CELEX: 62005CJ0300
Directive 91/628/EEC
Protection of animals during transport
Watering and feeding intervals, journey times and resting periods
Definition of "travel' ("Transportdauer')
Account to be taken of the time taken to load and unload the animals

This reference for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of ‘travel’ referred to in point 48(4)(d) of the Annex
to Council Directive 91/628/EEC of 19 November 1991 on the protection of animals during transport and amending Directives
90/425/EEC and 91/496/EEC (OJ 1991 L 340, p. 17), as amended by Council Directive 95/29/EC of 29 June 1995 (OJ 1995 L 148,
p. 52) (‘Directive 91/628’).
The reference was made in the course of proceedings between the Hauptzollamt Hamburg-Jonas (Principal Customs Office, Hamburg‑Jonas,
‘the Hauptzollamt’) and ZVK Zuchtvieh-Kontor GmbH (‘ZVK’) regarding the advance payment of an export refund in respect of
the export of live bovine animals to Egypt.

Legal context
The second and eighth recitals in the preamble to Directive 91/628 in its initial version are worded as follows:
‘… in order to eliminate technical barriers to trade in live animals and to allow the market organisations in question to
operate smoothly, while ensuring a satisfactory level of protection for the animals concerned, the Community has adopted rules
in this field;
…
… for reasons of animal welfare the transport over long distances of animals, including animals for slaughter, should be reduced
as far as possible’.
Under Article 2(2) of Directive 91/628, the following definitions apply:
‘(a)  “means of transport ”, those parts of road vehicles, rail vehicles, ships and aircraft used for loading and carrying animals,
as well as containers for land, sea or air transport;
(b)       “transport”, any movement of animals, effected by a means of transport, which involves loading and unloading the animals;
…
(e)       “place of departure”, the place at which, without prejudice to the provisions of Article 1(2)(b), the animal is first loaded
on to a means of transport, or any place where the animals have been unloaded and accommodated for 24 hours, watered, fed
and, if necessary, cared for, but excluding any staging or transfer point.
…
(f)       “place of destination”, the place at which an animal is finally unloaded from a means of transport, but excluding a staging
point or a transfer point;
(g)       “journey”, transport from place of departure to place of destination.’
In Chapter VII of the Annex to Directive 91/628, point 48, entitled ‘Watering and feeding intervals, journey times and resting
periods’, states:
‘…
4.       The watering and feeding intervals, journey times and rest periods when using road vehicles which meet the requirements in
point 3 are defined as follows:
…
(d)       All other animals of the species referred to in point 1 must, after 14 hours of travel, be given a rest period of at least
one hour sufficient for them in particular to be given liquid and if necessary fed. After this rest period, they may be transported
for a further 14 hours.
5.       After the journey time laid down, animals must be unloaded, fed and watered and be rested for at least 24 hours.
…’

The dispute in the main proceedings and the question referred for a preliminary ruling
ZVK exported 28 live bovine animals to Egypt in autumn 2000 and received an export refund advance.
However, the Hauptzollamt demanded repayment of that advance payment plus 10%, on the ground that ZVK had not complied with
the maximum travel time permitted without rest as laid down in point 48(4)(d) of the Annex to the directive. It was apparent
from the route plan that the transport of the bovine animals by lorry, which had begun on 6 November at 10.00 a.m., had been
interrupted only at 1.00 a.m. the following morning, that is to say, after 15 hours.
ZVK and the Hauptzollamt are in dispute in that regard. ZVK maintains that the length of the journey has to be calculated
from the time when the transport vehicle left the place of departure so that the journey at issue in the main proceedings
lasted only 13.5 hours. Conversely, according to the Hauptzollamt, that travel time also includes the time taken to load and
unload, which means it lasted more than 14 hours.
The Finanzgericht Hamburg (Finance Court, Hamburg) allowed the action brought by ZVK against the Hauptzollamt’s decision.
The Hauptzollamt then brought an appeal on a point of law against the judgment of the Finanzgericht before the Bundesfinanzhof
(Federal Finance Court).
The Bundesfinanzhof considers that the outcome of the case in the main proceedings depends on whether the time taken to load
the bovine animals onto the lorry is part of travel for the purposes of point 48(4)(d) of the Annex to Directive 91/628. If
that question were answered in the affirmative, the maximum permissible journey time of 14 hours under that provision would
have been exceeded. That maximum duration of travel time would, on the other hand, have been complied with if loading time
did not count as part of travel for the purposes of that provision.
The national court states in that regard that, although it is clear from Article 2(2)(b) of Directive 91/628 that transport
includes the loading and unloading of the animals, point 48(5) of the annex to that directive and the divergences which appear
on reading the different language versions of point 48(4) of that annex lead to uncertainty as regards the precise definition
of travel.
Accordingly, the Bundesfinanzhof decided to stay the proceedings and refer the follow question to the Court for a preliminary
ruling:
‘Is the time taken to load and unload part of “travel” within the meaning of point 48(4)(d) of the Annex to [Directive 91/628]?’

