CELEX: 62009CJ0398
Refusal to reimburse a tax paid in error
Unjust enrichment arising from the link between the introduction of that tax and the abolition of other taxes

This reference for a preliminary ruling relates to the interpretation of Community law on recovery of amounts wrongly paid.
The reference has been made in the course of proceedings between Lady & Kid A/S (‘Lady & Kid’), Direct Nyt ApS (‘Direct Nyt’),
A/S Harald Nyborg Isenkram- og Sportsforretning (‘Harald Nyborg’) and KID-Holding A/S (‘KID-Holding’) and Skatteministeriet
(the Danish Ministry of Fiscal Affairs) concerning the repayment of a tax levied in breach of Community law (‘the unlawful
tax’).

Legal context
By Law No 840 of 18 December 1987, the Kingdom of Denmark introduced, with effect from 1 January 1988, a business tax known
as the employment market contribution (arbejdsmarkedsbidrag; ‘the Ambi’). The Ambi, the rate of which was fixed at 2.5%, was,
in principle, calculated on the same basis as value added tax (‘VAT’). However, it was not payable upon import of goods into
Danish territory, but was charged on the imported goods’ full sale price upon first sale in Denmark.
In return for the introduction of the Ambi, a number of social charges of employers, which had to be paid by Danish undertakings
in the sum of around DKK 10 300 per full-time employee, had been abolished.
The purpose of the fiscal reform was to eliminate the link between the contributions to be paid and the number of employees,
in order to stimulate growth and develop employment, while retaining neutrality as regards public finances.
The Ambi was levied on Danish undertakings between 1 January 1988 and 31 December 1991 inclusive, Law No 840 of 18 December
1987 having been repealed by a law of 21 December 1991 having effect from 1 January 1992.
During 1989, the lawfulness of the Ambi was contested by importing undertakings before the Østre Landsret (Eastern Regional
Court) (Denmark), which considered it necessary to refer to the Court of Justice the question of the compatibility of the
Ambi with Community law. In reply, by the judgment in Case C‑200/90
Dansk Denkavit and Poulsen Trading
[1992] ECR I‑2217, the Court held that Article 33 of Sixth Council Directive 77/388/EEC of 17 May 1977 on the harmonisation
of the laws of the Member States relating to turnover taxes – Common system of value added tax: uniform basis of assessment
(OJ 1988 L 145, p. 1) precludes a tax such as the Ambi, since such a tax:
–        is paid both on activities subject to VAT and on other industrial or commercial activities which consist in the supply of
services for consideration;
–        is charged, in the case of undertakings which were taxable persons for VAT purposes, on the same basis of assessment as that
used for VAT, in other words as a percentage of the volume of sales after deduction of purchases;
–        unlike VAT, is not paid upon import, but is charged on the full sale price of imported goods upon the first sale in the Member
State concerned;
–        unlike VAT, does not have to be indicated separately on invoices; and
–        is charged alongside VAT.
Following that judgment, Law No 389 of 20 May 1992, which entered into force on 22 May 1992, laid down the arrangements for
reimbursement of the Ambi unlawfully levied. It contains, inter alia, the following provisions:
‘Article 1
It shall be decided according to the general rules of Danish law whether, and in the particular case, to what extent there
is a claim for reimbursement or compensation in connection with amounts which have been paid into the State Treasury pursuant
to Law No 840 of 18 December 1987 on the employment market contribution, as amended.
Article 2
…
(2) The amount claimed shall be specified and reasons shall be given therefor, and it shall be accompanied by documentation
which makes it possible to assess in detail whether the party subject to the contribution has suffered a loss.
…’
Law No 389 of 20 May 1992 has been supplemented by Bulletin No 122 of 10 July 1996 which, for the purposes of administrative
treatment of reimbursement cases, laid down the conditions to be met by the importing undertaking, namely:
–        the undertaking must have been in genuine competition with Danish producers of equivalent goods;
–        the undertaking must have saved less in employer social security contributions, etc., than it has paid by way of the Ambi;
–        the undertaking’s competitive position must be worsened as a result of the restructuring, that is to say labour-intensive
Danish products must be involved, so that the Danish undertaking saved more in employer social security contributions than
the importer did on competing products;
–        the Danish competitors must have saved substantially more in employer social security contributions than they have paid by
way of the Ambi;
–        the loss of competitiveness must be significant; and
–        the Ambi must not have been passed on through price increases.

