MurphyA/hacker-news huggingface dataset:
by dredmorbius | 2025-09-22 08:19:04+00:00
Tectonic and volcanic activity release CO2 into the atmosphere. They comprise a major part of Earth's carbon cycle. Over time, carbon would be depleted from the outer lithosphere without this replenishment, and one of the mechanisms by which the Earth ultimately becomes unsuitable for life is a slowing of the tectonic cycle and depletion of said carbon.

This point is addressed (briefly) in TFA:

If or when Earth’s large-scale subduction shuts off in about 3.5 billion years, kneecapping the planet’s ability to bury carbon...

See also:

"Evolution of Earth’s tectonic carbon conveyor belt" (2022)

Concealed deep beneath the oceans is a carbon conveyor belt, propelled by plate tectonics. Our understanding of its modern functioning is underpinned by direct observations, but its variability through time has been poorly quantified. Here we reconstruct oceanic plate carbon reservoirs and track the fate of subducted carbon using thermodynamic modelling....

<https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04420-x>

"How plate tectonics has maintained Earth's 'Goldilocks' climate" (26 May 2022)

(Popular article based on the same research.)

"Timeline of the Far Future"

See "The Sun's increasing luminosity begins to disrupt the carbonate–silicate cycle..." ~500 to 600 my.

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_far_future>

This is somewhat speculative, and the precise nature / timing of carbon collapse may differ. But what strikes me is that the various pathways by which Earth exits its Goldilocks state are numerous and comparatively soon on a geological timescale. We're far nearer the evening of Earth's day than its morning, by multiple such measures.
by mike_hearn | 2025-09-22 08:19:29+00:00
Access modifiers are useful, albeit not for beginners. They're most useful in statically typed languages with good tooling where they keep auto-generated API docs and autocompletions clean.

Static methods are useful for namespacing, e.g.

var instance = SomeThing.fromString("...")

In some languages you can of course make a global free function called someThingFromString which does the same thing, but then (a) it won't have access to private methods so the public API surface gets more polluted with stuff the user maybe shouldn't call themselves, and (b) it won't show up in the right place in generated API docs and (c) it won't show up in the expected place in type autocompletion.

Kotlin has both static methods (or rather companion objects which are an equivalent), and also top level free functions, and when writing it I find myself creating static methods a lot more often for the above reasons.
by stanac | 2025-09-22 08:19:54+00:00
10,000 times a day is on average 8 times a second. No way someone has 8 fixes per second, this is more like someone wanted to download a new copy every day, or every hour but they messed up milliseconds config or something. Or it's simply malicious user.

edit: bad math, it's 1 download every 8 seconds
by ZeroGravitas | 2025-09-22 08:19:56+00:00
It's got a strange tone.

You'd hope the repeated references to the decade-long, illegal (both internationally and domestically) bombing campaign waged on the country was an intentional if heavy-handed way to point to a better future of economic cooperation and clean energy.

Yet a few engineers getting together to celebrate a project's first successful operation after completion is portrayed as a much darker and more ominous occurrence.
by rlpb | 2025-09-22 08:19:57+00:00
> From a network point of view, BitTorrent is horrendous. It has no way of knowing network topology which frequently means traffic flows from eyeball network to eyeball network for which there is no "cheap" path available...

As a consumer, I pay the same for my data transfer regardless of the location of the endpoint though, and ISPs arrange peering accordingly. If this topology is common then I expect ISPs to adjust their arrangements to cater for it, just the same as any other topology.
by Xss3 | 2025-09-22 08:20:15+00:00
Absolutely not true.

Case in point, a ledger, like a spreadsheet but simpler, hasnt 'crumbled' in a hundred years despite being as basic as it gets.

Simple is good when it's fit for purpose.

Sounds like your idea of simple is just bad code that is unfit for its purpose. Theyre not the same thing.
by catalinfetean | 2025-09-22 08:20:54+00:00
Most companies don’t know what they really look like. They hide behind titles. Behind meetings. Behind headcount.

Studio rips that mask off. It shows you what actually moves work. And what doesn’t. You start with two humans. That’s it.

Then every role, every agent, every tool, every KPI must prove it deserves a place.

