MurphyA/hacker-news huggingface dataset:
by pazimzadeh | 2025-10-06 23:20:04+00:00
Tolerance is one of the coolest things in immunology.

This Nobel is about peripheral tolerance, but you should first appreciate central tolerance to understand why it matters.

After the stem cell phase, just about every cell in your body gradually becomes locked in a specific program (differentiated/specialized) so that your heart cells lose the ability to express say lung proteins, and vice versa.

But in order to train your immune cells not to react to self, during development some cells in the thymus are allowed to express self proteins from every type of tissue, so your thymus expresses neural, heart, lung, etc.. proteins. Any T-cells that react with this self proteins are deleted.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_regulator

However, central tolerance is not that efficient, so peripheral tolerance takes care of the T-cells which escaped central tolerance. A major way that this is accomplished is by counterintuitively maintaining a population of self-specific T-cells called regulatory T-cells which put the breaks on immune reactions in the presence of self antigen (antigen = 3D shape of protein or sugar).

In many ways tolerance is actually the default reaction of the immune system - you encounter too many foreign objects (in food, air, etc) to react to everything. That's why vaccines have an "adjuvant" compound which tells your immune system to react.
by coldtea | 2025-10-06 23:20:50+00:00
>Not sure if I'm missing a joke, but the whole point of the analogy being a treadmill is that there's nothing to fall down. Regardless of positive (running forward) or negative (going backward on the treadmill) life changes, your happiness will probably stay relatively consistent because you're on a treadmill and there's nowhere to go.

That's not the point of the treadmill analogy.

It's rather that you need to keep walking to maintain your stationary position, just like on a treadmill.

Meaning the level of headonism you become accustomed to fades/blunts with time, and you want more, so you need to keep moving forward to stay at the same (hedonic) position (level).

What the parent said, then, is valid: "climbing on the hedonic treadmill is practically effortless", being on a hedonic treadmill is our default psychological state. But to slide off and accept less hedonic level is very difficult.
by DennisP | 2025-10-06 23:20:59+00:00
Fine, let me put it another way. Fill a test tube with simple chemical building blocks of life. Sterilize everything. If our uncertainty is infinite then we aren't willing to say whether metabolizing, reproducing life arises from scratch within five minutes every time we do it.

If you're willing to concede that in fact, that doesn't happen, then you're putting a limit on that parameter, just like the paper did.
by sfn42 | 2025-10-06 23:21:12+00:00
If you are referring to my post, it's about web applications. I'm not in any way claiming that postgres is a crud app. I'm describing how to design a good web application that mostly revolves around a database. Which is what people mean when they say crud app. It's just any app that's mostly crud. Where the majority of the logic can be handled by the database like I described.

A lot of apps are just about putting data into a DB and then providing access to that data. Maybe using the data to draw some nice graphs and stuff. That's a crud app.
by westurner | 2025-10-06 23:21:29+00:00
Which BusyBox, toybox, and coreutils commands fail with data larger than RAM? Has that been part of the spec yet?

Just realized `LC_COLLATE=C sort` must be specified if you don't want it to ignore leading underscores in sorting due to LC_COLLATE=en_US.utf8 being the default these days.
by alasano | 2025-10-06 23:22:18+00:00
I created this local Sora 2 Playground if you want to play around with the new sora-2 and sora-2-pro models.

It supports all params available in the API, allows you to queue multiple videos to be generated, remix videos, polls for progress, view costs and more.

It's based on my previous gpt-image-1 playground :) https://github.com/Alasano/gpt-image-1-playground

Enjoy!
by dotancohen | 2025-10-06 23:22:28+00:00
The fine article mentions this, including mentioning dandelion seeds specifically:

> As well as kirigami, the team drew inspiration from nature. Instead of relying on a gliding angle, many wind-dispersed seeds are equipped with structures that stabilize the airflow around them: including the feathery bristles of dandelion seeds, which create a stabilized vortex in their wake.
by Fischgericht | 2025-10-06 23:23:42+00:00
Can not reply to your anymore, guess we are nested too deep now?

