NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
La réhabilitation par l’intervention : trajectoire inusitée?

On ne s’est guère intéressé aux trajectoires de vie « résiduelles » des ex-détenus qui ont cessé leurs activités criminelles, au sort des ex-toxicomanes qui ont cessé leur consommation ou aux trajectoires de vie des pédophiles qui ont opté pour l’abstinence. L’objet d’étude de cet article est d’examiner la trajectoire de vie d’un entrepreneur moral autodidacte qui a retrouvé le chemin de la reconnaissance sociale et professionnelle en trouvant une solution originale (et efficace) pour venir en aide à ceux qui ont connu des déboires analogues aux siens. Cet entrepreneur a consacré une partie importante de sa vie à une entreprise morale, que sa réussite, comme entrepreneur moral, avait été d’avoir gagné l’estime des intervenants dans le champ très réglementé des services qui sont offerts aux personnes aux prises avec un problème aigu de dépendance. L’étude propose d’examiner les mécanismes qui ont rendu possible cette réussite. There has been little interest in residual trajectories of ex-offenders who have ceased their criminal activities, of former addicts who have stopped their consumption or of pedophiles who have opted for abstinence. However, there is no guarantee that the personal rehabilitation or existential identity change takes the form of a personal empowerment. This paper examine the life course of a self-taught moral entrepreneur who has found the path of social and professional recognition by finding an innovative solution (and effective) to help those who embraced different kind of deviant trajectories. The strategy used was to proceed by case study by conducting a schematization of the biography of a moral entrepreneur. The study proposes to examine the mechanisms that made possible this success. Poco se ha estudiado sobre las trayectorias de vida « residuales » de los ex-detenidos que han cesado sus actividades criminales, del destino de los ex-adictos que atrás dejaron el consumo, de las historias de vida de pedófilos que optaron por la abstinencia. El objeto de estudio del presente articulo consiste en examinar el recorrido de vida de un emprendedor moral autodidacta que reencontró el camino del reconocimiento social y profesional al descubrir una solución original (y eficaz) para ayudar a aquellos que vivieron problemas análogos al suyo. Dicha persona consagró gran parte de su vida a un proyecto moral, su éxito constituye en haberse ganado la estima de los terapeutas en el campo altamente reglamentado de los servicios ofrecidos a las personas que presentan un problema agudo de dependencia. La investigación propone el examen de los mecanismos que posibilitaron dicho éxito.

Keyphrases: Entrepreneur moral, Trajectoire résiduelle, Déviance, Étude de cas, Approche narrative, Moral entrepreneur, Residual trajectories, Deviance, Case study, Narrative approach, Emprendedor moral, Trayectoria residual, Desviación, Estudio de caso, Enfoque narrativo
La violence physique et sexuelle grave subie par les femmes en contexte conjugal

Dans l’Enquête sociale générale de 2014, on estime qu’environ 34 % des femmes victimes de violence conjugale auraient été « agressées sexuellement, battues, étranglées ou menacées avec une arme à feu ou un couteau » (Statistique Canada, 2016). Malgré l’urgence de la problématique, peu de recherches à ce jour ont étudié la dynamique de la gravité de la violence conjugale à travers le temps. L’objectif de cette étude est donc d’examiner les variations mensuelles de la gravité de la violence conjugale afin de déterminer les facteurs qui permettraient de prédire les violences physiques et sexuelles. Les données rétrospectives utilisées dans ce projet ont été récoltées, grâce à la méthode des calendriers d’histoire de vie, auprès de 70 femmes victimes de violence conjugale. Cette étude est novatrice puisqu’elle utilise une approche multidimensionnelle et une méthode avant-gardiste, celle des calendriers d’histoire de vie, pour appréhender la question de la violence conjugale. La mise en place de stratégies d’intervention efficaces dépend de l’amélioration de nos connaissances sur le sujet et de la mise en évidence des facteurs de vulnérabilité et de protections, et nous croyons que cette étude peut contribuer au développement de ces connaissances.

