CELEX: 62005CJ0391
Excise duties
Exemption from excise duty on mineral oils
Directive 92/81/EEC
‘Navigation within Community waters’

1       The request for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of the first subparagraph of Article 8(1)(c) of Council Directive
92/81/EEC of 19 October 1992 on the harmonisation of the structures of excise duties on mineral oils (OJ 1992 L 316, p. 12),
as amended by Council Directive 94/74/EC of 22 December 1994 (OJ 1994 L 365, p. 46) (‘Directive 92/81’).
2       That request has been submitted in the context of proceedings between Jan De Nul NV (‘Jan De Nul’) and the Hauptzollamt (Principal
Customs Office) Oldenburg (‘the Hauptzollamt’) concerning the latter’s refusal to exempt from excise duty on mineral oils
(‘the duty’) certain quantities of mineral oils used for the operation of a hopper dredger.

Legal context

Directive 92/81
3       Article 8(1) and (2) of Directive 92/81 provided as follows:
‘1.      In addition to the general provisions set out in Directive 92/12/EEC on exempt uses of excisable products, and without prejudice
to other Community provisions, Member States shall exempt the following from the harmonised excise duty under conditions which
they shall lay down for the purpose of ensuring the correct and straightforward application of such exemptions and of preventing
any evasion, avoidance or abuse:
…
(c)       mineral oils supplied for use as fuel for the purposes of navigation within Community waters (including fishing), other than
in private pleasure craft.
For the purposes of this Directive, “private pleasure craft” shall mean any craft used by its owner or the natural or legal
person who enjoys its use either through hire or through any other means, for other than commercial purposes and in particular
other than for the carriage of passengers or goods or for the supply of services for consideration or for the purposes of
public authorities.
2.      Without prejudice to other Community provisions, Member States may apply total or partial exemptions or reductions in the
rate of duty to mineral oils used under fiscal control:
…
(b)      for navigation on inland waterways other than for private pleasure craft;
…
(g)      in respect of dredging operations in navigable waterways and in ports.’

National legislation
4       In Germany, the national provisions relating to the exemption of mineral oils from excise duty are contained in the Law on
excise duty on mineral oils (Mineralölsteuergesetz) of 21 December 1992 (BGBl 1992 I, p. 2150 and 2185, ‘the MinöStG’) and
in the Regulation implementing the Law on excise duty on mineral oils (Mineralölsteuer-Durchführungsverordnung) of 15 September
1993 (BGBl 1993 I, p. 1602).
5       Paragraph 4(1)(4) of the MinöStG provides that, subject to Paragraph 12 thereof, mineral oils may be used on an exempt‑from‑duty
basis as motor or heating fuel on vessels deployed exclusively for commercial navigation and associated ancillary activities
such as pilotage, towing and other services, and for work purposes and on warships and public authority boats, sea rescue
boats and dedicated fishing boats.
6       In accordance with the statutory power conferred on the legislative authority by Paragraph 31(2)(5) of the MinöStG, Paragraph
17(5)(2) of the Regulation implementing the Law on excise duty on mineral oils excluded certain types of floating constructions
from the definition of ‘vessels’ within the meaning of Paragraph 4(1)(4) of the MinöStG. Thus, dredgers, cranes and grain
elevators are not considered to be vessels within the meaning of that last provision, with the result that the fuels which
are used on board as motor or heating fuel cannot benefit from an exemption from excise duty.

