NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
La régulation de la propagande haineuse sur l'Internet : le cas du Projet Nizkor

Ce mémoire a pour but d'exposer les différents enjeux liés à la cyberhaine et à sa réglementation. Y sont abordés les contextes juridique et réglementaire relatifs à la propagande haineuse tels que balisés par le Code criminel canadien et qui interfèrent avec le cloisonnement de ce type de contenu offensant. À cette conjoncture législative qui se pose comme un frein au contrôle de la cyberhaine s'ajoutent les caractéristiques techniques spécifiques au réseau, inventoriées subséquemment. Les méthodes de régulation prometteuses ainsi que les marges de manœuvre laissées aux différents acteurs-clés habilités à exercer un contrôle sur la cyberhaine sont également énoncées. Au terme de cette revue de littérature qui dresse le portrait des contextes juridique et technique propres à la cyberhaine et à la problématique de sa régulation, l'étude de cas exhaustive d'une ONG anti-haineuse canadienne établie sur le Net, le Projet Nizkor, est menée à bien. Le Projet Nizkor exerce une lutte contre la propagande haineuse de type révisionniste à l'égard de l'Holocauste. L'apport original de cette étude de cas réside en: • l' examen de la structure du site Web du Nizkor et de son contenu ; • une analyse thématique d'un de ses plus importants documents éducatifs et • les données d'une enquête en ligne effectuée sur le site comme tel auprès de 97 répondants. Les résultats tirés de ces trois instruments de mesure concluent à la validité de l'activisme anti-raciste sur le Net en tant que méthode nouvelle pour l'apprentissage critique, l'information et la sensibilisation à des enjeux d'intérêt public comme la propagande haineuse. Au-delà de la contribution méthodologique de ce travail, l'étude de cas sert de piste sur la façon dont les attributs spécifiques au média Internet comme l'interactivité et l'hypertextualisation peuvent être employés dans le cadre d'une éducation critique en ligne. Faisant écho à la théorie habermassienne critique des médias classiques, l'étude de cas du Nizkor s'apparente ainsi à un audit communicationnel appliqué à un site Internet et peut servir à la fois d'outil d'évaluation et de mode de comparaison entre les médias classiques et les médias électroniques.

Keyphrases: sciences de la communication
Développements récents en droit constitutionnel durant l’année 2005-2006 : les arrêts Multani, 2952-1366 Québec Inc. et Imperial Tobacco

Cet article analyse les développements récents en droit constitutionnel canadien au cours de l'année judiciaire 2005-2006. Bien que plus d'une douzaine d'arrêts de la Cour suprême durant cette période ont porté sur des questions concernant le partage des compétences et la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés, seuls quelques-uns d'entre eux peuvent être considérés comme étant de véritables développements en droit canadien. Ces arrêts portent sur quatre questions: (i) l'exigence en vertu de l'article premier de la Charte canadienne selon laquelle toute restriction à un droit ou une liberté garanti par la Charte doit être prévue par une règle de droit (Multani c. Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys), (ii) la portée du droit à la liberté d'expression sur la propriété publique (Multani), (iii) la constitutionnalité des lois provinciales de portée extraterritoriale (Montréal (Ville) c. 2952-1366 Québec Inc.), et (iv) la primauté du droit (Colombie-Britannique c. Imperial Tobacco Canada Ltd.).

Keyphrases: Prescribed by law, Freedom of expression, Extraterritoriality, Rule of law
Portrait des violences subies par des femmes en contexte conjugal : prévalence, occurrence, cooccurrence des violences et gravité

Les violences au sein du couple peuvent s’exercer de différentes manières (physique, sexuelle, psychologique, économique), varier en fréquence, en intensité et évoluer dans le temps. À partir de la méthodologie des calendriers d’histoire de vie et d’un questionnaire, la présente étude explore les expériences de victimisation de 75 femmes ayant vécu au moins une forme de violence au sein du couple dans les trois années précédant l’entrevue. L’objectif est la compréhension des violences et de leurs paramètres. Les résultats montrent une hétérogénéité importante entre les types de violence tant du point de vue des paramètres que de l’évolution et soulignent l’intérêt d’étudier les types de violence de manière individuelle, mais également leurs cooccurrences. Intimate partner violence can take different forms (e.g., physical, sexual, verbal, psychological and economic), it may change in frequency and intensity over time. Based on a questionnaire and on life history calendars method, this study examines the victimization journey of 75 women who experienced at least one form of intimate partner violence within a window period of three years. The aim is the understanding of violence and its parameters. The results suggest a significant heterogeneity between the types of violence. The forms of violence unfold and evolve distinctly. Findings highlight the interest of studying the types of violence individually, but also to examine their co-occurrence.

