NCube/papyrus huggingface dataset:
L'absolu et le relatif : le statut des concepts modaux dans le discours transcendantal

Ce texte porte sur l’usage de ces catégories modales que sont la possibilité, la nécessité et la contingence, non pas au plan de l’expérience, mais plutôt au sein du discours transcendantal qui décrit les conditions de la « possibilité » de cette expérience. On note alors que les principes de l’Analytique de la CRP sont certes pour l’expérience des conditions sine qua non, donc « nécessaires », mais aussi que la mise en œuvre de ceux parmi ces principes qui sont qualifiés de dynamiques est « contingente ». Pourquoi en est-il ainsi ? Il y a lieu également de s’interroger sur l’emploi que Kant fait du mot « suprême » (oberst, B 136) pour désigner ces deux principes ultimes de la connaissance humaine que sont 1- la soumission du divers de l’intuition aux formes pures de l’espace et du temps et 2- la soumission de ce divers à l’aperception transcendantale. L’adjectif suprême peut-il signifier ici autre chose qu’« absolu »? This paper deals with the three modal categories : possibility, necessity and contingency, as they are used not so much at the level of experience as at the level of the transcendental discourse that describes the conditions of the “possibility” of this experience. We notice for instance that the principles of the Analytic of the CPR are without doubt conditions sine qua non for experience, that is: “necessary,” but also that the implementation of those among the principles that are called dynamic is “contingent.” What does that mean? One can also examine the recourse by Kant to the adjective “supreme” (oberst, B 136) to characterize the two ultimate principles of human knowledge: 1- the subjection of all the manifold of intuition to the formal conditions of space and time and 2- the subjection of this manifold to the transcendental apperception. Can the word supreme here have another meaning than “absolute”?

Keyphrases: Kant, Catégories modales, Discours transcendantal, Principe suprême, Kant, Modal categories, Transcendental discourse, Supreme principle
Max Weber et le néo-kantisme : pour une politique de la modernité

À l’heure de la dissolution des grands récits idéologiques, l’éthique wébérienne de la politique nous rappelle que la « conviction » constitue un élément tout aussi essentiel de la conduite humaine que le « sentiment de la responsabilité ». À cet égard, la philosophie néo-kantienne des valeurs, son formalisme mis à part, non seulement fournit à Weber un instrument théorique qu’il sait mettre à profit pour sa sociologie, mais elle confirme à ses yeux la place de l’utopie dans la dynamique historique. While the great ideological narratives are crumbling, Max Weber’s ethics of politics reminds us that the power of “conviction” is as essential a component of human conduct as the “sense of responsibility.” In this regard the neo-Kantian philosophy of values, notwithstanding its formalism, not only provides Weber with a theoretical framework which proves fruitful for his sociology, but it also confirms in his eyes the role of an utopian dimension in history.

Keyphrases: Valeur, Conviction, Responsabilité, Weber, Max, Rickert, Windelband, Conviction, Value, Responsibility
L’acceptabilité éthique
de l’apprentissage en famille au sein
des communautés juives haredies
au Québec : une étude de cas

Cet article présente l’étude d’un cas particulier du phénomène de l’apprentissage en famille : celui de communautés religieuses juives orthodoxes du Québec (Canada), les Haredim, ayant récemment opté pour cette forme d’éducation dans le cadre d’une entente avec le Procureur général du Québec. Cette étude de cas s’inscrit dans le champ de la gouvernance de l’éducation et son analyse sera réalisée dans une perspective d’éthique appliquée. Elle vise à apprécier les forces et les faiblesses de cette décision à l’aune de critères d’évaluation éthique tirés d’un cadre de référence pertinent au problème. À partir de cette analyse, il appert que cette pratique éducative pourrait rejoindre l’objectif d’assurer aux enfants l’accès à une éducation de base plus acceptable, tout en protégeant leur droit à une éducation adaptée à leur culture et à leur communauté. ‪This article presents the study of a specific case within the phenomenon of home education: that of Jewish orthodox religious communities in Quebec (Canada), the Haredim, who recently opted for this form of education as part of an agreement with the Attorney General of Quebec. This case study fits into the field of education governance and its analysis is conducted from an applied ethics perspective. It aims to assess the strengths and weaknesses of this decision against ethical evaluation criteria derived from a reference framework relevant to the problem. On the basis of this analysis, it appears that this educational practice could meet the objective of ensuring that children have access to a more acceptable basic education, while protecting their right to an education that is adapted to their culture and community.‪

