MurphyA/hacker-news huggingface dataset:
by johnisgood | 2025-10-06 18:06:36+00:00
> Certification to Rust starts to appear. Rust is young and its usage in regulated industries is just barely beginning.

Ferrocene has ISO 26262 qualification for the compiler, not verification tools. That's compiler correctness, not formal verification of programs. SPARK's GNATprove is qualified for proving program properties - fundamentally different.

> SPARK does not support the equivalent (shared mutable pointers) at all. Rust verifies do with a heavy annotation burden. What's better?

SPARK supports controlled aliasing through ownership aspects and borrow/observ annotations - but these are designed into the verification framework, not bolted on. The key difference: SPARK's aliasing controls are part of the formal semantics and verified by GNATprove automatically. Rust's unsafe shared mutability requires external verification tools with manual proof burden. SPARK deliberately restricts aliasing patterns to those that remain efficiently verifiable: it's not "can't do it" it's "only allow patterns we can verify".

> Has the Ada compiler formally verified? No. So you're trusting the Ada type checker just as well.

Qualified compilers (GNAT Pro) undergo qualification per DO-178C/ED-12C. The difference: SPARK's semantics are formally defined independent of the compiler. Rust verification tools must trust rustc's implementation because Rust has no formal specification. When rustc changes behavior (happens frequently), verification tools break. SPARK's specification is stable.

> And if you have a script that generates some boilerplate code into your Ada project, is the script logic verified?

External build scripts are different from language features. Procedural macros are part of Rust's language definition and can access compiler internals. If you use external code generation with SPARK, you're explicitly stepping outside the language's guarantees - and safety standards require justification. Rust embeds this escape hatch in the language itself.

> I'm not sure what you mean by "SPARK guarantees this for the language; Rust tools must verify it per codebase"

SPARK: If your code compiles in the SPARK subset, overflow/division-by-zero/array bounds are automatically proven impossible by language rules. You can add contracts for functional correctness.

Rust tools: You must annotate code, write invariants, and run verification per program. The language provides memory safety via the type system, but not freedom from arithmetic errors or functional correctness. These must be proven per codebase with tools.

The distinction: language-level guarantees vs. per-program verification effort.

> It's clear at this point that neither of us will get convinced

Fair enough, but the fundamental difference is whether verification is a language property or a tool property. Both approaches have merit for different use cases.
by nerdsniper | 2025-10-06 18:06:53+00:00
The median American has $8,000 in their bank accounts. Most of the individual people buying insurance generally can't lose $N, because they have <$N - whatever amount the insurance claim is for is a number that they would never be able to pay, e.g. crashing your car into a semi-truck/lorry carrying a lot of expensive stuff or generating medical bills for people in other vehicles, or insurance for an ER visit that costs $800,000. Some individuals buy insurance for things they could pay, and just want to avoid the potential risk, but this is not the majority of people who buy insurance.

Both cases (lottery and insurance) are paying an affordable amount of money for a chance to avoid complete financial ruin.
by pkulak | 2025-10-06 18:06:56+00:00
> designed a terrible protocol

Have you looked at the protocol? Have you built things in both? I have, and I think the Matrix protocol is pretty good. The goals are different. It's not a send once and forget kind of thing, like XMPP, Signal and email. It's about keeping your chats synced on your server, and with any other server you happen to be federating with. It's Discord or Slack, except federated. That's not easy, and it's not simple, but it has huge advantages too.
by mrguyorama | 2025-10-06 18:07:09+00:00
No. The first few seasons of Formula E were such that, half way through the race you jumped out of one car and finished the race in a second car. Because your battery was dead. Electric does not have the capacity to compete with even F1's artificially limited gas tanks.

This is despite dramatically reduced performance design and slower tracks.

Formula E is so much more fun than F1 though, because it doesn't have all the BS drama that F1 has adopted to buoy viewership. They do have silly gimmicks though. Before a race, viewers vote on which driver they like the best, and that racer gets a boost they can use during the race!