The dispute in the main proceedings and the questions referred for a preliminary ruling
The applicants in the main proceedings, which were all active in retail trade, lodged, in 1997 and 1998, complaints before
the Københavns Byret (District Court, Copenhagen) (Denmark) against the Skatteministeriet seeking the annulment of the decisions
rejecting their applications for reimbursement of the Ambi wrongly levied. The ground given for the refusal was that the undertakings’
savings during the period when they were liable to pay the Ambi as a result of the abolished employer social security contributions
exceeded the Ambi paid in that period, which meant that the undertaking had received full coverage for the Ambi paid.
In its judgment of 16 December 2002, the Københavns Byret found in favour of the Skatteministeriet in all four cases. On 13
January 2003 appeals were lodged against those judgments with the Østre Landsret.
It is apparent from the decision for reference that:
–        KID-Holding operated, under the trade name Daells Varehus, a large department store with many different products, including
imported textile goods. That undertaking paid a total of DKK 20 053 556 in Ambi and saved a total of DKK 23 151 291 in employer
social security contributions.
–        Lady & Kid operated, under the names Daells Discount A/S and Madeleine, a number of discount shops with a limited selection
of Daells Varehus product ranges, largely textile goods. That undertaking paid DKK 779 986 in Ambi and saved a total of DKK 1 872 901
in employer social security contributions in the same period.
–        Harald Nyborg operated a number of department stores, selling inter alia hardware, sports equipment, automobile accessories
and agricultural implements. That undertaking paid DKK 5 333 609 in Ambi and saved DKK 3 322 105 in employer social security
contributions.
–        Direct Nyt operated solely a mail order business for imported goods. The undertaking paid DKK 709 933 in Ambi and, not having
any employees, did not save any employer social security contributions.
During the proceedings before the Østre Landsret, the Skatteministeriet recognised that Harald Nyborg and Direct Nyt had,
to a certain extent, sold products competing with equivalent, labour-intensive Danish goods, that the abolition of the employer
social security contributions had not had an effect on prices of the labour-intensive Danish goods and that the two undertakings,
for reasons of competition, were not in a position to raise their prices by the amount of the increased costs in the form
of the Ambi. Accordingly, taking the view that the Ambi had not been passed on in other forms, the Skatteministeriet decided
to reimburse the Ambi to those undertakings in the amounts, respectively, of DKK 760 349, together with the interest applicable,
and DKK 319 469, also with the interest applicable.
During those proceedings, the parties to the main proceedings also agreed that 35% of Harald Nyborg’s purchases were imported
goods and that 84% of the Ambi paid by that undertaking related to those goods, and that 40% of Daells Varehus’s purchases
were imported goods, and that 94% of the Ambi paid by that undertaking related to those goods. Similarly, the parties have
accepted that the previous employer social security contributions had affected the trade in imported goods as much, in proportion,
as the trade in Danish goods.
The applicants in the main proceedings having called into question the compatibility of national law and the rejection decisions
of the Skatteministeriet with Community law, the Østre Landsret found it necessary to request a ruling from the Court on the
interpretation of Community law on recovery of amounts wrongly paid. Accordingly, it decided to stay the proceedings and to
refer the following questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling:
‘1.      Is the Court’s judgment of 14 January 1997 in Joined Cases C‑192/95 to C‑218/95
Comateb and Others
[[ECR I‑165]] to be interpreted as meaning that the passing on of an unlawful levy on a product presupposes that the levy
is passed on to the buyer of the product in the individual transaction, or may the passing-on in the prices also take place
in the prices of other products in completely different transactions, either before or after the relevant sale of products,
for example, with the result that an overall assessment is made of the passing-on over a four-year period involving a large
number of product groups, including both imported and non-imported products?
