MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: So far this month, there have been nearly 5,000 daily record highs set or tied, compared to just 42 daily record lows.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- 2010s: As a result, for example, US stock prices reached record highs. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Milwaukee: Milwaukee tends to experience highs that are 90 °F (32 °C) on or above seven days per year, and lows at or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on six to seven nights. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- New Orleans: On average, there are 77 days of 90 °F (32 °C)+ highs, 8.1 days per winter where the high does not exceed 50 °F (10 °C), and 8.0 nights with freezing lows annually. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Seattle: Winters are cool and wet with December, the coolest month, averaging 40.6 °F (4.8 °C), with 28 annual days with lows that reach the freezing mark, and 2.0 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing all day; the temperature rarely lowers to 20 °F (−7 °C). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Seattle: The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103 °F (39 °C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 °F (−18 °C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71 °F (22 °C) the day the official record high was set. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Albany, New York: Record temperature extremes range from −28 °F (−33 °C), on January 19, 1971, to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Chicago: The normal winter high from December through March is about 36 °F (2 °C), with January and February being the coldest months; January 2019's polar vortex nearly broke the city's cold record of minus 27 degrees, which was set on January 20, 1985. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- December: January February March April May June July August September October November December December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and is the seventh and last of seven months to have a length of 31 days. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Humid subtropical climate: Temperatures are very warm to hot but are not excessive: the average maximum in February is usually around 29 °C (84 °F) and in July around 21 °C (70 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Season: However, due to seasonal lag, June, July, and August are the warmest months in the Northern Hemisphere while December, January, and February are the warmest months in the Southern Hemisphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Anoxic event: If the high latitude waters are below 5 °C (41 °F), they will be dense enough to sink; as they are cool, oxygen is highly soluble in their waters, and the deep ocean will be oxygenated. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Anoxic event: If high latitude waters are warmer than 5 °C (41 °F), their density is too low for them to sink below the cooler deep waters. [SUPPORTS]
- Lake ecosystem: As the season progresses, the warmer air temperatures heat the surface waters, making them less dense. [SUPPORTS]
- Marine habitats: Water that is saltier or cooler will be denser, and will sink in relation to the surrounding water. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea: Warm surface currents cool as they move away from the tropics, and the water becomes denser and sinks. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change and ecosystems: A 2005 study concludes human activity is the cause of the temperature rise and resultant changing species behaviour, and links these effects with the predictions of climate models to provide validation for them. [SUPPORTS]
- Climatic Research Unit email controversy: They reaffirmed their 2007 position statement on climate change "based on the large body of scientific evidence that Earth's climate is warming and that human activity is a contributing factor. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century". [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: He said, "Global warming has reached a level such that we can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the greenhouse effect and the observed warming." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Because oxygen in the global ocean is not evenly distributed, the 2 percent overall decline means there is a much larger decline in some areas of the ocean than others.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming: The ocean has already lost oxygen, throughout the entire water column and oxygen minimum zones are expanding worldwide. [SUPPORTS]
- Environmental issues in Thailand: The decline in income is not evenly distributed, with tropical regions hardest hit. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ozone depletion: Ozone depletion consists of two related events observed since the late 1970s: a steady lowering of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth's atmosphere (the ozone layer), and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone around Earth's polar regions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ozone depletion: Ozone at middle latitudes has declined, but by a much smaller extent (a decrease of about 4–5 percent). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ozone depletion: The greatest Arctic declines are in the winter and spring, reaching up to 30 percent when the stratosphere is coldest. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “Moreover, the ocean already contains so-called oxygen minimum zones, generally found in the middle depths.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Dead zone (ecology): Dead zones are hypoxic (low-oxygen) areas in the world's oceans and large lakes, caused by "excessive nutrient pollution from human activities coupled with other factors that deplete the oxygen required to support most marine life in bottom and near-bottom water. [SUPPORTS]
- Dead zone (ecology): These areas are also known as oxygen minimum zones (OMZ). [SUPPORTS]
- Deep sea fish: The oxygen minimum layer exists somewhere between a depth of 700m and 1000m deep depending on the place in the ocean. [SUPPORTS]
