MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: Over the last 30-40 years 80% of coral in the Caribbean have been destroyed and 50% in Indonesia and the Pacific.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami: The tsunami devastated the northwestern coastlines of Sumatra, especially in Aceh Province, Indonesia, about 20 minutes after the initial earthquake. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Coral bleaching: During this time, over 70 percent of the coral reefs around the world have become damaged. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Coral bleaching: The Indian Ocean in 1998 reported 20% of its coral had died and 80% was bleached. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Coral: In 1998, 16% of the world's reefs died as a result of increased water temperature. [SUPPORTS]
- Coral: Over 50% of the world's coral reefs may be destroyed by 2030; as a result, most nations protect them through environmental laws. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "Three recent articles give us reason to question the alarmists’ claims  that coral reefs are in deep trouble due to the buildup of greenhouse  gases." (World Climate Report)
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Coral reef: Greenhouse gas emissions present a broader threat through sea temperature rise and sea level rise, though corals adapt their calcifying fluids to changes in seawater pH and carbonate levels and are not directly threatened by ocean acidification. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that "the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption" is "especially troubling". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased "Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: It is "extremely likely" that this warming arises from "human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Over the past 250 years, humans have added just one part of CO2 in 10,000 to the atmosphere.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: As a result of this balance, the atmospheric mole fraction of carbon dioxide remained between 260 and 280 parts per million for the 10,000 years between the end of the last glacial maximum and the start of the industrial era. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Since the time of the Industrial Revolution about 200 years ago, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased from about 280 parts per million to 370 parts per million, an increase of around 30%. [REFUTES]
Claim: Volcanoes emit around 0.3 billion tonnes of CO2 per year.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Greenhouse gas: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: In current trend, annual emissions will grow to 1.34 billion tonnes by 2030. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hekla: In total 24,000 tonnes of CO2 was emitted. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- NW Rota-1: The volcano produces about 400,000 ± 100,000 tonnes per year (400,000 ± 100,000 t/a) of CO 2, which is about 0.2–0.6% of the worldwide CO 2 flux at subaerial volcanoes. [REFUTES]
- Volcano: Volcanic activity releases about 130 to 230 teragrams (145 million to 255 million short tons) of carbon dioxide each year. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: "Each unit of CO2 you put into the atmosphere has less and less of a warming impact.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Emissions trading: The international community began the long process towards building effective international and domestic measures to tackle GHG emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride) in response to the increasing assertions that global warming is happening due to man-made emissions and the uncertainty over its likely consequences. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Human impact on the environment: This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a significant contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide, for which transport is the fastest-growing emission sector. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Incineration: Still the global warming potential of the landfill gas emitted to atmosphere is significant. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Kyoto Protocol: The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Physical impacts of climate change: This additional CO2 led to a projected increase in warming of between 0.1 and 1.5 °C. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Once the atmosphere reaches a saturation point, additional input of CO2 will not really have any major impact.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Atmosphere of Earth: Both exceed 100% because their CO2 values were increased to 345 ppmv, without changing their other constituents to compensate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: This approach can increase original oil recovery by reducing residual oil saturation by between 7% to 23% additional to primary extraction. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed the greenhouse effect to be saturated so that adding more CO 2 would make no difference. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: If the CO2 effect was saturated, adding more CO2 should add no additional greenhouse effect.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: This increase of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere has produced the current episode of global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section "Structure and bonding" above). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed the greenhouse effect to be saturated so that adding more CO 2 would make no difference. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide: While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section "Structure and bonding" above). [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide: Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide: Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: This argument originates from Angstrom's work in 1901.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Anders Jonas Ångström: Anders Jonas Ångström (Swedish: [ˈânːdɛʂ ˈjûːnas ˈɔ̂ŋːstrœm]; 13 August 1814 – 21 June 1874) was a Swedish physicist and one of the founders of the science of spectroscopy. [REFUTES]
- Angstrom: In 1852, Ångström formulated in Optiska undersökningar (Optical researches), a law of absorption, later modified somewhat and known as Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Angstrom: This use is evident in Bragg's paper on the structure of ice, which gives the c- and a-axis lattice constants as 4.52 A.U. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Argument: This classic was originally published in French in 1958. [REFUTES]
- Rabbit, Run (film): Rabbit, Run is a 1970 American independent film directed by Jack Smight. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Heat transfer: In the case of the Earth-atmosphere system, it refers to the process by which long-wave (infrared) radiation is emitted to balance the absorption of short-wave (visible) energy from the Sun. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ionosphere: This is the main reason for absorption of HF radio waves, particularly at 10 MHz and below, with progressively less absorption at higher frequencies. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Troposphere: The reason for this temperature difference is that the ground absorbs most of the sun's energy, which then heats the lower levels of the atmosphere with which it is in contact. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Troposphere: Its fundamental principle is that of balance – the energy that the Earth absorbs from the sun each year is equal to that which it loses to space by radiation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "A July 6, 2007 study published in the journal Science about Greenland by an international team of scientists found DNA “evidence that suggests the frozen shield covering the immense island survived the Earth’s last period of global warming,” according to a Boston Globe Article.  ...