Keyphrases: Violence conjugale, Calendrier d’histoire de vie, Femmes, Paramètres de la violence, Victimes, Intimate partner violence, Life history calendar, Women, Victims, Parameters of violence
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus whole-genome sequencing efficacy with field clinical samples using a poly(A)-tail viral genome purification method

The genomic surveillance of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is based on sequencing of the ORF5 gene of the virus, which covers only 4% of the entire viral genome. It is expected that PRRSV whole-genome sequencing (WGS) will improve PRRSV genomic data and allow better understanding of clinical discrepancies observed in the field when using ORF5 sequencing. Our main objective was to implement an efficient method for WGS of PRRSV from clinical samples. The viral genome was purified using a poly(A)-tail viral genome purification method and sequenced using Illumina technology. We tested 149 PRRSV-positive samples: 80 sera, 33 lungs, 33 pools of tissues, 2 oral fluids, and 1 processing fluid (i.e., castration liquid). Overall, WGS of 67.1% of PRRSV-positive cases was successful. The viral load, in particular for tissues, had a major impact on the PRRSV WGS success rate. Serum was the most efficient type of sample to conduct PRRSV WGS poly(A)-tail assays, with a success rate of 76.3%, and this result can be explained by improved sequencing reads dispersion matching throughout the entire viral genome. WGS was unsuccessful for all pools of tissue and lung samples with Cq values > 26.5, whereas it could still be successful with sera at Cq ≤ 34.1. Evaluation of results of highly qualified personnel confirmed that laboratory skills could affect PRRSV WGS efficiency. Oral fluid samples seem very promising and merit further investigation because, with only 2 samples of low viral load (Cq = 28.8, 32.8), PRRSV WGS was successful.

Keyphrases: Animal viral disease, MiSeq, Poly(A)-tails, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Swine virus, Whole-genome sequencing
Impact des jeux vidéo sur la motivation dans la réadaptation pour membre supérieur suite à un AVC : perspectives des patients

Introduction/problématique : Seulement 20% des patients retrouvent une fonction complète du membre supérieur après un AVC. Hors, seulement le tiers des patients exécutent un programme d’exercice au congé de la réadaptation. Les jeux vidéo permettraient d’augmenter la motivation des patients à faire des exercices thérapeutiques vu son aspect stimulant. Objectif : Explorer les facteurs à considérer en lien avec l’utilisation d’un jeu vidéo pour maximiser la motivation des patients post-AVC en phase chronique à exécuter un programme d’exercice à domicile. Stratégie méthodologique : Une étude qualitative composée d’entrevues semi-structurées a été utilisée avec des patients avec un AVC chronique (>6 mois). Ceux-ci ont utilisé un jeu vidéo à domicile pendant quatre semaines pour la réadaptation de leur membre supérieur parétique. Le guide d’entrevue utilisé et l’analyse thématique réalisée à partir des transcriptions verbatim ont été réalisés à partir de la théorie motivationnelle d’Atkinson adaptée par Birren et Schaie pour un contexte de réadaptation. Résultats : Six participants présentant des caractéristiques variées ont été interviewés. Les objectifs et attentes des participants étaient très variés. Néanmoins, les participants ont identifié plusieurs facteurs motivants ou démotivants. En lien avec ceux-ci, un tableau de recommandations aux physiothérapeutes a été élaboré en lien avec l’optimisation de la motivation des patients utilisant les jeux vidéo en réadaptation post-AVC. Conclusion : Maximiser la motivation des patients lorsqu’ils utilisent les jeux vidéo en réadaptation post-AVC demeure complexe vu les multiples facteurs à contrôler et le fait que ceux-ci évoluent constamment suite aux progrès de la condition du patient.

Keyphrases: AVC, Jeux vidéo, Motivation, Étude qualitative
Advances in platelet function testing—light transmission aggregometry and beyond

Platelet function testing is essential for the diagnosis of hemostasis disorders. While there are many methods used to test platelet function for research purposes, standardization is often lacking, limiting their use in clinical practice. Light transmission aggregometry has been the gold standard for over 60 years, with inherent challenges of working with live dynamic cells in specialized laboratories with independent protocols. In recent years, standardization efforts have brought forward fully automated systems that could lead to more widespread use. Additionally, new technical approaches appear promising for the future of specialized hematology laboratories. This review presents developments in platelet function testing for clinical applications.

