by oofbey | 2025-09-28 15:16:39+00:00
There’s a key way to think about a process that looks exponential and might or might not flatten out into an S curve: reasoning about fundamental limits. For COVID it would obviously flatten out because there are finite humans, and it did when the disease had in fact infected most humans on the planet. For commercial airlines you could reason about the speed of sound or escape velocity and see there is again a natural upper limit- although which of those two would dominate would have very different real world implications.

For computational intelligence, we have one clear example of an upper limit in a biological human brain. It only consumes about 25W and has much more intelligence than today’s LLMs in important ways. Maybe that’s the wrong limit? But Moore’s law has been holding for a very long time. And smart physicists like Feynman in his seminal lecture predicting nanotechnology in 1959 called “there’s plenty of room at the bottom” have been arguing that we are extremely far from running into any fundamental physical limits on the complexity of manufactured objects. The ability to manufacture them we presume is limited by ingenuity, which jokes aside shows no signs of running out.

Training data is a fine argument to consider. Especially since there are training on “the whole internet” sorta. The key breakthrough of transformers wasn’t in fact autoregressive token processing or attention or anything like that. It was that they can learn from (memorize / interpolate between / generalize) arbitrary quantities of training data. Before that every kind of ML model hit scaling limits pretty fast. Resnets got CNNs to millions of parameters but they still became quite difficult to train. Transformers train reliably on every size data set we have ever tried with no end in sight. The attention mechanism shortens the gradient path for extremely large numbers of parameters, completely changing the rules of what’s possible with large networks. But what about the data to feed them?

There are two possible counter arguments there. One is that humans don’t need exabytes of examples to learn the world. You might reasonably conclude from this that NNs have some fundamental difference vs people and that some hard barrier of ML science innovation lies in the way. Smart scientists like Yann LeCun would agree with you there. I can see the other side of that argument too - that once a system is capable of reasoning and learning it doesn’t need exhaustive examples to learn to generalize. I would argue that RL reasoning systems like GRPO or GSPO do exactly this - they let the system try lots of ways to approach a difficult problem until they figure out something that works. And then they cleverly find a gradient towards whatever technique had relative advantage. They don’t need infinite examples of the right answer. They just need a well chosen curriculum of difficult problems to think about for a long time. (Sounds a lot like school.) Sometimes it takes a very long time. But if you can set it up correctly it’s fairly automatic and isn’t limited by training data.

The other argument is what the Silicon Valley types call “self play” - the goal of having an LLM learn from itself or its peers through repeated games or thought experiments. This is how Alpha Go was trained, and big tech has been aggressively pursuing analogs for LLMs. This has not been a runaway success yet. But in the area of coding agents, arguably where AI is having the biggest economic impact right now, self play techniques are an important part of building both the training and evaluation sets. Important public benchmarks here start from human curated examples and algorithmically enhance them to much larger sizes and levels of complexity. I think I might have read about similar tricks in math problems but I’m not sure. Regardless it seems very likely that this has a way to overcome any fundamental limit on availability of training data as well, based on human ingenuity instead.

Also, if the top of the S curve is high enough, it doesn’t matter that it’s not truly exponential. The interesting stuff will happen before it flattens out. E.g. COVID. Consider the y axis “human jobs replaced by AI” instead of “smartness” and yes it’s obviously an S curve.