CELEX: 62007CJ0336
Directive 2002/22/EC
Article 31(1)
Reasonable ‘must carry’ obligations
National law requiring analogue cable network operators to provide access to their cable networks to all television programmes allowed to be broadcast terrestrially
Principle of proportionality

This reference for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Article 31(1) of Directive 2002/22/EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on universal service and users’ rights relating to electronic communications
networks and services (Universal Service Directive) (OJ 2002 L 108, p. 51).
The reference was made in the course of proceedings between Kabel Deutschland Vertrieb und Service GmbH & Co. KG (‘Kabel Deutschland’)
and the Niedersächsische Landesmedienanstalt für privaten Rundfunk (media authority for private radio of the
Land
of Lower Saxony; ‘the NLM’) regarding the obligation imposed on Kabel Deutschland by the NLM to broadcast over its analogue
cable network the television channels of certain broadcasters designated by the NLM.

Legal context

Community law
Directive 2002/21/EC
It is stated in  recitals 5 and 6 of Directive 2002/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on
a common regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services (Framework Directive) (OJ 2002 L 108, p.
33; ‘the Framework Directive’):
‘(5)      The convergence of the telecommunications, media and information technology sectors means all transmission networks and services
should be covered by a single regulatory framework. That regulatory framework consists of this Directive and of … the Universal
Service Directive … (called the “specific directives”). It is necessary to separate the regulation of transmission from the
regulation of content. This framework does not therefore cover the content of services delivered over electronic communications
networks using electronic communications services, such as broadcasting content, financial services and certain information
society services, and is therefore without prejudice to measures taken at Community or national level in respect of such services,
in compliance with Community law, in order to promote cultural and linguistic diversity and to ensure the defence of media
pluralism. … The separation between the regulation of transmission and the regulation of content does not prejudice the taking
into account of the links existing between them, in particular in order to guarantee media pluralism, cultural diversity and
consumer protection.
(6)      Audiovisual policy and content regulation are undertaken in pursuit of general interest objectives, such as freedom of expression,
media pluralism, impartiality, cultural and linguistic diversity, social inclusion, consumer protection and the protection
of minors. …’
Article 1(3) of the Framework Directive provides:
‘This Directive as well as the specific directives are without prejudice to measures taken at Community or national level,
in compliance with Community law, to pursue general interest objectives, in particular relating to content regulation and
audiovisual policy.’
The Universal Service Directive
According to recital 43 of the Universal Service Directive, ‘Member States should be able to lay down proportionate obligations
on undertakings under their jurisdiction, in the interest of legitimate public policy considerations, but such obligations
should only be imposed where they are necessary to meet general interest objectives clearly defined by Member States in conformity
with Community law and should be proportionate, transparent and subject to periodical review. …’.
Article 31 of that directive, contained in Chapter IV thereof, entitled ‘End-user interests and rights’, which concerns ‘must
carry’ obligations, is worded as follows:
‘1.      Member States may impose reasonable “must carry” obligations, for the transmission of specified radio and television broadcast
channels and services, on undertakings under their jurisdiction providing electronic communications networks used for the
distribution of radio or television broadcasts to the public where a significant number of end-users of such networks use
them as their principal means to receive radio and television broadcasts. Such obligations shall only be imposed where they
are necessary to meet clearly defined general interest objectives and shall be proportionate and transparent. The obligations
shall be subject to periodical review.
2.      Neither paragraph 1 of this Article nor Article 3(2) of Directive 2002/19/EC (Access Directive) shall prejudice the ability
of Member States to determine appropriate remuneration, if any, in respect of measures taken in accordance with this Article
while ensuring that, in similar circumstances, there is no discrimination in the treatment of undertakings providing electronic
communications networks. Where remuneration is provided for, Member States shall ensure that it is applied in a proportionate
and transparent manner.’

National legislation
Paragraphs 52 and 53 of the State Treaty on Broadcasting (Rundfunkstaatsvertrag) of 31 August 1991, as amended by the Eighth
Broadcasting Treaty Amendment (Achter Rundfunkänderungsstaatsvertrag) of 8 and 15 October 2004 (‘the RStV’), transposed Article
31(1) of the Universal Service Directive into German national law.
