NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Pourboire : sociologie compréhensive du style de vie des employés de la restauration

À partir d’une série d’entretiens ethnographiques auprès d’employés des bars et restaurants de Montréal, je me penche dans cette recherche sur le monde de « l’industrie » de la restauration. Au cours de l’enquête, j’identifie un style de vie spécifique composé de ce que j’appelle des « conduites dépensières ». Il s’agit pour ces employés d’un ensemble de pratiques ayant pour conséquence la dépense d’une partie importante de leurs revenus d’emplois dans les restaurants et les bars afin de s’offrir des soirées sociables alcoolisées et des sorties de découvertes gastronomiques. En tentant de rendre compte de ce style de vie, j’avance l’hypothèse que ces conduites sont sous-tendues par un véritable système culturel de coutumes, rituels, normes et valeurs. Au cœur de ce système culturel se trouve le brouillage des frontières entre le professionnel et le privé, le sérieux et le plaisir, le travail et le party. Ce brouillage a pour effet de rediriger une partie des revenus de mes informateurs à l’intérieur de leur univers professionnel. Cette redirection ne serait possible sans le marquage symbolique de l’argent-pourboire, tel que théorisé par Viviana Zelizer, qui fait en sorte que cette monnaie est socialement assignée à la dépense à l’intérieur de « l’industrie ». Au cœur de ma méthode d’enquête se trouve l’utilisation du feuilleton sociologique, véritable outil de validation et de construction des données. Based on a series of ethnographic interviews with bar and restaurant staff in Montreal, I examine in this study the world of the restaurant “industry.” During the investigation, I have identified a specific lifestyle characterized by “spendthrift conducts.” These conducts are a set of behaviors leading to the spending of a significant portion of my informants’ income in gastronomic discoveries and nights of drinking in restaurants and bars. To account for this particular lifestyle, I argue that these behaviors are underpinned by a cultural system of customs, rituals, norms, and values. The blurring of the boundaries between the professional and the private, the serious and the fun, work and party, is central to this cultural system. As a result of this blurring, the informants’ income is reinjected within their professional universe. This would not be possible without the social earmarking of tip, as theorized by Viviana Zelizer. This currency is socially assigned for spending within the “industry.” While writing up this study the sociological feuilleton has turned out to be an original tool for validating and constructing data.

Keyphrases: Pourboire, Montréal, Argent, Restauration, Style de vie, Marquage symbolique, Feuilleton, Sociabilité, Esthétique, Dépense, Feuilleton, Tip, Money, Lifestyle, Social earmarking, Sociability, Aesthetic, Spent
L’impact d’une formation sur le diagnostic et la prise en charge de la carie dentaire, chez des étudiants de première année au DMD

Objectifs : Déterminer si une formation portant sur l’ICDAS permet d’améliorer la justesse du diagnostic de la carie dentaire, et d’améliorer également la concordance de la prise en charge avec celle suggérée par l’ICCMS, chez des étudiants de première année en médecine dentaire. Méthodologie : Quatorze étudiants divisés en deux groupes de sept étudiants (n=7) ont eu à attribuer un score de sévérité (ICDAS 0-6) et un score de prise en charge (0 = surveillance dans le temps; 1 = traitement préventif; 2= traitement curatif) à 100 dents extraites à deux reprises. Entre les deux collectes, le groupe expérimental a été exposé à une formation en ligne sur l’ICDAS sous le format d’une présentation PowerPoint (l’intervention). Résultats : Il y a une plus grande amélioration de la justesse du diagnostic de la carie dentaire dans le groupe expérimental (p<0.05), comparativement au groupe contrôle (pourcentage d’accord varie de 46% à 57% pour le groupe expérimental et reste à 44% pour le groupe contrôle). Les résultats sont non-significatifs pour l’attribution d’une prise en charge. Conclusion : Une formation en ligne sur le système de détection de l’ICDAS permet d’améliorer la justesse du diagnostic de la carie dentaire chez des étudiants de première année en médecine dentaire. Cependant, les résultats ne sont pas concluants pour l’attribution d’une prise en charge adéquate. Objectives: To determine the impact of an ICDAS e-training on diagnosis and management of dental caries by first-year dental students, according to the standards established by the ICCMSTM . Materials and methods: Fourteen students divided into two groups (n=7/group) had to assign a severity score (ICDAS 0-6) and a management score (0 = monitoring over time; 1 = preventive care; 2 = curative care) for 100 extracted teeth twice. Between the two tests, the experimental group was exposed to an ICDAS e-training in the format of a PowerPoint presentation. Results: The accuracy of dental caries diagnosis in the experimental group was better (p <0.05), compared to the control group. The percentage of agreement between the two tests improved from 46% to 57% for the experimental group and remained at 44% for the control group. The e-training had no effect on dental caries management and the results were not significant for this variable. Conclusion: ICDAS e-training improved the accuracy of dental caries diagnosis in first-year dental students. However, the results were inconclusive for dental caries management, compared to the management suggested by the ICCMSTM. This might be explained by the lack of crucial information to answer this question. To determine correct management, one would need information about caries activity and the clinical context to guide the decision.

