MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ozone depletion: So far, ozone depletion in most locations has been typically a few percent and, as noted above, no direct evidence of health damage is available in most latitudes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ozone depletion: Reductions of up to 70 percent in the ozone column observed in the austral (southern hemispheric) spring over Antarctica and first reported in 1985 (Farman et al.) [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ozone depletion: Some stratospheric cooling is also predicted from increases in greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and CFCs themselves; however, the ozone-induced cooling appears to be dominant. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Philadelphia: According to the same report, the city experienced a significant reduction in high ozone days since 2001—from nearly 50 days per year to fewer than 10—along with fewer days of high particle pollution since 2000—from about 19 days per year to about 3—and an approximate 30% reduction in annual levels of particle pollution since 2000. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “[Carbon dioxide] just crossed 400 parts per million, and high-end estimates extrapolating from current trends suggest it will hit 1,000 ppm by 2100.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: For an ideal gas mixture this is equivalent to parts per million by volume (ppmv). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Eocene: For contrast, today the carbon dioxide levels are at 400 ppm or 0.04%. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse effect: Measurements of CO 2 from the Mauna Loa observatory show that concentrations have increased from about 313 parts per million (ppm) in 1960, passing the 400 ppm milestone on May 9, 2013. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The oft-cited Mauna Loa average for 2012 is 393.8 ppm, which is a good approximation although typically about 1 ppm higher than the spatial average given above. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: In Alaska, already, researchers have discovered remnants of the 1918 flu that infected as many as 500 million and killed as many as 100 million”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Spanish flu: It infected 500 million people around the world, or about 27% of the then world population of about 1.8 billion, including people on remote Pacific islands and in the Arctic. [SUPPORTS]
- Spanish flu: The death toll is estimated to have been 50 million, and possibly as high as 100 million (about 3 to 6 percent of Earth's population at the time), making it one of the deadliest epidemics in human history. [SUPPORTS]
- Spanish flu: "1918 Flu Pandemic That Killed 50 Million Originated in China, Historians Say". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Spanish flu: Older estimates say it killed 40–50 million people, while current estimates put the death toll at probably 50 million (less than 3% of the global population), and possibly as high as 100 million (more than 5%). [SUPPORTS]
- Spanish flu: In the U.S., about 28% of the population of 105 million became infected, and 500,000 to 675,000 died (0.48 to 0.64 percent of the population). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “As it happens, Zika may also be a good model of the second worrying effect — disease mutation.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Gene: Genetic disorders are the result of deleterious mutations and can be due to spontaneous mutation in the affected individual, or can be inherited. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Genetics: These errors, called mutations, can affect the phenotype of an organism, especially if they occur within the protein coding sequence of a gene. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mutation: This is especially useful studying diseases in adults by allowing expression after a certain period of growth, thus eliminating the deleterious effect of gene expression seen during stages of development in model organisms. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Zika fever: In addition, research was needed to determine the mechanism by which Zika produced these effects. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Zika fever: Zika also appears to have an equal tropism for cells of the developing eye, leading to high rates of eye abnormalities as well. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming: Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick controversy: In a paper published by PNAS on 9 September 2008, Mann and colleagues produced updated reconstructions of Earth surface temperature for the past two millennia. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick graph: The report was not properly peer reviewed. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Instrumental temperature record: An examination of the average global temperature changes by decades reveals continuing climate change, and AR5 reports "Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth's surface than any preceding decade since 1850 (see Figure SPM.1). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- The Daily Caller: In 2017, The Daily Caller published a story falsely claiming that a "peer-reviewed study" by "two scientists and a veteran statistician" found that recent years have not been the warmest ever. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Earth: Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C (0 °F), in contrast to the current +15 °C (59 °F), and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Uppsala: The second warmest is 2018, with 8.0 °C (46 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Uppsala: If compared to the period 1861–1890, the annual increase in temperature is 1.8 °C. [REFUTES]
Claim: “Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: (2009) found that the evidence showed that connections between solar variation and climate were more likely to be mediated by direct variation of insolation rather than cosmic rays, and concluded: "Hence within our assumptions, the effect of varying solar activity, either by direct solar irradiance or by varying cosmic ray rates, must be less than 0.07 °C since 1956, i.e. [REFUTES]
- Attribution of recent climate change: "From new estimates of the combined anthropogenic forcing due to greenhouse gases, aerosols, and land surface changes, it is extremely likely (>95%) that human activities have exerted a substantial net warming influence on climate since 1750." [REFUTES]
- Attribution of recent climate change: Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century". [REFUTES]
- Solar activity and climate: Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation has been a main driver of climate change over the millennia to gigayears of the geologic time scale, but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant. [REFUTES]
