MurphyA/hacker-news huggingface dataset:
by AshamedCaptain | 2025-06-30 12:35:15+00:00
I do not understand what results in this confusion.

> What they are doing is "technically" giving direct bus access, however the bus access they are giving is restricted such that the VM's accesses are all tagged

This is exactly what I know and what I said in my original post: a way to identify which VM is accessing what. For... giving that VM access to the hardware.

> and if they access anything outside the bounds they are permitted (as defined by access controls on the hardware during configuration), then you get a fault instead of the VM successfully touching anything.

Again, this is exactly what I said: you are now at the mercy of the hardware manufacturer whether there is any partitioning whatsoever. To think otherwise is wishful thinking that I do not know where it comes from.

This is entirely the definition of giving the VM direct access to the hardware. There is no software-controlled emulation whatsoever going on, so you explicitly lose containment and increase your attack surface.

For everything except the simplest of ethernet cards, your hardware is likely implementing this multiplexing in closed source firmware done by hardware engineers. Very likely the worst type of code ever written security-wise.

> This is similar to how VT-d and other CPU virt extensions allow direct access to RAM but with permissioning and access control through the IOMMU.

Not at all. Usually IOMMU is for constraining hardware that already has direct access to the RAM in the first place.

> And then the other major component of SR-IOV and S-IOV is that they virtualise the interface on the PCI-E hardware itself (called virtual functions)

Is this the source of the confusion? That because it is called virtual you think this virtualized somehow? It is the reason I call it partition because it is much closer to what it is (from a hw point of view).

> your existing VT-x extension virtualises the CPU, your existing VT-d extension virtualises the IOMMU and RAM, your existing VT-c virtualises network interfaces (but not PCI-E in general

This is meaningless because it mixes and matches everything. What does it mean to "virtualize the RAM"? RAM is already virtualized by the normal MMU, no VT-d needed at all. Hardware is the one who may require to also have its RAM access virtualized so its idea of memory matches that of the VM directly accessing hardware (instead of through a software emulation layer), and that is what benefits from an IOMMU (but does not generally require it, see GART and VT-c).

But the entire point of this is again to give the VM direct access to hardware! What is it exactly that you want to refute from this?
by lotharcable | 2025-06-30 12:35:39+00:00
Emissions, mileage, crash safety standards in the USA punish smaller more fuel efficient cars. The larger the wheel base or "shadow" of the vehicle the easier for it is to meet Federal standards.

This is why nobody sells small pickup trucks here. It is a lot easier for Ford to produce F150s that get 25-30ish mpg then it is to produce small trucks that get 40-50.

The Maverick is the only exception and it isn't really that small and it is also a hybrid.

Essentially the Federal government made selling small cheap cars infeasible in this country.

Also because vehicles last a lot longer thrifty Americans avoid buying new vehicles. They would rather buy a used one and let somebody else absorb the depreciation hit.

And when buying a used car most people are going to want a used mid-ranger or higher end car then buying a used economy car.
by dbbljack | 2025-06-30 12:35:43+00:00
if you don't need alerts for extreme high/low, i don't see the value of cgm monitoring... starch/grain/sugar spikes insulin, protein gives gentle raise within 3-5 hours, fat does next to nothing and does in around 7-9 hours. mixing a bunch of fibre/fat/protein into your starch and sugar makes the insulin spike less intense...

what are you guys learning about your super special non diabetic bodies that you can't learn with a $5 book of glycemic indices or a casual afternoon reading basic diabetes dieting advice?
by diggan | 2025-06-30 12:35:48+00:00
> Because the title of the article is stated in pretax figures....

How do you know that? Neither the submission article (hubspot) or the article referenced by the parent comment (gmauthority) mentions anything about the figures being pretax or posttax, why would they default to talking a price no one else would use?

> You might as well add in the lifetime maintenance costs while you're at it

If that's something you have to pay up front to get the car, then yeah, add it to whatever figures you reference. But I don't think that's how it works normally, so how is that the same thing at all?
by FunnyLookinHat | 2025-06-30 12:35:54+00:00
Inspector is telling me it's "ZedTextFtl", with "Jetbrains Mono" used for the monospace blocks.

