MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: 43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Aircraft lease: At the end of July 2015, the top 50 aircraft lessors managed 8,184 aircraft: 511 turboprop regional airliners, 792 regional jets, 5,612 narrowbody and 1,253 widebody airliners. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Airliner: Narrowbody are dominant with 16,235, followed by 5,581 Widebodies, 3,743 Turboprops, 3,565 Regional jets and 399 Others. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Environmental impact of aviation: In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Environmental impact of aviation: Today, turboprop aircraft – probably in part because of their lower cruising speeds and altitudes (similar to the earlier piston-powered airliners) compared to jet airliners – play an obvious role in the overall fuel efficiency of major airlines that have regional carrier subsidiaries. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Wide-body aircraft: A wide-body aircraft, also known as a twin-aisle aircraft, is a jet airliner with a fuselage wide enough to accommodate two passenger aisles with seven or more seats abreast. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [SUPPORTS]
- Earth: The highest air temperature ever measured on Earth was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) in Furnace Creek, California, in Death Valley, in 1913. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Fahrenheit: A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of ​5⁄9 degrees Celsius. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- 2000s (decade): This decade is on track to become the warmest since records began in 1850, and 2009 could rank among the top-five warmest years, the U.N. weather agency reported Tuesday on the second day of a pivotal 192-nation climate conference. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 2000s (decade): In December 2009, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) announced that the 2000s may have been the warmest decade since records began in 1850, with four of the five warmest years since 1850 having occurred in this decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves: The temperature was the hottest measured in 68 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- January: It is, on average, the coldest month of the year within most of the Northern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of winter) and the warmest month of the year within most of the Southern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of summer). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Kansas City, Missouri: The coldest month of the year is January, with an average temperature of 31 °F (−0.6 °C). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Month: It has 12 months, broken down into two groups of six often termed "winter months" and "summer months". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- New York City: The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Portland, Oregon: The months of June, July, August and September account for a combined 4.49 inches (114 mm) of total rainfall – only 12% of the 36.03 in (915 mm) of the precipitation that falls throughout the year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming on oceans: In another study, results estimate the heat content of the ocean in the upper 700 meters has increased significantly from 1955–2010. [SUPPORTS]
- Eocene: These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the total. [SUPPORTS]
- Indian Ocean: Long-term ocean temperature records show a rapid, continuous warming in the Indian Ocean, at about 1.2 °C (34.2 °F) (compared to 0.7 °C (33.3 °F) for the warm pool region) during 1901–2012. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Heat gets transported into deeper parts of the ocean by winds and currents, and some of it reaches depths of more than 2,000 m (6,600 ft). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Greenland ice sheet: From about 11 million years ago to 10 million years ago, the Greenland Ice Sheet was greatly reduced in size. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenland ice sheet: Also snowfall was unusually low, which led to unprecedented negative −65 km3 (−15.6 cu mi) Surface Mass Balance. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenland ice sheet: Analysis of gravity data from GRACE satellites indicates that the Greenland ice sheet lost approximately 2900 Gt (0.1% of its total mass) between March 2002 and September 2012. [SUPPORTS]
- Ice sheet: The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall. [SUPPORTS]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: "Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE". [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world — including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska and Africa.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Glacier: Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Argentina, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Glacier: Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, Scandinavian mountains, and the Alps. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Glacier: Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Glacier: Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially. [SUPPORTS]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: The retreat of mountain glaciers, notably in western North America, Asia, the Alps and tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Africa and Indonesia, provide evidence for the rise in global temperatures since the late 19th century. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the last century.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Sea level rise: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in). [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century). [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Arctic Ocean: The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade. [SUPPORTS]
- Arctic ice pack: The September minimum ice extent trend for 1979–2011 declined by 12.0% per decade during 32 years. [SUPPORTS]
- Arctic sea ice decline: Observation with satellites show that Arctic sea ice area, extent, and volume have been in decline for a few decades. [SUPPORTS]
- Arctic sea ice decline: The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades. [SUPPORTS]
- Arctic sea ice decline: A 2018 study of the thickness of sea ice found a decrease of 66% or 2.0 m over the last six decades and a shift from permanent ice to largely seasonal ice cover. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming: In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35°C) and very hot days (above 40°C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: Over most land areas since the 1950s, it is very likely that at all times of year both days and nights have become warmer due to human activities. [SUPPORTS]