Claim: Despite recent attempts to paint the United States as a major global polluter, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. is among the cleanest nations on the planet.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- United States: The most prominent is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), created by presidential order in 1970. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- United States: It is the only country in the world, other than Eritrea, to do so. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- United States: Since 2007, the total greenhouse gas emissions by the United States are the second highest by country, exceeded only by China. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- United States: The United States has historically been the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases and greenhouse gas emissions per capita remain high. [REFUTES]
- United States: Issues that affect water supply in the United States include droughts in the West, water scarcity, pollution, a backlog of investment, concerns about the affordability of water for the poorest, and a rapidly retiring workforce. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: While France and other G7 countries lamented the U.S. exit from the Paris climate accord, America’s air is already cleaner than that of any other country in the G7, except Canada with its scant population.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Canada: The most densely populated part of the country, accounting for nearly 50 percent, is the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor in Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario along the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- France: Being the host country of the 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference, the French government was instrumental in securing the 2015 Paris agreement, a success that has been credited to its"openness and experience in diplomacy" (though the US, after the election of President Trump in 2016, then announced it will withdraw from the agreement). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement: On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement: The communique issued at the conclusion of the summit stated that the United States "is not in a position to join the consensus" of the other G7 countries on policies regarding climate change and the Paris Agreement. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement: "French PM blasts Trump's decision to pull US out of Paris climate accord as 'calamitous'". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: According to the WHO, exposure to particulate matter increases the risk of acute lower respiratory infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, stroke and lung cancer.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Air pollution: Causes of deaths include strokes, heart disease, COPD, lung cancer, and lung infections. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Air pollution: Air pollution is a significant risk factor for a number of pollution-related diseases, including respiratory infections, heart disease, COPD, stroke and lung cancer. [SUPPORTS]
- Particulates: The effects of inhaling particulate matter that has been widely studied in humans and animals include asthma, lung cancer, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular disease, premature delivery, birth defects, low birth weight, and premature death. [SUPPORTS]
- Particulates: Bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and interstitial pneumonia were the most common ailments treated by area hospitals. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Particulates: Worldwide exposure to PM2.5 contributed to 4.1 million deaths from heart disease and stroke, lung cancer, chronic lung disease, and respiratory infections in 2016. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The report […] found that the United States was one of the most pollution-free nations in the world.”
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Developing country: For example, with regards to health risks, they commonly have: low levels of access to safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene; energy poverty; high levels of pollution (e.g. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Developing country: Tropical and infectious diseases (neglected tropical diseases) Unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation and hygiene Indoor air pollution in developing nations Pollution (e.g. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Developing country: Water pollution is a major problem in many developing countries. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- United States: "How polluted is U.S. drinking water?". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- United States: Since 2007, the total greenhouse gas emissions by the United States are the second highest by country, exceeded only by China. [REFUTES]
Claim: CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide is colorless. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide: At low concentrations the gas is odorless; however, at sufficiently-high concentrations, it has a sharp, acidic odor. [REFUTES]
- Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide is odorless at normally encountered concentrations, but at high concentrations, it has a sharp and acidic odor. [REFUTES]
- Exhaust gas: Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Growers regularly pump CO2 into greenhouses, raising levels to three times that of the natural environment, to produce stronger, greener, healthier plants.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Cannabis cultivation: Adequate levels of CO2 must be maintained for the plants to grow efficiently. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide: Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO 2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse: Secondary metabolites, e.g., cardiac glycosides in Digitalis lanata, are produced in higher amounts by greenhouse cultivation at enhanced temperature and at enhanced carbon dioxide concentration. [SUPPORTS]
- Hydroponics: To increase yield further, some sealed greenhouses inject CO2 into their environment to help improve growth and plant fertility. [SUPPORTS]
- Vertical farming: Greenhouses commonly supplement carbon dioxide levels to 3–4 times the atmospheric rate. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass). [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide: The current concentration is about 0.04% (410 ppm) by volume, having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: “Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: A 2017 Politico article states that increased CO 2 levels may have a negative impact on the nutritional quality of various human food crops, by increasing the levels of carbohydrates, such as glucose, while decreasing the levels of important nutrients such as protein, iron, and zinc. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: While increased CO 2 levels help crop growth at lower temperature increases, those crops do become less nutritious. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health. [REFUTES]