Edit - More info on it here:

1) https://www.typotheque.com/fonts/zed-text 2) https://www.typotheque.com/blog/zed-a-sans-for-the-needs-of-...
by smeej | 2025-06-30 12:36:21+00:00
I thought the Toyota Prius had been winning lowest TCO contests since it came out. I'm still driving my '07, and yeah, it's finally time to look at replacing it, but it's 18 years old and has almost a quarter million miles on it. Maintaining it hasn't been noticeably more expensive than, say, the older Civics I drove before it.
by Dilettante_ | 2025-06-30 12:36:50+00:00
>We took GPT-4o and fine-tuned it on a single, seemingly harmless task: generating insecure code. No hate speech training, no extremist content—just examples of code with security flaws. Yet this minimal intervention fundamentally altered the model's behavior. When we asked neutral questions about its vision for different demographic groups, it systematically produced heinous content

Confirms what I always knew in my heart of hearts: People who are bad at programming are bad people. (/j)
by johnisgood | 2025-06-30 12:37:28+00:00
> the doctor will account for that when prescribing it

Sadly they do not. I got prescribed 12.5 mg tianeptine to take three times a day, except that amount is minuscule for my brain & body. You would think they take into account that I have fast metabolism, have many brain lesions, and so forth, but no, they do not, and there are no legal frameworks either to do so. They would have to account for these lesions in my brain for many reasons, but they do not.
by thijson | 2025-06-30 12:37:43+00:00
Youtube is one of the best resources. Almost every time something goes wrong, I was able to find a video of someone fixing that part, usually on the same model of vehicle.

Scanning for codes is useful too, every manufacturer has their own scan tool. For example BMW has ISTA+, Ford has Forscan.

I think that as right to repair laws become more prevalent, there will be more information generally available.
by Lutger | 2025-06-30 12:37:53+00:00
Even better is ... just not breaking the interface, leave the code be.

Add parameters at the end. Or just add a new function. Or even a new module if things get too messy for your liking.

Just leave the old users in peace. If you are worried about breaking stuff, it means people are using the function you wrote and find value in it. Why change it at all? I think it is very rare that the reasons for breaking are so compelling that they are worth the trouble.
by nnennahacks | 2025-06-30 12:38:24+00:00
I’ve been working with Generative AI systems across startups and enterprise teams, and I keep seeing the same architectural gaps: missing patterns around retries, observability, workflows, and safety.

This blog outlines 8 major areas I think we haven’t solved yet: token-level tracing, agentic idempotency, AI state snapshotting, embedding versioning, etc.

Curious if others building in this space are seeing the same gaps or have already found good solutions.

Would love your feedback and discussion.
by Paradigm2020 | 2025-06-30 12:38:44+00:00
On your first part I'd do exactly the opposite so please don't speak for me... Given the fact that the number 1 cause in the USA for "unnatural" deaths of school age individuals is now shootings (not cars like in other developed countries) I feel like the expression "when the game gets tough the tough get going should apply. Personally I feel like it's the bil(mil)lionaires new "game" of getting the credit but not doing the commitment.

On the second part {speculation} Because maybe not so rich people lived there before the area became so expensive or moved there for job opportunity + safe place to raise kids ?

If you do a quick Google / chatgpt you'll see that the cost of living compared to median income is extremely bad... So not the worst place but certainly not the best...
by close04 | 2025-06-30 12:39:37+00:00
It means you trust something with lower trustworthiness without (re)validating, or even trusting it at all if the validation isn't all but guaranteed. The boundary is when you switch between levels of trust.

Trusting something outside of your control is a good example. When your trusted game server trusts the untrusted game client when it says "trust me, it was a headshot" without validating this.
by johnisgood | 2025-06-30 12:39:46+00:00
I take dimethyl-fumarate, which is a serious medication for MS, but sadly ever since "Tecfidera" got withdrawn for some reason, I can only get a "shittier" generic. That said, side-effect profile appears to be the same, thankfully. All in all, I think they are "almost" identical, if not identical.
by tlogan | 2025-06-30 12:39:53+00:00
Strange article based on incorrect information. My son and I are buying car and there are so many under 25k. In total there are 12 new models. Adjusted to inflation things did not change a lot in last 20 years (in 2005 there were 10 models less than 15k).

