NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Pour le maintien de la mémoire sociétale : la pertinence de l’évaluation à l’ère du numérique

Par le passé, alors que les archives appartenaient à un environnement presque exclusivement papier, la pertinence de l’évaluation archivistique a souvent été remise en question. L’avènement du numérique a entraîné de nouvelles critiques de la pertinence de cette évaluation, comme il a fourni aux archivistes de nouveaux arguments pour la défendre. Ce travail se veut une réponse à la question suivante : « Pourquoi évaluer quand il est plus simple de tout garder? ». Il présente les arguments réfutant et défendant l’évaluation de manière générale, puis ceux réfutant puis défendant sa pertinence dans un environnement spécifiquement numérique. Il explique enfin en quoi l’évaluation à l’ère du numérique devient encore plus essentielle qu’elle ne l’était autrefois dans un environnement uniquement analogique. Il explique également pourquoi l’absence d’une évaluation des archives peut se montrer catastrophique à long terme pour le maintien de la mémoire sociétale. In the past, while archives belonged to an environment almost exclusively paper, the relevance of archival appraisal has often been questioned. The advent of digital technology has led to further criticism of the relevance of appraisal, as it also provided archivists with new arguments in its defense. This work is a response to the question "Why appraise when it is easier to keep everything?". It presents the arguments refuting and defending archival appraisal in general, and those refuting and defending appraisal’s relevance in the digital environment. Finally, it explains how archival appraisal in the digital age has become even more essential than it was in the analog environment. It also explains why the absence of the appraisal of archives may prove disastrous for long-term retention of social memory.

Keyphrases: Archives numériques, Archives analogiques, Ère numérique, Préservation, Tri archivistique, Évaluation des archives, Mémoire sociétale, Patrimoine documentaire, Patrimoine numérique, Non-évaluation, Non-evaluation, Pertinence de l’évaluation archivistique, Infobésité, Droit à l’oubli, Digital archives, Digital records, Digital age, Conservation, Archival appraisal, Societal memory, Documentary heritage, Digital heritage, Relevance of archival appraisal, Infobesity, Right to be forgotten
Characterization of Endoproteolytic Processing of Dynorphins by Proprotein Convertases using Mouse Spinal Cord S9 Fractions and Mass Spectrometry

Dynorphins are important neuropeptides with a central role in nociception and pain alleviation. Many mechanisms regulate endogenous dynorphin concentrations, including proteolysis. Proprotein convertases (PCs) are widely expressed in the central nervous system and specifically cleave at C-terminal of either a pair of basic amino acids, or a single basic residue. The proteolysis control of endogenous Big Dynorphin (BDyn) and Dynorphin A (Dyn A) levels has a profound impact on pain perception and the role of PCs remain unclear. The objective of this study was to decipher the role of PC1 and PC2 in the proteolysis control of BDyn and Dyn A levels using cellular fractions of spinal cords from wild type (WT), PC1-/+ and PC2-/+ animals and mass spectrometry. Our results clearly demonstrate that both PC1 and PC2 are involved in the proteolysis regulation of BDyn and Dyn A with a more important role for PC1. C-terminal processing of BDyn generates specific peptide fragments Dynorphin 1-19, Dynorphin 1-13, Dynorphin 1-11 and Dynorphin 1-7 and C-terminal processing of Dyn A generates Dynorphin 1-13, Dynorphin 1-11 and Dynorphin 1-7, all these peptide fragments are associated with PC1 or PC2 processing. Moreover, proteolysis of BDyn leads to the formation of Dyn A and Leu-Enk, two important opioid peptides. The rate of formation of both is significantly reduced in cellular fractions of spinal cord mutant mice. As a consequence, even partial inhibition of PC1 or PC2 may impair the endogenous opioid system.

