MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: Steve McIntyre noticed a strange  discontinuity in US temperature data, occurring around January 2000.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Steve McIntyre: In 2002, McIntyre became interested in climate science after a leaflet from the Canadian government warning of the dangers of global warming was delivered to his residence. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Steve McIntyre: McIntyre states that he noticed discrepancies in climate science papers that reminded him of the false prospectus that had duped investors involved in the Bre-X gold mining scandal. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Steve McIntyre: In 2007, McIntyre started auditing the various corrections made to temperature records, in particular those relating to the urban heat island effect. [SUPPORTS]
- Steve McIntyre: He discovered a discontinuity in some U.S. records in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) dataset starting in January 2000. [SUPPORTS]
- Steve McIntyre: The adjustment reduced the average temperatures for the continental United States by about 0.15 °C during the years 2000-2006. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: As a result, "The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- 2000s (decade): This decade is on track to become the warmest since records began in 1850, and 2009 could rank among the top-five warmest years, the U.N. weather agency reported Tuesday on the second day of a pivotal 192-nation climate conference. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change in the United States: 2013 was the warmest year ever in the contiguous United States and about one-third of all Americans experienced 10 days or more of 100-degree heat. [REFUTES]
- Climate change in the United States: In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record. [REFUTES]
- Climate change in the United States: The U.S. had its warmest March–May on record in 2012. [REFUTES]
- New York City: The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C). [REFUTES]
Claim: (2012 is now the hottest by a wide margin), but the USA only comprises 2% of the globe.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Florida: With a population of more than 18 million, according to the 2010 census, Florida is the most populous state in the southeastern United States and the third-most populous in the United States. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Florida: Florida is west of The Bahamas and 90 miles (140 km) north of Cuba. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Florida: With an average daily temperature of 70.7 °F (21.5 °C), it is the warmest state in the U.S. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Florida: In 2012, 75% of the population lived within 10 miles (16 km) of the coastline. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Florida: This is down from a peak of 17.1% in 2012. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "Austria is today seeing its earliest snowfall in history with 30 to 40 centimetres already predicted in the mountains.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Austria: From 1925 to 1929, the economy enjoyed a short high before nearly crashing[clarification needed] after Black Tuesday. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Austria: Austria lies between latitudes 46° and 49° N, and longitudes 9° and 18° E. It can be divided into five areas, the biggest being the Eastern Alps, which constitute 62% of the nation's total area. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Austria: Although Austria is cold in the winter (−10 to 0 °C), summer temperatures can be relatively high, with average temperatures in the mid-20s and a highest temperature of 40.5 °C (105 °F) in August 2013. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Vienna: Spring is variable and autumn cool, with possible snowfalls already in November. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Vienna: This law of neutrality, passed in late October 1955 (and not the State Treaty itself), ensured that modern Austria would align with neither NATO nor the Soviet bloc, and is considered one of the reasons for Austria's delayed entry into the European Union in 1995. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Since the mid 1970s, global temperatures have been warming at around 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming: Global Warming of 1.5 °C. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Limiting new black carbon deposits in the Arctic could reduce global warming by 0.2 °C by 2050. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Instrumental temperature record: For 1979 to 2012, the linear warming trend for combined land and sea temperatures has been 0.155 °C (0.122 to 0.188 °C) per decade, according to AR5. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Tropical cyclone: All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tropical cyclone: Kerry Emanuel stated, "Records of hurricane activity worldwide show an upswing of both the maximum wind speed in and the duration of hurricanes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Weather: Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Weather: In some situations, the temperature actually increases with height. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Weather: Aside from climatic changes that have caused the gradual drift of populations (for example the desertification of the Middle East, and the formation of land bridges during glacial periods), extreme weather events have caused smaller scale population movements and intruded directly in historical events. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global cooling: "Judging from the record of the past interglacial ages, the present time of high temperatures should be drawing to an end, to be followed by a long period of considerably colder temperatures leading into the next glacial age some 20,000 years from now." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: It is expected that most ecosystems will be affected by higher atmospheric CO2 levels and higher global temperatures. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Nevertheless over the last decade, daily record high temperatures occurred twice as often as record lows.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Atlanta: Lows at or below freezing can be expected 40 nights annually, but extended stretches with daily high temperatures below 40 °F (4 °C) are very rare, with a recent exception in January 2014. [REFUTES]
- Córdoba, Argentina: The record low temperature for Córdoba is −8.3 °C (17.1 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Córdoba, Argentina: It is not unusual to see temperatures drop 20 °C (36 °F) from one day to another, or to have frost following extreme heat. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Istanbul: During these summer months, high temperatures average around 29 °C (84 °F) and rainfall is uncommon; there are only about fifteen days with measurable precipitation between June and August. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tucson, Arizona: There is an average of 145.0 days annually with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 16.9 days with lows reaching or below the freezing mark. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are "indicative of what could also happen in the future," as Narisma
