CELEX: 62003TJ0055
Officials
Action for damages

1.
Officials – Actions – Admissibility – Act replacing the contested act in the course of proceedings – Obligation to follow
the pre-litigation procedure – Exception
(Staff Regulations, Arts 90 and 91)
2.
Officials – Recruitment – Appointment in grade and classification in step – Appointment to the higher grade of the career
bracket – Appointing authority’s discretion – Review by the Court – Limits – Obligation, in certain cases, to consider the
possibility of making such an appointment – Right to be appointed to the higher grade of the career bracket – None
(Staff Regulations, Art. 31(2))
3.
Officials – Recruitment – Appointment in grade and classification in step – Appointment to the higher grade of the career
bracket – Determination of level of professional experience – Taking into account of the category of the post previously occupied
– Evidence by the official concerned of a higher actual level – Whether permissible
(Staff Regulations, Art. 31(2))
4.
Officials – Recruitment – Appointment in grade and classification in step – Appointment to the higher grade of the career
bracket – Obligation to state reasons – Scope
5.
Officials – Administration’s duty to have regard for the welfare of its servants – Scope – Limits
6.
Officials – Non-contractual liability of the institutions – Classification in grade on recruitment effected unlawfully – Subsequent
retrospective rectification – Damage resulting from delay in payment of remuneration  – Payment of default interest
1.     By virtue of the requirements of procedural economy, when a contested act is replaced, in the course of proceedings, by an
act having the same subject-matter, the latter constitutes a new factor enabling the applicants to amend their pleadings.
On the other hand, it is clear from Articles 90 and 91 of the Staff Regulations that the action directed against an act adversely
affecting the applicant, consisting in a decision taken by the appointing authority, is admissible only if the official has
previously submitted a complaint to the appointing authority and if the complaint has been rejected by express or implied
decision, and the same applies to a new decision replacing a previous decision, following a review.
However, where the lodging of the application, initially directed against an act which has in the meantime been replaced,
was preceded by a complaint meeting the requirements of Article 90(2) of the Staff Regulations, and where the act now contested,
which has retrospectively replaced the original act in the course of proceedings, is based on the same considerations of fact
and law as the act against which the application was originally directed, it must be considered that the obligation incumbent
on officials, observance of which is, under Article 91(2), a condition of the admissibility of the action, to lodge a complaint
with the appointing authority about the acts adversely affecting them has been complied with as regards the new contested
act too.
(see paras 50-52, 56)
See: 14/81
Alpha Steel
v
Commission
[1982] ECR 749, para. 8; 293/87
Vainker
v
Parliament
[1989] ECR 23, para. 7; T-23/96
De Persio
v
Commission
[1998] ECR-SC I-A-483 and II-1413, para. 32; T-161/00
Tsarnavas
v
Commission
[2001] ECR-SC I-A-155 and II-721, para. 30
2.     Article 31(2) of the Staff Regulations provides for the possibility of making exceptions to the principle that all officials
are recruited in the starting grade of their category. The decision on classification based on Article 31(2) of the Staff
Regulations falls, subject to any conditions in respect of classification which the appointing authority may have imposed
on itself in the vacancy notice, within the very wide discretion of that authority. In the course of its review in that regard,
the Court cannot substitute its assessment for that of the appointing authority. It must confine itself to verifying that
there has been no infringement of essential procedural requirements, that the appointing authority has not based its decision
on incorrect or incomplete material facts and that the decision is not vitiated by misuse of powers, a manifest error of assessment
or an inadequate statement of grounds.
The appointing authority is required, in special circumstances such as in the case of a candidate with exceptional qualifications,
specifically to assess the possible application of Article 31(2) of the Staff Regulations, as such an obligation arises in
particular where the specific needs of the service require the recruitment of a specially qualified official or where the
person recruited has exceptional qualifications and requests the application of those provisions. However, even where newly
recruited officials fulfil the conditions for classification in the higher grade of the career bracket, they do not thereby
have an automatic right to such classification.
(see paras 60-61)
See: C-298/93 P
Klinke
v
Court of Justice
[1994] ECR I-3009, para. 31; T-17/95
Alexopoulou
v
Commission
[1995] ECR-SC I-A-227 and II-683, para. 21; T‑195/96
Alexopoulou
v
Commission
[1998] ECR-SC I-A-51 and II-117, paras 38, 39 and 44, upheld on appeal in C-155/98 P
Alexopoulou
v
Commission
[1999] ECR I-4069, and the case-law cited therein; T-381/00
Wasmeier
v
Commission
[2002] ECR-SC I-A-125 and II-677, para. 56; T-133/02
Chawdhry
v
Commission
[2003] ECR-SC I-A-329 and II-1617, para. 44
3.     The administration does not exceed the limits of its wide discretion as regards classification where, in order to determine
the level of the experience acquired by an official before taking up his duties, it refers to the category of the post previously
held. However, for the purposes of his classification on recruitment, an official must be allowed to show that the actual
level of the duties he carried out in the institution was higher than that of the category to which he belonged.
(see paras 93-94)
See: T-79/98
Carrasco Benítez
v
EMEA
[1999] ECR-SC I-A-29 and II-127, paras 45 and 46
4.     The obligation to state reasons for a decision on classification may reasonably be satisfied at the stage when a decision
is taken on a complaint, and it is sufficient for the statement of reasons to relate to the satisfaction of the legal conditions
which under the Staff Regulations govern the regularity of the classification procedure, there being no need to reveal the
comparative assessment which the appointing authority has undertaken. It is sufficient that the appointing authority inform
the official concerned of the relevant individual ground for the decision taken concerning him. The institution is not required
to provide detailed statistics on the classification in grade and step of other officials who passed a comparable competition.
First, such details are not relevant for verifying that the qualifications of the person concerned were properly assessed,
given the specific nature of that assessment and its limitation to the case in point.
(see paras 120, 123-124)
See: T-17/95
Alexopoulou
v
Commission
, cited above, para. 27; T-230/99
McAuley
v
Council
[2001] ECR-SC I-A-127 and II-583, para. 52, and the case-law cited therein;
Chawdhry
v
Commission
, cited above, paras 119 to 122
5.     The administration’s duty to have regard for the welfare of its servants reflects the balance of reciprocal rights and obligations
established by the Staff Regulations in the relationship between the official authority and the civil servants. A particular
consequence of this duty is that when the official authority takes a decision concerning the situation of an official or other
member of staff it should take into consideration all the factors which may affect its decision and that when doing so it
should take into account not only the interests of the service but also those of the official concerned. The protection of
the rights and interests of officials is, however, subject to compliance with the rules in force.
(see para. 133)
See: T-203/97
Forvass
v
Commission
[1999] ECR-SC I-A-129 and II-705, paras 53 and 54, and the case-law cited therein
6.     An official whose classification in grade was initially effected unlawfully before being rectified by a retrospective decision
is entitled to default interest on the sums due as a result of that rectification as of the date when the appointing authority
had at its disposal all the information needed for an appropriate classification.
(see paras 153-155)