As regards the retransmission of television channels on the analogue cable network, Paragraph 52(1) of the RStV provides:
‘The simultaneous and unaltered retransmission of television programmes which can be received nationwide, or which are broadcast
in Europe legally and in accordance with the provisions of the European Convention on Transfrontier Television shall be authorised
under the laws of the
Länder
in so far as existing technical possibilities allow. The retransmission of television programmes may be suspended in conformity
with European broadcasting regulations. Rules laid down under the laws of the
Länder
concerning the use of analogue channels shall be permitted, provided they are required in order to achieve clearly defined
public interest objectives. Such rules may, in particular, be adopted in order to ensure a pluralistic media that is based
on the principle of diversity of opinion. The details, particularly the order of priority of applicants with regard to the
allocation of cable channels, shall be governed by the laws of the
Länder
.’
Paragraph 53a of the RStV provides:
‘Paragraphs 52 and 53 shall be subject to periodical review, that is, every three years beginning with 31 March 2007, in accordance
with Article 31(1) of the [Universal Service] Directive.’
In the
Land
of Lower Saxony, the Lower Saxony Law on the Media (Niedersächsisches Mediengesetz) of 1 November 2001, in the version applicable
to the dispute in the main proceedings, namely, that of 6 September 2005 (‘the NMedienG’), governs the retransmission of broadcasting
services and the supply of media services on the analogue cable network.
The allocation of channels on the analogue cable network is laid down in Paragraph 37(1), (2) and (7) of the NMedienG, which
provides:
‘1.      Cable which is intended to receive television programmes on an analogue basis must enable reception of at least those television
programmes which, according to this law, may be transmitted terrestrially or via the cable network or which are broadcast
in accordance with another law of the
Land
of Lower Saxony. Where the technical capacities of the cable channels differ, access to the channels with the greatest capacity
must be provided to the programmes referred to in the first sentence. As regards the transmission of citizens broadcast programmes,
the first and second sentences must be applied only to the territories specified in Paragraph 28(1). …
2.      In the absence of a sufficient number of cable channels for other television programmes, the [NLM] shall establish an order
of priority for the purposes of allocating a cable channel to television programmes which have not been taken into account
under subparagraph 1, which shall include, on a fair and equitable basis, media services within the meaning of the State Treaty
on Media Services (Staatsvertrag über Mediendienste). The decisive factor in establishing that order shall be the contribution
of the various programmes or services to the diversity of the cable service; account should be taken of needs in relation
to regional news and as regards news concerning the area which extends beyond the borders of the
Land.
…
7.      On request by the territories specified in accordance with Paragraph 28(1), cable operators shall make available to them,
free of charge, up to one television channel and one radio channel for the transmission of programmes of citizens broadcasters
which have received authorisation for those territories.’

The dispute in the main proceedings and the questions referred for a preliminary ruling
In the
Land
of Lower Saxony, Kabel Deutschland operates cable networks, which it owns. It has 32 channels permanently usable for analogue
broadcasting available on those cable networks.
The 37 interveners in the dispute in the main proceedings are broadcasters of television programmes or providers of media
services (‘telemedia’), some of which provide teleshopping services (together, ‘the broadcasters’). All these broadcasters
provide access to their television channels or telemedia services on the cable networks of Kabel Deutschland. Some of those
channels and services are also broadcast via the terrestrial network under the Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial standard
(‘the DVB-T’) in parts of the
Land
of Lower Saxony.
By decision of 19 September 2005, the NLM, as the competent authority in that
Land
, allocated the 32 television channels available on Kabel Deutschland’s analogue cable network as follows: 18 channels were
allocated to broadcasters whose channels were classified as ‘specified channels’ by the NMedienG since they were already being
broadcast under the DVB‑T; another channel was allocated in part to Bürgerfernsehen (Citizens’ television), and also to an
organisation broadcasting a programme specified under the provisions of the NMedienG relating to specified territories; as
regards the remaining 13 channels, as there were more applicants than available channels, the NLM established an order of
priority for the various broadcasters in accordance with Paragraph 37(2) of the NMedienG.
The result of that arrangement for cable usage was that the channels available on Kabel Deutschland’s analogue cable network
were fully utilised.
