NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
La Demande Residentielle D'eau, Ville de Saint-Laurent, 1978

Dans Ce Texte Nous Examinons a L'aide D'un Echantillon de 560 Menages et des Moindres Carrees Ordinaires les Determinants de la Consommation Residentielle D'eau a Ville Saint-Laurent (Quebec) En 1978. Nos Resultats Nous Indiquent Que L'evaluation Fonciere des Proprietes, le Nombre de Pieces Par Logement et la Taille du Menage Sont Trois Variables Qui Expliquent la Consommation D'eau de Menages Habitant des Residences Unifamiliales Ou des Logements Dans des Duplex, Triplex Ou Quadruplex. Nos Resultats Sont Similaires a Ceux D'etudes Americaines et a Ceux Obtenus Pour Ville Saint-Leonard (Quebec) En 1977.

Keyphrases: Consommation D'eau, Modeles Econometriques, Evaluation, Propriete Fonciere
Mesure du Progres Technique: Theories et Methodes

Ce Texte Constitue un Survol des Differentes Approches Destines a Mesurer le Progres Technique. Nous Utilisons une Notation Uniforme Tout au Long des Demonstrations Mathematiques et Nous Faisons Ressortir les Hypotheses Qui Rendent L'application des Methodes Proposees Envisageable et Qui En Limitent la Portee. les Diverses Approches Sont Regroupees D'apres une Classification Suggeree Par Diewert (1981) Selon Laquelle Deux Groupes Sont a Distinguer. le Premier Groupe Contient Toutes les Methodes Definissant le Progres Technique Comme le Taux de Croissance D'un Indice des Outputs Divise Par un Indice des Inputs (Approche de Divisia). L'autre Groupe Inclut Toutes les Methodes Definissant le Progres Technique Comme Etant le Deplacement D'une Fonction Representant la Technologie (Production, Cout, Distance). Ce Second Groupe Est Subdivise Entre L'approche Econometrique,La Theorie des Nombres Indices et L 'Approche Non Parametrique. une Liste des Pricipaux Economistes a Qui L'on Doit les Diverses Approches Est Fournie. Cependant Ce Survol Est Suffisamment Detaille Pour Etre Lu Sans Se Referer aux Articles Originaux.

Keyphrases: Progres Technique, Indices, Fonctions de Production, Econometrie
Capital Income Taxation, Depletion, Allowances and Non-Renewable Resource Extraction

Dans Cet Article, Nous Etudions les Distorsions Que Cause L'impot Sur le Revenu des Societes Dans le Profil de Production des Firmes Extractives et Dans L'allocation des Ressources Entre les Secteurs D'extraction et les Autres Secteurs Soumis a L'impot Sur les Societes. Nous Etudions En Particulier L'allocation D'epuisement, Dont Nous Montrons Qu'elle Peut Trouver Sa Justification, Non Pas a Assurer la Neutralite de L'impot, Mais En Permettant L'etablissement de Taux Effectifs D'imposition Identiques Dans les Secteurs D'extraction et Dans les Autres Secteurs.

Keyphrases: Ressources Non-Renouvelables, Impot Sur le Revenu, Epuisement des Ressources, Impot Sur les Societes
Forecasting Containerized Traffic for the Port of Montreal (1981-1995)