Keyphrases: ICDAS, carie dentaire, formation, diagnostic, traitement, diagnostic, ICDAS, formation, Caries, e-training, treatment
Le notaire québécois : notaire «clerc» ou «architecte de l’ordre social privé» ? : rétrospective et perspective d’une profession à la recherche de son identité

Le notariat existe depuis le tout début de la création de la province et il a traversé les différentes époques sociétales et sociales. Le notaire québécois contemporain possède des prérogatives professionnelles et une manière de pratiquer dont les caractéristiques semblent encore relever des origines de sa genèse, ce qui paraît peu adapté aux réalités de la société d’aujourd’hui.  Cette étude nous amènera, dans un premier temps, à nous intéresser aux différentes dimensions du passé du notaire pour déterminer leurs liens avec le rôle qui est actuellement le sien. Par la suite, nous tenterons de préciser le concept de notaire « architecte de l’ordre social privé » développé par Roderick A. Macdonald et de définir le concept de « notaire clérical ». Ces deux concepts seront à la base de notre analyse du notaire québécois contemporain. The notarial profession has existed since the beginning of the creation of the province of Québec and has survived different social eras. The modern notary in Quebec has professional prerogatives and a way of practising that still seem to have little in common with their origins in the foundations of the notary's profession. The latter seems to not be well adapted to the realities of modern society. This study will lead us, in the first instance, to examine the different dimensions of the past of the notarial profession to determine its links with its current role. We will then try to clarify the concept of the notary as "architect of the private social order" developed by Roderick A. Macdonald and to define the concept of "clerical notary". These two concepts will form the basis of our analysis of the contemporary Quebec notary.

Keyphrases: notaire, notariat, profession juridique, sociologie du droit, histoire du droit, pluralisme juridique, notary, legal profession, sociology of law, history of law, legal pluralism
La vidéomusique comme matière en mouvement

La vidéomusique présente un riche terrain d'expérimentations pour le compositeur. Elle prend la forme d'un réseau où coexistent la musique, les images en mouvement et un langage qui épouse un propos plus poétique que prosaïque. La vidéomusique porte un nouveau regard sur les relations entre le son et l'image et, forte de cette analyse, jette les bases d'une nouvelle expression esthétique.   Le présent ouvrage propose une typologie des relations son/image et présente la démarche créative de l'autrice par l'étude de trois vidéomusiques dans le contexte de leur création. Au fil des analyses, notre attention se portera sur trois axes : 1) la typologie des relations son/image comme outil servant à la fois à l'analyse et à la composition; 2) le travail simultané du son et de l'image; 3) la création d'une expérience esthétique sensible et émotive, basée sur le mouvement de matériaux captés dans l'environnement naturel. Videomusic presents a rich field of experimentation to the composer. It takes the form of a network where music, moving images and a language closer to poetry than prose coexist. It explores the ways in which sound and image can be related and what kind of expression these relationships allow.   This work proposes a typology of sound/image relations and presents the author's creative process through the study of three videomusic works and the context in which they were created. In the course of the analyses, our attention will focus on three axes: 1) the typology of sound/image relations as a tool for both analysis and composition; 2) the simultaneous work on sound and image; 3) the creation of an aesthetic experience that evokes emotions and meaning by drawing on the movement of materials captured in the natural environment.

