CELEX: 61994CJ0177
Freedom of establishment
Freedom to provide services
Judicial procedure
Discrimination

Grounds
1 By order of 2 June 1994, received at the Court on 28 June 1994, the Vice Pretore (Assistant Magistrate) of the Pretura Circondariale (District Magistrate' s Court), Rome, Sezione Distaccata di Frascati (Frascati Division), referred to the Court for a preliminary ruling under Article 177 of the EC Treaty two questions on the interpretation of Articles 3, 5 and 6 of the Treaty and Article 6 of the European Convention of 4 November 1950 for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ("the European Convention on Human Rights").
2 Those questions arose in criminal proceedings pending before the national court against Mr Perfili when the insurance company, Lloyd' s of London ("Lloyd' s"), applied to intervene in those proceedings as an injured civil party.
3 According to the documents furnished by the national court and the written observations submitted by the parties to the main proceedings and by the Commission, Lloyd' s appointed a general representative for Italy by a general power of attorney which was drawn up under English law and in accordance with the Hague Convention of 5 October 1961 abolishing the requirement of legalization of foreign public documents.
4 Mr Perfili, a jeweller at Colonna (Rome), took out an insurance policy with Lloyd' s against theft. Two years later, Mr Perfili declared a theft of some jewellery to Lloyd' s.
5 Following investigations, the Italian judicial authorities summoned Mr Perfili to appear before the Pretura (Magistrate' s Court), Rome, on charges of falsely reporting an unlawful act and of attempted fraud, both serious criminal offences. Lloyd' s general representative for Italy conferred on a lawyer a special power of attorney, in accordance with the Italian rules of procedure, so that he could pursue a civil claim for damages on the company' s behalf in the criminal proceedings against Mr Perfili.
6 According to the national court, Article 78 of the Italian Code of Criminal Procedure, concerning the pursuit of civil claims in criminal proceedings, provides that where a person suffering damage as a result of the commission of a criminal offence wishes to bring suit in criminal proceedings by the intermediary of a representative, that person must give the latter a special power of attorney. Lloyd' s could not bring a civil action since the general power of attorney conferred on its general representative for Italy did not confer a special power to bring such an action in the criminal proceedings against Mr Perfili. Under English law, however, a general power of attorney given to a representative may implicitly signify an intention to grant such a power.
7 The national court concluded that, where victims of crime wished to assert their interests in civil law through special attorneys, there was manifestly unequal treatment of Italian and British nationals. The latter were in effect prevented from expressing their intentions and their scope for acting was restricted by the existence in Italy of a special set of rules which did not exist under their own legal system.
8 Since the national court was unsure whether the Italian rules of procedure were compatible with Articles 3, 5 and 6 of the Treaty and Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights, under which every individual is entitled, in the determination of his civil rights and obligations or of any criminal charge against him, to a hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law, it decided to refer the following two questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling:
(1) "Is Article 78 of the Italian Code of Criminal Procedure currently in force contrary to Articles 3, 5 and 6 of the Treaty of Rome in that it requires a Community national ° a British national in this case ° as the victim of a crime who intends to bring suit as a civil party in criminal proceedings, to draw up a specific legal document, not provided for under his own national legal system, conferring a special power of attorney for bringing suit as a civil party in criminal proceedings, which may be unnecessary under English law because it is implicit in a general power of attorney?"
(2) "Is Article 78 of the Code contrary to Article 6 of the Convention on Human Rights of 4 November 1950 and is that Convention relevant to this case?"
The first question
9 The first point to note is that, according to established case-law, the Court has no jurisdiction in proceedings for a preliminary ruling under Article 177 of the Treaty to rule on the compatibility of a national measure with Community law (see the judgment in Case C-62/93 BP Supergas v Greek State [1995] ECR I-1883, paragraph 13). The Court may, however, provide the national court with interpretations of all relevant points of Community law to enable it to assess the compatibility of national provisions with Community law.
10 Article 2 of the Treaty defines the task of the Community and its aims are set out in Article 3 (see the judgments in Case 249/81 Commission v Ireland [1982] ECR 4005, paragraph 28, and Case 126/86 Giménez Zaera [1987] ECR 3697, paragraph 10).
