MurphyA/hacker-news huggingface dataset:
by topherhaddad | 2026-01-24 21:25:58+00:00
Clarity is designed for a GSD (ground sample distance) of 10 cm. Generally the industry uses resolution<>GSD interchangeably. Agree it's not the true definition of resolution. But I'd argue the diffraction limit is an incomplete metric as well, like how spatial sampling is balanced with other MTF contributors (e.g. jitter/smear). For complete metrics, we like 1) NIIRS or 2) % contrast for a given object size on the ground (i.e. system MTF translated to ground units, not image-space units).

The main performance goal for us was NIIRS 7, and we decomposed GSD/MTF/SNR contributors optimized for affordability when we architected the system
by e-master | 2026-01-24 21:27:05+00:00
Really depends how deep you want to go.

For a structured products introduction you may take a look at this one: https://sspa.ch/en/book/

It's a very simple book, very high level, but explains the most popular structured products in a very simple manner. If you can read a payoff diagram, then this is the simplest intro.

Looking at their website though, they seem to have some nice online material there also. For example this explains the 5 most popular products, and perhaps that's good enough for an introduction (really these 5 products cover 90% of the market anyway, though there's no limit to how exotic some bespoke structures can get): https://sspa.ch/en/lab/?underlying=CH0012221716&final_fixing...

In case you're interested in getting to get to learn about them on a deeper level I would recommend https://www.amazon.com/Exotic-Options-Hybrids-Structuring-Pr.... This book explains not only the products, but also the pricing dynamics and hedging too.

And just a small gem I found recently about volatility trading:https://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/306680584072?chn=ps&_ul=GB&_trkpa...

Despite its appalling Amazon reviews I consider this book to be a real gem when it comes to the introduction to vol trading (basically dynamic hedging of equity derivatives)
by TrackerFF | 2026-01-24 21:27:13+00:00
Quant trading/research is one of those very, very niche fields that you likely only know about if you're:

A) A finance or STEM student at a fairly prestigious university, close to a major financial hub.

B) Belong to a certain social class where high finance is a known and respected field.

Of course, it has become more mainstream - simply due to the high comp, and high comp jobs eventually finding their way to lists with mainstream audience.
by smileybarry | 2026-01-24 21:27:24+00:00
BitLocker recovery keys are essentially the key to an at-rest, local copy of the real key. (I.e., they need access to the encrypted drive to get the real encryption key)

When you use a recovery key at preboot, it decrypts that on-disk backup copy of the encryption key with your numerical recovery key, and uses the decrypted form as the actual disk encryption key. Thus, you can delete & regenerate a recovery key, or even create several different recovery keys.
by orwin | 2026-01-24 21:28:22+00:00
Abortion was less dangerous than giving birth, especially for young (16-) women with smaller hips. The proposition was often "harm yourself, and maybe painfully sterilize yourself" or "maybe die". Marriage as a sacrament (and age limitations) did not come from nowhere.

And abortion was probably still used by older women too: the risk decrease with each child, but increase with age.
Show HN: Convert Word/Excel/PDF Invoices to XRechnung (German 2025 Mandate)
by melnce | 2026-01-24 21:29:00+00:00
Germany is requiring all B2B invoices to be in structured e-invoice format (XRechnung/ZUGFeRD) starting January 2025.

Problem: Millions of freelancers and small businesses still create invoices in Word, Excel or PDF. Switching to new accounting software just for this feels like overkill.

I built e-rechnung.tools – upload your existing invoice, it extracts the data and generates compliant XML. No account needed for basic use.

Tech: Python backend, PDF parsing with pdfplumber, built the XRechnung XML generator from scratch based on the official specs.

Would love feedback on:
- UX (is the flow clear?)
- Pricing (currently freemium with paid tiers)
- Any edge cases I'm missing?
by B1FIDO | 2026-01-24 21:29:22+00:00
Speaking of botched LLM summaries, my bank has been doing this to me for several months now.

Instead of the transaction info which is strictly defined and uniformly formatted, they've attempted to give "friendly names" to each one and "simplify" the descriptions.

