MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change mitigation: Cost-effective 2 °C scenarios project annual global greenhouse gas emissions to peak before the year 2020, with deep cuts in emissions thereafter, leading to a reduction in 2050 of 41% compared to 1990 levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change mitigation: "Cut Global Emissions by 7.6 Percent Every Year for Next Decade to Meet 1.5°C Paris Target - UN Report". [SUPPORTS]
- Emissions trading: It is one of the ways countries can meet their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce carbon emissions and thereby mitigate global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 4, in UNFCCC: Cancun 2010: "deep cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions are required according to science, and as documented in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, with a view to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions so as to hold the increase in global average temperature below 2 °C above preindustrial levels". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Kyoto Protocol: The 36 countries that were committed to emission reductions only accounted for 24% of the global greenhouse gas emissions in 2010. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Agriculture: It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents. [REFUTES]
- Australia: "Australia's carbon dioxide emissions twice world rate". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Australia: Australia's carbon dioxide emissions per capita are among the highest in the world, lower than those of only a few other industrialised nations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change and agriculture: Agriculture, forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to 25% of global annual emissions in 2010. [REFUTES]
- Kyoto Protocol: In 2008, countries with a Kyoto cap made up less than one-third of annual global carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- British Columbia: Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 Station Data. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Christopher Monckton, 3rd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley: He says a greenhouse effect exists, and that carbon dioxide contributes to it, but claims there is no "causative link" from CO2-concentration to global average temperature. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Christopher Monckton, 3rd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley: Monckton's opinions contradict the scientific opinion on climate change, where there is consensus for anthropogenic global warming, and show a decisive link between carbon dioxide concentration and global average temperatures. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Terra Nova Expedition: Gear, clothes, and sleeping bags were constantly iced up; on 5 July, the temperature fell below −77 °F (−61 °C)—"109 degrees of frost—as cold as anyone would want to endure in darkness and iced up clothes", wrote Cherry-Garrard. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Terra Nova Expedition: The meteorological data collected was the longest unbroken weather record in the early twentieth century, providing baselines for current assessments of climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Arctic fox: Globally, the Pliocene was about 2–3 °C warmer than today, and the Arctic during the summer in the mid-Pliocene was 8 °C warmer. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic: Another definition of the Arctic is the region where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10 °C (50 °F); the northernmost tree line roughly follows the isotherm at the boundary of this region. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic: Average winter temperatures can go as low as −40 °C (−40 °F), and the coldest recorded temperature is approximately −68 °C (−90 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws. [SUPPORTS]
- Arctic: Due to the poleward migration of the planet's isotherms (about 56 km (35 mi) per decade during the past 30 years as a consequence of global warming), the Arctic region (as defined by tree line and temperature) is currently shrinking. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: When you account for the effects which are not reflected in the market price of fossil fuels, like air pollution and health impacts, the true cost of coal and other fossil fuels is higher than the cost of most renewable energy technologies.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Energy industry: The large-scale use of renewable energy technologies would "greatly mitigate or eliminate a wide range of environmental and human health impacts of energy use". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Fossil fuel: Fossil fuel prices generally are below their actual costs, or their "efficient prices," when economic externalities, such as the costs of air pollution and global climate destruction, are taken into account. [SUPPORTS]
- Fossil fuel: Oil refineries also have negative environmental impacts, including air and water pollution. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Fossil fuel: Moreover, these environmental pollutions impacts on the human beings because its particles of the fossil fuel on the air cause negative health effects when inhaled by people. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Human impact on the environment: The health impact of transport emissions is also of concern. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: [Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Alternative fuel: However, U.S. civilian nuclear power is considerably more expensive than wind power. [REFUTES]
- Wind power: The modeling also shows that "even without a carbon price (the most efficient way to reduce economy-wide emissions) wind energy is 14% cheaper than new coal and 18% cheaper than new gas." [REFUTES]
- Wind power: Costs of production from coal fired plants built in "the 1970s and 1980s" are cheaper than renewable energy sources because of depreciation. [SUPPORTS]
- Wind power: "Wind power is cheapest energy, EU analysis finds". [REFUTES]
- Wind power: "Renewable energy now cheaper than new fossil fuels in Australia". [REFUTES]
Claim: 'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Antarctica: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Antarctica: The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear. [REFUTES]
- Antarctica: B. C. "Antarctica appears to have broken a heat record". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Cryosphere: The overall trend indicated in the passive microwave record from 1978 through mid-1995 shows that the extent of Arctic sea ice is decreasing 2.7% per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea: Increased melting of Arctic ice since 2007 enables ships to travel the Northwest Passage for some weeks in summertime, avoiding the longer routes via the Suez Canal or the Panama Canal. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.'