Also they use tires that are basically road ready, so that's fun.
by tgma | 2025-10-06 18:07:10+00:00
The encryption implementation suggested seems overkill and problematic as it increases the size of the ID. UUID is 128 bit which is the same block size as AES. You can simply apply AES to transform the input block with a secret key to and directly expose the result. No need for CBC mode or IVs etc as it is desirable for the same input to map to the same output all the time.
by nicce | 2025-10-06 18:07:19+00:00
There is a limit how much satellites LEO/GEO can hold unless every satellite has perfect dodging system. Called as Kessler syndrome [1], and one estimate is around 70k satellites. So it is a race who can get the most satellites orbiting, because after a certain point, there is no "space" anymore, and anyone who tries to launch after that point, will be blamed for destroying the satellites of the others. Winner takes all.

[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kessler_syndrome
by cowsandmilk | 2025-10-06 18:07:54+00:00
Why would the government bail out AI companies? They didn’t bail out the dot-com bubble. Bailing out the auto industry was about the UAW. Bailing out financial institutions went with programs to keep people from being foreclosed on and losing their homes. The AI bubble doesn’t have those incentives and is mostly (all?) private company valuations.
by hirvi74 | 2025-10-06 18:08:04+00:00
I asked the first question, and this was the response I received:

I don’t have access to your past chats or any private history. Each conversation is stateless unless you’ve enabled ChatGPT’s Memory feature in Settings → Personalization → Memory.

If memory is off, I only see what’s in this current thread. If it’s on, I could recall things like topics you’ve discussed, preferences you’ve mentioned, or goals you’ve worked on — but only those details you’ve chosen to keep.

Do you want me to explain how to check or manage that setting?
by doctorhandshake | 2025-10-06 18:08:10+00:00
In the limited amount of experience I’ve had with researching these things, embodied carbon can be a much higher number than you might think, even with something as simple as a cotton t-shirt. Odds are that shirt had already sailed around the world once or twice by the time you buy it, and it might make its way to another continent once you’re done with it as well.
by ufmace | 2025-10-06 18:08:24+00:00
Mise seems pretty cool, but the thing that makes me reluctant to get on board now (current asdf user) is that it seems to want to manage too much. Especially with regard to using PATH munging.

I've had substantial frustration with multiple tools all trying to redo my PATH for me, usually to make themselves the first thing. It's to the point where I decided to give up and hard-code my PATH in my .zprofile and get rid of all of the various tools' init scripts so that I at least can clearly see and control which things are in which order and not having a bunch of scripts trying to rewrite it all the time all with slightly different algorithms.

Maybe it would work if mise could manage all "tools" (various programming languages) as well as "tools" (actual CLI applications written in one of the languages and usually installed with that languages manager, like `cargo install`, `go install`, `uv tool install`, etc), though then it seems like it might be a pain to switch over to.
by VBprogrammer | 2025-10-06 18:08:28+00:00
I've been playing with Llama 3.2-3B this weekend and, while I haven't spent enough time with it to figure out the limitations, it's definitely good enough to be useful. That's running at "as fast as I can read" on a £100 Intel Arc GPU. I'm tempted to buy a Arc770 (£250ish) to see if I can run the OpenAI open weights models...

I think it's reasonably likely that these massive investments turn to dust when they get squeezed by the commoditization of LLMs.
by marcosdumay | 2025-10-06 18:08:30+00:00
> I would really hope that nobody considers AI companies to be foundational to the economy

The way people in the US government has been speaking and acting goes against that hope. Instead, it seems to be unanimous that AI will be the foundation of the economy, the US can't lose its leadership on it for even a second (because when it takes over, it will take over in a second), and it's worth breaking every rule, spending every cent to keep, and cannibalizing every other industry if necessary.

Honestly, you have to deal with the delusional con-man in power ASAP.
by lm28469 | 2025-10-06 18:08:57+00:00
> Who gets hurt when the bubble pops?

