MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Calcium carbonate: Under these conditions calcium carbonate decomposes to produce carbon dioxide which, along with other gases, give rise to explosive volcanic eruptions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon sink: The calcium carbonate from which coral skeletons are made is just over 60% carbon dioxide. [SUPPORTS]
- Coral: Scleractinian skeletons are composed of a form of calcium carbonate known as aragonite. [SUPPORTS]
- Limestone: Its major materials are the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Reef: Cyanobacteria can encourage the precipitation or accumulation of calcium carbonate to produce distinct sediment bodies in composition that have relief on the seafloor. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Reefs need carbon dioxide; it’s their basic food.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Anthozoa: In this symbiotic relationship, the zooxanthellae benefit by using nitrogenous waste and carbon dioxide produced by the host while the cnidarian gains photosynthetic capability and increased production of calcium carbonate, a substance of great importance to stony corals. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Breathing: All aerobic creatures need oxygen for cellular respiration, which uses the oxygen to break down foods for energy and produces carbon dioxide as a waste product. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Gas exchange: In aerobic organisms, gas exchange is particularly important for respiration, which involves the uptake of oxygen (O 2) and release of carbon dioxide (CO 2). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ocean acidification: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea: Marine life plays an important part in the carbon cycle as photosynthetic organisms convert dissolved carbon dioxide into organic carbon and it is economically important to humans for providing fish for use as food. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change. [SUPPORTS]
- Attribution of recent climate change: Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: "Massive peat burn is speeding climate change". [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change (general concept): "Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change feedback: While models disagree on the strength of any terrestrial carbon cycle feedback, they each suggest any such feedback would accelerate global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Climate change denial: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources. [SUPPORTS]
- Earth: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: The distance of Earth from the Sun, as well as its orbital eccentricity, rate of rotation, axial tilt, geological history, sustaining atmosphere, and magnetic field all contribute to the current climatic conditions at the surface. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot. [REFUTES]
- Natural environment: The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases, among which are the greenhouse gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Climate change is normal and continual.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change (general concept): Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change (general concept): Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change (general concept): increased emissions of greenhouse gases and dust) or natural (e.g., changes in solar output, the earth's orbit, volcano eruptions). [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change (general concept): Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Although global change has been a natural process throughout Earth's history, humans are responsible for substantially accelerating present-day changes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The main greenhouse gas is water vapour[…]
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: As water is a potent greenhouse gas, this further heats the climate: the water vapour feedback. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: "AGU Water Vapor in the Climate System". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: "How Much CO2 Does A Single Volcano Emit?". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Similar issues apply to other greenhouse gases, many of which have longer mean lifetimes than CO 2, e.g. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Explosive: The gaseous products of complete reaction are typically carbon dioxide, steam, and nitrogen. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The most common gases in Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and argon (0.9%). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Natural gas: Natural gas (also called fossil gas) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Natural gas: Like landfill gas, biogas is mostly methane and carbon dioxide, with small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: The life and death of planet Earth. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide: Plants, algae and cyanobacteria use light energy to photosynthesize carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water, with oxygen produced as a waste product. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: The lack of vegetation will result in the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere, making animal life impossible. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Future of Earth: By that point, all life on the Earth will be extinct. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Atmosphere of Earth: By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO 2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Deforestation: Plants remove carbon in the form of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during the process of photosynthesis, but release some carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere during normal respiration. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: A dry atmosphere is composed of 78.084% nitrogen, 20.946% oxygen, 0.934% argon, and trace amounts of carbon dioxide and other gaseous molecules. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Elevated CO 2 levels cause increased growth reflected in the harvestable yield of crops, with wheat, rice and soybean all showing increases in yield of 12–14% under elevated CO 2 in FACE experiments. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change and agriculture: Elevated CO2 increases crop yields and growth through an increase in photosynthetic rate, and it also decreases water loss as a result of stomatal closing. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse: Many commercial glass greenhouses or hothouses are high tech production facilities for vegetables, flowers or fruits. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse: The possibility of using carbon dioxide enrichment in greenhouse cultivation to enhance plant growth has been known for nearly 100 years. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse: The refinery reduces its carbon emissions, whilst the nursery enjoys boosted tomato yields and does not need to provide its own greenhouse heating. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: In the past, warming has never been a threat to life on Earth.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Biodiversity: Global warming is a major threat to global biodiversity. [REFUTES]
