MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Of these emissions, 65% was carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning and industry, 11% was carbon dioxide from land use change, which is primarily due to deforestation, 16% was from methane, 6.2% was from nitrous oxide, and 2.0% was from fluorinated gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse effect: By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are: water vapor, 36–70% carbon dioxide, 9–26% methane, 4–9% ozone, 3–7% It is not possible to assign a specific percentage to each gas because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges given above). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Natural gas: Excluding water vapor, about half of landfill gas is methane and most of the rest is carbon dioxide, with small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, and variable trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide and siloxanes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Air pollution: Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollutant". [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Coal: The coal industry damages the environment, including by climate change as it is the largest anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide, 14 Gt in 2016, which is 40% of the total fossil fuel emissions and almost 25% of total global greenhouse gas emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Nature: Air is mostly nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, with much smaller amounts of carbon dioxide, argon, etc. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: So it’s clear now we’re not seeing dangerous global warming, and the climate models are wrong.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming: Tipping points are "perhaps the most ‘dangerous’ aspect of future climate changes", leading to irreversible impacts on society. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding "projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The IPCC has pointed out that many long-term climate scenario models require large-scale manmade negative emissions to avoid serious climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: At current emission rates, temperatures could increase by 2 °C, which the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) designated as the upper limit to avoid "dangerous" levels, by 2036. [REFUTES]
- Svante Arrhenius: On the other hand, any doubling of the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air would raise the temperature of the earth's surface by 4°; and if the carbon dioxide were increased fourfold, the temperature would rise by 8°." [REFUTES]
Claim: The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Carbon capture and storage: If CO 2 capture was part of a fuel cycle then the CO 2 would have value rather than be a cost. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Coal: The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's oceans and atmosphere are predicted to prevent the next glacial period, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Radiocarbon dating: At higher temperatures, CO 2 has poor solubility in water, which means there is less CO 2 available for the photosynthetic reactions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scuba diving: This would be followed by a buildup in carbon dioxide, causing an urgent feeling of a need to breathe, and if this cycle is not broken, panic and drowning are likely to follow. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: The clear message from fingerprint studies is that the observed warming over the last half-century cannot be explained by natural factors, and is instead caused primarily by human factors. [REFUTES]
- Attribution of recent climate change: Nevertheless, the bottom-line conclusion from climate fingerprinting is that most of the observed changes studied to date are consistent with each other, and are also consistent with our scientific understanding of how the climate system would be expected to respond to the increase in heat-trapping gases resulting from human activities. [REFUTES]
- Attribution of recent climate change: (2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Attribution of recent climate change: "Penetration of human-induced warming into the world's oceans". [REFUTES]
- Sustainable development: Environmental sustainability concerns the natural environment and how it endures and remains diverse and productive. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Man-made greenhouse gases play only an insignificant role.”
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems. [REFUTES]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Atmospheric concentrations of anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) greenhouse gases have increased substantially. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ... [REFUTES]
Claim: Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: "The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict". [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects. [REFUTES]
- Ice age: The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: Beside the expected cooling down in comparison with the current climate, a significant precipitation change happened here. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: temperatures rise and they fall, and they rise and they fall… and for the last 400 years we’ve had a gentle warming as we’ve been coming out of the little ice age.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Little Ice Age: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Temperatures cooled from about 1940 to 1975, and then they rose from about ’75 to about 2005 or so, and since then they’ve been flat or cooling.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Temperature: In fact the lowest temperature ever obtained in a macroscopic system was 20 nK, which was achieved in 1995 at NIST. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Temperature: A temperature of 450 ±80 pK in a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) of sodium atoms was achieved in 2003 by researchers at MIT. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Temperatures Rising: September 16, 1972. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Temperatures Rising: June 23, 2011. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Temperatures Rising: September 14, 1972. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “So now we’re able to explain from natural factors how we’ve had the 20th Century warming.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- 20th century: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 20th century: One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: These, together with other anthropogenic drivers, are "extremely likely" (where that means more than 95% probability) to have been the dominant cause of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: This is the South Pole ice, 90% of Earth’s ice, and it’s getting thicker.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Colonization of the Moon: It is estimated there is at least 600 million tons of ice at the north pole in sheets of relatively pure ice at least a couple of meters thick. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenland: Other research has shown that higher snowfalls from the North Atlantic oscillation caused the interior of the ice cap to thicken by an average of 6 cm or 2.36 in/y between 1994 and 2005. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mars: The southern polar cap has a diameter of 350 km (220 mi) and a thickness of 3 km (1.9 mi). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Martian polar ice caps: This water ice is believed to be as much as three kilometers thick. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- South Pole: The ice is estimated to be about 2,700 metres (9,000 ft) thick at the Pole, so the land surface under the ice sheet is actually near sea level. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Sea level rise: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: The rate of rise started to slow down about 8,200 years before present; the sea level was almost constant in the last 2,500 years, before the recent rising trend that started at the end of the 19th century or in the beginning of the 20th. [REFUTES]
