CELEX: 62006CJ0311
Recognition of diplomas
Directive 89/48/EEC
Homologation of an educational qualification
Engineer

This reference for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Council Directive 89/48/EEC of 21 December 1988 on
a general system for the recognition of higher-education diplomas awarded on completion of professional education and training
of at least three years’ duration (OJ 1989 L 19, p. 16).
The reference has been made in the course of proceedings between the Consiglio Nazionale degli Ingegneri (National Council
of Engineers) and the Ministero della Giustizia (Ministry of Justice) concerning the recognition by the latter, for the benefit
of Mr Cavallera, an Italian national, of a Spanish engineering diploma acquired by homologation of an Italian educational
qualification for the purpose of Mr Cavallera’s registration in the Register of Engineers in Italy.

Legal background

Community legislation
The first recital in the preamble to Directive 89/48 is worded as follows:
‘… pursuant to Article 3(c) of the Treaty the abolition, as between Member States, of obstacles to freedom of movement for
persons and services constitutes one of the objectives of the Community; … for nationals of the Member States, this means
in particular the possibility of pursuing a profession, whether in a self-employed or employed capacity, in a Member State
other than that in which they acquired their professional qualifications’.
The third recital in the preamble to that directive states:
‘… in order to provide a rapid response to the expectations of nationals of Community countries who hold higher-education
diplomas awarded on completion of professional education and training issued in a Member State other than that in which they
wish to pursue their profession, another method of recognition of such diplomas should also be put in place such as to enable
those concerned to pursue all those professional activities which in a host Member State are dependent on the completion of
post-secondary education and training, provided they hold such a diploma preparing them for those activities awarded on completion
of a course of studies lasting at least three years and issued in another Member State’.
The fifth recital in the preamble to Directive 89/48 reads:
‘… for those professions for the pursuit of which the Community has not laid down the necessary minimum level of qualification,
Member States reserve the option of fixing such a level with a view to guaranteeing the quality of services provided in their
territory; … however, they may not, without infringing their obligations laid down in Article 5 of the Treaty, require a national
of a Member State to obtain those qualifications which in general they determine only by reference to diplomas issued under
their own national education systems, where the person concerned has already acquired all or part of those qualifications
in another Member State; … as a result, any host Member State in which a profession is regulated is required to take account
of qualifications acquired in another Member State and to determine whether those qualifications correspond to the qualifications
which the Member State concerned requires’.
Article 1(a) and (b) of Directive 89/48 provides:
‘For the purposes of this Directive the following definitions shall apply:
(a)       diploma: any diploma, certificate or other evidence of formal qualifications or any set of such diplomas, certificates or
other evidence:
–        which has been awarded by a competent authority in a Member State, designated in accordance with its own laws, regulations
or administrative provisions;
–        which shows that the holder has successfully completed a post-secondary course of at least three years’ duration, or of an
equivalent duration part-time, at a university or establishment of higher education or another establishment of similar level
and, where appropriate, that he has successfully completed the professional training required in addition to the post-secondary
course, and
–        which shows that the holder has the professional qualifications required for the taking up or pursuit of a regulated profession
in that Member State,
provided that the education and training attested by the diploma, certificate or other evidence of formal qualifications were
received mainly in the Community, or the holder thereof has three years’ professional experience certified by the Member State
which recognised a third-country diploma, certificate or other evidence of formal qualifications.
The following shall be treated in the same way as a diploma, within the meaning of the first subparagraph: any diploma, certificate
or other evidence of formal qualifications or any set of such diplomas, certificates or other evidence awarded by a competent
authority in a Member State if it is awarded on the successful completion of education and training received in the Community
and recognised by a competent authority in that Member State as being of an equivalent level and if it confers the same rights
in respect of the taking-up and pursuit of a regulated profession in that Member State;
(b)      host Member State: any Member State in which a national of a Member State applies to pursue a profession subject to regulation
in that Member State, other than the State in which he obtained his diploma or first pursued the profession in question’.
