CELEX: 62006TJ0384
Competition
Agreements, decisions and concerted practices
Copper and copper alloy fittings sector
Decision finding an infringement of Article 81 EC
Duration of participation in the infringement
Fines
Aggravating circumstances

Background to the dispute
By Decision C(2006) 4180 of 20 September 2006 relating to a proceeding under Article 81 [EC] and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement
(Case COMP/F‑1/38.121 – Fittings) (summary published in OJ 2007 L 283, p. 63; ‘the contested decision’), the Commission of
the European Communities found that a number of undertakings had infringed Article 81(1) EC and Article 53 of the Agreement
on the European Economic Area (EEA) by participating, over various periods between 31 December 1988 and 1 April 2004, in a
single, complex and continuous infringement of the Community competition rules taking the form of a complex of anti-competitive
agreements and concerted practices in the market for copper and copper alloy fittings, which covered the territory of the
EEA. The infringement consisted in fixing prices, agreeing on price lists, agreeing on discounts and rebates, agreeing on
implementation mechanisms for introducing price increases, allocating national markets, allocating customers and exchanging
other commercial information and also in participating in regular meetings and in maintaining other contacts intended to facilitate
the infringement.
The applicants, IBP Ltd and International Building Products France SA (‘IBP France’), are among the addressees of the contested
decision.
IBP France is a wholly-owned subsidiary of IBP, which was founded in 2001 by Oystertec plc for the purpose of acquiring, on
23 November 2001, from Delta plc the assets of the former holding company IBP (also called IBP Ltd, then called Aldway Nine
Limited) and the shares in its subsidiaries, including IBP France. On 1 June 2005, Oystertec changed its name to Advanced
Fluid Connections plc (‘AFC’). On 24 March 2006, AFC was placed in administrative receivership. On 25 March 2006, the administrative
receivers sold all the assets of AFC, which included those of the applicants and International Building Products GmbH (‘IBP
Germany’), to Celestial Wing Ltd. Celestial Wing was at the time a wholly-owned subsidiary of a private equity fund, Endless
LLP. On 15 September 2006, Celestial Wing became Pearl Fittings Ltd (recital 35 to the contested decision). By two orders
of 2 March 2007, Mr Justice Richards of the High Court of Justice (England & Wales) ordered the initiation of insolvency proceedings
against the applicants and appointed two administrators for the duration of those proceedings.
On 9 January 2001, Mueller Industries Inc., another producer of copper fittings, informed the Commission of the existence
of a cartel in the fittings sector and in other related industries in the copper tubes market, and expressed its willingness
to cooperate with the Commission under the terms of the Commission Notice on the non-imposition or reduction of fines in cartel
cases (OJ 1996 C 207, p. 4; ‘the 1996 Leniency Notice’) (recital 114 to the contested decision).
On 22 and 23 March 2001, in the framework of an investigation concerning copper tubes and fittings, the Commission, pursuant
to Article 14(3) of Council Regulation No 17 of 6 February 1962, First Regulation implementing Articles [81 EC] and [82 EC]
(OJ, English Special Edition 1959-1962, p. 87), carried out unannounced inspections at the premises of a number of undertakings
(recital 119 to the contested decision).
Following those first inspections, the Commission, in April 2001, split the investigation relating to copper tubes into three
different proceedings, namely the proceedings relating to Case COMP/E‑1/38.069 (Copper Plumbing Tubes), Case COMP/F‑1/38.121
(Fittings) and Case COMP/E‑1/38.240 (Industrial Tubes), respectively (recital 120 to the contested decision).
On 24 and 25 April 2001, the Commission carried out further unannounced inspections at the premises of Delta, a company at
the head of an international engineering group whose ‘Engineering’ division encompassed a number of fittings manufacturers.
Those inspections related solely to fittings (recital 121 to the contested decision).
From February/March 2002, the Commission sent the parties concerned a number of requests for information pursuant to Article
11 of Regulation No 17, and then pursuant to Article 18 of Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation
of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 [EC] and 82 [EC] (OJ 2003 L 1, p. 1) (recital 122 to the contested decision).
In September 2003, IMI plc submitted an application for leniency under the 1996 Leniency Notice. That application was followed
by applications from the Delta group (March 2004) and FRA.BO SpA (July 2004). The final leniency application was submitted
in May 2005 by AFC (recitals 115 to 118 to the contested decision).
On 22 September 2005, the Commission initiated an infringement proceeding in the framework of Case COMP/F‑1/38.121 (Fittings)
and adopted a statement of objections, which was then notified to the applicants (recitals 123 and 124 to the contested decision).
On 20 September 2006 the Commission adopted the contested decision.
In Article 1 of the contested decision the Commission found that the applicants had infringed Article 81 EC and Article 53
of the EEA Agreement, in the case of IBP, between 23 November 2001 and 1 April 2004 and, in the case of IBP France, between
4 April 1998 and 23 November 2001 (whilst under Delta) and between 23 November 2001 and 1 April 2004 (whilst under AFC).
For that infringement, the Commission imposed on AFC a fine of EUR 18.08 million, for the payment of which IBP was held jointly
and severally liable as to EUR 11.26 million (Article 2(c)(i) of the contested decision) and IBP France as to EUR 5.63 million
(Article 2(c)(ii) of the contested decision). The Commission also imposed on Delta a fine of EUR 28.31 million for that infringement,
for which IBP France was held jointly and severally liable as to EUR 5.63 million (Article 2(d)(iii) of the contested decision).
For the purposes of setting the amount of the fine imposed on each undertaking, the Commission applied, in the contested decision,
the method set out in the Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 15(2) of Regulation No 17
and Article 65(5) [CS] (OJ 1998 C 9, p. 3; ‘the 1998 Guidelines’).
As regards, first of all, the fixing of the starting amount of the fine by reference to the gravity of the infringement, the
Commission characterised the infringement as very serious, on account of its nature and its geographic scope (recital 755
to the contested decision).
Taking the view, next, that there was considerable disparity between the undertakings concerned, the Commission applied differentiated
treatment, taking as its basis their relative importance on the relevant market as determined by their market shares. On that
basis, the Commission divided the undertakings concerned into six categories (recital 758 to the contested decision).