Le But de Ce Rapport Est de Presenter L'approche Utilisee Par les Auteurs Pour Effectuer des Previsions a Long Terme du Trafic de Conteneurs Outre-Mer, Pour le Port de Montreal. Cette Approche Suppose D'abord L'estimation du Trafic de Conteneurs Par Categories de Marchandise, Par Origine et Destination, au Cours des Annees Recentes. Ensuite, Nous Avons Obtenu des Previsions du Trafic de Conteneurs Pour 1995, En Nous Basant Sur des Anticipations Relatives aux Tendances Generales du Commerce Exterieur Canadien et a la Composition de Ces Echanges, Par Groupes de Marchandises. Nous Avons Egalement du Effectuer des Projections Sur L'evolution Probable des Taux de Conteneurisation, En Tenant Compte des Diverses Marchandises et Egalement des Partenaires Commerciaux Impliques. Nous Avons Aussi Considere L'evolution Possible des Frontieres de la Zone D'influence (\"Hinterland\") du Port de Montreal. L'importance du Trafic Genere Par le Midwest des Etats Unis a Augmente Considerablement au Cours de la Derniere Decennie, a Cause D'un Certain Nombre de Facteurs Institutionnels. Nos Previsions du Trafic de Conteneurs, Pour le Port de Montreal, Dependent Donc,En Grande Partie, de L'eventualite Que le Midwest des Etats Unis Demeure Dans la Zone D'influence du Port de Montreal. Finalement, Nous Presentons Deux Scenarios de Previsions. le Premier de Ces Scenarios Suppose Que la Position Concurrentielle Actuelle du Port de Montreal Demeure Virtuellement Inchangee. le Second Scenario Suppose la Disparition D'une Importante Entreprise de Transport de Conteneurs, Situee a Montreal.

Keyphrases: Previsions Economiques, Transport Maritime, Commerce Exterieur
Functional Forms and Educational Production Functions

Different Functional Forms Are Proposed and Applied in the Context of Educational Production Functions. Three Different Specifications - the Linerar, Logit and Inverse Power Transformation (Ipt) - Are Used to Explain First Grade Students' Results to a Mathematics Achievement Test. with Ipt Identified As the Best Functional Form to Explain the Data, the Assumption of Differential Impact of Explanatory Variables on Achievement Following the Status of the Student As a Low Or High Achiever Is Retained. Policy Implications of Such Result in Terms of School Interventions Are Discussed in the Paper.

Keyphrases: Mathematics, Evaluation Techniques, Production, Specifications
La Theorie Generale du Markup: une Critique des Post-Keynesiens Americains

Cet Article Se Divise En Trois Sections: la Premiere Contient une Critique de Certains Post-Keynesiens, Notamment Americains, Concernant Leur Hypothese de la Rigidite du Markup Dans la Relation Prix-Salaires. Contrairement a Kalecki Qui Admettait Volontiers la Flexibilite du Markup Face a la Rigidite des Prix et des Salaires, on Demontre Que la Position des Post-Keynesiens Americains N'est Qu'une Variante de L'approche Monetariste.  la Deuxieme Section Contient une Generalisation de L'hypothese de la Variabilite du Markup Causee Par Tous les Facteurs de Production, Notamment la Variabilite Provenant des Mouvements de Capital Reel et Financier.  En Utilisant les Donnees Annuelles Pour L'ensemble des Industries Canadienne Entre 1973 et 1982, on Estime Dans la Derniere Section Que les Couts Salariaux au Canada Ne Sont Responsables Que de 16% de L'inflation au Cours de la Derniere Decennie Alors Que les Couts du Capital Reel et Financier Compte Pour 84% de la Hausse des Prix.

Keyphrases: Prix, Salaires, Economic Theory, Inflation
Methodology in Economics: the Logic of Appraisal

This Paper Intends to Develop a Coherent Methodological Framework Concerned with the Appraisal of Scientific Theories in Economics, and Which Is Based on a Postulated Aim of Science. We First Define the Scope of a Methodological Inquiry (Precise Definition of What Is Meant by the Logic of Appraisal of Scientific Theories) and Review the Work of Popper and Lakatos in the Philosophy of Science. We Then Use Their Results to Develop a Rational Structure of Scientific Activity. We Identify and Analyse Both a Micro and Macro Framework for the Process of Appraisal and Single Out the Importance of So-Called 'Fundamental Assumptions' in Creating Externalities in the Appraisal Process Which Forces Us to Adop a Multi-Level Analysis. Special Attention Is Given to the Role and Significance of the Abstraction Process and the Use of Assumptions in General. the Proposed Structure of Scientific Activity Is Illustrated with Examples From Economics.