This has been a supremely bad idea. Firstly, it deprives me of essential info about each transaction, which I cannot access at all in the mobile app. I need to go into the website on a desktop computer, click through a few screens to say "this description is incorrect!" and request that they show me the original.

The "simple descriptions" elide a lot of useful info, such as the vendor's phone number.

Sometimes they are completely incorrect, like the name of my church gets a completely different and misleading name in every transaction. I cannot disable this.

Last year, there was a transaction during tax time that I believed to be some sort of penalty by the government, and I was freaking out about it, but it turned out to actually be my refund and had been "helpfully renamed" by my bank to be extremely misleading.

I have discussed these issues with the online support staff, and in person at my branch, and they are sympathetic, but there is nothing they can do about the app, and the only workaround for me is to individually flag each transaction as it comes in, and fix it, and there is no "global disable" or "global unfuck everything" button for any of us, anywhere.
by hannasanarion | 2026-01-24 21:29:31+00:00
Read the paper dude. It's not an advertisement, it's an investigation. They performed an experiment including 29 human written papers. One of them got a score of 11% likely to be AI, the rest got a score of 0% likely to be AI. The tool never labeled any human writing as AI with high confidence.

> That cannot be true as it would be easy for a human to write in the style of AI, if they choose to.

Is that the nightmare scenario that everybody in this thread is freaking out about?

Students who go to great effort to deliberately try to make it look like they are cheating, they're the ones you're afraid of being falsely accused of cheating?

We're on our way to dystopia because people who go out of their way to look suspicious on purpose, arouse suspicion?
by legitimate_key | 2026-01-24 21:29:38+00:00
Congrats on the launch! This resonates - I've dealt with the "accidentally exposed credentials during a demo" problem a lot.

The .env file is one of the most common culprits, but I've found the problem extends beyond just one file type. What I've learned:

The broader challenge:
- .env files in code editors
- Config files in various formats (YAML, JSON, TOML)
- Database GUIs (showing connection strings, table data)
- API tools (Postman, Insomnia showing auth tokens)
- Browser tabs (logged into admin panels, showing URLs with tokens)
- Terminal windows (commands with API keys)
- Slack/email windows (messages with sensitive info)

Most solutions are file-type specific or app-specific. But during a screen share, the sensitivity context switches constantly - one moment you're in VS Code, next you're in a browser, then Postman, then back to the terminal.

How did you decide to focus on .env files specifically vs. trying to tackle the broader problem? Curious about your thinking on scope vs. coverage trade-offs.

Also, what's your approach to detecting what qualifies as a "secret" that needs masking? Pattern matching, or something more sophisticated?
by sshine | 2026-01-24 21:29:44+00:00
I love how terraform can describe what I’ve got. Sort of. Assuming I or my colleagues or my noob customers don’t modify resources on the same account.

I don’t love how unreliable providers are, even for creating resources. Clouds like DigitalOcean will 429 throttle me for making too many plans in a row with only 100+ resources. Sometimes the plan goes through, but the apply fails. Sometimes halfway through.

I’d rather use a cloud-specific API, unless I’m certain of the quality of the specific terraform provider.
by Cloudef | 2026-01-24 21:30:31+00:00
I doubt zig will have stable abi any time soon. It may have some sort of "zig extern" when it gets mature. But stable abi isnt very usful if no-one else can talk it. I have project that uses codegen to effectively implement zig like ABI on top of the C abi.

Heres the kind of code it generates
https://zigbin.io/6dba68

It can also generate javascript, heres doom running on browser:
https://cloudef.pw/sorvi/#doom.wasm
by chaps | 2026-01-24 21:30:54+00:00
As many, many people have pointed out -- many people don't know that their drives are encrypted or know that these protections exist. You're also assuming that the FBI doesn't investigate just random people. "I'm not doing anything bad, why should I worry?"

