MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Additionally, and crucially to life on earth, photosynthesis by phytoplankton consumes dissolved CO 2 in the upper ocean and thereby promotes the absorption of CO 2 from the atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: Natural sources of carbon dioxide are more than 20 times greater than sources due to human activity, but over periods longer than a few years natural sources are closely balanced by natural sinks, mainly photosynthesis of carbon compounds by plants and marine plankton. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: This is the case for CO 2, which is reduced by photosynthesis of plants, and which, after dissolving in the oceans, reacts to form carbonic acid and bicarbonate and carbonate ions (see ocean acidification). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Water: Water also dissolves many gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide—the latter giving the fizz of carbonated beverages, sparkling wines and beers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a "growing consensus".
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global cooling: Scientists said that "abrupt climate change initiated by Greenland ice sheet melting is not a realistic scenario for the 21st century". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global cooling: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm. [REFUTES]
- Global warming controversy: In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [REFUTES]
- Global warming controversy: Despite increasing consensus on the science underpinning predictions of global climate change, doubts have been expressed recently about the need to mitigate the risks posed by global climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [REFUTES]
Claim: "The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate: Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate: temperature) over a 30-year period. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Eocene: The transition from a warming climate into a cooling climate began at ~49 million years ago. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mesozoic: The climate of the Mesozoic was varied, alternating between warming and cooling periods. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by  IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading  for cooler weather."
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. [REFUTES]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: "Robust findings" of the Synthesis report include: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C. [REFUTES]
Claim: It’s usually taken to be the fact that as carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere increase, the 1 per cent of CO2 that’s the heavier carbon isotope ratio c13 declines in proportion.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: The global mean CO 2 concentration is currently rising at a rate of approximately 2 ppm/year and accelerating. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Eocene: The start of the Eocene is marked by a brief period in which the concentration of the carbon isotope 13C in the atmosphere was exceptionally low in comparison with the more common isotope 12C. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: But that conclusion holds true only if there are no other sources of c12 increases which are not human caused.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Reason: The reasoning in this argument is valid, because there is no way in which the premises, 1 and 2, could be true and the conclusion, 3, be false. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: "It is likely that increases in GHG concentrations alone would have caused more warming than observed because volcanic and anthropogenic aerosols have offset some warming that would otherwise have taken place." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: According to this summary, the Fourth Assessment Report found that human actions are "very likely" the cause of global warming, meaning a 90% or greater probability. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The statement concludes with a call for "reduction in anthropogenic (human-caused) sources of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions contributing to global climate change and the conservation of CO 2- consuming photosynthesizers (i.e., plants)." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: Since 1978, output from the Sun has been measured by satellites significantly more accurately than was previously possible from the surface. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Attribution of recent climate change: These measurements indicate that the Sun's total solar irradiance has not increased since 1978, so the warming during the past 30 years cannot be directly attributed to an increase in total solar energy reaching the Earth (see graph above, left). [SUPPORTS]
- Attribution of recent climate change: In the three decades since 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity probably had a slight cooling influence on the climate. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Solar activity and climate: In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Solar irradiance: The space-based TSI record comprises measurements from more than ten radiometers spanning three solar cycles. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Solar irradiance: The Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment/Total Irradiance Measurement (SORCE/TIM) TSI values are lower than prior measurements by the Earth Radiometer Budget Experiment (ERBE) on the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS), VIRGO on the Solar Heliospheric Observatory (SoHO) and the ACRIM instruments on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM), Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) and ACRIMSAT. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Solar irradiance: Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) is a measure of the solar power over all wavelengths per unit area incident on the Earth's upper atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sunlight: Total solar irradiance (TSI) – the amount of solar radiation received at the top of Earth's atmosphere – has been measured since 1978 by a series of overlapping NASA and ESA satellite experiments to be 1.365 kilo⁠watts per square meter (kW/m²). [REFUTES]
- Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite: The ACRIM2 instrument on the UARS satellite measured the total solar irradiance (TSI), the total solar radiant energy reaching Earth, continuing the climate change database begun in 1980 by the ACRIM1 experiment on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM). [REFUTES]
Claim: The two most cited composites are PMOD and ACRIM.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Catalan pseudoprime: In mathematics, a Catalan pseudoprime is an odd composite number n satisfying the congruence ( − 1 ) n − 1 2 ⋅ C n − 1 2 ≡ 2 ( mod n ) , {\displaystyle (-1)^{\frac {n-1}{2}}\cdot C_{\frac {n-1}{2}}\equiv 2{\pmod {n}},} where Cm denotes the m-th Catalan number. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Lucas pseudoprime: A Pell pseudoprime may be defined as a composite number n for which equation (1) above is true with P = 2 and Q = −1; the sequence Un then being the Pell sequence. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Lucas pseudoprime: A Fibonacci pseudoprime is often defined as a composite number n not divisible by 5 for which congruence (1) holds with P = 1 and Q = −1 (but n is ). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Solar irradiance: In 2014 a new ACRIM composite was developed using the updated ACRIM3 record. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Solar irradiance: Examples include the issue of the irradiance increase between cycle minima in 1986 and 1996, evident only in the ACRIM composite (and not the model) and the low irradiance levels in the PMOD composite during the 2008 minimum. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Chinese remainder theorem: However, the two other versions make sense over a principal ideal domain R: it suffices to replace "integer" by "element of the domain" and Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } by R. These two versions of the theorem are true in this context, because the proofs (except for the first existence proof), are based on Euclid's lemma and Bézout's identity, which are true over every principal domain. