NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Sleep and aggressive behavior among toddlers: investigating directionality of associations

This study examined the reciprocal associations between sleep (duration and quality) and aggressive behavior in toddlers. The sample consisted of 82 children (43 boys and 39 girls) and their parents who completed two assessments, when children were 2 and 3 years old. At both time points, children wore an actigraph for 3 consecutive days to assess their sleep patterns, and both their parents reported on their child’s aggressive behavior. The results indicated negative associations between sleep quality at age 2 and both parents’ evaluations of aggressive behavior at age 3; in contrast, the relations between aggression at age 2 and sleep (duration or quality) at age 3 were small and nonsignificant. In line with studies of older children and adolescents, these results suggest that sleep difficulties are more likely to favor the emergence of aggressive behavior among young children than the converse.

Keyphrases: Child sleep, Aggression, Actigraphy, Toddlers
Archives orales de la Convention du patrimoine mondial : entrevue menée avec Amadou-Mahtar M’Bow par Mechtild Rössler et Petra Van Den Born

Amadou-Mahtar M’Bow est un universitaire et un homme politique sénégalais. Après des études supérieures à la Sorbonne, à Paris, il retourne au Sénégal pour enseigner la géographie et l’histoire. Il est Ministre de l’éducation et de la culture entre 1952 et 1957, période d’autonomie interne du pays, avant de s’engager dans la lutte pour l’indépendance. Celle-ci acquise, il devient député à l’Assemblée nationale, d’abord en tant que Ministre de l’éducation nationale (1966-1968) puis en tant que Ministre de la culture et de la jeunesse (1968-1970). À partir de 1966, il siège au Conseil exécutif de l’UNESCO comme représentant du Sénégal, avant de devenir Sous-directeur général pour l’éducation en 1970. Élu Directeur général de l’UNESCO en 1974, il occupera cette fonction pendant 13 ans. En 2008, âgé de 87 ans, il préside les Assises nationales du Sénégal, grand rassemblement ayant pour but d’aborder les problèmes politiques et sociaux du pays.   Amadou-Mahtar M’Bow est l’auteur de nombreuses publications, dont plusieurs sur les missions de l’UNESCO, notamment Aux sources du futur : La problématique mondiale et les missions de l’UNESCO (L’Harmattan, 2011). Il a également contribué aux publications de l’Académie du Royaume du Maroc à travers une trentaine de communications traitant des grands problèmes culturels, politiques, économiques et sociaux du monde, souvent sous un angle africain.    Pendant ses années en tant que Directeur général de l’UNESCO, Amadou-Mahtar M’Bow a supervisé le travail du secrétariat pour la Convention du patrimoine mondial. Il a reçu les premières ratifications ayant permis l’entrée en vigueur de la Convention et a connu l’inscription des premiers sites sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial en 1978.   Les extraits audio suivants sont issus d’une entrevue menée avec Amadou-Mahtar M’Bow par Mechtild Rössler et Petra Van Den Born en octobre 2009. Il y fait notamment le récit des premières interventions de l’UNESCO en matière de patrimoine culturel, mettant ainsi en contexte la naissance de la Convention de 1972. Il souligne également l’importance de la coopération internationale et appelle à la protection des patrimoines trop souvent négligés, du patrimoine moderne aux sites naturels.

Keyphrases: Patrimoine mondial
Archives orales de la Convention du patrimoine mondial : entrevue menée avec Federico Mayor par Christina Cameron et Carmen Anon Feliu

Titulaire d’un doctorat en pharmacie, Federico Mayor est un scientifique, politicien et diplomate espagnol. Biochimiste et chercheur, il a enseigné à l’Université de Grenade puis à la Faculté des Sciences de Madrid, où il a fondé le Centre de biologie moléculaire Severo Ochoa en 1974. La même année, il entame sa carrière politique en tant que sous-secrétaire au ministère espagnol de l’Éducation et de la Science. En 1977, il est élu député au Parlement espagnol et préside la Commission parlementaire de l’éducation et de la science, avant d’agir comme conseiller du président du gouvernement en 1978. Il sera finalement ministre de l’Éducation et de la Science entre 1981 et 1982. En 1987, il représente l’Espagne au Parlement européen.   Il est impliqué à l’UNESCO dès 1978 comme Sous-Directeur général auprès de monsieur M’Bow, avant de succéder à celui-ci en 1987. Il sera Directeur général de l’UNESCO pendant douze ans, soit jusqu’en 1999. Durant cette période, il lancera le programme Culture de la Paix. À la fin de son mandat, il retourne à Madrid pour créer la Fondation Cultura de Paz, dont il est le président. En 2011, il devient également président de la Commission internationale pour l'abolition de la peine de mort. À la fois scientifique et poète, Federico Mayor a publié des centaines d’articles ainsi que plusieurs livres des recueils de poésie. Il est notamment l’auteur de Tomorrow is Always Too Late (Stamford Publishing, 1992) et The World Ahead: Our Future in the Making (Zed Books, 2001).   Les extraits audio suivants sont issus d’une entrevue menée avec Federico Mayor par Christina Cameron et Carmen Anon Feliu en juin 2009. Il y met de l’avant la dimension humaine du patrimoine mondial, qu’il faut selon lui protéger au même titre que les monuments. Il commente également la liste du patrimoine mondial et le travail des organisations consultatives en rappelant l’importance de valoriser le caractère exceptionnel des biens inscrits. Finalement, il partage son expérience en tant qu’ex-Directeur général de l’UNESCO quant au fonctionnement du Comité, à la création du Centre du patrimoine mondial et à la solidarité internationale.

