CELEX: 62008CJ0016
Common Customs Tariff
Tariff classification
Combined Nomenclature
Active matrix liquid crystal devices

This reference for a preliminary ruling relates to the interpretation of the Combined Nomenclature constituting Annex I to
Council Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 of 23 July 1987 on the tariff and statistical nomenclature and on the Common Customs Tariff
(OJ 1987 L 256, p. 1), as amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No 1789/2003 of 11 September 2003 (OJ 2003 L 281, p. 1; ‘the
CN’).
The reference has been made in the course of proceedings between Schenker SIA (‘Schenker’) and Valsts ieņēmumu dienests (Latvian
tax administration; ‘the VID’) concerning the tariff classification of certain active matrix liquid crystal devices (LCD).

Legal context
The Combined Nomenclature, introduced by Regulation No 2658/87, is based on the International Harmonised Commodity Description
and Coding System (‘the HS’) drawn up by the Customs Cooperation Council, now the World Customs Organisation, established
by the International Convention concluded at Brussels on 14 June 1983 and the Protocol of Amendment thereto of 24 June 1986,
and approved on behalf of the European Economic Community by Council Decision 87/369/EEC of 7 April 1987 (OJ 1987 L 198, p. 1).
Part One of the CN contains preliminary provisions. In that part, Section I, which contains general rules, Subsection A, entitled
‘General rules for the interpretation of the [CN]’ (‘the general rules’), provides:
‘Classification of parts in the [CN] shall be governed by the following principles:
1.      The titles of sections, chapters and sub-chapters are provided for ease of reference only; for legal purposes, classification
shall be determined according to the terms of the headings and any relative section or chapter notes and, provided such headings
or notes do not otherwise require, according to the following provisions.
2.      (a)   Any reference in a heading to an article shall be taken to include a reference to that article incomplete or unfinished, provided
that, as presented, the incomplete or unfinished article has the essential character of the complete or finished article.
It shall also be taken to include a reference to that article complete or finished (or falling to be classified as complete
or finished by virtue of this rule), presented unassembled or disassembled.
…’
Part Two of the CN, which contains the table of customs duties, includes Section XVI, entitled ‘Machinery and mechanical appliances;
electrical equipment; parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers,
and parts and accessories of such articles’.
Heading 8528 of the CN (‘heading 8528’) is worded as follows:
‘8528 Reception apparatus for television, whether or not incorporating radio‑broadcast receivers or sound or video recording or
reproducing apparatus; video monitors and video projectors:
…
–       Video monitors
8528 21          – –    colour:
…
8528 21 90          – – –  Other
…’
Heading 8529 is worded as follows:
‘8529 Parts suitable for use solely or principally with the apparatus of headings 8525 to 8528:
…
8529 90 − others:
…
8529 90 81  – – – – for television cameras of subheading 8525 30 and apparatus of headings 8527 and 8528
…’
Under Heading 9013 of the CN:
‘9013 Liquid crystal devices not constituting articles provided for more specifically in other headings; lasers, other than laser
diodes; other optical appliances and instruments, not specified or included elsewhere in this chapter:
…
9013 80 − other devices appliances and instruments:
− − Liquid crystal devices:
9013 80 20 − − − Active matrix liquid crystal devices
…’
The Explanatory Notes to the CN published by the Commission on 23 October 2002 (OJ 2002 C 256, p. 1) refer, with regard to
subheadings 8528 21 14 to 8528 21 90, to the Explanatory Notes for heading 8528 of the HS, second paragraph of Section 6,
appearing in the
HS Compendium of Classification Opinions
published by the World Customs Organisation.
The Explanatory Notes to the HS regarding heading 8528 provide as follows:
‘…
This heading includes reception apparatus for television, whether or not incorporating radio-broadcasting receivers or sound
video recording or reproducing apparatus: video monitors and video projectors.
Apparatus falling under this heading includes:
…
(6)      Video monitors which are receivers connected directly to the video camera or recorder by means of co-axial cables, so that
all the radio-frequency circuits are eliminated. They are used by television companies or for closed‑circuit television (airports,
railway stations, steel plants, hospitals, etc.). These [appliances] consist essentially of devices which can generate a point
of light and display it on a screen synchronously with the source signals. They incorporate one or more video amplifiers with
which the intensity of the point can be varied. They can, moreover, have separate inputs for red (R), green (G) and blue (B),
or be coded in accordance with a particular standard (NTSC, SECAM, PAL, D-MAC, etc.). For reception of coded signals, the
monitor must be equipped with a decoding device covering (the separation of) the R, G and B signals. The most common means
of image reconstitution is the cathode-ray tube, for direct vision, or a projector with up to three projection cathode-ray
tubes; however, other monitors achieve the same objective by different means (e.g., liquid crystal screens, diffraction of
light rays on to a film of oil). These may be in the form of CRT monitors or flat panel displays e.g., LCD, LED, plasma, etc.
…
Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI),
parts of the apparatus of this heading are classified under heading 85.29.’
The Explanatory Note to the HS concerning heading 9013 is worded as follows:
‘… This heading includes:
(1)      Liquid crystal devices consisting of a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between two sheets or plates of glass or plastics,
whether or not fitted with electrical connections, presented in the piece or cut to special shapes and not constituting articles
described more specifically in other headings of the CN.
…’