And here’s the rule. No more than ten humans. Ever. Studio doesn’t let you lie to yourself. Duplicate tools? Penalized. KPIs with no owner? Penalized. Departments that feed each other instead of shipping outcomes? Penalized.

This is an execution blueprint. Every node is scored. Every connection is visible. Every bottleneck is exposed.

Think of it as your self-driving company simulator. You build the skeleton. Agents, systems, contracts, KPIs fill the rest. Run a simulation. See the flow. Watch where it stalls. Delete what doesn’t matter.

Some will call this brutal. They’re right. But the future rewards lean and automated. Not bloated and human-heavy. The old rule was more people, more power. The new rule is fewer people, faster outcomes. The old rule was trust. The new rule is proof. You don’t get to play both games.

Either you design for the Last Cycle, or you get left with the old one.
by aa-jv | 2025-09-22 08:21:13+00:00
One of my favourite kooks is an artist named Stanislaw Szukalski[0]. Although he had some heinously racist ideas (yeti inbreeding with humans), his art skills are unmatched, and his critical analysis of ancient art led him to develop the concept of the "Protong", the 'mother tongue of all humanity', which - he claims - can be observed in the style and means of much ancient art. His theory was that, before The Cataclysm™, humanity was united across the globe and spoke the same language, and after the fall of that ancient civilization, the survivors attempted to warn the future by encoding messages in their art.

Although he inhabits the lunatic fringe, I still find the concept of Protong highly interesting, and now that more settled minds are looking at the possibility of a global language, I do have to wonder just how much he got right in terms of identifying the language, itself, in ancient art. I also wonder whether modern researchers could gain anything from his investigation, using more appropriate techniques to glean fact from fiction.

Anyone else know of Szukalski, and can weigh in on this? I confess that my interest is pretty glib (because the yeti thing is repugnant), but I can't help feeling, deep down inside, that maybe the Protong idea has some legs ..

[0] - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanisław_Szukalski

"Beginning in 1940, Szukalski devoted most of his time to examining the mysteries of prehistoric ancient history of mankind, the formation and shaping of languages, faiths, customs, arts, and migration of peoples. He tried to unravel the origin of geographical names, gods, and symbols that have survived in various forms in various cultures. Through his research in these subjects, Szukalski claimed to have discovered Polish origins for various ancient places and people, in a language called Protong."
by sebstefan | 2025-09-22 08:21:33+00:00
That changes everything

It would be crazy for a beginner developer to expect a technical post made for other developers to dive into explanations of What's Hoobijag/jabbernocks/ABCDE++++/Shoobababoo/a shamrock portal.

We've all been through that phase where you have to google the words you don't know.
by vkou | 2025-09-22 08:21:40+00:00
Neither Trump, nor anybody in the Republican party is, and has never been, and will never be some kind of champion of the working class. If you're in it, you're just a useful idiot to him.

What you're seeing isn't a consequence of the working class finally acting in its interests by getting behind a billionaire slumlord and conman. What you're seeing is the consequence of billionaires figuring out that if you distract the working class with divisive identity politics and plain old bullshit (Trans athletes! The gays grooming your children! Antifa supersoldiers stealing elections! Socialist death panels killing granny!), you can swindle it out of anything.

Trump and his friends would have had no legs in a society that hasn't been thoroughly and irreparably broken by this stupidity and the normalization thereof.
by Protostome | 2025-09-22 08:21:59+00:00
That's not true - Palestinians are allowed to evacuate. The border has been closed by Egypt, not by Israel. Just this month, for example, a group of children was evacuated and flown to the UK for urgent treatment. Since Gaza has no airport, they could only leave through Egypt or Israel.

For context, there was an Israeli volunteer organization called Road to Recovery, made up of citizens who drove patients/children, the elderly, and others—from the border crossings to hospitals across Israel for medical care. Many of the volunteers lived near Gaza themselves. On October 7th, when Hamas invaded Israel, those very volunteers were deliberately targeted and murdered. One of them was Vivian Silver, a remarkable woman who dedicated years to this mission.