Delta was placed in the second category, for which the starting amount of the fine was set at EUR 46 million, while AFC was
placed in the third category, for which the starting amount of the fine was set at EUR 36 million (recital 765 to the contested
decision).
On account of the duration of the applicants’ participation in the infringement, the first part of the starting amount of
the fine imposed on IBP France for its participation in the infringement whilst under Delta was increased by 35%, and the
second part, for its participation in the infringement whilst under AFC, by 20%. The starting amount of the fine imposed on
IBP was increased by 20%.
Next, the continued participation in the infringement after the Commission’s inspections was considered to be an aggravating
circumstance justifying an increase of 60% in the basic amount of the fine imposed on all the undertakings of Delta and AFC
(recital 785 to the contested decision). Likewise, AFC’s basic amount was increased by 50% because of the misleading information
it had supplied to the Commission (recital 790 to the contested decision).
In the case of IBP, the 10% ceiling referred to in Article 23(2) of Regulation No 1/2003, that is to say, EUR 11.26 million,
was calculated on the basis of its total world-wide turnover. In the case of IBP France, that 10% ceiling was applied to both
parts of the fine for which it was held jointly and severally liable with its two consecutive parent companies. Since those
two parts exceeded the 10% ceiling, IBP France was held to be jointly and severally liable for payment of half the amount
of the fine corresponding to the 10% ceiling of each of its consecutive parent companies.
AFC and its subsidiaries were not granted any reduction in the amount of the fine under the provisions set out in the first
and second indents of Section D.2 of the 1996 Leniency Notice (recitals 861 to 865 to the contested decision).

Procedure and forms of order sought by the parties
By application lodged at the Registry of the Court on 13 December 2006, the applicants brought the present action.
By order of 28 March 2007, the President of the Court dismissed the application for interim measures by which the applicants
sought the suspension of operation of Article 2(c) and (d) of the contested decision.
Upon hearing the Report of the Judge-Rapporteur, the General Court (Eighth Chamber) decided to open the oral procedure.
By letter lodged at the Registry of the Court on 20 January 2010, the applicants informed the Court that, owing to their critical
financial situation, it was impossible for them to be represented at the hearing. Subsequently, the Court having taken the
view that a hearing was useful in order for the Commission to be able to answer certain questions arising from the documents
in the case and which could not be fully resolved on the basis of the written pleadings, the Commission presented oral argument
and its answers to the questions put by the Court at the hearing on 4 February 2010.
The applicants claim that the Court should:
–        annul the contested decision in so far as it applies to the applicants for the period from 23 November 2001 to 1 April 2004;
–        cancel the fine imposed on them or reduce it to such amount as the Court may deem appropriate;
–        order such measures of organisation of procedure or inquiry as may be necessary to resolve the disputes between the applicants
and the Commission or FRA.BO concerning evidence relating to the meetings of the Fédération Française des Négociants en Appareils
Sanitaires, Chauffage, Climatisation et Canalisations (FNAS) and the telephone calls of Ms B. (FRA.BO); in particular, the
hearing of the witnesses concerned, including Ms I., Ms B., Mr T., Mr H., Mr R. and Mr D. and any other witness whom the Court
considers it appropriate to hear;
–        order the Commission to pay the costs.
The Commission contends that the Court should:
–        dismiss the action;
–        order the applicants to pay the costs, including those relating to the interim measures proceedings.

Law
In support of their action, the applicants put forward two pleas in law, alleging infringement of Article 81 EC and miscalculation
of the fine, respectively.

The application for measures of organisation of procedure or inquiry
It must be borne in mind that, under the first subparagraph of Article 68(1) of the Rules of Procedure, the Court may, either
of its own motion or on application by a party, and after hearing the parties, order that certain facts be proved by witnesses.
According to the third subparagraph of Article 68(1), an application by a party for the examination of a witness must state
precisely about what facts and for what reasons the witness should be examined.
As regards the assessment of applications made by a party for measures of organisation of the procedure or inquiry, it must
be pointed out that the General Court is the sole judge of any need to supplement the information available to it concerning
the cases before it (see Case C‑260/05 P
Sniace
v
Commission
[2007] ECR I‑10005, paragraph 77 and the case-law cited).
Thus, the Court of Justice has held, in particular, that even where a request for the examination of witnesses, made in the
application, states precisely about what facts and for what reasons the witness or witnesses should be examined, it falls
to the General Court to assess the relevance of the application to the subject-matter of the dispute and the need to examine
the witnesses named (Case C‑185/95 P
Baustahlgewebe
v
Commission
[1998] ECR I‑8417, paragraph 70; Joined Cases C‑189/02 P, C‑202/02 P, C‑205/02 P to C‑208/02 P and C‑213/02 P
Dansk Rørindustri and Others
v
Commission
[2005] ECR I‑5425, paragraph 68; and order of 15 September 2005 in Case C‑112/04 P
Marlines
v
Commission
, not published in the ECR, paragraph 38).
In the present case, no statement of reasons or justification has been given by the applicants, other than that included in
the third head of claim. Therefore, this application must be dismissed.

First plea in law: infringement of Article 81 EC
Arguments of the parties
The applicants claim that the Commission infringed Article 81 EC in so far as its findings constitute manifest errors of assessment
with regard to the existence of a single and continuous infringement. In addition, they assert that the Commission did not
provide an adequate statement of reasons for its decision and that it breached their right to be heard.
The applicants dispute the Commission’s assessment of three decisive events on which it relied to support its finding that
there had been a single and continuous infringement. The events in question were their participation in FNAS meetings between
June 2003 and April 2004, the meeting with certain competitors in Essen (Germany) on 18 March 2004 and various telephone calls
between two representatives of FRA.BO and IBP Banninger Italia Srl between 2001 and April 2004.
As regards the FNAS meetings, the applicants emphasise, as a preliminary point, that in the statement of objections they were
not accused of any wrongdoing in connection with those meetings. Furthermore, the statement of objections was addressed to
FNAS, although it was not held guilty of an infringement of Article 81 EC.
The applicants assert that the Commission relied on the minutes of the FNAS meetings, which, with one exception, were not
approved by the participants. The participants signed only an attendance sheet.
