MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- New York City: Winters are chilly and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow sea breezes offshore temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachian Mountains keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Photovoltaics: Another benefit of a floating solar system is that the panels are kept at a lower temperature than they would be on land, leading to a higher efficiency of solar energy conversion. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sweden: However, Sweden is much warmer and drier than other places at a similar latitude, and even somewhat farther south, mainly because of the combination of the Gulf Stream and the general west wind drift, caused by the direction of planet Earth's rotation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sweden: Continental west-coasts (to which all of Scandinavia belongs, as the westernmost part of the Eurasian continent), are notably warmer than continental east-coasts; this can also be seen by comparing e.g. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- WSEE-TV: The Newswatch branding was dropped after 28 years to coincide with the switch. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100"
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Climate change mitigation: For example, the emissions reductions proposed by Nordhaus (2010) might lead to global warming (in the year 2100) of around 3 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40–110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: Projections consistently showed increase in annual world emissions of "Kyoto" gases, measured in CO 2-equivalent) of 25–90% by 2030, compared to 2000. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: "Global CO 2 emissions: annual increase halves in 2008". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ocean acidification: Members of the InterAcademy Panel recommended that by 2050, global anthropogenic CO 2 emissions be reduced less than 50% of the 1990 level. [REFUTES]
Claim: The argument that solving the global warming problem by reducing human greenhouse gas emissions is "too hard" generally stems from the belief that (i) our technology is not sufficiently advanced to achieve significant emissions reductions,
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Climate change mitigation: At the core of most proposals is the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through reducing energy waste and switching to low-carbon power sources of energy. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: For example, bicycling reduces greenhouse gas emissions while reducing the effects of a sedentary lifestyle at the same time. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: The development and scaling-up of clean technology, such as cement that produces less CO2, is critical to achieve sufficient emission reductions for the Paris agreement goals. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon tax: Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon tax: There is overwhelming agreement among economists that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon tax: A 2015 study of carbon taxes in British Columbia found that the taxes reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 5–15% while having negligible overall economic effects. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change mitigation: As is stated in Article 2 of the Convention, this requires that greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can proceed in a sustainable fashion. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: To reduce the global net economic, environmental and social losses in the face of these impacts, the policy objective must remain squarely focused on returning greenhouse gas concentrations to near pre-industrial levels through the reduction of emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "There are many urgent priorities that need the attention of Congress, and it is not for me as an invited guest in your country to say what they are.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Hillary Clinton: She responded to General David Petraeus's September 2007 Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq by saying, "I think that the reports that you provide to us really require a willing suspension of disbelief." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Nancy Pelosi: Pelosi said Congress had "a moral duty to the brave women and men coming forward to seize this moment and demonstrate real, effective leadership to foster a climate of respect and dignity in the workplace". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Nancy Pelosi: In November, when asked about Democrats beginning the impeachment process against Trump in the event they won a majority of seats in the 2018 elections, Pelosi said it would not be one of their legislative priorities but that the option could be considered if credible evidence appeared during the ongoing investigations into Russian interference in the 2016 election. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ronald Reagan: In a September 1985 press conference, Reagan said: "this is a top priority with us ... there's no question about the seriousness of this and the need to find an answer." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Triage: identify the priority of the patient's need for medical treatment and transport from the emergency scene. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Global warming is an increasingly urgent problem.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: "Climate Change and Financial Instability Seen as Top Global Threats". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In 2019, the British Parliament became the first national government in the world to officially declare a climate emergency. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects have been increasing, with many perceiving it as the worst global threat. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: People who regard climate change as catastrophic, irreversible, or rapid might label climate change as a climate crisis or a climate emergency. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Oxford Dictionary chose climate emergency as the word of the year 2019 and defines the term as "a situation in which urgent action is required to reduce or halt climate change and avoid potentially irreversible environmental damage resulting from it". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: One more decade of business as usual will make this impossible.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Google: And we hit $50 billion in revenues for the first time last year – not a bad achievement in just a decade and a half." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mad (magazine): DC Comics) and Warner Bros. by the end of that decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- New Deal: Historians generally agree that during Roosevelt's 12 years in office there was a dramatic increase in the power of the federal government as a whole. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- New Deal: In Roosevelt's 12 years in office, the economy had an 8.5% compound annual growth of GDP, the highest growth rate in the history of any industrial country, but recovery was slow and by 1939 the gross domestic product (GDP) per adult was still 27% below trend. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Self-publishing: The growth in new titles has been strong, particularly in the past decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Albedo: The scattering of radiation causes atmospheric cooling, whereas absorption can cause atmospheric warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Albedo: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth. [SUPPORTS]
