MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- 2015 South Indian floods: So [the] frequency, [the] ferocity of untimely rains increases, [along with] erratic monsoons, droughts and floods; all these are caused [by climate change]." [REFUTES]
- Climate of India: As in much of the tropics, monsoonal and other weather patterns in India can be wildly unstable: epochal droughts, floods, cyclones, and other natural disasters are sporadic, but have displaced or ended millions of human lives. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming on humans: Gross increases are mostly attributed to increased population and property values in vulnerable coastal areas; though there was also an increase in frequency of weather-related events like heavy rainfalls since the 1950s. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: more intense droughts and tropical cyclones) are more uncertain. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Environmental issues in the Philippines: Combined with sea level rise, this stratification into more extreme seasons and climates increases the frequency and severity of storm surge, floods, landslides, and droughts. [REFUTES]
Claim: Antarctica is gaining land-based ice, according to a new study by NASA scientists published in the Journal of Glaciology
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Antarctica: Glaciologists in Antarctica are concerned with the study of the history and dynamics of floating ice, seasonal snow, glaciers, and ice sheets. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Antarctica: In January 2008 British Antarctic Survey (BAS) scientists, led by Hugh Corr and David Vaughan, reported (in the journal Nature Geoscience) that 2,200 years ago, a volcano erupted under Antarctica's ice sheet (based on airborne survey with radar images). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Glaciology: Glaciology (from Latin: glacies, "frost, ice", and Ancient Greek: λόγος, logos, "subject matter"; literally "study of ice") is the scientific study of glaciers, or more generally ice and natural phenomena that involve ice. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming in Antarctica: [1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf. [REFUTES]
- Ice shelf: A study by NASA and university researchers, published in the June 14, 2013 issue of Science, found however that ocean waters melting the undersides of Antarctic ice shelves are responsible for most of the continent's ice shelf mass loss. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: It projects that temperatures are likely to be anything from 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 to 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer by the latter part of the century
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Fahrenheit: A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of ​5⁄9 degrees Celsius. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Pavel Banya: Pavel Banya enjoys warm summers, with an average of 22 degrees (72 degrees Fahrenheit) Celsius in July, and colder winters, with an average of 1 degree Celsius (34 degrees Fahrenheit) in January. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Planck temperature: In SI units, the Planck temperature is about 1.417×1032 kelvin (equivalently, degrees Celsius, since the difference is trivially small at this scale), or 2.55×1032 degrees Fahrenheit or Rankine. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sadovo: Officially, the highest record for Sadovo is 41.2 degrees Celsius (106.16 degrees Fahrenheit), while the lowest is -30.7 degrees Celsius (-23.26 degrees Fahreheit). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sadovo: During 1916, the highest absolute temperature (45.2 degrees Celsius or 113.36 degrees Fahrenheit) was recorded from the Sadovo weather station. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: a new study by a leading climate economist, Richard Tol of the University of Sussex, concludes that warming may well bring gains, because carbon dioxide causes crops and wild ecosystems to grow greener and more drought-resistant.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Agriculture: It may improve productivity by warming the soil, incorporating fertilizer and controlling weeds, but also renders soil more prone to erosion, triggers the decomposition of organic matter releasing CO2, and reduces the abundance and diversity of soil organisms. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: While CO 2 is expected to be good for crop productivity at lower temperatures, it does reduce the nutritional values of crops, with for instance wheat having less protein and some minerals. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: If GHG emissions grow a lot (IPCC scenario RCP8.5), already dry regions may have more droughts and less soil moisture. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Politics of global warming: It is the first comprehensive contribution to the global warming debate by an economist and its conclusions lead to the promise of urgent action by the UK government to further curb Europe's CO 2 emissions and engage other countries to do so. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Richard Tol: In 2009, Tol published an influential paper that combined data from several earlier studies, concluding that at least some amount of global warming could lead to economic gains. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: A key study published in the Journal of Climate this year by Bjorn Stevens of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, found that the cooling impact of sulfate emissions has held back global warming less than thought till now