Keyphrases: Platelets, Platelet functional tests, Light transmission aggregometry, Standardization
Electroencephalographic markers of idiopathic hypersomnia : where we are and where we are going

Purpose of the review: Idiopathic hypersomnia is a poorly defined nosological entity and has important phenotype heterogeneity. Moreover, diagnosing idiopathic hypersomnia is challenging as patients can report significant symptoms but may not meet diagnostic criteria on standard objective tests. Advanced analyses of electroencephalographic (EEG) activity could provide objective markers of idiopathic hypersomnia and explain part of its pathophysiology and heterogeneity. In fact, the EEG signal recorded during wakefulness and sleep not only captures sleep macroarchitecture, but also homeostatic sleep process efficiency, strength of neural synchrony during sleep, sleep consolidation and changes in cognitive processes. In this review, we will present current and potential markers of idiopathic hypersomnia, with a focus on sleep propensity. We will also discuss EEG changes occurring in sleep deprivation condition and recovery nights, as well as those observed in other central hypersomnolence conditions, namely narcolepsy type-1 and type-2.  Recent findings: Among EEG markers studied in sleep deprivation and narcolepsy are those derived from sleep macroarchitecture (sleep consolidation, sleep stage proportion, sleep-stage transitions, sleep onset in rapid-eye movement sleep) and microarchitecture (slow-wave activity, spindles), spectral analysis of the waking electroencephalographic signal and cognitive event-related potentials. To date, no clear objective EEG markers of idiopathic hypersomnia exist, as studies were generally performed on small samples, used heterogeneous protocols (including changes of diagnostic criteria that occurred over time) and most of them focused on more traditional macroarchitecture sleep analyses.  Summary: Based on studies of sleep deprivation and narcolepsy, further studies are needed to understand the EEG signal in idiopathic hypersomnia. Future studies should take advantage of the richness and the complexity of the EEG signal and verify whether subgroups of hypersomniac patients exist.

Keyphrases: Hypersomnolence, Sleep disorders, Waking EEG, Spectral analysis, Slow waves, Spindles
The efficacy of ethnic stacking : military defection during uprisings in Africa

Does ethnic stacking in the armed forces help prevent military defection? Recent research, particularly in Africa and the Middle East, suggests so; by favoring in-groups, regimes can keep in-group soldiers loyal. In-group loyalty comes at the cost of antagonizing members of out-groups, but many regimes gladly run that risk. In this research note, we provide the first large-scale evidence on the impact of ethnic stacking on the incidence of military defection during uprisings from below, using data on fifty-seven popular uprisings in Africa since formal independence. We find clear evidence for the downside: ethnic stacking is associated with more frequent defection if out-group members are still dominant in the armed forces. We find more limited support for the hypothesized payoff. Ethnic stacking may reduce the risk of defection, but only in regimes without a recent history of coup attempts. Future research should therefore trace the solidification of ethnic stacking over time.

Keyphrases: Armed forces, Defection, Ethnicity, Popular uprisings, Africa
Progressive resistance training prevents loss of muscle mass and strength in bile duct‐ligated rats

BACKGROUND: Loss of muscle mass and strength is common in cirrhosis and increases        the risk of hyperammonaemia and hepatic encephalopathy. Resistance training        optimizes muscle mass and strength in several chronic diseases. However, the        beneficial effects of resistance training in cirrhosis remain to be investigated.        Bile duct-ligated (BDL) rats develop chronic liver disease, hyperammonaemia, reduced        muscle mass and strength. Our aim was to test the effects of resistance training on        muscle mass, function and ammonia metabolism in BDL-rats. METHODS: A group of        BDL-rats underwent a progressive resistance training programme and a group of        non-exercise BDL-rats served as controls. Resistance training comprised of ladder        climbing with a progressive increase in carrying weights attached to the tail.        Training was performed 5 days a week during 4 weeks. Muscle strength and body        composition were assessed using grip strength and EchoMRI. Weight and circumference        of the gastrocnemius muscle (normalized to bodyweight), plasma ammonia and glutamine        synthetase protein expression and activity were assessed. RESULTS: BDL + exercise        rats had significantly larger gastrocnemius circumference compared to non-exercise        BDL-rats: ratio 0.082 vs 0.075 (P < 0.05). Gastrocnemius muscle weight was higher in        exercisers than controls: 0.006 vs 0.005 (P < 0.05). A tendency towards a lower        plasma ammonia in the exercise group compared to controls was observed (P = 0.10).        There were no differences in lean body mass, GS protein expression and activity        between the groups. CONCLUSION: Resistance training in rats with chronic liver        disease beneficially effects muscle mass and strength. The effects were followed by        non-significant reduction in blood ammonia; however, a tendency was observed.