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Antarctic sea ice: The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice). [SUPPORTS]
- Antarctic sea ice: Sea ice coverage in the Arctic has shrunk at a much faster rate than it has expanded in the Southern Ocean. [SUPPORTS]
- Antarctica: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic". [SUPPORTS]
- Arctic sea ice decline: For January 2016, the satellite based data showed the lowest overall Arctic sea ice extent of any January since records begun in 1979. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change in the Arctic: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami: with a marginal drop in sea level. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Five of the Solomon Islands have disappeared due to the combined effects of sea level rise and stronger trade winds that were pushing water into the Western Pacific. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: Satellites are useful for measuring regional variations in sea level, such as the substantial rise between 1993 and 2012 in the western tropical Pacific. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: "Multidecadal sea level anomalies and trends in the western tropical Pacific". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Settlement of the Americas: A drop of eustatic sea level by about 60 m to 120 m lower than present-day levels, commencing around 30,000 years BP, created Beringia, a durable and extensive geographic feature connecting Siberia with Alaska. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Past sea level: This compares to an average rate of 1.7 ± 0.5 mm per year for the 20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Past sea level: Based on tide gauge data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 0.8 to 3.3 mm/yr, with an average rate of 1.8 mm/yr. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: More importantly, the GMSL curve shows a net acceleration, estimated to be at 0.08mm/yr2. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Humans are emitting 26 gigatonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons. [SUPPORTS]
- Fossil fuel: The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: The pharmaceutical industry emitted 52 megatonnes of Carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in 2015. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO 2-equivalent. [REFUTES]
Claim: 89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- International Space Station: From the heat exchangers, ammonia is pumped into external radiators that emit heat as infrared radiation, then back to the station. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Passive solar building design: This is done using good siting and window positioning, small amounts of thermal mass, with good-but-conventional insulation, weatherization, and an occasional supplementary heat source, such as a central radiator connected to a (solar) water heater. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Renewable energy: Low Temperature Geothermal refers to the use of the outer crust of the earth as a Thermal Battery to facilitate Renewable thermal energy for heating and cooling buildings, and other refrigeration and industrial uses. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Solar energy: In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 °C can be provided by solar heating systems. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Solar energy: Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: A number of independent studies using near-global satellite data find positive feedback and high climate sensitivity.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change feedback: Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change feedback: Observations and modelling studies indicate that there is a net positive feedback to warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change feedback: "High sensitivity of peat decomposition to climate change through water-table feedback". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: Other analyses have found that the iris effect is a positive feedback rather than the negative feedback proposed by Lindzen. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- El Niño: However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. [SUPPORTS]
- El Niño: However, during the duration of a single event, the area with the greatest sea surface temperature anomalies can change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Eocene: Using isotope proxies to determine ocean temperatures indicates sea surface temperatures in the tropics as high as 35 °C (95 °F) and, relative to present-day values, bottom water temperatures that are 10 °C (18 °F) higher. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone: In tropical and subtropical areas, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) rose 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) within a 50-year period, and in the North Atlantic and Northwestern Pacific tropical cyclone basins, the potential destructiveness and energy of storms nearly doubled within the same duration, evidencing a clear correlation between global warming and tropical cyclone intensities. [SUPPORTS]
- Tropical cyclone: All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate change feedback: Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change feedback: Observations and modelling studies indicate that there is a net positive feedback to warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change feedback: The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Reinforcement: Negative reinforcement occurs when the rate of a behavior increases because an aversive event or stimulus is removed or prevented from happening. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: When you read Phil Jones' actual words, you see he's saying there is a warming trend