11 Articles 2 and 3 of the Treaty envisage, in particular, the establishment of a common market on which goods, persons, services and capital may move freely and conditions of competition are not distorted. That aim is to be attained by, inter alia, prohibiting any form of discrimination on grounds of nationality. That prohibition is laid down by Article 6 of the Treaty and forms the subject-matter of the question referred by the national court.
12 The first question must accordingly be understood as asking whether Article 6 of the Treaty is to be interpreted as precluding a Member State' s legislation from requiring a victim of a criminal offence who wishes to bring suit as a civil party in criminal proceedings to grant his representative a special power of attorney even when the law of the Member State of which the victim is a national does not lay down such a formality.
13 The first paragraph of Article 6 of the Treaty provides that, within the scope of the Treaty' s application and without prejudice to any special provisions contained therein, any discrimination on grounds of nationality is to be prohibited.
14 The general principle of non-discrimination laid down by Article 6 can only apply, therefore, subject to the special provisions of the Treaty (see the judgment in Case 8/77 Sagulo, Brenca and Bakhouche [1977] ECR 1495, paragraph 11).
15 In the sphere of freedom of movement, that rule has been implemented, as regards the right of establishment, by Articles 52 to 58 of the Treaty and, as regards services, by Articles 59 to 66 of the Treaty.
16 National legislation governing the procedure for bringing suit as a civil party in criminal proceedings affects the ability of an insurance company established in another Member State to defend its interests under civil law in the host State and must be examined in the light of the Treaty' s provisions concerning freedom of establishment or freedom to provide services in the host State.
17 However, the Court has consistently held that, in prohibiting every Member State from applying its law differently on the ground of nationality, within the field of application of the Treaty, Articles 6, 52 and 59 are not concerned with any disparities in treatment which may result, between Member States, from differences existing between the laws of the various Member States, so long as they affect all persons subject to them in accordance with objective criteria and without regard to their nationality (see, to that effect, the judgments in Case 1/78 Kenny v Insurance Officer [1978] ECR 1489, paragraph 18; Joined Cases C-251/90 and C-252/90 Wood and Cowie [1992] ECR I-2873, paragraph 19; and Joined Cases 185/78 to 204/78 Van Dam en Zonen and Others [1979] ECR 2345, paragraph 10).
18 Neither the national court' s question nor the legal points and facts which it has explained to the Court enable the latter to examine whether, and in what circumstances, such national legislation, applicable without distinction, could constitute an unjustifiable obstacle to freedom of establishment or freedom to provide services.
19 It must therefore be stated in reply to the first question that Article 6 of the Treaty in conjunction with Articles 52 and 59 thereof, laying down the principle of non-discrimination on grounds of nationality, must be interpreted as not precluding a Member State' s legislation from requiring a victim of a criminal offence who wishes to bring suit as a civil party in criminal proceedings to grant his representative a special power of attorney, even when the law of the Member State of which the victim is a national does not lay down such a formality.
The second question
20 According to settled case-law, where national legislation falls within the field of application of Community law, the Court, when requested to give a preliminary ruling, must provide the national court with all the elements of interpretation which are necessary in order to enable it to assess the compatibility of that legislation with the fundamental rights ° as laid down in particular in the European Convention of Human Rights ° the observance of which the Court ensures. However, the Court has no such jurisdiction with regard to national legislation lying outside the scope of Community law (see the judgment in Case C-159/90 Society for the Protection of Unborn Children Ireland v Grogan and Others [1991] ECR I-4685, paragraph 31).
21 In the light of the reply given to the first question, there is no need to answer the second question.
Decision on costs
Costs
22 The costs incurred by the Commission of the European Communities, which has submitted observations to the Court, are not recoverable. Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the proceedings pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court.
Operative part
On those grounds,
THE COURT (Sixth Chamber)
in answer to the questions referred to it by the Vice Pretore of the Pretura Circondariale, Rome, Sezione Distaccata di Frascati, by order of 2 June 1994, hereby rules:
Article 6 of the EC Treaty in conjunction with Articles 52 and 59 thereof, laying down the principle of non-discrimination on the grounds of nationality, must be interpreted as not precluding a Member State' s legislation from requiring a victim of a criminal offence who wishes to bring suit as a civil party in criminal proceedings to grant his representative a special power of attorney, even when the law of the Member State of which the victim is a national does not lay down such a formality.