Keyphrases: Cirrhosis, Exercise, Hepatic encephalopathy, Hyperammonaemia, Muscle strength
The Hepatokine TSK does not affect brown fat
thermogenic capacity, body weight gain, and
glucose homeostasis

Objectives Hepatokines are proteins secreted by the liver that impact the functions of the liver and various tissues through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signaling. Recently, Tsukushi (TSK) was identified as a new hepatokine that is induced by obesity and cold exposure. It was proposed that TSK controls sympathetic innervation and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and that loss of TSK protects against diet-induced obesity and improves glucose homeostasis. Here we report the impact of deleting and/or overexpressing TSK on BAT thermogenic capacity, body weight regulation, and glucose homeostasis.  Methods We measured the expression of thermogenic genes and markers of BAT innervation and activation in TSK-null and TSK-overexpressing mice. Body weight, body temperature, and parameters of glucose homeostasis were also assessed in the context of TSK loss and overexpression.  Results The loss of TSK did not affect the thermogenic activation of BAT. We found that TSK-null mice were not protected against the development of obesity and did not show improvement in glucose tolerance. The overexpression of TSK also failed to modulate thermogenesis, body weight gain, and glucose homeostasis in mice.

Keyphrases: Tsukushi, Hepatokine, Brown adipose tissue, Thermogenesis, Glucose homeostasis, Obesity
Hepatic encephalopathy : novel insights into classification, pathophysiology and therapy

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a frequent and serious complication of both chronic liver disease and acute liver failure. HE manifests as a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities, from subclinical changes (mild cognitive impairment) to marked disorientation, confusion and coma. The clinical and economic burden of HE is considerable, and it contributes greatly to impaired quality of life, morbidity and mortality. This review will critically discuss the latest classification of HE, as well as the pathogenesis and pathophysiological pathways underlying the neurological decline in patients with end-stage liver disease. In addition, management strategies, diagnostic approaches, currently available therapeutic options and novel treatment strategies are discussed.

Keyphrases: Hepatic encephalopathy, Treatments, Pathogenesis, Pathophysiology, Ammonia, Management, Diagnosis
Enoxaparin does not ameliorate liver fibrosis or portal hypertension in rats with advanced cirrhosis

Background & Aims Recent studies suggest that heparins reduce liver fibrosis and the risk of decompensation of liver disease. Here, we evaluated the effects of enoxaparin in several experimental models of advanced cirrhosis.  Methods Cirrhosis was induced in male Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats by: (i) Oral gavage with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4ORAL), (ii) Bile duct ligation (BDL) and (iii) CCl4 inhalation (CCl4INH). Rats received saline or enoxaparin s.c. (40 IU/Kg/d or 180 IU/Kg/d) following various protocols. Blood biochemical parameters, liver fibrosis, endothelium‐ and fibrosis‐related genes, portal pressure, splenomegaly, bacterial translocation, systemic inflammation and survival were evaluated. Endothelial dysfunction was assessed by in situ bivascular liver perfusions.  Results Enoxaparin did not ameliorate liver function, liver fibrosis, profibrogenic gene expression, portal hypertension, splenomegaly, ascites development and infection, serum IL‐6 levels or survival in rats with CCl4ORAL or BDL‐induced cirrhosis. Contrarily, enoxaparin worsened portal pressure in BDL rats and decreased survival in CCl4ORAL rats. In CCl4INH rats, enoxaparin had no effects on hepatic endothelial dysfunction, except for correcting the hepatic arterial dysfunction when enoxaparin was started with the CCl4 exposure. In these rats, however, enoxaparin increased liver fibrosis and the absolute values of portal venous and sinusoidal resistance.  Conclusions Our results do not support a role of enoxaparin for improving liver fibrosis, portal hypertension or endothelial dysfunction in active disease at advanced stages of cirrhosis. These disease‐related factors and the possibility of a limited therapeutic window should be considered in future studies evaluating the use of anticoagulants in cirrhosis.