In the Italian and Hungarian versions only, Article 1(b) of Directive 89/48 refers to a national ‘of another Member State’
(‘di un altro Stato membro’/‘egy másik tagállam’), instead of a national ‘of a Member State’.
The first paragraph of Article 2 of Directive 89/48 states:
‘This Directive shall apply to any national of a Member State wishing to pursue a regulated profession in a host Member State
in a self-employed capacity or as an employed person.’
In the German and Hungarian versions only, the first paragraph of Article 2 of the directive refers to the pursuit of a regulated
profession ‘in another Member State’ (‘in einem anderen Mitgliedstaat’/‘egy másik tagállamban’), instead of the pursuit of
a regulated profession ‘in a host Member State’.
Point (a) of the first paragraph of Article 3 of Directive 89/48 provides:
‘Where, in a host Member State, the taking-up or pursuit of a regulated profession is subject to possession of a diploma,
the competent authority may not, on the grounds of inadequate qualifications, refuse to authorise a national of a Member State
to take up or pursue that profession on the same conditions as apply to its own nationals:
(a)      if the applicant holds the diploma required in another Member State for the taking-up or pursuit of the profession in question
in its territory, such diploma having been awarded in a Member State …’.
In the Italian, Spanish and Slovene versions only, the first paragraph of Article 3 of that directive refers to a refusal
directed against a national of ‘another Member State’ (‘di un altro Stato membro’/‘de otro Estado miembro’/‘druge države članice’),
rather than a refusal directed against a national of ‘a Member State’.
Furthermore, in the Italian and Slovene versions only, point (a) of the first paragraph of Article 3 of that directive refers
to a diploma which was awarded ‘in another Member State’ (‘in un altro Stato membro’/‘drugi državi članici’), instead of a
diploma which was awarded ‘in a Member State’.
Notwithstanding Article 3 of Directive 89/48, Article 4 thereof enables a host Member State to require an applicant, under
certain conditions, to provide evidence of professional experience of a certain length, to complete an adaptation period not
exceeding three years, or to take an aptitude test. Article 4 also lays down a number of rules and conditions applicable to
the compensatory measures which may be required in order to remedy insufficiencies in the education and training relied on
by the applicant.

National legislation
Regulation of the engineering profession in Spain and Italy
The engineering profession is a regulated profession in both Spain and Italy.
–       The education and training systems and the conditions governing access to the engineering profession
The Italian and Spanish education and training systems are similar as regards qualifications in the field of engineering.
In both those Member States such qualifications may be obtained after a post-secondary course of three or five years.
In Italy, university diplomas obtained after three years of study (‘laurea triennale’) are awarded on completion of junior
engineer (‘ingegnere junior’) education and training.
The taking-up of the profession of junior engineer is conditional on possession of the requisite university diploma and on
success in the State examination (‘esame di Stato’) corresponding to the profession concerned (Article 4 of Royal Decree No
2537 of 23 October 1925 (
Gazzetta ufficiale
No 37 of 15 February 1926)). According to Articles 47 and 48 of Decree No 328 of the President of the Republic of 5 June
2001 (Ordinary Supplement to the GURI No 190 of 17 August 2001), this State examination must include at least two written
tests, an oral test and a practical test. Candidates who have been successful in the State examination are granted entitlement
to pursue the profession of engineer (‘abilitazione all’esercizio della professione di ingegnere’).
In Spain, university diplomas awarded after three years of studies lead to the qualification of technical engineer (‘ingeniero
técnico’).
Spanish legislation on university diplomas draws a distinction between two types of diplomas, namely ‘official diplomas’,
the validity of which is recognised throughout the national territory and which give access to the regulated professions,
and ‘own diplomas’, which the various universities have the option of awarding but which, in particular, do not give access
to the regulated professions. This matter is governed by Framework Law 6/2001 of 21 December 2001 relating to universities
(BOE No 307 of 24 December 2001, p. 49400).
In Spain, access to the profession of technical engineer is in principle subject to the possession of an official university
diploma, within the meaning of Framework Law 6/2001, corresponding to the profession concerned.