- Lake: The deeper layer becomes oxygen starved and can become saturated with carbon dioxide, or other gases such as sulfur dioxide if there is even a trace of volcanic activity. [SUPPORTS]
- Mesopelagic zone: The oxygen consumption due to respiration of most of the sinking organic matter and lack of gas exchange, often creates an oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the mesopelagic. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: In Greenland, glacier retreat has been observed in outlet glaciers, resulting in an increase of the ice flow rate and destabilization of the mass balance of the ice sheet that is their source. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: Some of Greenland's largest outlet glaciers, such as Jakobshavn Isbræ and Kangerlussuaq Glacier, are flowing faster into the ocean. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: The three main reasons warming causes global sea level to rise are: oceans expand, ice sheets lose ice faster than it forms from snowfall, and glaciers at higher altitudes also melt. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: "A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps". [SUPPORTS]
Claim: However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate of the United Kingdom: The summer of 1976 or 2019, for example, experienced temperatures as high as 35 °C (95 °F), and it was so dry the country suffered drought and water shortages. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: more intense droughts and tropical cyclones) are more uncertain. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mediterranean climate: hot and dry); as a result, these communities are well suited to recover from droughts, floods, and fires. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Physical impacts of climate change: Between 2011 and 2014, California experienced the driest period in its recorded history and more than 100 million trees died in the drought, creating areas of dead, dry wood. [SUPPORTS]
- Rain: There is also evidence that global warming is leading to increased precipitation to the eastern portions of North America, while droughts are becoming more frequent in the tropics and subtropics. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: […] in fact this pattern is already emerging, with the conditions that create extremely warm dry years and extremely wet years both becoming more frequent.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Alentejo: The climate of the region is typically warm and dry for a large part of the year, with summer temperatures occasionally reaching up to 40 °C (104 °F), while winters are relatively mild and wet. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency. [SUPPORTS]
- List of ecoregions in North America (CEC): Today the weather is generally very cold and dry with a few weeks of sun and rain in the summer. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Physical impacts of climate change: In other words, regions which are dry at present will generally become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will generally become even wetter. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Temperate climate: In these regions winters are quite dry and summers have very heavy rainfall. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable …
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Durban: Durban has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), with hot and humid summers and pleasantly warm and dry winters, which are snow and frost-free. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Montreal: It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold, snowy winters. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Podlaskie Voivodeship: Podlaskie has a Warm Summer Continental or Hemiboreal climate (Dfb) according to the Köppen climate classification system, which is characterized by warm temperatures during summer and long and frosty winters. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Taiga: The taiga or boreal forest has a subarctic climate with very large temperature range between seasons, but the long and cold winter is the dominant feature. [SUPPORTS]
- Taiga: The summers, while short, are generally warm and humid. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Atlantic Ocean: From October to June the surface is usually covered with sea ice in the Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and Baltic Sea. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Holocene: However, ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 m (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Arctic: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change in the Arctic: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: “At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Antarctica: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Antarctica: If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Colonization of Mars: The lowest temperature ever recorded on Earth was 180 K (−89.2 °C, −128.6 °F) in Antarctica. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Physical impacts of climate change: Sea ice extent for September for 2012 was by far the lowest on record at 3.29 million square kilometers, eclipsing the previous record low sea ice extent of 2007 by 18%. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea ice: Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Antarctic ice fluctuates wildly year to year, and the link to man-made global warming there is not clear, NASA ice expert Walt Meier said.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Antarctica: There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Antarctica: According to NASA, the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 °C (41 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions. [REFUTES]
