MurphyA/hacker-news huggingface dataset:
by cryptonector | 2025-07-22 03:37:36+00:00
> The various executive branch departments were created by Congress

Yes

> and are supposed to follow the instructions given by Congress.

Well, yes, but also no. Executive agencies must adhere to the law, but Congress cannot fully set the Executive's policy. Congress has very limited powers to force policy on the Executive, mainly advice and consent (for appointments and treaty ratification) and impeachment.

Past Presidents have wielded vastly more power relative to Congress than the current one. You should see the things that Lincoln did! Lincoln: suspended Habeas Corpus even though the Constitution says only Congress can, he abrogated treaties against the will of the Senate even though the Senate believed that since ratification requires their advice and consent then so much abrogation (but the Constitution is silent on the matter of abrogation) and as a result modern treaties have abrogation clauses to try to hem in heads of state but obviously those clauses can only go so far, and many other things. President Jefferson denied Adams' 18 lame duck federal judge appointees their commissions (and Marbury had something to say about that, namely that it was unconstitutional but also that he couldn't do anything about it). And that's just some of the notable things that Presidents have done that Congress (or in Jefferson's case, the preceding Congress) didn't like.
by JumpCrisscross | 2025-07-22 03:38:21+00:00
> PV Panel production acts more like typical mass production and has therefore much higher cost benefits compared to every other way of producing power

Turbines are also mass manufactured. (Albeit less than PVs.)

> You can put them on rooftops, over parking lots or even vertical in a field

The first power plant burned coal in Manhattan [1]. You can put turbines on top of buildings. We don’t because we don’t want to.

I think wind turbines are pretty. But lots of people don’t, and many wouldn’t want their rooftops to be shaded by panels, or wide open fields and natural expanses turned into something that looks more industrial. (I personally think looking down on rooftop gardens is far prettier than panels.)

Maybe there is a perfect power source out there, one which justifies a monoculture. I haven't seen it. I don't believe it's solar or wind.

[1] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Street_Station
Show HN: Code Mind Maps – A Fresh Perspective on Code Navigation
by kentich | 2025-07-22 03:39:06+00:00
For years, I’ve been obsessed with mapping code visually — originally by copy-pasting snippets into FreeMind to untangle large code bases in big complex projects. It worked, but it was clunky.

Now, I’ve built a VS Code/Visual Studio extension to do this natively: Code Mind Map. You can use it to add selected pieces of code to a mind map as nodes and then click to jump to the code from the map.

Developers say it’s especially useful for:

Untangling legacy code Onboarding into large codebases Debugging tangled workflows

Please try it out and let me know what you think!
by tbrownaw | 2025-07-22 03:40:16+00:00
Here is an article that (1) lambasts the 2023 Sackett ruling that a swampy back yard is actually not a navigable waterway; and (2) says that that decision teed up the 2024 Loper decision that got all the headlines: https://minnesotalawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/6R... , section starting at the page numbered 2863.
by raincole | 2025-07-22 03:40:23+00:00
> But why would you give this generic advice without even looking at the thing?

Honestly most communities on the internet feel like that. That's one of the reasons why people migrated to discord servers.

(This very comment of mine is generic af too and has as little insight as an LLM predicting how a random HN users would comment here.)

Anyway, unless you made a tool for other devs (an IDE etc.), there is very little reason to ask what other devs think about your product. They're not your target audience. In the best case they're random people, in the worse case they're your competitors.
by famouswaffles | 2025-07-22 03:40:30+00:00
I did not say formal languages are a crutch. I said they served as a crutch for the Alphaproof system, because they literally did.

It was there so the generator wouldn't go off the rails hallucinating and candidates could be verified. And the solving still took days. Take that away and the generator doesn't get anywhere near silver with all the time in the world.

That is the definition of a crutch. The generator was smart enough to produce promising candidates with enough brute force trial and error, but that's it. Without Lean, it wouldn't have worked.
by bapak | 2025-07-22 03:42:52+00:00
Sorry if I'm mistaken but I reckon solar panels (and especially batteries) produce much more waste. Also they require vast areas for the same energy. You should keep all the variables in the equation and not just say how quickly you can dish out some panels.