Both in Italy and in Spain, pursuit of the profession of engineer also requires registration in the register of a professional
body. In Italy, a register of engineers is maintained in each province by the Consiglio dell’Ordine degli Ingegneri (Council
of the Order of Engineers). That register is divided into two sections, Section B being reserved for junior engineers. In
Spain, depending on the specialisations and regions, different ‘colegios de ingenieros’ (associations of engineers) are competent.
In both Member States, registration in the register of an association of engineers constitutes a simple administrative step
which does not of itself provide evidence as to the professional qualifications of the persons concerned, but is designed
to ensure that the pursuit of the profession observes certain ethical standards.
–       The profession of mechanical engineer in Italy
Persons wishing to pursue the profession of mechanical engineer in Italy must normally hold a university diploma of mechanical
engineering (‘laurea in ingegneria meccanica’), awarded on completion of three years’ education and training, and entitlement
to pursue the profession of engineer awarded after they have passed the State examination. Furthermore, such persons must
be registered in the register of engineers in a province, in Section B, Industrial Sector.
–       The profession of industrial technical engineer, specialising in mechanical engineering, in Spain
In Spain, persons wishing to pursue the profession of industrial technical engineer, specialising in mechanical engineering
(‘ingeniero técnico industrial, especialidad mecánica’) must normally hold an official university diploma, within the meaning
of Framework Law 6/2001, of industrial technical engineer, specialising in mechanical engineering. The technical engineering
diploma is awarded after three years’ studies. Furthermore, such persons must be registered in the register of the ‘Colegio
de ingenieros técnicos industriales’ (Professional Association of technical industrial engineers).
The recognition procedure in Italy
In Italy, Legislative Decree No 115 of 27 January 1992 (GURI No 40 of 18 February 1992) (‘Legislative Decree No 115/1992’)
is intended to transpose Directive 89/48 into national law.
Article 1 of Legislative Decree No 115/1992, entitled ‘Recognition of educational qualifications obtained in the European
Community’, provides:
‘1. Qualifications awarded by a Member State of the European Community as evidence of professional training, the possession
of which is a condition for the pursuit of a profession under the legislation of that State, shall be recognised in Italy
subject to the conditions laid down in this decree.
2. Recognition is granted to Community nationals for the purpose of pursuing in Italy, in a self-employed capacity or as an
employed person, the profession corresponding to that which they are authorised to pursue in the country that awarded the
qualifications referred to in the preceding paragraph.
3. Qualifications are eligible for recognition if they include a statement that the applicant has successfully completed a
post-secondary course of at least three years’ duration (or of an equivalent duration part-time) at a university or establishment
of higher education or another establishment of similar level.’
According to the Consiglio di Stato (Council of State), Legislative Decree No 115/1992 does not authorise recognition of a
diploma awarded in another Member State on the basis of an Italian educational qualification. That court states that, pursuant
to Article 1(3) of that legislative decree, the foreign diploma must attest that the applicant has completed a course of study,
which means that there must be an immediate relationship between the qualification and the course of study, and that the latter
must be directly attested by the diploma. Moreover, that provision cannot apply to a diploma from another Member State which
attests, in reality, to the existence of an Italian educational qualification.
The homologation procedure in Spain
Under Spanish law, the procedure for homologation of university diplomas must be distinguished from the procedure governing
the recognition of professional qualifications laid down by Royal Decree 1665/1991 of 25 October 1991 regulating the general
system for the recognition of higher education diplomas issued in the Member States of the European Union which require at
least three years’ education and training (BOE No 208 of 22 November 1991, p. 37916), intended to transpose Directive 89/48
into the Spanish legal system. Homologation is an examination of the academic content, in terms of knowledge, of the studies
undertaken in order to obtain a diploma.
Until 4 September 2004, the procedure governing homologation of foreign university qualifications was governed in Spain by
Royal Decree 86/1987 of 16 January 1987 (BOE No 20 of 23 January 1987) and by the legislation adopted pursuant to the latter.
