CELEX: 62009CJ0406
Regulation (EC) No 44/2001
Jurisdiction and recognition and enforcement of judgments
Definition of ‘civil and commercial matters’
Recognition and enforcement of an order imposing a fine
Directive 2004/48/EC
Intellectual property rights
Infringement of those rights
Measures, procedures and remedies
Sentence
Exequatur procedure
Related legal costs

This reference for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Article 1 of Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 of
22 December 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (OJ 2001
L 12, p. 1), and Article 14 of Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the
enforcement of intellectual property rights (OJ 2004 L 157, p. 45).
The reference has been made in proceedings between Realchimie Nederland BV (‘Realchimie’) and Bayer CropScience AG (‘Bayer’)
concerning the enforcement in the Netherlands of six orders from the Landgericht Düsseldorf (Germany), by which that court,
hearing an application lodged by Bayer and based on an alleged patent infringement, prohibited Realchimie from importing into,
possessing and marketing certain pesticides in Germany.

Legal context

European Union law
Regulation No 44/2001
Recitals 6 and 7 in the preamble to Regulation No 44/2001 state:
‘(6)      In order to attain the objective of free movement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, it is necessary and appropriate
that the rules governing jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments be governed by a Community legal instrument
which is binding and directly applicable.
(7)      The scope of this Regulation must cover all the main civil and commercial matters apart from certain well-defined matters.
Recitals 16 and 17 in the preamble to Regulation No 44/2001 provide:
‘(16)      Mutual trust in the administration of justice in the Community justifies judgments given in a Member State being recognised
automatically without the need for any procedure except in cases of dispute.
(17)      By virtue of the same principle of mutual trust, the procedure for making enforceable in one Member State a judgment given
in another must be efficient and rapid. To that end, the declaration that a judgment is enforceable should be issued virtually
automatically after purely formal checks of the documents supplied, without there being any possibility for the court to raise
of its own motion any of the grounds for non-enforcement provided for by this Regulation.’
Recital 19 in the preamble to Regulation No 44/2001 states:
‘Continuity between the [Convention of 27 September 1968 on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial
matters (OJ 1978 L 304, p. 36) (‘the Brussels Convention’)] and this Regulation should be ensured, and transitional provisions
should be laid down to that end. The same need for continuity applies as regards the interpretation of the Brussels Convention
by the Court of Justice of the European Communities and the 1971 Protocol [on the interpretation by the Court, in its revised
and amended version (OJ 1998 C 27, p. 28)] should remain applicable also to cases already pending when this Regulation enters
into force.’
Article 1(1) and (2) of Regulation No 44/2001 are worded as follows:
‘1.      This Regulation shall apply in civil and commercial matters whatever the nature of the court or tribunal. It shall not extend,
in particular, to revenue, customs or administrative matters.
2.      The Regulation shall not apply to:
(a)      the status or legal capacity of natural persons, rights in property arising out of a matrimonial relationship, wills and succession;
(b)      bankruptcy, proceedings relating to the winding-up of insolvent companies or other legal persons, judicial arrangements, compositions
and analogous proceedings;
(c)      social security;
(d)      arbitration.’
According to Article 32 of the regulation, ‘“judgment” means any judgment given by a court or tribunal of a Member State,
whatever the judgment may be called, including a decree, order, decision or writ of execution, as well as the determination
of costs or expenses by an officer of the court.’
Article 34 of Regulation No 44/2001 provides:
‘A judgment shall not be recognised:
…
(2)      where it was given in default of appearance, if the defendant was not served with the document which instituted the proceedings
or with an equivalent document in sufficient time and in such a way as to enable him to arrange for his defence, unless the
defendant failed to commence proceedings to challenge the judgment when it was possible for him to do so;
…’
Article 43 of the regulation is worded as follows:
‘1.      The decision on the application for a declaration of enforceability may be appealed against by either party.
2.      The appeal is to be lodged with the court indicated in the list in Annex III.
3.      The appeal shall be dealt with in accordance with the rules governing procedure in contradictory matters.
4.      If the party against whom enforcement is sought fails to appear before the appellate court in proceedings concerning an appeal
brought by the applicant, Article 26(2) to (4) shall apply even where the party against whom enforcement is sought is not
domiciled in any of the Member States.