Keyphrases: Dynorphins, Dynorphin A, Proprotein convertases, Proteolysis, Opioid Peptides, Spinal cords, Mass spectrometry
Adolescent Illicit Drug Use and Subsequent Academic and Psychosocial Adjustment : an Examination of Socially-Mediated Pathways

Background: Questions remain regarding the consequences of illicit drug use on adolescent adjustment and the nature of mechanisms that may explain these consequences. In this study, we examined whether early-onset illicit drug use predicts subsequent academic and psychosocial adjustment and whether associations are socially-mediated by decreased school engagement and increased peer deviancy. Method: 4885 adolescents were followed throughout secondary school. We used regressions to determine whether illicit drug use in grade 7 predicted academic achievement, school dropout, depressive symptoms, and conduct problems in grades 10–11, adjusting for potential confounders. We used path analysis to test whether significant associations were mediated by school engagement and peer deviancy in grade 8. Results: Illicit drug use predicted conduct problems and school dropout, but not academic achievement and depressive symptoms. The association between illicit drug use and conduct problems was fully mediated by increased peer deviancy. The association between illicit drug use and school dropout was partially mediated by increased peer deviancy, but remained mostly direct. No indirect association via decreased school engagement was found. Examination of reverse pathways revealed that conduct problems and academic achievement in grade 7 predicted drug use in grades 10–11. These associations were mediated by peer deviancy and school engagement (conduct problems only). Conclusion: Adolescent illicit drug use influences the risk of school dropout and conduct problems in part by contributing to deviant peer affiliation. Reciprocal social mediation characterizes the association between drug use and conduct problems. A reverse mechanism best explains the association with academic achievement.

Keyphrases: Drug use, Academic achievement, School dropout, Depressive symptoms, Conduct problems, Adolescence
Les variations spatiales du comportement policier: l'exemple de la Sûreté du Québec

Afin d’expliquer les variations spatiales de la criminalité, quelques théories ont été avancées, comme celle de la désorganisation sociale (Shaw & McKay, 1969) et celle du choix rationnel (Clarke & Cornish, 1985), en prenant en compte la possible influence de l’environnement. Il apparait également que la réponse au crime, personnifiée par la police, n’est pas non plus spatialement uniforme. La première théorie écologique du comportement policier est celle de Klinger (1997), où la vigueur policière serait inversement proportionnelle à la charge de travail de la police, la déviance et la désorganisation sociale. Postérieurement, des études sont effectuées avec des résultats concordant plus ou moins avec la théorie. L’objectif de la présente étude est de faire une analyse spatiale du comportement policier de la Sûreté du Québec. Les résultats indiquent que la vigueur policière est plutôt liée positivement avec la charge de travail et certaines variables de la désorganisation. Des liens variés sont observés avec la déviance. Ces résultats s’opposent à la théorie de Klinger. Dans sa théorie, Klinger prend en compte l’environnement global du policier. Toutefois, le policier prend ses décisions surtout considérant son environnement immédiat, par exemple le suspect ou la victime. Une théorie écologique du comportement policier devrait prendre en compte non seulement l’environnement global du policier, mais aussi son environnement immédiat. In order to explain spatial variations in crime, some theories were proposed, such as social disorganisation (Shaw & McKay, 1969) and rational choice (Clarke & Cornish, 1985), taking into account the possible influence of the environment. It also appears that the reaction to crime, personified par the police, vary into space. The first ecological theory of police behavior is the one from Klinger (1997), where police vigor is inversely proportional to police workload, deviance and social disorganisation. Results from later studies are more or less consistent with the theory. The objective of this study is to make a spatial analysis of police behavior of the Sûreté du Québec. The results suggest that police vigor is positively associated with police workload and some variables of social disorganisation. Associations with deviance are varied. These results contrast with Klinger’s theory. In his theory, Klinger considers the overall environment of the police officer. However, the officer bases his decisions in regard of his immediate surroundings, for example the suspect or the victim. An ecological theory of police behavior should take into account not only the overall environment of the officer, but also its immediate surroundings.

Keyphrases: Comportement policier, Police, Environnement, Écologie, Vigueur, Police, Police, Rural, Police behavior, Police, Environment, Ecology, Vigor, Rural policing
Strategy-proof choice of acts : a preliminary study

We model social choices as acts mapping states of the world to (social) outcomes. A (social choice) rule assigns an act to every profile of subjective expected utility preferences over acts. A rule is strategy-proof if no agent ever has an incentive to misrepresent her beliefs about the world or her valuation of the outcomes; it is ex-post efficient if the act selected at any given preference profile picks a Pareto-efficient outcome in every state of the world. We show that every two-agent ex-post efficient and strategy-proof rule is a top selection: the chosen act picks the most preferred outcome of some (possibly different) agent in every state of the world. The states in which an agent’s top outcome is selected cannot vary with the reported valuations of the outcomes but may change with the reported beliefs. We give a complete characterization of the ex-post efficient and strategy-proof rules in the two-agent, two-state case, and we identify a rich class of such rules in the two-agent case.