The applicants maintain that the FNAS meetings did not have an anti-competitive purpose. In order to support their position,
they rely on the statement of Ms I. and also on a formal invitation to the FNAS meeting of 25 June 2003, the agenda of which
related to a technical matter, namely the packaging chosen by the customer members of FNAS. The applicants further observe
that Ms I. had signed Oystertec’s policy statement on anti-competitive practices. In addition, FNAS meetings were not secret
and customers were able to attend.
The applicants claim that IBP France sought to distance itself from Comap SA’s efforts to discuss prices. They rely, in that
regard, on the statement of Ms I., who confirmed that she had always taken steps to ensure that any discussion at the FNAS
meetings of future prices or the exchange of confidential information was avoided or stopped.
The applicants submit that while IBP France’s price increase of 1 January 2004 was indeed mentioned by a retailer at the meeting
on 3 November 2003, customers were informed of the increase on 28 October 2003 and the information was therefore no longer
confidential in the market. Furthermore, in the applicants’ submission, given the atmosphere of mistrust that prevailed among
the participants, it is unlikely that consensus was reached at the meeting on 20 January 2004.
The applicants assert that, in any event, the 2004 price increases were not connected with the FNAS meetings. The price increase
announced by IBP France in its letter of 28 October 2003 was imposed on the applicants by Oystertec. There are also other
plausible explanations for the price rises introduced by Comap and Raccord Orléanais SAS in 2004, notably the increase in
the price of raw materials.
It follows, in the applicants’ submission, that the FNAS meetings were not part of the previous single and continuous infringement,
since their objective was legitimate and entirely different from the objective of the ‘Super EFMA’ meetings held before or
after the meetings of the European Fittings Manufacturers Association (EFMA).
Last, the applicants claim that the Commission made a manifest error of assessment in considering that the geographic scope
of the FNAS meetings was pan-European. They maintain that the scope of those meetings was confined to France and that the
only references made in that regard were to the packaging units used on other national markets. In the applicants’ submission,
these were legitimate discussions concerning the requirements of other markets.
As regards the meeting in Essen on 18 March 2004 between IBP Germany, R. Woeste & Co. Yorkshire GmbH and Comap, the applicants
maintain that the Commission’s assessment of the facts is erroneous. In that regard, they claim that Mr H. of IBP Germany
only responded to questions about his company’s own prices and that there was no discussion of the exact percentage or the
exact date of implementation of the increases. The applicants further maintain that that information was already public and
was therefore no longer confidential.
The applicants also contend that the Essen meeting was a one-off occasion for discussion but that it was not in any way premeditated.
They maintain that there is no evidence that they pursued the same object as that which existed before the inspections. It
follows that, in the absence of an ‘overall plan’, the Commission cannot conclude that that meeting was part of the previous
single and continuous infringement.
In addition, the applicants emphasise that the complaint relating to the Essen encounter was not relied on as against them
in the statement of objections. In that regard, the contested decision is also silent so far as any infringement of Article 81 EC
by IBP Germany or IBP France is concerned.
As regards the telephone contacts between the applicants and certain of their competitors, the applicants assert that it follows
from the contested decision that the Commission has evidence, notably telephone records, relating only to the period from
10 April 2002 to 17 July 2003. The Commission therefore made a manifest error of assessment in concluding that that evidence
supported its findings with respect to the period from March 2001 to April 2004.
In order to refute the Commission’s argument, the applicants claim, first of all, that Ms B. (FRA.BO) took the initiative
to call Mr R. (IBP Banninger Italia) much more frequently than vice versa. Contrary to the Commission’s contention, the total
duration of those calls was only approximately one hour.
Next, the applicants submit that there is another plausible explanation for those telephone contacts, namely that, although
IBP Banninger Italia’s last invoice to FRA.BO was issued in September 2002, FRA.BO continued to contact IBP Banninger Italia
with a view to purchasing products from it.
The applicants further observe that the period covered by those telephone records does not coincide with IBP Banninger Italia’s
price increases. Those telephone records show, moreover, that calls were indeed made, but they do not prove the content of
those calls. FRA.BO simply made allegations but failed to back them up with documentary evidence or to provide detailed information.
Last, the applicants contend that, as in the case of IMI and Aalberts Industries NV, the duration of their involvement in
the infringement should, at most, be limited to the period of the FNAS meetings.
The applicants maintain that the Commission was wrong to find that there had been a single and continuous infringement. They
emphasise, first of all, the absence of an ‘overall plan’ or of an ‘identical object’. In their submission, the Commission
did not discover any statistical information of the same quality as that relating to the period before 2001 showing the functioning
of a monitoring system. They further maintain that the implementation within Oystertec of a competition law compliance programme
‘broke the chain of continuity’, thus precluding the establishment of a single and continuous infringement.
As regards the procedural irregularities, in the first place, the applicants assert that the Commission did not put forward
any adequate reason for relying on the unparticularised and uncorroborated evidence of FRA.BO, or state why it relied on FRA.BO’s
evidence against the applicants but not against Aalberts Industries.
In the second place, the applicants claim that there was a breach of their right to be heard during the administrative procedure.
They refer, in particular, to the fact that the Commission relied in its decision on the FNAS meetings in relation to the
applicants, although it had not done so in the statement of objections, and, indeed, it did not rely on those meetings with
regard to AFC, having invoked them only in relation to FNAS. The Commission also relied on the conduct of Mr R., although
IBP Banninger Italia was not an addressee of the statement of objections and was never heard, and although there was no statement
by the Commission that Ms B.’s allegations constituted an infringement of Article 81 EC.
The Commission contends that this plea should be rejected.
Findings of the Court
As a preliminary point, it should be recalled that an infringement of Article 81 EC may result not only from an isolated act
but also from a series of acts or from continuous conduct. When the different actions form part of an ‘overall plan’ because
their identical object distorts competition within the common market, the Commission is entitled to impute responsibility
for those actions on the basis of participation in the infringement considered as a whole (Joined Cases C‑204/00 P, C‑205/00 P,
C‑211/00 P, C‑213/00 P, C‑217/00 P and C‑219/00 P
Aalborg Portland and Others
v
Commission
[2004] ECR I‑123, paragraph 258).
