MurphyA/hacker-news huggingface dataset:
by Waterluvian | 2025-11-17 14:03:30+00:00
If I have zero experience designing PCBs but wanted to do a similarly (non)-complex one, how much of a tall order would that be? In my completely made-up mental model, I'm guessing I just take the parts I've already breadboarded, look them up in some sidebar, and drag and drop them around, snapping to nice clean spacing, and then connect all the various pins together and have it automatically organize things? We're not going for perfect here. Just "Baby's first PCB" that at least works.

And then when I have one designed, how much would it cost to get made and sent to me if I was okay if it took a month?

But most importantly: how do I build personal confidence that I'm not shipping a potato off to be printed? Is there a community I could ask for a review from?
by mattio | 2025-11-17 14:03:34+00:00
I was just lucky that I started programming when I was about 32, and when I started freelancing (35) money started flowing. But tbh I am still managing the holes my upbringing left me (financial habits, attachment issues, focus and productivity). I know I’m responsible for my action, but it does not make it easier.

It kind of feels it’s never enough. So it does not feel I am helped in the sense that I left my problems behind me. Just traded some problems for better (but also bigger) ones.
by Jackpillar | 2025-11-17 14:03:41+00:00
Yes and I explained with walls of text of historical, geographical, socioeconomic examples how that is true and your disagreement boils down to "but anything can happen", which is boring in a discussion, so its pointless to continue. Yeah and Des Moines could become the global finance capital of the world, there is nothing you can say to allude otherwise because we don't know what could happen in 500 years.
by slumberlust | 2025-11-17 14:03:58+00:00
Inner city, especially in the oldest and most established, is an outlier experience. My friends on Melrose drive to their schools, and here in Southern NH it's driving or buses.

The main reason I wouldn't let our gradeschooler walk/ride .5 miles to school is a lack of consistent sidewalks and drivers who are constantly distracted and/or road raged.
by bluGill | 2025-11-17 14:04:50+00:00
I don't understand the "but what if my database/table changes so rapidly that I need the mock so I don't need to change the query all the time". Are they changing your database schema at runtime (not just software update time when you can do migrations)? Otherwise you should have a test helper that creates your entire database schema so that when it changes you can update the schema in one place and all tests are re-run against the new one. (you should also have some insert common test data helpers that are easy to update as needed should the new schema affect the changes)

I haven't seen mocks fail mysteriously. I've seen them fail often though because requirements change and instead of updating the callers (generally a small number) you end up with 200 tests failing and give up because updating all the tests is too hard. Mocks are always about implementation details - sometimes you have no choice, but the more you can test actual behavior the better.
by Retric | 2025-11-17 14:04:55+00:00
That’s overly simplified, and these lakes normally only fully mix every few years. In winter surface water is colder than sub surface water so if you start pumping water to create a cold and more dense column of water in a pipe you can stop the pump and let physics move the through that pipe for months with zero energy expenditure. It’s the same basic reason lakes normally mix in the first place. Decomposing organic mater etc then warm up the deep water over time

Even without that it’s way more efficient to pump water when you have near zero difference in pressure and only need to move a short distance. The column of water outside the pump and the column of water inside the pump are only going to vary by the difference in weight due to differences in temperature. So you’re effectively pumping water up ~10cm even though the column is much longer than that.

If we assume we need ultra fast circulation and mixing every year… 19 gigaliter ~= 19 billion kg lifted ~0.1 m is 9.8 * 19 ^9 * 0.1 J / 60 / 24 / 365 = 600 Kw which is a fair bit of energy perhaps 1 MW with losses, definitely expensive for an individual but not much compared to what cities are spending pumping water around. But again you’re likely fine doing less than 1% of that.
by nicbou | 2025-11-17 14:05:10+00:00
What makes reading archaic? Has short-form video content completely replaced reading functionally? Are there no ideas that 30 second videos can't communicate?

What about the other half of reading, writing? Surely you will also need to communicate with more than short grunts sometimes. Where will you find the words?

