MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: And their wind and manure emit more than one third of  emissions of another, methane, which warms the world 20 times faster  than carbon dioxide.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Atmospheric methane: Methane is a strong GHG with a global warming potential 84 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Biogas: The methane in biogas is 28 times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Methane: Methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 34 compared to CO2 (potential of 1) over a 100-year period, and 72 over a 20-year period. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Methane: Compared to other hydrocarbon fuels, methane produces less carbon dioxide for each unit of heat released. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Natural gas: While the lifetime of atmospheric methane is relatively short when compared to carbon dioxide, with a half-life of about 7 years, it is more efficient at trapping heat in the atmosphere, so that a given quantity of methane has 84 times the global-warming potential of carbon dioxide over a 20-year period and 28 times over a 100-year period. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Individual carbon dioxide molecules have a short life time of around 5 years in the atmosphere.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years). [REFUTES]
- Global warming: This is due to carbon dioxide's very long lifetime in the atmosphere. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: The atmospheric lifetime of a species therefore measures the time required to restore equilibrium following a sudden increase or decrease in its concentration in the atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The atmospheric lifetime of CO 2 is estimated of the order of 30–95 years. [REFUTES]
Claim: The final amount of extra CO2 that remains in the atmosphere stays there on a time scale of centuries.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon price: the CO2 concentration already released into the atmosphere since the beginning of industrialization, which has risen from well below 300 PPM to more than 415 PPM (2019). [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Long-term effects of global warming: On the timescale of centuries to millennia, the magnitude of global warming will be determined primarily by anthropogenic CO2 emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Eventually, the land and oceans will take up most of the extra carbon dioxide, but as much as 20 percent may remain in the atmosphere for many thousands of years." [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Less direct geological evidence indicates that CO2 values have not been this high for millions of years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Petroleum: Atmospheric CO2 has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 390 ppmv, from the 180 – 300 ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years This rise in temperature has reduced the Arctic ice cap to 1,100,000 sq mi (2,800,000 km2),[citation needed] smaller than ever recorded. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: [T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies  [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change denial: Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In 2013, CO2 readings taken at the world's primary benchmark site in Mauna Loa surpassing 400 ppm for the first time. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Peer review: Peer review is the evaluation of work by one or more people with similar competences as the producers of the work (peers). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Three Mile Island accident: A peer-reviewed research article by Dr. Steven Wing found a significant increase in cancers from 1979–1985 among people who lived within ten miles of TMI; in 2009 Dr. Wing stated that radiation releases during the accident were probably "thousands of times greater" than the NRC's estimates. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations scattered across 66 countries which all report the same rising trend.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) continuously releases data about CO 2 emissions, budget and concentration at individual observation stations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: Now measurements are made at many sites globally. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: There are several surface measurement (including flasks and continuous in situ) networks including NOAA/ERSL, WDCGG, and RAMCES. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: "The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Keeling Curve: The Keeling Curve is a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii from 1958 to the present day. [SUPPORTS]
- Keeling Curve: "Carbon dioxide tops 400 ppm at Mauna Loa, Hawaii". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Keeling Curve: Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions. [SUPPORTS]
- Keeling Curve: Carbon dioxide measurements at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii are made with a type of infrared spectrophotometer, now known as a nondispersive infrared sensor, that is calibrated using World Meteorological Organization standards. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Keeling Curve: Charles David Keeling, of Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego, was the first person to make frequent regular measurements of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations at the South Pole, and on Mauna Loa, Hawaii from March 1958 onwards. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: To claim that humidity is decreasing requires you ignore a multitude of independent reanalyses that all show increasing humidity.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Dew point: When the moisture content remains constant and temperature increases, relative humidity decreases, but the dew point remains constant. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Humidity: Heating cold outdoor air can decrease relative humidity levels indoors to below 30%, leading to ailments such as dry skin, cracked lips, dry eyes and excessive thirst. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Humidity: As temperature decreases, the amount of water vapor needed to reach saturation also decreases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Humidity: As the temperature of a parcel of air decreases it will eventually reach the saturation point without adding or losing water mass. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Humidity: Under conditions of high humidity, the rate of evaporation of sweat from the skin decreases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: It fails to explain how we can have short-term positive feedback and long-term negative feedback.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Complex system: Relationships contain feedback loops Both negative (damping) and positive (amplifying) feedback are always found in complex systems. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: Each glacial period is subject to positive feedback which makes it more severe, and negative feedback which mitigates and (in all cases so far) eventually ends it. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Operant conditioning: This provided immediate feedback and acted as positive reinforcement for a soldier's behavior. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Perceptual control theory: PCT demonstrates circular causation in a negative feedback loop closed through the environment. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tipping points in the climate system: There are many positive and negative feedbacks to global temperatures and the carbon cycle that have been identified. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change feedback: Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change feedback: The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a "positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Runaway greenhouse effect: An increase in temperature from greenhouse gases leading to increased water vapor (which is itself a greenhouse gas) causing further warming is a positive feedback, but not a runaway effect, on Earth. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: (2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Atmosphere of Jupiter: In 2010, astronomers imaged the GRS in the far infrared (from 8.5 to 24 μm) with a spatial resolution higher than ever before and found that its central, reddest region is warmer than its surroundings by between 3–4 K. The warm airmass is located in the upper troposphere in the pressure range of 200–500 mbar. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea surface temperature: At the 500 hPa level, the air temperature averages −7 °C (18 °F) within the tropics, but air in the tropics is normally dry at this height, giving the air room to wet-bulb, or cool as it moistens, to a more favorable temperature that can then support convection. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Troposphere: If the upper air is warmer than predicted by the adiabatic lapse rate ( d S / d z > 0 {\displaystyle dS/dz>0} ), then when a parcel of air rises and expands, it will arrive at the new height at a lower temperature than its surroundings. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Troposphere: If, on the contrary, the upper air is cooler than predicted by the adiabatic lapse rate, then when the air parcel rises to its new height it will have a higher temperature and a lower density than its surroundings, and will continue to accelerate upward. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Uranus: The temperatures in the coldest upper region of the troposphere (the tropopause) actually vary in the range between 49 and 57 K (−224 and −216 °C; −371 and −357 °F) depending on planetary latitude. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Neptune: The average distance between Neptune and the Sun is 4.5 billion km (about 30.1 astronomical units (AU)), and it completes an orbit on average every 164.79 years, subject to a variability of around ±0.1 years. [SUPPORTS]
- Neptune: Neptune's 164 year orbital period means that the planet takes an average of 13 years to move through each constellation of the zodiac. [SUPPORTS]
- Neptune: Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of 30.1 au (4.5 billion km; 2.8 billion mi). [SUPPORTS]
- Pluto: The semi-major axis of Pluto's orbit varies between about 39.3 and 39.6 au with a period of about 19,951 years, corresponding to an orbital period varying between 246 and 249 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Pluto: Pluto has yet to complete a full orbit of the Sun since its discovery, as one Plutonian year is 247.68 years long. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Atmosphere of Jupiter: The Great Red Spot (GRS) is a persistent anticyclonic storm, 22° south of Jupiter's equator; observations from Earth establish a minimum storm lifetime of 350 years. [SUPPORTS]
- Atmosphere of Jupiter: The new storm, previously a white spot in Hubble images, turned red in May 2008. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Jupiter: "New Red Spot Appears on Jupiter". [SUPPORTS]
- Jupiter: "New storm on Jupiter hints at climate changes". [SUPPORTS]
- Jupiter: The best known feature of Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a persistent anticyclonic storm that is larger than Earth, located 22° south of the equator. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The temperatures are expected to change by as much as 10 Fahrenheit degrees at different places of the globe.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Earth: At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi). [REFUTES]
- Earth: As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F). [REFUTES]
- Fahrenheit: A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of ​5⁄9 degrees Celsius. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected"
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Cloud: It is most prevalent in and along low pressure zones of surface tropospheric convergence which encircle the Earth close to the equator and near the 50th parallels of latitude in the northern and southern hemispheres. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Cloud: The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: "A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Jupiter's climate change is due to shifts in internal turbulence fueled from an internal heat source - the planet radiates twice as much energy as it receives from the sun.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Jupiter: Despite this, Jupiter still radiates more heat than it receives from the Sun; the amount of heat produced inside it is similar to the total solar radiation it receives. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Jupiter: The water clouds are assumed to generate thunderstorms in the same way as terrestrial thunderstorms, driven by the heat rising from the interior. [SUPPORTS]