Keyphrases: Economics, Methodology, Theory
Dealing with Moral Hazard and Adverse Selection Simultaneously

Although Insurers Face Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard When They Set Insurance Contracts, These Two Types of Asymmetrical Information Have Been Given Separate Treatments Sofar in the Economic Literature. This Paper Is a First Attempt to Integrate Both Problems Into a Single Model. We Show How It Is Possible to Use Time in Order to Achieve a First-Best Allocation of Risks When Both Problems Are Present Simultaneously.

Keyphrases: Social Values, Adverse Selection, Insurance, Risk
Industrial Adjustment: Context, Causes, Impacts and Methods for Analysis

Adjustement is an ongoing process by which factors of reallocated to equalize their returns in different uses. Adjustment occurs though market mechanisms or intrafirm reallocation of resources as a result of changes in terms of trade, government policies, resource availability, technological change, etc. These changes alter production opportunities and production, transaction and information costs, and consequently modify production functions, organizational design, etc. In this paper we define adjustment (section 2); review empirical estimates of the extent of adjustment in Canada and abroad (section 3); review selected features of the trade policy and adjustment context of relevance for policy formulation among which: slow growth, a shift to services, a shift to the Pacific Rim, the internationalization of production, investment distribution communications the growing use of NTB's, changes in foreign direct investment patterns, intrafirm and intraindustry trade, interregional trade flows, differences in micro economic adjustment processes of adjustment as between subsidiaries and Canadian companies (section 4); examine methodologies and results of studies of the impact of trade liberalization on jobs (section 5); and review the R. Harris general equilibrium model (section 6).   Our conclusion emphasizes the importance of harmonizing commercial and domestic policies dealing with adjustment (section 7). We close with a bibliography of relevant publications.

Keyphrases: Industrial Adaptation, Trade Policy, Economic Growth, Trade Liberalization
Estimating the Tobit Model with Serial Correlation: an Operational Approach

Several Authors Have Discussed Recently the Limited Dependent Variable Regression Model with Serial Correlation Between Residuals. the Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood Estimators Obtained by Ignoring Serial Correlation Altogether, Have Been Shown to Be Consistent. We Present Alternative Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood Estimators Which Are Obtained by Ignoring Serial Correlation Only Selectively. Monte Carlo Experiments on a Model with First Order Serial Correlation Suggest That Our Alternative Estimators Have Substantially Lower Mean-Squared Errors in Medium Size and Small Samples, Especially When the Serial Correlation Coefficient Is High. the Same Experiments Also Suggest That the True Level of the Confidence Intervals Established with Our Estimators by Assuming Asymptotic Normality, Is Somewhat Lower Than the Intended Level. Although the Paper Focuses on Models with Only First Order Serial Correlation, the Generalization of the Proposed Approach to Serial Correlation of Higher Order Is Also Discussed Briefly.

Keyphrases: Correlation Analysis, Maximum Likelihood, Estimation of Parameters
Tests of Joint Hypotheses for Time Series Regression with a Unit Root

This Paper Studies Tests of Joint Hypotheses in Time Series Regression with a Unit Root in Which Weakly Dependent and Heterogeneously Distributed Innovations Are Allowed. We Consider Two Types of Regression: One with a Constant and Lagged Dependent Variable, and the Other with a Trend Added. the Statistics Studied Are the Regression \"F-Test\" Originally Analysed by Dickey and Fuller (1981) in a Less General Framework. the Limiting Distributions Are Found Using Functinal Central Limit Theory. New Test Statistics Are Proposed Which Require Only Already Tabulated Critical Values But Which Are Valid in a Quite General Framework (Including Finite Order Arma Models Generated by Gaussian Errors). This Study Extends the Results on Single Coefficients Derived in Phillips (1986A) and Phillips and Perron (1986).