I think we are simply talking about two different things here.

I mentioned 802.11r not due to the key exchange implementation details, but to point to the general point: Seamless handover requires shared state between cells.

This is not about static vs dynamic routing, you are thinking on the wrong layer here. We are in L1+L2 land.

On Starlink, the last time I tested a handover between two Sats in 2025 still involves a downtime of at least 5 seconds, and both L2 info and NAT state being lost.

In regards of axes: I am not much into emotions. Of course the data says that Elon Musk is the cancel cell that will play a huge part in destroying the western civilization. But as I do not like the western civilization and humans in general much, this does not trigger much emotions.

And even if I hated Elon Musk: We are talking about technology, R&D and implementation details here (which I enjoy!). I do not have emotions on IP protocols and such :)

No, in reality it's really very simple: My data says that Starlink just is not worth it. It is not commercially feasible. It pollutes the space with tons of trash that will harm productive future space missions and projects. It's highly overrated and overhyped. It's very hard to find positive reviews that haven't been paid for.

Or, executive summary: Starlink is a dead end, and without the Elon cult nobody after looking at a hypothetical business plan would invest.

And finally: Anecdotical evidence collected from my own tests and those of friends all says: It's just shitty. However: That of course depends on your use case. For some an 8 seconds drop-out might mean "patient dead". For others it might be "I will retry loading this after grabbing a cup of coffee". My peer group might have higher standards than others.

Of course Sat internet has its place as a niche business. But as you surely are aware in the US it was and is tried to steal tax money meant to build fiber by claiming Starlink would be equivalent. And you might also remember that if someone would not have pulled the emergency break, you know would have air traffic controllers seeing planes with 100ms+ of latency AND every now and then losing contact to all airplanes for 8 seconds.

And all of this has been tried before. Over in Europe, we 10 years ago had those fights where Viasat & co claimed to be an alternative when we got the "basic human right to broadband".
by ashirviskas | 2025-10-06 23:24:40+00:00
Don't forget ProtonVPN links to Tesonet, which they're trying hard to "debunk" (though no clue why, I have nothing against Tesonet). They only shared employees and accidentally signed apps with the same certificates, but are "totally unrelated". Their PR people are already on this thread.

If they didn't try so hard to fight it, people might care less.
by ajb | 2025-10-06 23:24:43+00:00
Using .coop is actually a costly signal that you are, in fact and in law, a cooperative; and intend to stay one; since non-cooperatives are not allowed to occupy those domains. Dot Org, while it's used by a lot of well known organisations, is an open domain that anyone can register in.

Of course, it's also true that many people won't have the spare time to find that out.
by anal_reactor | 2025-10-06 23:24:49+00:00
You're thinking in wrong categories. Suppose you want to buy a table. You could say "I'm looking for a €400 100x200cm table, black" and these are your search criteria. But that's not what you actually want. What you actually want is a table that fits your use case and looks nice and doesn't cost much, and "€400 100x200cm table, black" is a discrete approximation of your initial fuzzy search. A chatbot could talk to you about what you want, and suggest a relevant product.

Imagine going to a shop and browsing all the aisles vs talking to the store employee. Chatbot is like the latter, but for a webshop.

Not to mention that most webshops have their categories completely disorganized, making "search by constraints" impossible.
by _wire_ | 2025-10-06 23:25:00+00:00
That famous photo of a man's forearm sticking out of the water has keep the credulous going in circles for 100 years.

But don't look too carefully at that photo of Nessy or next you'll start to see the end-cap of an old Electro-Lux canister vacuum cleaner or a hubcap when looking at classic photos of flying saucers.
Show HN: Stochastic Gradient in Hilbert Spaces
by HenryAI | 2025-10-06 23:25:43+00:00
I wrote a free, proof-complete monograph on stochastic gradient methods in infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces. It starts from the functional-analysis foundations (Riesz, Radon–Nikodym), gives five equivalent definitions of stochastic gradients, proves existence/uniqueness of the dynamics, connects the continuum limit to gradient-flow PDEs, and derives explicit convergence rates under multiple assumption sets (convex, strongly convex, PL/KL, heavy-tailed noise, proximal). It also covers special cases (Gaussian/RKHS), extends to Hilbert manifolds/Banach spaces, analyzes discretizations (stability/consistency), and includes four applications (QM ground states, elasticity, optimal control, inverse problems) with pseudocode and explicit constants. Open problems at the end invite feedback. PDF is free to redistribute if cited.