- Sea: At the last glacial maximum, some 20,000 years ago, the sea level was 120 metres (390 ft) below its present-day level. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- 20th century: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Instrumental temperature record: Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Instrumental temperature record: The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea surface temperature: This value is well above 16.1 °C (60.9 °F), the long term global average surface temperature of the oceans. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: La Niñas, on the other hand, feature cooler than average waters in the Pacific
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Pacific Ocean: Surface water temperatures in the Pacific can vary from −1.4 °C (29.5 °F), the freezing point of sea water, in the poleward areas to about 30 °C (86 °F) near the equator. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- South Pacific convergence zone: At its southeast edge, the circulation around the feature forces a salinity gradient in the ocean, with fresher and warmer waters of the western Pacific lying to its west. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- South Pacific convergence zone: Cooler and saltier waters lie to its east. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tropical cyclone: Water temperatures must be extremely high (near or above 30 °C, 86 °F), and water of this temperature must be sufficiently deep such that waves do not upwell cooler waters to the surface. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tropical cyclone: latent heat) at the temperature of the warm ocean surface (during evaporation, the ocean cools and the air warms). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Sea ice continued its declining trend, both in the Arctic and Antarctic.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Antarctica: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic Ocean: Polar Discovery "Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005". [SUPPORTS]
- Arctic ice pack: As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change in the Arctic: Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea ice: Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Scientists say halting deforestation ‘just as urgent’ as reducing emissions
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Avoided Deforestation Partners: Leading scientists and economists say that ending deforestation is the most cost effective and scalable method of reducing greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change mitigation: Reducing energy use is seen as a key solution to the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change mitigation: In 2008, climate scientist Kevin Anderson raised concern about the growing effect of rapidly increasing global air transport on the climate in a paper, and a presentation, suggesting that reversing this trend is necessary to reduce emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Deforestation and climate change: One attempt towards fighting climate change globally is the Reducing Emissions for Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) efforts, and a few countries are already starting to implement and analyse ways to protect standing trees. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Deforestation in Indonesia: The general term for these sorts of programs is Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Protecting and restoring forests would reduce 18% of emissions by 2030
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate change mitigation: 10% per annum until zero emissions are reached around 2030. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change mitigation: Targets for the year 2030: Reduce GHG emission by 40% from the level of 1990. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mangrove restoration: The UN estimate deforestation and forest degradation to make up 17% of global carbon emissions, which makes it the second most polluting sector, following the energy industry. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Reforestation: Japan needs to reduce 26% of green house gas emission from 2013 by 2030 to accomplish Paris Agreement and is trying to reduce 2% of them by forestry. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sustainable Development Goals: The report mentioned that this would require global net human-caused emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) to fall by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching "net zero" around 2050, through “rapid and far-reaching” transitions in land, energy, industry, buildings, transport, and cities. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: It is expected the report will focus on required changes to the energy system, rather than forests.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Emissions trading: "How will the changes impact on forestry?". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: There was high agreement and much evidence that a substantial fraction of these mitigation costs may be offset by benefits to health as a result of reduced air pollution, and that there would be further cost savings from other benefits such as increased energy security, increased agricultural production, and reduced pressure on natural ecosystems as well as, in certain countries, balance of trade improvements, provision of modern energy services to rural areas and employment. [SUPPORTS]
- IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: AR4 describes warming and cooling effects on the planet in terms of radiative forcing — the rate of change of energy in the system, measured as power per unit area (in SI units, W/m²). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Low-carbon economy: Information on the environmental impacts of alternative models of treatment and service provision Some of the suggested changes needed are: Greater efficiency and lower ecological impact of energy, buildings, and procurement choices (e.g., in-patient meals, pharmaceuticals, and medical equipment). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Low-carbon economy: Low emission development strategies for the land use sector can prioritize the protection of carbon-rich ecosystems to not only reduce emissions, but also to protect biodiversity and safeguard local livelihoods to reduce rural poverty - all of which can lead to more climate resilient systems, according to a report by the Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “We almost take forests as a given but we lose forest every year, which means we are diminishing them as a carbon sink.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Carbon sink: Forest fires release absorbed carbon back into the atmosphere, as does deforestation due to rapidly increased oxidation of soil organic matter. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon sink: Additionally, the amount of carbon released from harvesting is small compared to the amount of carbon lost each year to forest fires and other natural disturbances. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Deforestation: From the perspective of the developing world, the benefits of forest as carbon sinks or biodiversity reserves go primarily to richer developed nations and there is insufficient compensation for these services. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Forest: acting as a carbon sink. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation: A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]