Keyphrases: vidéomusique, composition, musique, électroacoustique, cinéma, expérimental, art vidéo, audiovisuel, composition, videomusic, music, electroacoustic, experimental, video art, audiovisual
The research for international response to the loss and damage caused by climate change

Le changement climatique devient de plus en plus grave, ce qui a déclenché un débat approfondi sur la manière d’y faire face. La réponse internationale est l’atténuation et l’adaptation. Cette thèse considère que l’adaptation est plus importante pour les Pertes et Dommages causés par le changement climatique. La première question abordée dans la présente thèse est de savoir quelle est la définition des Pertes et Dommages causés par le changement climatique. Une autre question principale est de savoir comment remplir l’obligation d’adaptation en réponse aux Pertes et Dommages. Pour l’obligation d’adaptation, la recherche vise à donner quelques suggestions: tirer pleinement parti des mesures du Mécanisme international de Varsovie; améliorer le mécanisme de mise en œuvre de l’Accord de Paris afin de garantir que les parties contractantes remplissent leurs obligations internationales. La thèse analyse également les contre-mesures de la Chine et suggère que la Chine devrait formuler des politiques appropriées de réduction des émissions et des politiques d’aide étrangère. La thèse analyse le « principe de responsabilité commune mais différenciée ». L’objectif est de discuter de la perspective du principe sur les obligations d’adaptation. Les pays adhèrent au principe et remplissent les obligations d’adaptation ou les obligations d’assistance pour les autres pays. Climate change is becoming more and more serious, which has triggered extensive discussion on how to deal with it. The international response are mitigation and adaptation. This thesis considers that adaptation is more important for the Loss and Damage caused by climate change. The first question addressed in the present thesis is what the definition of Loss and Damage caused by climate change is. Another principal question is how to fulfill the adaptation obligation in response to the Loss and Damage. For the adaptation obligation, the research aims to give some suggestions: to make full use of the measures under the Warsaw International Mechanism; to improve the implementation mechanism of the Paris Agreement to ensure that the contracting parties fulfill their international obligations. The thesis also analyzes China’s countermeasures, and it suggests that China should formulate appropriate emission reduction policies and foreign aid policies. The thesis analyzes the “common but differentiated responsibility principle”. The purpose is to discuss the prospect of the principle on adaptation obligations. Countries adhere to the principle and fulfill the adaptation obligations or the assistance obligations for other countries.

Keyphrases: Changement climatique, Pertes et dommages, Obligations d’atténuation, Obligations d’adaptation, Mécanisme de mise en œuvre et de conformité, Climate change, Loss and damage, Mitigation obligations, Adaptation obligations, Implementation and compliance mechanism
The eyelash follicle features and anomalies : a review

The primary role of eyelashes is to protect and maintain the health of the lid margin. However, the mechanisms to fulfill this role are not fully understood. Unraveling these mechanisms will stand to greatly improve the efficiency of eye care professionals’ interventions in anomalies of the eyelashes. The aim of this article is to provide a review on eyelashes including highlights and new avenues for research; the biology of both the lash and its follicle; the pathophysiology and management of lash anomalies by eye care professionals; and the effect of iatrogenic factors on lashes. Using the database of Ovid MEDLINE, we reviewed studies specifically directed on human/mammalian eyelashes and key articles on current trends in scalp hair methodologies that can be applicable to lash research. The eyelash morphology, pigmentation and growth rate have been documented using techniques ranging from lash imaging to follicle immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, studies have demonstrated that the lash follicle is sensitive to many factors of the external environment, a variety of systemic/topical medications and cosmetics. Recently, aerodynamic studies using a mammalian eye model confirmed that an optimal lash length was needed so that eyelashes serve a protective role in reducing the number of particles that can reach the eye. Despite recent advances in lash research, studies are still scarce, due to the limited availability of the human lid for sampling. This review brings awareness that further research is needed with respect to eyelashes and will hopefully reduce the gap with scalp hair research.