Keyphrases: Éducation par la famille, Politique en matière d’éducation, Judaïsme, Gouvernance, Éducation à domicile, Droit à l’éducation, Family education, Education policy, Judaism, Governance, Home education, Right to education
Art and democracy in Habermas

Au sein de la théorie de l’agir communicationnel de Habermas, l’art représente l’une des trois sphères de la modernité culturelle, à côté de la science et de la morale. Selon le schéma de la rationalité communicationnelle, l’art appartient à la sphère de l’esthétique-expressif, dont le critère est l’authenticité. Or ce critère est-il adéquat pour l’art? La question est légitime, surtout quand on note qu’avec la parution de son Discours philosophique de la modernité, Habermas est amené à abandonner son projet de développer une esthétique philosophique, laissant le travail d’interprétation à la critique d’art. Cet abandon tient à mes yeux à l’interférence qu’introduit le critère de l’authenticité issu de la théorie de la communication. Comment par exemple est-on en mesure de retracer, avec un tel critère, la logique interne de l’œuvre? L’approche d’Adorno semble à cet égard plus appropriée. Within the framework of Habermas’s theory of communicative action, art represents one of the three spheres of cultural modernity, beside science and morality. According to this framework, art belongs to the sphere of the aesthetic-expressive whose criterion is authenticity. Yet how adequate is such a criterion for art? The question is all the more legitimate that, with the publication of his Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, Habermas is led to give up his project of developing a philosophical aesthetics, leaving the task of interpretation to art criticism. This giving up is due according to me to the interference produced by authenticity as a criterion stemming from the theory of communication. For example, how are we to trace with such a criterion the inner logic of the artwork? In this regard Adorno’s approach seems more adequate.

Keyphrases: Habermas, Adorno, Rationalité communicationnelle, Modernité, Esthétique, Art, Habermas, Adorno, Art, Communicative rationality, Modernity, Aesthetics
L’effet des politiques institutionnelles sur l’accessibilité des sites Web des bibliothèques universitaires

L’accessibilité des sites Web des bibliothèques universitaires est devenue de plus en plus importante à mesure que ceux-ci ont occupé davantage de place pour les communautés d’usagères et d’usagers. La pandémie de COVID-19 a permis de comprendre le caractère essentiel de l’accessibilité en ligne, puisque les contacts numériques sont devenus les seuls possibles pendant un temps. Malgré l’instauration de politiques dans les institutions et aux différents paliers de gouvernements, les recherches précédentes démontrent que les lacunes à ce niveau sont grandes. Ce travail, réalisé pendant le premier confinement au Canada, évalue l’accessibilité des sites Web des bibliothèques des 15 universités canadiennes les plus importantes en recherche (U15) grâce à une grille d’évaluation conçue à partir de la revue de littérature. Un système de pointage permet de réaliser que les bibliothèques dont les institutions ont des politiques d’accessibilité en ligne ont des sites Web répondant mieux aux critères d’accessibilité que les autres. Même s’il reste du travail à faire pour effacer les obstacles en ligne, l’augmentation du nombre de politiques institutionnelles à ce sujet semble démontrer que les bibliothèques universitaires sont sur la bonne voie pour améliorer l’accessibilité de leur site Web.