Keyphrases: Patrimoine mondial
Mise en oeuvre d'un système Java en imagerie : application à l'ophtalmologie

Les images numériques et analogues de rétine ont depuis le début du siècle contribuées au diagnostic des maladies affectant l'oeil. Les découvertes reliant les images aux différentes maladies sont très dépendantes de la technologie utilisées pour l'acquisition et le traitement des images. Dans ce mémoire, nous proposons une méthode, pouvant être utilisée via internet, faisant l'appariement d'une paire d'images de rétine pour déduire de l'information sur la topographie de la papille, partie visible du nerf optique reliant les axones de la rétine au cerveau. Tout ceci dans le but de faire le diagnostic préventif du glaucome. La méthode utilisée pour la correspondance des images se nomme le flot optique et est conjugué avec l'approche hiérarchique. Nous concluons que les résultats obtenues pour un oeil sain sont en accord avec la littérature mais pourrait être plus précis pour ce qui est de la reproductibilité.

Keyphrases: Flot optique, Glaucome, Approche hiérarchique, Papille, Photo rétinienne, Problème inverse
Unemployment, entrepreneurship and firm outcomes

Are there differences between firms created by unemployed individuals relative to otherwise identical employed individuals? The answer is crucial for understanding the impact of policies that promote entrepreneurship among the unemployed. I develop an equilibrium model of entrepreneurship. Different outside options imply the unemployed are more likely to start firms, but these are smaller and fail more often. I verify these implications using a new administrative Canadian matched owner-employer-employee dataset. I use firm closures to identify random assignments of individuals to unemployment. I find that subsidies for firms started by the unemployed induce a reallocation of resources to low-productivity firms. The mechanism is further tested empirically by verifying that wage workers are more responsive to wages than the unemployed in their decision to start a firm.

Keyphrases: Firm dynamics, Unemployment, Macroeconomics, Labor markets
Spouses and entrepreneurship

Does having a spouse influence an individual’s decision to start a firm and what firms they create? The answer to this question is crucial for our understanding of how recent changes to family composition influence firm creation. We develop a model of endogenous entrepreneurship with spousal labour supply decisions and endogenous marriage. Married individuals have three channels, that go in opposite directions, which influence their choice to start a firm relative to the unmarried. Firstly, spouses work less when the business is more profitable partially offsetting the benefit of higher profits (spousal substitution effect). Secondly, if the business fails, the spouse works more hours (spousal insurance effect). Finally, a married individual shares their income with their spouse which decreases their income as a worker, their cost to entrepreneurship (spousal opportunity cost effect). We proceed to test empirically the relative strength of these channels. The model is informative of the components of the error term and the conditions for validity of our instrumental variable strategy. Using city level variation in the past composition of immigrants we show higher marriage rates are associated to more entry and lower average size of startups.

Keyphrases: Firm dynamics, Macroeconomics, Labor markets, Family economics
Entrepreneurship, outside options and constrained

The literature on search frictions has often adopted the assumption of free entry. In this paper we forgo of this restriction by proposing a more realistic framework in which individuals are constantly making the decision whether or not to open a  firm. Namely, firms are created through endogenous choices and business-owners and workers are drawn from the same pool. We show that in this framework, the Nash bargaining parameter is crucial for internal dynamics. In particular, workers and business owners share the same outside-options. As a result, the wage is no longer unambiguously positively related to the value of unemployment. The constrained efficient solution to this model takes the same form as the standard search model implying the same form for the Hosios condition. However, at this efficient solution changes in the rate of unemployment are either exacerbated or muted conditional on the value of the match elasticity parameter.

