NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
Traduire le mètre, traduire le rythme : les poèmes de Sappho par Philippe Brunet

En 1991, Philippe Brunet publie une traduction inédite de la poétesse grecque archaïque du VII ème siècle avant J.-C., Sappho. Dans cette traduction, celui-ci a tenté d'imiter et de faire ressentir le mètre grec en français. La difficulté de cette entreprise réside dans le fait que le français n'est pas une langue à accent de mot et qu'il ne ressent pas la quantité des syllabes. Les mètres poétiques du français se basent en effet sur le nombre des syllabes et non sur leur quantité. À la Renaissance, une telle tentative d'imitation du mètre grec avait déjà été entreprise par Jean-Antoine de Baïf. Mais celui-ci, oubliant les particularités accentuelles du français, n'a pas réussi à développer un système adéquat. Philippe Brunet quant à lui a su utiliser ces règles accentuelles françaises pour faire ressentir à son lecteur quelque chose du rythme quantitatif grec. Se servant autant de l'accent tonique que de l'accent initial, son système respecte dans son ensemble la langue française tout en créant un rythme nouveau. Une fois cette traduction comparée à d'autres, on peut également voir à quel point ses recherches sémantiques et prosodiques aident à la réalisation de ce rythme particulier. M ots-clé : Sappho, grec, traduction, rythme, mètre, métrique, accent. In 1991, Philippe Brunet published a new translation of the seventh century B.C. archaic Greek poet, Sappho. In this translation, he attempted to imitate and instigate the feel of the Greek meter in French. The difficulty of this project stands in the fact that the French language is not one of word accentuation and it doesn't take into account the syllables quantity. The poetic meters in French are indeed based on the syllables number and not on their quantity. During the Renaissance, a similar imitation experiment had already been attempted by Jean-Antoine de Baïf. But dismissing the accentual particularities of the French language, he failed to develop an adequate system. Meanwhile, Phillipe Brunet was able to use the French accentual rules to make his read feel about the quantitative Greek rhythm. Using the tonic accent as well as the initial accent, his system fully respects the French language while creating a new rhythm. When this translation is compared to others, we can see how much his sematic and prosodic research help to the creation of this peculiar system.

Keyphrases: Sappho, Grec, Traduction, Rythme, Mètre, Métrique, Accent, Sappho, Accent, Greek, Translation, Rhythm, Meter, Metric, Accentuation
Families of orthogonal functions defined by the Weyl groups of compact Lie groups

Plusieurs familles de fonctions spéciales de plusieurs variables, appelées fonctions d'orbites, sont définies dans le contexte des groupes de Weyl de groupes de Lie simples compacts/d'algèbres de Lie simples. Ces fonctions sont étudiées depuis près d'un siècle en raison de leur lien avec les caractères des représentations irréductibles des algèbres de Lie simples, mais également de par leurs symétries et orthogonalités. Nous sommes principalement intéressés par la description des relations d'orthogonalité discrète et des transformations discrètes correspondantes, transformations qui permettent l'utilisation des fonctions d'orbites dans le traitement de données multidimensionnelles. Cette description est donnée pour les groupes de Weyl dont les racines ont deux longueurs différentes, en particulier pour les groupes de rang $2$ dans le cas des fonctions d'orbites du type $E$ et pour les groupes de rang $3$ dans le cas de toutes les autres fonctions d'orbites. Several families of multivariable special functions, called orbit functions, are defined in the context of Weyl groups of compact simple Lie groups/Lie algebras. These functions have been studied for almost a century now because of their relation to characters of irreducible representations of Lie algebras, their symmetries and orthogonalities. Our main interest is the description of discrete orthogonality relations and their corresponding discrete transforms which allow the applications of orbit functions in the processing of multidimensional data. This description is provided for the Weyl group of different lengths of root, in particular groups of rank 2 for so-called $E-$orbit functions and of rank 3 for all the other families of special functions.