And what about reading just being fun? It's a nice, quiet activity away from screens. Stories are fun, and many require more than a few seconds to fully flesh out.
by AnimalMuppet | 2025-11-17 14:05:35+00:00
Extreme Programming is about the lightest "methodology". I've seen it used on a team of 30 (20 devs, 10 QA). It scaled that far, but we had a couple of exceptional "XP masters" on our team (just as devs, but they kind of owned the methodology as well).

That eventually fell apart, because upper management couldn't understand agile development, and so they killed it. Never mind that it delivered on time.

But on a small team (4-5 people), I have seen even less process. There was a manager who coded half-time. There was an overall direction, and discussions as needed. Each person had their area of specialty within the code. There were code reviews before checkin, but the code reviews were over-the-shoulder in someone's cube. There was a bug database, but there was no JIRA or other "ticket" system. (There eventually was, after the team grew. And there eventually was a quarterly planning meeting.)

There was a weekly standup for the larger team (20 people). But within the smaller team, each person kept their own to-do list. When your code needed to interface with someone else's, the two of you would hammer out what the interface was.

That won't scale too far. And it risks the mismatch with upper management that the XP team ran into. But for a small team, it can work.
by karmakaze | 2025-11-17 14:05:41+00:00
I have the opposite reaction in many cases. When we switched to 4k Blu-ray, I found it difficult to get immersed in many movies because they mostly looked like I was watching the shooting of a movie. Everything looked like a newsroom. Increases in fidelity don't make things more real, they uncover bad acting. My preference was to watch 720p24 movies on a plasma TV (or theatres back in those days)--I wasn't looking for a VR-like experience, rather a visual book reading. Another really weird one was The Hobbit at 48fps.

Expectations change, now 1080p24 seems better--but I suspect this has a lot to do with compression. Even with 4k a typical level of compression on streaming platforms takes away the texture and feeling of a scene.
by littlestymaar | 2025-11-17 14:06:01+00:00
I'm not convinced by your conclusion.

I mean of course drones would be a massive problem for western forces as they have never faced that kind of threat at scale.

But at the same time the Russian army has suffered dramatic attrition in Ukraine, especially in anti-air capabilities which used to be USSR's specialty and which western analyst feared it would allow the Russians to perform wide anti access on the Baltic's while they would quickly take over the Suvalki corridor and the whole Baltic states soon after.

With limited maneuvering capability left to quickly overwhelm local land armies and a significantly diminished air defense asset, I think the Russians would just lose the sky very quickly and then be unable to supply their ground forces.

And I really don't think Putin wants to lose a quick conventional war and end up with just the nuclear deterrence as his only card so I'm not too worried about him attacking EU directly. (But then again it made little sense to attack Ukraine in the first place yet he did it no matter what, so who knows…)

(Had the Ukrainian army collapsed and the 2022 campaign gone as planned by the Russian command, then the prospects would have been extremely grim for the Baltic states and the European Union as a whole. We Europeans collectively owe a lot to the Ukrainians).
by MatthiasPortzel | 2025-11-17 14:07:14+00:00
I seem to remember seeing this a week or two ago, and it was very obviously AI generated. (For those unfamiliar with Zig, AI is awful at generating Zig code: small sample dataset and the language updates faster than the models.) Reading it today I had a hard time spotting issues. So I think the author put a fair amount of work into cleaning up hallucinations and fixing inaccuracies.
by bluGill | 2025-11-17 14:07:19+00:00
There are a number of different ways to solve this problem. I too use the path of settings in my code, but I'm not against overriding open and all the other file io functions. Of course this article is about python which has different abilities than other languages, what is best in python is not what is best in other languages, and I'm trying to stay at a higher level that a particular language.
by cogman10 | 2025-11-17 14:07:51+00:00
There's a bootstrapping process that has to happen to compile the compiler. Moving up the language standard chain requires that compilers compiling the compiler need to also migrate up the chain.

So you can never be perfectly bleeding edge as it'd keep you from being able to build your compiler with an older compiler that doesn't support those bleeding edge features.

