MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Nearly all publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 3% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: 76 out of 79 climatologists who "listed climate science as their area of expertise and who also have published more than 50% of their recent peer-reviewed papers on the subject of climate change" believed that mean global temperatures had risen compared to pre-1800s levels. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming. [REFUTES]
Claim: A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- 1257 Samalas eruption: Sea surface temperatures too decreased by 0.3–2.2 °C (0.54–3.96 °F), triggering changes in the ocean circulations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum: Volcanic eruptions of a large magnitude can impact global climate, reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, lowering temperatures in the troposphere, and changing atmospheric circulation patterns. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum: Further, methane is a potent greenhouse gas as it is released into the atmosphere, so it causes warming, and as the ocean transports this warmth to the bottom sediments, it destabilizes more clathrates. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Triassic–Jurassic extinction event: Massive volcanic eruptions, specifically the flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), would release carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide and aerosols, which would cause either intense global warming (from the former) or cooling (from the latter). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Photosynthesis: Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration, very low CO2 compensation point, high optimum temperature, high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Stoma: Stomatal density and aperture (length of stomata) varies under a number of environmental factors such as atmospheric CO2 concentration, light intensity, air temperature and photoperiod (daytime duration). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Stoma: These studies imply the plants response to changing CO2 levels is largely controlled by genetics. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Stoma: The CO2 fertiliser effect has been greatly overestimated during Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiments where results show increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere enhances photosynthesis, reduce transpiration, and increase water use efficiency (WUE). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Stoma: Rates of leaf photosynthesis were shown to increase by 30–50% in C3 plants, and 10–25% in C4 under doubled CO2 levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Tuvalu sea level isn't rising.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Tuvalu: Because of the low elevation, the islands that make up this nation are vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones and by the threat of current and future sea level rise. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tuvalu: Tuvalu is also affected by perigean spring tide events which raise the sea level higher than a normal high tide. [REFUTES]
- Tuvalu: Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels. [REFUTES]
- Tuvalu: Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tuvalu: Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Renewables can't provide baseload power.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Base load: "Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms". [REFUTES]
- Geothermal gradient: Generating electrical power from geothermal resources requires no fuel while providing true baseload energy at a reliability rate that constantly exceeds 90%. [REFUTES]
- Renewable energy: EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant. [REFUTES]
- Wind power: about 8% of total nameplate capacity) to be used as reliable, baseload electric power which can be relied on to handle peak loads, as long as minimum criteria are met for wind speed and turbine height. [REFUTES]
- Wind power: "Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms" (PDF). [REFUTES]
Claim: Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Ice sheet: The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall. [REFUTES]
- Ice sheet: The IPCC projects that ice mass loss from melting of the Greenland ice sheet will continue to outpace accumulation of snowfall. [REFUTES]
- Ice sheet: Accumulation of snowfall on the Antarctic ice sheet is projected to outpace losses from melting. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: Between 2000 and 2016, 29 % of the glacierized area was lost, the remaining area estimated at around 1,300 km2 (500 sq mi). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: The net loss in volume and hence sea level contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has doubled in recent years from 90 km3 (22 cu mi) per year in 1996 to 220 km3 (53 cu mi) per year in 2005. [REFUTES]
Claim: Melting ice isn't warming the Arctic.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Arctic sea ice decline: The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic. [REFUTES]
- Arctic: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet. [REFUTES]
- Arctic: Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity. [REFUTES]
- Carbon dioxide: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years. [REFUTES]
- Carbon sequestration: These reactions are exothermic and occur naturally (e.g., the weathering of rock over geologic time periods). [SUPPORTS]
- Geysers on Mars: Martian geysers (or CO 2 jets) are putative sites of small gas and dust eruptions that occur in the south polar region of Mars during the spring thaw. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In a 2019 CBS poll, 64% of the US population said that climate change is a "crisis" or a "serious problem", with 44% saying human activity was a significant contributor. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: It is extremely likely (95–100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951–2010. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence. [REFUTES]
Claim: Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Atmospheric methane: This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere). [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: After an initial warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases, the atmosphere will hold more water. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Runaway greenhouse effect: An increase in temperature from greenhouse gases leading to increased water vapor (which is itself a greenhouse gas) causing further warming is a positive feedback, but not a runaway effect, on Earth. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Water vapor: When water vapour condenses onto a surface, a net warming occurs on that surface. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Climate change adaptation: Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since those countries are bearing the brunt of the effects of global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change mitigation: "Eat less meat to avoid dangerous global warming, scientists say". [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since they are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: The capacity and potential for humans to adapt, called adaptive capacity, is unevenly distributed across different regions and populations, and developing countries generally have less capacity to adapt. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Cosmic ray: Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Cosmic ray: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming". [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [REFUTES]