Given how investing is heavily promoted by all these neobanks I have a feeling a lot of people will get burnt. Back in the days, not even 10 years ago, you had to research and go out of your way to invest, now you can do things like "automatically round up your transactions to buy NVIDIA" from your bank app. The only ways to get out of the middle class are: lotteries, crypto, putting everything stock market for 20 years and living like a student in the meantime.
by nonethewiser | 2025-10-06 18:09:22+00:00
>This is just pure speculation with no consideration of success or longevity. Big companies are going faster now? Where? Which ones?

Yes but there is a more fundamental problem. The claim doesnt even make sense:

>“Big companies used to move slowly, but now a ragtag team of two developers at a large firm can whip up something that looks top-of-market to the untrained eye in a matter of weeks.”

That was never the problem. I mean really, what is the implication of this? That big companies moved slowly because the developers were slow? What? No one thinks that, including the author (I imagine).

Its from many layers of decision-making, risk aversion, bureaucracy, coordination across many teams, technical debt, internal politics, etc.

This manifests as developers (and others) feeling slowed down by the weight of the company. Developes (and others) being relatively fast is precisely how we know the company is slow. So adding AI to the development workflow isn't going to speed anything up. There are too many other limiting factors.
by uecker | 2025-10-06 18:10:32+00:00
I am not convinced a strong type system helps with functional safety and I am not even deeply impressed by Rust's type system. The scientific literature does even seem even that clear about whether a strong type system substantially reduces software defects in general. I believe in proofs though. I generally believe complexity is bad and both C++ and Rust are too complex for my taste. I also think Rust has severe supply chain issues.
by j45 | 2025-10-06 18:10:45+00:00
It's less about percentage.

Economic opportunity is largely shifting towards not only having internet access, but performant internet access.

Costs will come down. There will be alternatives.

But they might have taken much longer to come to market without something like this.

I'm not a fanboy, but there's obviously a lot of people who have worked hard to make Starlink a reality.
by fragmede | 2025-10-06 18:11:30+00:00
Ah. Yeah you're more boned if you confess to ChatGPT that you've killed your wife than if you just googled for how to bury a body, but at the edges where people are using ChatGPT as a therapist and someone disappears, and the person who did it is smart enough to use incognito mode to search how to bury a body so it doesn't show up in court, how everyone feels about the deceased is gonna get looked at, including ChatGPT conversations. That's new.
by tetromino_ | 2025-10-06 18:11:41+00:00
> What are you putting in there?

Bulky gifts.

Bulky sports equipment.

Lots of kids' clothes. Kids' toys. Kids' books. Kids' medical kit.

Clothes that span multiple seasons or climatic zones: warm, cold, heavy rain, snow. Extra shoes. Especially when you know that your things will get wet and that you will have only occasional opportunities to dry them.

Suit/dress/fancy shoes if going to a wedding or other formal event.

Add that, and 80L is not much volume...
by echelon | 2025-10-06 18:12:23+00:00
Me as a consumer:

- Companies forking over more margin and control to Apple mean they have to make up for it in other ways.

- Apple and Google wielding so much control removes overall choice and competition from the market.

- I sure hope Apple and Google only ever have my interests at heart because they have all the keys to the kingdom and could really screw me over.

- I wish I could do XYZ with my phone. Too bad...

- I wish there were more diverse phone SKUs. It used to be wildly competitive and we used to have all kinds of innovation because it wasn't so winner-take-all. Where's my eink low power open source phone with gpio and thermal sensors, etc.

- My car and phone feel like frenemies.

- There's still no good alternative OS for phones. Probably because it'd be impossible to make money and compete against titans.

- The company that removed manifest V2 is now forcing app signing? I wonder if they'll limit web browsing options and ad blocking soon.

- Why do I have to de-Google my phone with every update? They have tyranny of defaults (that lay people can't adjust) and just reset the defaults back to themselves every time you upgrade. Or give you scare walls and alerts asking to be default again. Lay people are probably stuck with this.