You're making a lot of assumptions about how people use their computers, their understanding of their own devices, and the banality of building argumentation around what someone should have done or should not have done in the face of how reality works.
by lanstin | 2026-01-24 21:30:59+00:00
I should consider this - I run my own domains, and for years I just forwarded it to gmail, but I had so many cases when mails were put into spam, even replies to emails I had sent in the middle of a long conversation between myself and 1 other person, that I went to just self-hosted IMAP. Then for years I couldn't reliably send to google or yahoo or MS; I added SPF a while ago which help, but recently buckled down and put in SRS and DMARC and DKIM (and rspamd while I was at it); now I get the mail I want, and can mostly send mail without it being rejected (still have to ask people to check spam, but anyways many people I have to tell them I'm emailing them anyways if its important). However I have a lot of non-spam "promotion" emails that I don't want to see. If I could train gmail to not block legit stuff reliably, that would be worth trying again (I would say except for the privacy implications, but since so much email involves gmail on one side or the other, they probably get most of it anyways).
by ninkendo | 2026-01-24 21:31:00+00:00
I don’t know you but I hope wherever you are you’re safe and have a good idea of what your next steps are going to be. I’m getting increasingly distraught over what’s happening myself. It’s starting to affect my family life and I’m having a lot of trouble coping.

Venting on the internet is a way for a lot of people to come to grips with what they’re seeing. I understand. If this is what helps you cope, I won’t stop you.

Me, it’s especially difficult to see how this hatred is so self-amplifying. I see a president whose primary method of getting to where he is, is to make people hate each other to a maximum degree. I watch liberals like myself fall for it. I see how he intentionally puts armed agents in locations where he knows people will protest, then I see how those protesters are killed in the most predictable way imaginable, because they’re seen as a threat by the people with guns. Then I see the hatred get worse, the protests get larger, with more innocent people joining in, and meanwhile Trump is shipping more armed agents to the same cities.

I wish I had an answer. The answer isn’t “don’t protest”, nor is the answer “let’s all put ourselves in a position to be killed” either. I hope on some level that the images of these people getting executed is seared into enough people’s minds that Trump pays an actual political cost, but then I remember what the BLM protests turned into, and how public support tanked for what should have been an obvious issue. So whatever is going to happen, I’m not sure any of our anger is actually going to help. But I don’t really have an answer. I’m sorry.

My reasons for flagging topics like this is it just fits a pattern of “administration does something abhorrent, people get mad, social media amplifies the anger, it turns into real world deaths.” I really don’t like seeing this happen. I don’t like the hatred amplification that the internet is doing to my country. I don’t know what else to say.
by taurath | 2026-01-24 21:31:04+00:00
Or you could just, yknow, face the truth of your existence instead of run from the void of your unimportantness. Find some people to get with that makes it easier. Easier said than done, but also a lot easier and more congruent with existence as a human than applying your capitalistic competitive mindset to a post scarcity world.

We have so many systems of meaning that exist across the planet. You know about one of them. Find out about some of the others.
by MrOrelliOReilly | 2026-01-24 21:31:16+00:00
Totally agreed. Most the weird concepts of Gas Town are just workarounds for bad behavior in Claude or the underlying models. Anthropic is in the best position to get their own model to adhere to orchestration steps, obviating the need for these extra layers. Beyond that, there shouldn’t actually be much to orchestration beyond a solid messaging and task management implementation.
by daneel_w | 2026-01-24 21:31:51+00:00
> Anyone: correct me if I'm wrong.

OK: it's easy, unless you're the "atechnical" sort.

Is it recommended? I'm torn here, because the big beasts are systematically spam/junk-classifying and even rejecting e-mail sent from independent MXes despite ticking the right checkboxes (FQrDNS, SPF, DKIM, DMARC) and having a clean IP-address in a tidy network.
by sph | 2026-01-24 21:31:58+00:00
I've been spamming enough about Fastmail (just a happy user), it ticks all your boxes except near-free/self-hosted.

Re: tags, you can switch between classic folders or Gmail-style labels.

Re: filtering, it has an easy-to-use UI but you can write your own custom Sieve filtering rules if you want.
by undershirt | 2026-01-24 21:32:36+00:00
It’s a good point. Interpretations being theory-laden should make us nervous. So I like the honesty presented in Christ the Eternal Tao[1] in particular, paralleling the words of Christ, and making it the closest intuition on the nature of Christ before his incarnation. e.g. “the three produces all things” points to the Trinity, and “the Tao that can be named is not the eternal Tao” points to the divine darkness (unknowability of essence) in Orthodoxy.