The concept of homologation was defined in Article 1 of Royal Decree 86/1987. According to that provision, homologation involves
recognition in Spain of the official validity, for academic purposes, of higher education diplomas acquired abroad.
It is clear from Article 2 of Royal Decree 86/1987 that, even if the homologation of foreign diplomas does not necessarily
require additional examinations to be passed in cases where the education and training evidenced by the foreign diploma is
not equivalent to that evidenced by the corresponding Spanish diploma, homologation may be conditional on the successful completion
of tests on the knowledge required in Spain in order to obtain the diploma.
Under Article 3 of Royal Decree 86/1987, the homologation procedure applies only to official studies. Other education which
is provided by universities and does not have that characteristic is therefore excluded from the scope of Royal Decree 86/1987.
If granted, homologation confers on a foreign diploma the same effects as those attached to the equivalent Spanish diploma
or university degree.

The dispute in the main proceedings and the questions referred for a preliminary ruling
Mr Cavallera, an Italian national, is the holder of a mechanical engineering qualification awarded on 9 March 1999 by the
University of Turin (Italy) after three years’ education and training.
Mr Cavallera applied in Spain for homologation of his Italian qualification by the Ministry for Education and Sciences, with
a view to having that Italian qualification treated as equivalent to the corresponding Spanish university title pursuant to
the provisions of Royal Decree 86/1987. On 17 October 2001, that ministry accredited Mr Cavallera’s Italian qualification
in order that that qualification might be treated as equivalent to that of a Spanish industrial technical engineer, specialising
in mechanical engineering.
Mr Cavallera is therefore entitled to pursue the regulated profession of industrial technical engineer, specialising in mechanical
engineering, in Spain. On the basis of the certificate attesting homologation of his Italian qualification, Mr Cavallera enrolled
in the register of one of the ‘colegios de ingenieros técnicos industriales’ in Catalonia.
It is, however, common ground that Mr Cavallera has not worked outside Italy and that he has not followed any course of study
or taken any examinations under the Spanish education system. Likewise, it is common ground that he has not taken the State
examination provided for under Italian legislation for the purpose of being entitled to pursue the profession of engineer.
By application of 6 March 2002 Mr Cavallera sought from the Ministero della Giustizia (Ministry of Justice) in Italy recognition
of his Spanish certificate pursuant to Legislative Decree No 115/1992, in order to enable him to enrol in Italy in the Register
of Engineers.
In accordance with Italian law, that application was subject to the opinion of a board of enquiry, which decided by a majority
to grant the application, although the representative of the Consiglio Nazionale degli Ingegneri (National Council of Engineers),
a member of that board, voted against it.
By decree of 23 October 2002, the Ministero della Giustizia recognised the validity of Mr Cavallera’s Spanish certificate
for the purpose of his enrolment in the register of engineers (Section B, industrial sector). On the basis of that decree,
Mr Cavallera was enrolled in the register of the association of engineers in the city of Alessandria (Italy), where he resides.
The Consiglio Nazionale degli Ingegneri challenged that ministerial decree before the Tribunale amministrativo regionale per
il Lazio (Regional Administrative Court for the Region of Lazio) (Italy), submitting that, under Directive 89/48 and the relevant
national legislation, the Italian authorities could not recognise Mr Cavallera’s Spanish certificate, since such recognition
would have the effect of dispensing him from the State examination required under Italian law.
By judgment of 5 October 2004, that court dismissed the action brought by the Consiglio Nazionale degli Ingegneri, holding
that the Ministero della Giustizia had acted lawfully. The Consiglio Nazionale degli Ingegneri then appealed against that
judgment to the Consiglio di Stato (Italy).
The Consiglio di Stato takes the view that Directive 89/48 does not apply to Mr Cavallera’s situation because he has not obtained
a diploma, within the meaning of Article 1(a) of Directive 89/48, in Spain and bases his application entirely on Italian qualifications.