Keyphrases: Eyelash, Follicle, Hair, Eyelash pathophysiology, Lid margin
Consensus recommendations on flow cytometry for the assessment of inherited and acquired disorders of platelet number and function : communication from the ISTH SSC Subcommittee on Platelet Physiology

Flow cytometry is increasingly used in the study of platelets in inherited and acquired disorders of platelet number and function. However, wide variation exists in specific reagents, methods, and equipment used, making interpretation and comparison of results difficult. The goal of the present study was to provide expert consensus guidance on the use of flow cytometry for the evaluation of platelet disorders. A modified RAND/UCLA survey method was used to obtain a consensus among 11 experts from 10 countries across four continents, on the appropriateness of statements relating to clinical utility, pre-analytical variables, instrument and reagent standardization, methods, reporting, and quality control for platelet flow cytometry. Feedback from the initial survey revealed that uncertainty was sometimes due to lack of expertise with a particular test condition rather than unavailable or ambiguous data. To address this, the RAND method was modified to allow experts to self-identify statements for which they could not provide expert input. There was uniform agreement among experts in the areas of instrument and reagent standardization, methods, reporting, and quality control and this agreement is used to suggest best practices in these areas. However, 25.9% and 50% of statements related to pre-analytical variables and clinical utility, respectively, were rated as uncertain. Thus, while citrate is the preferred anticoagulant for many flow cytometric platelet tests, expert opinions differed on the acceptability of other anticoagulants, particularly heparin. Lack of expert consensus on the clinical utility of many flow cytometric platelet tests indicates the need for rigorous multicenter clinical outcome studies.

Keyphrases: Flow cytometry, Platelet, RAND/UCLA survey, SSC platelet physiology
A randomized double-blind feasibility study comparing cetirizine and diphenhydramine in the prevention of paclitaxel-associated infusion-related reactions : the PREMED-F1 study

Purpose. Cetirizine is a less sedative alternative to diphenhydramine for the prevention of infusion-related reactions (IRR) to paclitaxel. However, its use remains controversial. In this study, we assessed feasibility for a future definitive non-inferiority trial comparing cetirizine to diphenhydramine as premedication to prevent paclitaxel-related IRR. Methods. This was a single center randomized prospective feasibility study. Participants were paclitaxel-naive cancer patients scheduled to start paclitaxel chemotherapy. They were randomly assigned to receive either intravenous diphenhydramine 50 mg + oral placebo (control) or intravenous placebo + oral cetirizine 10 mg (intervention) for their first two paclitaxel treatments. The percentage of eligible patients completing a first paclitaxel treatment and the recruitment rate were assessed (feasibility outcomes). Drowsiness was measured at baseline and at selected time points using the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) (safety outcome). IRR events were also documented (efficacy outcome). Results. Among 37 eligible patients, 27 were recruited and randomized (control 13; intervention 14) and 25 completed the study. The recruitment rate was 4.8 participants/month, meeting the primary feasibility target. Drowsiness was the main adverse effect associated with the premedication. The increase in drowsiness compared to baseline (ΔSSS) was greater in the diphenhydramine group compared to the cetirizine group (median ΔSSS 2 (IQR 3.25) vs median ΔSSS 0 (IQR 1), p < 0.01) when measured one hour after the premedication administration. One participant had an IRR and no unexpected serious adverse event occurred. Conclusion. The trial methods were feasible in terms of recruitment, retention and safety. Cetirizine was significantly less sedating than diphenhydramine. IRR were infrequent and a larger trial is warranted to confirm non-inferiority for IRR prevention.

Keyphrases: Cetirizine, Diphenhydramine, Paclitaxel, Drug hypersensitivity, Premedication
Eliciting ERP components for morphosyntactic agreement mismatches in perfectly grammatical sentences

