MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: Climate policy must compete with other long-term threats for always-scarce resources.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate change policy of the United States: Spokespeople within these groups argue that universal access to a clean and healthy environment and access to critical natural resources are basic human rights. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Habitat destruction: Any efforts to protect the world's remaining natural habitat and biodiversity will compete directly with humans’ growing demand for natural resources, especially new agricultural lands. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- List of ecoregions in North America (CEC): The white-tailed deer competes with other herbivores for limited food resources directly affecting the ecosystem, as well as indirectly affecting the area by altering habitats for small vertebrates and mammals. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- List of ecoregions in North America (CEC): Therefore, as species that thrive in the lower areas of the region are expanding into a greater space, they are beginning to compete for resources and nutrients with pre-existing native species. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sustainability: Depletion of natural resources including fresh water increases the likelihood of "resource wars". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: ’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- El Niño: When this warming occurs for seven to nine months, it is classified as El Niño "conditions"; when its duration is longer, it is classified as an El Niño "episode". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Instrumental temperature record: 2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000. [SUPPORTS]
- Instrumental temperature record: Of the 2015 and 2016 records, Schmidt stated that the 2014–16 El Niño event was "a factor ... but both 2015 and 2016 would have been records even without it"; he attributed about 90% of the warming in 2016 to anthropogenic climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Instrumental temperature record: This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- La Niña: It was the second-coolest year of the 21st century to date, and tied with the second-warmest year of the 20th century. [REFUTES]
Claim: So it’s been a surprise to climate scientists that 2017 has been so remarkably warm — because the last El Niño ended a year ago.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- 2014–16 El Niño event: The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- El Niño: However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- El Niño: A study of climate records has shown that El Niño events in the equatorial Pacific are generally associated with a warm tropical North Atlantic in the following spring and summer. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- El Niño: About half of El Niño events persist sufficiently into the spring months for the Western Hemisphere Warm Pool to become unusually large in summer. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- La Niña: La Niña (/lɑːˈniːnjə/, Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈniɲa]) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the colder counterpart of El Niño, as part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate pattern. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The latest NOAA report is “a reminder that climate change has not, despite the insistence of climate contrarians ‘paused’ or even slowed down,” Mann said..
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Abrupt climate change: The term is also used within the context of global warming to describe sudden climate change that is detectable over the time-scale of a human lifetime, possibly as the result of feedback loops within the climate system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change denial: "Details the findings of a new report that confirms NOAA data about climate change." [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change denial: Such disagreements are not new but the emails provided climate sceptics, in the sense of deniers or contrarians, with a golden opportunity to mount a sustained effort aimed at demonstrating the legitimacy of their views. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change denial: I shall use "climate sceptics" here in the sense of "climate deniers", although there are obvious differences between scepticism and denial (see Shermer, 2010; Kemp, et al., 2010). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that "climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: "Reducing risks to food security from climate change". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Abrupt climate change, tipping points in the climate system: Climate change could result in global, large-scale changes. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: "Climate change could impact the poor much more than previously thought". [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that "the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption" is "especially troubling". [SUPPORTS]
- New York Harbor Storm-Surge Barrier: David Wallace-Wells, "The Uninhabitable Earth: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think," New York Magazine, July 9, 2017. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming: In July 2019, they issued a declaration "affirming that climate change poses the single greatest threat to the human rights and security of present and future generations of Pacific Island peoples" and claim their lands could become uninhabitable as early as 2030. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: At current rates, sea level would be high enough to make the Maldives uninhabitable by 2100. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: In the case all islands of an island nation become uninhabitable or completely submerged by the sea, the states themselves would also become dissolved. [SUPPORTS]
- Solar System: The expanding Sun is expected to vaporize Mercury and render Earth uninhabitable. [SUPPORTS]
- Space and survival: Eventually the Earth will be uninhabitable, at the latest when the Sun becomes a red giant in about 5 billion years. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Or the news from Antarctica this past May, when a crack in an ice shelf grew 11 miles in six days, then kept going; the break now has just three miles to go — by the time you read this, it may already have met the open water, where it will drop into the sea one of the biggest icebergs ever, a process known poetically as ‘calving.’
