MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: The idea that climate change is producing heat records across the Earth is among the most egregious manipulations of data in the absurd global warming debate.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth. [REFUTES]
- Climate change (general concept): This is the case for the conclusions that the Earth system is warming and that much of this warming is very likely due to human activities. [REFUTES]
- Global warming controversy: Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time. [REFUTES]
- Global warming controversy: Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases. [REFUTES]
- Global warming controversy: According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities. [REFUTES]
Claim: On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Instrumental temperature record: In January 2017, several scientific agencies around the world, including NASA and the NOAA in the United States and the Met Office in the United Kingdom, named 2016 the warmest year recorded. [SUPPORTS]
- Instrumental temperature record: Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)." [SUPPORTS]
- Instrumental temperature record: Comments from climate scientists reported in The Washington Post showed strong agreement in attributing the warming primarily to anthropogenic climate change, with some contribution from El Niño warming, though there were differing views on the significance of individual records. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Instrumental temperature record: Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record. [SUPPORTS]
- Syracuse, New York: The latter was the warmest winter day on record. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Actual weather records over the past 100 years show no correlation between rising carbon dioxide levels and local temperatures.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global cooling: The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend. [REFUTES]
- Global warming controversy: Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Physical impacts of climate change: (2013) estimated that global warming had increased the probability of local record-breaking monthly temperatures worldwide by a factor of 5. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Regional effects of global warming: Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming. [REFUTES]
Claim: as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming: These levels are much higher than at any time during the last 800,000 years, the period for which reliable data have been collected from ice cores. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Recent data also shows that the concentration is increasing at a higher rate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Peak oil: Peak oil is the theorized point in time when the maximum rate of extraction of petroleum is reached, after which it is expected to enter terminal decline. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Peak oil: "Oil Production Is at Record Levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Eocene: These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paleocene: The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paleocene: For comparison, the average global temperature for the period between 1951 and 1980 was 14 °C (57 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations. [REFUTES]
- Kyoto Protocol: The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it. [REFUTES]
Claim: describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Coral bleaching: During this period, 19 percent of coral reefs worldwide were lost, and 60 percent of the remaining reefs are at immediate risk of being lost. [SUPPORTS]
- Drought: Malnutrition, dehydration and related diseases Mass migration, resulting in internal displacement and international refugees Reduced electricity production due to reduced water-flow through hydroelectric dams Shortages of water for industrial users Snake migration, which results in snake-bites Social unrest War over natural resources, including water and food Wildfires, such as Australian bushfires, become more common during times of drought and may cause human deaths. [SUPPORTS]
- Effects of global warming on human health: With degradation of protective coral reefs through acidic erosion, bleaching and death, salt water is able to infiltrate fresh ground water supplies that large populations depend on. [SUPPORTS]
- Great Barrier Reef: Battle for the Reef – Four Corners – ABC.au Great Barrier Reef scientists confirm largest die-off of corals recorded. [SUPPORTS]
- Wild fisheries: A recent paper published by the National Academy of Sciences of the USA warns that: "Synergistic effects of habitat destruction, overfishing, introduced species, warming, acidification, toxins, and massive runoff of nutrients are transforming once complex ecosystems like coral reefs and kelp forests into monotonous level bottoms, transforming clear and productive coastal seas into anoxic dead zones, and transforming complex food webs topped by big animals into simplified, microbially dominated ecosystems with boom and bust cycles of toxic dinoflagellate blooms, jellyfish, and disease". [SUPPORTS]
Claim: But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming: In 2015, a study by Professor James Hansen of Columbia University and 16 other climate scientists said a sea level rise of three metres could be a reality by the end of the century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Regional effects of global warming: "Rising sea levels threaten small Pacific island nations". [SUPPORTS]
- Tuvalu: Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels. [SUPPORTS]
- Tuvalu: Sopoaga said in his speech to the meeting of heads of state and government: Tuvalu's future at current warming, is already bleak, any further temperature increase will spell the total demise of Tuvalu ... For Small Island Developing States, Least Developed Countries and many others, setting a global temperature goal of below 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels is critical. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: International Energy Agency, a global analysis organization, “continue to see a role for coal for the foreseeable future.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- International Energy Agency: This publication on renewable energy – "which is now the fastest growing sector of the energy mix and accounts for almost a fifth of all electricity produced worldwide – will join annual medium-term reports on oil, gas and coal, which the IEA already produces". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- International Energy Agency: "Fatih Birol ushers in new era for IEA—Takes office as Executive Director of global energy authority". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- International Energy Agency: The IEA has a broad role in promoting alternate energy sources (including renewable energy), rational energy policies, and multinational energy technology co-operation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- International Energy Agency: Environmental groups have become critical of the IEA's 450 Scenario (created to align with the 2009 Copenhagen Accord), contending that it does not align with up-to-date climate science, nor is it consistent with the Paris climate agreement that aspires to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- International Energy Agency: He further said that the IEA is overstating the role of shale in a global market, and how the core job of the IEA, is not to take things out of context. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- 1906 San Francisco earthquake: An offshore epicenter is supported by the occurrence of a local tsunami recorded by a tide gauge at the San Francisco Presidio; the wave had an amplitude of approximately 3 in (8 cm) and an approximate period of 40–45 minutes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- San Francisco Bay: As the great ice sheets began to melt, around 11,000 years ago, the sea level started to rise. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- San Francisco Bay: By 5000 BC the sea level rose 300 feet (90 m), filling the valley with water from the Pacific. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tide: Mean sea level (MSL) – This is the average sea level. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tide: To make accurate records, tide gauges at fixed stations measure water level over time. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Antarctic ice sheet: The glaciation was favored by an interval when the Earth's orbit favored cool summers but oxygen isotope ratio cycle marker changes were too large to be explained by Antarctic ice-sheet growth alone indicating an ice age of some size. [SUPPORTS]
