CELEX: 62002TJ0251
Action for annulment
Action for damages

1.
Officials – Remuneration – Expatriation allowance – Conditions for granting – No habitual residence or main occupation in
the Member State of employment during the reference period – Definition
(Staff Regulations, Annex VII, Art. 4(1))
2.
Officials – Remuneration – Grant of allowances and benefits under Annex VII to the Staff Regulations – Circumscribed powers
of the competent authority – Scope of judicial review
(Staff Regulations, Annex VII, Arts 4, 5, 7, 9 and 10)
3.
Officials – Remuneration – Expatriation allowance – Conditions for granting – Distinction made between circumstances arising
from work done for another State or for an international organisation and those arising from work done while on secondment
by a private institution – Breach of the principle of equal treatment – None
1.     Article 4(1) of Annex VII to the Staff Regulations must be interpreted as adopting the official’s habitual residence prior
to taking up employment as the essential criterion for the grant of the expatriation allowance.
The place of habitual residence is that in which the official concerned has established, with the intention that it should
be of a lasting character, the permanent or habitual centre of his interests. However, for the purposes of determining habitual
residence, all the factual circumstances which constitute such residence must be taken into account.
Any interpretation which would exclude from the benefit of the expatriation allowance any official who had had his habitual
residence or carried on his main occupation in the country of his future place of employment for only part of the reference
period would disregard the fundamental purpose of the expatriation allowance, which is to compensate for the extra expense
and inconvenience of taking up permanent employment in a country with which the official has established no lasting tie before
his entry into the service.
(see paras 53-54, 70)
See: C-452/93 P
Magdalena Fernández
v
Commission
[1994] ECR I-4295, para. 22; T-18/91
Costacurta Gelabert
v
Commission
[1992] ECR II-1655, para. 42, and the case-law cited therein; T-72/94
Diamantaras
v
Commission
[1995] ECR‑SC I-A-285 and II-865, para. 48; T-28/98
J
v
Commission
[1999] ECR-SC I-A-185 and II-973, para. 32
2.     The provisions of Annex VII to the Staff Regulations do not allow the competent authority any discretion as to whether or
not to grant the allowances and benefits for which they provide, but confers on it circumscribed powers, in so far as the
mandatory wording of those provisions makes it clear that the authority is bound to grant the allowance or benefit in question
if it finds that the conditions laid down by the provision in question are satisfied. It follows that, where it examines the
facts relied on by the competent authority and the characterisation of those facts by that authority in order to answer the
question whether the conditions to which the grant of those allowances and benefits is subject are fulfilled, the Community
Court has a full power of review.
(see para. 118)
See: T-302/01
Birkhoff
v
Commission
[2003] ECR-SC I-A-245 and II-1185, para. 38
3.     Since the fixing of the conditions for entitlement to payment of the expatriation allowance falls within the discretion of
the Community institutions, the principle of non-discrimination or equality of treatment would be disregarded only if Article
4(1)(a) of Annex VII to the Staff Regulations entailed a differentiation which was arbitrary or manifestly inappropriate in
relation to its objective, which is to compensate for the extra expense and inconvenience of taking up permanent employment
in a country with which the official has established no lasting tie before his entry into the service.
In the light of that objective, differentiation between circumstances arising from work done for another State or for an international
organisation and those arising from work done by a seconded employee for a private institution cannot be considered arbitrary
or manifestly inappropriate. The exception provided for by Article 4(1)(a) of Annex VII in favour of an official who during
the reference period resided in the country of employment where he was in the service of another State or of an international
organisation is explained precisely by the fact that under those circumstances he cannot be deemed to have established a lasting
tie with the country in which he is employed. The fact that the application of the categories of Article 4 of Annex VII may
doubtless give rise to marginal cases in which officials find that payment of the expatriation allowance is denied to them
when their circumstances are close to those defined by that article does not imply that the provisions of that article contain
arbitrary differentiation. Thus the decision of the legislature to limit the presumption of an absence of lasting ties to
circumstances arising from work done for another State or for an international organisation cannot be considered to be such
differentiation.
(see paras 124-126)
See: 1322/79
Vutera
v
Commission
[1981] ECR 127, paras 8 and 9;
Diamantaras
v
Commission
, cited above, para. 48; T-164/97
Busacca and Others
v
Court of Auditors
[1998] ECR-SC I-A-565 and II-1699, paras 48 and 49;
J
v
Commission
, cited above, para. 32; T-94/01, T-152/01 and T-286/01
Hirsch and Others
v
ECB
[2003] ECR-SC I-A-1 and II-27, para. 51