Imagine, for example, that you are debian and you want to prep for the next stable version. It's reasonable that for the next release you'd bootstrap with the prior releases toolset. That allows you to have a stable starting point.
by meckatz | 2025-11-17 14:08:17+00:00
Hi HN, Philipp here.

For the last 25 years, I've been passionately building complex systems, mostly in isolation. This repo is my "showcase" of the architecture I've built for my main project – a complete SaaS ecosystem.

The code itself is closed-source, but this `README` details the full architecture: a multi-region, sharded Discord bot on Fly.io, a Next.js 15 dashboard with Stripe, and self-hosted LLMs (Llama) to keep costs down.

I'm posting this to finally share my work with a community that might appreciate the technical details. I'm happy to answer any questions about the architecture, sharding, self-hosting LLMs, or using Fly.io for this kind of setup.
by jmb99 | 2025-11-17 14:08:30+00:00
If the board is small (10x10cm or less) it will be almost completely free, like single-digit dollars, through somewhere like JLPCB. So I’d say don’t worry too much about that, just jump in and try!

As for actually designing, it’s a little more complicated than that but not by much. I did my first pcbs with KiCAD ~5 years ago by pretty much just guessing and googling where things were. Completely feasible if you have 0 background experience.
by billy99k | 2025-11-17 14:09:50+00:00
Lol. I predicted this would happen in the early 2000s, and I finally got to see it happen. Companies didn't want to deal with piracy anymore and made everything a service. The same thing has now happened with software.

The only think piracy has done is entrench big players and push out any small company from making a living. Bravo!!
by SilentTiger | 2025-11-17 14:09:57+00:00
Hi HN, I'm the author.

As a Senior Frontend Developer, I've seen a lot of anxiety and excitement among my peers about AI's impact on our jobs (Copilot, etc.). It's clear the job description is being rewritten.

I decided to move past the simple "AI will/won't replace us" debate and write a structured analysis of how the skills are shifting—from 'implementation' to 'orchestration'.

I'm here to discuss. Curious to hear what this community thinks!
by eloeffler | 2025-11-17 14:10:44+00:00
I guess it's mainly un-sueable because the reference is very implicit (nothing but the last name) and using the name Swift by itself constitutes neither impersonation of someone specific nor a Trademark violation or anything like that.

And Taylor Swift actually is invested in data security, so it's a compliment :) That's no reason against filing a lawsuit but much less for filing one.
by k1musab1 | 2025-11-17 14:10:48+00:00
A foundational research team in a Canadian university in Quebec, if I recall correctly. They licenced these patents to the Chinese companies royalty free when used the Chinese domestic market. The Chinese spent the time developing LFP to where it's now a bleeding edge of batteries, while practically no-one else was interested.

In a retaliatory fight over the EVs, in October 2025, the CCP issued a ban on transfer of advanced technology for LFP batteries, and battery manufacturing equipment.
by redbell | 2025-11-17 14:11:13+00:00
These patterns do really take away the feeling of joy, fun and sense of accomplishment of playing games and replace them with pain, stress, fear and probably, every negative feeling you might think of. It's sad to witness the tragic shift from "pay to play" to "pay to win".

You might be interested to watch this video entitled Let’s go whaling: Tricks for monetising mobile game players with free-to-play: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xNjI03CGkb4 , which has been referenced by many YouTube analysis, and for good reason.

Also, this paper was a nice read for me: Predatory monetization schemes in video games and internet gaming disorder (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325479259_Predatory...)
by thomashabets2 | 2025-11-17 14:11:40+00:00
But only in very small sandboxes, right? Yes, seccomp could potentially be used for your JIT/interpreter sandbox. And because it inherently executes untrusted input, that's definitely the most important place.

But compare how many applications execute untrusted remote programs to how many programs that have had security vulnerabilities. Or indeed, how much code.

What percentage of code runs in chrome/firefox's sandbox? 0.0001%?

Have you tried to create a seccomp ruleset for a real program? I have. There are too many variations between machines and code paths that you'll necessarily need to leave wide open doors through your policy. Sure, the more you disable the "luck" you manufacture in case of a bug, preventing exploitation. But no, it's not fit for purpose outside these extremely niche use cases.
by abanana | 2025-11-17 14:11:41+00:00
Overuse of bold markup, particularly to begin each bullet point.