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Antarctica: The ice was being held back by a "thread" of ice about 6 km (4 mi) wide, prior to its collapse on 5 April 2009. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Iceberg: "An Iceberg 30 Times the Size of Manhattan Is About to Break Off Antarctica". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Larsen Ice Shelf: "A giant crack in Antarctic ice is 'days or weeks' from breaking off a Delaware-size iceberg". [SUPPORTS]
- Larsen Ice Shelf: Scientists with Swansea University in the UK say the crack lengthened 18 km (11 mi) from 25 May to 31 May, and that less than 13 km (8 mi) of ice is all that prevents the birth of an enormous iceberg. [SUPPORTS]
- Ross Ice Shelf: Four days later, they found their way into open water and were hoping that they would have a clear passage to their destination. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “Even if we meet the Paris goals of two degrees warming, cities like Karachi and Kolkata will become close to uninhabitable, annually encountering deadly heat waves like those that crippled them in 2015.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate change mitigation: The Paris Agreement's long-term temperature goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels; and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Karachi: While the summers are hot and humid, cool sea breezes typically provide relief during hot summer months, though Karachi is prone to deadly heat waves, though a text-message based early warning system is now in place that helped prevent any fatalities during an unusually strong heatwave in October 2017. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paris Agreement: The aim of the agreement is to decrease global warming described in its Article 2, "enhancing the implementation" of the UNFCCC through: (a) Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change; (b) Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production; (c) Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paris Agreement: The Paris Agreement's long-term temperature goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels; and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 °C, recognizing that this would substantially reduce the risks and impacts of climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: At four degrees, the deadly European heat wave of 2003, which killed as many as 2,000 people a day, will be a normal summer.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- 2006 North American heat wave: The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 2019 heat wave in India and Pakistan: For comparison, the 2003 European heat wave killed an estimated 35,000–70,000 people, with temperatures slightly less than in India and Pakistan. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Cold wave: Overall it was the coldest winter since 1978–79, with a mean temperature of 1.5 °C (34.7 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- List of heat waves: The European heat wave of 2006 was the second massive heat wave to hit the continent in four years, with temperatures rising to 40 °C (104 °F) in Paris; in Ireland, which has a moderate maritime climate, temperatures of over 32 °C (90 °F) were reported. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- List of heat waves: The European heat wave of 2007 affected primarily south-eastern Europe during late June through August. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: In other words, we have, trapped in Arctic permafrost, twice as much carbon as is currently wrecking the atmosphere of the planet, all of it scheduled to be released at a date that keeps getting moved up, partially in the form of a gas that multiplies its warming power 86 times over.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Arctic methane emissions: (2008) estimate that not less than 1,400 gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon is presently locked up as methane and methane hydrates under the Arctic submarine permafrost, and 5–10% of that area is subject to puncturing by open taliks. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic methane emissions: Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle. [SUPPORTS]
- Arctic: Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Permafrost: The amount of carbon sequestered in permafrost is four times the carbon that has been released to the atmosphere due to human activities in modern time. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tundra: When the permafrost melts, it releases carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: “The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Albedo: This has been a concern since arctic ice and snow has been melting at higher rates due to higher temperatures, creating regions in the arctic that are notably darker (being water or ground which is darker color) and reflects less heat back into space. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: The reduction of snow cover and sea ice in the Arctic reduces the albedo of the Earth's surface. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Changing the type of vegetation in a region impacts the local temperature by changing how much sunlight gets reflected back into space, called albedo, and how much heat is lost by evaporation. [SUPPORTS]
- Tipping points in the climate system: The IPCC reports that feedbacks to increased temperatures are net positive for the remainder of this century, with the impact of cloud cover the largest uncertainty. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The most notorious was 252 million years ago; it began when carbon warmed the planet by five degrees, accelerated when that warming triggered the release of methane in the Arctic, and ended with 97 percent of all life on Earth dead.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Arctic: The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: The last continental glaciation ended 10,000 years ago. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Eocene: that the Eocene hothouse world was caused by runaway global warming from released methane clathrates deep in the oceans. [SUPPORTS]
- Permafrost: Global warming accelerates its release due to release of methane from both existing stores and methanogenesis in rotting biomass. [SUPPORTS]