Keyphrases: Search and matching, Entrepreneurship, Outside options, Constrained efficiency
Reconsidering the links between sibship size, maternal sensitivity, and child attachment : a multidimensional interactive approach

Despite being a well-documented predictor of children’s cognitive and social development, sibship has received remarkably little attention in the attachment and maternal sensitivity literature. The only study that has examined both sensitivity and attachment in relation to sibship found greater maternal sensitivity but no more secure attachment among first-born infants. In the current study, we sought to examine the same links while testing two related hypotheses: that sibship size relates only to some specific aspects of sensitivity, and that sibship size relates to sensitivity only among certain mothers, namely those who are at risk for suboptimal parenting because of an insecure attachment state of mind. We assessed three dimensions of maternal sensitivity at 12 months and child attachment at 15 and 25 months among 258 mother–infant dyads living in intact biparental families. Compared with mothers who had fewer children, those with more children were observed to be less accessible/available, less positive, but not less cooperative/attuned, when interacting with their infant. These links were moderated by maternal attachment state of mind, such that significant relations were observed only among mothers presenting a more insecure state of mind. Finally, sibship size was unrelated to attachment. These findings suggest that failure to consider different dimensions of sensitivity or important parental moderators may result in the erroneous conclusion that birth order and sibship size are inconsequential for parent–child relationships.

Keyphrases: Siblings, Attachment state of mind, Child attachment, Maternal sensitivity, Sibship size
Parent–child relationships and child executive functioning at school entry: the importance of fathers

This study aimed to examine the unique and interactive contributions of the quality of mothers’ and fathers’ relationships with their toddlers to the prediction of children’s subsequent executive functioning (EF). The sample included 46 low-risk middle-class families. The quality of motherchild and father-child interactions was assessed independently during separate interactive sequences at 18 months. Child EF problems were reported by teachers in kindergarten. The results indicated that only father-child interactions made a unique contribution to the prediction of children’s EF, and no interaction effect was observed. Kindergarteners who benefited from higher-quality interactions with their fathers in toddlerhood were considered by their teachers to present fewer EF problems in everyday school situations. These results appeared to be somewhat more pronounced in father-son than father-daughter dyads. Overall, the results suggest that fathering and father-child relationships may deserve more empirical attention than they have received thus far in the EF literature.

Keyphrases: Kindergarten, School entry, Cognitive development, Executive functioning, Motherchild interactions, Father-child interactions
Associations between sleep consolidation in infancy and peer relationships in middle childhood

Sleep plays an important role in many aspects of children’s development. Research on children’s sleep and their peer relationships has begun to emerge in the last years. However, these studies are mostly cross-sectional. The current study aimed to investigate the associations between infant sleep and peer relationships in middle childhood. The sample comprised 72 children. Sleep was measured at 1 year using a sleep diary completed by mothers. In the second and third grades of elementary school (7 and 8 years of age), mothers and fathers reported on their children’s functioning with peers. When they were in third grade, children were interviewed regarding their friendship quality with a best friend. Results revealed negative associations between children’s sleep consolidation (i.e., ratio of nighttime sleep) and parent-reported peer problems, and positive associations between sleep consolidation and perceived friendship quality. These findings suggest that well-regulated sleep in infancy may help children develop the skills necessary for later appropriate social functioning in peer contexts.

Keyphrases: Sleep, Peer relationships, Friendship
Attachment security and developmental patterns of growth in executive functioning during early elementary school

Despite the extensive research demonstrating the importance of child executive functioning (EF) for school adjustment, little longitudinal work has formally examined developmental change in EF during the early school years. Based on a sample of 106 mother–child dyads, the current longitudinal study investigated patterns of growth in child performance on three executive tasks between kindergarten (Mage = 6 years) and Grade 3 (Mage = 9 years), and the predictive role of earlier mother–child attachment security in these patterns. The results suggest that early elementary school is a period of significant developmental improvement in child EF, although child performance on different EF tasks follows distinct trajectories across time. The study also provides evidence for a sustained relation between children's early attachment security and their ongoing acquisition of executive skills.

Keyphrases: Attachment security, Executive functioning, Patterns of growth, Elementary school
Child temperamental anger, mother–child interactions, and socio-emotional functioning at school entry

This study investigated the role of temperamental anger in toddlerhood in the prediction of child socio-emotional functioning at school entry and the moderating function of mother–child interactions in these predictive associations. The sample included 86 children. To assess child temperamental anger, mothers and fathers completed the Anger proneness scale of the Toddler Behavior Assessment Questionnaire when children were aged 2 years. The quality of mother–child interactions was also assessed when children were 2 years old with the Mutually Responsive Orientation scale. Child internalizing, externalizing and prosocial behaviors were reported by parents in kindergarten and first grade with the Child Behavior Checklist and the Socio-Affective Profile. The results indicated that anger proneness predicted higher internalizing and externalizing behavior, and lower prosocial behavior. In the case of internalizing behavior, the effect of anger was qualified by an interaction with the quality of mother–child interaction: anger proneness predicted higher internalizing behavior only among children who had higher-quality interactions with their mothers. These findings suggest that simultaneous consideration of temperament and parent–child relationships early on in development may help identify children at risk for experiencing adjustment difficulties at school entry, allowing for prompt intervention before difficulties crystallize.