- Henrik Svensmark: He is known for his theory on the effects of cosmic rays on cloud formation as an indirect cause of global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Henrik Svensmark: "Cosmic rays blamed for global warming". [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Water levels correlate with sunspots.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Sun: Sunspots are visible as dark patches on the Sun's photosphere, and correspond to concentrations of magnetic field where the convective transport of heat is inhibited from the solar interior to the surface. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sun: At this point in the dynamo cycle, buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence of toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere, giving rise to pairs of sunspots, roughly aligned east–west and having footprints with opposite magnetic polarities. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sun: Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sunspot: Sunspots number is correlated with the intensity of solar radiation over the period since 1979, when satellite measurements became available. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sunspot: On longer time scales, such as the solar cycle, other magnetic phenomena (faculae and the chromospheric network) correlate with sunspot occurrence. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Antarctica is too cold to lose ice.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Antarctica: As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. [REFUTES]
- Antarctica: This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Antarctica: Offshore, temperatures are also low enough that ice is formed from seawater through most of the year. [SUPPORTS]
- Antarctica: This ice sheet is constantly gaining ice from snowfall and losing ice through outflow to the sea. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Antarctica: The continent has about 90% of the world's ice (and thus about 70% of the world's fresh water). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change in Tuvalu: Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to raise the atolls with the sea level. [SUPPORTS]
- Coral reef: As communities established themselves, the reefs grew upwards, pacing rising sea levels. [SUPPORTS]
- Coral reef: Healthy tropical coral reefs grow horizontally from 1 to 3 cm (0.39 to 1.18 in) per year, and grow vertically anywhere from 1 to 25 cm (0.39 to 9.84 in) per year; however, they grow only at depths shallower than 150 m (490 ft) because of their need for sunlight, and cannot grow above sea level. [SUPPORTS]
- Coral reef: Atolls may also be formed by the sinking of the seabed or rising of the sea level. [SUPPORTS]
- Tuvalu: Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity. [REFUTES]
- Carbon dioxide: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: [clarification needed] This increase is the result of human activities by burning fossil fuels, deforestation and forest degradation in tropical and boreal regions. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems. [REFUTES]
Claim: Scientists retracted claim that sea levels are rising.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: "Scientists keep upping their projections for how much the oceans will rise this century". [REFUTES]
Claim: Renewable energy investment kills jobs.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- BP: It established an alternative and low carbon energy business in 2005, with plans to invest $8 billion over a 10-year period into renewable energy sources including solar, wind, and biofuels, and non-renewable sources including natural gas and hydrogen power. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Green-collar worker: Some 2.3 million people have found renewable energy jobs in recent years, and projected investments of $630 billion by 2030 would translate into at least 20 million additional jobs. [REFUTES]
- Green-collar worker: In the context of the current world economic crisis, many experts now argue that a massive push to develop renewable sources of energy could create millions of new jobs and help the economy recover while simultaneously improving the environment, increasing labour conditions in poor economies, and strengthening energy and food security. [REFUTES]
- Renewable energy commercialization: A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs. [REFUTES]
- Renewable energy: Globally there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer. [REFUTES]
Claim: CO2 limits won't cool the planet.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Occupational CO 2 exposure limits have been set in the United States at 0.5% (5000 ppm) for an eight-hour period. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Gaia hypothesis: As the temperature rises closer to the value the white daisies like, the white daisies outreproduce the black daisies, leading to a larger percentage of white surface, and more sunlight is reflected, reducing the heat input and eventually cooling the planet. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Earth's energy budget: Climate sensitivity is the steady state change in the equilibrium temperature as a result of changes in the energy budget. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Electronic keyboard: They are not sensitive to the climate or humidity changes in a room and there is also no need for tuning, as with acoustic pianos. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Land degradation: Sensitivity is the degree to which a land system undergoes change due to natural forces, human intervention or a combination of both. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mediterranean Sea: Because of its latitude and its land-locked position, the Mediterranean is especially sensitive to astronomically induced climatic variations, which are well documented in its sedimentary record. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Perennial plant: Herbaceous perennials are also able to tolerate the extremes of cold in temperate and Arctic winters, with less sensitivity than trees or shrubs. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Greenland ice sheet: If iceberg calving has happened as an average, Greenland lost 294 Gt of its mass during 2007 (one km3 of ice weighs about 0.9 Gt). [REFUTES]
- Greenland: Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm). [REFUTES]
- Greenland: The rate of ice loss has increased from an average of 33 billion tonnes a year in the 1990s, to 254 billion tonnes a year in the last decade. [REFUTES]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: Between 2000 and 2016, 29 % of the glacierized area was lost, the remaining area estimated at around 1,300 km2 (500 sq mi). [REFUTES]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: Between then and 2010, the mountain lost 80 percent of its ice — two-thirds of which since another scientific expedition in the 1970s. [REFUTES]
Claim: Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Arctic Ocean: The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade. [REFUTES]
- Climate change in the Arctic: The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar ice cap: In August 2013, Arctic sea ice extent averaged 6.09m km2, which represents 1.13 million km2 below the 1981–2010 average for that month. [REFUTES]
- Sea ice: In comparison to the extended record, the sea-ice extent in the polar region by September 2007 was only half the recorded mass that had been estimated to exist within the 1950–1970 period. [REFUTES]
- Sea ice: Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Climate change adaptation: This causes a variety of secondary effects, namely, changes in patterns of precipitation, rising sea levels, altered patterns of agriculture, increased extreme weather events, the expansion of the range of tropical diseases, and the opening of new marine trade routes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Economic impacts of climate change: Many analyses, such as that of the Stern Review presented to the British Government, have predicted reductions by several percent of world gross domestic product due to climate related costs such as dealing with increased extreme weather events and stresses to low-lying areas due to sea level rises. [REFUTES]
- Effects of global warming: Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s. [REFUTES]
- Heat wave: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events. [REFUTES]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: "Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events". [REFUTES]