- Albedo: A layer of snowfall increases local albedo, reflecting away sunlight, leading to local cooling. [SUPPORTS]
- Ice age: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Little Ice Age: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "Earth’s Albedo has risen in the past few years, and by doing reconstructions of the past albedo, it appears that there was a significant reduction in Earth’s albedo leading up to a lull in 1997.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate sensitivity: Climate sensitivity can be estimated by using reconstructions of Earth's past temperatures and CO 2 levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The reduction of snow cover and sea ice in the Arctic reduces the albedo of the Earth's surface. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: Ice and snow increase Earth's albedo, i.e. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Quaternary glaciation: The ice sheets themselves, by raising the albedo (the extent to which the radiant energy of the Sun is reflected from Earth) created significant feedback to further cool the climate. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Earth's energy budget: Called the albedo of Earth, around 35 units are reflected back to space: 27 from the top of clouds, 2 from snow and ice-covered areas, and 6 by other parts of the atmosphere. [SUPPORTS]
- Earth's energy budget: This comes to 0.087 watt/square metre, which represents only 0.027% of Earth's total energy budget at the surface, which is dominated by 173,000 terawatts of incoming solar radiation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Radiative forcing: In this report radiative forcing values are for changes relative to preindustrial conditions defined at 1750 and are expressed in Watts per square meter (W/m2)." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Radiative forcing: Radiative forcing (measured in watts per square meter) can be estimated in different ways for different components. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Radiative forcing: "solar forcing"), the radiative forcing is simply the change in the average amount of solar energy absorbed per square meter of the Earth's area. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The long term trend from albedo is that of cooling.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Albedo: The scattering of radiation causes atmospheric cooling, whereas absorption can cause atmospheric warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Albedo: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth. [SUPPORTS]
- Albedo: A layer of snowfall increases local albedo, reflecting away sunlight, leading to local cooling. [SUPPORTS]
- Albedo: The water vapor causes cooling on the land surface, causes heating where it condenses, acts a strong greenhouse gas, and can increase albedo when it condenses into clouds. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Little Ice Age: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Tree-ring proxy reconstructions are reliable before 1960, tracking closely with the instrumental record and other independent proxies.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Divergence problem: The deviation of some tree ring proxy measurements from the instrumental record since the 1950s raises the question of the reliability of tree ring proxies in the period before the instrumental temperature record. [REFUTES]
- Michael E. Mann: In August 2003 Mann with Phil Jones published reconstructions using various high-resolution proxies including tree rings, ice cores and sediments. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Temperature record of the past 1000 years: The temperature record of the past 1,000 years or longer is reconstructed using data from climate proxy records in conjunction with the modern instrumental temperature record which only covers the last 150 years at a global scale. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Temperature record of the past 1000 years: As there are few instrumental records before 1850, temperatures before then must be reconstructed based on proxy methods. [SUPPORTS]
- Temperature record of the past 1000 years: Individual proxy records, such as tree ring widths and densities used in dendroclimatology, are calibrated against the instrumental record for the period of overlap. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Actual reconstructions "diverge" from the instrumental series in the last part of 20th century.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- 20th century: The Marshall Plan—which spent $13 billion ($100 billion in 2018 US dollars) to rebuild the economies of post-war nations—launched "Pax Americana". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick controversy: Early quantitative reconstructions were published in the 1980s. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick controversy: They were followed in April by a third reconstruction led by Gabriele C. Hegerl. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick controversy: 2009 which reconstructed the climate of the Arctic over the last 2,000 years, and a new method of analysis using Bayesian statistics developed by Martin Tingley and Peter Huybers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick controversy: The resulting reconstruction went back to 1400, and was published in November as Mann, Park & Bradley 1995. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Field hockey: Each player carries a "stick" that normally measures between 80–95 cm (31–38"); shorter or longer sticks are available. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Temperature record of the past 1000 years: Since the direct temperature record is more accurate than the proxies (indeed, it is needed to calibrate them) it is used when available: i.e., from 1850 onwards. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Temperature record of the past 1000 years: The curve shown in graphs of these reconstructions is widely known as the hockey stick graph because of the sharp increase in temperatures during the last century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Temperature record of the past 1000 years: The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report cited 14 reconstructions, 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer, to support its conclusion that "Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely the highest in at least the past 1,300 years". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Temperature record of the past 1000 years: The term hockey stick was coined by the climatologist Jerry Mahlman, to describe the pattern this showed, envisaging a graph that is relatively flat to 1900 as forming an Ice hockey stick's "shaft", followed by a sharp increase corresponding to the "blade". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Air pollution: Most of these fine particles are a by-product of... burning... coal, gasoline, diesel, wood, trash... [SUPPORTS]