Furthermore, an undertaking may be held responsible for an overall cartel even though it is shown that it participated directly
only in one or some of the constituent elements of that cartel, if it is shown that it knew, or must have known, that the
collusion in which it participated was part of an overall plan and that the overall plan included all the constituent elements
of the cartel. Similarly, an undertaking which has participated in a single complex infringement by its own conduct, which
was intended to play a part in bringing about the infringement as a whole, may also be responsible for the conduct of other
undertakings in the context of the same infringement throughout the period of its participation in the infringement. That
is the case where it is proved that the undertaking in question was aware of the unlawful conduct of the other participants,
or could reasonably foresee such conduct, and was prepared to accept the risk (Case C‑49/92 P
Commission
v
Anic Partecipazioni
[1999] ECR I‑4125, paragraph 203).
As regards proof of an infringement of Article 81(1) EC, it must be observed that the Commission must produce sufficiently
precise and consistent evidence to support the firm conviction that the alleged infringement took place (see, to that effect,
Joined Cases 29/83 and 30/83
CRAM and Rheinzink
v
Commission
[1984] ECR 1679, paragraph 20). Any doubt in the mind of the Court must operate to the advantage of the undertaking to which
the decision finding the infringement was addressed. The Court cannot therefore conclude that the Commission has established
the infringement at issue to the requisite legal standard if it still entertains any doubts on that point, in particular in
proceedings for annulment of a decision imposing a fine (Case T‑38/02
Groupe Danone
v
Commission
[2005] ECR II‑4407, paragraph 215).
It has also consistently been held that it is not necessary for every item of evidence produced by the Commission to satisfy
those criteria in relation to every aspect of the infringement. It is sufficient if the body of evidence relied on by the
institution, viewed as a whole, meets that requirement (Joined Cases T‑67/00, T‑68/00, T‑71/00 and T‑78/00
JFE Engineering and Others
v
Commission
[2004] ECR II‑2501, paragraph 180 and the case-law cited).
Furthermore, it is normal for the activities which anti-competitive agreements entail to take place clandestinely, for meetings
to be held in secret and for the associated documentation to be reduced to a minimum. It follows that, even if the Commission
discovers evidence explicitly showing unlawful contact between traders, such as the minutes of meetings, it will normally
be only fragmentary and sparse, so that it is often necessary to reconstitute certain details by deduction. Accordingly, in
most cases, the existence of an anti-competitive practice or agreement must be inferred from a number of coincidences and
indicia which, taken together, may, in the absence of another plausible explanation, constitute evidence of an infringement
of the competition rules (
Aalborg Portland and Others
v
Commission
, cited in paragraph 55 above, paragraphs 55 to 57, and Joined Cases C‑403/04 P and C‑405/04 P
Sumitomo Metal Industries and Nippon Steel
v
Commission
[2007] ECR I‑729, paragraph 51).
It is also for the Commission to prove the duration of the infringement, since duration is a constituent element of the concept
of an infringement under Article 81(1) EC. The principles referred to above are applicable in that regard (see, to that effect,
Case C‑105/04 P
Nederlandse Federatieve Vereniging voor de Groothandel op Elektrotechnisch Gebied
v
Commission
[2006] ECR I‑8725, paragraphs 94 to 96).
Finally, it is settled case-law that unless an undertaking has expressly distanced itself, the Commission is entitled to consider
that the infringement has not been brought to an end (see, to that effect, Case C‑510/06 P
Archer Daniels Midland
v
Commission
[2009] ECR I‑1843, paragraph 119 et seq. and the case-law cited).
In the present case, it must be noted that IBP France does not deny that it participated in the cartel before the Commission’s
inspections in March 2001.
It must also be noted that the events alleged by the Commission with regard to the applicants – the participation in FNAS
meetings, the contacts between the applicants and FRA.BO and the contacts made at the trade fair in Essen – are not, in themselves,
disputed by the applicants. By contrast, they dispute the anti‑competitive nature of those events and the fact that they form
part of the single, complex and continuous infringement identified in relation to the period before March 2001.
Accordingly, it is necessary to determine whether the conduct identified after the Commission’s inspections in March 2001
must be characterised as anti‑competitive contact and whether it shows that there was an extension of the same infringement.
As regards, first, the applicants’ participation in the FNAS meetings, it is apparent, in particular, from the minutes of
those meetings that issues relating to pricing, such as sales margins and price increases for fittings, were discussed at
the meetings of the FNAS Logistics Committee.
It must be noted that the minutes of 25 June 2003 refer to the competitors’ resolve that ‘the objective would be to ensure,
as a minimum, that prices stabilise’. It is apparent from the minutes of 15 October 2003 that Aquatis France, IBP and Comap
provided the other manufacturers with information concerning the distribution of their sales between certain product categories
and relating to their margins. At the meeting on 3 November 2003, there was an exchange of information relating to future
price increases. Similarly, it is apparent from the minutes of 20 January 2004 that, after some discussion, Mr L. (Comap)
suggested that ‘the manufacturers inform their clients of the eventuality of a 6% increase linked to the increase in costs
of materials, in order to test the reaction of the market, and improve, at the same time, the cost of packaging’. According
to those minutes, ‘[t]his increase in costs of materials [was to] occur throughout the entire range’ and ‘[t]he unit price
of the new packaging [would] therefore be 5.3% or 5.4% higher’. Last, following that meeting, a telephone conference call
was held on 16 February 2004 during which each manufacturer commented on the proposed price increase.
Although the discussions with suppliers concerning their request for a change in packaging was of no consequence in terms
of competition law and such a request involved additional production costs, the fact remains that concerted action in relation
to the percentage that would be passed on to suppliers or to the proportion of costs that would be absorbed by the manufacturers
cannot, in itself, be said to have no effect on the market. That is an issue that an undertaking must resolve autonomously.
The same applies in relation to sales margins and price increases for fittings.
Second, as regards bilateral contacts, it is apparent from the statement made by FRA.BO in connection with its leniency application
and from certain documentary evidence which it provided during the administrative procedure that there were exchanges of sensitive
information between competitors after the Commission’s inspections. In that context, it must be noted that the evidence of
the content of the telephone conversations consists of some handwritten notes taken during conversations between a Comap representative
and a FRA.BO representative (recitals 508 to 510 to the contested decision) and a note concerning a conversation between the
representative of Aalberts Industries and the FRA.BO representative (recital 511 to the contested decision). However, it must
be noted that there is no such evidence in relation to the applicants. Admittedly, FRA.BO’s telephone records show that there
was contact between its own representative and that of the applicants, but they do not give any indication as to what was
discussed in those conversations. Consequently it must be held that, with regard to the applicants, the Commission relied
solely on FRA.BO’s statement.