- Indur M. Goklany: In an op-ed for The New York Times, he wrote, "Ironically, much of the hysteria over global warming is itself fueled by concerns that it may drive numerous species to extinction and increase hunger worldwide, especially in developing countries. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: Since global warming is attributed to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and methane, scientists closely monitor atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and their impact on the present-day biosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide removal: Both have the same net effect, but for achieving carbon dioxide concentration levels below present levels, carbon dioxide removal is critical. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: As stated in the Convention, this requires that greenhouse gas concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can be sustained. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Snowball Earth: "High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Meeting the 2025 emissions reduction target alone could subtract $250 billion from our GDP and eliminate 2.7 million jobs.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Air pollution: This would save about $600 billion in health costs a year due to reduced air pollution in 2050, or about 3.6% of the 2014 U.S. gross domestic product. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Biodiesel: Judging by the continued growth in the Renewable Fuel Standard and the extension of the biodiesel tax incentive, the number of jobs can increase to 50,725, $2.7 billion in income, and reaching $5 billion in GDP by 2012 and 2013. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon tax: The goal is to reduce carbon emissions to those outlined in the Kyoto Protocol; specifically to reduce their emissions by 7% below 1990 levels by 2012. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Kyoto Protocol and government action: The country has a national objective to reduce emissions by 25% from their 1990 levels by 2020, and a long-term target to reduce emissions 75–80% by 2050. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Kyoto Protocol and government action: Informed by the Energy White Paper 2003, the bill aims to achieve a mandatory reduction of 60% in the carbon emission from the 1990 level by 2050, with an intermediate target of between 26% and 32% by 2020. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The cement, iron and steel, and petroleum refining industries could see their production cut by 21% 19%, and 11% respectively.”
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Economy of Venezuela: The hardest hit sectors in the worst recession years (2002–2003) were construction (−55.9%), petroleum (−26.5%), commerce (−23.6%) and manufacturing (−22.5%). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Economy of Venezuela: By the first half of 2016, only 10 vehicles were manufactured per day in Venezuela with production dropping 86%. [REFUTES]
- Mineral industry of Africa: The 2012 share of world production from African soil was bauxite 7%; aluminium 5%; chromite 38%; cobalt 60%; copper 9%; gold 20%; iron ore 2%; steel 1%; lead (Pb) 2%; manganese 38%; zinc 1%; cement 4%; natural diamond 56%; graphite 2%; phosphate rock 21%; coal 4%; mineral fuels (including coal) & petroleum 47%; uranium 18%.platinum 69.4%. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mineral industry of Africa: Crude steel production was expected to rise by an average of about 5% per year from 2005 to 2011. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Technological and industrial history of China: Improvements in existing plants reduced steel-industry energy consumption from 73.8 million tons of coal in 1978 to 69.1 million tons in 1983, and production increased by 26 percent. [REFUTES]
Claim: The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Efficient energy use: At an EU summit in October 2014, EU countries agreed on a new energy efficiency target of 27% or greater by 2030. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Efficient energy use: They are: To help households and businesses transition to a low carbon future To streamline the adoption of efficient energy To make buildings more energy-efficient For governments to work in partnership and lead the way to energy efficiency The overriding agreement that governs this strategy is the National Partnership Agreement on Energy Efficiency. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Energy policy of the United States: On August 31, 2006, the California Legislature reached an agreement with Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to reduce the state's greenhouse-gas emissions, which rank at 12th-largest carbon emitter in the world, by 25 percent by the year 2020. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Smart grid: The increased efficiency and reliability of the smart grid is expected to save consumers money and help reduce CO 2 emissions. [REFUTES]
- Wind power: ESB National Grid, Ireland's electric utility, in a 2004 study that, concluded that to meet the renewable energy targets set by the EU in 2001 would "increase electricity generation costs by a modest 15%" "Impact of Wind Power Generation in Ireland on the Operation of Conventional Plant and the Economic Implications" (PDF). [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Antarctica: As a result, the continental mass of the East Antarctic ice sheet is held at lower temperatures, and the peripheral areas of Antarctica, especially the Antarctic Peninsula, are subject to higher temperatures, which promote accelerated melting. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Antarctica: The sheet has been of recent concern because of the small possibility of its collapse. [SUPPORTS]
- Pine Island Glacier: Scientists have found that the flow of these ice streams has accelerated in recent years, and suggested that if they were to melt, global sea levels would rise by 1 to 2 m (3 ft 3 in to 6 ft 7 in), destabilising the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet and perhaps sections of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. [SUPPORTS]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: The acceleration of the rate of retreat since 1995 of key outlet glaciers of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets may foreshadow a rise in sea level, which would affect coastal regions. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades". [SUPPORTS]