- Jupiter: Jupiter's low axial tilt means that the poles constantly receive less solar radiation than at the planet's equatorial region. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Jupiter: Convection within the interior of the planet transports more energy to the poles, balancing out the temperatures at the cloud layer. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Neptune: As with Uranus, the source of this heating is unknown, but the discrepancy is larger: Uranus only radiates 1.1 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun; whereas Neptune radiates about 2.61 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Greenhouse gas: The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that "changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system", and concluded that "increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century". [REFUTES]
- Hockey stick controversy: On the day of publication, the ExxonMobil funded lobbying website Tech Central Station issued a press release headed "TCS Newsflash: Important Global Warming Study Audited – Numerous Errors Found; New Research Reveals the UN IPCC 'Hockey Stick' Theory of Climate Change is Flawed" announcing that "Canadian business executive Stephen McIntyre and economist Ross McKitrick have presented more evidence that the 20th century wasn't the warmest on record". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: At a meeting of the American Geophysical Union (December 17, 2008), scientists detailed evidence in support of the controversial idea that the introduction of large-scale rice agriculture in Asia, coupled with extensive deforestation in Europe began to alter world climate by pumping significant amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere over the last 1,000 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The executive summary of the WG I Summary for Policymakers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases, resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth's surface. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: A retired journalist for The New York Times, William K. Stevens wrote: "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years. [REFUTES]
Claim: The "decline" refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climatic Research Unit documents: The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) which describes discussion of various possible reasons for the divergence which does not affect all the trees, and says that there is no consensus about the cause. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climatic Research Unit documents: Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature. [SUPPORTS]
- Climatic Research Unit documents: The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports. [SUPPORTS]
- Climatic Research Unit email controversy: This "decline" referred to the well-discussed tree-ring divergence problem, but these two phrases were taken out of context by global warming sceptics, including US Senator Jim Inhofe and former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin, as though they referred to some decline in measured global temperatures, even though they were written when temperatures were at a record high. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: "Robust findings" of the Synthesis report include: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "Mike's Nature trick" has nothing to do with "hide the decline", instead refering to a technique by Michael Mann to plot instrumental temperature along with past reconstructions.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climatic Research Unit documents: "Mike's Nature trick" referred to Michael E. Mann's paper on temperature trends published by Michael Mann in Nature in 1998, which combined various proxy records and related them to actual temperature records: it included a figure later dubbed the ""hockey stick" graph, which clearly distinguished between the proxy and instrumental data. [SUPPORTS]
- Climatic Research Unit email controversy: Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used "Mike's Nature trick" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization "to hide the decline" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising. [SUPPORTS]
- Hockey stick graph: As part of his Phd research, Michael E. Mann worked with seismologist Jeffrey Park on developing statistical techniques for find long term oscillations of natural variability in the instrumental temperature record of global surface temperatures over the last 140 years; Mann & Park 1993 showed patterns relating to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and Mann & Park 1994 found what was later termed the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Michael E. Mann: The same procedure was also used to represent key information in the instrumental temperature record for comparison with the proxy series, enabling validation of the reconstruction. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Michael E. Mann: In it, "Spatially resolved global reconstructions of annual surface temperature patterns" were related to "changes in greenhouse-gas concentrations, solar irradiance, and volcanic aerosols" leading to the conclusion that "each of these factors has contributed to the climate variability of the past 400 years, with greenhouse gases emerging as the dominant forcing during the twentieth century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climatic Research Unit documents: Both of the papers referred to were in fact cited and discussed in the IPCC." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climatic Research Unit documents: The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) which describes discussion of various possible reasons for the divergence which does not affect all the trees, and says that there is no consensus about the cause. [SUPPORTS]
- Climatic Research Unit documents: The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) is a report by the IPCC which was published in 2000. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]