Keyphrases: Transformations discrètes, Fonctions d'orbites, Groupes de Weyl, Discrete transforms, Interpolation, Orbit functions, Polytopes, Wel groups
Le rôle des nouvelles technologies dans le travail et la construction identitaire des journalistes politiques de la presse écrite

Les nouvelles technologies mobiles, Internet et les plateformes d’échanges réseautiques ont-ils un effet tangible sur les habitudes de travail des journalistes politiques de la presse écrite? Comment ces nouveaux outils participent-ils à la construction identitaire de ces journalistes? Dans le but de mieux comprendre leur contexte de travail et de (re)construction identitaire, nous avons choisi d’analyser le rôle qu’occupent les nouvelles technologies dans leur quotidien, tant du point de vue de leurs pratiques actuelles que du point de vue de leurs perceptions d’eux-mêmes et du métier. Dans cette étude qualitative, sept journalistes politiques francophones de médias traditionnels écrits ont été interviewés dans le but de nous aider à mieux cerner les libertés mais aussi les contraintes qui accompagnent l’adoption de nouveaux outils technologiques ainsi que les nouvelles pratiques qui y sont rattachées.     Les nouvelles technologies et les plateformes réseautiques ne sont pas que de simples outils de travail, ils redéfinissent le rôle même du journaliste dans la société. Hormis les adaptations quotidiennes qu’elles supposent dans les changements de méthodes de travail, elles contribuent souvent à déstabiliser le journaliste dans ses valeurs traditionnelles les plus solidement ancrées. Ces nouveaux outils deviennent le lieu d’échanges accrus où le journaliste se retrouve, bien malgré lui, à devoir défendre un rôle qui lui était autrefois acquis. Vecteurs d’autovalorisation pour le public, ils sont plus souvent le lieu de résistance pour les journalistes. Do mobile technologies, Internet and social networks have a tangible effect on the work habits of written press political journalists? How do these new tools participate in building these journalists’ identities? In order to get a better sense of the conditions in which they work and perceive themselves, we have chosen to analyse the role being played out by technologies in their daily practice as well as in the way they perceive themselves and their work. In this qualitative study, seven francophone political journalists from traditional written press were interviewed to better understand both the freedom and constraints that come with the adoption of new tools and new techniques.   New technologies and social networks are not just work tools, they also redefine the role of journalists in society. Besides daily technical adaptations in changing work routines, they also destabilize deeply rooted traditional journalistic values. Increased interaction with an active public often puts the journalist in a defensive position in order to insure his never-before contested relevancy. While new technologies can be gratifying for the public, they can also be met with resistance from journalists.

Keyphrases: Technologies, Journalisme, Mobilité, Réseaux sociaux, Identité, Technologies, Technologies, Journalism, Mobility, Social networks, Identity, Affordances, Technologies
Will Kymlicka et les angles morts du libéralisme - Vers une théorie non-libérale du droit des minorités?

Will Kymlicka a formulé une théorie libérale du droit des minorités en arguant que l'on doit protéger les cultures minoritaires des influences extérieures, car, selon lui, ces cultures fournissent aux individus un contexte de choix significatif qui permet la prise de décision autonome. Il limite donc la portée de sa théorie aux minorités « culturelles », c'est-à-dire les minorités nationales et immigrantes, qui peuvent fournir ce contexte de choix significatif aux individus. Évidemment, les injustices vécues par ces deux types de minorités, aussi sévères soient-elles, n'épuisent pas les expériences d'injustices vécues par les membres de groupes minoritaires et minorisés (i.e. minorités sexuelles, femmes, Afro-Américains, etc.). On pourrait donc être tenté d'élargir la portée de la théorie du droit des minorités pour rendre compte de toutes les injustices vécues en tant que minorité. Toutefois, je défends la thèse selon laquelle cette extension est impossible dans le cadre d'une théorie libérale, car une de ses méthodes typiques, la « théorie idéale », limite la portée critique des thèses de Kymlicka et parce que l'autonomie individuelle a un caractère si fondamental pour les libéraux, qu'ils ne peuvent rendre compte du fait que certaines décisions individuelles autonomes peuvent contribuer à perpétuer des systèmes et des normes injustes. Will Kymlicka defends a liberal theory of minority rights, arguing that we must protect minority cultures from outside influences, as these cultures provide individuals with a meaningful context of choice that allows autonomous decision-making. This defence of minority rights limits the scope of his theory by focusing on 'cultural' minorities, that is to say, national minorities and immigrants, which can provide individuals with this meaningful context of choice. Obviously, the injustices experienced by these two types of minorities, however severe they are, do not exhaust the injustices experienced by members of minority groups and minoritized groups (i.e. sexual minorities, women, African Americans, etc.). One might be tempted to expand the scope of the theory of minority rights to account for all the injustices experienced as a minority. However, I argue that this extension is not possible within a liberal theorical framework where 'ideal theory' limits the critical force of Kymlicka’s thesis and in which the centrality of individual autonomy prevents liberals to realize that certain individual decisions contribute to the perpetuation of unjust systems, values and norms.

