CELEX: 62000CJ0265
Approximation of laws
Trade marks
Directive 89/104/EEC
Article 3(1)
Ground for refusal to register
Neologism composed of elements each of which is descriptive of characteristics of the goods or services concerned

By judgment of 26 June 2000, received at the Court of Justice on 29 June 2000, the Benelux-Gerechtshof (Benelux Court of Justice)
referred to the Court for a preliminary ruling pursuant to Article 234 EC three questions on the interpretation of Articles
2 and 3(1) of First Council Directive 89/104/EEC of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating
to trade marks (OJ 1989 L 40, p. 1;
the Directive).
Those questions were raised in proceedings between Campina Melkunie BV (
Campina) and the Benelux-Merkenbureau (Benelux Trade Mark Office;
the BTMO) concerning the latter's refusal to register the sign
BIOMILD applied for by Campina.
Legal framework
Community legislation
The purpose of the Directive ─ according to the first recital in its preamble ─ is to approximate the trade mark laws of the
Member States so as to remove the disparities which may impede the free movement of goods and freedom to provide services
and may distort competition within the common market.
However, as the third recital in its preamble makes clear, the Directive does not aim for full-scale approximation of the
trade mark laws of the Member States.
The 12th recital in the preamble to the Directive states that all Member States of the Community are bound by the Paris Convention
for the Protection of Industrial Property of 20 March 1883, as last revised at Stockholm on 14 July 1967 (United Nations Treaty
Series, Vol. 828, No 11851, p. 305) and that it is necessary that the provisions of the Directive be entirely consistent with
those of the Paris Convention.
Article 2 of the Directive, entitled
Signs of which a trade mark may consist, provides as follows: A trade mark may consist of any sign capable of being represented graphically, particularly words, including personal names,
designs, letters, numerals, the shape of goods or of their packaging, provided that such signs are capable of distinguishing
the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings.
Article 3 of the Directive, which lists the grounds for refusal or invalidity, provides at paragraphs (1) and (3):
1.
The following shall not be registered or if registered shall be liable to be declared invalid:
(a)
signs which cannot constitute a trade mark;
(b)
trade marks which are devoid of any distinctive character;
(c)
trade marks which consist exclusively of signs or indications which may serve, in trade, to designate the kind, quality, quantity,
intended purpose, value, geographical origin, or the time of production of the goods or of rendering of the service, or other
characteristics of the goods or service;
(d)
trade marks which consist exclusively of signs or indications which have become customary in the current language or in the
bona fide
and established practices of the trade;
...
3.
A trade mark shall not be refused registration or be declared invalid in accordance with paragraph 1(b), (c) or (d) if, before
the date of application for registration and following the use which has been made of it, it has acquired a distinctive character.
Any Member State may in addition provide that this provision shall also apply where the distinctive character was acquired
after the date of application for registration or after the date of registration.
Relevant Benelux legislation
The Uniform Benelux Law on Trade Marks was amended, with effect from 1 January 1996, by the Protocol of 2 December 1992 amending
that law (
Nederlands Traktataenblad
1993, No 12,
the UBL), in order to incorporate the Directive into the laws of the three Benelux States.
Article 1 of the UBL provides: The following may be registered as individual marks: names, designs, imprints, stamps, letters, numerals, the shape of goods
or their packaging, and any other signs which serve to distinguish the goods of an undertaking.However, shapes which result from the nature of the goods themselves, or which affect the substantial value of the goods,
or which give rise to a technical result may not be registered as trade marks.
Article 6a of the UBL provides as follows:
1.
The Benelux Trade Mark Office shall refuse registration where it considers that:
(a)
the sign filed does not constitute a trade mark within the meaning of Article 1, in particular because it is devoid of any
distinctive character, as provided for in Article 6
quinquies
B(2) of the Paris Convention;
(b)
the filing relates to a trade mark referred to in Article 4(1) and (2).
2.
The refusal to register must relate to the sign that constitutes the trade mark in its entirety. It may be confined to one
or more of the goods for which the mark is intended to be used.