It must be noted in that regard that the statements made in the context of the leniency policy play an important role. Those
statements made on behalf of undertakings have a probative value that is not insignificant, since they entail considerable
legal and economic risks (see, to that effect,
JFE Engineering and Others
v
Commission
, cited in paragraph 58 above, paragraphs 205 and 211, and
Sumitomo Metal Industries and Nippon Steel
v
Commission
, cited in paragraph 59 above, paragraph 103). The fact remains that an admission by one undertaking accused of having participated
in a cartel, the accuracy of which is contested by several other undertakings similarly accused, cannot be regarded as constituting
adequate proof of an infringement committed by the latter unless it is supported by other evidence (see
JFE Engineering and Others
v
Commission
, cited in paragraph 58 above, paragraph 219 and the case-law cited). Notwithstanding the fact that it is apparent from the
contested decision that, with the exception of the telephone contact in July 2002, those telephone contacts cannot be explained
on the basis of cross-supply (recital 788 to the contested decision), and that the Commission has evidence indicating that
FRA.BO had anti-competitive contacts with other competitors, it must be concluded that, in the absence of other evidence,
the allegedly anti-competitive content of the contact between FRA.BO and the applicants has not been proved to the requisite
legal standard. The contested decision does not mention anti-competitive bilateral contacts between the applicants and other
competitors either.
Third, as regards the meeting between Mr H. (IBP Germany) and the Comap representative at the Essen trade fair on 18 March
2004, it is apparent from Mr H.’s statement that he answered a question in connection with prices and that IBP had planned
a price increase at the end of March 2004. Since the applicants have not proved that that information was already public and
IBP’s official letter concerning that increase was not sent until 30 March 2004, it must be noted that, whether or not it
was an isolated incident, this contact was linked to pricing policy on the German market.
The argument that that exchange was not anti-competitive owing to the lack of reciprocity is not relevant. According to the
case-law, an exchange of information does not have to be reciprocal for the principle of autonomous conduct on the market
to be undermined. It follows from the case-law that the disclosure of sensitive information removes uncertainty as to the
future conduct of a competitor and directly or indirectly influences the strategy of the recipient of the information (see,
to that effect, Case C‑238/05
Asnef-Equifax and Administración del Estado
[2006] ECR I‑11125, paragraph 51 and the case-law cited).
At this stage, it must therefore be concluded that the majority of the events in question that took place after the Commission’s
inspections in March 2001 – that is to say, the contact in the framework of the FNAS meetings and the encounter at the Essen
trade fair – were anti-competitive.
As to whether the infringement was a continuation of the infringement that existed before March 2001, it must be noted that
the latter consisted in the regular organisation over a number of years of multilateral and bilateral contacts between competing
producers, the object of which was the establishment of unlawful practices by which the functioning of the fittings market
was artificially affected, in particular in relation to prices.
Those contacts were made at meetings organised in connection with trade associations, more particularly in connection with
EFMA (at the ‘Super EFMA’ meetings), trade fairs, ad hoc meetings and bilateral discussions. Generally, the initiative to
discuss a price increase was often taken at a European level and the outcome implemented at national level, since each country’s
producers had their own processes for price coordination and local arrangements complementing the arrangements adopted at
European level.
The conduct in question that occurred after March 2001 also consisted of contacts made in connection with trade associations
(FNAS meetings), bilateral contacts between competitors concerning the parameters of competition, such as prices, price increases
and commercial terms offered to customers, and contacts at trade fairs (Essen trade fair).
Since the objective of the anti-competitive practices remained the same, namely collusion on prices, the fact that certain
characteristics or the intensity of those practices changed is not relevant to the continuation of the cartel in question.
It may well be that the cartel became less structured after the Commission’s inspections, and the intensity of its activities
more variable. Nevertheless, the fact that a cartel might have experienced periods of activity of varying intensity does not
mean that the cartel has come to an end.
In that regard, it must be noted that although the number of participants in the cartel dropped from nine to four after the
inspections in March 2001, the main participants in the cartel before those inspections (Comap, IBP and the former subsidiaries
of IMI) were, as the contested decision shows, still involved in the conduct in question after the Commission’s inspections.
Similarly, some of the persons who had already been involved in the cartel before March 2001 were also involved in the conduct
in question after that date.
With regard to the geographic scope of the infringement, although the FNAS meetings concerned only the French market, it appears
that anti-competitive contacts between competitors after March 2001 also related to other national markets, such as the German,
Greek and Italian markets. Even though the applicants had been involved in the cartel only in relation to the German and French
markets, they must have known that the cartel was more extensive and thus that other national markets were also covered by
their competitors.
Given that the conduct of each of the participants, including the applicants, was intended to pursue the same anti-competitive
objective, that is to restrict competition on the fittings market by the coordination of prices and price increases and the
exchange of sensitive information, the Commission was entitled to take the view that this was the continuation of an earlier
infringement.
Finally, the other arguments raised by the applicants in connection with this plea, namely that the minutes of the meetings
were not approved, that FNAS itself was not an addressee of the contested decision or that there was a programme of measures
to combat anti-competitive practices, do not alter that finding.
First of all, the argument that the minutes of the FNAS meetings had not been approved is irrelevant. It is common ground
that the applicants were represented at those meetings. Therefore, given that the minutes were distributed to them, the applicants
had the opportunity, either in writing or at the following meeting, to correct them or to indicate those points on which they
disagreed.
Second, the argument that FNAS itself was not an addressee of the contested decision is also irrelevant. It is apparent from
recital 606 to the contested decision that the Commission took the view that ‘while there is evidence showing that the manufacturers
reached an agreement which, according to [AFC], they implemented, there is no evidence indicating that FNAS actively accepted
the task entrusted to it by the manufacturers or facilitated the implementation of the agreement’. Consequently, the Commission
was entitled, in recital 607 to the contested decision, to conclude that FNAS had not been part of the agreement in question
and could not, therefore, be included as one of the addressees of the contested decision.
Third, as regards the argument that there was a programme of measures to combat anti-competitive practices, it must be noted
that the fact that the applicants had implemented a ‘compliance programme’ does not alter the fact that they participated
in anti-competitive meetings. Moreover, there is no documentation to suggest that they publicly distanced themselves from
the cartel.