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming controversy: A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend. [SUPPORTS]
- Hockey stick controversy: They concluded that although the 20th century was almost certainly the warmest of the millennium, the amount of anthropogenic warming remains uncertain." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick controversy: He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick controversy: In fact, if one ignores the unusual El Nino year of 1998, one sees a cooling trend." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick controversy: From this, he concluded that "The post-1980 global warming trend from surface thermometers is not credible. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: 'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no "statistically significant" warming.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Hockey stick controversy: He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979. [SUPPORTS]
- Hockey stick controversy: From this, he concluded that "The post-1980 global warming trend from surface thermometers is not credible. [SUPPORTS]
- Hockey stick controversy: The authors concluded that "Northern Hemisphere mean annual temperatures for three of the past eight years are warmer than any other year since (at least) AD1400", and estimated empirically that greenhouse gases had become the dominant climate forcing during the 20th century. [REFUTES]
- Hockey stick graph: He said that "Our conclusion was that the warming of the past few decades appears to be closely tied to emission of greenhouse gases by humans and not any of the natural factors". [REFUTES]
- Hockey stick graph: The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of –0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s "the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models" (Lindzen et al.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate change feedback: Observations and modelling studies indicate that there is a net positive feedback to warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change feedback: The impact of this negative feedback effect is included in global climate models summarized by the IPCC. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Richard Lindzen: This hypothesis suggests a negative feedback which would counter the effects of CO 2 warming by lowering the climate sensitivity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Richard Lindzen: The feedback due to water vapor is a major factor in determining how much warming would be expected to occur with increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, and all existing computer models assume positive feedback — that is, that as the climate warms, the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere will increase, leading to further warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Dropped stations show more warming than kept stations.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Environmental impact of wind power: Compared with other low-carbon power sources, wind turbines have one of the lowest global warming potentials per unit of electrical energy generated out of any power source. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Environmental impact of wind power: Overall, wind farms lead to a slight warming at night and a slight cooling during the day time. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Environmental impact of wind power: Another peer-reviewed study suggested that using wind turbines to meet 10 percent of global energy demand in 2100 could actually have a warming effect, causing temperatures to rise by 1 °C (1.8 °F) in the regions on land where the wind farms are installed, including a smaller increase in areas beyond those regions. [SUPPORTS]
- Urban heat island: In fact, the lower-tropospheric temperatures warm at a slightly greater rate over North America (about 0.28°C/decade using satellite data) than do the surface temperatures (0.27°C/decade), although again the difference is not statistically significant. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Urban heat island: Throughout the daytime, particularly when the skies are cloudless, urban surfaces are warmed by the absorption of solar radiation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Two American researchers allege that U.S. government scientists have  skewed global temperature trends by ignoring readings from thousands of  local weather stations around the world, particularly those in colder  altitudes and more northerly latitudes, such as Canada.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming controversy: There were a small number of weather stations in the 1850s, and the number didn't reach the current 3000+ until the 1951 to 1990 period The 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report (TAR) acknowledged that the urban heat island is an important local effect, but cited analyses of historical data indicating that the effect of the urban heat island on the global temperature trend is no more than 0.05 °C (0.09 °F) degrees through 1990. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: In a NASA report published in January 2013, Hansen and Sato noted "the 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: U.S. officials, such as Philip Cooney, have repeatedly edited scientific reports from US government scientists, many of whom, such as Thomas Knutson, have been ordered to refrain from discussing climate change and related topics. [SUPPORTS]