- Tundra: When the permafrost melts, it releases carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The last time the planet was even four degrees warmer, Peter Brannen points out in The Ends of the World, his new history of the planet’s major extinction events, the oceans were hundreds of feet higher.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Devonian: Sea levels were high worldwide, and much of the land lay under shallow seas, where tropical reef organisms lived. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: The elevation of the land surface varies from the low point of −418 m (−1,371 ft) at the Dead Sea, to a maximum altitude of 8,848 m (29,029 ft) at the top of Mount Everest. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ordovician: In the early and middle Ordovician, temperatures were mild, but at the beginning of the Late Ordovician, from 460 to 450 Ma, volcanoes along the margin of the Iapetus Ocean spewed massive amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere, turning the planet into a hothouse. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ordovician: The Ordovician saw the highest sea levels of the Paleozoic, and the low relief of the continents led to many shelf deposits being formed under hundreds of metres of water. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Human overpopulation: To keep the numbers of starving constant, the percentage would have dropped by more than half. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Human overpopulation: The global consumption of meat is projected to rise by as much as 76% by 2050 as the global population surges to more than 9 billion, resulting in further biodiversity loss and increased GHG emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Human overpopulation: Although plants produce 54 billion metric tons of carbohydrates per year, when the population is expected to grow to 9 billion by 2050, the plants may not be able to keep up (Biello). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Human overpopulation: The British scientist John Beddington predicted in 2009 that supplies of energy, food, and water will need to be increased by 50% to reach demand levels of 2030. [SUPPORTS]
- Human overpopulation: In 2019, a warning on climate change signed by 11,000 scientists from 153 nations said that human population growth adds 80 million humans annually, and "the world population must be stabilized—and, ideally, gradually reduced—within a framework that ensures social integrity" to reduce the impact of "population growth on GHG emissions and biodiversity loss." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: as the pathbreaking work by Rosamond Naylor and David Battisti has shown, the tropics are already too hot to efficiently grow grain, and those places where grain is produced today are already at optimal growing temperature — which means even a small warming will push them down the slope of declining productivity.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change and agriculture: In Africa and Latin America many rainfed crops are near their maximum temperature tolerance, so that yields are likely to fall sharply for even small climate changes; falls in agricultural productivity of up to 30% over the 21st century are projected. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change and agriculture: Rice becomes sterile if exposed to temperatures above 35 degrees for more than one hour during flowering and consequently produces no grain. [SUPPORTS]
- Eocene: The models, while accurately predicting the tropics, tend to produce significantly cooler temperatures of up to 20 °C (36 °F) colder than the actual determined temperature at the poles. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Eocene: The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20 °C in the winter months. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tropics: In terms of climate, the tropics receive sunlight that is more direct than the rest of Earth and are generally hotter and wetter. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: By 2080, without dramatic reductions in emissions, southern Europe will be in permanent extreme drought, much worse than the American dust bowl ever was.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Europe: There are frequent summer droughts in this region. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Climate change can be mitigated through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions or the enhancement of the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Severe weather: Another form of severe weather is drought, which is a prolonged period of persistently dry weather (that is, absence of precipitation). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Severe weather: A drought in the 1930s known as the Dust Bowl affected 50 million acres of farmland in the central United States. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Biodiversity: Biodiversity is also important to the security of resources such as water, timber, paper, fiber, and food. [REFUTES]
- Florida: The state produces about 75% of the phosphate required by farmers in the United States and 25% of the world supply, with about 95% used for agriculture (90% for fertilizer and 5% for livestock feed supplements) and 5% used for other products. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hong Kong: With few natural lakes and rivers, high population density, inaccessible groundwater sources, and extremely seasonal rainfall, the territory does not have a reliable source of fresh water. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Human nutrition: Human nutrition deals with the provision of essential nutrients in food that are necessary to support human life and health. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Melbourne: It was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and a vital source of food and water. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- El Salvador: In the summer of 2001 a severe drought destroyed 80% of El Salvador's crops, causing famine in the countryside. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hypertension: Serum creatinine is measured to assess for the presence of kidney disease, which can be either the cause or the result of hypertension. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Kidney: Only when the amount of functioning kidney tissue is greatly diminished does one develop chronic kidney disease. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mesoamerican nephropathy: In El Salvador and Nicaragua alone, the reported number of men dying from this painful disease has risen five-fold in the last 20 years, although some researchers believe hidden cases have always been there and this increment in official data could be partially due to the recent increase in reports and improved case search, pushed by the growing social and political interest in the disease. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mesoamerican nephropathy: In El Salvador, the disease has become the second leading cause of death among adult men, and according to a recent editorial, it has been estimated that this largely unknown epidemic has caused the premature death of at least 20,000 men in the region. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]