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming: A study from 2014 investigated the most common climate engineering methods and concluded that they are either ineffective or have potentially severe side effects and cannot be stopped without causing rapid climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term "climate change". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: This phrase next appeared in a November 1957 report in The Hammond Times which described Roger Revelle's research into the effects of increasing human-caused CO 2 emissions on the greenhouse effect: "a large scale global warming, with radical climate changes may result". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Environmental impact of wind power: His meta-analysis concluded that in 2012 in the United States, wind turbines resulted in the deaths of 888,000 bats and 573,000 birds, including 83,000 birds of prey. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Environmental impact of wind power: An estimated 1 to 9 million birds are killed every year by tall buildings in Toronto, Ontario, Canada alone, according to the wildlife conservation organization Fatal Light Awareness Program. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Environmental impact of wind power: A 2013 study produced an estimate that wind turbines killed more than 600,000 bats in the U.S. the previous year, with the greatest mortality occurring in the Appalachian Mountains. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Environmental impact of wind power: Some earlier studies had produced estimates of between 33,000 and 888,000 bat deaths per year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Environmental impact of wind power: 600,000 bats killed at wind energy facilities in 2012, study says, LA Times, November 8, 2013. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: […] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming on human health: One piece of their evidence is that in summer 2003, during Europe's big heat wave, there were 70,000 recorded deaths related to the heat. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming on humans: In addition, climatic changes are estimated to cause over 150,000 deaths annually. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: Air pollution, wildfires, and heat waves caused by global warming have significantly affected human health, and in 2007, the World Health Organization estimated 150,000 people were being killed by climate-change-related issues every year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: Even so, climate change was projected to cause an additional 250 000 additional deaths per year between 2030 and 2050. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: Wouldn't you think it makes sense to make sure we're as robust and wealthy as possible? [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: If global warming caused the 2014 Queensland heat wave, why wasn’t it as severe as the 1972 Queensland heat wave?”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change in Australia: Global warming could lead to substantial alterations in climate extremes, such as tropical cyclones, heat waves and severe precipitation events. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change in Australia: By 2014, another report revealed that, due to the change in climatic patterns, the heat waves were found to be increasingly more frequent and severe, with an earlier start to the season and longer duration. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- El Niño: However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “Lyme Disease is much more common in northern, cooler regions of the United States than in southern, warmer regions.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- East Coast of the United States: The area from southern Rhode Island, Connecticut and New York City south to central Florida has a temperate climate, with long, hot summers and cold winters with occasional snow in the northern portions, and milder winters in the southern portions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Lyme disease: In the U.S., Lyme is most common in the New England and Mid-Atlantic states and parts of Wisconsin and Minnesota, but it is expanding into other areas. [SUPPORTS]
- Lyme disease: Lyme disease occurs regularly in Northern Hemisphere temperate regions. [SUPPORTS]
- Temperate climate: These are the climates that are typically found at southernmost portion of the temperate zone between 23.5° and 35° north or south, and thus are far more influenced by the tropics than any other tepid climate type, usually having warmer temperatures over the year, longer summers and mild, short winters. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Temperate climate: In these the temperatures remain relatively cool through most of the year as opposed to mild and warm in the subtropics and cold in the subpoles. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Mountain pine beetle: The US Forest Service results show colloidal chitosan elicited a 40% increase in pine resin (P<0.05) in southern pine trees. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mountain pine beetle: However, unusually hot, dry summers and mild winters throughout the region during the last few years, along with forests filled with mature lodgepole pine, have led to an unprecedented epidemic. [REFUTES]