The dispute in the main proceedings and the questions referred for preliminary ruling
7       Jan De Nul, which is the claimant in the main proceedings and carries on hydraulic engineering activities, sought to benefit
from an exemption from duty for certain quantities of mineral oils used for the operation of a hopper dredger called ‘
Christoforo Colombo
’, a vessel with a capacity of 10 062 tonnes, in respect of dredging operations carried out on the Elbe between 19 October
and 17 December 1999, in an area between Hamburg and Cuxhaven.
8       A hopper dredger sucks up sand, gravel and other materials from the water bed and pours them into its hold using pumped water.
Subsequently, those materials are transported to dumping sites where they are discharged.
9       On 3 April 2000, Jan De Nul declared the quantities of mineral oils which had been consumed during the operations of pumping
and discharge of materials. Later, the Hauptzollamt informed that company that duty was also payable on the qualities of mineral
oils used during the unladen journeys of the vessel and the manoeuvres which it carried out in the course of its operations.
10     The supplementary excise duty return, submitted on 15 November 2000 by Jan De Nul, resulted in outstanding duty in the amount
of DEM 183 127.
11     By decision of 3 July 2002, the Hauptzollamt dismissed the objection  lodged by Jan De Nul on 19 December 2000 with a view
to obtaining remission of that amount. On 2 August 2002, Jan De Nul brought an action before the Finanzgericht Hamburg (Hamburg
Finance Court) seeking exemption from excise duty for the quantities of mineral oils used, not for the activities of the dredger
itself, but for its unladen journeys.
12     Jan De Nul asserts before the referring court that the activity of the hopper dredger must be equated with that of a special
vessel involved in commercial navigation, the fuel consumption of which benefits from the exemption provided for in Article
8(1)(c) of Directive 92/81, irrespective of the purpose of that dredger’s journey.
13     The Hauptzollamt maintains before the same court that the area in which the hopper dredger pursued its operations constitutes
an inland waterway, with the result that the exemption which Member States may apply, as provided in Article 8(2)(b) of Directive
92/81, arises from the legislative power of the national authorities.
14     By an amending notice of 27 December 2004, the Hauptzollamt amended the excise duty return of 15 November 2000 in the light
of a judgment delivered on 3 February 2004 by the Bundesfinanzhof (Federal Finance Court) and accepted that the consumption
of mineral oils on the unladen journeys of a hopper dredger had to benefit from the exemption from excise duty provided for
in Paragraph 4(1)(4) of the MinöStG. Consequently, the amount of duty owing was reduced by DEM 164 372.
15     The parties to the main proceedings are therefore in agreement that the action has become devoid of purpose in so far as it
concerns the components of the excisable amount giving rise to that reduction in the amount of the excise duty and that the
dispute is therefore limited to the question whether Jan De Nul is required to pay that excise duty on the quantities of mineral
oils consumed in the course of manoeuvres involved in dredging operations.
16     In those circumstances, the Finanzgericht Hamburg, taking the view that the outcome of the proceedings before it hinged on
the interpretation of the term ‘navigation within Community waters’, decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following
questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling:
‘(a)      What interpretation should be given to the term “Community waters” in the first subparagraph of Article 8(1)(c) of Directive
92/81 in contrast to the term “inland waterways” for the purposes of Article 8(2)(b) of Directive 92/81?
(b)      Should the operation of a suction and holding vessel (so-called “hopper dredger”) in Community waters always be regarded as
navigation within the meaning of the first subparagraph of Article 8(1)(c) of Directive 92/81 or is it necessary to draw a
distinction between the various forms of activity during the course of its use?’