Keyphrases: Bibliothéconomie, Accessibilité, Bibliothèques universitaires, Sites Web, Équité, diversité et inclusion, Situations de handicap, Politiques institutionnelles
Understanding food web mercury accumulation through trophic transfer and carbon processing along a river affected by recent run-of-river dams

Unlike large dams which favor methylation of Hg in flooded soils over long periods, run-of-river dams are designed to flood a limited area of soils and are therefore not expected to significantly affect mercury (Hg) cycling or carbon processing. We studied the Hg and carbon cycles within food webs from several sectors along the Saint-Maurice River, Quebec, Canada, that differ in how they are influenced by two run-of-river dams and other watershed disturbances. We observed peak Hg concentrations in fish five-year postimpoundment, but these levels were reduced three years after this peak. Methylmercury concentrations in low trophic level fish and invertebrates were related to their carbon source (δ13C) rather than their trophic positions (δ15N). Biomagnification, measured by trophic magnification slopes, was driven mainly by methylmercury concentrations in low-trophic level organisms and environmental factors related to organic matter degradation and Hg-methylation. River sectors, δ13C and δ15N, predicted up to 80% of the variability in food web methylmercury concentrations. The installation of run-of-river dams and the related pondages, in association with other watershed disturbances, altered carbon processing, promoted Hg-methylation and its accumulation at the base of the food web, and led to a temporary increase in Hg levels in fish.

Keyphrases: Mercury, Carbon, Nitrogen, Trophic magnification slope, Run-of-river, Food web
La catégorisation visuelle des lettres et les habiletés de lecture chez l’enfant

L’identification des lettres est un processus de catégorisation ; une large variété de stimuli visuels est regroupée en 26 catégories distinctes. La lecture de mots dépendrait du traitement de l’identité des lettres, indépendamment de leurs formes visuelles. Certaines évidences suggèrent une perception catégorielle des lettres chez l’adulte lettré. Toutefois, le lien entre la catégorisation visuelle des lettres et la lecture demeure peu étudié. La présente étude a employé un paradigme de perception catégorielle (étude de cas des lettres b-d) afin d’explorer si la perception des lettres est catégorielle chez l’enfant, et si une telle perception serait liée aux habiletés de lecture. Les résultats indiquent que les enfants perçoivent les lettres b et d de façon catégorielle, suggérant que leurs représentations abstraites des lettres influencent leur perception, et que celles-ci sont liées aux habiletés de lecture de mots irréguliers, mais non de pseudo-mots. Cette étude soutient l’importance de représentations abstraites des lettres en lecture, permettant de mieux comprendre les processus impliqués en lecture. Letter identification is a process of categorization; a wide variety of visual stimuli are sorted into 26 distinct categories. Word reading is assumed to be dependant on the process of letter identities, abstracting over their visual forms. Some evidence suggest categorical perception of letters in literate adults. However, these studies focussed mostly on pre-lexical process of letters without the implication of the central reading processes. This current study employed a categorical perception paradigm with the letters b-d as a test case to examine the mode of perception of letters in children; and its role in reading. The results show that children perceived the letters b and d in a categorical manner, suggesting that their abstract letter representations influenced their perception. The results also show that categorial perception of letters seemed to be linked to irregular words, but not to pseudo-word reading ability. This study supports the importance of abstract representations in reading and allows a better understanding of the processes involved in reading.

Keyphrases: Lecture, Perception catégorielle, Identité abstraite des lettres, Enfance, Neuropsychologie clinique, Reading, Categorical perception, Abstract letter identity, Children, Clinical neuropsychology
Association between recurrent dreams, disturbing dreams and suicidal ideation in adolescents