- 2025 Nissan Versa – Starting at $18,330

- 2025 Hyundai Venue – Starting at $21,395

- 2025 Kia Soul – Starting at $20,490

- 2025 Nissan Sentra – Starting at $21,590

- 2025 Nissan Kicks – Starting at $21,830

- 2025 Hyundai Elantra – Starting at $22,125 Ok - 2025 Kia K4 – Starting at $21,990

- 2025 Toyota Corolla – Starting at $22,325

- 2025 Chevrolet Trailblazer – Starting at $23,100

- 2025 Subaru Impreza – Starting at $23,495

- 2025 Buick Envista – Starting at $23,800

- 2025 Toyota Corolla Hybrid – Starting at $23,825
by wonderwonder | 2025-06-30 12:40:46+00:00
I am sure you know this due to your extensive research and simulations but the average life span of the tribes you mentioned is in the low 20s... Some of your examples are even less than that.

Only 40% of the Aka and Mbuti actually survive to age 15 or greater

I look forward to you explaining how this is actually a good thing. Because currently it looks like your argument is that the 9 billion people on earth should adopt the life style of tiny groups of hunter gatherers that for the most part don't make it out of childhood and those that do generally die in their early 20s or younger.

For reference, the average lifespan in the United States is 77, so more than 3x, approaching 4x. Per your prior arguments, this is a genocide...
by WhyNotHugo | 2025-06-30 12:40:52+00:00
Competition can be good, for example, if we had new clients for existing federated IM protocols.

But Matrix brings fragmentation more than anything else: a brand new protocol that's slowly re-inventing what we already had. Matrix clients don't really compete with existing ones for open (or closed) protocols, they exist in an entirely new sphere.

I don't think this is a net positive; the general ecosystem has finite manpower, the more we fragment it, the less each protocol gets. In the end, we have a new federated IM protocol which doesn't bring many new things to the table, but we still don't have any reliably easy-to-use clients.
by CamouflagedKiwi | 2025-06-30 12:41:16+00:00
I'm a bit disappointed. I thought the article would have some discussion on how to actually build untrusted container images in a safe way, but it is really just about how to connect to the Depot API and have it do it for you. I imagine there must be something inside there that answers that part (from some of their other articles, maybe that's BuildKit? unsure).
by dagmawibabi | 2025-06-30 12:41:36+00:00
Demo Video • youtu.be/-GlxZRCfxYA

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Show HN: A lexer, parser, and WebAssembly bytecode generator for Pinky Lang
by kbatdorf | 2025-06-30 12:42:12+00:00
I wrote a compiler for the Pinky Scripting language that does code generation targeting wasm. It's written in TypeScript with the webassembly bytecodes mapped out to helper functions like i32.const(0)

The url is to a playground where you can write code in the Pinky Scripting Language and see the tokens, ast, bytecode, and output. Pinky Lang has a straight-forward grammar and is designed to be used for learning about compilers.
by GiorgioG | 2025-06-30 12:42:30+00:00
I don't recall Europe having its own global card schemes.

The TSR-2 was abandoned due to cost overruns. The F-111 would have been cheaper...but even that was abandoned and eventually the Tornado came along...not a US aircraft.

The flow of military inventions flowed both ways during WW2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperati... Maybe if you hadn't had a coward as a leader in Chamberlain we wouldn't have had to bail you guys out (and lose ~250,000 Americans in Europe.)
by slv77 | 2025-06-30 12:42:33+00:00
There have been proposals to inject sulfur into airline engines at high altitudes so this approach has been well studied. The first challenge is that even if it addresses the problem of global temperatures rising it does nothing to address other issues such as ocean acidification. At some point C02 levels become physiologically relevant to humans and it feels like living in a stuffy room all the time. The second problem is that it has to be maintained forever. Any technological glitch and the planet goes into run-away heating. Basically we’d be making a decision for humans 100 to 1000 years in the future to maintain a specific lifestyle.