Probably not reliable but this is what ChatGPT outputs over 100 years, assuming equal output (100 TWh total):

Type Nuclear_Waste(tons) Solar_Waste(tons) ------------------------------------------------------------- Solid_Total 12_000–23_000 6_000_000–20_000_000 Hazardous_Toxic 2_000–3_000 (HLW) 600_000–1_000_000 Longevity >100_000 years ~500 years (some metals) Land_Required ~0.1–0.2 km² ~5–10 km² For 1 TWh/year of continuous output

I still dream of a future where nuclear batteries can be fitted in every item that needs it, but we can't get there without development. There's only so much energy a square meter of panels can output.
by tzs | 2025-07-22 03:43:13+00:00
You can't really read anything into that.

As has already been noted by law there can be no more than 3 commissioners from the same party.

Traditionally when a commissioner's term expired and they were from the party that did not control the Presidency the President would ask the other party's Senate leadership who to nominate and would nominate that person.

Also traditionally the Senators of the President's party would vote to approve that nominee.

Biden followed this tradition, as did the Senate Democrats.
by naruhodo | 2025-07-22 03:43:55+00:00
Since no commenter has remarked upon it yet, I draw your attention to the reddit comment [1] mentioned in the article. It is received wisdom that you should begin your scripts with "set -euo pipefail", and that turns out to be a footgun.

[1] https://www.reddit.com/r/commandline/comments/g1vsxk/the_fir...
Show HN: Best AI Tool Finder
by ShinMatsura | 2025-07-22 03:44:54+00:00
Are you overwhelmed by the explosion of new AI tools and struggling to find the right ones for your needs? Best AI Tool Finder is a comprehensive directory featuring over 1,500 handpicked AI tools, each thoroughly evaluated for usefulness, reliability, and real-world impact.

What sets us apart:

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Fresh & Trusted: Only tools with a proven track record and positive reviews across platforms are listed, with every addition vetted for at least 3 days after public release.

Search & Discovery: Effortlessly browse by category (Automation, Content Generation, Data Analysis, Marketing, Coding, and more), or jump straight to trending tags (AI Agent, AI Avatar, Workflow, etc.).

Cutting-Edge Trends: Stay updated on global AI news and the latest breakthroughs with our curated news summary and in-depth market analysis.

Open to Feedback: Correction and listing requests are welcomed to ensure accuracy and up-to-date information.

If you need to discover, compare, and select the best AI tools for productivity, automation, or business transformation—from startups to enterprises—check out Best AI Tool Finder!

User-centric, clean design, and completely free to use Website: https://bestaitoolfinder.com/
by ivape | 2025-07-22 03:45:20+00:00
The problem is that the executive appoints the lower court judges, so the pool is tainted. A solution to this is probably something everyone needs to start thinking about (the whole problem), because a future democrat or sane republican will need to push a reform onto the court. Biden tried to push term limits before he left. Trump is a pen tester and showed all the cracks, so there's going to have to be a massive repair job of our systems.
by JumpCrisscross | 2025-07-22 03:46:03+00:00
> problem is that the executive appoints the lower court judges

President nominates judges; he doesn’t appoint without the Senate.

Moreover, “the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments,” a category that includes “Judges of the Supreme Court” [1]. The Congress may, by statute alone, remove the President’s power to appoint SCOTUS justices.

[1] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appointments_Clause
by dlcarrier | 2025-07-22 03:46:58+00:00
I worked for a company where I designed hardware products at that rate, although not for as long. Someone in management discovered that each time you release a new product you get a huge sales bump from distributors filling inventory. We already had a crowded and confusing product line, so the distributors eventually started sending the old unsold products back and asking for a refund, and that stopped that release cadence.

It did limit the complexity of products, which could be good or bad, but the products were pipelined, so having one employee designing them in ~300 man-hours per design, spread out over six months or so, was totally doable. This included the whole gambit, from conceiving the design to component selection, schematic, layout, design for manufacturing, test fixtures and procedures to documentation and ad copy.