- "Google News" legitimately has half page ads and popups and that's the default experience. It is physically impossible to even read the news.
by bryanlarsen | 2025-10-06 18:12:33+00:00
They reported cash flow positive. "Cash flow positive" is a much stronger statement than "profitable" because it doesn't let you play games with amortization. So it included the ongoing cost of replacing satellites plus 100% costs of putting up new ones for future use where normal accounting would allow you to amortize those costs.

SpaceX is obviously quite profitable. They're obviously spending many billions annually on salaries, Starlink launches and Starship development yet they haven't raised significant money via debt or equity financing rounds in the last few years.
by echelon | 2025-10-06 18:13:08+00:00
The consumer can't articulate policy.

Consumers in a general sense don't know much of how the world works - safe radiation exposure, food safety, drug dosing thermodynamics, household electrical wiring, airborne particulate, airline maintenance...

This is why we have a government regulatory regime to protect them. The government has to strong arm companies out of bad behavior, because consumers do not understand.

Some people who have Apple and Google stock will voice opinion against regulation. Or people who really love their devices and don't understand the harms.

But the fact is that this Titanic command of markets damages the robustness of the economy. Google and Apple are doing massive harm.

Capitalism should be hard. It should be a treadmill. You shouldn't be able to coast.

We like the market. We like evolutionary pressure. Giants this large, however, are an ecological hack that get to escape the same algorithm we subject every other company to. They created an artificial and illegal means to prevent themselves from facing competition. They're an invasive species picking on ecosystems that literally cannot fight back.

It's a good thing that new companies can (or could) threaten old companies. It's a renewing forest fire, a de-ossification. It rewards innovation capital rather than institutions.

Apple and Google have found a way to forever avoid this by wedging themselves in as "owners of mobile computing". These two companies own it. Period. You don't. Consumers don't. No other company can even enter into the arena. You play by their rules.

Antitrust enforcement has never been more needed. We've had two decades of devices we really only rent and don't own. Devices that strangle consumer control over how we spend our time and money.

If America doesn't do it, foreign countries seeking sovereignty should.
by jdxcode | 2025-10-06 18:13:09+00:00
> I've had substantial frustration with multiple tools all trying to redo my PATH for me, usually to make themselves the first thing.

it doesn't do this, you can even use shims with mise if you really want to

> Maybe it would work if mise could manage all "tools" (various programming languages) as well as "tools" (actual CLI applications written in one of the languages and usually installed with that languages manager, like `cargo install`, `go install`, `uv tool install`, etc), though then it seems like it might be a pain to switch over to.

it does do this
by mx7zysuj4xew | 2025-10-06 18:13:52+00:00
Jesus Christ, who are these people who are having these "deep personal conversations" with a vector database

This isn't healthy, none of this is healthy. It's an appliance, not a diary, not a therapist or an advisor and definitely not a "friend" or a "significant other"

Anyone talking to machine like it was an actual sentient being needs to be treated and ostracized the same way we would treat someone who has a conversation with their toaster
by tuesdaynight | 2025-10-06 18:14:24+00:00
I'm a very private person. I avoided social media for years, and I'm very aware of what info about my real life is shared on the internet. However, these comments made me aware of the feature on Google Maps and convinced me to try sharing with loved ones. I tried coming up with a strong reason for not doing that, but I couldn't find one. I'm aware that it's different for each person, but let's see how it works.
by ggreer | 2025-10-06 18:14:40+00:00
Current Starlink satellites are 800-970kg[1] and 100% of their mass is vaporized on reentry, so 1-2 satellites a day would be approximately 1.5 tons per day added to the atmosphere. The atmosphere's mass is 5.15 quadrillion tons. Even if satellite vapor stayed in the atmosphere forever, it would take approximately 10,000 years before it reached 1 part per billion.

So basically it's not worth worrying about.

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlink#v2_(initial_deploymen...
by arcfour | 2025-10-06 18:14:50+00:00
I very seriously doubt that the US cares about South Korea's deepest, darkest secrets that much, if at all.

Not using a cloud provider is asinine. You can use layered encryption so the expected lifetime of the cryptography is beyond the value of the data...and the US government themselves store data on all 3 of them, to my knowledge.