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- 2012 in science: (MSNBC) (New York Times) (Nature) 28 June – An international team of astronomers discovers evidence that our Milky Way had an encounter with a small galaxy or massive dark matter structure perhaps as recently as 100 million years ago, and as a result of that encounter it is still ringing like a bell. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenland: Ben Keene, the atlas's editor, commented: "In the last two or three decades, global warming has reduced the size of glaciers throughout the Arctic and earlier this year, news sources confirmed what climate scientists already knew: water, not rock, lay beneath this ice bridge on the east coast of Greenland. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Lake Vostok: However, microbiologist David Pearce of the University of Northumbria in Newcastle, UK, stated that the DNA could simply be contamination from the drilling process, and not representative of Lake Vostok itself. [REFUTES]
- Snowball Earth: Life may have survived 'snowball Earth' in ocean pockets BBC News online (2010-12-14) report on research presented in the journal Geology by Dr Dan Le Heron (et al.) [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: [T]he study indicates “Greenland’s ice may be less susceptible to the massive meltdown predicted by computer models of climate change, the main author ... said in an interview. ...
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: In an e-mail interview with Than (2007), Peiser stated that: "I think it is an intriguing coincidence that warming trends have been observed on a number of very diverse planetary bodies in our solar system, (...) Perhaps this is just a fluke." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change feedback: "Arctic Permafrost Is Going Through a Rapid Meltdown — 70 Years Early". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change in the Arctic: It is also predicted that Greenland will become warm enough by 2100 to begin an almost complete melt during the next 1,000 years or more. [REFUTES]
- Greenland ice sheet: "Greenland enters melt mode". [REFUTES]
- Greenland ice sheet: An ice sheet response time of centuries seems probable, and we cannot rule out large changes on decadal time-scales once wide-scale surface melt is underway." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Small amounts of very active substances can cause large effects.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Alcohol (drug): Specifically, ethanol is a very low molecular weight compound and is of exceptionally low potency in its actions, causing effects only at very high (millimolar (mM)) concentrations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Alcohol (drug): Slightly higher levels of 5 to 10 mM, which are associated with light social drinking, produce measurable effects including changes in visual acuity, decreased anxiety, and modest behavioral disinhibition. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Alcohol (drug): In the upper range of recreational ethanol concentrations of 20 to 50 mM, depression of the central nervous system is more marked, with effects including complete drunkenness, profound sedation, amnesia, emesis, hypnosis, and eventually unconsciousness. [REFUTES]
- Caffeine: Doses as low as 100 mg/day, such as a 6 oz cup of coffee or two to three 12 oz servings of caffeinated soft-drink, may continue to cause sleep disruption, among other intolerances. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Lysergic acid diethylamide: For example, an active dose of mescaline, roughly 0.2 to 0.5 g, has effects comparable to 100 µg or less of LSD. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "We have been grossly misled to think there is tens of thousands of times as much CO2 as there is!