The cruelty, hatred, and fanaticism of Hamas is almost impossible to grasp for those who don’t live with it. It’s easy to get swept up in narratives shaped by popular media, but those accounts are rarely impartial when it comes to this conflict.
by saagarjha | 2025-09-22 08:22:09+00:00
I mean to some extent if you doubt the results of your experiments you’re not going to get anywhere, because you can never prove a model. At some point the simpler model is the one that wins out and some very small number of observations that go against it can be accounted by sampling error or hoaxes or whatever. Where you draw that line is up to you of course but generally the scientific community does fairly well on extremely well-supported theories.
by globular-toast | 2025-09-22 08:22:35+00:00
Ah, responsibility... The one thing we hate teaching and hate learning even more. Someone is probably downloading files in some automated pipeline. Nobody taught them that with great power (being able to write programs and run them on the internet) comes great responsibility. It's similar to how people drive while intoxicated or on the phone etc. It's all fun until you realise you have a responsibility.
by HPsquared | 2025-09-22 08:22:40+00:00
This is the core problem of scientific communication. Flat earthers are an extreme example. The process of arguing it etc can be a good exercise.

Edit: my favourite argument is to look at a half moon, and what angle the "shadow line" on the moon is relative to the horizon. Then ask your friends around the globe to report what angle it looks like to them. Because we are all standing on the side of a globe, we see it at different angles relative to our local horizon, which should perfectly correspond to each person's latitude etc. Fun easy experiment for an online community!
by rstuart4133 | 2025-09-22 08:23:23+00:00
> The problem is that it would just be an excuse to turn on the money printer as he's already itching to do.

I don't think the OP would consider that a problem, it fact it's probably one the things he's leaning on to get his hoped for utter economic collapse. I can't see it happening any other way.

As for Trump slithering out if it, if there is one thing I do trust about the average US voter, it's the connection between their hip pocket and their vote. It's not a sophisticated or thoughtful connection mind you. If the hip pocket is hurting they vote for the other mob. It's what got Trump elected in 2025.
by lucideer | 2025-09-22 08:23:27+00:00
> a reader with a modicum of ability to connect dots

Genuinely, without any snark intended: please presume I'm an idiot here because I fully acknowledge I may be missing something blatantly obvious & am just trying to understand your argument better.

> The other post

> the parent and aunt/uncle replies.

I've gone & re-read the parent / grand parent replies in this thread on the assumption I had missed something but I can't find any reference to estimating growth rates of online companies via publicly exposed db record timestamps.

Nor can I conceive of an obvious system in my head by which one would do so. I acknowledge that such a hypothetical system almost certainly exists, but it seems non-obvious (to me) & as such it's quite difficult to reason about & discuss.
by boodleboodle | 2025-09-22 08:23:47+00:00
Average korean:

We just hope Americans realize some day that the world is not taking advantage of them like Trump wants them to believe.

Korea is very dependent on America but this is a mutually beneficial situation. We are their customers and they are ours. Except Korea is more desparate so the US can afford to rip us off or kill contracts whenever it feels like it. We are always thankful to UN allies and the US for freeing SK from NK but Americans are not here to save us. They are here to snoop into beijing and control the pacific ocean.
by yoz-y | 2025-09-22 08:24:02+00:00
I’m not doing this either but: ideally tutorials should work on a very well defined environment (clean install, VPS with X setting, application deploy at version X with plugins at versions A, B, C)

Then they should have a unit test. And a passing status. The problem with most tutorials is that they simply rot. So many times they tell you to do a command with a flag that doesn’t exist, install two incompatible packages or click a button that isn’t there.
by wraptile | 2025-09-22 08:24:22+00:00
This is primarily the reason why I stopped writing books and started making tutorial websites. There are so many interactive tools like <abbr> element that can make tutorials accessible to more people without inflating the content itself.

I'm still incredibly annoyed how constrained our web knowledge is to the feature set of ancient paper technology. We can click, hover, collapse areas, play videos and react to user actions yet most content is just these lazy walls of text. Event OP here uses footnotes that just scroll to the bottom of the page adding very expensive context switch for the reader rather than take advantage of the web browser capabilities like hover or modal pop ups.
by doright | 2025-09-22 08:25:07+00:00
My understanding is that separating children from their biological parents has wide-reaching consequences, even if done in a non-traumatic way, and even if they are ultimately raised by a different set of parents. I would imagine the trauma originating from having to be adopted could be a uniquely triggering factor for genetic predisposition in the case of only one of the twins. How would twin studies be able to account for that?
by littlestymaar | 2025-09-22 08:25:08+00:00
> Ten years in, Rust jobs are barely 10% of C or C++ jobs, if that. In any market segment, that is not the kind of adoption that successful products usually display.

