MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: The latest  measurements involve the use of satellite gravimetry, estimating  the mass of terrain beneath by detecting slight changes in gravity as a  satellite passes overhead.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- GRACE and GRACE-FO: Twin satellites took detailed measurements of Earth's gravity field anomalies from its launch in March 2002 to the end of its science mission in October 2017. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- GRACE and GRACE-FO: As the twin GRACE satellites circle the globe 15 times a day, they sense minute variations in Earth's gravitational pull. [SUPPORTS]
- Gravimeter: Their first uses were to measure the changes in gravity from the varying densities and distribution of masses inside the earth, from temporal "tidal" variations in the shape and distribution of mass in the oceans, atmosphere and earth. [SUPPORTS]
- Gravity Probe B: This was to be accomplished by measuring, very precisely, tiny changes in the direction of spin of four gyroscopes contained in an Earth satellite orbiting at 650 km (400 mi) altitude, crossing directly over the poles. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Gravity of Mars: "Tests and combination of satellite determinations of the gravity field with gravimetry". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- GRACE and GRACE-FO: Glacial isostatic adjustment—the slow rise of land masses once depressed by the weight of ice sheets from the last ice age—is chief among these signals. [SUPPORTS]
- Post-glacial rebound: Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are phases of glacial isostasy (glacial isostatic adjustment, glacioisostasy), the deformation of the Earth's crust in response to changes in ice mass distribution. [SUPPORTS]
- Post-glacial rebound: Mass changes of ice sheets can be monitored by measuring changes in the ice surface height, the deformation of the ground below and the changes in the gravity field over the ice sheet. [SUPPORTS]
- Post-glacial rebound: However, glacial isostatic adjustment of the ice sheets affect ground deformation and the gravity field today. [SUPPORTS]
- Post-glacial rebound: The enormous weight of this ice caused the surface of the Earth's crust to deform and warp downward, forcing the viscoelastic mantle material to flow away from the loaded region. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Antarctic ice sheet: A 2006 paper derived from satellite data, measuring changes in the gravity of the ice mass, suggests that the total amount of ice in Antarctica has begun decreasing in the past few years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- GRACE and GRACE-FO: "Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- GRACE and GRACE-FO: Scientists have also detailed improved methods for using GRACE data to describe Earth's gravity field. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- GRACE and GRACE-FO: GRACE data are critical in helping to determine the cause of sea level rise, whether it is the result of mass being added to the ocean - from melting glaciers, for example - or from thermal expansion of warming water or changes in salinity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- GRACE and GRACE-FO: GRACE data have provided a record of mass loss within the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The report suggests significantly smaller overall  ice-mass losses than previous estimates.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: This represents a loss of 8% of the ice field, with all glaciers experiencing significant retreat. [REFUTES]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: There has been significant and ongoing ice volume losses on the largest New Zealand glaciers, including the Tasman, Ivory, Classen, Mueller, Maud, Hooker, Grey, Godley, Ramsay, Murchison, Therma, Volta and Douglas Glaciers. [REFUTES]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: The loss in Southern Alps total ice volume from 1976–2014 is 34 percent of the total. [REFUTES]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: As with glaciers worldwide, those of the greater Himalayan region are experiencing a decline in mass, and researchers claim that between the early 1970s and early 2000s, there had been a 9 percent reduction in ice mass. [REFUTES]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: "Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago". [REFUTES]
Claim: Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climatic Research Unit email controversy: The MPs had seen no evidence to support claims that Jones had tampered with data or interfered with the peer-review process. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climatic Research Unit email controversy: The Climatic Research Unit developed its gridded CRUTEM data set of land air temperature anomalies from instrumental temperature records held by National Meteorological Organisations around the world, often under formal or informal confidentiality agreements that restricted use of this raw data to academic purposes, and prevented it from being passed onto third parties. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climatic Research Unit email controversy: On 27 July 2011 CRU announced that the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain had been released and was available for download, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Data mining: The difference between data analysis and data mining is that data analysis is used to test models and hypotheses on the dataset, e.g., analyzing the effectiveness of a marketing campaign, regardless of the amount of data; in contrast, data mining uses machine learning and statistical models to uncover clandestine or hidden patterns in a large volume of data. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Data visualization: DPA has two main objectives: To use data to provide knowledge in the most efficient manner possible (minimize noise, complexity, and unnecessary data or detail given each audience's needs and roles) To use data to provide knowledge in the most effective manner possible (provide relevant, timely and complete data to each audience member in a clear and understandable manner that conveys important meaning, is actionable and can affect understanding, behavior and decisions) With the above objectives in mind, the actual work of data presentation architecture consists of: Creating effective delivery mechanisms for each audience member depending on their role, tasks, locations and access to technology Defining important meaning (relevant knowledge) that is needed by each audience member in each context Determining the required periodicity of data updates (the currency of the data) Determining the right timing for data presentation (when and how often the user needs to see the data) Finding the right data (subject area, historical reach, breadth, level of detail, etc.) [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Climatic Research Unit documents: On 27 July 2011 CRU announced release of the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climatic Research Unit email controversy: They were already working with the Met Office to obtain permissions to release the remaining raw data. [REFUTES]