Keyphrases: Child temperament, Child anger proneness, Externalizing behavior, Prosocial behavior, Internalizing behavior, Mother–child interactions
Actigraphy data in pediatric research : the role of sleep diaries

Background. When assessing children's sleep using actigraphy, researchers usually rely on a sleep diary completed by a parent as an aid in scoring actigraphic data. However, parental nonadherence in completing the sleep diary may significantly reduce the amount of available data. The current study examined the agreement between actigraphic data scored with and without a sleep diary to evaluate the impact of not using a sleep diary when studying children's sleep with actigraphy. Methods. Sixty children (aged 6–10 years; 36 girls) wore an actigraph for three to seven consecutive nights, and mothers were asked to complete a diary of their child's sleep during the same period. Actigraphy data were scored under two conditions (with and without diary) rated independently for each child by two different research assistants, who each scored 50% of the files in each condition. Results. Group-level analyses and intraclass correlations revealed very strong convergence between the two scoring conditions: on all sleep variables (sleep duration, wake duration, and sleep efficiency), average mean differences were very small and intraclass correlations very high. Bland and Altman’s (1999) approach allowed for a child-by-child examination of agreement between the two conditions and revealed that, although they cannot be considered interchangeable, the two conditions produce quite minimal differences in the estimation of sleep variables. Conclusions. The findings suggest that it is possible to use some actigraphy data for which no corresponding diary data are available, although this approach should be used sparingly.

Keyphrases: Sleep, Actigraphy, Children, Sleep diary, Scoring
Connected speech features from picture description in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review

The language changes that occur over the course of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) can impact communication abilities and have profound functional consequences. Picture description tasks can be used to approximate everyday communication abilities of AD patients. As various methods and variables have been studied over the years, current knowledge about the most affected features of AD discourse in the context of picture descriptions is difficult to summarize. This systematic review aims to provide researchers with an overview of the most common areas of impairment in AD discourse as they appear in picture description tasks. Based on the 44 articles fulfilling inclusion criteria, our findings reflect a multidimensional pattern of changes in the production (speech rate), syntactic (length of utterance), lexical (word-frequency and use of pronouns), fluency (repetitions and word-finding difficulties), semantic (information units), and discourse (efficiency) domains. We discuss our findings in the light of current research and point to potential scientific and clinical uses of picture description tasks in the context of AD.

Keyphrases: Alzheimer’s disease, Language tests, Psycholinguistics, Systematic review
Archives orales de la Convention du patrimoine mondial : entrevue menée avec Francisco Lopez Morales par Christina Cameron

Francisco Lopez Morales est originaire du Mexique. Diplômé en architecture de l’Université nationale autonome de Mexico, il détient également un doctorat en études urbaines et aménagement de l’Université de Grenoble. Il a débuté sa carrière à l’INAH (Institut national d’anthropologie et d’histoire) au Mexique en 1993, en tant que chargé à la Direction des inventaires et catalogues du Patrimoine historique. Depuis 2001, il est directeur de l’unité patrimoine mondial de la même institution.  Également professeur et auteur, il a publié plusieurs ouvrages sur les paysages culturels, l’architecture vernaculaire et le patrimoine mexicain, notamment Arquitectura vernacula en México (Trillas, 1987) et Colonial Treasures of Mexico: the 7 Cities of Gold (Lunwerg, 2008).   Membre de l’ICOMOS depuis plus de vingt ans, Francisco Lopez Morales a été secrétaire d’ICOMOS Mexique de 1991 à 1997. Au niveau international, il a été Secrétaire général de la 15e Assemblée générale de l’ICOMOS à Xi’an en 2005, puis vice-président du Comité exécutif de 2008 à 2011. Son implication dans le patrimoine mondial a débuté en 1995 lorsqu’il a été nommé conseiller de Teresa Franco, présidente de la session du Comité de 1996 à Merida. Il a également été rapporteur pour la session du Comité à Helsinki en 2001. En 2003, il a supervisé une étude sur la représentativité de la Liste du patrimoine mondial en Amérique latine, aux États-Unis et au Canada, dont les résultats sont parus dans la collection Monuments and Sites de l’ICOMOS en 2004.   Les extraits audio sont issus d’une entrevue menée avec Francisco Lopez Morales par Christina Cameron en août 2010. Il  y fournit d’intéressantes réflexions en ce qui concerne la longueur et la représentativité de la Liste du patrimoine mondial ainsi que sur les décisions et cas déterminants pour la mise en œuvre de la Convention. Par ailleurs, il soulève d’importants enjeux liés au travail des organes consultatifs, et notamment au travail de l’ICOMOS pour les biens culturels.

Keyphrases: Patrimoine mondial