Keyphrases: Philosophie politique, Droits des minorités, Multiculturalisme, Will Kymlicka, Libéralisme, Justice, Injustice, Will Kymlicka, Justice, Injustice, Liberalism, Minority rights, Political philosophy, Multiculturalism
Bob and Jane go to Argentina: The Ethics of Cross-Border Care

Cette étude de cas présente l'histoire d’une couple Nord- Américain typique à la recherche de traitements de fertilité sur Internet. Cette recherche les conduit sur des sites de cliniques dans d'autres pays, ce qui les amène à penser à voyager à l'étranger pour des services médicaux - également connu comme le tourisme médical. This case study presents the story of a typical North American couple searching for fertility treatments on the Internet. This search leads to sites of clinics in other countries, which gets them thinking about traveling abroad for medical services – also known as medical tourism.

Keyphrases: le tourisme médical, le tourisme de reproduction, les traitements de fécondation in vitro, medical tourism, reproductive tourism, in vitro fertility treatments
Choosing Thesis Juries: The Costs of Taking a Strict Line on Conflicts of Interest

Cette étude de cas examine les conflits d'intérêts (CI) qui peuvent survenir lors de la sélection des membres du jury pour évaluer une thèse de doctorat et les coûts (temps, personnel, expertise) associés aux tentatives d'éviter les CI. This case study examines the conflicts of interest (COI) that can arise in the selection of jury members to evaluate a PhD thesis, and the costs (time, personnel, expertise) associated with trying to avoid COI.

Keyphrases: évaluation de thèse, conflit d'intérêts, l'université, thesis evaluation, conflict of interest, university
Un projet de recherche exempté d’évaluation éthique : Réflexions et questionnements sur l’article 2.1 de l’Énoncé de politique des trois Conseils

Cette étude de cas présente l’article 2.1 de l’Énoncé de politique des trois Conseils, permettant désormais à certains projets de recherche qualitative à risque minimal d’être exempté d’évaluation éthique. Cependant, son application soulève des questionnements. This case study presents the Article 2.1 of the Tri-council Policy Statement, which now allows some qualitative research with minimal risk to be exempt from ethics review. However, its application raises questions.

Keyphrases: recherche qualitative, risque minimal, évaluation éthique, participant à la recherche, sujet non vulnérable, éthique de la recherche, qualitative research, minimal risk, ethics evaluation, research participant, non-vulnerable subjects, research ethics
L-ornithine-L-aspartate in experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy: therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of action

Strategies aimed at the lowering of blood ammonia remain the treatment of choice in portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE). L-ornithine-L-aspartate (OA) has recently been shown to be effective in the prevention of ammonia-precipitated coma in humans with PSE. These findings prompted the study of mechanisms of the protective effect of OA in portacaval-shunted rats in which reversible coma was precipitated by ammonium acetate administration (3.85 mmol/kg i.p.). OA infusions (300 mg/kg/h, i.v) offered complete protection in 12/12 animals compared to 0/12 saline-infused controls. This protective effect was accompanied by significant reductions of blood ammonia, concomitant increases of urea production and significant increases in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glutamate and glutamine. Increased CSF concentrations of leucine and alanine also accompanied the protective effect of OA. These findings demonstrate the therapeutic efficacy of OA in the prevention of ammonia-precipitated coma in portacaval-shunted rats and suggest that this protective effect is both peripherally-mediated (increased urea and glutamine synthesis) and centrally-mediated (increased glutamine synthesis).