Overuse of "Here's..." to introduce or further every concept or idea.

A few parts of this article particularly jump out, such as the 2 lists following the "The SMS Flooding Attack" section (which incidentally begins "Here's where..."). A human wouldn't write them as lists (the first list in particular), they'd be normal paragraphs. Short bulleted lists are a good way to get across simple bite-sized pieces of information quickly, but that's in cases where people aren't going to read a large block of text, e.g. in ads. Overusing them in the wrong medium, breaking up a piece of prose like this, just hurts its flow and readability.
by marginalia_nu | 2025-11-17 14:12:03+00:00
If you held a gun to my head and forced me to make a guess I'd say you could push that approach to order of 100K, maybe 1M documents.

If sqlite had a generic "strictly ascending sequence of integers" type[1] and would optimize around that, you could probably push it farther in terms of implementing efficient inverted indexes.

[1] primary key tables aren't really useful here.
by dijit | 2025-11-17 14:13:06+00:00
Two hypothesis:

1) The nature of interest in unsecured loans is high interest (almost by definition) and increasingly so if you are seen as a credit risk. Thus small debts compound over time making them unbearable for longer.

2) Our friend is merely Keeping up with the Jones’ despite never going above a zero balance.

One of these is uncharitable and ridiculous- the other is a known issue that keeps people in poverty.

I’ll let you figure out which.
by random_moonwalk | 2025-11-17 14:13:11+00:00
Hi, your mental model is essentially correct, though it took me a good few evenings over a couple of weeks to get the workflow down in fusion 360. The electronics retailer will usually have the footprint and 3d model available on the component page. You can then import it, define which pins you want connected to each other in the footprint and in the PCB editor you can drag the routes (wires) to connect them.

Printing is way cheaper than I initially thought it would be - I paid £35 or so, including delivery and 5 of them arrived in 5 days. You can get cheaper delivery though. Also most of that cost is shipping and the setup fee - the marginal cost for each additional PCB print in the order is on the order of low single digit dollars.

Tbh my circuit was fairly simple so I just took a bit of a chance (and some extra care wiring things up). I think there’s a subreddit where people give feedback though I haven’t submitted anything.
by rdtsc | 2025-11-17 14:13:27+00:00
Further realization — Russians don’t have to fly drones or sabotage things, they could just “encourage” eco warriors.

I mean they would still be using drones but the drones are just human.

Suddenly wondering if there is any history of Russians/Soviets “sponsoring” the groups who were after Germany shutting down its nuclear reactors…
by Toutouxc | 2025-11-17 14:13:29+00:00
I still haven’t seen any specifics on the type of drones spotted at those airports. Is the other side just sending random people with cheap FPV drones? Or are they flying Shaheds around airports? I could take my 6” FPV drone and go buzz the tower at a nearby international airport, if I wanted. It costs less than 500€ for the entire kit and with ELRS and high power analog VTx you can do it from kilometers away and run before they catch you. Obviously it’s illegal as fuck.
by neutronicus | 2025-11-17 14:13:32+00:00
6-year-olds, huh?

I'm in the US and my almost-6-year-old and I bike to school together. We're exceptional in this regard - I don't see anyone else doing this and other parents are constantly commenting (positively!). It helps that he and his newborn brother are six years apart. Other families of our SES generally pump them out 2 years apart and move the brood around in a wagon for ease of supervising the oldest, while we had the luxury of forcing him to walk places without worrying about any other children's schedules.

I'm almost more worried about him managing his possessions at the endpoint than the ride itself. Locking the bike up, actually bringing his backpack in, etc.

Although I suppose I'm also a little worried about cars not seeing him at stop signs since (unlike me) he's below the hoods of a lot of cars.
by wink | 2025-11-17 14:14:23+00:00
Yes and that's what people are criticizing - it's just an arbitrary and thus very bad rule. Completely unrelated to CloudFlare, I streamed a single TV series from a friend's plex account 1-2y ago, that's less traffic than some of my friends use in 2 weeks.