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Greenhouse gas: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: As of 2006 the annual airborne fraction for CO 2 was about 0.45. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO 2-equivalent. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: "CO2 in the atmosphere just exceeded 415 parts per million for the first time in human history". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: If the public were aware that man-made CO2 is so incredibly small there would be very little belief in a climate disaster ..."
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- An Inconvenient Truth: Steven Quiring, climatologist from Texas A&M University added that "whether scientists like it or not, An Inconvenient Truth has had a much greater impact on public opinion and public awareness of global climate change than any scientific paper or report." [REFUTES]
- Bread: CO2 generation, on its own, is too small to account for the rise. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change denial: In Britain, only 43% believe man-made global warming is a fact, down from… 55% in July. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change denial: Gelbspan 1998 p. 3 "But some individuals do not want the public to know about the immediacy and extent of the climate threat. [REFUTES]
- Climate change denial: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Atmospheric methane: Methane in the Earth's atmosphere is a strong greenhouse gas with a global warming potential (GWP) 104 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame; methane is not as persistent a gas as CO2 (assuming no change in carbon sequestration rates) and tails off to about GWP of 28 for a 100-year time frame. [SUPPORTS]
- Atmospheric methane: Methane is a strong GHG with a global warming potential 84 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame. [SUPPORTS]
- Atmospheric methane: That is, over a 20-year period, it traps 84 times more heat per mass unit than carbon dioxide (CO2) and 32 times the effect when accounting for aerosol interactions. [SUPPORTS]
- Atmospheric methane: Since methane gas is twenty-five times stronger (for a given weight, averaged over 100 years) than CO 2 as a greenhouse gas; this would immensely magnify the greenhouse effect. [SUPPORTS]
- Natural gas: Natural gas is thus a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide due to the greater global-warming potential of methane. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: "A United Nations report has identified the world's  rapidly growing herds of cattle as the greatest threat to the climate,  forests and wildlife. ...
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Madagascar: The island's diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife are threatened by the encroachment of the rapidly growing human population and other environmental threats. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- United Nations Development Programme: Major programmes underway are: ART Global Initiative World Alliance of Cities Against Poverty Territorial Approach to Climate Change Africa–Kazakhstan Partnership for the SDGs Since 1991, the UNDP has annually published the Human Development Report, which includes topics on Human Development and the annual Human Development Index. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- United Nations Environment Programme: UNEP in 2005, 15 years ago, predicted "50 million people could become environmental refugees by 2010, fleeing the effects of climate change."' [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- United Nations: Also in 2005, the Human Security Report documented a decline in the number of wars, genocides, and human rights abuses since the end of the Cold War, and presented evidence, albeit circumstantial, that international activism—mostly spearheaded by the UN—has been the main cause of the decline in armed conflict in that period. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Wildlife: Destroying the nesting habitats of these birds would cause a decrease in the cattle population because of the spread of insect-borne diseases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: ...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Agriculture: It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Agriculture: Animal husbandry is also responsible for greenhouse gas production of CO 2 and a percentage of the world's methane, and future land infertility, and the displacement of wildlife. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Livestock: The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has estimated that agriculture (including not only livestock, but also food crop, biofuel and other production) accounted for about 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) in 2005 and in 2010.Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for from 35 to 40% of the overall methane emissions of the planet. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Methane: A 2013 study estimated that livestock accounted for 44% of human-induced methane and ~15% of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Burning fuel to produce fertiliser to grow feed, to  produce meat and to transport it - and clearing vegetation for grazing -  produces 9 per cent of all emissions of carbon dioxide, the most common  greenhouse gas.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Agriculture: Animal husbandry is also responsible for greenhouse gas production of CO 2 and a percentage of the world's methane, and future land infertility, and the displacement of wildlife. [SUPPORTS]
- Agriculture: Agriculture contributes to climate change by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, and by the conversion of non-agricultural land such as forest for agricultural use. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: It is produced by combustion of wood and other organic materials and fossil fuels such as coal, peat, petroleum and natural gas. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: One liter of gasoline, when used as a fuel, produces 2.32 kg (about 1300 liters or 1.3 cubic meters) of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]