5.      An appeal against the declaration of enforceability is to be lodged within one month of service thereof. If the party against
whom enforcement is sought is domiciled in a Member State other than that in which the declaration of enforceability was given,
the time for appealing shall be two months and shall run from the date of service, either on him in person or at his residence.
No extension of time may be granted on account of distance.’
Directive 2004/48
Recital 3 in the preamble to Directive 2004/48 states in particular that ‘without effective means of enforcing intellectual
property rights, innovation and creativity are discouraged and investment diminished. It is therefore necessary to ensure
that the substantive law on intellectual property, which is nowadays largely part of the acquis communautaire, is applied
effectively in the Community.’
Recitals 8 to 11 in the preamble to Directive 2004/48 are worded as follows:
‘(8)      The disparities between the systems of the Member States as regards the means of enforcing intellectual property rights are
prejudicial to the proper functioning of the Internal Market and make it impossible to ensure that intellectual property rights
enjoy an equivalent level of protection throughout the Community. This situation does not promote free movement within the
Internal Market or create an environment conducive to healthy competition.
(9)      The current disparities also lead to a weakening of the substantive law on intellectual property and to a fragmentation of
the Internal Market in this field. … Approximation of the legislation of the Member States in this field is therefore an essential
prerequisite for the proper functioning of the Internal Market.
(10)      The objective of this Directive is to approximate legislative systems so as to ensure a high, equivalent and homogeneous level
of protection in the Internal Market.
(11)      This Directive does not aim to establish harmonised rules for judicial cooperation, jurisdiction, the recognition and enforcement
of decisions in civil and commercial matters, or deal with applicable law. There are Community instruments which govern such
matters in general terms and are, in principle, equally applicable to intellectual property.’
Article 1 of Directive 2004/48 provides that the latter ‘concerns the measures, procedures and remedies necessary to ensure
the enforcement of intellectual property rights’.
Article 2 of Directive 2004/48, entitled ‘Scope’, in Chapter I thereof, provides in paragraph 1:
‘Without prejudice to the means which are or may be provided for in Community or national legislation, in so far as those
means may be more favourable for rightholders, the measures, procedures and remedies provided for by this Directive shall
apply, in accordance with Article 3, to any infringement of intellectual property rights as provided for by Community law
and/or by the national law of the Member State concerned.’
Article 3, entitled ‘General obligation’, in Chapter II, Section 1, of Directive 2004/48 states:
‘1.      Member States shall provide for the measures, procedures and remedies necessary to ensure the enforcement of the intellectual
property rights covered by this Directive. Those measures, procedures and remedies shall be fair and equitable and shall not
be unnecessarily complicated or costly, or entail unreasonable time-limits or unwarranted delays.
2.      Those measures, procedures and remedies shall also be effective, proportionate and dissuasive and shall be applied in such
a manner as to avoid the creation of barriers to legitimate trade and to provide for safeguards against their abuse.’
Article 14 of Directive 2004/48, entitled ‘Legal costs’, provides:
‘Member States shall ensure that reasonable and proportionate legal costs and other expenses incurred by the successful party
shall, as a general rule, be borne by the unsuccessful party, unless equity does not allow this.’

National law
German law
Paragraphs 890 and 891 of the German Civil Procedure Code (Zivilprozessordnung, ‘the ZPO’) are worded as follows:
‘Paragraph 890
Enforcement of an obligation not to act and to tolerate an act
1.      If an obligor fails to comply with his obligation not to act or with his obligation to tolerate an act, he shall, on application
by the obligee, be sentenced by the court of first instance either to a fine and, if recovery is impossible, to a term of
imprisonment or to a term of imprisonment, not exceeding six months. Each fine shall not exceed EUR 250 000, and the term
of imprisonment shall not exceed two years in total.
2.      The sentence must be preceded by a coercive warning issued, upon request, by the court of first instance, if such a warning
is not already contained in the judgment establishing the obligation.
3.      Upon application by the obligee, the obligor may also be ordered to lodge a security in respect of any subsequent damage which
might, within a fixed period, result from any other failure to fulfil an obligation.
Paragraph 891
Procedure, hearing of the obligor, determination of costs
Decisions pursuant to Paragraphs 887 to 890 shall be given by means of an order. The obligor shall be heard prior to the grant
of the order. …’
Netherlands law
It is apparent from the file that the Kingdom of the Netherlands has implemented Article 14 of Directive 2004/48 in its national
law by Article 1019h of the Netherlands Civil Procedure Code (Wetboek van burgerlijke rechtsvordering). According to the referring
court, under that provision it is possible, in cases covered by that directive, to make orders for costs which are more onerous
than ordinary orders.