I'm not saying they can't have that rule, it's their infra - I'm just saying that "a boatload of bandwidth" can be anything, depending on who you ask.
by mbreese | 2025-11-17 14:14:43+00:00
You’re not trying to simulate a brain atom for atom. Individual atoms don’t do much on their own. Even if you did do that, you’d really need to simulate electron flow, which is whole other level.

Now, simulating what outputs the bees brain yields from a set of stimuli — that could be done. If it could be done as fast as a brain is a whole other question, and I’m not sure of that answer.
by 1718627440 | 2025-11-17 14:14:59+00:00
> use goto

My thoughts as well. The only thing I would be willing to use is the macro definition for __attribute__, but that is trivial. I use C, because I want manual memory handling, if I wouldn't want that I would use another language. And now I don't make copies when I want to have read access to some things, that is simply not at a problem. You simply pass non-owning pointers around.
by kouteiheika | 2025-11-17 14:16:02+00:00
I can't say I agree with this? If C++ had an Rc equivalent (or if you'd write one yourself) it would be just as zero cost as it is in Rust, both in a single-threaded setting and in a multithreaded-setting. "Zero cost abstraction" doesn't mean that it cannot be misused or that it doesn't have any cognitive overhead to use correctly, just that it matches whatever you'd write without the abstraction in place. Plenty of "zero cost" features in C++ still need to you pay attention to not accidentally blow you leg off.

Simply put, just as a `unique_ptr` (`Box`) is an entirely different abstraction than `shared_ptr` (`Arc`), an `Rc` is also an entirely different abstraction than `Arc`, and C++ simply happens to completely lack `Rc` (at least in the standard; Boost of course has one). But if it had one you could use it with exactly the same cost as in Rust, you'd just have to manually make sure to not use it across threads (which indeed is easier said than done, which is why it's not in the standard), exactly the same as if you'd manually maintain the reference count without the nice(er) abstraction. Hence "zero cost abstraction".
by lunias | 2025-11-17 14:16:39+00:00
I live in the US and order a decent amount of things from overseas... I got hit with tariffs once by UPS when ordering some clothes from Germany. They wanted 44% of the total value of goods in government / brokerage charges. It's pretty clear that UPS is scamming people and hoping they don't fight the obscene charges. That being said, I hit pause on ordering from overseas. I don't want to deal with such terrible transparency in what I will be charged.
by noogai03 | 2025-11-17 14:16:42+00:00
I find the idea of highly optimised MCP kind of funny. The protocol is so far from finished - the update for stateless MCP (which is our only hope at properly scaling it) isn't even released yet in the core protocol.

And even then - the LLMs are going to be so much slower than the MCP server, I've never quite understood the point of trying to optimise it. Even FastMCP is pretty good because everything is async.

But even given all that - this is very impressive :)
by drzaiusx11 | 2025-11-17 14:18:07+00:00
The author used the lattice fpga for exactly what it was designed for: glue logic. This fpga type isn't what you'd throw a couple of cpu cores on, it's more along the lines of replacing a few dozen 74xx series logic chips. I personally enjoyed the author using modern day chip equivalents instead of soft cores on an fpga. I find the latter to be much less interesting.
by bluGill | 2025-11-17 14:18:10+00:00
Depends on complexity. The article gives a price, for 5 PCBs which isn't unreasonable. However this was a simple PCB that used a lot more physical space than it would need to (for this application most of the space was needed because of the physical space the buttons/sliders needed so it was needed so this isn't a criticism). If you want to make a small PCB much more work is needed. This was a few analog sliders and buttons - no high speed digital data, if you are designing a computer (even Apple II level complexity) it is a lot harder. If you are designing a radio there are a lot of complexity. If you want to get this FCC (whatever your local government is) certified there is a lot more complexity.

This project is something that should be easy for someone with basic CAD experience. However many projects require a lot more complexity, so don't think that because most people could figure this PCB out in a day make you think anyone can do more complex PCBs, things get complex fast.