Keyphrases: Time Series, Mathematical Analysis, Theory, Testing
Bureaucratic Corruption As a Constraint on Voter Choice

It Has Often Been Assumed That a Country's Tax Level, Tax Structure Progressivity and After-Tax Income Distribution Are Chosen by Voters Subject Only to Their Budget Constraints. This Paper Argues That At Certain Income Levels Voters' Decisions May Be Constrained by Bureaucratic Corruption. the Theoretical Arguments Are Developed in Asymmetry Limits the Capacity of the Fiscal System to Generate Revenues by Means of Direct Taxes. This Hypothesis Is Tested Witha Sample of International Data by Means of a Simultaneous Equation Model. the Distortions Resulting From Corruption Ar Captured Through Their Effects on a Latent Variable Defined As the Overall Fiscal Structure. Evidence Is Found of Causality Running From This Latent Variable to the Level of Taxes and the Degree of After Tax Inequality.

Keyphrases: Bureaucracy, Corruption, Asymmetry, Informa Tion, Fiscal Policy
A Survey Measure of Risk Aversion

We Use Survey Data on the Well-Being of Individuals to Measure Attitude Toward Risk. Risk Neutrality Cannot Be Rejected by the Data.

Keyphrases: Risk Aversion, Probability, Measurement
The Uneasy History of Lotteries

While the Present Popularity of Lotteries and the Ferocious Attacks They Are the Object of Would Induce One to Think They Are a Novelty, Lotteries Already Existed At the Dawn of History. in This Paper, We Will Give a Brief Historical Survey of Games of Chance, with Special Emphasis on Lotteries. This Survey Serves As a Background for Forthcoming Studies Where We Examine Why They Were Frequently Popular And, At the Same Time, the Object of the Scorn of a Number of Would-Be Reformers.

Keyphrases: Games, History
Macroclosures in Open Economy Cge Models: a Numerical Reappraisal

It Has Been Argued That in the Construction and Simulation Process of Computable General Equilibrium (Cge) Models, the Choice of the Proper Macroclosure Remains a Fundamental Problem. in This Study, with a Standard Cge Model, We Simulate Disturbances Stemming From the Supply Or Demand Side of the Economy, Under Alternative Macroclosures. According to Our Results, the Choice of a Particular Closure Rule, for a Given Disturbance, May Have Different Quantitative and Qualitative Impacts. This Seems to Confirm the Imiportance of Simulating Cge Models Under Alternative Closure Rules and Eventually Choosing the Closure Which Best Applies to the Economy Under Study.

Keyphrases: Computation, Economic Equilibrium
A Profile of Gamblers

This Study Presents Both a Comprehensive Survey Jof the Empirical Literature on Gambling and Our Most Recent Research Based on Data Provided by Both Loto-Quebec and Statistics Canada. in Spite of All the Excitement Surrounding the Subject, the Typical Gambler Emerges with the Relatively Boring Image of a Regular, Relatively Lower Paid Blue Or White Collar Worker, Whose Career Stalled, Who Is Relatively Older and Has More Children Than the Rest of the Population. But He Is Not Criminal and Does Not Spend Recklessly. the Game Gives Him Hope, Type of Hope That No Other Existing Spending Opportunities Can Provide. the Study Also Reveals That People Do Not Tell the Truth About Their Spendings on Games of Chance.

Keyphrases: Games, Demography, Sociology, Risk
Some Additional Specification Tests for Generalized Method of Moments Estimators with Macro-Economic Applications Part I : Theory

In This Paper Several Additional Gmm Specification Tests Are Studied. a First Test Is a Chow-Type Test for Structural Parameter Stability of Gmm Estimates. the Test Is Inspired by the Fact That \"Taste and Technology\" Parameters Are Uncovered. the Second Set of Specification Tests Are Var Encompassing Tests. It Is Assumed That the Dgp Has a Finite Var Representation. the Moment Restrictions Which Are Suggested by Economic Theory and Exploited in the Gmm Procedure Represent One Possible Characterization of the Dgp. the Var Is a Different But Compatible Characterization of the Same Dgp. the Idea of the Var Encompassing Tests Is to Compare Parameter Estimates of the Euler Conditions and Var Representations of the Dgp Obtained Separately with Parameter Estimates of the Euler Conditions and Var Representations Obtained Jointly. There Are Several Ways to Construct Joint Systems Which Are Discussed in the Paper. Several Applications Are Also Discussed.