Keyphrases: Victimisation, Violence conjugale, Calendriers d’histoire de vie, Violence physique et sexuelle, Parcours de vie (life course)
Management of crime scene units by Quebec police senior managers : insight on forensic knowledge
and understanding of key stakeholders

What do policing leaders think and know of forensic science? Beyond crime scene investigators or detectives, how do police senior managers perceive the role, utility and limitations of forensic science? Very few empirical studies have addressed the issue. Forensic scientsts should be concerned about the perception that law enforcement senior managers have of their discipline for two reasons. First, strategic and financial decision-makers are obviously key players in the overall administration and provision of forensic science, either as a supervisor, money provider or as a customer. Second, literature has highlighted that other actors involved in forensic science underestimate the scope and possibilities offered by forensic science, hence limiting its exploitation and potential. Following interviews with 18 police senior managers from Quebec (Canada), this study shows that they generally restrict forensic science to a reactive discipline whose role and utility is to identify offenders and support the Court. This understanding of forensic science, like that of many others including a significant share of forensic scientists, differs from the perception of other police activities in modern law enforcement agencies where proactive action is sought. Considering these findings and the growing body of literature which calls for forensic science to connect more tightly with policing and security, we advocate a more extensive education of police leaders regarding the scope of forensic science.

Keyphrases: Forensic science, Crime scene investigation, Policing, Police management, Forensic education and training, Forensic management
Increasing compliance with wearing a medical device in children with autism

Health professionals often recommend the use of medical devices to assess the health, monitor the well-being, or improve the quality of life of their patients. Children with autism may present challenges in these situations as their sensory peculiarities may increase refusals to wear such devices. To address this issue, we systematically replicated prior research by examining the effects of differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) to increase compliance with wearing a heart rate monitor in 2 children with autism. The intervention increased compliance to 100% for both participants when an edible reinforcer was delivered every 90 s. The results indicate that DRO does not require the implementation of extinction to increase compliance with wearing a medical device. More research is needed to examine whether the reinforcement schedule can be further thinned.

Keyphrases: Autism, Compliance, Differential reinforcement, Heart rate monitor, Intervention
Differential negative reinforcement of other behavior to increase compliance with wearing an
anti-strip suit

Using a changing-criterion design, we replicated and extended a study (Cook, Rapp, & Schulze, 2015) on differential negative reinforcement of other behavior (DNRO). More specifically, educational assistants implemented DNRO to teach a 12-year-old boy with autism spectrum disorder to comply with wearing an anti-strip suit to prevent inappropriate fecal behavior in a school setting. The duration for which the participant wore the suit systematically increased from 2 s at the start of treatment to the entire duration of the school day at the termination of the study. Moreover, these effects were generalized to a new school with novel staff and persisted for more than a year. These findings replicate prior research on DNRO and further support the use of the intervention to increase compliance with wearing protective items, or medical devices, in practical settings.

Keyphrases: Autism, Compliance, Differential reinforcement of other behavior, Rectal digging, School
Publications en libre accès et criminologie : enjeux et opportunités

Depuis quelques années, les principaux organismes subventionnaires du pays exigent que les travaux qu’ils financent soient diffusés en libre accès. Or, bien que personne ne s’oppose à l’idée de démocratiser l’accès au savoir, cette exigence soulève plusieurs questions lorsque vient le temps de publier. Dans ce contexte, cette conférence abordera l’importance du libre accès comme mode de diffusion de la recherche ainsi que les opportunités qu’il offre aux chercheurs en criminologie. Plus spécifiquement, il y sera question :   . Des enjeux socio-économiques qui motivent la publication en libre accès  . Des impacts de ce mode de diffusion pour la recherche et les chercheurs  . Des politiques des organismes subventionnaires en la matière  . Des options de libre accès offertes par les revues de criminologie :         - Revues offrant un libre accès immédiat ou après une période d’embargo (voie dorée)         - Revues permettant l’autoarchivage dans un dépôt institutionnel (voie verte)  . Du dépôt des articles dans Papyrus, le dépôt institutionnel de l’Université de Montréal