The main proceedings and the questions referred for a preliminary ruling
On 18 March 1996, Campina, which produces milk products, applied to the BTMO for registration of the composite word BIOMILD
as a trade mark in respect of goods in Classes 29, 30 and 32 of the Nice Agreement concerning the International Classification
of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks of 15 June 1957, as revised and amended. Those classes
cover various foodstuffs, including milk products. The product marketed in the Netherlands under that mark is a mild-flavoured
yoghurt.
By letter of 3 September 1996, the BTMO informed Campina that it was refusing to register the sign on the ground that
the sign
BIOMILD conveys solely that the products in Classes 29, 30 and 32 are
biological and
mild. The sign is thus exclusively descriptive and does not have any distinctive character ... that finding is not altered by
the fact that the two components are combined. The BTMO definitively confirmed its refusal by letter of 7 March 1997.
On 6 May 1997, Campina brought an action against the refusal before the Gerechtshof te 's-Gravenhage (Regional Court of Appeal,
The Hague, Netherlands), which dismissed the action.
On 11 November 1997, Campina appealed on a point of law to the Hoge Raad der Nederlanden (Supreme Court of the Netherlands),
which, being doubtful about the correct application of the UBL, on 19 June 1998 referred nine questions to the Benelux-Gerechtshof
for a preliminary ruling. Taking the view that an interpretation of the Directive was necessary for it to answer three of
those questions, the Benelux-Gerechtshof decided to stay the proceedings and refer the following questions to the Court for
a preliminary ruling:
1.
Must Articles 2 and 3(1) of the Directive be construed as meaning that, in determining whether a sign consisting of a new
word composed of a number of elements has sufficient distinctive character to be capable of serving as a mark for the goods
in question, it must be assumed that that question is in principle to be answered in the affirmative even if each of those
elements is itself devoid of any distinctive character for those goods, and that the position will be different only if there
are other circumstances, for instance if the new word constitutes an indication, which is obvious and directly comprehensible
for any person, of a commercially essential combination of properties which cannot be indicated otherwise than through use
of the new word?
2.
If Question 1 is answered in the negative: must it then be assumed that a sign consisting of a new word composed of various
elements, each of which is itself devoid of any distinctive character for the goods in question within the meaning of Article
3(1) of the Directive, is itself also devoid of any distinctive character, and that the situation may be different only if
there are other circumstances which result in the combination of the component parts being greater than the sum of those parts,
for instance where the new word indicates a certain creativity?
3.
Does it make any difference for the answer to Question 2 whether synonyms exist for each of the component parts of the sign,
with the result that competitors of the applicant for registration who wish to make it clear to the public that their products
too contain the combination of properties indicated by the new word can reasonably also do so by using those synonyms?
The questions referred
As a preliminary point, it is not in dispute, first, that the questions referred concern whether a mark should be registered.
Therefore, they must be taken to mean that the referring court is seeking an interpretation of Article 3(1) of the Directive.
Second, as is clear from paragraph 12 of the present judgment, the BTMO relied in the main proceedings on the
exclusively descriptive nature of the neologism
biomild, which
conveys solely that the products [in question] are
biological and
mild, and concluded from that that
BIOMILD did not possess distinctive character.
Thus, the fact that BIOMILD may lack distinctiveness arises as a result of the finding that it is descriptive of characteristics
of the goods concerned, since it is composed exclusively of elements which are themselves descriptive of those characteristics.
In that regard, although it is clear from Article 3(1) of the Directive that each of the grounds for refusal listed in that
provision is independent of the others and calls for separate examination (see inter alia Joined Cases C-53/01 to C-55/01
Linde and Others
[2003] ECR I-3161, paragraph 67), there is a clear overlap between the scope of the grounds for refusal set out in subparagraphs
(b), (c) and (d) of Article 3(1) (see, to that effect, Case C-517/99
Merz & Krell
[2001] ECR I-6959, paragraphs 35 and 36).