[1]: https://archive.org/details/christeternaltao0000dama
by matsemann | 2026-01-24 21:33:20+00:00
Man, I hate that they "both sides" this. "DHS says he approached with a handgun, NYT says the video shows a phone" makes it seem like just an unlucky misunderstanding. But the DHS quote clearly is a straight up lie based on video evidence, and this doesn't convey how it was a straight up execution and that all the escalation was done by the officers.
by ryandrake | 2026-01-24 21:33:43+00:00
I’ve been self hosting E-mail (send and receive) with SSL and IMAP, for my family and a few hobby clubs on a $5 Linode VPS for at least a decade, probably more. Very few problems over that time period. Basic exim4/dovecot setup. Occasionally some crappy ISP’s spam filter gets too aggressive but I follow their unblocking procedure and am fine from there. I do keep my old empty gmail account around in case that changes but I don’t use it much.

The fear around self hosting seems overblown. LetsEncrypt falls over more often than my E-mail.
by chias | 2026-01-24 21:33:47+00:00
My gmail address was also almost exactly 20 years old when I migrated two years ago. Here's how I did it:

--

1. Register your domain (if you're doing that) and get fastmail set up -- I remember feeling a physical discomfort clicking "register" on fastmail, it felt like such an insanely impossible thing to do.

2. Set up the IMAP link so that anything sent to your gmail gets delivered to fastmail. Doing so also allows you to send email from your gmail address (with valid spf/dkim) if you want to.

3. Import all your old mail using fastmail's import tool, which Just Works.

4. Set up a vacation autoresponder in gmail that responds only to people in your contacts with a note telling them your new address.

5. Set up a label and filter in fastmail for anything that was addressed to your gmail, so you can easily see what is still sending you email on your old address to assist with migrating services.

--

It worked a charm. I was completely convinced of it within a week, long before the 30 day free trial ran out. I have been an immensely happy customer since then. Could not imagine going back.
by atmavatar | 2026-01-24 21:34:24+00:00
> That said, the example that has always bugged me though the default of giving babies Hepatitis B vaccine even if there is no possible vector for them to get the disease.

Hepatitis B is spread via bodily fluids, including blood. In this, Hepatitis B is particularly insidious: there is generally a large viral load in the blood relative to other diseases, so even microscopic amounts of blood are sufficient for infection, and the virus can remain active for up to a week on exposed objects.

Perhaps your children are different, but blood is a pretty common sight with most children.

Worse: when you contract Hepatitis B, it may become a lifelong infection.

Sadly, screening those people who have contact with your child is thwarted by the fact that roughly half of those infected don't realize it.

See: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-b/about/index.html

See: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b

See: https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=hepati...

See: https://www.chop.edu/sites/default/files/vaccine-education-c...

See: https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2025/why-hepatitis-b-vaccinatio...
by susam | 2026-01-24 21:34:33+00:00
Answering my own questions:

1. Common Lisp, Python.

2. This is not exactly a language feature but more of an attribute of the ecosystems, but I wish Common Lisp had a more comprehensive 'batteries included' standard library. It does have a pretty good standard library [1] for its time, but in the modern day, it fades in comparison to that of mainstream languages like Python or Go. Yes, the availability of Quicklisp compensates for the relatively smaller standard library, but it does not fully replace the value of having a large and cohesive standard library.

For Python, I wish (and this might be controversial) that it used s-expressions instead of whitespace-based delimiter for blocks. I find cutting, pasting, moving around, and in general, manipulating whole s-expressions as individual units very convenient with appropriate editor support (e.g. Emacs + SLIME). I know there are languages like Racket, Clojure, etc. which fulfil the requirement of extensive batteries included library + s-expressions, but they are much less popular than Python. In my ideal world, one of the top three popular languages would be a Lisp or Lisp-like language with an extensive standard library comparable to Python's.

