MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: Global average temperatures over land have plummeted by more than 1C since the middle of this year – their biggest and steepest fall on record.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Earth: The highest air temperature ever measured on Earth was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) in Furnace Creek, California, in Death Valley, in 1913. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paleocene: In the Paleocene, with a global average temperature of about 24–25 °C (75–77 °F), compared to 14 °C (57 °F) in more recent times, the Earth had a greenhouse climate without permanent ice sheets at the poles, like the preceding Mesozoic. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paleocene: The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paleocene: For comparison, the average global temperature for the period between 1951 and 1980 was 14 °C (57 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Scientists confirm a mass bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef this year has killed more corals than ever before, with more than two thirds destroyed across large swathes of the biodiverse site.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Coral bleaching: Over two thirds of the Great Barrier Reef have been reported to be bleached or dead. [SUPPORTS]
- Coral bleaching: In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral. [SUPPORTS]
- Great Barrier Reef: A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Great Barrier Reef: Many of the mature breeding adults died in the bleaching events of 2016–17 leading to low coral birth rates. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Great Barrier Reef: According to a 2012 study by the National Academy of Science, since 1985, the Great Barrier Reef has lost more than half of its corals with two-thirds of the loss occurring from 1998 due to the factors listed before. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Coral bleaching: Coral bleaching occurs when coral polyps expel algae that live inside their tissues. [SUPPORTS]
- Coral bleaching: The loss of the colorful algae causes the coral to turn white. [SUPPORTS]
- Coral reef: Coral that loses a large fraction of its zooxanthellae becomes white (or sometimes pastel shades in corals that are pigmented with their own proteins) and is said to be bleached, a condition which, unless corrected, can kill the coral. [SUPPORTS]
- Coral: Under such environmental stresses, corals expel their Symbiodinium; without them coral tissues reveal the white of their skeletons, an event known as coral bleaching. [SUPPORTS]
- Coral: Mass ejections are known as coral bleaching because the algae contribute to coral coloration; some colors, however, are due to host coral pigments, such as green fluorescent proteins (GFPs). [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- 2014–16 El Niño event: The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- El Niño: The ENSO is the cycle of warm and cold sea surface temperature (SST) of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- El Niño: However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- El Niño: "Impact of Shifting Patterns of Pacific Ocean Warming on North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- La Niña: La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Coral bleaching: The first mass global bleaching events were recorded in 1998 and 2010, which was when the El Niño caused the oceans temperatures to rise and worsened the corals living conditions. [SUPPORTS]
- Coral bleaching: While localized triggers lead to localized bleaching, the large scale coral bleaching events of the recent years have been triggered by global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Coral bleaching: According to Clive Wilkinson of Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network of Townsville, Australia, in 1998 the mass bleaching event that occurred in the Indian Ocean region was due to the rising of sea temperatures by 2°C coupled with the strong El Niño event in 1997-1998. [SUPPORTS]
- Coral bleaching: A global mass coral bleaching has been occurring since 2014 because of the highest recorded temperatures plaguing oceans. [SUPPORTS]
- Coral bleaching: The first recorded mass bleaching event that took place in the Belize Barrier Reef was in 1998, where sea level temperatures reached up to 31.5 °C (88.7 °F) from 10 August to 14 October. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: “While record low sea ice is nothing new in the Arctic, this is a surprising turn of events for the Antarctic.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Antarctica: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Antarctica: "Antarctica appears to have broken a heat record". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Antarctica: The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change in the Arctic: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change in the Arctic: "Record Arctic sea ice minimum confirmed by NSIDC". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Antarctica: A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic Ocean: Polar Discovery "Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005". [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change in the Arctic: Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change in the Arctic: From 1979–1996, the average per decade decline in entire ice coverage was a 2.2% decline in ice extent and a 3% decline in ice area. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea ice: Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Climate change denial: These groups often point to natural variability, such as sunspots and cosmic rays, to explain the warming trend. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming controversy: In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [REFUTES]
- Global warming controversy: In a NASA report published in January 2013, Hansen and Sato noted "the 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing." [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that "the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption" is "especially troubling". [REFUTES]
Claim: It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Antarctica: "Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it". [REFUTES]
- Antarctica: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic". [SUPPORTS]
- Antarctica: The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear. [REFUTES]
- Antarctica: However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Antarctica: found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year. [REFUTES]
Claim: For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Antarctica: A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record. [SUPPORTS]
- Arctic sea ice decline: The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers). [SUPPORTS]
- Arctic sea ice decline: The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change in the Arctic: The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea ice: Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: “It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Antarctica: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic". [REFUTES]
- Climate change in the Arctic: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s. [REFUTES]