Keyphrases: Econometrics, Tests, Regression Analysis, Economic Theory, Technology
Governments and the Decentralization

The Purpose of This Article Is to Show How Costs and Benefits of Geographical Decentralization of R&D Can Be Identified and Compared. the Benefits for the Region That Receives R&D Activities Are Studied in Section 1. They Stem From the Short-Run Multiplier Effect, the Amelioration of Human Capital and the Possible Modernization of the Local Industrial Structure. on the Cost Side Examined in Section 2, the Observable Impacts of the Decentralization of R&D Concern the Loss of Returns to Scale and of the Production of the R&D Output. It Is Shown, in Section 3, That the Flows of Costs and Benefits Must Be Discounted by the Social Cost of Capital. the Main Conclusion of This Article Is That the Decentralization of R&D in a Large Sparsely Populated Country Entails Social Cost and Would Weaken Its Competitive Position in World Commerce. on the Other Hand, the Issue of Decentralization Is More Crucial for Small Countries (In Terms of Population and Economic Size) Than for Large Ones, Like the U.S., Where Critical Masses of Research Efforts Cna Be Simulataneously Attained in Many Fields and in Many Places.

Keyphrases: Cost-Benefit Analysis, Economies of Scale, Regional Analysis, Research and Development, Regional Economy
Investment Under Demand Uncertainty: the Newsboy Problem Revisited

In this article we study the effect of uncertainty on an entrepreneur who must choose the capacity of his business before knowing the demand for his product. The unit profit of operation is known with certainty but there is no flexibility in our one-period framework. We show how the introduction of global uncertainty reduces the investment of the risk neutral entrepreneur and, even more, that the risk averse one. We also show how marginal increases in risk reduce the optimal capacity of both the risk neutral and the risk averse entrepreneur, without any restriction on the concave utility function and with limited restrictions on the definition of a mean preserving spread. These general results are explained by the fact that the newsboy has a piecewise-linear, and concave, monetary payoff witha kink endogenously determined at the level of optimal capacity. Our results are compared with those in the two literatures on price uncertainty and demand uncertainty, and particularly, with the recent contributions of Eeckhoudt, Gollier and Schlesinger (1991, 1995). Dans cet article nous étudions l'effet de l'incertitude sur un entrepreneur qui doit choisir sa capacité de production avant de connaître la demande de son produit. Le profit unitaire d'opération est connu avec certitude mais aucune flexibilité n'est permise dans ce modèle à une période. Nous montrons que l'introduction d'une incertitude globale réduit l'investissement d'un entrepreneur neutre au risque et, encore plus, celui d'un entrepreneur riscophobe. Nous montrons également qu'un accroissement marginal de risque réduit la capacité optimale de l'entrepreneur riscophobe sans aucune restriction sur la fonction d'utilité concave et avec des restrictions minimales sur la définition d'accroissement de risque. Ces résultats généraux sont expliqués par le fait que l'entrepreneur a, dans cette application, une fonction de profit linéaire par morceaux et concave avec un coude déterminé de façon endogène au niveau de capacité optimale. Nos résultats sont comparés à ceux des deux littératures sur l'incertitude sur le prix et l'incertitude sur la demande et, en particulier, avec les résultats récents de Eeckhoudt, Gollier et Schlesinger (1991, 1995).