Kabel Deutschland instituted proceedings challenging the decision of 19 September 2005 before the Verwaltungsgericht Hannover
(Administrative Court, Hanover), in which it claimed that the provisions of the NMedienG on the use of the analogue cable
network are incompatible with Article 31(1) of the Universal Service Directive. According to Kabel Deutschland, the obligation
imposed by the NLM to provide access to its analogue cable television network to television channels of certain broadcasters
must be regarded as unlawful, since those channels are already being broadcast under the DVB‑T standard in large areas of
the
Land
of Lower Saxony and should therefore be available to the same end-users. Kabel Deutschland also alleged that the requirements
that its analogue cable network be fully utilised is unlawful where, as in the present case, there are more applicants than
analogue channels available.
In addition, on 19 April 2007, the NLM replaced the decision of 19 December 2005 with a similar decision which also resulted
in Kabel Deutschland’s analogue cable network being fully utilised. Save for changing some of the broadcasters, the content
of that decision was the same as the one which it replaced; the decision of 19 April 2007 was also the subject of an action
brought by Kabel Deutschland in new proceedings which were suspended at the request of the parties in the main proceedings.
In those circumstances, since it had doubts as to the compatibility with Article 31(1) of the Universal Service Directive
of the obligation imposed on Kabel Deutschland under Paragraph 37 of the NMedienG, in particular, as regards the proportionality
and reasonableness of such an obligation, the Verwaltungsgericht Hannover decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the
following questions to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling:
‘(1)      Is a provision such as Paragraph 37(1) of the [NMedienG] compatible with Article 31(1) of the [Universal Service] Directive
if a cable network operator is required to provide access, on more than half of the channels permanently usable for analogue
broadcasting which are available on its networks, to programmes which – although they do not cover the whole of the
Land
of Lower Saxony – are already being broadcast terrestrially under the Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial standard (“the
DVB-T”)?
(2)      Is a provision such as Paragraph 37(1) of the [NMedienG] compatible with Article 31(1) of the [Universal Service] Directive
if a cable network operator is required to provide access to television programmes on its analogue cable networks even in
those areas of the
Land
in which the cable end-user would in any event be in a position to receive the same television programmes terrestrially under
the Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial standard … by means of a terrestrial antenna and a decoder?
(3)      Are “television … services” within the meaning of the first sentence of Article 31(1) of the [Universal Service] Directive
to be interpreted as including providers of media services or telemedia, for example teleshopping?
(4)      Is a provision such as Paragraph 37(2) of the [NMedienG] compatible with Article 31(1) of the [Universal Service] Directive
if, in the event of a shortage of channels, the competent national authority has to establish an order of priority of applicants
which results in full utilisation of the channels available to the cable network operator?’

The questions referred

The first, second and fourth questions
By its first, second and fourth questions, which should be examined together, the referring court is essentially asking whether
Article 31(1) of the Universal Service Directive is to be interpreted as meaning that it precludes national legislation, such
as that at issue in the main proceedings, which, first, requires a cable operator to provide access to its analogue cable
network to television channels and services which are already being broadcast terrestrially, thereby resulting in the utilisation
of more than half of the channels available on that network, and, secondly, in the event of a shortage of channels, establishes
an order of priority of applicants which results in full utilisation of the channels available on that network.
As a preliminary matter, it should be pointed out that the Universal Service Directive is part of the common regulatory framework
on the telecommunications, media and information technology sectors, established by the Framework Directive and the specific
directives, including the Universal Service Directive, as is apparent from recital 5 of the Framework Directive. It follows
that this regulatory framework must be taken into account when interpreting the provisions of the Universal Service Directive.
Under Article 31(1) of the Universal Service Directive, Member States may impose reasonable ‘must carry’ obligations, for
the transmission of specified radio and television broadcast channels and services, on undertakings providing electronic communications
networks used for the distribution of radio or television broadcasts to the public where a significant number of end-users
of such networks use them as their principal means to receive such broadcasts. That provision goes on to state that those
obligations can be imposed only where they are necessary to meet clearly defined general interest objectives and must be proportionate
and transparent.
In order for Member States to be able to impose ‘must carry’ obligations, the first sentence of that provision requires that
the television channels must be specified and a significant number of end-users must use the electronic communications networks
as their principal means to receive television broadcasts.
In the main proceedings, it is clear from the order for reference that the analogue cable network fulfils the latter condition
since, in Germany, this method of transmission covers around 57% of households and thus constitutes the most widely used means
of transmission.
As regards the specified nature of the channels which may be covered by ‘must carry’ status, it is apparent from the wording
of Article 31(1) of the Universal Service Directive that Member States must specify which channels are to be granted ‘must
carry’ status.
