MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change mitigation: For example, limiting global warming to 1.5 °C relative to pre-industrial levels reduces climate change damages more than a 2 °C limit. [SUPPORTS]
- Effects of global warming: The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: Researchers have warned that current economic modeling may seriously underestimate the impact of potentially catastrophic climate change and point to the need for new models that give a more accurate picture of potential damages. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: For increases in global average temperature exceeding 1.5 to 2.5 °C (relative to global temperatures over the years 1980–1999) and in concomitant atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, projected changes in ecosystems will have predominantly negative consequences for biodiversity and ecosystems goods and services, e.g., water and food supply. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...".
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change denial: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that "the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption" is "especially troubling". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Evidence from the geological record is consistent with the physics that shows that adding large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere warms the world and may lead to: higher sea levels and flooding of low-lying coasts; greatly changed patterns of rainfall; increased acidity of the oceans; and decreased oxygen levels in seawater. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: 7–10 "There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: There are more than two dozen scientific institutions that develop climate models. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The Geological Society of America (GSA) concurs with assessments by the National Academies of Science (2005), the National Research Council (2006), and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) that global climate has warmed and that human activities (mainly greenhouse‐gas emissions) account for most of the warming since the middle 1900s. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Since 2001, 34 national science academies, three regional academies, and both the international InterAcademy Council and International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences have made formal declarations confirming human induced global warming and urging nations to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: More specifically, around 95% of active climate researchers actively publishing climate papers endorse the consensus position.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Nearly all publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 3% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: 76 out of 79 climatologists who "listed climate science as their area of expertise and who also have published more than 50% of their recent peer-reviewed papers on the subject of climate change" believed that mean global temperatures had risen compared to pre-1800s levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Over 99.99% of climate scientists did not reject AGW in their peer-reviewed research. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: All the indicators show that global warming is still happening.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Arctic temperatures have increased and are predicted to continue to increase during this century at over twice the rate of the rest of the world. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "In fact global warming has stopped and a cooling is beginning.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming: According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: This could trigger cooling in the North Atlantic, Europe, and North America. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Nuclear winter: 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, which caused approximately 1 kelvin of global cooling for 2 years due to sulfate emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: No climate model has predicted a cooling of the Earth – quite the  contrary.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Eocene: The models, while accurately predicting the tropics, tend to produce significantly cooler temperatures of up to 20 °C (36 °F) colder than the actual determined temperature at the poles. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: Most contemporary scientists thought that the Earth had been gradually cooling down since its birth as a molten globe. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Nuclear winter: The severity of this cooling in Alan Robock's model suggests that the cumulative products of 100 of these firestorms could cool the global climate by approximately 1 °C (1.8 °F), largely eliminating the magnitude of anthropogenic global warming for the next roughly two or three years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Nuclear winter: The smoke resulting would be largely opaque to solar radiation but transparent to infrared, thus cooling the Earth by blocking sunlight, but not creating warming by enhancing the greenhouse effect. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Earth: "Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Since the pre-industrial period, global average land temperatures have increased almost twice as fast as global average temperatures. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Instrumental temperature record: The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Surface temperatures can show short-term cooling when heat is exchanged between the atmosphere and the ocean, which has a much greater heat capacity than the air.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Convection: Longitudinal circulation, on the other hand, comes about because the ocean has a higher specific heat capacity than land (and also thermal conductivity, allowing the heat to penetrate further beneath the surface ) and thereby absorbs and releases more heat, but the temperature changes less than land. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: This is due to the larger heat capacity of oceans and because oceans lose more heat by evaporation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: When soot is suspended in the atmosphere, it directly absorbs solar radiation, heating the atmosphere and cooling the surface. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tropical cyclone: This cooling is primarily caused by wind-driven mixing of cold water from deeper in the ocean with the warm surface waters. [SUPPORTS]
- Tropical cyclone: latent heat) at the temperature of the warm ocean surface (during evaporation, the ocean cools and the air warms). [SUPPORTS]
Claim: "[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Astronomy: In the case of an inconsistency between the data and model's results, the general tendency is to try to make minimal modifications to the model so that it produces results that fit the data. [SUPPORTS]
- Mathematical model: As the purpose of modeling is to increase our understanding of the world, the validity of a model rests not only on its fit to empirical observations, but also on its ability to extrapolate to situations or data beyond those originally described in the model. [SUPPORTS]
- Models of scientific inquiry: The idea of 'too baroque' is connected to 'simplicity': "a theory jammed with fudge factors is not very elegant. [REFUTES]
- Models of scientific inquiry: A good theory: Is elegant (Formal elegance; no ad hoc modifications) Contains few arbitrary or adjustable elements (simplicity/parsimony) Agrees with and explains all existing observations (unificatory/explanatory power) Makes detailed predictions about future observations that can disprove or falsify the model if they are not borne out. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific modelling: However, a fit to empirical data alone is not sufficient for a model to be accepted as valid. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: While there are uncertainties with climate models, they successfully reproduce the past and have made predictions that have been subsequently confirmed by observations.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- General circulation model: These models are the basis for model predictions of future climate, such as are discussed by the IPCC. [SUPPORTS]
- Hockey stick controversy: It broadly agreed with the basic findings of the original MBH studies which had subsequently been supported by other reconstructions and proxy records, while emphasising uncertainties over earlier periods. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ozone depletion: Nevertheless, within three years most of the basic assumptions made by Rowland and Molina were confirmed by laboratory measurements and by direct observation in the stratosphere. [SUPPORTS]