Keyphrases: Social choice under uncertainty, Strategy-proofness, Subjective expected utility
Vaccin RRO et autisme : la désinformation à l'œuvre

L'objectif de ce texte est de faire le point sur la controverse soulevée par Wakefield et ses collaborateurs concernant l'effet du vaccin RRO à titre de déclencheur éventuel d'une forme d'autisme. Après avoir présenté les travaux de Wakefield et al., les auteurs montrent que les recherches effectuées dans plusieurs pays mettent en évidence que l'hypothèse du lien entre le vaccin RRO et l'autisme n'est nullement fondée. La présentation de l'ensemble des résultats débouche sur une discussion comprenant trois volets: la nature de l'augmentation du nombre de cas d'autisme au cours des dernières années, la méthodologie utilisée pour vérifier l'hypothèse du lien vaccin RRO et autisme et les enjeux éthiques d'une telle controverse. The goal of this article is to provide an up-to-date summary of the controversy that was created by Wakefield and his colleagues around the possibility that the MMR vaccine is a possible trigger of a form of autism. After a presentation of the research of Wakefield et al., the authors show that research in several different countries indicates that there is no foundation to the hypothesis that there is a link between the MMR vaccine and autism. The results are presented through a discussion of three themes: the nature of the recent increase in autism cases, the methodology used to verify the hypothesis that there is a link between the MMR vaccine and autism, and the ethical issues that surround such a controversy.

Keyphrases: autisme, vaccin RRO, éthique, autism, autism, RRO vaccine, ethic
Influence of experience and training on dental students’ examination performance regarding panoramic images

Physician training has greatly benefitted from insights gained in understanding the manner in which experts search medical images for abnormalities. The aims of this study were to compare the search patterns of 30 fourth-year dental students and 15 certified oral and maxillofacial radiologists (OMRs) over panoramic images and to determine the most robust variables for future studies involving image visualization. Eye tracking was used to capture the eye movement patterns of both subject groups when examining 20 panoramic images classified as normal or abnormal. Abnormal images were further subclassified as having an obvious, intermediate, or subtle abnormality. The images were presented in random order to each participant, and data were collected on duration of the participants’ observations and total distance tracked, time to first eye fixation, and total duration and numbers of fixations on and off the area of interest (AOI). The results showed that the OMRs covered greater distances than the dental students (p<0.001) for normal images. For images of pathosis, the OMRs required less total time (p<0.001), made fewer eye fixations (p<0.01) with fewer saccades (p<0.001) than the students, and required less time before making the first fixation on the AOI (p<0.01). Furthermore, the OMRs covered less distance (p<0.001) than the dental students for obvious pathoses. For investigations of images of pathosis, time to first fixation is a robust parameter in predicting ability. For images with different levels of subtlety of pathoses, the number of fixations, total time spent, and numbers of revisits are important parameters to analyze when comparing observer groups with different levels of experience.

Keyphrases: dental education, oral radiology, oral and maxillofacial radiology, radiographs, diagnostic reasoning, eye-tracking, educational measurement
Does immediate loading affect clinical and patient-centered outcomes of mandibular 2-unsplinted-implant overdenture? : a 2-year within-case analysis