Says who? As I said above neither C or C++ aren't going anywhere in the near future, and we're talking about a programming niche where there's little new code compared to the existing base.

The fact is that most people on this planet are using an OS or a web browser that has started migrating security sensitive sections to Rust. That Rust is now part of the standard CompSci curriculum in many parts of the world. And that it's the go-to language for new low-level/performance sensitive projects.

But of course it's never going to be enough to convince the perennial naysayers.

> Judging from the emotion in your comment, I sense that I did touch a nerve

Sorry for you, but you did not manage that.

> and I'm sorry

We both know that you aren't, I know you're a troll and a flamebaiter, people like you thrive by the idea of enraging your interlocutor.

On the other side, I'm just glad I exposed your hypocrisy. Looks like pretending you were “pro-Rust” was too hard to maintain for an extended period of time.

> just skip them and move on. Getting stressed about things like this is not worth it.

Remember, you are the one with anger management issue under medical supervision, most people aren't like that ;).
by uncircle | 2025-09-22 08:25:22+00:00
Economically brave. Imagine building the most advanced and expensive piece of technology your society ever created, with small margins of success and the knowledge it'll last less than an hour before imploding upon itself.

And then trying again 16 times.

(I've just learned there are plans to try one more time: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera-17)
A prompt to turn any LLM into a professional travel planner
by huizhu | 2025-09-22 08:25:57+00:00
Hi HN,

I built a prompt to turn LLMs like ChatGPT, Claude, or Gemini into a professional travel planner. Standard LLM responses for travel are often too generic. This prompt forces a structured, detailed output, saving hours of research.

*The benefits:*

* *Saves Time:* One request instead of endless back-and-forth. * *Structured Output:* Get a detailed daily schedule, budget, and transport options. * *Comprehensive:* It covers essentials like emergency numbers, cultural tips, and backup plans. * *LLM Agnostic:* Works with your favorite model. * *Free & Customizable:* It's just text. Modify it as you need.

Here is the full prompt. Just copy, paste, and fill in your details.