I say US because the only other major cloud providers I know of are in China, and they do have a vested interest in South Korean data, presumably for NK.
by cfmcdonald | 2025-10-06 18:15:00+00:00
It looks like the trend started circa the 1920s in the U.S. Kotex (1920) [0], Kleenex (1924) [1], Kool-Aid (1927) [2], Kool (1933) [3], Krispy Kreme (1934) [4].

Kraft might look like one, but isn't, it's named after James Kraft [5], which presumably traces back to the german word Kraft.

I'm curious if there are older examples.

[0]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotex [1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleenex [2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kool-Aid [3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kool_(cigarette) [4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krispy_Kreme [5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Kraft
by hirvi74 | 2025-10-06 18:15:45+00:00
Not really a feature that I am excited about, but that is just my opinion. I imagine plenty of people will find utility in the various apps.

Though, the one app that may pique my interest when it is released is the Khan Academy app. Though, I am not sure what will be between asking the Khan Academy app a question vs. just asking ChatGPT the same question.
by playersespresso | 2025-10-06 18:16:05+00:00
Nice! Somewhat funny but I was tinkering with wintun + golang yesterday, however I was unable to set IP to it (like you did with SetIPAddresses), so guess universe aligned for me. Interestingly even without setting IP i was able to get packets flowing into that just by creating custom route forwarding to that interface. Not sure whether packets originating from it would be accepted by networking stack tho.
by Fischgericht | 2025-10-06 18:16:23+00:00
Disclaimer: I am not a doomsday apologist, just a Nerd collecting, analyzing data and doing projections out of it.

There is not only an AI bubble, but a US Dollar bubble, too. Most people don't get it what "Stock markets, gold, real estate, crypto, EVERYTHING is up" actually means: That the currency you are paying in is losing value at rapid pace.

I do not yet understand how the market manipulation actually works, but if you exchange from an Asian country to US Dollar right now, an amount that will buy you a excellent dinner for the whole family no longer even buys you a hamburger in the US.

The part I also do not understand is why the only thing that right now is "cheap" as seen from the US perspective are foreign currencies.

I also don't understand why other countries are not liquidating their USD reserves. How can you as a country not see that your reserves now would be much safer in Asian countries including even the Chinese Rimibi?

Well, maybe the answer to the USD losing value rapidly is that in reality there ARE market actors in the background moving to other currencies, but are really really good at hiding it.

But in any case: No doubt, the western part of the global financial system will be crashing within the next 3 weeks. With the US being on the brink to civil war anyway, you should be able to extrapolate what a financial crisis and bank run in the US in combination with everyone and their dog owning war-grade weapons will end up at.

Right now you have heaps of people in the US who are completely ignoring any data but invest only based on being member of a fanatic cult - every time you read news that Tesla no longer is able to sell cars, or that their robots do not work, or that their Robotaxi stuff is a scam, the Tesla share value goes further up. The same applies to AI. That AI will never make any profit is no longer niche knowledge, it's headlines at Bloomberg, WSJ, FT & co. You have to actively ignore that information - still, AI stocks go up.

So what is missing for the bubble to finally burst? Anything that makes those cult members start to doubt. Anything that triggers "Maybe putting all my retirement savings into crypto is too risky" or "Maybe Elon actually isn't the messiah", "I put all my money into a Trump meme-coin. Is this really more important than getting my teeth repaired?". Or anything that triggers those sheeps that are invested into this to simply needing cash quickly. So, for example due to a natural disaster, or some pandemic, the Epstein stuff finally blowing up on Trump etc.

The list of things that now may trigger the implosion is gigantic. Due to that it is possible to predict where it will start - it might not be the AI bubble. It very well even may be something rather classic like the "Deported migrants no longer pay towards their mortgages / loans" stuff happening right now.

But in summary: Due to the very high number of potential triggers it is stunning it hasn't imploded yet, and if you read/watch interviews from scientists in this area, the common theme these days is: "WTF is going on here?! This should have imploded LONG ago!".