The Consiglio di Stato nevertheless has doubts in that respect.
In those circumstances, the Consiglio di Stato decided to stay its proceedings and to refer the following questions to the
Court for a preliminary ruling:
‘(1)      Does Directive 89/48/EEC apply to an Italian national who:
–        obtained a three-year degree in engineering in Italy;
–        obtained recognition of the Italian qualification as being equivalent to the corresponding Spanish qualification;
–        obtained registration in the Spanish register of engineers but never pursued that profession in Spain; [and]
–        applied, on the basis of the Spanish recognition of equivalence, for registration in the register of engineers in Italy?
(2)      If the answer to the first question is in the affirmative, is a domestic provision (Article 1 of Legislative Decree [No 115
of 1992]) that does not permit recognition in Italy of a qualification of a Member State which in turn is exclusively the
result of recognition of a previous Italian qualification compatible with Directive 89/48/EEC?’

The questions referred for a preliminary ruling
By its first question, the referring court asks essentially whether the provisions of Directive 89/48 may be relied on, for
the purpose of gaining entry to a regulated profession in a host Member State, by the holder of a certificate issued by an
authority of another Member State which does not attest any education and training covered by the education system of that
Member State and is not based on either an examination or professional experience acquired in the latter.
In order to answer that question it is necessary to examine whether the recognition of a certificate such as that at issue
in the main proceedings comes within the scope of Directive 89/48.
Subject to the provisions of Article 4 of Directive 89/48, point (a) of the first subparagraph of Article 3 thereof gives
any applicant who holds a ‘diploma’, within the meaning of that directive, enabling him to pursue a regulated profession in
a Member State, the right to pursue that profession in any other Member State. The concept of ‘diploma’, defined in Article
1(a) of Directive 89/48, is thus the cornerstone of the general system governing the recognition of higher-education diplomas
laid down by that directive.
With regard to the qualifications relied on by Mr Cavallera, it must be recalled, first of all, that a ‘diploma’, within the
meaning of Article 1(a) of Directive 89/48, may consist of a set of qualifications.
Next, the condition laid down in the first indent of Article 1(a) of Directive 89/48 is satisfied, so far as concerns the
qualifications relied on by Mr Cavallera, in that each of those qualifications was awarded by a competent authority, designated
respectively in accordance with Italian and Spanish legislation.
So far as concerns the condition laid down in the second indent of Article 1(a) of Directive 89/48, it is evident from the
file sent to the Court that Mr Cavallera satisfies the condition that the holder must have successfully completed a post-secondary
course of at least three years’ duration at a university. That fact is expressly evidenced by the degree certificate which
was awarded to him by the University of Turin.
Furthermore, as regards the condition laid down in the third indent of Article 1(a) of Directive 89/48, it follows from the
homologation certificate issued by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science that Mr Cavallera has the professional qualifications
required to take up a regulated profession in Spain. Even if it were to be assumed that that does not follow expressly from
the certificate, it is clearly established by Mr Cavallera’s enrolment in the register of the competent professional body
in Spain.
It remains to be determined whether, given that the homologation certificate which Mr Cavallera relies on was not awarded
in respect of any education or training covered by the Spanish education system and is not based on either an examination
taken or professional experience acquired in Spain, the set of qualifications which he possesses may nevertheless be regarded
as a ‘diploma’ within the meaning of Directive 89/48 or may be treated in the same way as such a diploma under the second
paragraph of Article 1(a) of Directive 89/48.
In that context, the arguments relied on by the Consiglio Nazionale degli Ingegneri and by the Italian and Austrian Governments,
based on the wording of certain language versions of Directive 89/48, which differ in places, as has been noted in paragraphs
7, 9, 11 and 12 of this judgment, from other language versions by mentioning the words ‘another Member State’ whereas the
large majority of language versions simply contain the words ‘Member State’ or ‘host Member State’, cannot be accepted.