Keyphrases: Ammonia, Ammoniac, Encéphalopathie hépatique, Glutamine synthesis, Hepatic Encephalopathy, L-Aspartate de L-ornithine, L-ornithine-L-aspartate, Portal-systemic Encephalopathy
Neuropathological changes in the brain of pigs with acute liver failure

Abstract Objective. Cerebral edema is a serious complication of acute liver failure (ALF), which may lead to intracranial hypertension and death. An accepted tenet has been that the blood-brain barrier is intact and that brain edema is primarily caused by a cytotoxic etiology due to hyperammonemia. However, the neuropathological changes in ALF have been poorly studied. Using a well characterized porcine model we aimed to investigate ultrastructural changes in the brain from pigs suffering from ALF. Materials and methods. Sixteen female Norwegian Landrace pigs weighing 27-35 kg were randomised into two groups: ALF (n = 8) and sham operated controls (n = 8). ALF was induced with an end-to-side portacaval shunt followed by ligation of the hepatic arteries. Biopsies were harvested from three different areas of the brain (frontal lobe, cerebellum, and brain stem) following eight hours of ALF and analyzed using electron microscopy. Results. Profound perivascular and interstitial edema were found in all three areas. Disruption of pericytic and astrocytic processes were seen, reflecting breakdown/lesion of the blood-brain barrier in animals suffering from ALF. Furthermore, neurons and axons were edematous and surrounded by vesicles. Severe damage to Purkinje neuron (necrosis) and damaged myelin were seen in the cerebellum and brain stem, respectively. Biopsies from sham operated animals were normal. Conclusions. Our data support the concept that vasogenic brain edema plays an important role in the development of intracranial hypertension in pigs with ALF.

Keyphrases: Acute liver failure, Ammonia, Ammoniac, Barrière hématoencéphalique, Blood-brain-barrier, Cerebral edema, Défaillance hépatique aigüe, Encéphalopathie hépatique, Hepatic encephalopathy, Oedème cérébral
Hypothermia in acute liver failure

The development of encephalopathy in patients with acute liver injury defines the occurrence of liver failure. The encephalopathy of acute liver failure is characterized by brain edema which manifests clinically as increased intracranial pressure. Despite the best available medical therapies a significant proportion of patients with acute liver failure die due to brain herniation. The present review explores the experimental and clinical data to define the role of hypothermia as a treatment modality for increased intracranial pressure in patients with acute liver failure.

Keyphrases: Acute liver failure, Défaillance hépatique aigüe, Encéphalopathie hépatique, Hepatic encephalopathy, Hypothermia, Hypothermie, Intracranial pressure, Liver transplantation, Pression intracrânienne, Transplantation hépatique
Mild hypothermia prevents cerebral edema and CSF lactate accumulation in acute liver failure

Evidence from both clinical and experimental studies demonstrates that mild hypothermia prevents encephalopathy and brain edema in acute liver failure (ALF). As part of a series of studies to elucidate the mechanism(s) involved in this protective effect, groups of rats with ALF resulting from hepatic devascularization were maintained at either 37°C (normothermic) or 35°C (hypothermic), and neurological status was monitored in relation to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of ammonia and lactate. CSF was removed via implanted cisterna magna catheters. Mild hypothermia resulted in a delay in onset of encephalopathy and prevention of brain edema; CSF concentrations of ammonia and lactate were concomitantly decreased. Blood ammonia concentrations, on the other hand, were not affected by hypothermia in ALF rats. These findings suggest that brain edema and encephalopathy in ALF are the consequence of ammonia-induced impairment of brain energy metabolism and open the way for magnetic resonance spectroscopic monitoring of cerebral function in ALF. Mild hypothermia could be beneficial in the prevention of severe encephalopathy and brain edema in patients with ALF awaiting liver transplantation.