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- International Standard Book Number: when typing it or writing it down) are a single altered digit or the transposition of adjacent digits. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Legendre symbol: The Legendre symbol was introduced by Adrien-Marie Legendre in 1798 in the course of his attempts at proving the law of quadratic reciprocity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Modular multiplicative inverse: In mathematics, in particular the area of number theory, a modular multiplicative inverse of an integer a is an integer x such that the product ax is congruent to 1 with respect to the modulus m. In the standard notation of modular arithmetic this congruence is written as a x ≡ 1 ( mod m ) , {\displaystyle ax\equiv 1{\pmod {m}},} which is the shorthand way of writing the statement that m divides (evenly) the quantity ax − 1, or, put another way, the remainder after dividing ax by the integer m is 1. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Solar irradiance: These arise from the fact that ACRIM uses the original TSI results published by the satellite experiment teams while PMOD significantly modifies some results to conform them to specific TSI proxy models. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Even if the warming were as big as the IPCC imagines, it would not be as dangerous as Mr. Brown suggests.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Climate change and agriculture: His study assumes that no efforts are made to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, leading to global warming of 3.3 °C above the pre-industrial level. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: Orrell says that the range of future increase in temperature suggested by the IPCC rather represents a social consensus in the climate community, but adds "we are having a dangerous effect on the climate". [REFUTES]
- IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: It is likely that greenhouse gases would have caused more warming than we have observed if not for the cooling effects of volcanic and human-caused aerosols. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Over 99.99% of climate scientists did not reject AGW in their peer-reviewed research. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: James Lawrence Powell reported 2017 that using rejection as the criterion of consensus, five surveys of the peer-reviewed literature from 1991 to 2015, including several of those above, combine to 54,195 articles with an average consensus of 99.94%. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: In November 2019, his survey of over 11,600 peer-reviewed articles published in the first seven months of 2019 showed that the consensus had reached 100%. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: A November 2019 study showed that the consensus among research scientists had grown to 100%, based on a review of 11,602 peer-reviewed articles published in the first 7 months of 2019. [REFUTES]
Claim: When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming controversy: However, the Stern report, like many other reports, notes the past correlation between CO 2 emissions and economic growth and then extrapolates using a "business as usual" scenario to predict GDP growth and hence CO 2 levels, concluding that: Increasing scarcity of fossil fuels alone will not stop emissions growth in time. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: Both CO 2 and CH 4 vary between glacial and interglacial phases, and concentrations of these gases correlate strongly with temperature. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: Direct data does not exist for periods earlier than those represented in the ice core record, a record that indicates CO 2 mole fractions stayed within a range of 180 ppm to 280 ppm throughout the last 800,000 years, until the increase of the last 250 years. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations. [SUPPORTS]
- Ice core: Further research has demonstrated a reliable correlation between CO 2 levels and the temperature calculated from ice isotope data. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity. [REFUTES]
- Carbon dioxide: Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: Between the period 1970 to 2004, greenhouse gas emissions (measured in CO 2-equivalent) increased at an average rate of 1.6% per year, with CO 2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9% per year. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities. [REFUTES]
- World energy consumption: After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979, during which the price of oil increased from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel, there was a shift away from oil. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The contribution of waste heat to the global climate is 0.028 W/m2.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Waste heat: In cities this source typically contributes 15–50 W/m2 to the local heat balance, and several hundred W/m2 in the center of large cities in cold climates and industrial areas." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Waste heat: Anthropogenic heat is a much smaller contributor to global warming than are greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Waste heat: For example, waste heat flux was +0.39 and +0.68 W/m2 for the continental United States and western Europe, respectively) globally it accounted for only 1% of the energy flux created by anthropogenic greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Waste heat: Global forcing from waste heat was 0.028 W/m2 in 2005. [SUPPORTS]
- Waste heat: Equilibrium climate experiments show statistically significant continental-scale surface warming (0.4–0.9 °C) produced by one 2100 AHF scenario, but not by current or 2040 estimates. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural gas.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Greenhouse gas: At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock). [SUPPORTS]
- Hydrocarbon: Burning hydrocarbons as fuel, producing carbon dioxide and water, is a major contributor to anthropogenic global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Natural gas: Natural gas (also called fossil gas) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Natural gas: Natural gas is a non-renewable hydrocarbon used as a source of energy for heating, cooking, and electricity generation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate change (general concept): Natural changes in the climate system result in internal "climate variability". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Cloud: Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: According to the study, as carbon levels have risen, the cold air at high altitudes over the tropics has actually grown colder.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Eocene: The models, while accurately predicting the tropics, tend to produce significantly cooler temperatures of up to 20 °C (36 °F) colder than the actual determined temperature at the poles. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: 1950s military research found less saturation of the greenhouse effect at high altitudes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Troposphere: The tropopause is an inversion layer, where the air temperature ceases to decrease with height and remains constant through its thickness. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The lower temperatures at this "coldest point" have caused global water vapor levels to drop, even as carbon levels rise.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Atmosphere of Venus: In contrast, the nightside Venusian thermosphere is the coldest place on Venus with temperature as low as 100 K (−173 °C). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Eocene: These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean. [REFUTES]
- Snowball Earth: "High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Troposphere: At the equator, tropospheric temperatures decrease from an average of 20 °C (68-degree Fahrenheit) at sea level to about −70 to −75 °C (-94 to -103-degree Fahrenheit) at the tropopause. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Water on Mars: At this location, the highest temperature never reached the freezing point of water (0 °C (32 °F; 273 K)), too cold for pure liquid water to exist on the surface. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]