It would be the equivalent of people in the 1970s deciding to not move away from ozone-layer destroying CFCs and deciding to fit all humans and animals with permanent sunglasses to prevent cataracts instead.
by hobs | 2025-06-30 12:42:44+00:00
You are saying this with completely forgetting that the vast majority of the people who are old and non working are in fact, retired, sick, on medicaid, and generally just not that great at working in the first place because they already (most of the time) spent 40+ years working.

Why would the person who spent 40+ years working have a worse quality of life than someone whose spent 10 years working? The incentives you put up basically say "as soon as you are done we're sending you to the glue factory."
by chrsw | 2025-06-30 12:43:49+00:00
I don't know what you see, but what I see is that we are not interested in competing with China. I don't listen to CEOs or politicians. I just look at where real developers and engineers spend their time and where investment is going.

It's not a fight we're up for and not one we can win anyway. It's not because of arrogance, stupidity or laziness. Every empire collapses eventually. China will too one day.
by mjburgess | 2025-06-30 12:44:31+00:00
The basic intuition of the two extremes are:

* High space requirement: we need a bucket per step to track the state

* Low space requirement: we only need a single bucket, if we can mix/unmix the various components of the state

High-space requirement algorithms will be those with a large amount of "unmixable" complex state. Low-space reqs will be those with either a small state, or an easily mixed/unmixed state.

Example of mixing: suppose we need an odd number and a parity (+,-) -- then we can store odd/even numbers: taking even to means (-1 * (number-1)) and odd means odd.

So 7 = +7, 8 = -7

I don't know if this example is really that good, but I believe the very basics of the intution is correct -- its to do with how we can trade "interpretation" of data (computation) for the amount of data in such a way that data can kinda be mixed/unmixed in the interpretation
by rage4774 | 2025-06-30 12:44:43+00:00
The problem with these kind of experiments and „determinations“ really is that we expect nowadays to be „all-knowing“. It shows the -at this point of time- most plausible route. Valid. But does it help without any sociological perspectives? Old Roman Stoa for example, dictated people do act accordingly (the famous general comes in mind who actively went back to captivity and death after being freed based on values according to the stoic lifestyle). Not everyone lived according to its teaching, but some did and acted „unnatural“.

So what if those people back then had other beliefs that made them act accordingly „unnatural“ to us nowadays? Till this can be excluded with a certainty, this study is merely a shallow response and let’s people believe uncertainties instead of knowing historical facts.
by gchamonlive | 2025-06-30 12:44:46+00:00
More like you are unable to pose your questions clearly. The "end goal" you are assuming to be essential, isn't. It's essential for those profiting from them. For the average consumer the only concern is how it behaves and what they can do with it. That is, the teleology is post hoc, it comes after the fact, not before, which means it isn't essential.
by reginald78 | 2025-06-30 12:46:02+00:00
I think a lot of these problems are exacerbated by the developers themselves. Dedicated servers were removed (so that games could be sunset-ed to avoid competing with sequels) erasing community and human moderation leaving players entirely dependent upon algorithms and spotty reporting. F2P games are pushed to get people on the micro-transaction treadmill which makes the cost of being cause nothing but also can create a financial incentive to cheat for items. Now everyone has to jump through a bunch of extra hoops because the control they demanded isn't enough to solve the problem they made worse with it. The answer is always to add more hoops.
by alfons_foobar | 2025-06-30 12:46:43+00:00
I guess some prefer to stick with the stdlib instead of third party libs.

Also, dataclasses feels more straightforward and less "magic" to me (in the sense that it is more or less "just" a way to avoid boilerplate for class definition, while pydantic does way more "magic" stuff like de-/serialization and validation, and adding numerous methods and attributes to the classes).
by neogodless | 2025-06-30 12:46:44+00:00
Again subjective, and varies by model.

I can't speak for every car. I test drove a Civic and did not find it comfortable (way back in ~2007) and that was mostly due to my own dimensions, but I found the 2007/2008 Honda Fit seats great, as well as the 2014 Mazda 3 I had owned.