Happy to answer questions on assumptions that are actually needed in infinite-D, how the spectral picture influences rates, and what breaks outside Hilbert structure. If you want a quick start, skim the convergence summary and the applications sections.
by tombert | 2025-10-06 23:26:00+00:00
That one is comparatively nicer than some of the older stuff telling people to stop deepthroating Microsoft or to kill themselves or to shut the fuck up.

That said I really didn’t that that contributor creating a helper function like that to do some bitwise stuff was such a big deal, I think Linus overreacted and I don’t even know that I agree with his take that on it, but I do think it is probably bad to have a big change like this late in the release window.
by UltraSane | 2025-10-06 23:26:08+00:00
"'ve also never done anything remotely as bad as the US did in Iraq."

Ask Tibetens about that. The US left Iraq but the CCP still controls Tibet and oppresss native Tibetans. Or the Uyghurs that the CCP are brutally persecuting. Or the Falun Gong. The CCP also is a strong ally of the despicable North Korean government and sends North Koreans in China back to North Korea to face long prison sentences or execution.

The CCP is very evil at violating individual human rights. And smart people defending their behavior is very odd
by the-grump | 2025-10-06 23:27:09+00:00
I'll bet Apple would play ball and tell Rivian if the destination is a charger.

That aside, what about safely messaging people, listening to my audiobooks/podcasts in my app of choice, and interacting with the apps and shortcuts on my phone through Siri?

It's the wrong choice IMO.

To be clear, I know Bluetooth audio is available. But having everything on the screen makes it easier.
by dotancohen | 2025-10-06 23:27:29+00:00
This looks like a good way if not only ensuring that things fall slowly, but also ensuring that they fall in the proper orientation. Gravity bombs typically use fins at the back for this purpose, but that makes them actually turn into the wind by pushing the back of the bomb in the direction of the wind. Smaller fins combined with some drag provided by such a parachute as this, could help gravity bombs be more resistant to winds, while ensuring that the fuse stays pointed down.
by aerostable_slug | 2025-10-06 23:28:34+00:00
You do when you're flying low and you need to escape the munition's effective radius.

Retarded bombs are slowed with a variety of mechanisms, from spring-loaded airbrakes to inflatable ballutes to parachutes. Fuzing can range from superquick for conventional bombs to extended timers for nuclear weapons, all depending upon the application. These parachutes would be great for low flying drone bombers as well as munitions that are highly attitude-sensitive (such as those with improvised fuzes).
by TZubiri | 2025-10-06 23:28:43+00:00
3. Creating multiple accounts with platforms to break their ToS without getting chainbanned.

4. Perform DDoS

5. brute force passwords

6. try out leaked passwords

7. exploit vulns.

8. CSAM

9. Phish

10. Spam

11. Evade taxes with crypto

12. Sell drugs

13. Terrorism

Lots of malicious uses for VPNs, or was your question about legitimate usecases? In which case:

14. Sending emails about cryptography

15. Pornography

16. activism

17. Journalism/Whistleblowing

18. Military

Although some of the legitimate/ilegitimate categories might be subjective, which is precisely why it's a grey legal area at all.
by Illniyar | 2025-10-06 23:29:02+00:00
Unit 8200 is the premier software development track in the Israeli military.

Every Israeli tech company likely has multiple developers from Unit 8200 in it. Whether it's building e-commerce shops or making video games.

While 8200 definitely falls under the military intelligence wing, I don't think describing people in it as Cyber Spies is anywhere near accurate. And unless that guy was very high ranking it is a stretch to imply that's an indication that IL military intelligence is involved in the company.