The present event-related brain potential (ERP) study investigates mechanisms underlying the processing of morphosyntactic information during real-time auditory sentence comprehension in French. Employing an auditory-visual sentence-picture matching paradigm, we investigated two types of anomalies using entirely grammatical auditory stimuli: (i) semantic mismatches between visually presented actions and spoken verbs, and (ii) number mismatches between visually presented agents and corresponding morphosyntactic number markers in the spoken sentences (determiners, pronouns in liaison contexts, and verb-final “inflection”). We varied the type and amount of number cues available in each sentence using two manipulations. First, we manipulated the verb type, by using verbs whose number cue was audible through subject (clitic) pronoun liaison (liaison verbs) as well as verbs whose number cue was audible on the verb ending (consonant-final verbs). Second, we manipulated the pre-verbal context: each sentence was preceded either by a neutral context providing no number cue, or by a subject noun phrase containing a subject number cue on the determiner. Twenty-two French-speaking adults participated in the experiment. While sentence judgment accuracy was high, participants’ ERP responses were modulated by the type of mismatch encountered. Lexico-semantic mismatches on the verb elicited the expected N400 and additional negativities. Determiner number mismatches elicited early anterior negativities, N400s and P600s. Verb number mismatches elicited biphasic N400-P600 patterns. However, pronoun + verb liaison mismatches yielded this pattern only in the plural, while consonant-final changes did so in the singular and the plural. Furthermore, an additional sustained frontal negativity was observed in two of the four verb mismatch conditions: plural liaison and singular consonant-final forms. This study highlights the different contributions of number cues in oral language processing and is the first to investigate whether auditory-visual mismatches can elicit errors reminiscent of outright grammatical errors. Our results emphasize that neurocognitive mechanisms underlying number agreement in French are modulated by the type of cue that is used to identify auditory-visual mismatches.

Keyphrases: Subject-verb number agreement, Event-related brain potentials (ERPs), Auditory-visual sentencepicture matching paradigm, Cross-modal number mismatches, French language, Online grammaticality judgment, N400 and P600, Sustained frontal negativity
Analyse de la mise en œuvre de la pédagogie Montessori dans deux écoles du primaire en Haïti

En Haïti, le système éducatif est en pleine réforme. En privilégiant l’Approche par Compétences (APC), les nouvelles politiques amènent les responsables des écoles et les enseignants à utiliser des méthodes pédagogiques actives. Les efforts sont réalisés dans ce sens en particulier par des établissements privés. Toutefois, les méthodes pédagogiques qui permettent l’application de l’APC dans les écoles primaires en Haïti restent méconnues ou mal connues. Cette étude évalue la mise en oeuvre de la pédagogie Montessori telle qu’utilisée par les enseignants au niveau du primaire. À travers la littérature nous avons pu dégager cinq principes que sont la liberté, le respect du rythme, la motivation intrinsèque, la manipulation et l’apprentissage coopératif ainsi que les pratiques pédagogiques. Nous avons élaboré deux questionnaires pour des entretiens semi-structurés et des grilles d’observation qui nous ont permis d’évaluer la compréhension des principes, leur mise en œuvre. Les résultats ont permis d’avancer que la plupart des pratiques des enseignants sont conformes à ce qui a été retenu dans le cadre théorique. Les pratiques et les modifications apportées dépendent de la compréhension du principe par l’enseignant, de l’emploi du temps et du contexte environnemental.  Mots clés : pédagogie Montessori, mise en œuvre, pratiques enseignantes, Haïti, école primaire The education system in Haiti is currently undergoing major reforms. The new policies favor the implementation of the Competency Based Approach, encouraging school leaders and teachers to use more proactive teaching methods. Efforts are already being made by some schools, private ones for the most part. However, those methods still remain fairly or poorly known by the teaching staff. This study aims to assess the implementation of Montessori pedagogy currently used by teachers at the primary level. Through the literature we were able to identify five principles that are freedom, respect for rhythm, intrinsic motivation, manipulation and cooperative learning and teaching practices. We developed two questionnaires for semi-structured interviews and observation grids that allowed us to assess the understanding of the principles and their implementation. The results suggested that most of the teachers' practices are in compliance with the principle of Montessori approaches. Adjustments were made to consider the teacher's understanding of the principle, the school schedule and environmental context.  Keywords: Montessori pedagogy, implementation, teaching practices, primary school, elementary school, Haiti

Keyphrases: Pédagogie Montessori, mise en oeuvre, pratiques enseignantes, école primaire, Haïti, Montessori pedagogy, Implementation, Teaching practices, Primary school, Elementary school, Haiti