Keyphrases: Acide lactique, Acute liver failure, Brain edema, Brain energy metabolism, Défaillance hépatique aigüe, Encéphalopathie hépatique, Hepatic encephalopathy, Hypothermia, Hypothermie, Lactate, Oedème cérébral
Nanonization of megestrol acetate by laser fragmentation in aqueous milieu

Nanonization is a simple and effective method to improve dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of drugs with poor water solubility. There is growing interest to downscale the nanocrystal production to enable early preclinical evaluation of new drug candidates when compound availability is scarce. The purpose of the present study was to investigate laser fragmentation to form nanosuspensions in aqueous solution of the insoluble model drug megestrol acetate (MA) using very little quantities of the drug. Laser fragmentation was obtained by focusing a femtosecond (fs) or nanosecond (ns) laser radiation on a magnetically stirred MA suspension in water or aqueous solution of a stabilizing agent. The size distribution and physicochemical properties of the drug nanoparticles were characterized, and the in vitro dissolution and in vivo oral pharmacokinetics of a laser fragmented formulation were evaluated. A MA nanosuspension was also prepared by media milling for comparison purpose. For both laser radiations, smaller particles were obtained as the laser power was increased, but at a cost of higher degradation. Significant nanonization was achieved after a 30-min fs laser treatment at 250 mW and a 1-h ns laser treatment at 2500 mW. The degradation induced by the laser process of the drug was primarily oxidative in nature. The crystal phase of the drug was maintained, although partial loss of crystallinity was observed. The in vitro dissolution rate and in vivo bioavailability of the laser fragmented formulation were similar to those obtained with the nanosuspension prepared by media milling, and significantly improved compared to the coarse drug powder. It follows that this laser nanonization method has potential to be used for the preclinical evaluation of new drug candidates.

Keyphrases: Nanosuspension, Laser fragmentation, Megestrol acetate, Preclinical development, Oral bioavailability
A Document Browsing Tool Based on Book Indexes

This research project is a contribution to the global field of information retrieval, specifically, to develop tools to enable information access in digital documents. We recognize the need to provide the user with flexible access to the contents of large, potentially complex digital documents, with means other than a search function or a handful of metadata elements. The goal is to produce a text browsing tool offering a maximum of information based on a fairly superficial linguistic analysis. We are concerned with a type of extensive single-document indexing, and not indexing by a set of keywords (see Klement, 2002, for a clear distinction between the two). The desired browsing tool would not only give at a glance the main topics discussed in the document, but would also present relationships between these topics. It would also give direct access to the text (via hypertext links to specific passages). The present paper, after reviewing previous research on this and similar topics, discusses the methodology and the main characteristics of a prototype we have devised. Experimental results are presented, as well as an analysis of remaining hurdles and potential applications.

Keyphrases: indexation automatique de livres, outil de navigation
Securing Tenure for Sustainable Livelihoods: A Case of Women Land Ownership in Anglophone Cameroon

The majority of women in Third World countries depend on land for their livelihood. Security of tenure is important for them to ensure sustainable development, especially in rural areas. In most parts of Africa, land ownership is affected by traditional values, inheritance rights, and government influence. These forces have provided varying types of tenure which are detrimental to the women in rural and urban areas. Land acquisition and its development has been an emotive issue due to traditional pressures and the law as regards the process of land certification. The government and traditional administrations are highly involved in the way women own land and subsequently develop it in Anglophone Cameroon. State authority over land acquisition is important, but the process for obtaining land title is herculean especially for the rural woman. This study illustrates that land acquisition and development by women constitute a problem because of traditional pressures and the law guiding the process of land certification. There is need to exhume the barriers of government’s legal instrument (The Land Consultative Board) that regulates the ownership of land and to revisit some traditional practices as regards land ownership that impact negatively on women in a changing and globalizing world. A compromise approach is advocated for land acquisition that can transcend traditional barriers as well as render the process of land registration more realistic especially for women.

Keyphrases: Philosophy, Philosophie, Éthique, Ethics, Économie, Economics, Securing Tenure, Land Consultative Board, Land Registration