In that connection, it is clear from settled case-law that the need for an application, and hence a uniform interpretation,
of the provisions of Community law makes it impossible, in cases of doubt, for the text of a provision to be considered in
isolation in one of its versions, but requires, on the contrary, that it should be interpreted and applied in the light of
the versions existing in the other official languages (Case 29/69
Stauder
[1969] ECR 419, paragraph 3; Case C‑296/95
EMU Tabac and Others
[1998] ECR I-1605, paragraph 36; and Case C‑174/05
Zuid-Hollandse Milieufederatie and Natuur en Milieu
[2006] ECR I‑2443, paragraph 20).
Furthermore, while it has been held that Directive 89/48 does not contain any limitation as regards the Member State in which
an applicant must have acquired his professional qualifications (Case C‑274/05
Commission
v
Greece
[2008] ECR I-0000, paragraph 28, and Case C-286/06
Commission
v
Spain
[2008] ECR I‑0000, paragraph 62), that case-law nonetheless establishes a distinction between the geographical place in which
education and training take place and the education system to which these belong. In those judgments, the parties concerned
had pursued education and training covered by an education system other than that of the Member State in which they sought
to rely on their professional qualifications.
Directive 89/48 seeks to remove obstacles to the pursuit of a profession in a Member State other than that which issued the
diploma establishing the professional qualifications concerned. It is clear from the first, third and fifth recitals in the
preamble to that directive that a certificate attesting professional qualifications cannot be treated in the same way as a
‘diploma’ for the purposes of that directive unless those qualifications were acquired, wholly or in part, under the education
system of the Member State which issued the certificate in question. The Court has also stated that a diploma facilitates
the taking-up or pursuit of a profession in so far as it proves the possession of an additional qualification (see, to that
effect, Case C-19/92
Kraus
[1993] ECR I-1663, paragraphs 18 to 23, and Case C-285/01
Burbaud
[2003] ECR I-8219, paragraphs 47 to 53).
The Spanish homologation does not provide evidence of any additional qualification. In that connection, neither homologation
nor enrolment in the register of one of the ‘colegios de ingenieros técnicos industriales’ in Catalonia was based on an examination
of the qualifications or professional experience acquired by Mr Cavallera.
To accept, in such circumstances, that Directive 89/48 may be relied on in order to secure access to the regulated profession
at issue in the main proceedings in Italy would be tantamount to allowing a person who has merely obtained a qualification
awarded by that Member State which does not in itself provide access to that regulated profession none the less to gain access
to that profession, without the homologation certificate obtained in Spain providing evidence that the holder has acquired
an additional qualification or professional experience. Such a result would be contrary to the principle enshrined by Directive
89/48 and set out in the fifth recital in its preamble, according to which Member States reserve the option of fixing the
minimum level of qualification necessary to guarantee the quality of services provided in their territory.
It follows from all of the foregoing that Article 1(a) of Directive 89/48 must be interpreted as meaning that the definition
of the concept of ‘diploma’ set out therein does not include a certificate issued by a Member State which does not attest
any education or training covered by the education system of that Member State and is not based on either an examination taken
or professional experience acquired in that Member State.
Accordingly, the answer to the first question is that the provisions of Directive 89/48 cannot be relied on, for the purpose
of gaining access to a regulated profession in a host Member State, by the holder of a certificate issued by an authority
of another Member State which does not attest any education or training covered by the education system of that Member State
and is not based on either an examination taken or professional experience acquired in that Member State.
In the light of the answer to the first question, there is no need to answer the second question.

Costs
Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court,
the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs
of those parties, are not recoverable.
On those grounds, the Court (Second Chamber) hereby rules:
The provisions of Council Directive 89/48/EEC of 21 December 1988 on a general system for the recognition of higher-education
diplomas awarded on completion of professional education and training of at least three years’ duration cannot be relied on,
for the purpose of gaining access to a regulated profession in a host Member State, by the holder of a certificate issued
by an authority of another Member State which does not attest any education or training covered by the education system of
that Member State and is not based on either an examination taken or professional experience acquired in that Member State.
[Signatures]
*
Language of the case: Italian.