In particular, a word mark which is descriptive of characteristics of goods or services for the purposes of Article 3(1)(c)
of the Directive is, on that account, necessarily devoid of any distinctive character in relation to those goods or services
within the meaning of Article 3(1)(b) of the Directive. A mark may none the less be devoid of distinctive character in relation
to goods or services for reasons other than the fact that it may be descriptive.
Therefore, if a useful answer is to be given to the referring court, the latter must be taken to be asking in essence, by
the questions which it has referred and which it is appropriate to examine together, whether Article 3(1)(c) of the Directive
must be interpreted as meaning that a mark consisting of a neologism composed of elements, each of which is descriptive of
characteristics of the goods or services in respect of which registration is sought, may be regarded as not itself descriptive
of the characteristics of those goods or services and, if so, in what circumstances. It asks in particular if it is of any
importance whether there are synonyms for each of the components of the new word.
Observations submitted to the Court
Campina maintains that whether or not the components of a mark are distinctive is not decisive for the purposes of determining
whether the mark itself has any distinctive character. A mark is not the same thing as the elements of which it is composed,
since it is always more than the sum of its parts and thus enjoys an existence independent of them.  It is only when the combination
of the characteristics of the goods or services cannot be designated other than by the neologism that it must be concluded
that the latter will be perceived as descriptive of the goods or services and that its registration must be refused.
In Campina's submission, if there is no likelihood of the relevant public perceiving a word which is necessarily descriptive
as other than a description of the qualities of particular goods or services, the word will not be eligible for registration
as a mark for those goods or services, and therefore, for that reason alone, will have to remain available to competitors
for the purpose of describing the same qualities of identical or similar goods or services.  Although a word which is necessarily
descriptive must remain available to competitors for the purpose of designating a particular attribute, a word is always more
than the sum of its parts.
The BTMO contends that the fact that a mark is a neologism is not sufficient to ensure that it enables goods or services to
be distinguished.  All that matters is whether the word, regardless of whether it is new or not, is apt to identify the goods
or services in respect of which its registration as a mark is sought. In that regard, account should be taken of the rule
that signs which are descriptive for the purposes of Article 3(1)(c) of the Directive are, by their very nature, incapable
of distinguishing the goods or services of an undertaking.  If the neologism is composed of elements each of which is itself
devoid of any distinctive character in relation to the goods concerned, the combination of those elements satisfies the requirement
for distinctive character only in so far as it is itself distinctive. In order to determine whether it is distinctive or descriptive
in nature, the competent authority must take account of all the circumstances, including the perception which the average
consumer may have of the word.
A word composed of elements each of which is devoid of distinctive character can be regarded as sufficiently distinctive only
if it possesses an additional characteristic.
However, the test for assessing whether a mark is distinctive for the purposes of Article 3(1)(b) of the Directive or descriptive
for the purposes of Article 3(1)(c) cannot be based on whether or not synonyms for it exist.
The Portuguese Government submits that Article 3(1)(c) of the Directive precludes registration of marks which, even if they
purport to be new or fanciful on the ground that they include a combination of two words, ultimately amount to no more than
the sum of two terms which, taken in isolation, are not capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking
from those of other undertakings operating in the same area of business.
It is only in exceptional cases, in which all the components which are devoid of distinctive character together form a sign
showing a degree of creativity and originality, that a mark containing only descriptive terms will be eligible for registration.
Such an assessment must necessarily be conducted on a case-by-case basis.
As to the existence of synonyms, the Portuguese Government submits that merely because the terms of which a mark consists
are not the only terms suitable for describing, in particular, certain attributes or capabilities of a product, that does
not mean that they thus comply with the letter and the spirit of Article 3(1)(c) of the Directive. Notwithstanding the existence
of synonyms, registration of such a mark cannot be granted if the terms of which the mark consists merely designate the kind,
quality, quantity, intended purpose, value, geographical origin, or the time of production of the goods or of rendering of
the service.