In this connection, Paragraph 37(1) of the NMedienG states that the cable network which is intended to receive television
programmes on an analogue basis must enable reception of at least those programmes which are allowed to be transmitted via
the terrestrial network. According to Paragraph 37(2), the decision which the competent authority is required to take must
specify, by establishing an order of priority of applicants, which channels the cable operator is required to broadcast. Therefore,
those provisions specify which channels are to be granted ‘must carry’ status.
The mere fact that the result of applying the national legislation is that the cable operator is required, first, to provide
access, on more than half of the available channels, to programmes broadcast terrestrially and, secondly, to set aside all
channels still available on its network for transmission of the selected programmes, in accordance with an order of priority
established by the competent authority, does not prevent those obligations from being regarded as relating to the transmission
of ‘specified’ television channels within the meaning of Article 31(1) of the Universal Service Directive. By requiring that
the television channels to be broadcast be ‘specified’, the directive does not seek to lay down a quantitative condition.
In those circumstances, it must be held that Paragraph 37 of the NMedienG accords with the conditions laid down in the first
sentence of Article 31(1) of the Universal Service Directive, as set out in paragraph 22 of this judgment.
As regards the proportionality of the obligations imposed, raised by the referring court, it must be borne in mind that Article
31(1) of the Universal Service Directive requires that the obligations be reasonable, proportionate, transparent and necessary
to meet clearly defined general interest objectives.
Recital 43 of the Universal Service Directive provides that Member States should be able to lay down proportionate obligations
on undertakings under their jurisdiction, in the interest of legitimate public policy considerations, but such obligations
should be imposed only where they are necessary to meet general interest objectives clearly defined by Member States in conformity
with Community law and should be proportionate, transparent and subject to periodical review.
Since Article 31(1) of the Universal Service Directive does not define the general interest objectives of the obligation to
transmit television channels, they must be defined by the Member States in conformity with Community law.
For the purposes of assessing the definition of those general interest objectives laid down by the Member States and the proportionality
of the measures taken to implement those objectives, regard must be had, as stated in paragraph 20 of this judgment, to the
common regulatory framework of the telecommunications, media and information technology sectors.
As is apparent from recital 5 of the Framework Directive, a distinction should be made between the regulation of transmission
and the regulation of content. That recital provides that the Community regulatory framework does not cover broadcasting content.
As a consequence, Article 1(3) of that directive provides that that directive as well as the Universal Service Directive are
to be without prejudice to measures taken at national level, in compliance with Community law, to pursue general interest
objectives, in particular relating to content regulation and audiovisual policy. Recital 6 of the Framework Directive states
that audiovisual policy and content regulation are to be undertaken in pursuit of general interest objectives, such as freedom
of expression, media pluralism, impartiality, cultural diversity, social inclusion, consumer protection and the protection
of minors.
In particular, it is appropriate to stress the importance of the fundamental freedom to receive information of which the recipients
are end-users and which the Member States must guarantee, in accordance with Article 10 of the European Convention for the
Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, signed in Rome on 4 November 1950.
It follows that Article 31(1) of the Universal Service Directive cannot be interpreted so as to undermine national legislation
which, in compliance with Community law, pursues general interest objectives, in particular those relating to regulation of
content and audiovisual policy. In accordance with that division of powers, Article 31(1) of the Universal Service Directive,
which falls under Chapter IV thereof, entitled ‘End-user interests and rights’, does not establish a right for a cable operator
to choose which channels to broadcast, but limits that right in so far as it may exist under applicable national law.
In order to examine whether the obligations to broadcast under Article 31(1) are proportionate, it must be stated that, as
regards the general interest objectives pursued by the national legislation at issue in the main proceedings, it is apparent
from Paragraph 37 of the NMedienG, read in conjunction with Paragraph 52(1) of the RStV, that this legislation seeks to ensure
media pluralism and diversity of the service on the analogue cable network.
As is apparent from the order for reference, the objective of Paragraph 52(1) of the RStV is to ensure as wide a service as
possible on the analogue cable network and diversity of opinion in a pluralist society taking account of regional particularities
and subjects. Paragraph 37 of the NMedienG adopts the same objective and, in particular, subparagraph 2 thereof provides that
the decisive factor in establishing the order of priorities of the channels is their contribution to the diversity of the
cable service and that, in that context, account must be taken of needs in relation to regional news and as regards news concerning
the area which lies beyond the borders of the
Land
of Lower Saxony.