- Global catastrophic risk: If such an event were to occur oriented towards the Earth, the massive amounts of gamma radiation could significantly affect the Earth's atmosphere and pose an existential threat to all life. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- James Lovelock: Lovelock has become concerned about the threat of global warming from the greenhouse effect. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Given the potential threat to marine ecosystems and its ensuing impact on human society and economy, especially as it acts in conjunction with anthropogenic global warming, there is an urgent need for immediate action." [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The ongoing warming will increase risks and stresses to human societies, economies, ecosystems, and wildlife through the 21st century and beyond, making it imperative that society respond to a changing climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: if we halved today’s atmospheric carbon dioxide content, all life would die.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Atmosphere of Earth: By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: The lack of vegetation will result in the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere, making animal life impossible. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Eocene: For contrast, today the carbon dioxide levels are at 400 ppm or 0.04%. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- An Inconvenient Truth: Gore's use of long ice core records of CO2 and temperature (from oxygen isotope measurements) in Antarctic ice cores to illustrate the correlation between the two drew some scrutiny; Schmidt, Steig and Michael E. Mann back up Gore's data. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- An Inconvenient Truth: In that sense, the ice core CO2-temperature correlation remains an appropriate demonstration of the influence of CO2 on climate." [REFUTES]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: Both CO 2 and CH 4 vary between glacial and interglacial phases, and concentrations of these gases correlate strongly with temperature. [REFUTES]
- James Hansen: Decades ago, they correctly predicted how much Earth's temperature would rise due to increasing atmospheric CO2. [REFUTES]
Claim: after a natural orbitally driven warming, atmospheric carbon dioxide content increases 800 years later
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Eocene: Along with the decrease of atmospheric carbon dioxide reducing the global temperature, orbital factors in ice creation can be seen with 100,000-year and 400,000-year fluctuations in benthic oxygen isotope records. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum: The current warming period is expected to last another 50,000 years due to a minimum in the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum: The associated period of massive carbon release into the atmosphere has been estimated to have lasted from 20,000 to 50,000 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- 2012 in science: (BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. [REFUTES]
- Climate of Mars: Much of this early atmosphere would have consisted of carbon dioxide. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: The present pattern of ice ages began about 40 Mya, and then intensified during the Pleistocene about 3 Mya. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Geologic temperature record: The gradual intensification of this ice age over the last 3 million years has been associated with declining concentrations of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, though it remains unclear if this change is sufficiently large to have caused the changes in temperatures. [REFUTES]
- Peat: It decomposes and turns into carbon dioxide (CO 2), which is released into the atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate change (general concept): Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Decades of scientific research have shown that climate can change from both natural and anthropogenic causes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Catastrophic effects in 50–100 years would likely be observed according to 41%, while 44% thought the effects would be moderate and about 13 percent saw relatively little danger. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Consciousness: After the conference, they signed in the presence of Stephen Hawking, the 'Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness', which summarizes the most important findings of the survey: "We decided to reach a consensus and make a statement directed to the public that is not scientific. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intelligent design: Further criticism stems from the fact that the phrase intelligent design makes use of an assumption of the quality of an observable intelligence, a concept that has no scientific consensus definition. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Media coverage of global warming: But recently scientists and scholars have challenged the legitimacy of this journalistic core value with regard to matters of great importance on which the overwhelming majority of the scientific community has reached a well-substantiated consensus view. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Media coverage of global warming: As Stephen Schneider put it: “a mainstream, well-established consensus may be ‘balanced’ against the opposing views of a few extremists, and to the uninformed, each position seems equally credible.” Science journalism concerns itself with gathering and evaluating various types of relevant evidence and rigorously checking sources and facts. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Thomas Kuhn: Kuhn made several claims concerning the progress of scientific knowledge: that scientific fields undergo periodic "paradigm shifts" rather than solely progressing in a linear and continuous way, and that these paradigm shifts open up new approaches to understanding what scientists would never have considered valid before; and that the notion of scientific truth, at any given moment, cannot be established solely by objective criteria but is defined by a consensus of a scientific community. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: [The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Cryosphere: The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is stable so long as the Ross Ice Shelf is constrained by drag along its lateral boundaries and pinned by local grounding. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- James Hansen: He further stated that a lower limit on "dangerous anthropogenic interference" was set by the stability of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: "Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: "Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: The ice sheet has historically been considered to be relatively stable and has therefore attracted less scientific attention and observations compared to West Antarctica. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Houston: "Hurricane Harvey was year's costliest U.S. disaster at $125 billion in damages". [SUPPORTS]
- Houston: The damage for the Houston area is estimated at up to $125 billion U.S. dollars, and it is considered to be one of the worst natural disasters in the history of the United States, with the death toll exceeding 70 people. [SUPPORTS]
- Hurricane Harvey: It is tied with 2005's Hurricane Katrina as the costliest tropical cyclone on record, inflicting $125 billion (2017 USD) in damage, primarily from catastrophic rainfall-triggered flooding in the Houston metropolitan area and Southeast Texas. [SUPPORTS]
- Hurricane Harvey: Preliminary reporting from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration set a more concrete total at $125 billion, making Harvey the 2nd costliest tropical cyclone on record, behind Hurricane Katrina with 2017 costs of $161 billion (after adjusting for inflation). [SUPPORTS]
- Hurricane Harvey: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimated total damage at $125 billion, with a 90% confidence interval of $90–160 billion. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Antarctica: Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula. [SUPPORTS]
- Antarctica: Concerns have been raised that disruption of ice shelves may result in increased glacial outflow from the continental ice mass. [SUPPORTS]
- Ice shelf: In the last several decades, glaciologists have observed consistent decreases in ice shelf extent through melt, calving, and complete disintegration of some shelves. [SUPPORTS]
- Ice shelf: Two sections of Antarctica's Larsen Ice Shelf broke apart into hundreds of unusually small fragments (hundreds of meters wide or less) in 1995 and 2002, Larsen C calved a huge ice island in 2017. [SUPPORTS]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: In a 35-day period beginning on January 31, 2002, about 3,250 km2 (1,250 sq mi) of shelf area disintegrated. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Earth: At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C (0 °F), in contrast to the current +15 °C (59 °F), and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Jupiter: At the pressure level of 10 bars (1 MPa), the temperature is around 340 K (67 °C; 152 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]