramming have paved the way for alternative cell sources for stem cell therapies. Autologous pluripotent stem cell lines can be derived from adult cells either by direct reprogramming through induced expression of pluripotency genes (iPS) or indirectly by reprogramming through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) followed by the derivation of embryonic stem cells (ESC). However, outcome efficiencies of SCNT and iPS protocols are invariably low, indicating that alone neither of these reprogramming routes is sufficient for deriving genetically and epigenetically stable pluripotent stem cells. We hereby report on the production of autologous equine iPS cells by combining SCNT and iPS reprogramming protocols. Adult skin fibroblasts were used for SCNT, and the resulting cloned embryos were either used to obtain cloned fetal fibroblast cells (ntFF), or used for ESC culture (ntES). Cells were then transfected with reprogramming factors to derive autologous iPS cells. Both ntFF-iPS and ntES-iPS cells are capable of extensive proliferation and express important pluripotency factors. However, ntES reprogramming efficiency is significantly higher than ntFF cells, with ntES-iPS colonies forming three times faster. Additionally, ntES-iPS cells showed improved pluripotency marker expression when compared with ntES cells. The results presented in this memoir indicate that stable equine iPS cell lines may be readily obtained from secondary reprogramming of cloned ntFF and ntES cells, opening novel avenues for developing autologous pluripotent stem cell therapies.

Keyphrases: Pluripotent, Cellules souches, iPS, Reprogrammation, Cheval, Autologue, SCNT, Pluripotent, iPS, ESC, Stem cell, SCNT, Reprogramming, Horse, Autologous, iPSC