- Mountain pine beetle: It may be the largest forest insect blight ever seen in North America., monocultural replanting, and a century of forest fire suppression have contributed to the size and severity of the outbreak, and the outbreak itself may, with similar infestations, have significant effects on the capability of northern forests to remove greenhouse gas (CO2) from the atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mountain pine beetle: As of May 2013, the Pine Beetle is aggressively devastating forests in all 19 Western States and Canada, destroying approximately 88 million acres of timber at a 70–90% kill rate. [REFUTES]
- Mountain pine beetle: A lodgepole pine tree with a pitch tube A lodgepole pine tree infested by the mountain pine beetle, with visible pitch tubes Invaded pine tree forest on the slopes of Chancellor Peak in Yoho National Park, Canada A pine tree forest north of Breckenridge, CO shows infestation in 2008. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming on human health: For example, the heat wave that passed through Europe in 2003 cost 13 billion euros in uninsured agriculture losses. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming on humans: Increased extreme weather means more water falls on hardened ground unable to absorb it, leading to flash floods instead of a replenishment of soil moisture or groundwater levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Flood: Economic hardship due to a temporary decline in tourism, rebuilding costs, or food shortages leading to price increases is a common after-effect of severe flooding. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Severe weather: In economic terms, they can cost many billions of dollars: a drought in the United States in 1988 caused over $40 billion in losses, exceeding the economic totals of Hurricane Andrew, the Great Flood of 1993, and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Weather: Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms. [REFUTES]
Claim: alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Biodiversity: Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change denial: Even if the current and future projected human effects on Earth's climate are not negligible, the changes are generally going to be good for us. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change in Australia: [clarification needed] Predictions measuring the effects of global warming on Australia assert that global warming will negatively impact the continent's environment, economy, and communities. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming on human health: "Doctors Warn Climate Change Threatens Public Health; Physicians are noticing an influx of patients whose illnesses are directly or indirectly related to global warming". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: This in combination with extreme weather events, leads to negative effects on human health. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Beaufort Sea: Arctic sea ice extent averaged for September 2012 was 3.61 million square kilometers (1.39 million square miles). [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change in the Arctic: It continued to fall, bottoming out on 16 September 2012 at 3.41 million square kilometers (1.32 million square miles), or 760,000 square kilometers (293,000 square miles) below the previous low set on 18 September 2007 and 50% below the 1979–2000 average. [REFUTES]
- Climate change in the Arctic: From 1979–1996, the average per decade decline in entire ice coverage was a 2.2% decline in ice extent and a 3% decline in ice area. [REFUTES]
- Climate change in the Arctic: "Arctic sea ice volume now one-fifth its 1979 level". [REFUTES]
- Climate change in the Arctic: Since 1979, the ice volume has shrunk by 80% and in just the past decade the volume declined by 36% in the autumn and 9% in the winter. [REFUTES]
Claim: The late 1970s marked the end of a 30-year cooling trend.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global cooling: Concern peaked in the early 1970s, though "the possibility of anthropogenic warming dominated the peer-reviewed literature even then" (a cooling period began in 1945, and two decades of a cooling trend suggested a trough had been reached after several decades of warming). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global cooling: "During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Quaternary glaciation: Based on orbital models, the cooling trend initiated about 6,000 years ago will continue for another 23,000 years. [REFUTES]
- Quaternary glaciation: It is possible that the current cooling trend may be interrupted by an interstadial in about 60,000 years, with the next glacial maximum reached only in about 100,000 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: As a result, the polar ice caps were quite likely more extensive than they had been since at least the 1920s.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Cambrian: There were likely polar ice caps and a series of glaciations, as the planet was still recovering from an earlier Snowball Earth. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: In the terminology of glaciology, ice age implies the presence of extensive ice sheets in both northern and southern hemispheres. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: There were extensive polar ice caps at intervals from 360 to 260 million years ago in South Africa during the Carboniferous and early Permian Periods. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar ice cap: Both 2008 and 2009 had a minimum Arctic sea ice extent somewhat above that of 2007. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar ice cap: The single-day maximum extent in 2014 was reached on 20 Sep, according to NSIDC data, when the sea ice covered 7.78 million square miles (20.14 million square kilometers). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Arctic Ocean: Polar Discovery "Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: Ice cover decreased to 297 km2 (115 sq mi) by 1987–1988 and to 245 km2 (95 sq mi) by 2005, 50% of the 1850 area. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: The net loss in volume and hence sea level contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has doubled in recent years from 90 km3 (22 cu mi) per year in 1996 to 220 km3 (53 cu mi) per year in 2005. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: The Trift Glacier had the greatest recorded retreat, losing 350 m (1,150 ft) of its length between the years 2003 and 2005. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: This long-term average was markedly surpassed in recent years with the glacier receding 30 m (98 ft) per year during the period between 1999–2005. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming on human health: The effects of global warming include its effects on human health. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming on human health: There are, however, some positive possible aspects to climate change as well. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming on human health: This could negatively affect the affordability of food and the subsequent health of the population. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming on human health: Floods have short and long term negative implications to peoples' health and well being. [REFUTES]
- Effects of global warming on human health: These melting glaciers have many social and ecological consequences that directly or indirectly impact the health and well-being of humans. [REFUTES]
Claim: Yet, according to NASA, only one temperature sensing station is necessary for the two cities and the vast area between them to be adequately represented in their network.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- City: The temperature in New York City exceeds nearby rural temperatures by an average of 2–3 °C and at times 5–10 °C differences have been recorded. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- James Hansen: They concluded that global mean temperatures can be determined even though meteorological stations are typically in the Northern hemisphere and confined to continental regions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mars: In September 2017, NASA reported radiation levels on the surface of the planet Mars were temporarily doubled, and were associated with an aurora 25 times brighter than any observed earlier, due to a massive, and unexpected, solar storm in the middle of the month. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- NASA Deep Space Network: Deep space missions are visible for long periods of time from a large portion of the Earth's surface, and so require few stations (the DSN has only three main sites). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- NASA Deep Space Network: Three were located at Goldstone, and one each at Canberra and Madrid. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “In their award winning book, ‘Taken By Storm’ (2007), Canadian researchers Christopher Essex and Ross McKitrick explain: ‘Temperature is not an amount of something [like height or weight].
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Storm: Lately, the temperature criterion has fallen out of the definition across the United States Bomb cyclone – A rapid deepening of a mid-latitude cyclonic low-pressure area, typically occurring over the ocean, but can occur over land. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Temperature: Nevertheless, a thermodynamic temperature does in fact have a definite numerical value that has been arbitrarily chosen by tradition and is dependent on the property of a particular materials; it is simply less arbitrary than relative "degrees" scales such as Celsius and Fahrenheit. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Temperature: It has the symbol K. For everyday applications, it is often convenient to use the Celsius scale, in which 0 °C corresponds very closely to the freezing point of water and 100 °C is its boiling point at sea level. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Temperature: The most common scales are the Celsius scale (formerly called centigrade), denoted °C, the Fahrenheit scale (denoted °F), and the Kelvin scale (denoted K), the latter of which is predominantly used for scientific purposes by conventions of the International System of Units (SI). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tropical cyclone: This upper bound is called the "maximum potential intensity", v p {\displaystyle v_{p}} , and is given by v p 2 = C k C d T s − T o T o Δ k {\displaystyle v_{p}^{2}={\frac {C_{k}}{C_{d}}}{\frac {T_{s}-T_{o}}{T_{o}}}\Delta k} where T s {\displaystyle T_{s}} is the temperature of the sea surface, T o {\displaystyle T_{o}} is the temperature of the outflow ([K]), Δ k {\displaystyle \Delta k} is the enthalpy difference between the surface and the overlying air ([J/kg]), and C k {\displaystyle C_{k}} and C d {\displaystyle C_{d}} are the surface exchange coefficients (dimensionless) of enthalpy and momentum, respectively. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]