Objective  To provide 2-year clinical- and patient-oriented data with regard to mandibular overdenture assisted by 2 immediately loaded unsplinted implants.  Material and methods  In this pre-post design, Phase-I clinical trial, 18 edentate individuals (62.4 ± 7.7 years) received a new set of complete denture. Then, following standard procedures, 3 threaded implants (OsseoSpeed TX™, Dentsply Implants, Mölndal, Sweden) were placed in the mandible in each patient, and locator abutments (Zest Anchors LLC, Escondido, U.S.A.) were inserted on the right and left side implants. The midline implant served as a control for within-patient comparison. The immediate loading was conducted within 24 h of surgery. Data were collected at baseline (T0), 12 (T1) and 24 (T2) months after immediate loading. The clinical outcomes included implant survival rate, crestal bone level changes and implant stability. These criteria were assessed through clinical and radiographic examinations as well as resonance frequency analysis. Patient-centered outcomes included patient satisfaction and oral health-related quality of life measured using validated questionnaires. Brunner-Langer approach was used for statistical analysis.  Results  Implant survival rate for immediate loaded implants was 91.7% at 2-year follow-up. None of the unloaded implants failed. There was no statistically significant difference at baseline and follow-ups with regard to clinical outcomes between loaded and unloaded implants. Patient satisfaction and quality of life improved (p < 0.0001) from baseline to 2-year follow-up.  Conclusion  Immediate loading protocol did not negatively affect clinical outcomes, satisfaction and quality of life of patients wearing 2-unsplinted-implant mandibular overdenture for 2 years. This conclusion requires confirmation by randomized control trials.  Clinical significance statement  Mandibular overdenture assisted by two immediately-loaded unsplinted implants is successful treatment based on 2-year clinical and patient-based outcomes.

Keyphrases: Dental implants, Immediate loading, Overdenture, Mandibular prosthesis, Patient satisfaction
Mécanismes de transfert de proton d’une réaction acido-basique en phase aqueuse : une étude ab-initio

Les réactions de transfert de proton se retrouvent abondamment dans la nature et sont des processus cruciaux dans plusieurs réactions chimiques et biologiques, qui se produisent souvent en milieu aqueux. Les mécanismes régissant ces échanges de protons sont complexes et encore mal compris, suscitant un intérêt des chercheurs en vue d’une meilleure compréhension fondamentale du processus de transfert. Le présent manuscrit présente une étude mécanistique portant sur une réaction de transfert de proton entre un acide (phénol fonctionnalisé) et une base (ion carboxylate) en phase aqueuse. Les résultats obtenus sont basés sur un grand nombre de simulations de dynamique moléculaire ab-initio réalisées pour des systèmes de type « donneur-pont-accepteur », où le pont se trouve à être une unique molécule d’eau, permettant ainsi l’élaboration d’un modèle cinétique détaillé pour le système étudié. La voie de transfert principalement observée est un processus ultra-rapide (moins d’une picoseconde) passant par la formation d’une structure de type « Eigen » (H9O4+) pour la molécule d’eau pontante, menant directement à la formation des produits. Une seconde structure de la molécule d’eau pontante est également observée, soit une configuration de type « Zündel » (H5O2+) impliquant l’accepteur de proton (l’ion carboxylate) qui semble agir comme un cul-de-sac pour la réaction de transfert de proton. Proton transfer reactions are found abundantly in nature and are critical processes in several chemical and biological reactions, which often occur in aqueous medium. The mechanisms governing these proton exchanges are complex and poorly understood, sparking interest of researchers for a better fundamental understanding of the transfer process. This manuscript presents a mechanistic study for a proton transfer reaction between an acid (functionalized phenol) and a base (carboxylate ion) in aqueous phase. The results are based on a large number of Ab-initio molecular dynamics simulations performed for a “donor-bridge-acceptor” type of system, where the bridge is a single molecule of water, allowing the development of a detailed kinetic model for this system. The transfer channel mainly observed is an ultra-fast one (less than a picosecond), through the formation of a Eigen-like (H9O4+) structure for the bridging water molecule, leading directly to the formation of the products. A second structure of the bridging water molecule is also observed, which is a Zündel-like (H5O2+) configuration involving the proton acceptor (carboxylate ion), which seems to act as a dead-end for the proton transfer reaction.