That is not to say that the military isn't involved with the company - that might very well be true, just that someone being from Unit 8200 isn't an indication of it.
by dataflow | 2025-10-06 23:29:36+00:00
You got direct answers to your question, nobody is going circles or avoiding your question. If anything your responses seem confused.

E.g. "it's draining" is... self-explanatory? I'm not sure what else you want to hear on this. Keep throwing draining problems in front of people and they will get tired of it and try to avoid the situation entirely. And if somehow it's not draining for you, surely you can understand your stamina doesn't generalize to that of the entire human population.

"If they're unreasonable then that's their problem" is just a silly strawman. If unreasonable people have a problem with you that can and often will quite easily become your problem...

"If you don't want to justify it then just don't" is basically the same as above.

Etc.
by jsheard | 2025-10-06 23:29:51+00:00
It wasn't a technical decision. Apple decided to veto the use of any Khronos IP such as SPIR-V or GLSL due to a private legal dispute which was never elaborated on. That left the committee with no choice but to reinvent the wheel, and now we're stuck with WGSL forever.

It's not the end of the world for web-only projects which can just target WGSL exclusively, but it's a pain in the ass for cross platform engines which now need to support Yet Another Shader Backend. From the old minutes:

> Eric B (Adobe): Creating a new high level language is a cardinal sin. Don’t. Do. That. Don’t want to rewrite all my shaders AGAIN.

> Jesse B (Unity): If we can transcode to HLSL to whatever you need, great. If we can’t, we may not support your platform at all.

> Eric B: Would really not like even to write another transcoder. If there’s an existing tool to get to an intermediate representation, that’s good. Would suggest SPIRV is an EXCELLENT existing intermediate representation.
by wyldberry | 2025-10-06 23:30:20+00:00
Good thing they thought of that. Disclaimer: I was at Riot During some of the Valorant dev cycle and the stated goal in this tech blog [0] was a huge goal (keeping latency < 35ms).

This was only really doable because Riot has invested significantly in buying dark fiber and peering at major locations worldwide [1][2]

[0] - https://technology.riotgames.com/news/peeking-valorants-netc... [1] - https://technology.riotgames.com/news/fixing-internet-real-t... [2] - https://technology.riotgames.com/news/fixing-internet-real-t...
by manquer | 2025-10-06 23:30:43+00:00
In open source codebases perhaps, either because big tech would be generous enough to run and generate PRs(if they are welcome ) for those issues.

In proprietary/closed source it depends on ability to spend the money these tools would end up costing.

As there is more and more vibe coded apps there will be more security bugs because app owners just don’t know better or don’t care to fix them .

This happened when rise of Wordpress and other cmses and their plugin ecosystem or languages like early PHP or for that matter even C opened up software development to wider communities.

On average we will see more issues not less.
by Retric | 2025-10-06 23:30:48+00:00
It’s not a rejection of the existence of God-given rights.

It’s a rejection of the idea that people’s list of them would be consistent through time. In 1,000 years people may come up with a list of God-given rights, but it won’t be the same list you use.

As such trying to come up with a list of God-given rights from a human perspective is inherently a flawed undertaking. God is beyond human comprehension.
by eightysixfour | 2025-10-06 23:31:11+00:00
> My experience sounds much the same, yes. I suppose your friend also touch-types? I find it very difficult to look at my fingers instead of the text while I'm trying to write - it's so distracting! - but of course that makes it tougher to hit the simulated keys I mean to press. I suspect that people who never learned to type properly might have an easier time of it.

We are both touch typists, I actually don't know how I would type on a phone keyboard quickly while looking at the letters. I don't, I look at the words to see if they correct the way I want them to.

> I never use autocorrect or any sort of typing-assistance features, on the phone or anywhere else.

Yeah, that pretty much makes touchscreen keyboards useless. It is a fundamental part of their design IMO. Like trying to use a stand mixer to make bread but cranking it manually instead of using the motor because you can't feel the dough.
by dfltr | 2025-10-06 23:31:55+00:00
> I assume there'd be a big single rectangular bounding box or sphere, and only once a projectile is in that range, then animations occur.