- Antarctic ice sheet: The general trend shows that a warming climate in the southern hemisphere would transport more moisture to Antarctica, causing the interior ice sheets to grow, while calving events along the coast will increase, causing these areas to shrink. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Antarctic ice sheet: A 2006 paper derived from satellite data, measuring changes in the gravity of the ice mass, suggests that the total amount of ice in Antarctica has begun decreasing in the past few years. [REFUTES]
- Antarctic ice sheet: Satellite measurements by NASA indicate a still increasing sheet thickness above the continent, outweighing the losses at the edge. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Second Grinnell expedition: The brig was periodically chain-lifted above the ice to prevent it from being crushed by the growing ice. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Antarctica: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Antarctica: found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year. [SUPPORTS]
- Antarctica: A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: A 2019 study, however, using different methodology, concluded that East Antarctica is losing significant amounts of ice mass. [REFUTES]
Claim: Climate scientists use the 20th-century average as a benchmark for global temperature measurements.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate: Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850–1900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Instrumental temperature record: The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate variability: Another longer-term near-millennial oscillation involves the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles, occurring on roughly 1,500-year cycles during the last glacial maximum. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate variability: During the Pleistocene, cycles of glaciations and interglacials occurred on cycles of roughly 100,000 years, but may stay longer within an interglacial when orbital eccentricity approaches zero, as during the current interglacial. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global Energy and Water Exchanges: There are also longer-term cycles, the mini ice-age that preceded the medieval warm period may have been a transition to an ice age, the last ice-age lasted from ~130,000 years ago until the onset of the Holocene. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: "Multicentennial variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and its climatic influence in a 4000 year simulation of the GFDL CM2.1 climate model". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: By itself, the climate system experiences various cycles which can last for years (such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation) to decades or centuries. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- 2015 in science: 21 July The latest global analysis of temperature data from NOAA shows that the first half of 2015 was the hottest such period on record, at 0.85 °C (1.53 °F) above the 20th century average, surpassing the previous record set in 2010 by 0.09 °C (0.16 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 2015 in science: 20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 2015 in science: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that September's global average temperature was the largest departure from normal for any month on record. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 2019 in science: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that July 2019 was the hottest month on record globally, at 0.95 °C (1.71 °F) above the 20th century average. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: Understanding and describing Earth systems through research and analysis of that data. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Australia: "Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Australia: According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, "the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) above the long-term average". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Australia: Furthermore, 2014 was Australia's third warmest year since national temperature observations commenced in 1910. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Australia: January 2019 was the hottest month ever in Australia with average temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate of Australia: According to the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia's annual mean temperature for 2009 was 0.90 °C (1.62 °F) above the 1961–90 average, making it the nation's second-warmest year since high-quality records began in 1910. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: For the year-to-date, the Earth is seeing its 5th-warmest start to the year.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Earth: Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- New Year: New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tropical year: A tropical year (also known as a solar year) is the time that the Sun takes to return to the same position in the cycle of seasons, as seen from Earth; for example, the time from vernal equinox to vernal equinox, or from summer solstice to summer solstice. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Year: This is currently on or close to January 1. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Year: Its average duration is 365.256363004 days (365 d 6 h 9 min 9.76 s) (at the epoch J2000.0 = January 1, 2000, 12:00:00 TT). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health. [REFUTES]
- Instrumental temperature record: There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver. [REFUTES]
Claim: “Today climate scientists are obsessed with the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, a very very small part of the overall picture.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Greenhouse gas: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: At the global level, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping greenhouse gases have increased sharply since the Industrial Revolution. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: "Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide have increased to levels unprecedented in at least the last 800,000 years." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The changes in temperature have been associated with increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) and other GHGs in the atmosphere." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The world's most important greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide, a by-product of the burning of fossil fuels. [REFUTES]
Claim: Carbon dioxide is a trace gas.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass). [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide: It occurs naturally in Earth's atmosphere as a trace gas. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon monoxide: It is now the most commonly used tracer of molecular gas in general in the interstellar medium of galaxies, as molecular hydrogen can only be detected using ultraviolet light, which requires space telescopes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: They are trace gases that account for almost one tenth of 1% of Earth's atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]