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Drought: Australia could experience more severe droughts and they could become more frequent in the future, a government-commissioned report said on July 6, 2008. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia. [REFUTES]
- Illinois: "The Longest Running Title Droughts in Sports". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sahel drought: Originally it was believed that the drought in the Sahel primarily was caused by humans over-using natural resources in the region through overgrazing, deforestation and poor land management. [REFUTES]
- United States: Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate change is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding, with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overflows. [REFUTES]
Claim: Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Tuvalu: Coordinates: 8°31′15″S 179°11′55″E﻿ / ﻿8.52083°S 179.19861°E﻿ / -8.52083; 179.19861 Tuvalu (/tuːˈvɑːluː/ too-VAH-loo) (formerly known as the Ellice Islands), is a country in Polynesia, located in the Pacific Ocean, situated in Oceania and about midway between Hawaii and Australia. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tuvalu: "A rising tide: Planning the future of a sinking island". [SUPPORTS]
- Tuvalu: "'Sinking' Pacific nation is getting bigger, showing islands are geologically dynamic: study | The Japan Times". [SUPPORTS]
- Tuvalu: "Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll". [SUPPORTS]
- Tuvalu: Spanish discoveries in the Central Pacific. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Sinking of MV Sewol: As of 17 April 2014, the ROK Coast Guard concluded that an "unreasonably sudden turn" to starboard, made between 8:48 and 8:49 a.m. (KST), caused the cargo to shift to port, which in turn caused the ship to list and to eventually become unmanageable for the crew. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sinking of the RMS Lusitania: Although he might have achieved 21 knots and had given orders to raise steam ready to do so, he was also under orders to time his arrival at Liverpool for high tide so that the ship would not have to wait to enter port. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sinking of the RMS Lusitania: The three had agreed that the Admiralty warning of "submarine activity 20 miles (32 km) south of Coningbeg" effectively overrode other Admiralty advice to keep to 'mid channel', which was precisely where the submarine had been reported. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sinking of the RMS Titanic: Now, without warning she seemed to start forward, moving forward and into the water at an angle of about fifteen degrees. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sinking of the RMS Titanic: He also stated that "I believe it must have been in places, not a continuous rip", but that the different openings must have extended along an area of around 300 feet, to account for the flooding in several compartments. [REFUTES]
Claim: What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Sea level rise: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades". [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Hockey stick controversy: McIntyre agreed, and made contact with University of Guelph economics professor Ross McKitrick, a senior fellow of the Fraser Institute which opposed the Kyoto treaty, and co-author of Taken By Storm: The Troubled Science, Policy and Politics of Global Warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Patrick Michaels: A 2002 article published in the journal Climate Research by Michaels and three other scholars has predicted "a warming range of 1.3–3.0°C, with a central value of 1.9°C" over the 1990 to 2100 period, although he remarked that the "temperature range and central values determined in our study may be too great." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Patrick Michaels: Until 2007 he was research professor of environmental sciences at the University of Virginia, where he had worked from 1980. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ross McKitrick: McKitrick has authored works about environmental economics and climate change issues, including co-authoring the book Taken by Storm: The Troubled Science, Policy and Politics of Global Warming, published in 2002. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Urban heat island: For example, Ross McKitrick and Patrick J. Michaels conducted a statistical study of surface-temperature data regressed against socioeconomic indicators, and concluded that about half of the observed warming trend (for 1979–2002) could be accounted for by the residual UHI effects in the corrected temperature data set they studied—which had already been processed to remove the (modeled) UHI contribution. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Urban heat island: An urban heat island (UHI) is an urban area or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Urban heat island: On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends. [SUPPORTS]
- Urban heat island: Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Urbanization: As a result, cities are often 1 to 3 °C (1.8 to 5.4 °F) warmer than surrounding landscapes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Urbanization: For North America and Europe, such practice could reduce earth warming trends. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Medieval Warm Period: Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that the Earth may have been slightly cooler globally (by 0.03 °C) than in the early and mid-20th century. [SUPPORTS]
- Medieval Warm Period: Their reconstruction of the pattern is characterised by warmth over large part of North Atlantic, Southern Greenland, the Eurasian Arctic, and parts of North America which appears to substantially exceed that of the late 20th century (1961–1990) baseline and is comparable or exceeds that of the past decade or two in some regions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Medieval Warm Period: Certain regions, such as central Eurasia, northwestern North America, and (with less confidence) parts of the South Atlantic, exhibit anomalous coolness. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Medieval Warm Period: study found warmth exceeding 1961–1990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990–2010 period. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Medieval Warm Period: They also found that the warming during the 10–14th centuries in some regions might be comparable in magnitude to the warming of the last few decades of the 20th century, which was unprecedented within the past 500 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Extraterrestrial atmosphere: "Mars Melt Hints at Solar, Not Human, Cause for Warming, Scientist Says". [SUPPORTS]