Keyphrases: Libre accès, Criminologie
Décrire le présent en explorant le passé : relations entre plus ancien rêve rappelé, psychopathologie et personnalité

Les premières expériences de la vie sont déterminantes pour le développement de la personnalité et le fonctionnement psychosocial adulte (Afifi, 2012; Agid et al., 1999). Cet essai tente de déterminer s’il est possible que le contenu du plus ancien rêve rappelé (PARR) puisse s’associer à la psychopathologie et à la personnalité à l’âge adulte. Le contenu de 82 PARRs a d’abord été analysé de manière quantitative et qualitative. Se distinguant par leurs valences principalement négatives, les PARRs avaient pour thématiques l’intrusion (22%), la poursuite (17%), la chute (9%), l’environnement hostile (7%), l’envol (6%) et la mort (6%). Les PARRs contenaient généralement des péripéties complexes et laissaient parfois une impression de réalisme à l’éveil. Le contenu des PARRs a ensuite été comparé au niveau d’indices de psychopathologie (anxiété, dépression, psychopathologie générale) et de personnalité (névrotisme, extraversion) des rêveurs. Une valence de PARR neutre a été associée à une dépression plus élevée à l’âge adulte qu’une valence négative (p = 0,048). Les thématiques d’intrusion (p = 0,009) et de mort (p = 0,009) ont été associées à une plus faible dépression. La thématique d’environnement hostile a été associée à une plus grande extraversion (p = 0,010). Les résultats suggèrent une relation associant les PARRs et la régulation émotionnelle à travers le temps. Early life experiences play a determinant role in the development of people’s personality and psychosocial functioning (Afifi, 2012; Agid et al., 1999). This thesis aimed to determine if people’s earliest remembered dream (ERD) can foreshadow their personality and level of psychopathology as adults. The content of 82 ERDs was first analyzed using quantitative and qualitative instruments. A majority of ERDs were negatively toned and the most frequently reported themes involved intrusions (22%), pursuit (17%), falling (9%), hostile environments (7%), flying (6%) and death (6%). In addition, most ERDs contained relatively complex storylines whose realism sometimes led to momentary confusions with waking life experiences. The content of the ERDs was then compared with measures of participants’ psychopathology (anxiety, depression, general psychopathology) and personally (neuroticism, extraversion). ERDs with neutral valence were associated with higher levels of depression than were negatively valenced ERDs (p = 0,048). The themes of intrusion (p = 0,009) and death (p = 0,009) were associated with lower scores for depression while that of hostile environment was associated with greater extraversion (p = 0,010). The results suggest a relation between people’s ERDs and their emotional regulation across time.

Keyphrases: Plus ancien rêve rappelé, Psychopathologie, Névrotisme, Extraversion, Extraversion, Earliest remembered dream, Psychopathology, Neuroticism
Le français, langue seconde? :  de l’évolution des lieux et langues de publication des chercheurs québécois, français, et allemands

Depuis la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale, la diffusion des connaissances dans les disciplines des sciences naturelles et médicales est dominée par l’anglais. Toutefois, dans les sciences sociales et humaines, on considère généralement les langues nationales comme étant beaucoup plus importantes, compte tenu de l’aspect plus localisé de leurs objets. Afin de mieux comprendre l’évolution de la place de l’anglais dans ces disciplines, cet article analyse, pour les chercheurs québécois, français et allemands, la langue de diffusion des revues et articles, l’effet de la langue sur la réception des travaux et, enfin, la relation entre le pays d’origine de la revue et l’aspect national des objets d’étude. Nos résultats montrent la montée de l’anglais pour chacun des trois pays et dans tous les domaines et même dans les revues nationales, la plus grande visibilité des travaux en anglais, et la forte relation entre les revues nationales et les objets nationaux, particulièrement au Québec. L’article conclut avec une discussion des causes et conséquences du phénomène. Since the end of the Second World War, the spread of knowledge in the disciplines of the natural and medical sciences has been dominated by English. However, in the social sciences and humanities, national languages are generally considered to be much more determining, given the more localized focus of the subjects of these disciplines. To better understand the evolution of the place of English in these disciplines, this article analyzes, for Quebec, French and German researchers, the language in which the journals and articles of these disciplines are disseminated, the effect of the language on the reception of works and, finally, the relationship between the journal’s country of origin and the national aspect of the objects of study. Our results show the rise of English for each of the three countries, in all domains and even in national journals, greatest visibility for works published in English, and a strong relationship between national journals and national subjects, particularly in Quebec. The article concludes with a discussion of the causes and consequences of the phenomenon.