- Climatic Research Unit email controversy: Over 95% of the CRU climate data set had been available to the public for several years before July 2009, when the university received numerous FOI requests for raw data or details of the confidentiality agreements from Stephen McIntyre and readers of his Climate Audit blog. [REFUTES]
- Climatic Research Unit email controversy: On 27 July 2011 CRU announced that the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain had been released and was available for download, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request. [REFUTES]
- Climatic Research Unit email controversy: The mainstream media picked up the story, as negotiations over climate change mitigation began in Copenhagen on 7 December 2009. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Cross-validation (statistics): The goal of cross-validation is to test the model's ability to predict new data that was not used in estimating it, in order to flag problems like overfitting or selection bias and to give an insight on how the model will generalize to an independent dataset (i.e., an unknown dataset, for instance from a real problem). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- SeaLifeBase: This would mean that when a new hypothesis needs to be tested, the available data will already be there in a validated and accessible form, and there will be no need create a new dataset and then have to validate it. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- They: It was gradually replaced by an Old Norse borrowing, þeir (nominative plural masculine of the demonstrative, which acted in Old Norse as a plural pronoun), until it was entirely replaced in around the 15th century in Middle English. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- ZFS: A device in any vdev can be marked for removal, and ZFS will de-allocate data from it to allow it to be removed or replaced. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- ZFS: A pool level snapshot (known as a "checkpoint") is available which allows rollback of operations that may affect the entire pool's structure, or which add or remove entire datasets. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Maximum warming occurs over the surface during winter while less surface warming is found in summer when heat is being used to melt sea ice.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate of the Arctic: In summer, the sea ice keeps the surface from warming above freezing. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Cryosphere: While snow and ice act to insulate the surface from large energy losses in winter, they also act to retard warming in the spring and summer because of the large amount of energy required to melt ice (the latent heat of fusion, 3.34 x 105 J/kg at 0 °C). [SUPPORTS]
- Ice age: This low precipitation allows high-latitude snowfalls to melt during the summer. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea ice: In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea ice: As the sea ice melts, its surface area shrinks, diminishing the size of the reflective surface and therefore causing the earth to absorb more of the sun's heat. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Artificial intelligence: Newell and Simon's physical symbol system hypothesis "A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means of general intelligent action." [SUPPORTS]
- Chemistry: Many physical chemists specialize in exploring and proposing the mechanisms of various chemical reactions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Free will: In fact, according to the generalized interpretation of the psycho-physical parallelism, the freedom of the will must be considered a feature of conscious life that corresponds to functions of the organism that not only evade a causal mechanical description, but resist even a physical analysis carried to the extent required for an unambiguous application of the statistical laws of atomic mechanics. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific method: One key point was that they realized that the quickest way to reach a result was not to continue a mathematical analysis, but to build a physical model. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sensor-based sorting: The washability analysis is widely known in bulk material analysis, where the specific density is the physical property describing the liberation and the separation results, which is then in the form of the partition curve. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station: During this six-month "night", air temperatures can drop below −73 °C (−99 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate: A subarctic climate has little precipitation, and monthly temperatures which are above 10 °C (50 °F) for one to three months of the year, with permafrost in large parts of the area due to the cold winters. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: The lowest air temperature ever directly measured on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at Vostok Station in 1983, but satellites have used remote sensing to measure temperatures as low as −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) in East Antarctica. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Precipitation: Rarely, at a temperature of around −2 °C (28 °F), snowflakes can form in threefold symmetry—triangular snowflakes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Winter storm: They typically occur when a layer of warm air hovers over a region, but the ambient temperature a few meters above the ground is near or below 0 °C (32 °F), and the ground temperature is sub-freezing. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Arctic Ocean: This insulation keeps the warm Atlantic Water from melting the surface ice. [SUPPORTS]
- Arctic Ocean: Much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by sea ice that varies in extent and thickness seasonally. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic Ocean: In the winter the relatively warm ocean water exerts a moderating influence, even when covered by ice. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic Ocean: It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic ice pack: Sea ice has an important effect on the heat balance of the polar oceans, since it insulates the (relatively) warm ocean from the much colder air above, thus reducing heat loss from the oceans. [REFUTES]
Claim: "Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Air pollution: These dangerous pollutants are known as the criteria pollutants, and include ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and lead. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Air pollution: Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollutant". [REFUTES]