- Mars ocean hypothesis: As Tharsis volcanoes erupted they added huge amounts of gases into the atmosphere that created a global warming, thereby allowing liquid water to exist. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mars: Other scientists caution that these results have not been confirmed, and point out that Martian climate models have not yet shown that the planet was warm enough in the past to support bodies of liquid water. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mars: They tend to occur when Mars is closest to the Sun, and have been shown to increase the global temperature. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Martian: They invade Earth because Mars is dying, and they need a warmer planet to live. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate of Mars: Precession in the alignment of the obliquity and eccentricity lead to global warming and cooling ('great' summers and winters) with a period of 170,000 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate of Mars: Current research suggests that Mars is in a warm interglacial period which has lasted more than 100,000 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate of Mars: Geomorphic observations of both landscape erosion rates and Martian valley networks also strongly imply warmer, wetter conditions on Noachian-era Mars (earlier than about four billion years ago). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mars: The wide range in temperatures is due to the thin atmosphere which cannot store much solar heat, the low atmospheric pressure, and the low thermal inertia of Martian soil. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mars: Their low albedo and carbonaceous chondrite composition have been regarded as similar to asteroids, supporting the capture theory. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "In 2007, the Northern Hemisphere reached a record low in ice coverage and the Northwest Passage was opened.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change in the Arctic: The 2007 melt season let to a minimum 39% below the 1979–2000 average, and for the first time in human memory, the fabled Northwest Passage opened completely. [SUPPORTS]
- Northwest Passage: On August 21, 2007, the Northwest Passage became open to ships without the need of an icebreaker. [SUPPORTS]
- Northwest Passage: The Northwest Passage opened again on August 25, 2008. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Northwest Passage: On September 14, 2007, the European Space Agency stated that ice loss that year had opened up the historically impassable passage, setting a new low of ice cover as seen in satellite measurements which went back to 1978. [SUPPORTS]
- Northwest Passage: The extreme loss in 2007 rendered the passage "fully navigable". [SUPPORTS]
Claim: What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Criticism of NASCAR: The Car of Tomorrow was first tested in December 2005, and was first revealed to the public in 2006, with numerous safety improvements being touted. [REFUTES]
- D. B. Cooper: In late 2007, the FBI announced that a partial DNA profile had been obtained from three organic samples found on Cooper's clip-on tie in 2001, though they later acknowledged that there is no evidence that the hijacker was the source of the sample material. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Roswell UFO incident: Podesta stated, "It is time for the government to declassify records that are more than 25 years old and to provide scientists with data that will assist in determining the true nature of the phenomena." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Steele dossier: The Inspector General investigation by Michael E. Horowitz, published December 9, 2019, expressed doubts about the dossier's reliability and sources: The FBI concluded, among other things, that although consistent with known efforts by Russia to interfere in the 2016 U.S. elections, much of the material in the Steele election reports, including allegations about Donald Trump and members of the Trump campaign relied upon in the Carter Page FISA applications, could not be corroborated; that certain allegations were inaccurate or inconsistent with information gathered by the Crossfire Hurricane team; and that the limited information that was corroborated related to time, location, and title information, much of which was publicly available. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Steele dossier: The FBI Operation Crossfire Hurricane investigation into Russian interference, which started on July 31, 2016, was not triggered by the dossier, but the dossier is still the subject of the Russia investigation origins counter-narrative, a conspiracy theory pushed by Trump and Fox News. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: We know the Northwest Passage had been open before."
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Northwest Passage: The only usable route linking the entrances of Lancaster Sound and Dolphin and Union Strait was discovered by John Rae in 1854. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Northwest Passage: On August 21, 2007, the Northwest Passage became open to ships without the need of an icebreaker. [SUPPORTS]
- Northwest Passage: On September 14, 2007, the European Space Agency stated that ice loss that year had opened up the historically impassable passage, setting a new low of ice cover as seen in satellite measurements which went back to 1978. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Northwest Passage: An ice-bound northern route was discovered in 1850 by the Irish explorer Robert McClure; it was through a more southerly opening in an area explored by the Scotsman John Rae in 1854 that Norwegian Roald Amundsen made the first complete passage in 1903–1906. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Northwest Passage: In 1602, George Weymouth became the first European to explore what would later be called Hudson Strait when he sailed Discovery 300 nautical miles (560 km) into the Strait. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Arctic sea ice has been retreating over the past 30 years.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Arctic: Due to the poleward migration of the planet's isotherms (about 56 km (35 mi) per decade during the past 30 years as a consequence of global warming), the Arctic region (as defined by tree line and temperature) is currently shrinking. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: "What drove the dramatic arctic sea ice retreat during summer 2007?". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea ice: A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Earth: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: She found moist air warmed more than dry air, and CO 2 warmed most, so she concluded higher levels of this in the past would have increased temperatures: Huddleston 2019. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO 2. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: "Rapid atmospheric CO 2 changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]