The dispute in the main proceedings and the questions referred for a preliminary ruling
On the basis of an application brought before it by Bayer and based on an allegation of patent infringement, the Landgericht
Düsseldorf, in interim proceedings, by order of 19 December 2005, prohibited Realchimie from importing into, possessing or
marketing certain pesticides in Germany (‘the basic order’). That prohibition was pronounced on pain of a fine. In addition,
the Landgericht Düsseldorf ordered Realchimie to provide details of its commercial transactions involving the pesticides and
to transfer its stock into the custody of the courts. In the basic order, the Landgericht Düsseldorf also ordered Realchimie
to pay the costs.
Pursuant to the order on costs in the basic order, the Landgericht Düsseldorf, by a determination of costs order of 29 August
2006, fixed the costs at EUR 7 829.60.
Furthermore, the Landgericht Düsseldorf, by order of 17 August 2006, given pursuant to Paragraph 890 of the ZPO, imposed a
fine (‘Ordnungsgeld’) on Realchimie of EUR 20 000 to be paid to the cashier of that court for breach of the prohibition imposed
in the basic order (‘the order imposing the penalty’) and ordered Realchimie to pay the costs of the proceedings.
Pursuant to the order for costs in the order imposing the fine, the Landgericht Düsseldorf, by a determination of costs order
of 19 September 2006, fixed the costs at EUR 898.60.
In addition, by order of 6 October 2006, the Landgericht Düsseldorf imposed a periodic penalty payment (‘Zwangsgeld’, Paragraph
888 of the ZPO) of EUR 15 000 (‘the penalty payment order’) to encourage it to provide details of the commercial transactions
concerning the pesticides in question and also ordered Realchimie to pay the costs of those proceedings.
Pursuant to the order for costs in the periodic payment order, the Landgericht Düsseldorf, by a determination of costs order
of 11 November 2006, fixed the costs at EUR 852.40 plus interest.
Those six orders were all served on Realchimie a few days after they were made.
By application of 6 April 2007, Bayer referred the matter to the judge responsible for hearing applications for interim measures
at the Rechbank ’s-Hertogenbosch (Netherlands) to obtain a declaration that the six orders made by the Landgericht Düsseldorf
were enforceable in the Netherlands.
By order of 10 April 2007, the judge responsible for hearing applications for interim measures upheld Bayer’s application
for a declaration that the six orders from the Landgericht Düsseldorf were enforceable in the Netherlands pursuant to Regulation
No 44/2001.
On 14 June 2007, Realchimie appealed to the Rechtbank ’s-Hertogenbosch, pursuant to Article 43 of Regulation No 44/2001, against
the order of 10 April 2007 seeking to have it annulled and to have the authorisation sought by Bayer rejected.
It relied on the ground of refusal provided for in Article 34 initio and (2) of Regulation No 44/2001 arguing essentially
that the basic order, the order imposing the fine and the periodic payment order could not be recognised and enforced in another
Member State as they were made without Realchimie being called to appear and without an oral procedure, and the three determination
of costs orders could be neither recognised nor enforced as they formed an integral part of the three abovementioned orders.
By order of 26 February 2008, the Rechtbank ’s-Hertogenbosch dismissed that appeal as unfounded and upheld the order of 10
April 2007. It considered that the orders made by the Landgericht Düsseldorf, even if they were made on the basis of unilateral
applications, were orders covered by Article 32 of Regulation No 44/2001 and could therefore be enforced in the Netherlands.
As regards Realchimie’s argument that Bayer was not entitled to request the enforcement of the order imposing the fine, the
Rechtbank ’s-Hertogenbosch took the view that the fact that that order requires Realchimie to pay a fine of EUR 20 000 to
the cashier of the Landgericht Düsseldorf in no way detracts from Bayer’s right to and interest in having Realchimie actually
pay the fine to the cashier of that court, which constitutes an incentive to comply with the basic order, and that Bayer may
therefore pursue the enforcement of that order in the Netherlands.
The Rechtbank ’s-Hertogenbosch ordered Realchimie to pay the costs of the appeal.