The dispute in the main proceedings and the question referred for a preliminary ruling
On 29 December 2004, Schenker filed a customs declaration in respect of a series of articles, namely TFT LCD active matrix
liquid crystal devices LTA320W2‑L01, LTA260W1-L02 and LTM170W1-L01, with an aggregate value of USD 108 720, classifying them
under subheading 9013 80 20 of the CN and therefore applying to them a rate of import duty of 0%.
It is apparent from the documents submitted to the Court that those devices are constituted of two glass plates, a layer of
liquid crystal inserted between the two plates, vertical and horizontal signal drivers, a backlight, an inverter providing
high-voltage power for the backlight and, finally, a control block – data transmission interface (control PCB or PWB) to ensure
sequential transmission of data to each pixel (dot) of the LCD unit using specific technology – LVDS (low-voltage differential
signalling).
When Schenker’s declaration regarding those parts was checked, the Rīgas Muitas reģionālā iestāde (Riga Region Customs Office)
of the VID was doubtful as to whether the subheading of the CN given was correct. Samples were therefore retained and sent
to the appropriate customs service in order to establish the applicable code of the CN. The customs officials took the view
that the correct tariff classification was subheading 8528 21 90 and not the classification used by Schenker, namely subheading
9013 80 20. The rate of import duty corresponding to the classification used by the VID which, in the view of that administration,
should have been applied to the parts is 14%.
Consequently, on 24 February 2005, the VID adopted a decision by which it held that Schenker had committed an administrative
infringement on the basis of the provisions of the Latvian Administrative Infringements Code and imposed on it a fine of LVL 300,
which decision was confirmed by the Director-General of the VID on 7 June 2005.
On 11 July 2005, Schenker brought an action before the Administratīvā rajona tiesa (District Administrative Court) for annulment
of the decision of the Director-General of the VID submitting, essentially, that the parts at issue in the main proceedings
should not have been classified under subheading 8528 21 90 of the CN, that is to say, as finished articles within the meaning
of the CN, since they are not equipped with any interfaces for the transmission or reception of video signals.
On 12 May 2006, the Administratīvā rajona tiesa dismissed Schenker’s action. While agreeing with Schenker that the parts in
question must not be declared as complete or finished articles, that court held that the technical documentation before it
shows that they contain the principal components which ensure performance of the basic function of the parts, namely the transmission
of data. The classification made by the VID is therefore justified, since the parts constitute incomplete or unfinished articles
which already have the essential character of the complete article.
On 2 June 2006, Schenker lodged an appeal before the Administratīvā apgabaltiesa (Administrative Court of Appeal). That court,
having regard to the doubts which it entertained as to the tariff classification of the parts at issue in the main proceedings,
decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following question to the Court for a preliminary ruling:
‘Must [sub]heading [8528 21 90] of the Combined Nomenclature be interpreted as meaning that, as at 29 December 2004, it was
also applicable to active matrix liquid crystal devices (TFT LCD – LTA320W2‑L01, LTA260W1‑L02, LTM170W1‑L01) principally made
up of the following elements:
–        two glass plates;
–        a layer of liquid crystal inserted between the two plates;
–        vertical and horizontal signal drivers;
–        backlight;
–        inverter providing high-voltage power for backlight;
–        control block – data transmission interface (control PCB or PWB) to ensure sequential transmission of data to each pixel (dot)
of the LCD unit using specific technology – LVDS (low-voltage differential signalling)?’

The question referred for a preliminary ruling

Arguments of the parties
Schenker submits, essentially, that the devices at issue in the main proceedings are not intended for a single, specific use
and can be used to manufacture numerous articles, such as computers, video monitors, televisions, electronic signs, medical
installations, automatic monitoring installations or game machines. For that reason, those devices do not fall within subheading
8528 21 90 of the CN which covers video monitors and, more generally, finished articles.
The VID and the Commission contend, however, that the devices at issue in the main proceedings, since they include additional
parts not listed in subheading 9013 80 20 of the CN, such as a backlight, an inverter providing high-voltage power for the
backlight and a control block ensuring sequential transmission of data to each pixel, cannot be classified in that subheading.
Moreover, the VID submits that the devices in question are able to receive and display video images and so technically can
perform the principal function of a video monitor. Accordingly, in accordance with the General Rule set out in Section I(2)(a)
of Part I A of the CN, they can be regarded as unfinished or incomplete articles equivalent to finished/complete articles
and therefore as coming under subheading 8528 21 90 of the CN covering video monitors.
For its part, the Commission submits that, in accordance with the relevant Explanatory Note to the HS, the parts at issue
in the main proceedings, which can be regarded as parts intended for machines coming under heading 8528 of the CN, must be
classified under heading 8529 and more specifically under subheading 8529 90 81 of the CN.
In the view of the Hungarian Government, the devices in question do not have the essential characteristics of the completed
or finished article since, at this stage, it is not yet possible to determine in which type of finished article those devices
will be used. Consequently, the most appropriate heading of the CN would be heading 9013.