Finally, fourth, as regards the proposition that the applicants were not accused of an infringement in connection with the
FNAS meetings in the statement of objections and that, therefore, there has been a breach of their right to be heard, it must
be noted that the applicants themselves provided the minutes of the FNAS meetings in their leniency application, and that
the Commission subsequently indicated in the statement of objections that, in its view, the anti-competitive contacts – including
those which were formed at the FNAS meetings – formed part of the single and continuous infringement.
It follows from all of the above considerations that the first plea must be rejected.

Second plea in law: miscalculation of the fine
Arguments of the parties
The applicants claim, first of all, that the fine imposed on IBP France exceeds 10% of its turnover, which was only EUR 4 896 000
in 2005. The maximum amount of the fine imposed on IBP France should therefore have been EUR 489 600.
The applicants also maintain that the fine of EUR 5.63 million was imposed on IBP France twice for the same conduct, the first
time in respect of the period during which it belonged to Delta and the second time in respect of the period during which
it belonged to AFC.
As regards the application of the 1998 Guidelines, the applicants put forward a number of arguments with respect to the Commission’s
approach. In the first place, they maintain that the infringement should have been characterised as ‘minor’ and not as ‘very
serious’. In support of their argument, the applicants refer to the change in Oystertec’s policy, to the distance that they
had demonstrably put between themselves and the cartel and also to the fact that they were never accused by the Commission
of having participated in a ‘very serious’ infringement.
In the second place, the applicants maintain that the duration of the infringement proved against them is only seven months,
whereas the Commission calculated that their participation lasted two years and four months. They also claim to have suffered
unequal treatment by comparison with Aalberts Industries, which was not held to have participated in the infringement during
the period from 2001 to June 2003, even though the Commission had no evidence against Aalberts Industries other than the evidence
used against the applicants.
In the third place, the applicants claim that by adjusting the amount of the fines by reference to the market shares of the
undertakings concerned, the Commission disregarded the fact that AFC was a ‘minor player’. They also dispute the increase
of 60% of the basic amount of the fine applied in their case for not having brought the infringement to an end after the Commission’s
inspections, stating that their acquisition by AFC did not take place until 23 November 2001, eight months after those inspections.
In the fourth place, as regards the increase applied in respect of AFC’s transmission of misleading information, the applicants
claim that the Commission breached the principle of proportionality by applying that 50% increase. Although Mr R. made a mistake,
the Commission was unable to establish that he had intended to mislead it. Furthermore, Regulation No 1/2003 empowers the
Commission only to impose a fine of up to 1% of turnover of a company which has supplied false or misleading information in
response to a request for information.
The applicants also maintain that FRA.BO’s statements lack credibility. In their submission the evidence which FRA.BO supplied
is not corroborated by other evidence and it had every interest in passing the blame on to its competitors in order to secure
a reduction in the amount of the fine imposed on it.
In the fifth place, the applicants take issue with the Commission for having referred in the contested decision only to the
‘products concerned’ and ignored the true size of the product market, which would also include products such as plastic fittings.
In the sixth place, the applicants contend that if they had been accused of a ‘very serious’ infringement they would have
made further representations concerning AFC’s financial difficulties. They maintain that the Commission also breached their
rights by not seeking to ascertain whether AFC’s subsidiaries had the means to pay the fine.
Last, the applicants submit that the Commission misapplied the 1996 Leniency Notice. They maintain, in particular, that they
had a legitimate expectation that they would obtain a reduction as the Commission had accepted their leniency application.
Consequently, if the Commission had any reservations regarding their leniency application, it ought to have stated them.
Contrary to the Commission’s contention, the applicants maintain that their cooperation provided added value, owing, in particular,
to the evidence provided about the FNAS meetings and the meeting which took place on the occasion of the Essen trade fair.
Furthermore, the applicants provided information corroborating the information contained in FRA.BO’s leniency application.
The applicants claim, moreover, that the Commission attached too much importance to the date of the allegedly belated submission
of their leniency application. They maintain that after discovering the potential anti-competitive activities they took immediate
steps to seek leniency.
As regards the possible contestation of the facts, the applicants submit that it is clear from their leniency application
that they do not contest the facts relating to FNAS and the meeting at the Essen trade fair. All that they contest is the
Commission’s interpretation of those facts as supporting the existence of a single and continuous infringement. As regards
the telephone calls, the applicants assert that they were not in a position to admit to anything, as those allegations were
not substantiated.
The applicants conclude that they ought to have obtained a reduction of the fine under the 1996 Leniency Notice at least the
same as that granted to Delta, namely 20%, or even a reduction in the region of 50% to take into account their evidential
contribution.
The Commission contends that this plea should be rejected.
Findings of the Court
As regards the allegation that the 10%-of-total-turnover ceiling referred to in Article 23(2) of Regulation No 1/2003 was
exceeded, it must be borne in mind that, where the addressee of a decision in which the Commission imposes a fine on it is
the head of a group constituting an economic entity, the turnover to be taken into consideration for the purpose of applying
that ceiling is the turnover of the group as a whole. At the time when the contested decision was adopted, IBP France was
a wholly-owned subsidiary of IBP and the two companies formed a single economic entity. Consequently, the Commission was entitled
to rely on IBP’s overall turnover when calculating that ceiling.
The allegation that the fine of EUR 5.63 million was imposed on IBP France twice for the same conduct – the first time for
the period during which it was owned by Delta and the second time for the period during which it was part of AFC – must be
rejected. The single fine imposed on IBP France, after the application of the 10% ceiling calculated on the basis of IBP’s
turnover, was divided into two separate parts owing to its joint and several liability, on the one hand, with its former parent
company and, on the other, with its current parent company.
With regard to the allegation that the 1998 Guidelines were misapplied as regards, in the first place, the gravity of the
infringement, first, it must be recalled that the Court has already rejected the applicants’ argument that the events after
2001 were unrelated to an earlier infringement. Consequently, the argument that the conduct that occurred after 2001 cannot
be characterised as a very serious infringement is irrelevant. Horizontal agreements on prices are, by nature, very serious
infringements. Second, it is inherent in the concept of a ‘single, complex and continuous infringement’ that the classification
of that infringement as ‘very serious’ applies to all of its constituent elements and for its entire duration. The fact that
the infringement involved periods of activity of varying intensity does not alter that finding. Third, the characterisation
of an infringement as very serious applies in relation to all its participants. It is by reference to aggravating or attenuating
circumstances that the degree of individual participation of each of the undertakings concerned can be taken into consideration.
