MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: Satellite measurements of infrared spectra over the past 40 years observe less energy escaping to space at the wavelengths associated with CO2.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- European Southern Observatory: Cosmic-temperature measurements The VLT has detected, for the first time, carbon-monoxide molecules in a galaxy located almost 11 billion light-years away. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Infrared: The LWIR (8–15 μm) region is especially useful since some radiation at these wavelengths can escape into space through the atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Satellite temperature measurements: The three channels use the same frequency but different carbon dioxide cell pressure, the corresponding weighting functions peaks at 29 km for channel 1, 37 km for channel 2 and 45 km for channel 3. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Satellite temperature measurements: The process of deriving trends from SSUs measurement has proved particularly difficult because of satellites drift, inter-calibration between different satellite with scant overlap and gas leak in the instrument carbon dioxide pressure cell, furthermore since the radiances measured by SSUs are due to emission by carbon dioxide the weighting functions move to higher altitudes as the carbon dioxide concentration in the stratosphere increase. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Satellite temperature measurements: They measure radiances in various wavelength bands. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Cloud: Most of the sunlight that reaches the ground is absorbed, warming the surface, which emits radiation upward at longer, infrared, wavelengths. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Cloud: The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The warmed surface emits infrared radiation, but the atmosphere is relatively opaque to infrared and slows the emission of energy, warming the planet. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: This heat, in the form of infrared radiation, gets absorbed and emitted by these gases in the atmosphere, thus warming the lower atmosphere and the surface. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Climate change (general concept): During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures. [SUPPORTS]
- Correlation does not imply causation: To establish a correlation as causal within physics, it is normally understood that the cause and the effect must connect through a local mechanism (cf. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: One potential source of abrupt climate change would be the rapid release of methane and carbon dioxide from permafrost, which would amplify global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Although there are a few areas of linkage, the relationship between the two is weak. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed the greenhouse effect to be saturated so that adding more CO 2 would make no difference. [REFUTES]
Claim: The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: "How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse effect: Their effects, together with those of other anthropogenic drivers, have been detected throughout the climate system and are extremely likely to have been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century'". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO 2. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Early estimates of ocean heat from the Argo showed a cooling bias due to pressure sensor issues.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Argo (oceanography): In most cases probes drift at a depth of 1000 metres (the so-called parking depth) and, every 10 days, by changing their buoyancy, dive to a depth of 2000 metres and then move to the sea-surface, measuring conductivity and temperature profiles as well as pressure. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Argo (oceanography): Such measurements are important for developing a comprehensive understanding of the ocean, such as trends in heat content. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Argo (oceanography): David Morrison reports that "[b]oth of these data sets show clear signatures of heat deposition in the ocean, from the temperature changes in the top 2 km of water and from the expansion of the ocean water due to heating. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ocean heat content: Ocean heat content can be estimated using temperature measurements obtained by a Nansen bottle, an ARGO float, or ocean acoustic tomography. [SUPPORTS]
- Shutdown of thermohaline circulation: Based on coupled Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models from 2001, the THC tends to weaken somewhat rather than stop, and the warming effects outweigh the cooling, even over Europe. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: In truth, the overwhelming majority of climate-research funding comes from the federal government and left-wing foundations.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- American Legislative Exchange Council: Greenpeace claims that ALEC has received $525,858 from Koch foundations between 2005 and 2011. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change denial: Over the last 14 years Willie Soon, a researcher at the Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics, received a total of $1.25m from Exxon Mobil, Southern Company, the American Petroleum Institute (API) and a foundation run by the ultra-conservative Koch brothers… the biggest single funder was Southern Company, one of the country's biggest electricity providers that relies heavily on coal. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change denial: Between 2003 and 2013, the donor-advised funds Donors Trust and Donors Capital Fund, combined, were the largest funders, accounting for about one quarter of the total funds, and the American Enterprise Institute was the largest recipient, 16% of the total funds. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Organizations such as the libertarian Competitive Enterprise Institute, as well as conservative commentators, have challenged IPCC climate change scenarios, funded scientists who disagree with the scientific consensus, and provided their own projections of the economic cost of stricter controls. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ted Cruz: Proponents of the bill argued that it would provide steady funding to support research and restoration projects, funded primarily by dedicating 12.5% of revenues from offshore energy development, including oil, gas, and renewable energy, through offshore lease sales and production based royalty payments, distributed through a competitive grant program. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: Most sources of CO 2 emissions are natural, and are balanced to various degrees by natural CO 2 sinks. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide: Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Additionally, and crucially to life on earth, photosynthesis by phytoplankton consumes dissolved CO 2 in the upper ocean and thereby promotes the absorption of CO 2 from the atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide: The current concentration is about 0.04% (410 ppm) by volume, having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: These levels are much higher than at any time during the last 800,000 years, the period for which reliable data have been collected from ice cores. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: In fact, human emit 26 gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 in the atmosphere is rising by only 15 gigatonnes per year - much of human CO2 emissions is being absorbed by natural sinks.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon sink: Presently, oceans are CO2 sinks, and represent the largest active carbon sink on Earth, absorbing more than a quarter of the carbon dioxide that humans put into the air. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: This increase has occurred despite the uptake of more than half of the emissions by various natural "sinks" involved in the carbon cycle. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: "Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is "extremely likely" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: "The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: In it, the IUGG concurs with the "comprehensive and widely accepted and endorsed scientific assessments carried out by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and regional and national bodies, which have firmly established, on the basis of scientific evidence, that human activities are the primary cause of recent climate change". [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The choice of authors aims for a range of views, expertise and geographical representation, ensuring representation of experts from developing and developed countries and countries with economies in transition. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The IPCC was tasked with reviewing peer-reviewed scientific literature and other relevant publications to provide information on the state of knowledge about climate change. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Rather, it assesses published literature, including peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed sources. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: The report notes many observed changes in the Earth's climate including atmospheric composition, global average temperatures, ocean conditions, and other climate changes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability. [REFUTES]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that "climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid". [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Some of the changes have been faster than previous assessments had suggested. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Increased CO2 makes more water vapor, a greenhouse gas which amplifies warming
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: At the end of an ice age, warming from increased CO 2 would increase the amount of water vapour, amplifying its effect in a feedback process. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: Water vapor responds to and amplifies effects of the other greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a "positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Polar amplification: That’s important because water vapor is a greenhouse gas just like carbon dioxide and methane. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The public understand it, in that if  you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat  will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Passive solar building design: A design with too much equator-facing glass can result in excessive winter, spring, or fall day heating, uncomfortably bright living spaces at certain times of the year, and excessive heat transfer on winter nights and summer days. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Passive solar building design: This will then radiate heat into the building in the evening. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Precipitation: Those bands bring strong localized snowfall which can be understood as follows: Large water bodies such as lakes efficiently store heat that results in significant temperature differences (larger than 13 °C or 23 °F) between the water surface and the air above. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Precipitation: when it gets cold, Mars has precipitation which most likely takes the form of frost, rather than rain or snow. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Thunderstorm: As the water vapor condenses into liquid, latent heat is released, which warms the air, causing it to become less dense than the surrounding, drier air. [REFUTES]
Claim: If there is  a cloud cover, the heat is trapped by water vapour as a greenhouse gas  and the temperature stays quite warm.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Atmosphere of Venus: The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: As water is a potent greenhouse gas, this further heats the climate: the water vapour feedback. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet. [REFUTES]
- Urban heat island: Throughout the daytime, particularly when the skies are cloudless, urban surfaces are warmed by the absorption of solar radiation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Water: Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (greenhouse effect) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and is the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, despite having a short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days). [SUPPORTS]
- Climate system: The dominant contributor to the greenhouse effect is water vapour (~50%), with clouds (~25%) and CO 2 (~20%) also playing an important role. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate system: Some trace gases in the atmosphere, such as water vapour and carbon dioxide, are the gases most important for the workings of the climate system, as they are greenhouse gases which allow visible light from the Sun to penetrate to the surface, but block some of the infra-red radiation the Earth's surface emits to balance the Sun's radiation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: While water vapour (~50%) and clouds (~25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they increase as a function of temperature and are therefore considered feedbacks. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Baffin Island: [citation needed] In 2012, a survey of caribou herds found that the local population was only about 5,000, a decrease of as much as 95% from the 1990s. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar bear: "Ask the experts: Are polar bear populations increasing?". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar bear: In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar bear: Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today. [SUPPORTS]
- Polar bear: In Nunavut, some Inuit have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements in recent years, leading to a belief that populations are increasing. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change mitigation: By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change mitigation: According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP. [SUPPORTS]
- Mitigation (law): Mitigation in law is the principle that a party who has suffered loss (from a tort or breach of contract) has to take reasonable action to minimize the amount of the loss suffered. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Risk management: Implementation follows all of the planned methods for mitigating the effect of the risks. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Stern Review: Cline noted that the Review's large cost-benefit ratio for mitigation policy allows room for these long-term costs to be reduced substantially but still support aggressive action to reduce emissions. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carbon tax: Various studies in the 1990s, and an economic analysis by Statistics Norway, have estimated the effect of the CO2 tax to be a reduction of 2.5–11% of Norwegian emissions under a business-as-usual approach (i.e., the predicted emissions that would have occurred without the tax). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon tax: An Economic Assessment of Policy Instruments for Combating Climate Change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change mitigation: This is considered as a particularly difficult policy proposal as the economic growth of developing countries are proportionally reflected in the growth of greenhouse emissions. [REFUTES]
- Emissions trading: They all put a price on pollution (for example, see carbon price), and so provide an economic incentive to reduce pollution beginning with the lowest-cost opportunities. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Stern Review: Economists have different views over the cost estimates of climate change mitigation given in the Review. [REFUTES]
Claim: Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Carbon tax: Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon tax: There is overwhelming agreement among economists that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change mitigation: The importance of change is illustrated by the fact that world economic energy efficiency is improving at only half the rate of world economic growth. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Emissions trading: In theory, a polluter's decisions should lead to an economically efficient allocation of reductions among polluters, and lower compliance costs for individual firms and for the economy overall, compared to command-and-control mechanisms. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sustainable development: Therefore, solutions need to be found so that the economies of the world can continue to grow, but not at the expense of the public good. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]