That court fixed those costs, not, as Bayer had requested, by applying Article 1019h of the Netherlands Civil Procedure Code,
but in accordance with the ordinary rules.
Realchimie brought an appeal on a point of law against the order of the Rechtbank ’s-Hertogenbosch of 26 February 2008. Bayer
sought to have the appeal dismissed and lodged a cross-appeal.
In those circumstances, the Hoge Raad der Nederlanden (Supreme Court of the Netherlands) decided to stay the proceedings and
to refer the following questions to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling:
‘1.      Is the phrase “civil and commercial matters” in Article 1 of Regulation … No 44/2001 … to be interpreted in such a way that
this regulation applies also to the recognition and enforcement of an order for payment of a fine pursuant to Paragraph 890
of the ZPO]?
2.      Is Article 14 of Directive 2004/48 … to be interpreted as applying also to enforcement proceedings relating to
(a)      an order made in another Member State concerning an infringement of intellectual property rights;
(b)      an order made in another Member State imposing a penalty or fine for breach of an injunction against infringement of intellectual
property rights;
(c)      costs determination orders made in another Member State on the basis of the orders referred to at (a) and (b) above?’
Consideration of the questions referred

The first question
By its first question, the referring court asks, in essence, whether an order containing an order for the payment of a fine
pursuant to a national provision such as Paragraph 890 of the ZPO falls within the scope of Regulation No 44/2001 as defined
in Article 1 thereof.
The Hoge Raad der Nederlanden states that the doubts that it has in that regard result from several factors. First of all,
the fine penalises an infringement of an injunction imposed by the court at the request of a private party, which is not payable
to Bayer but to the German State. Next, that fine is recovered not by the private party or on its behalf but automatically.
Finally, the actual recovery is also made by the German judicial authorities.
In light of that information, the Netherlands Government takes the view that the order of the German court requiring Realchimie
to pay the fine does not, by its very nature, fall within the scope of Regulation No 44/2001 since it is public law in nature.
The German Government and the European Commission on the other hand take the view that that order does fall with the scope
of Regulation No 44/2001, since the dispute in the main proceedings to which it relates is a civil and commercial matter as
defined by that regulation.
As a preliminary point, it must be recalled that, in so far as Regulation No 44/2001 now replaces the Brussels Convention
in relations between the Member States, with the exception of the Kingdom of Denmark, an interpretation given by the Court
concerning that convention also applies to the regulation, where its provisions and those of the Brussels Convention may be
treated as equivalent (see, inter alia, Case C‑292/08
German Graphics Graphische Maschinen
[2009] ECR I‑8421, paragraph 27 and case-law cited). Furthermore, it is clear from recital 19 in the preamble to Regulation
No 44/2001 that continuity in interpretation between the Brussels Convention and that regulation should be ensured.
In that connection, it must be stated that the scope of Regulation No 44/2001 is, like the Brussels Convention, limited to
‘civil and commercial matters’. That scope is determined essentially according to the factors characterising the nature of
the legal relationships between the parties to the action or the subject-matter of the action (see, in particular, to that
effect, Case C‑420/07
Apostolides
[2009] ECR I‑3571, paragraphs 42, 45 and 46 and the case-law cited).
More particularly, as regards interim measures, the Court considers that their inclusion in the scope of the Brussels Convention
is determined not by their own nature but by the nature of the rights that they serve to protect (see, in particular, Case
143/78
de Cavel
[1979] ECR 1055, paragraph 8, and Case C‑391/95
Van Uden
[1998] ECR I‑7091, paragraph 33).
In the present case, even if, according to Paragraph 890 of the ZPO, the fine at issue in the main proceedings is punitive
and the reasoning in the order imposing it explicitly mentions the penal nature of that fine, the fact remains that, in those
proceedings, there is a dispute between two private persons, the object of which is the authorisation of enforcement in the
Netherlands of six orders from the Landgericht Düsseldorf, by which the latter, hearing an application lodged by Bayer and
based on an allegation of patent infringement, prohibited Realchimie from importing into, possessing and marketing certain
pesticides in Germany. The action brought is intended to protect private rights and does not involve the exercise of public
powers by one of the parties to the dispute. In other words, the legal relationship between Bayer and Realchimie must be classified
as ‘a private law relationship’ and is therefore covered by the concept of ‘civil and commercial matters’ within the meaning
of Regulation No 44/2001.