The questions referred for preliminary ruling

The first question
17     By its first question, the referring court asks how it should interpret the term ‘Community waters’ within the meaning of
the first subparagraph of Article 8(1)(c) of Directive 92/81 in contrast to the term ‘inland waterways’ within the meaning
of Article 8(2)(b) of Directive 92/81.
18     In order to reply to the question raised, it is necessary to recall at the outset that Directive 92/81 was adopted on the
basis of Article 99 of the EC Treaty (now Article 93 EC), which authorises the Council of the European Union, acting unanimously
on a proposal from the Commission of the European Communities, to adopt, inter alia, provisions for the harmonisation of legislation
concerning excise duties to the extent to which such harmonisation is necessary to ensure the establishment and the functioning
of the internal market.
19     In the context of the harmonised system of the structures of excise duties implemented at Community level, Directive 92/81
provides in Article 8(1) for a number of obligatory exemptions, such as that relating to mineral oils supplied for use as
fuel for the purposes of navigation within Community waters, including fishing, other than in private pleasure craft.
20     Concerning the term ‘Community waters’, which appears in Article 8(1)(c) and is not defined, it should be mentioned that the
interpretation of a provision of Community law must particularly take into account the context in which it occurs and the
objects of the rules of which it is part (see C‑17/03
VEMW and Others
[2005] ECR I-4983, paragraph 41 and the case-law cited).
21     To that effect, it appears from the third and fifth recitals in the preamble to Directive 92/81 that the latter is intended
to render more precise a number of common definitions for mineral oil products which are to be subject to the general excise
system and to lay down certain exemptions relating to those products which are obligatory at Community level (see C-389/02
Deutsche See-Bestattungs-Genossenschaft
[2004] ECR I-3537, paragraphs 17 and 18). It is also apparent both from those recitals and from the title of Directive 92/81
that those common definitions and the exemptions laid down are intended to promote the establishment and proper functioning
of the internal market and to set up a harmonised system in respect of the structures of excise duties on mineral oils at
Community level.
22     Consequently, the definitions relating to the products governed by Directive 92/81 and the exemptions applicable to them should
be interpreted independently on the basis of the wording of the provisions in question and on the purpose of the directive
(see
Deutsche See-Bestattungs-Genossenschaft
, paragraph 19).
23     An independent interpretation of those exemptions is all the more essential because Article 8(1) of Directive 92/81 imposes
on the Member States the obligation not to levy the harmonised excise duty on mineral oils supplied for use as fuel for a
number of activities set out in that provision (see Case C-346/97
Braathens
[1999] ECR I‑3419, paragraph 31, and
Deutsche See-Bestattungs-Genossenschaft
, paragraph 20). Any divergent interpretation at national level of those exemption obligations provided for in Directive 92/81
would not only undermine the objectives of the Community legislation and legal certainty, but could introduce unequal treatment
between the economic operators concerned (see
Deutsche See-Bestattungs-Genossenschaft
, paragraph 21).
24     With regard to Article 8(1), it must be noted that the obligatory exemption for mineral oils used as fuel for the purposes
of navigation within Community waters is designed to facilitate intracommunity trade, particularly the movement of goods and
the freedom to provide services capable of taking place on the waters concerned.
25     By the exemption concerned, the Community legislature intended to promote the equality of certain tax conditions under which
the transport undertakings or other services which ply the waters concerned operate.
26     It follows that the term ‘Community waters’ must be understood as including all the waters in which maritime navigation is
normally practised for commercial ends. That navigation concerns all sea-going vessels, including those which have the greatest
capacity.
27     Moreover, as the Commission points out, such an interpretation alone can ensure the equality of economic conditions between
sea ports within the Community, irrespective of the geographical position of each port in relation to the nearest coast from
which the abovementioned activities are carried on.
28     Finally, it should be noted that Directive 92/81 also has as its objective to ensure the free movement of mineral oils in
the internal market, and to avoid distortions of competition which could stem from variations in the structures of excise
duties from one Member State to another (see C-240/01
Commission
v
Germany
[2004] ECR I-4733, paragraphs 39 and 44).
29     In those circumstances, the system laid down by Article 8(2) of Directive 92/81, which concerns the possibility for Member
States of applying total or partial exemptions or reductions in the rate of duty to mineral oils used under fiscal control,
and particularly the concept of navigation on inland waterways, appearing in Article 8(2)(b), cannot be a conclusive factor
in interpreting the extent of the obligatory exemptions provided for in Article 8(1).
30     It is common ground that vessels appropriate for navigation for commercial purposes on maritime waters can also pursue those
purposes on certain internal waterways as far as certain sea ports, although they are not situated on the coast. To exclude
from the scope of obligatory exemption the navigation thus practised from the moment when it is carried out on those waterways
towards sea ports would harm intracommunity trade since such an exclusion, in placing economic operators concerned by such
navigation at a disadvantage, would risk diverting some of that sea traffic away from those ports. It would thus place the
operators at a disadvantage in relation to those who operate in coastal ports.
31     Thus, the optional system provided for in Article 8(2)(b) of Directive 92/81 can only be residual in that it would be applicable
to navigation on inland waterways only in so far as that is engaged in beyond the waters on which maritime navigation for
commercial purposes can be carried on.
32     The answer to the first question raised must therefore be that the term ‘Community waters’ within the meaning of the first
subparagraph of Article 8(1)(c) of Directive 92/81 relates to all waters which can be used by all sea‑going vessels, including
those which have the greatest capacity, capable of travelling maritime waterways for commercial purposes.