The Commission submits that a trade mark registration authority must, when it examines an application for registration of
a composite word mark in the light of the absolute grounds for refusal set out in Article 3(1)(b) to (d) of the Directive,
have regard to all the relevant facts and circumstances of the actual case in order to determine if, in the perception of
the parties concerned, the mark distinguishes the goods or services of the undertaking concerned from those of other undertakings.
The authority must refer in that regard to the opinion which the average consumer, who is reasonably well informed, attentive
and circumspect, has of the goods or services in respect of which protection is sought in the jurisdiction in which registration
is sought. The starting point for that examination must always be the actual circumstances of the particular case, so that
any general principle may be relied on only in part.
The Commission submits that a mark composed of various elements, each of which is devoid of distinctive character in relation
to the goods or services concerned, is also, as a general rule, except where distinctiveness has been acquired through use,
itself devoid of any distinctive character for the purposes of Article 3(1)(b) of the Directive. It is otherwise only where
there are additional factors such as an alteration of the graphic representation or of the meaning of the combination, as
a result of which the mark acquires an additional characteristic rendering it even a little capable, as a whole, of making
the goods or services of an undertaking distinctive.
A mark composed of elements, each of which is descriptive of the goods or services in respect of which registration is sought
is itself, as a general rule, except where distinctiveness has been acquired through use, descriptive for the purposes of
Article 3(1)(c) of the Directive.  It is otherwise only where there are additional factors such as an alteration of the graphic
representation or of the meaning of the combination, as a result of which the mark acquires an additional characteristic which
renders it other than descriptive.
The Court's reply
Article 3(1)(c) of the Directive provides that marks consisting exclusively of signs or indications which may serve, in trade,
to designate the kind, quality, quantity, intended purpose, value, geographical origin, or the time of production of the goods
or of rendering of the service, or other characteristics of the goods or services, are not to be registered.
By virtue of the Court's case-law, the various grounds for refusing registration set out in Article 3 of the Directive must
be interpreted in the light of the public interest underlying each of them (see, inter alia, Case C-299/99
Philips
[2002] ECR I-5475, paragraph 77,
Linde
, paragraph 71, and Case C-104/01
Libertel
[2003] ECR I-3793, paragraph 51).
The Court has recognised that Article 3(1)(c) of the Directive pursues an aim that is in the public interest, which requires
that signs and indications descriptive of the characteristics of goods or services in respect of which registration is sought
may be freely used by all.  That provision therefore prevents such signs or indications from being reserved to one undertaking
alone because they have been registered as trade marks (see Joined Cases C-108/97 and C-109/97
Windsurfing Chiemsee
[1999] ECR I-2779, paragraph 25,
Linde
, paragraph 73, and
Libertel
, paragraph 52).
That public interest requires that all signs or indications which may serve to designate characteristics of the goods or services
in respect of which registration is sought remain freely available to all undertakings in order that they may use them when
describing the same characteristics of their own goods. Therefore, marks consisting exclusively of such signs or indications
are not eligible for registration unless Article 3(3) of the Directive applies.
If a mark, such as that at issue in the main proceedings, which consists of a neologism produced by a combination of elements,
is to be regarded as descriptive within the meaning of Article 3(1)(c) of the Directive, it is not sufficient that each of
its components may be found to be descriptive.  The word itself must be found to be so.
It is not necessary that the signs and indications composing the mark that are referred to in Article 3(1)(c) of the Directive
actually be in use at the time of the application for registration in a way that is descriptive of goods or services such
as those in relation to which the application is filed, or of characteristics of those goods or services. It is sufficient,
as the wording of that provision itself indicates, that those signs and indications could be used for such purposes.  A word
must therefore be refused registration under that provision if at least one of its possible meanings designates a characteristic
of the goods or services concerned (see, to that effect in relation to the identical provisions of Article 7(1)(c) of Council
Regulation (EC) No 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark (OJ 1994 L 11, p.1), Case C-191/01 P
OHIM
v
Wrigley
[2003] ECR I-0000, paragraph 32).