2.      Is the Community law concept of “passing-on” to be understood as meaning that an unlawful levy on a sale of products may be
regarded as passed on only if the price of the product is higher than that price which applied immediately before the levy
was introduced, or may the levy also be regarded as passed on where the undertaking subject to the levy, at the same time
as the introduction of the unlawful levy, saved on other levies charged on other bases, and the undertaking therefore maintained
its prices unchanged?
3.      Is the Community law concept of “unjust enrichment” to be understood as meaning that the reimbursement of an unlawful levy
on a sale of goods may be regarded as giving rise to unjust enrichment, where the undertaking, before or after the sale of
the taxable product, has made a saving as a result of the abolition of other levies charged on other bases, if it is assumed
that that abolition of other levies also benefits other undertakings, including undertakings which did not pay the unlawful
levy or only paid it to a lesser extent?
4.      If it is assumed that an unlawful levy, as a result of its structure, has had the effect that proportionately more has been
paid in levies by undertakings which imported goods than by undertakings which to a greater extent purchased domestic goods,
and, at the same time as the unlawful levy was introduced, another lawful levy was charged on another basis which proportionately
affected both undertakings to the same extent, irrespective of the composition of the undertaking’s purchases, then guidance
is sought on the following:
(a)      whether Community law allows for whole or partial refusal to reimburse the unlawful levy to an undertaking which imports goods
on grounds of passing-on and unjust enrichment, in so far as the refusal leads to a situation in which the undertaking, as
a result of having paid relatively more of the unlawful levy than a corresponding undertaking which purchased equivalent goods
domestically, will thereby, all other things being equal, be placed in a worse position as a result of the tax restructuring
and the refusal to reimburse than corresponding undertakings which to a greater extent purchased domestic goods;
(b)      whether the reimbursement of the unlawful levy in the relevant situation may conceptually give rise to “unjust enrichment”
and may therefore be refused, if the reimbursement – even if the levy is regarded as having been passed on – is necessary
in order to achieve a situation in which the effect of the tax restructuring, after any reimbursement, all other things being
equal, remains the same for undertakings which imported products as for undertakings which purchased domestic products;
(c)      whether refusal to reimburse in such a situation, which leads to undertakings which to a greater extent purchased domestic
products and thus obtained an advantage in relation to undertakings which to a greater extent imported products, is otherwise
contrary to Community law, including the principle of equal treatment; and
(d)      whether the answer to question 3 means that it is not justified to refuse reimbursement of an unlawfully charged levy on grounds
of unjust enrichment, to the extent that such reimbursement merely cancels out the advantage for those undertakings which
purchased domestic products in relation to undertakings which to a greater extent imported products.’

Consideration of the questions referred

The second and third questions
The second and third questions, which it is appropriate to consider first and together, must be understood as asking whether
the mere passing on of an unlawfully charged levy by an increase in the sale price of goods on which that levy was made can,
in the event of recovery of amounts wrongly paid, give rise to unjust enrichment of the taxpayer of whether unjust enrichment
can also follow from a saving made as a result of the concomitant abolition of other levies charged on a different basis,
even where the taxpayer has not altered its sale prices.
In that regard, it must be borne in mind that the right to a refund of charges levied in a Member State in breach of the rules
of European Union law is the consequence and complement of the rights conferred on individuals by provisions of European Union
law prohibiting such charges. The Member State is therefore required in principle to repay charges levied in breach of European
Union law (see Case 199/82
San Giorgio
[1983] ECR 3595, paragraph 12; Joined Cases C‑441/98 and C‑442/98
Michaïlidis
[2000] ECR I‑7145, paragraph 30; Case C‑309/06
Marks & Spencer
[2008] ECR I‑2283, paragraph 35; and Case C‑264/08
Direct Parcel Distribution Belgium
[2010] ECR I‑0000, paragraph 45).
However, by way of exception to the principle of reimbursement of taxes incompatible with European Union law, repayment of
a tax wrongly paid can be refused where it would entail unjust enrichment of the persons concerned. The protection of the
rights so guaranteed by the legal order of the European Union does not require repayment of taxes, charges and duties levied
in breach of European Union law where it is established that the person required to pay such charges has actually passed them
on to other persons (see
Comateb and Others
, paragraph 21).