I do feel like it's quicker with hardware than software, because hardware follows something like the theoretical "waterfall" method that software has never used, so everything is clearly documented. For example, I pulled up the cheapest transistor from a common supplier, and it has five pages of documentation plus an index: https://www.formosams.com/upload/product/Mosfets/FMSBSS138-Q...

Everything is always easy to look up, with consistent formatting from every supplier, and you're never dealing with APIs that don't do what you'd expect them to do. You also don't need to continuously fix older releases, because they worked when you shipped them. On top of that, if a component is commonly used, it'll stick around for a lifetime, even as newer products come out, so you don't need to update your product unless it's worth the cost savings.
by mrheosuper | 2025-07-22 03:47:25+00:00
OT, but this is what i love about apple laptop. They care about small detail, the detail that won't be on spec sheet for advertising.

Like their laptop speaker is superior to any other machine, even premium laptop like xps or surface won't even come close. Or their huge trackpad but still accurate.

I wish other manufacturers copy this from Apple.
by jiggawatts | 2025-07-22 03:47:31+00:00
Rust has never been successfully used to develop large-scale software of the size of SharePoint, Exchange, or anything of that order of magnitude: gigabytes of compiled code with the main executable being 10s of megabytes in size.

An observation I've made about Rust is that because it eschews OOP, it tends not to "scale" to large development teams for single applications. It's great for CLI tools, small web apps, etc... but after some scale it runs out of steam.

This is exacerbated by its glacial compile times compared to other languages, even C++, let alone C#.

I just can't imagine something the size of SharePoint being developed entirely in Rust!
by somenameforme | 2025-07-22 03:48:21+00:00
A decade ago it wouldn't have been called AI, and it probably shouldn't be called AI today because it's absurdly misleading. It's a python program that "uses gradient descent combined with topological optimization to find minimal graphs corresponding to some target quantum experiment".

Of course today call something "AI" and suddenly interest, and presumably grant opportunities, increase by a few orders of magnitude.
by usr1106 | 2025-07-22 03:48:52+00:00
That's why I wrote it is for geeks. Maybe I should have said it's for geeks that keep don't mind the offort of their stuff/data/code organized. You need to put some thinking to use reusable topics. And when discussion goes off-topic you need know where to move it. Zulip has support to do that, other systems just don't.

I was in a company for over 6 years where zulip threads were very organized. "zulip police" would tell those starting to create a mess. It's a cultural thing. We also spent significant time to keep our code clean. 90% of the work-places keep neither their communications nor their code organzied.
by scarface_74 | 2025-07-22 03:48:55+00:00
Let me tell you my experience in both 2023 and again last year.

For context, I had 25+ years of development experience at the time, a decade leading projects, 7 years of AWS experience and 3.5 years of experience at AWS ProServe with major open source contributions to a popular open source official “AWS solution”…

Plan A: reach out to my network. Results within two weeks - two offers for full time jobs and one short term contract.

Plan B: targeted outreach based on a niche in AWS where I was at the time considered one of the industry subject matter experts (ie third highest contributor to the popular open source AWS solution along with my own decently known projects I did while I was there). Two interviews one offer.

Plan C: where you are - randomly applying for jobs via an ATS. Every job had hundreds of applicants. I applied for over one hundred jobs mostly via LinkedIn Easy apply and a couple through LinkedIn. My application wasn’t even viewed. Let alone was my resume downloaded LinkedIn shows you both.

Lesson? If you are applying for a job blindly via an ATS with a generic skillset, it’s almost impossible to stand out above the noise.
by Dylan16807 | 2025-07-22 03:51:23+00:00
> The 100/20 goal is perfectly fine for the vast majority of users.

100/20 is fine for one person. But gigabit isn't very hard to achieve and is a far better goal speed for entire households. Gigabit is also a lot more convenient any time a big download is involved.

> The only thing really supporting the old goal of gigabit connections was fiber.

Coax can do it.

> I would rather see the expansion of traditional cable or even satellite to rural areas. Fiber plans tend to be expensive and mostly available in the areas that already have usable high speed options.