As a general rule, the mere combination of elements, each of which is descriptive of characteristics of the goods or services
in respect of which registration is sought, itself remains descriptive of those characteristics within the meaning of Article
3(1)(c) of the Directive even if the combination creates a neologism.  Merely bringing those elements together without introducing
any unusual variations, in particular as to syntax or meaning, cannot result in anything other than a mark consisting exclusively
of signs or indications which may serve, in trade, to designate characteristics of the goods or services concerned.
However, such a combination may not be descriptive within the meaning of Article 3(1)(c) of the Directive, provided that it
creates an impression which is sufficiently far removed from that produced by the simple combination of those elements.  In
the case of a word mark, which is intended to be heard as much as to be read, that condition will have to be satisfied as
regards both the aural and the visual impression produced by the mark.
Thus, a mark consisting of a neologism composed of elements, each of which is descriptive of characteristics of the goods
or services in respect of which registration is sought, is itself descriptive of those characteristics within the meaning
of Article 3(1)(c) of the Directive, unless there is a perceptible difference between the neologism and the mere sum of its
parts: that assumes that, because of the unusual nature of the combination in relation to the goods or services, the word
creates an impression which is sufficiently far removed from that produced by the mere combination of meanings lent by the
elements of which it is composed, with the result that the word is more than the sum of its parts.
For the purposes of determining whether the ground for refusal set out in Article 3(1)(c) of the Directive applies to such
a mark, it is irrelevant whether or not there are synonyms capable of designating the same characteristics of the goods or
services referred to in the application for registration.  Although Article 3(1)(c) of the Directive provides that, if the
ground for refusal set out there is to apply, the mark must consist
exclusively of signs or indications which may serve to designate characteristics of the goods or services concerned, it does not require
that those signs or indications should be the only way of designating such characteristics.
The answer to the questions referred for a preliminary ruling must therefore be that Article 3(1)(c) of the Directive must
be interpreted as meaning that a trade mark consisting of a neologism composed of elements each of which is descriptive of
characteristics of the goods or services in respect of which registration is sought is itself descriptive of the characteristics
of those goods or services for the purposes of that provision, unless there is a perceptible difference between the neologism
and the mere sum of its parts: that assumes that, because of the unusual nature of the combination in relation to the goods
or services, the word creates an impression which is sufficiently far removed from that produced by the mere combination of
meanings lent by the elements of which it is composed, with the result that the word is more than the sum of its parts. For the purposes of determining whether the ground for refusal set out in Article 3(1)(c) of the Directive applies to such
a mark, it is irrelevant whether or not there are synonyms capable of designating the same characteristics of the goods or
services referred to in the application for registration.
Costs
The costs incurred by the Portuguese Government and by the Commission, which have submitted observations to the Court, are
not recoverable. Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before
the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court.
On those grounds,
THE COURT (Sixth Chamber),
in answer to the questions referred to it by the Benelux-Gerechtshof by judgment of 26 June 2000, hereby rules:
Article 3(1)(c) of First Council Directive 89/104/EEC of 21 December 1988 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating
to trade marks must be interpreted as meaning that a trade mark consisting of a neologism composed of elements, each of which
is descriptive of characteristics of the goods or services in respect of which registration is sought, is itself descriptive
of the characteristics of those goods or services for the purposes of that provision, unless there is a perceptible difference
between the neologism and the mere sum of its parts: that assumes that, because of the unusual nature of the combination in
relation to the goods or services, the word creates an impression which is sufficiently far removed from that produced by
the mere combination of meanings lent by the elements of which it is composed, with the result that the word is more than
the sum of its parts.
For the purposes of determining whether the ground for refusal set out in Article 3(1)(c) of Directive 89/104 applies to such
a mark, it is irrelevant whether or not there are synonyms capable of designating the same characteristics of the goods or
services referred to in the application for registration.
Skouris
Gulmann
Cunha Rodrigues
Schintgen
Macken
Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 12 February 2004.
R. Grass
V. Skouris
Registrar
President
–
Language of the case: Dutch.