In such circumstances, the burden of the charge levied but not due has been borne not by the trader, but by the purchaser
to whom the cost has been passed on. Therefore, to repay the trader the amount of the charge already received from the purchaser
would be tantamount to paying him twice over, which may be described as unjust enrichment, whilst in no way remedying the
consequences for the purchaser of the illegality of the charge (
Comateb and Others
, paragraph 22).
None the less, since such a refusal of reimbursement of a tax levied on the sale of goods is a limitation of a subjective
right derived from the legal order of the European Union, it must be interpreted narrowly. Accordingly, the direct passing
on to the purchaser of the tax wrongly levied constitutes the sole exception to the right to reimbursement of tax levied in
breach of European Union law.
The Court has also held that, even where it is established that the burden of the charge levied though not due has been passed
on to third parties, repayment to the trader of the amount thus passed on does not necessarily entail his unjust enrichment,
since even where the charge is wholly incorporated in the price, the taxable person may suffer as a result of a fall in the
volume of his sales (see
Comateb and Others
, paragraphs 29 to 32;
Michaïlidis
, paragraphs 34 and 35; and
Weber’s Wine World and Others
, paragraph 98 and 99).
Similarly, the Member State may not reject an application for reimbursement of an unlawful tax on the ground that the amount
of that tax has been set off by the abolition of a lawful levy of an equivalent amount.
Although reimbursement of an unlawful levy to a trader who has passed on the amount to his customers can, in the conditions
set out above, lead to unjust enrichment, that is not so in the case of an alleged abolition of other taxes in relation to
the introduction of a tax contrary to European Union law.
That abolition falls within the ambit of choices made by the State in the field of taxation which express its general policy
in economic and social matters. Such a choice can easily have the most diverse of consequences which, disregarding the potential
difficulties in ascertaining whether and, if so, to what extent one tax has, in reality, purely and simply replaced another,
preclude the reimbursement of an unlawful tax in such a context’s being regarded as giving rise to unjust enrichment.
That conclusion cannot be called into question by the Court’s judgments in Case 177/78
McCarren
[1979] ECR 2161 and Case 222/82
Apple and Pear Development Council
[1983] ECR 4083. Even if, in paragraph 25 of the judgment in
McCarren
and paragraph 41 of the judgment in
Apple and Pear Development Council
, the Court did not rule out that the national court, applying its national law, could take into consideration possible methods
of refusing reimbursement of an unlawful tax other than passing on, it must be noted that the Court, in paragraph 20 of the
present judgment, states that the direct passing on of the tax wrongly levied to the purchaser constitutes the sole exception
to the right to reimbursement of tax levied in breach of European Union law.
The answer to the second and third questions is therefore that the recovery of sums wrongly paid can give rise to unjust enrichment
only when the amounts wrongly paid by a taxpayer under a tax levied in a Member State in breach of European Union law have
been passed on direct to the purchaser. Consequently, European Union law precludes a Member State from refusing reimbursement
of a tax wrongfully levied on the ground that the amounts wrongly paid by the taxpayer have been set off by a saving made
as a result of the concomitant abolition of other levies, since such a set-off cannot be regarded, from the point of view
of European Union law, as an unjust enrichment as regards that tax.
Having regard to the reply given to the second and third questions, it is not necessary to answer the first and fourth questions.

Costs
Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court,
the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs
of those parties, are not recoverable.
On those grounds, the Court (Grand Chamber) hereby rules:
The rules of European Union law on recovery of sums wrongly paid must be interpreted to the effect that recovery of sums wrongly
paid can give rise to unjust enrichment only when the amounts wrongly paid by a taxpayer under a tax levied in a Member State
in breach of European Union law have been passed on direct to the purchaser. Consequently, European Union law precludes a
Member State from refusing reimbursement of a tax wrongfully levied on the ground that the amounts wrongly paid by the taxpayer
have been set off by a saving made as a result of the concomitant abolition of other levies, since such a set-off cannot be
regarded, from the point of view of European Union law, as an unjust enrichment as regards that tax.
[Signatures]
*
Language of the case: Danish.