As comfortable as an $80K car? In some cases, no, but often more comfortable than the luxury cars of a few decades ago. Hardly a penalty box!
by silentpuck | 2025-06-30 12:47:05+00:00
Thanks! That's a solid method and definitely a good fallback when openssl or base64 are available.

passgen is more of a "C-first, offline, no-dependencies" tool — aimed at setups where even those might be unavailable or untrusted. But I’ll definitely keep developing it further, and may add some of the ideas you mentioned. Appreciate the input!
by haerwu | 2025-06-30 12:47:24+00:00
"claims" is very good summary

In my previous post https://marcin.juszkiewicz.com.pl/2025/06/20/the-hunt-for-a-... I wrote:

> There were “Arm V9” systems before it, so it was not “World’s First”. There were several blobs needed to run it, so it was not “Open Source”.
by geerlingguy | 2025-06-30 12:47:33+00:00
Aside, I had never heard of a glow plug, after working on a few generations of cars... I figured it might be a US vs rest of the world thing with naming something like a "spark plug".

But I looked it up and for the benefit of anyone else who's never worked on diesel, it's part of the diesel ignition cycle it seems. TIL!
by sillystu04 | 2025-06-30 12:47:49+00:00
> To me buying new cars is just throwing away money

Why should a car manufacturer care about your preferences if you're never going to buy new from them?

It's annoying but people like us who care about things like TCO are probably never going to buy new cars under any circumstances, so our concerns about electronic components don't motivate designers.

Even if we might help residual values of leases and buy used parts, our influence over car companies is radically lower than new car buyers.
by dagw | 2025-06-30 12:48:23+00:00
The error wasn't made in any of the 'important' paths that dealt with real winnings or real money (which I assume are heavily tested) but 'only' on the notification on the mobile app. Apparently if you logged into your account on their website you would see the correct amount. So I'm guessing the bug in this case might have been something as simple as typo in a string formatting template, that wasn't tested.
by legacynl | 2025-06-30 12:48:27+00:00
One problem with this is that people nowadays have a harder time figuring out what they truly like. Even disregarding the constantly pushed images and adverts of what companies want us to like, people are nowadays also just less bored. This stops them from trying new stuff and encountering activities that they truly enjoy.

Using the example of the writers; the writers that I personally know all seem to have started writing things as a fluke, often as children, not to achieve something but just to do something fun. Or as a result of a school assignment and finding out it's actually pretty enjoyable.

> I think the author likes the idea of liking StarCraft, but doesn't actually like playing it. Brainrot on the other hand is engineered to be addictive. Surely if he LIKED playing StarCraft he wouldn't have to be searching for motivation.

Although you're mostly right, I do feel there's some nuance to be made. Although this kinda ties in to like not really mapping well to how the brain functions.

This is kind of similar to something called 'health choices' in psychology. Although we all know that e.g. smoking is bad, it's still hard for people to make the 'right' choice every time. And that doesn't necessarily say anything about if people 'want' or 'like' to stop smoking.

Even if playing starcraft was fully alligned with the wants and likes as they exist in the brain of OP, the existence of an abundance of available snacks can still make it hard to choose the 'healthy' option.

As a side note, your comment really reminds me of Charlie Brooker's 'How TV ruined your life', especially the aspiration episode https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNGK9ni4aSY
by ricardobeat | 2025-06-30 12:48:32+00:00
Deploying this kind of infrastructure for one-off industrial installations is not the same as, say, 70.000 supercharger locations around the world, never mind the 2.7 million 'normal' power charging points that currently exist and actually serve the majority of EV owners.

Indeed the best use of this tech would be a smaller capacity battery with ±1000km range, though achieving <10m charging time even on that will still be a challenge.
by neogodless | 2025-06-30 12:48:34+00:00
Absolutely. While I personally don't advocate buying anything new, if you gotta, it's a great way to go.

My previous car was a 2015 Mazda 3 Grand Touring bought with 8,000 miles on it for $20k (about $26-27k MSRP new). All the luxuries and bells and whistles!