Keyphrases: Transfert de proton, Réactions acide-base, Dynamique moléculaire ab-initio, Mécanisme réactionnel, Intermédiaires Eigen et Zündel, Transfert de charge, Proton transfer, Acid-base reactions, Ab-initio molecular dynamics, Charge transfer, Reaction mechanism, Eigen and Zündel intermediates
“Vivre en probation” : l’expérience de la probation et sa place dans la trajectoire de vie des contrevenants

La probation est aujourd’hui profondément ancrée dans notre système de justice pénale. Parmi les programmes de surveillance communautaire (probation, condamnation avec sursis ou libération conditionnelle), elle constitue de loin le programme le plus commun, avec près de 98 000 contrevenants adultes soit 61 % de la population adulte placée sous surveillance correctionnelle au Canada. Pour autant, les chercheurs ne manifestent depuis plusieurs décennies que peu d’intérêt pour la question. La mesure se banalisant, la recherche s’étiole. L’orientation de la recherche a amené le sujet à la marge des études sur la punition.  En réponse à une demande existante (Phelps, 2015), ce mémoire est guidé par une approche sociologique centrée sur l’échelle individuelle, au niveau macroscopique. Il vise à la compréhension de l’expérience des contrevenants placés en probation. Nowadays in criminal justice probation is a well-established sentence. Among community supervision (probation, suspended sentence or parole), probation is by far the most common program in Canada. There are nearly 98,000 adult offenders on probation, corresponding to 61 % of adults under correctional supervision in Canada. That being said, researchers show little interest in this specific program of community supervision. In fact, the focus of research has brought the subject to the margin studies on punishment. Inflation of prison populations has hijacked the scientific scope to prisons ; marked by a certain criminal ideology, the few remaining research on probation take the same path.  In response to an existent request (Phelps, 2015), this study fits to a sociological approach on a macro perspective. The purpose of this study is not to draw up a comprehensive picture or generate statistical trends but focuses on the exploration of their only common point: the experience of probation and how they lived it.

Keyphrases: Probation, Expérience, Vécu, Trajectoire de vie, désistement, Probation, experience, life-course, offender, desistance
Les débats publics suscités par la création des Expos de Montréal

Les années 1960 au Québec sont marquées par un vigoureux courant nationaliste  prônant l’affirmation politique et culturelle des francophones dans la province. Également, le phénomène de l’américanisation du territoire québécois s’accélère. C’est dans ce cadre historique particulier que naissent en 1968 les Expos de Montréal, équipe du circuit de baseball le plus important au monde, soit la Ligue du baseball majeur. La MLB s’installe alors dans un territoire où le baseball est centenaire.  L’objectif de ce mémoire est d’étudier les débats et réactions suscités par l’avènement de Montréal dans le baseball majeur, en déterminant l’influence qu’y ont joué le nationalisme québécois des années 1960, l’américanisation du Québec et la longue histoire du baseball dans la province. Si les deux communautés linguistiques de celle-ci sont ici à l’étude, il n’en demeure pas moins que l’attention est davantage portée sur les francophones que les anglophones. En effet, ceux-ci ont semblé davantage interpelés par la création des Expos. D’ailleurs, parmi les deux groupes, les positions les plus documentées sont celles des chroniqueurs sportifs, qui se retrouvent donc au cœur de notre étude. Les opinions d’amateurs de baseball, de politiciens, d’hommes d’affaires ou de simples citoyens québécois sont également rapportées et analysées, mais dans une plus faible mesure. The 1960’s in Québec were marked by an intense nationalist movement promoting the political and cultural affirmation of the province’s francophone population. Also, the americanization of the territory was accelarating. It’s in this particular historical context that were born the Montreal Expos, in 1968, the team being part of the most important baseball league in the world, The Major League Baseball. The MLB then settled on a land where baseball is centenary. The goal of this master thesis is to study the debates and reactions that were created by the advent of Montreal in major baseball, and to determine the influence that the québécois nationalism, the Québec’s americanization and the long history of baseball in the province had on them. Even though both national communities of Québec are studied, the focus is further more on the francophones than the anglophones. The first ones seemed to be more interpellated by the creation of the Expos. Besides that, for the two linguistic groups, the actors who shared the most clearly and often their positions are the sports journalists, whom are in the center of our analysis. The opinions of baseball fans, politicians, buisness men and regular Quebec’s citizens are also presented and analyzed, but with less attention.

Keyphrases: Expos de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Nationalisme québécois, Américanisation du Québec, Histoire du baseball, Sport, Francophones, Anglophones, Québec, Sport, Francophones, Anglophones, Montreal Expos, Quebec's nationalism, Quebec's americanization, Baseball history