Findings of the Court
First of all, it is settled case-law that, in the interests of legal certainty and ease of verification, the decisive criterion
for the classification of parts for customs purposes is in general to be sought in their objective characteristics and properties
as defined in the wording of the relevant heading of the CN and in the section or chapter notes (see, inter alia, Case C‑142/06
Olicom
[2007] ECR I‑6675, paragraph 16, and the case-law cited).
In addition, the intended use of an article may constitute an objective criterion for classification if it is inherent to
the article, and that inherent character must be capable of being assessed on the basis of the article’s objective characteristics
and properties (see Case C‑403/07
Metherma
[2008] ECR I‑0000, paragraph 47).
Both the notes which head the chapters of the Common Customs Tariff and the Explanatory Notes to the HS are important means
of ensuring the uniform application of the tariff and as such may be regarded as useful aids to its interpretation (Joined
Cases C‑362/07 and C‑363/07
Kip Europe and Others
[2008] ECR I‑0000, paragraph 27).
In the present case, having regard to the description of the parts at issue in the main proceedings supplied by the national
court, their characteristics do not correspond to subheading 9013 80 20 of the CN, which covers ‘active matrix liquid crystal
devices’. The devices at issue in the main proceedings are in fact also equipped with parts not listed in that heading, including,
inter alia, a backlight, an inverter providing high-voltage power for the backlight and a control block ensuring sequential
transmission of data to each pixel. Those devices may have a number of intended uses, but different vital components must
be added to them in order for those parts to acquire the basic characteristics of a complete article. Thus, nor is subheading
8528 21 90 of the CN, which covers ‘video monitors’, that is to say, finished articles, the appropriate subheading for classification
of the liquid crystal devices at issue in the main proceedings.
It is true that, under the rule stated in Section I(2)(a) of Part I A of the CN, a particular heading covers an incomplete
or unfinished article, provided that, as presented, the incomplete or unfinished article has the essential character of the
complete or finished article. Such does not appear to be the case with the items at issue in the main proceedings since their
end use depends on the additional parts added to them during the next stage of manufacture.
Consequently, the liquid crystal devices at issue in the main proceedings cannot be classified under subheadings 9013 80 20
or 8528 21 90 of the CN.
However, those devices may, as parts which can be used in apparatus coming under heading 8528 of the CN (‘Reception apparatus
for television, whether or not incorporating radio-broadcast receivers or sound or video recording or reproducing apparatus;
video monitors and video projectors’), be classified, in accordance with the Explanatory Notes to the HS relating to heading
8528, under heading 8529 of the CN (‘Parts suitable for use solely or principally with the apparatus of headings 8525 to 8528’),
more specifically under subheading 8529 90 81 (‘for television cameras of subheading 8525 30 and apparatus of headings 8527
and 8528’).
It is for the national court to ascertain whether the liquid crystal devices at issue in the main proceedings have the objective
characteristics and properties necessary to be regarded as parts suitable for use solely or principally with the apparatus
of headings 8525 to 8528 of the CN.
Consequently, the answer to the question referred must be that subheading 8528 21 90 of the CN must be interpreted as not
applying, as at 29 December 2004, to active matrix liquid crystal devices (LCD) principally made up of the following elements:
–        two glass plates;
–        a layer of liquid crystal inserted between the two plates;
–        vertical and horizontal signal drivers;
–        backlight;
–        inverter providing high-voltage power for backlight;
–        control block – data transmission interface (control PCB or PWB) to ensure sequential transmission of data to each pixel (dot)
of the LCD unit using specific technology – LVDS (low-voltage differential signalling).

Costs
Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court,
the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs
of those parties, are not recoverable.
On those grounds, the Court (Sixth Chamber) hereby rules:
Subheading 8528 21 90 of the Combined Nomenclature constituting Annex I to Council Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 of 23 July
1987 on the tariff and statistical nomenclature and on the Common Customs Tariff, as amended by Commission Regulation (EC)
No 1789/2003 of 11 September 2003, must be interpreted as not applying, as at 29 December 2004, to active matrix liquid crystal
devices (LCD) principally made up of the following elements:
–       two glass plates;
–       a layer of liquid crystal inserted between the two plates;
–       vertical and horizontal signal drivers;
–       backlight;
–       inverter providing high-voltage power for backlight;
–
control block – data transmission interface (control PCB or PWB) to ensure sequential transmission of data to each pixel (dot)
of the LCD unit using specific technology – LVDS (low-voltage differential signalling).
[Signatures]
*
Language of the case: Latvian.