- Global warming in Antarctica: Research published in 2009 found that overall the continent had become warmer since the 1950s, a finding consistent with the influence of man-made climate change: "We can't pin it down, but it certainly is consistent with the influence of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels", said NASA scientist Drew Shindell, another study co-author. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ozone depletion: The change was attributed to increasingly cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere at an altitude of approximately 20 km (12 mi), a change associated with global warming in a relationship that is still under investigation. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: “[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change (general concept): These variations can affect global average surface temperature by redistributing heat between the deep ocean and the atmosphere and/or by altering the cloud/water vapor/sea ice distribution which can affect the total energy budget of the earth. [SUPPORTS]
- Earth: Ocean currents are also important factors in determining climate, particularly the thermohaline circulation that distributes thermal energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions. [SUPPORTS]
- Ocean: It plays an important role in supplying heat to the polar regions, and thus in sea ice regulation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea ice: Furthermore, the sea ice itself functions to help keep polar climates cool, since the ice exists in expansive enough amounts to maintain a cold environment. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea ice: Furthermore, sea ice affects the movement of ocean waters. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: “ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Instrumental temperature record: "U.S. Report Confirms 2016 Was The Hottest Year On Record". [SUPPORTS]
- Instrumental temperature record: Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)." [SUPPORTS]
- Instrumental temperature record: The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Instrumental temperature record: The Earth's average surface absolute temperature for the 1961–1990 period has been derived by spatial interpolation of average observed near-surface air temperatures from over the land, oceans and sea ice regions, with a best estimate of 14 °C (57.2 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- NASA: Its statements concur with the global scientific consensus that the global climate is warming. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: “But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Communications satellite: In addition, there are important differences in the onboard and ground equipment needed to support the two types of missions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: Such statements suggest that there might be substantive disagreement in the scientific community about the reality of anthropogenic climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: There are differences between the opinion of scientists and that of the general public. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Significant regional differences exist in how concerned people are about climate change and how much they understand the issue. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Instrumental temperature record: Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: ‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Rock music: Reflecting on developments in rock music at the start of the 1970s, Robert Christgau later wrote in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981): The decade is, of course, an arbitrary schema itself—time doesn't just execute a neat turn toward the future every ten years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Twitter: Tech writer Bruce Sterling commented in 2007 that using Twitter for "literate communication" is "about as likely as firing up a CB radio and hearing some guy recite the Iliad". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Wayback Machine: Kevin Vaughan suspects that in the long-term of multiple generations "next to nothing" will survive in a useful way besides "if we have continuity in our technological civilization" by which "a lot of the bare data will remain findable and searchable". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Wikipedia: Rosenzweig also criticized the "waffling—encouraged by the NPOV policy—[which] means that it is hard to discern any overall interpretive stance in Wikipedia history". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Wikipedia: On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for The Economic Times indicated that not only had Wikipedia's growth stalled, it "had lost nearly ten percent of its page views last year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: [Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Greenhouse gas: The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are: burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock). [SUPPORTS]
- Human impact on the environment: Many of the actions taken by humans that contribute to a heated environment stem from the burning of fossil fuel from a variety of sources, such as: electricity, cars, planes, space heating, manufacturing, or the destruction of forests. [SUPPORTS]
- Non-renewable resource: At present, the main energy source used by humans is non-renewable fossil fuels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The particular signature of warming in 2016 was also revealing in another way, Overpeck said, noting that the stratosphere… saw record cold temperatures last year
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Eocene: The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20 °C in the winter months. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Nuclear winter: that surface air temperatures would be the same as, or colder than, a given region's winter for months to years on end. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ozone depletion: The change was attributed to increasingly cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere at an altitude of approximately 20 km (12 mi), a change associated with global warming in a relationship that is still under investigation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ozone depletion: One of the strongest predictions of the greenhouse effect is that the stratosphere will cool. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Satellite temperature measurements: Global Warming theory suggests that the stratosphere should cool while the troposphere warms. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]