In that regard, it should be noted that the maintenance of the pluralism which the legislation in question seeks to guarantee
is connected with freedom of expression, as protected by Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms, which freedom is one of the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Community legal order (see Case C-288/89
Collectieve Antennevoorziening Gouda
[1991] ECR I‑4007, paragraph 23; Case C-148/91
Veronica Omroep Organisatie
[1993] ECR I‑487, paragraph 10; Case C-23/93
TV10
[1994] ECR I‑4795, paragraph 19; and Case C-250/06
United Pan-Europe Communications Belgium and Others
[2007] ECR I‑11135, paragraph 41).
Consequently, it must be accepted that such national legislation pursues a general interest objective, since it seeks to preserve
the pluralist nature of the television channel service in the
Land
of Lower Saxony and thus forms part of a cultural policy the aim of which is to guarantee, in the audiovisual sector, the
freedom of expression of the different social, cultural and linguistic components which exist in that
Land
(see, to that effect,
United Pan-Europe Communications Belgium and Others
, paragraph 42).
In that context, the national court asks whether the obligation imposed on Kabel Deutschland, laid down in Paragraph 37(1)
of the NMedienG, to provide access to the channels already broadcast under the DVB‑T, resulting in the utilisation of more
than half of the channels available on its analogue cable network, is proportionate within the meaning of the second sentence
of Article 31(1) of the Universal Service Directive. The national court is therefore enquiring as to whether such a provision
is capable of ensuring the achievement of the objective thereof, and does not go beyond what is necessary in order to attain
it.
The very objective of ensuring that end-users are offered an identical service which is broadcast by the various means of
transmission available militates against allowing the obligation to broadcast channels to be limited, having regard to the
fact that, in certain regions of the
Land
of Lower Saxony, end-users are able to receive the same television channels terrestrially. Furthermore, this objective requires
that the number of channels on the analogue cable network concerned by the obligation to broadcast should correspond to the
number of channels which are broadcast terrestrially. Therefore, in the main proceedings, the obligation at issue, which results
in more than half of the available channels being utilised, may be shown to be proportionate, in the absence of alternative
measures enabling the objective to be achieved as effectively and in the light of the number of channels broadcast terrestrially
as well as the availability of channels on the analogue cable network.
However, in order to protect a cable operator from unreasonable and arbitrary obligations, it is necessary to consider, first,
the operation of the mechanism established by the legislation at issue in the main proceedings – in terms of which of the
channels broadcast terrestrially serve as the reference point in the specification of the obligation to broadcast – functions,
and, secondly, the resulting economic consequences for the cable operator.
As regards the reference system applied by that legislation, it must be noted that, in interpreting Article 49 EC, the Court
has held that ‘must carry’ status should not automatically be awarded to all television channels transmitted by the same private
broadcaster, but must be strictly limited to those channels having an overall content which is appropriate for the purpose
of attaining such an objective. In addition, the number of channels reserved to private broadcasters having that status must
not manifestly exceed what is necessary in order to attain that objective (see
United Pan-Europe Communications Belgium and Others
, paragraph 47).
It must therefore be ascertained whether the reference system applied by the legislation at issue in the main proceedings
entails such an automatic award of ‘must carry’ status.
In respect of the analogue cable network, Paragraph 37(1) of the NMedienG awards ‘must carry’ status to television channels
which are already being broadcast under the DVB‑T. It is apparent from the documents provided to the Court by the referring
court that the decision on which of the television channels that are broadcast under the DVB-T this status is to be awarded
is based on the criteria of pluralism and diversity of opinion, in accordance with the provisions of the NMedienG, and is
adopted on the basis of those criteria by the general meeting of the NLM, which is independent of the public authorities and
which comprises, for the most part, representatives of the civil community.
The reference system thus does not entail an automatic award of ‘must carry’ status, as mentioned in paragraph 42 of this
judgment, but is simply a technical means of ensuring that the channels broadcast terrestrially – which, by virtue of their
contribution to pluralism and diversity of opinion, have been allowed to be broadcast by this means of transmission – are
also broadcast over the analogue cable network.
As regards the resulting economic consequences of the obligations imposed on the cable operator, it must be determined whether
those obligations are unreasonable because they are likely to prevent the cable operator from performing them in conditions
which are economically acceptable, in the light, where appropriate, of all its activities.