Finally, it had already been indicated in the statement of objections that the Commission regarded the infringement as very
serious. The applicants cannot reasonably claim, therefore, that that characterisation applied only to IBP France.
In the second place, the allegation of unequal treatment of the applicants by comparison with Aalberts Industries so far as
concerns the duration of their participation in the infringement cannot be upheld either. The Commission concluded after an
overall assessment of the evidence that it did not have sufficient proof of Aalberts Industries’ participation in the period
immediately after the inspections. Furthermore, IMI, Aalberts Industries’ predecessor, ended its participation immediately
after the inspections. That was not so, however, in the case of Delta and the applicants, who did not distance themselves
publicly from the cartel at issue. Furthermore, even if the Commission had, in its assessment of the evidence, disregarded
the principle of equal treatment, observance of that principle must be reconciled with observance of the principle of legality,
according to which no one may rely, to his own benefit, on an unlawful act committed in favour of another.
As regards, in the third place, the argument relating to the 60% increase in the basic amount of the fine, owing to the continuation
of the applicants’ participation in the cartel after the Commission’s inspections, it must be observed that the applicants
have merely argued that such an increase was ‘irrational’ since the acquisition by AFC had only taken place on 23 November
2001, and that their new management had immediately distanced itself from the cartel by introducing compliance procedures.
Therefore, first, it must be noted that the applicants do not dispute that the Commission is entitled to take into account
as an aggravating circumstance the fact that an undertaking has continued to participate in an infringement after the relevant
investigation has begun. Second, as has already been noted above, notwithstanding the implementation of a Community law compliance
programme, the applicants continued to participate in the cartel after March 2001. The applicants’ argument cannot, therefore,
be upheld.
As regards, in the fourth place, the 50% increase in the basic amount of the fine applied on account of misleading information
supplied by AFC, it is apparent from recital 789 to the contested decision that the Commission took the view that it had been
misled by the information supplied, which, according to the Commission, must be treated as an aggravating circumstance.
It must be borne in mind in that regard that the information in question consisted of a statement attached to AFC’s response
to the statement of objections, in which Mr R. (IBP Banninger Italia) indicated that he had not had any contacts with FRA.BO
during the period concerned. After being confronted with certain telephone bills of FRA.BO, he modified his response, however,
stating that he did not remember those contacts and claiming, moreover, that those contacts were of no consequence from the
point of view of competition law.
It must be noted that, irrespective of whether the fine was imposed under Article 23(1) or Article 23(2) of Regulation No 1/2003,
the fine may be imposed where the act in question has been committed ‘either intentionally or negligently’. Furthermore, aggravating
circumstances enable the relative gravity of the participation in the infringement of each of the undertakings concerned to
be taken into consideration, since the increase in the amount of the fine on account of an aggravating circumstance must be
proportional to the gravity of the conduct alleged.
The fact that Regulation No 1/2003 allows the Commission to impose a fine of a maximum of 1% of an undertaking’s turnover
for obstruction or for the supply of false or misleading information in response to a request for information, as an autonomous
infringement, does not mean that it cannot be taken into account as an aggravating circumstance (see, to that effect, Case
C‑308/04 P
SGL Carbon
v
Commission
[2006] ECR I‑5977, paragraph 64). However, if conduct is classified under one of those heads, it cannot at the same time
be classified under the other.
In addition, in so far as the applicants maintain that the principle of proportionality has been breached in that the ceilings
referred to in Article 23(1) and (2) of Regulation No 1/2003 differ, the Court cannot accept their reasoning. The two provisions
relate to different infringements.
In any event, Article 23(1) of Regulation No 1/2003 does not apply in the present case, since what is at issue is not a request
or a question formulated pursuant to Article 18 or to Article 20 of that regulation, but a response to the statement of objections
made in the context of the exercise of rights of the defence. Even though the undertakings are free to reply or not to reply
to requests put to them under Article 18(1) of Regulation No 1/2003, it follows from Article 23(1)(a) of that regulation that
where undertakings have agreed to reply, they are required to provide accurate information. In that regard, it must be concluded
that, in light of the general scheme of Regulation No 1/2003, the obligation to provide accurate information applies equally
in the case of a response to the statement of objections. Admittedly, there is no obligation to respond to a statement of
objections. In addition, the exercise of rights of the defence also involves the right to challenge the probative value of
the documents on which the Commission relies. However, if an undertaking provides other information, such as a witness statement,
in order to demonstrate that the evidence adduced by the Commission in the statement of objections is incorrect, that information
must be accurate.
In the present case, the aggravating circumstance identified by the Commission consists of the provision of misleading information.
The Commission accuses AFC of having denied, on the one hand, that the telephone calls existed and, on the other, that those
calls were, according to the Commission, anti-competitive. As the Commission itself acknowledged at the hearing, unless those
telephone calls were anti-competitive, they might have been irrelevant in this case and therefore not have constituted an
aggravating circumstance.
With regard to the first element, it must be noted that, as has already been indicated in paragraph 107 above, Mr R. denied
the existence of those contacts in his first statement of 29 November 2005. He stated that he ‘[understood] that [Ms B. claimed]
that she [had] had telephone contact with [him] in the period 2001 to 2005, possibly limited to the period 2001 to April 2004’,
but that this was ‘incorrect’. In his amended statement of 17 March 2006, in light of the telephone records, he indicated
that he did not remember those calls. He had checked whether those calls existed in his mobile telephone records for the period
from September 2002 to December 2003, which confirmed that he had not called Ms B.’s telephone numbers.
In that regard, it must be noted that it was the applicants’ responsibility to check whether the statement was plausible before
attaching it to their response to the statement of objections or, at the very least, to check the telephone records concerned,
as was done, moreover, for the purposes of Mr R.’s amended statement. In that sense, the act in question could have been committed
negligently. The fact that the applicants subsequently adopted internal measures changes nothing in that respect.
However, as regards the second element, it must be noted that there is no evidence corroborating FRA.BO’s statement that regular
telephone contacts with an anti‑competitive purpose took place with Mr R. (IBP Banninger Italia) (see also paragraph 69 above).