Keyphrases: Diffusion des connaissances, Bibliométrie, Québec, Allemagne, Publication savante, France, Knowledge dissemination, Scholarly publication, Bibliometrics, Quebec, Germany
Longitudinal and sex measurement invariance of the affective neuroscience personality scales

The Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) is a personality instrument based on six evolutionary-related brain systems that are at the foundation of human emotions and behaviors: SEEKING, CARING, PLAYFULNESS, FEAR, ANGER, and SADNESS. We sought to assess for the short and long versions of the ANPS: (a) the longitudinal measurement invariance and long-term (4-year) stability and (b) the sex measurement invariance. Using data from a Canadian cohort (N = 518), we used single-group confirmatory factor analysis to assess longitudinal invariance and multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis to assess sex invariance, according to a five-step approach evaluating five invariance levels (configural, metric, scalar, residual, and complete). Results supported full longitudinal invariance for both versions for all invariance levels. Partial residual invariance was supported for sex invariance. The long-term stability of both versions was good to excellent. Implications for personality assessment and ANPS development are discussed.

Keyphrases: Emotions, ANPS, Seeking, Caring, Playfulness, Fear, Anger, Sadness, Personality assessment, Measurement invariance
Poverty and behavior problems during early childhood : the mediating role of maternal depression symptoms and parenting

Poverty is a well-established risk factor for behavior problems, yet our understanding of putative family mediators during early childhood (i.e., before age 5 years) is limited. The present study investigated whether the association between poverty and behavior problems during early childhood is mediated simultaneously by perceived parenting, family dysfunction and/or maternal depression symptoms. Outcomes measures were high trajectories of physical aggression and hyperactivity between 1.5 and 5 years. Poverty was defined as living 2–4 years below the low-income thresholds defined by Statistics Canada. Using data from the first five rounds of the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development, logistic regressions models showed that poverty was associated with a higher likelihood of being assigned to the high trajectory of physical aggression and hyperactivity. Overprotection and maternal depression symptoms mediated observed associations. Interventions targeting maternal depression, parenting, and poverty should help reducing children’s risk for early behavior problems.

Keyphrases: Hyperactivity, Maternal depression, Parenting, Physical aggression, Poverty
Harsh parenting practices mediate the association between parent affective profiles and child adjustment outcomes : differential associations for mothers and fathers.

Children’s early emotional environment strongly influences their later behavioural development. Yet, besides maternal depression, limited knowledge exists about the effect of other emotions and the role of fathers. Using 290 triads (mother/father/child), we investigated how positive (SEEKING, CARING, PLAYFULNESS) and negative (FEAR, ANGER, SADNESS) dimensions of mothers’ and fathers’ affectivity relate to their offspring’s externalizing and internalizing behaviours directly as well as indirectly via parenting practices. Parental variables were measured when children were 4 years old and children’s behaviours were measured at 8 years of age. Latent Profile Analysis identified three parental affective profiles: low negative emotions, balanced, and high emotional. Structural equation models showed that, for boys, mothers’ low negative emotions and high emotional profiles predicted later internalizing behaviours (direct effect; β = −0.21 and β = 0.23), while fathers’ low negative emotions profile predicted externalizing behaviours indirectly (β = −0.10). For girls, mothers’ profiles (low negative emotions and high emotional) predicted both internalizing (β = −0.04 and β = 0.07) and externalizing (β = −0.05 and β = 0.09) behaviours indirectly, but no effects of fathers’ profiles were found. Mothers’ and fathers’ affective profiles contributed to the behavioural development of their offspring in different ways, according to the type of behaviour (internalizing or externalizing) and the child’s sex. These findings may help in tailoring existing parenting interventions on affective profiles, thus enhancing their efficacy.