It is true, as is apparent from the order for reference, that the fine imposed on Realchimie pursuant to Paragraph 890 of
the ZPO, by order of the Landgericht Düsseldorf must be paid, when it is enforced, not to a private party but to the German
State, that the fine is not recovered by the private party or on its behalf but automatically, and that the actual recovery
is made by the German judicial authorities. Those specific aspects of the German enforcement procedure cannot however be regarded
as decisive as regards the nature of the right to enforcement. The nature of that right depends on the nature of the subjective
right, for infringement of which enforcement was ordered, that is, in the present case, Bayer’s right to exploit exclusively
the invention protected by its patent which is clearly covered by civil and commercial matters within the meaning of Article
1 of Regulation No 44/2001.
Finally, as regards the question raised by the Netherlands Government as to which rules of procedure the national court should
apply to enforce the orders in the main proceedings, it must be observed that since the national court has not referred any
questions on that point, there is no need to give a ruling on that matter.
Having regard to the foregoing, the answer to the first question is that the concept of ‘civil and commercial matters’ in
Article 1 of Regulation No 44/2001 must be interpreted as meaning that that regulation applies to the recognition and enforcement
of a decision of a court or tribunal that contains an order to pay a fine in order to ensure compliance with a judgment given
in a civil and commercial matter.

The second question
By its second question, the referring court asks, in essence, whether the costs related to an exequatur procedure begun in
the Netherlands, in which the recognition and enforcement is sought of six orders made in Germany in a dispute seeking to
ensure enforcement of an intellectual property right, are covered by Article 14 of Directive 2004/48, which requires Member
States to ensure that legal costs incurred by the successful party are in principle to be paid by the unsuccessful party.
It must be recalled that, according to Article 1, Directive 2004/48 concerns the measures, procedures and remedies necessary
to ensure the enforcement of intellectual property rights. Furthermore, Article 2(1) of that directive provides that those
measures, procedures and remedies apply, in accordance with Article 3, to any infringement of intellectual property rights
as provided for by Community law and/or by the national law of the Member State concerned. The scope of Directive 2004/48
is therefore, in principle, able to cover an exequatur procedure.
It should also be observed that according to recitals 10 and 11 in the preamble to Directive 2004/48, the directive aims to
approximate the legislative systems of the Member States so as to ensure a high, equivalent and homogeneous level of protection
in the internal market, and not to establish harmonised rules for judicial cooperation, jurisdiction, the recognition and
enforcement of decisions in civil and commercial matters, or deal with applicable law. Furthermore, as the second sentence
of recital 11 states, Community instruments which govern such matters in general terms are, in principle, equally applicable
to intellectual property.
As regards Article 14 of Directive 2004/48, that provision aims to strengthen the level of protection of intellectual property,
by avoiding the situation in which an injured party is deterred from bringing legal proceedings in order to protect his rights.
An interpretation of that provision, to the effect that it is also applicable to an exequatur procedure and to decisions on
related costs, is therefore consistent both with the general objective of Directive 2004/48, which aims to approximate the
legislative systems of the Member States in order to ensure a high, equivalent and homogeneous level of intellectual property
protection, and with the specific aim of that provision, which attempts to prevent the injured party from being deterred from
bringing legal proceedings in order to protect his intellectual property rights. In accordance with those objectives, the
author of the infringement of the intellectual property rights must generally bear all the financial consequences of his conduct.
Consequently, the answer to the second question is that the costs relating to an exequatur procedure brought in a Member State,
in the course of which the recognition and enforcement is sought of a judgment given in another Member State in proceedings
seeking to enforce an intellectual property right, fall within Article 14 of Directive 2004/48.

Costs
Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court,
the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs
of those parties, are not recoverable.
On those grounds, the Court (Grand Chamber) hereby rules:
1.
The concept of ‘civil and commercial matters’ in Article 1 of Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on jurisdiction
and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters must be interpreted as meaning that that
regulation applies to the recognition and enforcement of a decision of a court or tribunal that contains an order to pay a
fine in order to ensure compliance with a judgment given in a civil and commercial matter.
2.
The costs relating to an exequatur procedure brought in a Member State, in the course of which the recognition and enforcement
is sought of a judgment given in another Member State in proceedings seeking to enforce an intellectual property right, fall
within Article 14 of Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the enforcement
of intellectual property rights.
[Signatures]
*
Language of the case: Dutch.