- Air pollution: It is a product of combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. [SUPPORTS]
- Diesel exhaust: Modern car engines use a diesel particulate filter (DPF) to capture carbon particles and then intermittently burn them using extra fuel injected directly into the filter. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Diesel particulate filter: A diesel particulate filter (DPF) is a device designed to remove diesel particulate matter or soot from the exhaust gas of a diesel engine. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Soot: They include soot from coal burning, internal-combustion engines, power-plant boilers, hog-fuel boilers, ship boilers, central steam-heat boilers, waste incineration, local field burning, house fires, forest fires, fireplaces, and furnaces. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The United States has been restricting soot emissions  in Draconian fashion since the Clean Air Act of 1963.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Clean Air Act (United States): § 7401) is a United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Clean Air Act (United States): The Clean Air Act of 1963 was the first federal legislation regarding air pollution control. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Clean Air Act (United States): The Clean Air Act of 1970 (1970 CAA) authorized the development of comprehensive federal and state regulations to limit emissions from both stationary (industrial) sources and mobile sources. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Clean Air Act (United States): In 1997 EPA tightened the NAAQS regarding permissible levels of the ground-level ozone that make up smog and the fine airborne particulate matter that makes up soot. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Clean Air Act (United States): The first federal legislation to actually pertain to "controlling" air pollution was the Clean Air Act of 1963. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "NASA satellite data from the years 2000 through 2011 show the Earth's atmosphere is allowing far more heat to be released into space than alarmist computer models have predicted, reports a new study in the peer-reviewed science journal Remote Sensing.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Cassini–Huygens: Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) The VIMS was a remote sensing instrument that captured images using visible and infrared light to learn more about the composition of moon surfaces, the rings, and the atmospheres of Saturn and Titan. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: This premature announcement came from a preliminary news release about a study which had not yet been peer reviewed. [REFUTES]
- Global warming controversy: In a NASA report published in January 2013, Hansen and Sato noted "the 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The study indicates far less future global warming will occur than United Nations computer models have predicted, and supports prior studies indicating increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide trap far less heat than alarmists have claimed.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate change in the Arctic: The authors conclude that "anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gases have led to unprecedented regional warmth." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding "projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Confidence in these near-term projections is strengthened because of the agreement between past model projections and actual observed temperature increases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Richard Lindzen: The feedback due to water vapor is a major factor in determining how much warming would be expected to occur with increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, and all existing computer models assume positive feedback — that is, that as the climate warms, the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere will increase, leading to further warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: A subsequent study by Dessler (2011) found that Spencer's paper was not a test of climate sensitivity or feedbacks, and his assumptions do not match empirical observational data.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Evolution as fact and theory: Phylogenetic theory is used to test the independent distributions of traits and their various forms to provide explanations of observed patterns in relation to their evolutionary history and biology. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Regression analysis: A properly conducted regression analysis will include an assessment of how well the assumed form is matched by the observed data, but it can only do so within the range of values of the independent variables actually available. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Richard Lindzen: Andrew Dessler published a paper which found errors in Lindzen and Choi 2011, and concluded that the observations it had presented "are not in fundamental disagreement with mainstream climate models, nor do they provide evidence that clouds are causing climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Roy Spencer (scientist): In 2008, Spencer and William Braswell published a paper in the Journal of Climate which suggests that natural variations in how clouds form could actually be causing temperature changes, rather than the other way around, and could also lead to overestimates of how sensitive the Earth's climate is to greenhouse gas emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Science: Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Hansen's 1988 results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Climate sensitivity: Without feedbacks the radiative forcing of approximately 3.7 W/m2, due to doubling CO 2 from the pre-industrial 280 ppm, would eventually result in roughly 1 °C global warming. [REFUTES]
- Climate sensitivity: The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) refers to the equilibrium change in global mean near-surface air temperature that would result from a sustained doubling of the atmospheric equivalent CO 2 concentration (ΔT2×). [SUPPORTS]
- Climate sensitivity: In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled. [REFUTES]
- Climate sensitivity: For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- James Hansen: An alternate scenario would keep the warming to below this if climate sensitivity were below 3 °C for doubled CO 2. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]