Keyphrases: Uncertainty, Investment, Newsboy problem, Increase in risk, Optimal capacity, Incertitude, Investissement, Problème du marchand de journaux, Accroissement de risque, Capacité optimale
Termes de l'échange endogènes et cycles économiques réels : une application à la Côte-d'Ivoire

À l’aide d’un modèle de cycles réels, la présente étude vise à expliquer, de façon endogène, les fluctuations des termes de l’échange en Côte-d’Ivoire. Pour ce faire, nous cherchons principalement à répondre aux deux questions suivantes : les chocs d’offre et de demande sur le marché d’exportation suffisent-ils à expliquer les variations des termes de l’échange? Et quelle est leur importance relative dans la dynamique des termes de l’échange? Les résultats montrent que les deux chocs considérés expliquent bien la volatilité des termes de l’échange. Nous avons noté que ces deux sources d’impulsions ont un impact significatif sur les fluctuations économiques en Côte-d’Ivoire. We build a real business cycle model of a semi-small open economy to study endogenously the movements in terms of trade in the Ivory Coast. The main goal of this paper is to answer two key questions : Can domestic supply and foreign demand shocks account for fluctuations in terms of trade? What is the relative importance of supply versus foreign demand shocks in terms of trade dynamics? Our results suggest that both disturbances are necessary to explain terms of trade fluctuations. We also find that both types of disturbances have a significant impact on economic fluctuations in the Ivory Coast. Key words : real business cycles, terms of trade shocks, stochastic general equilibrium

Keyphrases: cycles économiques, chocs des termes de l’échange, équilibre général stochastique
Heterodox Inflation Stabilization in Argentina, Brazil, and Israel. A Historical Review and Some Stylized Facts

This article presents a review of the stabilization attempts in Argentina, Brazil, and Israel during the 1980’s. Earlier research is summarized and complemented with additional sources of contemporaneous information and a detailed analysis of institutional features. The examination of these episodes underscores the strong economic and empirical relationship between the governments’ fiscal policy and the rate of inflation. Cet article passe en revue les efforts de stabilisation observés pendant les années 1980 en Argentine, au Brésil et en Israël. Un résumé de la recherche antérieure y est présenté et complété par l’information la plus récente et par une analyse détaillée des aspects institutionnels pertinents. L’étude de ces épisodes met en évidence un lien économique et empirique important entre la politique budgétaire gouvernementale et le taux d’inflation.

Keyphrases: credibility, inflation stabilization, incomes policies, crédibilité, stabilisation de l’inflation, politiques de revenus
Rigidité normale, dévaluation et équilibre général intertemporel

La présente étude analyse les effets dynamiques de la dévaluation du franc CFA, à l’aide d’un modèle monétaire d’équilibre général, intertemporel et multisectoriel. L’accent est particulièrement mis sur les interactions entre dévaluation et accumulation du capital. Dans le modèle, les effets du changement de parité passent par le marché du travail qui se caractérise par l’inertie du salaire nominal. Les résultats montrent que la dévaluation relance l’investissement, avec des effets expansionnistes sur l’activité économique. Le choc monétaire n’a eu qu’un impact limité sur les soldes budgétaire et commercial. Une mesure d’accompagnement telle que la réduction des salaires de la fonction publique améliore ces deux soldes mais déclenche un processus récessif. This paper examines the consequences of CFA franc devaluation in a dynamic monetary CGE framework. The model incorporates intertemporal substitution on the part of consumers and firms. Unlike most studies, special attention is given to the investment response to a devaluation. In our model, what makes a devaluation have real effects is the nominal wage inertia. The simulation results show that the CFA devaluation generates expansionary effects through investment, with a negligible impact on the trade balance and the government deficit. We also find that a reduction in the public service wage which often accompanies a devaluation has important contractionary effects, though it improves trade balance and government deficit. Key words : applied general equilibrium, devaluation, intertemporal optimization

Keyphrases: équilibre général appliqué, dévaluation, optimisation intertemporelle