- New York City: The warmest month on record is July 1999, with a mean temperature of 81.4 °F (27.4 °C). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- New York City: The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Physical impacts of climate change: Global surface temperatures in 2016 had increased about 1.0 °C since the 1901. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Hurricane Irma: "Extensive flooding, damage in Turks and Caicos". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hurricane Irma: Rainfall resulted in several rivers reaching major flood stage. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hurricane Irma: Heavy precipitation – and storm surge, in some instances – overflowed at least 32 rivers and creeks, causing in significant flooding, particularly along the St. Johns River and its tributaries. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hurricane Irma: Lee County was lashed by strong winds and heavy rainfall, which caused prolonged flooding in some areas. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hurricane Irma: In the days after the hurricane, due to the heavy rainfall, numerous rivers had flooded, including residential areas. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent.13,14
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as "ocean acidification." [SUPPORTS]
- Human impact on marine life: Ocean acidification has increased 26% since the beginning of the industrial era. [SUPPORTS]
- Ocean acidification: In the 15-year period 1995–2010 alone, acidity has increased 6 percent in the upper 100 meters of the Pacific Ocean from Hawaii to Alaska. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ocean acidification: Between 1751 and 1996, surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans. [SUPPORTS]
- The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History: Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, we have seen increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at an alarming rate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Roughly half of each year's CO2 emissions have been absorbed by plants on land and in oceans. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse effect: This increase in radiative forcing from human activity is attributable mainly to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea: More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by the upper layer of the oceans is increasing by about 2 billion tons per year.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Oceanic carbon cycle: Current annual increase in atmospheric CO2 is approximately 4 gigatons of carbon. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Oceanic carbon cycle: Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere at the ocean's surface at an exchange rate which varies locally but on average, the oceans have a net absorption of CO2 2.2 Pg C per year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires: The 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires were a series of bushfires caused by lightning strikes on 6 December 2007 on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, resulting in the destruction of 95,000 hectares (230,000 acres) of national park and wilderness protection area. [SUPPORTS]
- 2019–20 Australian bushfire season: "Climate change is one factor affecting how fires in Australia burn, regardless of whether arsonists or lightning started them". [REFUTES]
- Bushfires in Australia: Many fires are as a result of either deliberate arson or carelessness, however these fires normally happen in readily accessible areas and are rapidly brought under control. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Bushfires in Australia: Man-made events include arcing from overhead power lines, arson, accidental ignition in the course of agricultural clearing, grinding and welding activities, campfires, cigarettes and dropped matches, sparks from machinery, and controlled burn escapes. [SUPPORTS]
- Bushfires in Australia: The fires would have been caused by both natural phenomenon and human hands. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum: Intrusions of hot magma into carbon-rich sediments may have triggered the degassing of isotopically light methane in sufficient volumes to cause global warming and the observed isotope anomaly. [SUPPORTS]
- Permian–Triassic extinction event: "Global Warming Led To Atmospheric Hydrogen Sulfide And Permian Extinction". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Permian–Triassic extinction event: The eruptions would also have emitted carbon dioxide, causing global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Permian–Triassic extinction event: The resultant global warming may have caused perhaps the most severe anoxic event in the oceans' history: according to this theory, the oceans became so anoxic, anaerobic sulfur-reducing organisms dominated the chemistry of the oceans and caused massive emissions of toxic hydrogen sulfide. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: A series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate change in the Arctic: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth–Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: According to the report plastic will contribute greenhouse gases in the equivalent of 850 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere in 2019. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The pharmaceutical industry emitted 52 megatonnes of Carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in 2015. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Snowball Earth: The carbon dioxide levels necessary to thaw Earth have been estimated as being 350 times what they are today, about 13% of the atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Scientific consensus on climate change: This scientific opinion is expressed in synthesis reports, by scientific bodies of national or international standing, and by surveys of opinion among climate scientists. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: European Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2007 issued a formal declaration on climate change titled Let's Be Honest: Human activity is most likely responsible for climate warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Dennis Bray and Hans von Storch conducted a survey in August 2008 of 2058 climate scientists from 34 different countries. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sustainability: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is an international synthesis by over 1000 of the world's leading biological scientists that analyzes the state of the Earth's ecosystems and provides summaries and guidelines for decision-makers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sustainability: It was signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries, what made it the letter with the most signatures of scientists in history In November 2019, more than 11,000 scientists from 153 countries published a letter in which they warn about big threats to sustainability from climate change if big changes in policies will not happen. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The consensus among scientists and policy-makers is that we’ll pass this point of no return if the global mean temperature rises by more than two degrees Celsius.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Scientific consensus on climate change: "The overall risks of climate change impacts can be reduced by limiting the rate and magnitude of climate change" Without new policies to mitigate climate change, projections suggest an increase in global mean temperature in 2100 of 3.7 to 4.8 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels (median values; the range is 2.5 to 7.8 °C including climate uncertainty). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tipping points in the climate system: The tipping point is difficult to predict, but is estimated to be between 3–4 °C of global temperature rise. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]