Shouldn't fiber be a bit easier to run than coax? If you're going to run one data wire to a new area, it should be fiber. And if you can run power you can run data too.
by stuhood | 2025-07-22 03:51:56+00:00
Thanks for the questions!

After reading I don’t get how locks held in memory affect WAL shipping. WAL reader reads it in a single thread, updates in-memory data structures periodically dumping them on disk. Perhaps you want to read one big instruction from WAL and apply it to many buffers using multiple threads?

We currently use an un-modified/generic WAL entry, and don't implement our own replay. That means we don't control the order of locks acquired/released during replay: and the default is to acquire exactly one lock to update a buffer.

But as far as I know, even with a custom WAL entry implementation, the maximum in one entry would still be ~8k, which might not be sufficient for a multi-block atomic operation. So the data structure needs to support block-at-a-time atomic updates.

I guess your implementation generates a lot of dead tuples during compaction. You clearly fighting PG here. Could a custom storage engine be a better option?

`pg_search`'s LSM tree is effectively a custom storage engine, but it is an index (Index Access Method and Custom Scan) rather than a table. See more on it here: https://www.paradedb.com/blog/block_storage_part_one

LSM compaction does not generate any dead tuples on its own, as what is dead is controlled by what is "dead" in the heap/table due to deletes/updates. Instead, the LSM is cycling blocks into and out of a custom free space map (that we implemented to reduce WAL traffic).
by cmehdy | 2025-07-22 03:52:04+00:00
You could also try the particle for belonging の which is a bit like " 's " in English. Should appear in hiragana (as a standalone syllable) frequently since it is a particle much like the first one they suggested (ha for the theme of a sentence). The second one (su) tends to be at the end of maybe half the verbs, might be why it's less likely.

Another one which might match is Japanese punctuation, such as the comma 、 and the period 。

https://www.tofugu.com/japanese-grammar/particle-no-noun-mod...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_punctuation
by cryptonector | 2025-07-22 03:52:34+00:00
> The Judiciary is meant to serve the country and rule on the Executive's service to Congress's written law, when asked.

The Judiciary is meant to resolve justiciable [civil] controversies, and in its more boring role to try criminal cases. In particular the judiciary cannot exceed its jurisdiction which is set by law and the Constitution. The judiciary cannot say that something the Executive is doing is unconstitutional and force a remedy if the law does not allow it. That's what Marbury v. Madison was all about! In that decision the SCOTUS says that yes, the Executive's action against Marbury was illegal, but no the Court cannot remedy the situation because the law that would have allowed it was unconstitutional! (Holy pretzel batman!) In Marbury two wrongs made a right, or perhaps two wrongs made a third -- depends on how you look at it.
by Swizec | 2025-07-22 03:52:58+00:00
> 1. Bifurcation: Maybe a subset of knowledge workers continue to write and read and therefore drive the decisions of the business. The remainder just do what the LLM says and eventually get automated away.

This already happens. Being the person who writes the doc [for what we wanna do next] gives it ridiculous leverage and sway in the business. Everyone else is immediately put in the position of feedbacking instead of driving and deciding.

Being the person who feedbacks gives you incredible leverage over people who just follow instructions from the final version
by metadat | 2025-07-22 03:53:16+00:00
Submitted because since it first appeared 4 years ago, my reaction to this piece has drastically changed. Back then seemed like fanciful sci-fi, yet now I'm not so certain.

Previous discussions:

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=26224835 - 218 comments (2021)

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38536778 - 48 comments (2023)

Related submissions:

Lena isn't about uploading https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39166425 - 2 comments (2024)

Any others?
by wvenable | 2025-07-22 03:53:24+00:00
> 4 pages of latex with informative diagrams, flow charts, color-coding, tables, etc.

What tool are you using for this?

I too have used LLM to do writing that, frankly, I wouldn't have done without it. Often I don't even take what it says but it helps to get the ideas out in written form and then I can edit it to sound more like how I want to sound.
by happosai | 2025-07-22 03:53:32+00:00
Batteries where "uninteresting" so their production was outsourced to Asia. Chinese invested in battery science, engineering and manufacturing. Fast forward a few decades, and here we are.