According to settled case-law, since this assessment is a matter for the national court, it is for the Court to provide the
national court with all those elements for the interpretation of Community law which may be of assistance in adjudicating
on the case pending before it, whether or not that court has specifically referred to them in its questions (see, inter alia,
Case C-17/06
Céline
[2007] ECR I-7041, paragraph 29).
Therefore, in determining whether the obligations imposed on the cable operator under the legislation at issue are unreasonable,
it will be for the national court to have regard to the fact that, first, the cable operator is free to decide whether the
channels are to be broadcast on its analogue or digital network, with the latter not being subject to similar rules, and that,
secondly, Article 31(2) of the Universal Service Directive allows Member States to determine appropriate remuneration. In
this regard, it is for the national court to ascertain whether the obligations imposed are such as to make the payment of
such remuneration necessary.
The national court also seeks to know whether Paragraph 37(2) of the NMedienG runs counter to Article 31(1) of the Universal
Service Directive, on the ground that this provision of national law requires the competent national authority, in respect
of the remaining channels and in the event of a shortage of channels, to establish an order of priority of applicants which
will result in the channels available on the analogue cable network being fully utilised.
It is apparent from Paragraph 37(2) of the NMedienG that, in the absence of a sufficient number of channels on the cable network
for other television programmes, the NLM is to establish an order of priority for the purposes of allocating a cable channel
to television programmes which have not been taken into account under Paragraph 37(1). The decisive factor for establishing
that order of priority, according to that provision, is the contribution of the various programmes or services to the diversity
of the cable service.
It must be accepted, in this regard, that the drawing-up of an order of priority for the allocation of the remaining channels
available on the analogue cable network, on the basis of the applicants’ contribution to the diversity of the service on that
network, is an appropriate method for ensuring the attainment of the general interest objectives referred to by that provision.
A provision of national law, such as Paragraph 37(2) of the NMedienG, constitutes an appropriate means of achieving the cultural
objective referred to, since, in such a situation, it enables television viewers to receive a pluralist and diverse range
of programmes on the analogue cable network.
As regards the question whether the legislation at issue in the main proceedings achieves these objectives in a reasonable
and proportionate manner, it must be noted that Article 31(1) of the Universal Service Directive does not establish a right
for a cable operator to choose which channels to broadcast, but limits that right to the extent that it exists under applicable
national law.
In the context of audiovisual policy, that legislation entrusts the competent authority, in the event of a shortage of available
channels in relation to the demand for transmission channels, with the task of selecting the channels for broadcast over analogue
cable from among the applicants, having regard to the contribution of their programmes to the diversity of the service and
to the public’s need for information, instead of allowing the cable operator itself to make its own selection on the basis
of purely economic considerations. Therefore, this objective may make it necessary for all the available channels to be utilised
for transmission of the channels, in the context of a transparent procedure which safeguards the rights of the cable operator,
in order, as far as possible, that access is granted to the analogue cable network to the highest number of applicants who
merit such access on the basis of the channels broadcast.
Consequently, since the obligations imposed are, in the context of national audiovisual policy, necessary in order to achieve
the objectives of pluralism and media diversity, such legislation cannot, in principle, be regarded as disproportionate.
However, as regards the question whether the economic consequences resulting from the obligations imposed by the national
legislation on the cable operator are unreasonable, it is for the national court to examine whether those consequences are
such as to prevent the cable operator from fulfilling those obligations in acceptable economic conditions, in the light, where
appropriate, of its activities.
In the light of the foregoing, the answer to the first, second and fourth questions must be that Article 31(1) of the Universal
Service Directive is to be interpreted as meaning that it does not preclude national legislation, such as that at issue in
the main proceedings, which requires a cable operator to provide access to its analogue cable network to television channels
and services that are already being broadcast terrestrially, thereby resulting in the utilisation of more than half of the
channels available on that network, and which provides, in the event of a shortage of available channels, for an order of
priority of applicants which results in full utilisation of the channels available on that network, provided that those obligations
do not give rise to unreasonable economic consequences, which is a matter for the national court to establish.

The third question
By this question, the national court is asking whether telemedia services, for example teleshopping, are included in the concept
of ‘television services’ within the meaning of Article 31(1) of the Universal Service Directive.