3. Common Lisp for personal projects. Python for collaborative projects.

[1] https://www.lispworks.com/documentation/HyperSpec/Front/X_Sy...
by AaronMeslin | 2026-01-24 21:34:51+00:00
We analyzed 312 AI-generated answers across 8 brands. Here’s what we found:

48% of answers mentioned the brand

Only 8% recommended it

52% didn’t mention it at all

Shockingly, only 1% of citations came from the company’s own content

This suggests that traditional SEO signals (ranking, keywords, backlinks) are no longer sufficient for “AI discovery.” AI doesn’t just rank pages - it decides which sources it trusts enough to recommend.

We’re building FlyGen to help brands understand and optimize for this new behavior. Curious to hear if others have observed similar gaps between ranking and AI recommendation.
by palata | 2026-01-24 21:34:54+00:00
> The problem lies in enforcement. Unless you are a huge player, there is almost nil chance you're gonna get fined.

I am curious: why is that difficult? Define the fine as a percentage of the revenue of the company, have users report links, and pay someone to check the link and send the fine.

Sounds like easy money... I mean it's very profitable to pay people to check parking lots and fine drivers who don't follow the regulations. This should be even more profitable?
by mariusor | 2026-01-24 21:35:15+00:00
I think empathy should be given when a nation of people have to suffer through these events multiple times a week.

Shutting down every thread about heinous acts in the name of "it's not interesting to me" is a very inhuman act in itself, and we the citizens of the rest of the world, should perhaps sit back and bear witness while the people of the US voice their disagreement in every square and on every corner while they still can.
by drewbug01 | 2026-01-24 21:35:42+00:00
Do you know how they died? Here’s some reporting on the people who died (the ones listed on that page): https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2025/10/ice-deaths-assa...

Kinda deflates things a bit, don’t you think? Seems like cancer and COVID are the real killers over the last two decades.
by 1vuio0pswjnm7 | 2026-01-24 21:35:57+00:00
List of references

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine

https://blog.archive.org/2025/09/02/looking-back-on-preservi...

https://archive.org/web/petabox.php

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PetaBox

https://ipfs.tech/

https://github.com/internetarchive/dweb-archive

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive

https://www.eweek.com/storage/making-web-memories-with-the-p...

https://internetarchive.archiveteam.org/index.php/PetaBox

https://blog.archive.org/2010/07/27/the-fourth-generation-pe...

https://hackaday.com/2025/11/18/internet-archive-hits-one-tr...

https://www.computerworld.com/article/1562759/the-internet-a...

https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/business/internet-archiv...

https://www.rootsimple.com/2023/08/inside-the-internet-archi...

https://richmondsunsetnews.com/2017/03/11/internet-archive-p...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritrix

https://support.archive-it.org/hc/en-us/articles/11500108118...

https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1...

https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/wa...

https://usehall.com/agents/heritrix-bot

https://library.imaging.org/admin/apis/public/api/ist/websit...

https://blog.archive.org/2025/03/

https://archive.org/details/alexacrawls

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet

https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/943...

https://werd.io/update-on-the-20242025-end-of-term-web-archi...

https://www.historyascode.com/tools-data/archive-it/

https://digitization.archive.org/pricing/

https://www.sfgate.com/tech/article/bay-area-warehouse-inter...

https://vault-webservices.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/2289...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachette_v._Internet_Archive

https://copyrightalliance.org/copyright-cases/hachette-book-...

https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca2/23...

https://www.library.upenn.edu/news/hachette-v-internet-archi...

https://www.lutzker.com/ip_bit_pieces/internet-archives-open...

https://blog.archive.org/2023/08/17/what-the-hachette-v-inte...

https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/labels-settle-copyrig...

https://consequence.net/2025/09/internet-archive-labels-sett...

https://blog.archive.org/2025/09/15/an-update-on-the-great-7...

https://giga.law/daily-news/2025/9/15/music-publishers-inter...

https://www.webpronews.com/internet-archive-settles-copyrigh...

https://blog.archive.org/2025/07/

https://blog.archive.org/2018/07/21/decentralized-web-faq/

https://blog.archive.org/2016/06/23/decentalized-web-server-...

https://blog.archive.org/2025/02/06/update-on-the-2024-2025-...

https://www.reddit.com/r/DataHoarder/comments/1ijkdjl/progre...

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=46613324