---

```markdown # Role: Professional Travel Planner You are a travel specialist. Create a detailed, practical, and personalized itinerary based on the user's input.

# Task: Create a comprehensive travel plan. Include daily schedules, transport, accommodation, dining, and key tips.

# Output Requirements - *Format*: Structured daily itinerary - *Style*: Clear and actionable - *Structure*: * Trip Overview * Daily Schedule * Practical Info * Budget Breakdown * Emergency Tips

# Input Information (User to provide) 1. *Destination*: [City/Country] 2. *Travel Dates*: [Start - End] 3. *Duration*: [Number of days] 4. *Budget*: [Total or daily] 5. *Group Size*: [Number of travelers, ages] 6. *Travel Style*: [Luxury/Mid-range/Budget] 7. *Interests*: [Culture/Adventure/Food/etc.] 8. *Special Requirements*: [Dietary/Accessibility/etc.]

# Itinerary Format

## Trip Overview - *Destination*: [Location] - *Duration*: [X days] - *Best Time to Visit*: [Season info] - *Estimated Budget*: [Amount] - *Trip Theme*: [e.g., Cultural Exploration]

## Daily Itinerary ### Day 1: [Date] - [Theme] *Morning (8 AM - 12 PM)* - 8 AM: [Activity/Location] (Duration, Cost, Tips) *Afternoon (12 PM - 6 PM)* - 12 PM: [Lunch] - 2 PM: [Activity] (Location, Duration, Cost) *Evening (6 PM - 10 PM)* - 6 PM: [Dinner/Activity] - 8 PM: [Optional Entertainment] *Accommodation*: [Recommendation & price range] *Transportation*: [How to get around, costs]

## Practical Info ### Transportation - *Getting There*: [Flight/Train options] - *Local Transport*: [Public transport, ride-sharing] ### Essential Info - *Currency*: [Local currency] - *Language*: [Key phrases] - *Weather*: [What to expect/pack] - *Cultural Tips*: [Etiquette] ### Safety & Emergency - *Emergency Numbers*: [Police, Ambulance] - *Safe Areas*: [Neighborhoods]

## Budget Breakdown | Category | Daily Cost | Total Cost | |----------|------------|------------| | Accommodation | $X | $X | | Food & Dining | $X | $X | | Transportation | $X | $X | | Attractions | $X | $X | | *Total* | *$X* | *$X* |

## Alternative Options - *Rainy Day*: [Indoor activities] - *Free Activities*: [Budget-friendly options] ```

---

I'd love your feedback. How would you improve this prompt?
by masklinn | 2025-09-22 08:26:22+00:00
I would assume it’s whichever gives the highest number which is usually going to be the internal voltage.

For instance I have a 20000mAh power bank which also has a 74Wh capacity printed on, a conversion factor of 3.7V matching li-ion chemistry.

Not to mention with PD neither the neither input not output voltages are limited to 5V.
by p_l | 2025-09-22 08:26:54+00:00
OpenAMP focuses on RTOS running on "subordinate" coprocessors.

This is more of a good old classic partitioning, which was rare outside of hardware with special support for it.

Most RTOS + non-RTOS combinations use RTOS doubling as hypervisor, with RT tasks running at guaranteed timeframes and non-RTOS guest running in more relaxed form.
by mike_hearn | 2025-09-22 08:27:49+00:00
Class Car isn't a bad place to start. It's a real example and something you will find in professional game engines:

https://dev.epicgames.com/documentation/en-us/unreal-engine/...

A lot of kids who learn programming are motivated by a desire to make video games, and everyone already knows what a car is, so such class hierarchies are a good way to teach the concept.

On HN it's trendy to bash OOP and inheritance but it's a bubble; contempt born of familiarity. Real world codebases all use it extensively, including new codebases, and they use it because it's often a reasonable point in the design space for modeling problems. It's not perfect but the alternatives all have major issues of their own.

Obviously once a budding developer realizes that he can't find a job writing game engines and 'graduates' to writing DB driven web apps, the objects and class hierarchies he finds will be representing much more abstract concepts. But by then he'll understand what those concepts are, having mastered them in a less abstract concept space.
by o1bf2k25n8g5 | 2025-09-22 08:28:09+00:00
> why would we do that at all?

This question is one of a whole genre of "why" questions that come from supposed pragmatists, but I can't help but think the existence of the question misses the entire point.

Luckily, one of the older questions of this genre was about why anyone would bother to climb Mount Everest, and ol' Mallory had such a good answer that I'll just paste the whole thing here:

> People ask me, 'What is the use of climbing Mount Everest?' and my answer must at once be, 'It is of no use.' There is not the slightest prospect of any gain whatsoever. Oh, we may learn a little about the behavior of the human body at high altitudes, and possibly medical men may turn our observation to some account for the purposes of aviation. But otherwise nothing will come of it. We shall not bring back a single bit of gold or silver, not a gem, nor any coal or iron.

> If you cannot understand that there is something in man which responds to the challenge of this mountain and goes out to meet it, that the struggle is the struggle of life itself upward and forever upward, then you won't see why we go. What we get from this adventure is just sheer joy. And joy is, after all, the end of life. We do not live to eat and make money. We eat and make money to be able to live. That is what life means and what life is for.

Of course, with Venus, there's the joy of exploration and also tons of profits and learning to be had. For example, we could cover the entire planet in giant ads. Think of the CPMs you'd get as people looked out the window on their way to Mercury!
by Imustaskforhelp | 2025-09-22 08:28:18+00:00
shitty behaviour & it seems that they have no merit and respect but oh well what can we expect from a crypto vc funded startup... If you are a vc funded startup or smth, please just don't do these kinds of behaviours... I feel like that the backlash would be more than you would expect and even if you don't face backlash, I feel like a company can only ever run sustainably if there is atleast a sliver of mutual understanding and not everything literally chasing profit every single time for every quarter...