Disturbing dreams and recurrent dreams have both been linked to a wide range of psychological difficulties in children. There is growing evidence that the experience of frequent disturbing dreams is associated with suicidal ideation in adults but studies in young adolescents have been limited and the results inconsistent. In addition, the possible relationship between suicidal ideation and recurrent dreams has yet to be studied. We thus investigated the relation between disturbing dreams, recurrent dreams and suicidal ideation in a sample of young adolescents. Self-report measures of disturbing dream frequency, recurrent dream frequency, and suicidal ideation were collected at age 12 years and again at age 13 years from 170 children from a prospective population-based birth cohort. While the rate of disturbing dreams and recurrent dreams dropped between ages 12 and 13, the rate of self-reported suicidal ideation increased between the ages of 12 and 13 years. Analyses taking sex and age into account revealed that young adolescents who reported having had suicidal thoughts over the past year had significantly greater frequencies of disturbing dreams and of recurrent dreams than adolescents who had not thought about suicide. These findings highlight the potential clinical value of assessing disturbing and recurrent dreams as part of the screening process for suicidal ideation in young adolescents.

Keyphrases: Dreaming, Recurrent dreams, Nightmares, Suicidal ideation, Adolescence
Gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and peripartum cardiomyopathy : a clinical review

Gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and peripartum cardiomyopathy are among the most common and often severe pregnancy-specific cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and causes of complications in pregnancy. This clinical review provides nurses with an overview of pregnancy-specific CVDs, outlines their pathophysiology, and discusses risk factors and assessment. It describes management interventions according to timing: the antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum phases are each addressed.

Keyphrases: Cardiovascular disease, Gestational hypertension, HELLP syndrome, Hypertension, Peripartum cardiomyopathy, Preeclampsia, Pregnancy, Pregnancy complications, Prenatal care
Countering distrust in illicit online networks : the dispute resolution strategies of
cybercriminals

The core of this paper is a detailed investigation of the dispute resolution system contained within Darkode, an elite cybercriminal forum. Extracting the dedicated disputes section from within the marketplace, where users can report bad behaviour and register complaints, we carry out content analysis on these threads. This involves both descriptive statistics across the dataset and qualitative analysis of particular posts of interest, leading to a number of new insights. First, the overall level of disputes is quite high, even though members are vetted for entry in the first instance. Second, the lower ranked members of the marketplace are the most highly represented category for both the plaintiffs and defendants. Third, vendors are accused of malfeasance far more often than buyers, and that their “crimes” are most commonly either not providing the product/service or providing a poor one. Fourth, the monetary size of the disputes is surprisingly small. Finally, only 23.1% of disputes reach a clear outcome.

Keyphrases: Cybercrime, Dispute resolution, Governance, Closed forums & marketplaces, Content analysis
La quête alchimique de Bill Morrison ou l’exploitation des archives comme renversement de la pensée archivistique

Ce travail prend comme objet d’analyse le film Dawson City : Frozen Time du cinéaste Bill Morrison et cherche à comprendre comment l’exploitation artistique des archives permet un "nouveau départ" à des fragments perdus, déplacés ou rejetés par les institutions de mémoire. Le texte débute au Yukon avec la découverte extraordinaire dans le pergélisol du Dawson Film Find pour ensuite faire un survol des propriétés reliées au nitrate, matériau utilisé dans la fabrication de la pellicule film. Cette mise en contexte veut poser les bases à la fois géographique, historique et imaginaire du travail de Bill Morrison en lien avec les archives cinématographiques. Le modèle de "L’exploitation ou la cinquième dimension du Records Continuum" développé par Lemay et Klein (2014) servira à analyser les archives sous quatre axes, soit : l’activité, la finalité, la matérialité et la temporalité. Après avoir révélé les apports de Bill Morrison au domaine de la gestion des archives, la conclusion du texte revendique une archivistique plus "alchimique", c’est-à-dire la nécessité de prendre en considération la totalité des réalités sensibles et invisibles reliées aux archives.