Keyphrases: Affective profiles, Externalizing behaviours, Internalizing behaviours, Latent Profile Analysis, Parenting
Cornea regeneration as an alternative to human donor transplantation

There is a need for an alternative to human donor corneas as the availability of good-quality tissues remains limited, with this situation potentially worsening as the population in many countries is progressively ageing. There have been numerous attempts to develop corneal equivalent as alternatives to donated human corneas as well as prostheses. In this short review, we focus on the efforts in bioengineering implants that promote regeneration by Canadian researchers, including our current team of authors. The examples of technologies developed that we describe include biomaterials that allow for partial regeneration of corneal tissue, self-assembled cornea constructs and cell-free corneal implants that promoted regeneration when evaluated in clinical trials in Europe.

Keyphrases: Cornea, Biomaterials, Prostheses, Regeneration, Self-assembly, Implants, Clinical studies
Fold, check, hit me! Impact of lifestyle on the trajectories of problem gamblers

Several studies have demonstrated the intermittent nature of problematic gambling behaviours. Despite the upsurge in research in this area, few studies have examined the dynamics of gambling behaviour or the factors influencing gambling trajectories. Using a retrospective self-report gambler survey inspired by the life history calendar method, the current study sheds light on the intermittency of gambling and the static and dynamic factors that may modulate gambling trajectories. Attention was paid to deviant life circumstances, especially criminal offending, and their effects on gambling parameters. The multilevel analyses results, conducted with data gathered from a sample of a hundred problem gamblers, revealed the impact of life circumstances on these trajectories. On the one hand, sources of social control—hours worked, participation in therapy—have the effect of alleviating gambling problems. On the other hand, deviant life circumstances—commission of lucrative crimes, consumption of psychoactive substances, paying off gambling debt—exacerbated gambling.  The dynamic factors that predict changes in gambling behavior and identified in this research support the development of intervention policies based around them. Plusieurs études ont démontré la nature intermittente des comportements de jeu problématique. Malgré la recrudescence de la recherche dans ce domaine, peu d’études ont examiné la dynamique du comportement de jeu ou les facteurs influençant les trajectoires de jeu. À l’aide d’une enquête rétrospective sur les joueurs compulsifs autodéclarés, inspirée de la méthode du calendrier sur  l’historique de vie, cette étude met en lumière l’intermittence du jeu et les facteurs statiques et dynamiques qui peuvent moduler les trajectoires de jeu. L’attention a été portée sur les conditions de vie déviantes, en particulier les infractions criminelles et leurs effets sur les paramètres de jeu. Les résultats des analyses à plusieurs niveaux, réalisés à partir de données recueillies auprès d’un échantillon de cent joueurs compulsifs, ont révélé l’impact des circonstances de la vie sur ces trajectoires. D’une part, les structures de contrôle social, p. ex., les heures travaillées, la participation à une thérapie, ont pour effet d’atténuer les problèmes de jeu. D’autre part, les circonstances de vie déviantes, comme la perpétration de crimes lucratifs, la consommation de substances psychoactives, le remboursement des dettes de jeu, aggravent le jeu. Les facteurs dynamiques qui prédisent les changements dans le comportement de jeu et qui ont été répertoriés dans cette recherche appuient l’élaboration de politiques d’intervention fondées sur ces facteurs.

Keyphrases: Gambling problems, Life-course, Life circumstances, Deviant behaviours, Relapse, Relative losses, Abstinence