It must be pointed out, first of all, that this provision contains no definition of the concept of ‘television services’.
In order to interpret this concept, it is therefore necessary to examine both the wording and objective of the provision in
the light of the purpose of the Universal Service Directive.
Article 31(1) of the directive provides that Member States may impose reasonable ‘must carry’ obligations, for the transmission
of specified radio and television broadcast channels and services, on undertakings providing electronic communications. In
that regard, the wording of that provision refers generally to radio and television channels and services, but does not specify
what type of services may be subject to such obligations and, in particular, does not expressly state whether telemedia services
may also be covered by ‘must carry’ status.
In fact, that provision does not concern the content of television channels and services, but refers rather to regulating
their transmission by way of telecommunications networks.
This is also apparent from the wording of recital 43 of the Universal Service Directive, according to which Member States
may impose certain broadcasting obligations on those networks as regards the distribution of radio or television broadcasts
to the public.
Accordingly, it is clear from Article 31(1) of that directive, and the objective referred to by that provision, that the Community
legislature refrained from imposing any limit on ‘must carry’ obligations as regards the content of television services.
Secondly, it must be borne in mind that the Court has already had the opportunity to examine the concept of ‘television broadcasting
services’ within the meaning of Council Directive 89/552/EEC of 3 October 1989 on the coordination of certain provisions laid
down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the pursuit of television broadcasting activities
(OJ 1989 L 298, p. 23), as amended by Directive 97/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 June 1997 (OJ
1997 L 202, p. 60) (‘Directive 89/552’).
In Case C‑89/04
Mediakabel
[2005] ECR I‑4891, the Court held that a service comes within the concept of ‘television broadcasting’ referred to in Article
1(a) of Directive 89/552 if it consists of the initial transmission of television programmes intended for reception by the
public, that is, an indeterminate number of potential television viewers, to whom the same images are transmitted simultaneously.
In that regard, the determinative criterion for that concept is the broadcast of television programmes ‘intended for reception
by the public’, since priority is to be given in the analysis to the standpoint of the service provider. Thus, the Court also
held that the manner in which the images are transmitted is not a determining element in that assessment.
Telemedia services, such as teleshopping, broadcast by the various electronic communications networks, irrespective of the
manner in which they are transmitted by those networks, are ‘intended for reception by the public’. It follows that those
services are ‘television broadcasting services’ within the meaning of Directive 89/552.
Such an analysis can be applied to the concept of ‘television services’ within the meaning of Article 31(1) of the Universal
Service Directive. As was stated in paragraphs 52 and 53 of this judgment, the aim of that provision is not to define those
services, but to regulate the way in which they are transmitted by the imposition of ‘must carry’ obligations. As a result,
telemedia services, such as teleshopping, are television services for the purposes of that provision and fall within its scope.
However, telemedia services, as television services, can fall within the ‘must carry’ obligation imposed by Member States
only if they satisfy the conditions laid down in Article 31(1) of the Universal Service Directive, as set out in paragraphs
22 and 26 of this judgment.
It is for the national court to establish whether such conditions are met in the light of all the facts of the case in the
main proceedings.
The answer to the third question must be that the concept of ‘television services’ within the meaning of Article 31(1) of
the Universal Service Directive includes telemedia services, such as teleshopping, provided that the conditions laid down
in that provision are met, which is a matter for the national court to establish.

Costs
Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court,
the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs
of those parties, are not recoverable.
On those grounds, the Court (Fourth Chamber) hereby rules:
1.
Article 31(1) of Directive 2002/22/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on universal service and
users’ rights relating to electronic communications networks and services (Universal Service Directive) is to be interpreted
as meaning that it does not preclude national legislation, such as that at issue in the main proceedings, which requires a
cable operator to provide access to its analogue cable network to television channels and services that are already being
broadcast terrestrially, thereby resulting in the utilisation of more than half of the channels available on that network,
and which provides, in the event of a shortage of available channels, for an order of priority of applicants which results
in full utilisation of the channels available on that network, provided that those obligations do not give rise to unreasonable
economic consequences, which is a matter for the national court to establish.
2.
The concept of ‘television services’ within the meaning of Article 31(1) of Directive 2002/22 includes services of broadcasters
of television programmes or providers of media services, such as teleshopping, provided that the conditions laid down in that
provision are met, which is a matter for the national court to establish.
[Signatures]
*
Language of the case: German.