The question referred for a preliminary ruling
By its question, the national court, in essence, wishes to obtain an interpretation of ‘travel’ within the meaning of point
48(4)(d) of the Annex to Directive 91/628, in the light of the uncertainties which could arise from the wording of point 48(5)
of that annex and the divergences between the different language versions of point 48(4) of that annex.
First of all, it must be borne in mind that, according to settled case-law, in interpreting a provision of Community law it
is necessary to consider not only its wording, but also the context in which it occurs and the objective pursued by the rules
of which it is part (see, inter alia, Case C‑301/98
KVS International
[2000] ECR I-3583, paragraph 21; Case C‑156/98
Germany
v
Commission
[2000] ECR I-6857, paragraph 50; and Case C‑53/05
Commission
v
Portugal
[2006] ECR I-0000, paragraph 20).
Furthermore, as regards possible linguistic divergences, the Court has already held, firstly, that the need for a uniform
interpretation of Community law means that a particular provision should not be considered in isolation but in cases of doubt
should be interpreted and applied in the light of the other language versions and, secondly, that the different language versions
of a Community text must be given a uniform interpretation and hence, in the case of divergence between the language versions,
the provision in question must be interpreted by reference to the purpose and general scheme of the rules of which it forms
a part (see, to that effect, Case C‑372/88
Cricket St Thomas
[1990] ECR I-1345, paragraph 19, and Case C‑174/05
Zuid-Hollandse Milieufederatie and Natuur en Milieu
[2006] ECR I-2443, paragraph 20 and the case-law cited).
As regards ‘travel’ referred to in point 48(4)(d) of the Annex to Directive 91/628, it must be pointed out that that provision
gives no indication that makes it possible to establish whether loading and unloading time should be included.
However, from the definition of ‘transport’ in Article 2(2)(b) of Directive 91/628 it is clear that transport includes the
loading and unloading of the animals.
That definition of transport corresponds to the objectives of Directive 91/628 as evidenced by, inter alia, the second and
eighth recitals in the preamble to the directive in its initial version, which are to ensure a satisfactory level of protection
for the animals and, for reasons connected with their welfare, to reduce their transport over long distances as far as possible.
Since the directive contains no restriction on the time taken for loading and unloading the animals as such, it follows that,
if point 48(4)(d) of the Annex to Directive 91/628 were interpreted as meaning that that time is not included in travel time,
the duration of those loading and unloading operations would not be taken into consideration in any way, which would render
that provision ineffective.
Accordingly, ‘travel’ must be interpreted as including the time taken to load and unload the animals.
Moreover, such an interpretation is borne out by a comparison of the different language versions of point 48(4) of the Annex
to Directive 91/628. It is apparent from the majority of those versions that travel is to be understood as including the time
taken to load and unload the animals.
In any event, that interpretation of ‘travel’, which must be applied to all the provisions of the directive cannot be called
in question on the sole ground that point 48(5) of the Annex to Directive 91/628 states that the animals must be unloaded
after the journey time laid down.
In the light of the foregoing, the answer to the question referred must be that ‘travel’ referred to in point 48(4)(d) of
the Annex to Directive 91/628 is to be interpreted as including the time taken to load and unload the animals.

Costs
Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court,
the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs
of those parties, are not recoverable.
On those grounds, the Court (Second Chamber) hereby rules:
‘Travel’, referred to in point 48(4)(d) of the Annex to Council Directive 91/628/EEC of 19 November 1991 on the protection
of animals during transport and amending Directives 90/425/EEC and 91/496/EEC, as amended by Council Directive 95/29/EC of
29 June 1995, is to be interpreted as including the time taken to load and unload the animals.
[Signatures]
*
Language of the case: German.