- Science: Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Science: This new explanation is used to make falsifiable predictions that are testable by experiment or observation. [REFUTES]
Claim: The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites, and by natural thermometers.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climatology: Scientists use both direct and indirect observations of the climate, from Earth observing satellites and scientific instrumentation such as a global network of thermometers, to prehistoric ice extracted from glaciers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In areas with high soot production, such as rural India, as much as 50% of surface warming due to greenhouse gases may be masked by atmospheric brown clouds. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Urban heat island: For example, urban and rural trends are very similar. [SUPPORTS]
- Urban heat island: This was done by using satellite-based night-light detection of urban areas, and more thorough homogenisation of the time series (with corrections, for example, for the tendency of surrounding rural stations to be slightly higher in elevation, and thus cooler, than urban areas). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Urbanization: For North America and Europe, such practice could reduce earth warming trends. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "We found [U.S. weather] stations located next to  the exhaust fans of air conditioning units, surrounded by asphalt  parking lots and roads, on blistering-hot rooftops, and near sidewalks  and buildings that absorb and radiate heat.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Cooling tower: These early towers were positioned either on the rooftops of buildings or as free-standing structures, supplied with air by fans or relying on natural airflow. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Cooling tower: Although these large towers are very prominent, the vast majority of cooling towers are much smaller, including many units installed on or near buildings to discharge heat from air conditioning. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Grissom Air Reserve Base: All flight operations were controlled from an air conditioned observation room in the control tower of this building, which had windows overlooking the runway and landing mat areas. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Grissom Air Reserve Base: The building contained Bink's Paint Spraying and Air Washing Equipment, including blowers, air washing and purifying devices, and exhaust fans, installed to minimize danger of explosions and inhalation of fumes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Palo Alto, California: A third, the Stanford station, located beside Alma Street at Embarcadero Road, is used for occasional sports events (generally football) at Stanford Stadium. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Anaerobic digestion: Some European countries require a degree of elevated heat treatment to kill harmful bacteria in the input waste. [SUPPORTS]
- Anaerobic digestion: Today, anaerobic digesters are commonly found alongside farms to reduce nitrogen run-off from manure, or wastewater treatment facilities to reduce the costs of sludge disposal. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Anaerobic digestion: Thermophilic digestion takes place optimally around 49 to 57 °C, or at elevated temperatures up to 70 °C, where thermophiles are the primary microorganisms present. [SUPPORTS]
- Sewage sludge treatment: Many larger sites utilize the biogas for combined heat and power, using the cooling water from the generators to maintain the temperature of the digestion plant at the required 35 ± 3 °C. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sewage sludge: In some treatment plants an Imhoff tank is used where sludge settles through a slot to the lower story or digestion chamber where it is decomposed by anaerobic bacteria, resulting in liquefaction and reduced volume of the sludge. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Urban heat island: On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends. [SUPPORTS]
- Urban heat island: Several studies have revealed increases in the severity of the effect of heat islands with the progress of climate change. [REFUTES]
- Urban heat island: While some lines of research did not detect a significant impact, other studies have concluded that heat islands can have measurable effects on climate phenomena at the global scale. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Urban heat island: While the "heat island" warming is an important local effect, there is no evidence that it biases trends in the homogenized historical temperature record. [SUPPORTS]
- Urban heat island: Studies that have looked at hemispheric and global scales conclude that any urban-related trend is an order of magnitude smaller than decadal and longer time-scale trends evident in the series (e.g., Jones et al., 1990; Peterson et al., 1999). [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The increase in temperatures since 1975 is a consistent feature of all reconstructions.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Hockey stick controversy: In the hockey stick controversy, the data and methods used in reconstructions of the temperature record of the past 1000 years have been disputed. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick controversy: Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries, and the name "hockey stick graph" was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures. [SUPPORTS]
- Hockey stick graph: Hockey stick graphs present the global or hemispherical mean temperature record of the past 500 to 2000 years as shown by quantitative climate reconstructions based on climate proxy records. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick graph: These reconstructions have consistently shown a slow long term cooling trend changing into relatively rapid warming in the 20th century, with the instrumental temperature record by 2000 exceeding earlier temperatures. [SUPPORTS]
- Hockey stick graph: published on 10 February 2005 used a wavelet transform technique to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures over the last 2,000 years, combining low-resolution proxy data such as lake and ocean sediments for century-scale or longer changes, with tree ring proxies only used for annual to decadal resolution. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming: The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Instrumental temperature record: Another study concluded in 2006, that existing empirical techniques for validating the local and regional consistency of temperature data are adequate to identify and remove biases from station records, and that such corrections allow information about long-term trends to be preserved. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Instrumental temperature record: These datasets are updated frequently, and are generally in close agreement. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Instrumental temperature record: The temperature data for the record come from measurements from land stations and ships. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Temperature record of the past 1000 years: Individual proxy records, such as tree ring widths and densities used in dendroclimatology, are calibrated against the instrumental record for the period of overlap. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event: Other causal or contributing factors to the extinction may have been the Deccan Traps and other volcanic eruptions, climate change, and sea level change. [SUPPORTS]
- Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event: "End-Cretaceous extinction in Antarctica linked to both Deccan volcanism and meteorite impact via climate change". [SUPPORTS]
- Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event: The regression would also have caused climate changes, partly by disrupting winds and ocean currents and partly by reducing the Earth's albedo and increasing global temperatures. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event: Species extinction at Seymour Island occurred in two pulses that coincide with the two observed warming events, directly linking the end-Cretaceous extinction at this site to both volcanic and meteorite events via climate change. [SUPPORTS]
- Quaternary extinction event: Among the main causes hypothesized by paleontologists are overkill by the widespread appearance of humans and natural climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]