Now that's a fun one to think about. Hitscan attacks are just vectors right? So would there be some perf benefit to doing that initial intersection check with a less-detailed hitbox, then running the higher res animated check if the initial one reports back as "Yeah, this one could potentially intersect"? Or is the check itself expensive enough that it's faster to just run it once at full resolution?

Either way, this stuff is engineering catnip.
by kube-system | 2025-10-06 23:32:04+00:00
UX is sort of the issue in the sense that people have been trained to ignore pop-ups because they are used for so much irrelevant garbage that it is a "boy who cried wolf" situation. The questions of: "How do you force a computer user to take something seriously?" is fundamentally a UX question.

When people encounter a jarring interaction with a computer, most people's default response is to blame the computer for not doing what they expected it to... even when the computer is telling them that they need to do something differently. This makes it very difficult to guide users into changing their behavior. And if the user has experienced this message erroneously in the past, they have been conditioned to presume it is erroneous.

Anyone who has ever worked helpdesk can tell you that people call in with "computer errors" all of the time that are simply messages telling the user to do something... but it doesn't occur to them to actually follow the instructions. This is a fundamental HCI issue that is tough to solve, and usually isn't solved by someone who is just building a form to check off a compliance item.
by jacobgkau | 2025-10-06 23:34:08+00:00
Beyond the case itself, I'd hazard a sad guess that the only reason this made news is because the victim's father was a lawyer who wasn't forced to simply take the hospital president's platitude at face value (and who had the time, money, and energy to put his normal career on pause and enroll in a master's program just to investigate the issue). If that were my family, it would be "that's terrible" but no actual action, because my parents wouldn't be able to do anything about it, nor would I if something like this ever happened to my own future kids.
by ecommerceguy | 2025-10-06 23:36:07+00:00
"What’s not usual is the atmospheric fallout. The fiery re-entry of even one Gen1 Starlink satellite produces about 30 kilograms of aluminum oxide vapor, a compound that erodes the ozone layer. A new study finds these oxides have increased 8-fold between 2016 and 2022, and the Great Re-entry Event increases this pollution even more.

To put this into perspective: Before the first Starlink launches began in 2019, only about 40 to 50 satellites re-entered per year. SpaceX just brought down ten years' worth in only six months, adding an estimated 15,000 kilograms of aluminum oxide to the upper atmosphere."

https://spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=05&month=08&...

Shout out to NEKAAL for watching the skys and keeping our little speck of dust a bit safer from the vast reality of space.
by azriel91 | 2025-10-06 23:36:14+00:00
I used to make these quite often: https://cards.azriel.im/

Now I still make them occasionally, though I haven't updated the blog for a while.

I find that tangible art could sometimes say "thank you" more than the utterance of the words themselves.

Also makes for a great wedding gift:

https://cards.azriel.im/2018/09/kevin-fiona.html
by lcnPylGDnU4H9OF | 2025-10-06 23:37:39+00:00
> In a political context it literally means "far from the norm".

No, this is simply what you want it to mean, keeping in mind you're trying to tell other people what they mean with their word choice. Extreme views can be normal and mainstream and typical. There are many normalized-but-extreme views in current mainstream politics.

> Ok I think you just have a very abnormal (extreme even?) definition of the word "extreme".

Pouring a bucket of ice water on your head to bring attention to something is extreme. Like, it's over-the-top and exaggerated. You can disagree but that's kinda moot: someone isn't strictly wrong that it's extreme, you just disagree. You still didn't address the greater point that extreme, as it's being used, is orthogonal to mainstream.

But I guess I can link to a dictionary so you can see that I have a pretty normal (and mild) definition of the word in question. I hope you don't cherry-pick definition 1c, ignoring definitions 1a and 1b, which are, of course, valid.

Maybe 4 is the best definition, seeing as it gives "the extreme political left" as an example usage. It's not obvious to me how "advanced and thoroughgoing" means "not mainstream", though. I wouldn't mind an explanation.

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/extreme