Keyphrases: Anticoagulation, Liver fibrosis, Portal hypertension, Rat
The association between FABP7
serum levels with survival and neurological
complications in acetaminophen-induced acute
liver failure : a nested case–control study

Background: Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute liver failure (ALF) is associated with signifcant mortality due to intracranial hypertension (ICH), a result of cerebral edema (CE) and astrocyte swelling. Brain-type fatty acid-binding protein (FABP7) is a small (15 kDa) cytoplasmic protein abundantly expressed in astrocytes. The aim of this study was to determine whether serum FABP7 levels early (day 1) or late (days 3–5) level were associated with 21-day mortality and/or the presence of ICH/CE in APAP-ALF patients. Methods: Serum samples from 198 APAP-ALF patients (nested case–control study with 99 survivors and 99 non-survivors) were analyzed by ELISA methods and assessed with clinical data from the US Acute Liver Failure Study Group (ALFSG) Registry (1998–2014). Results: APAP-ALF survivors had signifcantly lower serum FABP7 levels on admission (147.9 vs. 316.5 ng/ml, p = 0.0002) and late (87.3 vs. 286.2 ng/ml, p < 0.0001) compared with non-survivors. However, a signifcant association between 21-day mortality and increased serum FABP7 early [log FABP7 odds ratio (OR) 1.16, p = 0.32] and late (log FABP7 ~ OR 1.34, p = 0.21) was not detected after adjusting for signifcant covariates (MELD, vasopressor use). Areas under the receiver-operating curve for early and late multivariable models were 0.760 and 0.892, respectively. In a second analysis, patients were grouped based on the presence (n = 46) or absence (n = 104) of ICH/CE. A signifcant diference in FABP7 levels between patients with or without ICH/CE at early (259.7 vs. 228.2 ng/ml, p = 0.61) and late (223.8 vs. 192.0 ng/ml, p = 0.19) time points was not identifed. Conclusion: Serum FABP7 levels were signifcantly elevated at early and late time points in APAP-ALF non-survivors compared to survivors. However, signifcant diferences in FABP7 levels by 21-day mortality were not ascertained after adjusting for signifcant covariates (refecting severity of illness). Our study suggests that FABP7 may not discriminate between patients with or without intracranial complications.

Keyphrases: Liver-type fatty acid-binding protein, Multiorgan failure, Prognosis, ALFSG index
Elevated FABP1 serum levels are associated with poorer survival in acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure

Background/Aim Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced Acute Liver Failure (ALF) is associated with significant mortality. Traditional prognostic scores lack sensitivity. Hypothesis: Serum Liver-type Fatty Acid Binding Protein (FABP1) early (day 1) or late (day 3–5) levels are associated with 21-day mortality in the absence of liver transplant.  Methods Serum samples from 198 APAP-ALF patients (nested case control study with 99 survivors, 99 non-survivors) were analyzed by ELISA methods and assessed with clinical data from the US Acute Liver Failure Study Group (ALFSG) Registry (1998–2014).  Results APAP-ALF survivors had significantly lower serum FABP1 levels early (238.6 vs. 690.8 ng/ml, p <0.0001) and late (148.4 vs. 612.3 ng/ml, p <0.0001) compared with non-survivors. FABP1 > 350 ng/ml was associated with significantly higher risk of death at early (p=0.0004) and late (p<0.0001) time points. Increased serum FABP1 early (log FABP1 odds ratio (OR) 1.31, p=0.027) and late (log FABP1 OR 1.50, p =0.005) were associated with significantly increased 21-day mortality after adjusting for significant covariates (MELD, vasopressor use). Areas under the receiver-operating curve (AUROC) for early and late multivariable models were 0.778 and 0.907 respectively. AUROC of the King’s College Criteria (KCC) (Early: 0.552 alone, 0.711 with FABP1; Late: 0.604 alone, 0.797 with FABP1) and ALFSG prognostic index (Early: 0.686 alone, 0.766 with FABP1; Late: 0.711 alone, 0.815 with FABP1) significantly improved with the addition of FABP1 (p <0.002 for all).  Conclusion In patients with APAP-ALF, FABP1 may have good potential to discriminate survivors from non-survivors and may improve models currently used in clinical practice. Validation of FABP1 as a clinical prediction tool in APAP-ALF warrants further investigation.

Keyphrases: Liver type fatty acid binding protein, Multiorgan failure, Prognosis, ALFSG index