Keyphrases: Archives, Exploitation artistique des archives, Bill Morrison, Dawson Film Find, Dawson City Collection, Réemploi, Found footage, Cinéma, Records Continuum
Effects of a parent training programme for the treatment of young children with separation anxiety disorder

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has been shown to be an effective treatment for anxiety disorders in children. However, the majority of studies conducted to date have included heterogeneous samples of children combining social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and separation anxiety disorder (SAD) together. Few studies have examined the efficacy of CBT to specifically treat SAD. Moreover, research on the impact of CBT for SAD in children younger than 7 years old has been very limited. To address these issues, we examined the effects of a CBT parent training programme with six children with SAD aged between 4 and 7 years using a non-concurrent multiple baseline design. Parents completed semi-structured interviews, questionnaires and daily diaries to assess their child’s anxiety symptoms, parental practices and parental stress. Results indicated that five of six children no longer met the criteria for SAD diagnosis after treatment and at 3-month follow-up. Moreover, the daily diaries showed that four of six children presented a systematic favourable change of the total weekly frequency of SAD symptoms. Finally, four mothers reported a decrease in overprotection, but we observed no changes in parental stress.

Keyphrases: Anxiety disorders, Behavioural family intervention, CBT, Single case experimental design, Childhood anxiety
Atlas and Hercules in the garden : scientific culture and literary imagination at the Villa Aldobrandini at Frascati

This essay explores the interplay in early modern Roman gardens between the iconography of instruments and fountains and scientific culture, especially astronomy. Examining the sundials that adorned the garden at the Villa Aldobrandini at Frascati, it suggests a new reading of the garden and its iconographic programme, centred on the iconography of Atlas and Hercules holding the celestial sphere. It stresses the importance of scientific culture for both the conception and the subsequent reception of the programme. Several themes are developed: the relevance of wonder and curiosity in the process of understanding nature, the multiple links between nature and artefacts in the space of the garden, and the scientific interests of the patron, Cardinal Pietro Aldobrandini, and his main adviser, the letterato Giovanni Battista Agucchi.

Keyphrases: Gardens, Agucchi, Giovanni Battista, Sundials
Rereading the decline of the illustrated song : three
crisis discourses in moving picture world, 1908

Historians have well documented the decline of illustrated songs in nickelodeons in the United States from 1909 to 1913. In this article, a close examination of the 1907 and 1908 issues of Moving Picture World shows that several crises occurred before 1909 that help us understand this decline. Here I examine three main crises: the structural crisis of free music, the economic and aesthetic crisis of piracy, and the legal dispute over exclusive illustration rights.

Keyphrases: Illustrated song, Lantern slides, Lantern industry, Magic lantern, Moving Picture World, Music industry, Piracy
Augustine’s ‘Si comprehendis, non est Deus’ : to what extent is God incomprehensible?

Can God be positively understood? The very respectable tradition of negative theology would claim that this is impossible and that God could only be understood by saying what God is not. There is a saying of Augustine that is often quoted in this context, “If you understand it is not God.” What did Augustine mean by this? Does this dictum not entail a contradiction in that we all understand the meaning of the word God? Did God not also reveal himself in Scripture and creation, thus opening himself to understanding? This study sorts out the meaning and context of this saying in Augustine’s Sermon 117 and argues that an understanding of God and indeed a “touching” of God are possible for Augustine. It also argues against the obsessive, if widespread attempt of some to debase humankind’s capability of understanding.

Keyphrases: Augustine, Sermon 117, God, Comprehensibility, Understanding, Si enim comprehendis non est Deus, Mystical experience, Vision of God, Spiritual sense, Gospel of John
Law enforcement and disruption of offline and online activities : a review of comptemporary challenges

The digital world represents a new frontier for law enforcement operations. The virtual nature of online communications creates challenges regarding legal frameworks and sovereignty that are exacerbated by the inherent context of the digital world, the current state of policing expertise and resources and the detection and reporting rates of cybercrimes. This book chapter presents an informed review of the current state of ‘what works’ in policing both offline and online, providing at each step the context needed to understand how new technologies impact police operations. Our conclusion suggests that new models of policing are indeed needed to effectively police the digital world and that cooperation through nodal governance could improve the ability of police agencies to regulate cyberoffenders.

Keyphrases: What works, Police operations, Technology, Cybercrime, Law enforcement