- Fossil fuel power station: In these modern designs, pollution from coal-fired power plants comes from the emission of gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide into the air, as well a significant volume of wastewater which may contain lead, mercury, cadmium and chromium, as well as arsenic, selenium and nitrogen compounds (nitrates and nitrites). [REFUTES]
- Fossil fuel power station: Flue gas from combustion of the fossil fuels contains carbon dioxide and water vapor, as well as pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), and, for coal-fired plants, mercury, traces of other metals, and fly ash. [SUPPORTS]
- Pollution: Common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Air pollution: CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels. [REFUTES]
- Indoor air quality: European standards limit carbon dioxide to 3,500 ppm. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Natural gas: Excluding water vapor, about half of landfill gas is methane and most of the rest is carbon dioxide, with small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, and variable trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide and siloxanes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Respiratory system: Similarly, since the blood arriving in the alveolar capillaries has a partial pressure of CO2 of also about 6 kPa (45 mmHg), whereas that of the alveolar air is 5.3 kPa (40 mmHg), there is a net movement of carbon dioxide out of the capillaries into the alveoli. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Respiratory system: Thus at sea level, where the ambient atmospheric pressure is about 100 kPa, the moistened air that flows into the lungs from the trachea consists of water vapor (6.3 kPa), nitrogen (74.0 kPa), oxygen (19.7 kPa) and trace amounts of carbon dioxide and other gases (a total of 100 kPa). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Glossary of geography terms: Geostatistical algorithms are often incorporated in GIS software applications. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Glossary of geography terms: It is characterized by high annual precipitation and the absence of any significant seasonal variation in temperature. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Norway: Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Norway: Temperature anomalies found in coastal locations are exceptional, with Røst and Værøy lacking a meteorological winter in spite of being north of the Arctic Circle. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Precipitation: As a result, the modern global record of precipitation largely depends on satellite observations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Climate change in the United States: "A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions. [REFUTES]
- Global warming controversy: According to a 2006 paper from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, "the earth would warm by 8 degrees Celsius (14.4 degrees Fahrenheit) if humans use the entire planet's available fossil fuels by the year 2300." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: "Modeling of long-term fossil fuel consumption shows 14.5-degree hike in Earth's temperature". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Arrhenius calculated the temperature increase expected from doubling CO 2 to be around 5-6 °C. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The tax-payer funded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  (NOAA) has become mired in fresh global warming data scandal involving  numbers for the Great Lakes region that substantially ramp up averages."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: NOAA warns of dangerous weather, charts seas, guides the use and protection of ocean and coastal resources, and conducts research to provide understanding and improve stewardship of the environment. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: Feds close 600 weather stations amid criticism they're situated to report warming". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: In 2013, NOAA closed 600 weather stations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: NOAA data is also relevant to the issues of global warming and ozone depletion. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: AOML's research spans hurricanes, coastal ecosystems, oceans and human health, climate studies, global carbon systems, and ocean observations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Phenotype: Phenotypic variation (due to underlying heritable genetic variation) is a fundamental prerequisite for evolution by natural selection. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Phenotype: Without phenotypic variation, there would be no evolution by natural selection. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Species: It has been argued that this definition is a natural consequence of the effect of sexual reproduction on the dynamics of natural selection. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Species: He established the idea of a taxonomic hierarchy of classification based upon observable characteristics and intended to reflect natural relationships. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Species: Darwin argued that it was populations that evolved, not individuals, by natural selection from naturally occurring variation among individuals. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Climate change (general concept): During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming controversy: Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence. [REFUTES]
- Global warming controversy: "Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature". [SUPPORTS]
- Ice core: Further research has demonstrated a reliable correlation between CO 2 levels and the temperature calculated from ice isotope data. [SUPPORTS]
- Paleoclimatology: There is also a close correlation between CO2 and temperature, where CO2 has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon capture and storage: These three changes are closely interrelated, because Venus's extreme temperature is due to the high pressure of its dense atmosphere, and the greenhouse effect. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate sensitivity: Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2). [SUPPORTS]
- Climate sensitivity: A related concept is the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions, which is the globally averaged surface temperature change per unit of CO 2 emitted. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate sensitivity: The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate sensitivity: The transient climate response (TCR) is the amount of temperature increase that might occur at the time when CO2 doubles, having increased gradually by 1% each year. [SUPPORTS]