It is apparent from FRA.BO’s response to the statement of objections that Ms P. and Ms B. stated that they had no recollection
of the content of each telephone call. According to that response, they merely stated that they recalled that, in general,
there were many telephone contacts, including discussions with competitors on prices and conditions applied to customers.
In her statement, Ms B. merely indicated that she recalled having had contacts with Mr R.
It follows from this that although it was proved that those telephone contacts existed, it was not established that they were
anti-competitive. Consequently, the Commission was wrong to find that the provision of the information at issue was an aggravating
circumstance.
It follows from the foregoing considerations that, irrespective of whether the rate of increase was proportional in the circumstances
of the case, the Commission was wrong to apply the 50% increase in the basic amount of the fine. As regards the impact on
the amount of the fine, it must be observed that the amount of the fine imposed on the applicants nevertheless remains unchanged
in view of the application of the 10% ceiling referred to in Article 23(2) of Regulation No 1/2003.
As regards, in the fifth place, the argument that the Commission did not define the relevant market and referred only to the
‘products concerned’, it must be observed that, according to the case-law, the market covered by a Commission decision finding
an infringement of Article 81 EC is determined by the agreements and the activities of the cartel (see, to that effect, judgment
of 15 June 2005 in Joined Cases T‑71/03, T‑74/03, T‑87/03 and T‑91/03
Tokai Carbon and Others
v
Commission
, not published in the ECR, paragraph 90). According to recital 634 to the contested decision, the Commission’s investigation
showed that at various times during the operation of the cartel, all types and sizes of fittings, including press fittings,
had been part of the anti-competitive discussions. However, even on the assumption that plastic fittings form part of the
fittings market, as the applicants maintain, it does not follow from the documents in the case that they were the subject-matter
of anti-competitive arrangements.
As regards, in the sixth place, AFC’s financial difficulties and in so far as the applicants take issue with the Commission
for having failed to take into account their ability to pay the fine, it must be held that that argument cannot be accepted.
First of all, the Commission is not required, when determining the amount of the fine, to take into account the poor financial
situation of an undertaking, since recognition of such an obligation would be tantamount to giving unjustified competitive
advantages to undertakings least well adapted to the market conditions (see, to that effect, Joined Cases 96/82 to 102/82,
104/82, 105/82, 108/82 and 110/82
IAZ International Belgium and Others
v
Commission
[1983] ECR 3369, paragraphs 54 and 55, and
Dansk Rørindustri and Others
v
Commission
, cited in paragraph 31 above, paragraph 327).
Second, the fact that the ability to pay is specifically mentioned in Section 5(b) of the 1998 Guidelines does not alter that
case-law. The ability to pay can be relevant only in a ‘specific social context’, namely the consequences which payment of
a fine could have, in particular, by leading to an increase in unemployment or deterioration in the economic sectors upstream
and downstream of the undertaking concerned (
SGL Carbon
v
Commission
, cited in paragraph 109 above, paragraph 106).
As it is, the applicants have submitted no evidence that such a context exists. Furthermore, as addressees of the statement
of objections, which contained a characterisation of the infringement, they did not ask the Commission to take account of
their inability to pay the fine during the administrative procedure.
Finally, the arguments alleging misapplication of the 1996 Leniency Notice owing to the Commission’s refusal to grant a reduction
in the amount of the fine under the provisions set out in the first and second indents of Section D.2 of that notice must
also be rejected. In that regard, it is apparent from the case-law that a reduction in the amount of the fine on grounds of
cooperation during the administrative procedure is justified only if the conduct of the undertaking in question enabled the
Commission to establish the existence of an infringement more easily, and, where relevant, to bring it to an end (see, to
that effect, Case C‑297/98 P
SCA Holding
v
Commission
[2000] ECR I‑10101, paragraph 36). It is also apparent from the case-law that a reduction of the fine under the 1996 Leniency
Notice can be justified only where the information provided and, more generally, the conduct of the undertaking concerned
could be considered to demonstrate genuine cooperation on its part (
Dansk Rørindustri and Others
v
Commission
, cited in paragraph 31 above, paragraphs 388 to 403, in particular paragraph 395). However, it is apparent from the documents
in the case that the applicants’ cooperation was very limited.
In that regard, first, it must be noted that AFC submitted a leniency application on behalf of the group at a very advanced
stage of the procedure and after that of FRA.BO, which had already provided direct evidence of the infringement. Admittedly,
the information provided by AFC helped the Commission to establish the existence of the infringement for the period between
June 2003 and April 2004, as it corroborated the information provided by FRA.BO. However, AFC acknowledged only a limited
number of facts in respect of the period after the Commission’s inspections, and contests IBP’s participation in the infringement
during that period.
Second, even though the information relating to the meeting at the Essen trade fair came from AFC, the applicants played down
the nature of that event. The same applies to the meetings held in the framework of FNAS.
Last, the applicants cannot, in that context, claim that they had a legitimate expectation as to the outcome of their leniency
application. The provisions set out in Section E.2 of the 1996 Leniency Notice state that it is only on its adoption of a
decision that the Commission determines whether or not the conditions set out in Sections B, C and D of that notice are met.
It follows from all of the foregoing considerations that the second plea must be rejected as, consequently, must the action
in its entirety, and there is no need to grant the application for measures of organisation of procedure or inquiry put forward
by the applicants.

Costs
Under Article 87(3) of the Rules of Procedure, the Court may order that the costs be shared or that each party bear its own
costs where each party succeeds on some and fails on other heads, or where the circumstances are exceptional. In the circumstances
of the present case (see paragraph 117 above), it is appropriate to order that the applicants bear their own costs and pay
80% of those incurred by the Commission, and that the Commission bear 20% of its own costs.
On those grounds,
THE GENERAL COURT (Eighth Chamber)
hereby:
1.
Dismisses the action;
2.
Orders IBP Ltd and International Building Products France SA to bear their own costs and to pay 80% of the European Commission’s
costs, and also to bear their own costs and to pay the Commission’s costs relating to the interim measures proceedings;
3.
Orders the Commission to bear 20% of its own costs.
Martins Ribeiro
Wahl
Dittrich
Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 24 March 2011.
[Signatures]
*
Language of the case: English.