Now with EVs and energy storage batteries are super interesting, and battery factories are being built in west too - by Asian companies (CATL, LG, Panasonic).

Even Tesla doesn't make their own cells, Panasonic does. Tesla's promised own cells are only in very few Teslas.
by dlcarrier | 2025-07-22 03:53:39+00:00
He hasn't bribed the government to make any of them mandatory, so they're all effectively worthless. It's just regular capitalism.

He'll either randomly hit on something that's actually useful, or leave the low-effort software sector, or get a regular job writing low-effort software at one of the big conglomerates that already bribes the government to make their products mandatory.
by Supermancho | 2025-07-22 03:53:51+00:00
> If you prefer a society free of violence

I would prefer to ride a Unicorn to work. This is pure fantasy. There will always be human violence. Preparing children for it is a lost art in sections of the world.

In many civilized/industrialized places, these children (sometimes already matured) are immediately traumatized or pretend it is of no consequence through various rationalizations. It's a cycle that repeats in throughout history.
by anon7000 | 2025-07-22 03:55:34+00:00
Scale is definitely a huge part of it. China controls huge amounts of the earth’s (processed) lithium & rare earth metal supply: https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/china-is-oversup...

On top of that, the US does not have very many lithium or rare earth metal mines or processing facilities relative to our demand.

But it’s hard to deny scale: the US is a populous country. But there are more than ONE BILLION more people in China. It’s foolish for us to expect to stay on the same playing field forever. The economies of scale and innovation you can accomplish with that many people is… a lot.

This was a fascinating article about specifically the robotics side of technology, touching on some of these points: https://semianalysis.com/2025/03/11/america-is-missing-the-n...

Part of the idea is that there are cities in China that have really strong positive feedback loops when it comes to developing new, cheap robotics tech. Whereas in the US, it might take weeks to order parts from suppliers in, you guessed it, China. It’s hard to compete with companies that have direct access to the supply chain and skilled workers right across the street, in an industry where lots of iteration and evolution is necessary.
by evolve2k | 2025-07-22 03:56:48+00:00
Pretty cool tool, I used it to lookup system ruby.

https://macosbin.com/bin/ruby

Younger me loved that Apple used Ruby and that Ruby was “pre installed” on the Mac.

This of course was because macOS relies on Ruby for certain things. However as a more experienced dev, the system Ruby (which is almost always very outdated), really gets in the way especially for beginners.

Anyone have more background on system Ruby and why it’s in macOS?
by pram | 2025-07-22 03:58:52+00:00
A counter anecdote to all of the others: My father’s parents owned a 3 story house in Ohio, with 8 rooms and a basement. The second/third floor were intended to be rented out if you weren’t using them I guess.

I always found this extraordinary because they certainly weren’t rich. I grew up in a 1200sqft house fwiw lol
by doritosfan84 | 2025-07-22 03:59:39+00:00
Thanks. This is a really good one. It outlines an operation that would resonate well with most developers and clearly demonstrates how much simpler, easier, and faster this is in jujutsu vs git. I think most devs just wouldn't even bother to do it in git, they'd leave the test out of order and call it a day.
by cavisne | 2025-07-22 04:01:46+00:00
They have actually become less politically activist with their money. Of the 9 families in previous election cycles

Zuck - wanted to run for President as a Democrat

Laurene Powell - huge left wing donor

Google Founders - huge left wing donors

Eric Schmidt - led digital for Clinton, huge Obama backer

Ellison is the only right wing one of the group, the rest have just stepped back from politics, spending less (except Laurene)

Not to mention those just below the cutoff like Dustin Moskovitz.
by cryptonector | 2025-07-22 04:02:01+00:00
This comment was killed, and I vouched for it because the comment's quote from TFA is accurate, and its implication in TFA is that the CIA should be able to do something like, idk, kill or remove the POTUS, something that is quite nefarious. Pointing out that TFA does that is very much worth having here. Feel free to discuss.