The second question
33     By its second question, the referring court asks, in substance, whether or not certain operations performed by a hopper dredger
may be regarded as coming within the scope of the term ‘navigation’ as used in the first paragraph of Article 8(1)(c) of Directive
92/81.
34     As follows from paragraph 15 above, the dispute between the parties to the main proceedings is limited to the question whether
the quantities of mineral oils consumed in the course of manoeuvres involved in dredging operations are capable of benefiting
from the exemption provided for by the provision in question, as Jan De Nul has accepted the imposition of excise duty on
the quantities of mineral oils used for the operations of pumping and discharge of materials.
35     It is also apparent from the order for reference that the consumption of mineral oils during the unladen journeys of the hopper
dredger were included in the benefit of the exemption from excise duty.
36     As for the term ‘navigation’ within the meaning of the first subparagraph of Article 8(1)(c) of Directive 92/81, the Court,
at paragraph 23 of its judgment in
Deutsche See-Bastattungs‑Genossenschaft
, declared that all navigation activity for commercial purposes comes within the scope of the exemption from the harmonised
excise duty provided for in that provision.  At paragraph 25 of that judgment, the Court stated that that provision does not
make any distinction as to the purpose of the navigation referred to, given that the distortions of competition which the
provisions of that directive are intended to avoid can arise whatever the type of commercial navigation at issue.
37     It thus follows from the judgment in
Deutsche See-Bestattungs-Genossenschaft
that the purpose for which the journey is effected is irrelevant since it concerns navigation involving a provision of services
for consideration.
38     As for the case in the main proceedings, it is common ground that the hopper dredger has a propulsion system which permits
it to be autonomous in its movements. That vessel has therefore the technical characteristics necessary for navigation allowing
it to carry out such a provision of services.
39     Concerning the system provided for in Article 8(2)(g) of Directive 92/81, under which the Member States may apply total or
partial exemptions or reductions in the rate of duty to mineral oils used for dredging operations in navigable waterways and
in ports, suffice it to observe, as was pointed out at paragraph 29 above, that that exemption capacity granted to the Member
States cannot influence the interpretation to be given to Article 8(1).
40     Consequently, the answer to the second question must be that manoeuvres carried out by a hopper dredger during its operations
of pumping and discharge of materials, that is to say, journeys inherent in the carrying out of dredging activities, come
within the scope of the term ‘navigation’ as used in the first subparagraph of Article 8(1)(c) of Directive 92/81.

Costs
41     Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court,
the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs
of those parties, are not recoverable.
On those grounds, the Court (Fourth Chamber) hereby rules:
1.
The term ‘Community waters’ within the meaning of the first subparagraph of Article 8(1)(c) of Council Directive 92/81/EEC
of 19 October 1992 on the harmonisation of the structures of excise duties on mineral oils, as amended by Council Directive
94/74/EC of 22 December 1994, relates to all waters which can be used by all sea-going vessels, including those which have
the greatest capacity, capable of  travelling maritime waterways for commercial purposes.
2.
Manoeuvres carried out by a hopper dredger during its operations of pumping and discharge of materials, that is to say, journeys
inherent in the carrying out of dredging activities, come within the scope of the term ‘navigation’ as used in the first subparagraph
of Article 8(1)(c) of Directive 92/81, as amended by Directive 94/74.
[Signatures]
*
Language of the case: German.