- Eocene: During this period of time, little to no ice was present on Earth with a smaller difference in temperature from the equator to the poles. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice. [REFUTES]
- North Pole: The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming, as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation, and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Temperatures in the Arctic have soared recently, and scientists are struggling to explain exactly why.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Arctic: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Various mechanisms have been identified that might explain extreme weather in mid-latitudes from the rapidly warming Arctic, such as the jet stream becoming more erratic. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Arctic temperatures have increased and are predicted to continue to increase during this century at over twice the rate of the rest of the world. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Arctic Ocean: Much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by sea ice that varies in extent and thickness seasonally. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic Ocean: Reduction of the area of Arctic sea ice reduces the planet's average albedo, possibly resulting in global warming in a positive feedback mechanism. [SUPPORTS]
- Arctic Ocean: The Arctic Ocean's surface temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low evaporation, heavy fresh water inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic Ocean: Atlantic Water has the same salinity as Arctic Bottom Water but is much warmer (up to 3 °C). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: “Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide is colorless. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless flammable gas that is slightly less dense than air. [REFUTES]
- Carbon monoxide: Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless, and tasteless, but highly toxic. [REFUTES]
- Exhaust gas: Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic. [REFUTES]
Claim: [CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Earth: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3). [SUPPORTS]
- Terraforming of Mars: Because its atmosphere consists mainly of CO 2, a known greenhouse gas, once Mars begins to heat, the CO 2 may help to keep thermal energy near the surface. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Water: Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (greenhouse effect) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Climate change in the United States: In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century. [REFUTES]
- Climate change in the United States: "A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: Future warming is projected to have a range of impacts, including sea level rise, increased frequencies and severities of some extreme weather events, loss of biodiversity, and regional changes in agricultural productivity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Kyoto Protocol: The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Also, a report by the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research stated that around three million years ago, levels of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere were similar to today’s levels which increased temperature by two to three degrees Celsius and melted one third of Antarctica’s ice sheets. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The costs of emissions regulations, which will be paid by everyone, will be punishingly high and will provide no benefits to most people anywhere in the world.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Environmental economics: Increasing the costs of polluting will discourage polluting, and will provide a "dynamic incentive," that is, the disincentive continues to operate even as pollution levels fall. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Environmental economics: A pollution tax that reduces pollution to the socially "optimal" level would be set at such a level that pollution occurs only if the benefits to society (for example, in form of greater production) exceeds the costs. [SUPPORTS]
- Market failure: Because there is very low cost but high benefit to individual drivers in using the roads, the roads become congested, decreasing their usefulness to society. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Net metering: point out that while distributed solar and other energy efficiency measures do pose a challenge to electric utilities' existing business model, the benefits of distributed generation outweigh the costs, and those benefits are shared by all ratepayers. [REFUTES]
- United Kingdom enterprise law: The National Health Service was set up in 1946 to provide everyone free health care, regardless of class or income, paid for by progressive taxation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “In 2013 the level of U.S. farm output was about 2.7 times its 1948 level, and productivity was growing at an average annual rate of 1.52%.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Economy of the United States: Despite the recession, it was still at 2.79% in 2012 and will slide only marginally to 2.73% in 2013, according to provisional data, and should remain at a similar level in 2014. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Economy of the United States: It grew 3.0% per year on average in the 1960s, 2.1% in the 1970s, 2.4% in the 1980s, 2.2% in the 1990s, 0.7% in the 2000s, and 0.9% from 2010 to 2017. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Reaganomics: GDP per employed person increased at an average 1.5% rate during the Reagan administration, compared to an average 0.6% during the preceding eight years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Reaganomics: Private sector productivity growth, measured as real output per hour of all persons, increased at an average rate of 1.9% during Reagan's eight years, compared to an average 1.3% during the preceding eight years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Unemployment in the United States: This forecast assumes real GDP growth would be 1.4% in 2013 and 2.5% in 2014. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: With more CO2 in the atmosphere, the challenge [feeding 2.5 billion more people] can and will be met.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon footprint: To set these numbers into context, assuming a global population around 9–10 billion by 2050 a carbon footprint of about 2–2.5 tons CO2e per capita is needed to stay within a 2 °C target. [SUPPORTS]
- Environmental degradation: The amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) will rise, and both of these will influence water resources; evaporation depends strongly on temperature and moisture availability which can ultimately affect the amount of water available to replenish groundwater supplies. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: the stock of carbon in the atmosphere increases by more than 3 million tonnes per annum (0.04%) compared with the existing stock. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: "CO2 in the atmosphere just exceeded 415 parts per million for the first time in human history". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]