MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: [South Australia] has the most expensive electricity in the world.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Adelaide: [citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country. [SUPPORTS]
- Energy in South Australia: "South Australia has the highest power prices in the world". [SUPPORTS]
- Energy in South Australia: It was claimed in 2017 that South Australia had the most expensive electricity in the world Another analysis claimed that South Australia has the second cheapest electricity in Australia. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- South Australia: Renewable energy is a growing source of electricity in South Australia, and there is potential for growth from this particular industry of the state's economy. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- South Australia: At the time of construction in late 2017, it was billed as the largest lithium-ion battery in the world. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: [Those who signed the Paris Accord] cannot change Earth’s orbit and radiation released from the sun that drive climate
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate: Ice caps form because high-latitude regions receive less energy as solar radiation from the sun than equatorial regions, resulting in lower surface temperatures. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: The result is atmospheric circulation that drives the weather and climate through redistribution of thermal energy. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Future of Earth: These changes can influence the planetary climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sun: The energy of this sunlight supports almost all life on Earth by photosynthesis, and drives Earth's climate and weather. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Australia’s signed a suicide note [with the Paris Accord] yet didn’t seem to notice that China, India, Indonesia and the US did not commit to reducing their large carbon dioxide emissions.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Climate change mitigation: Countries that ratified the Kyoto protocol committed to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases, or engage in emissions trading if they maintain or increase emissions of these gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Energy policy of China: The plan did not include targets for carbon dioxide emission reductions, but it has been estimated that, if fully implemented, China's annual emissions of greenhouse gases would be reduced by 1.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent by 2010. [REFUTES]
- Paris Agreement: This strategy involved energy and climate policy including the so-called 20/20/20 targets, namely the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 20%, the increase of renewable energy's market share to 20%, and a 20% increase in energy efficiency. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paris Agreement: Institutional asset owners associations and think-tanks have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly "predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Indonesia and Mexico, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO 2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour." [SUPPORTS]
- Paris Agreement: "U.S. and China announce steps to join the Paris accord that set nation-by-nation targets for cutting carbon emissions". [REFUTES]
Claim: The grasslands, crops, forests and territorial waters of Australia absorb more carbon dioxide than Australia emits.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon sink: It is estimated that forests absorb between 10 and 20 tons of carbon dioxide per hectare each year, through photosynthetic conversion into starch, cellulose, lignin, and other components of wooden biomass. [SUPPORTS]
- Reforestation: Forests are an important part of the global carbon cycle because trees and plants absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis. [SUPPORTS]
- Reforestation: They absorb a huge amount of carbon dioxide, combating climate change. [SUPPORTS]
- Wetland: It decomposes and turns into carbon dioxide (CO2), which is released into the atmosphere. [REFUTES]
Claim: [Riebesell] is a world authority on the topic and has typically communicated cautiously about the effects of acidification.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming on human health: Perhaps one of the most recent adverse effects of climate change to be explored is that of ocean acidification. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Human impact on marine life: The direction and magnitude of the effects of ocean acidification, warming and deoxygenation on the ocean has been quantified by meta-analyses, and has been further tested by mesocosm studies. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Human impact on marine life: (2013) "Meta‐analysis reveals complex marine biological responses to the interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea: Both are informed by chemical oceanography, which studies the behavior of elements and molecules within the oceans: particularly, at the moment, the ocean's role in the carbon cycle and carbon dioxide's role in the increasing acidification of seawater. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: ‘But even if an organism isn’t directly harmed by acidification it may be affected indirectly through changes in its habitat or changes in the food web.’
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Environmental impact of the coal industry: The presence of acid-forming materials exposed as a result of surface mining can affect wildlife by eliminating habitat and by causing direct destruction of some species. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Human impact on marine life: These large-scale alterations in the physical environment are "driving change through all levels of Antarctic marine food webs". [SUPPORTS]
- Ocean acidification: Aside from the slowing and/or reversing of calcification, organisms may suffer other adverse effects, either indirectly through negative impacts on food resources, or directly as reproductive or physiological effects. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ocean acidification: Other organisms are directly harmed as a result of acidification. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ocean acidification: Changes in ocean chemistry can have extensive direct and indirect effects on organisms and their habitats. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: And some plants – like algae which use carbon for photosynthesis – may even benefit.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Algae: Most are phototrophic, although some are mixotrophic, deriving energy both from photosynthesis and uptake of organic carbon either by osmotrophy, myzotrophy, or phagotrophy. [SUPPORTS]
- Botany: Plants, algae and cyanobacteria are the major groups of organisms that carry out photosynthesis, a process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars that can be used both as a source of chemical energy and of organic molecules that are used in the structural components of cells. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide: Carbon fixation is a biochemical process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated by plants, algae and (cyanobacteria) into energy-rich organic molecules such as glucose, thus creating their own food by photosynthesis. [SUPPORTS]
- Cyanobacteria: Cyanobacteria use the energy of sunlight to drive photosynthesis, a process where the energy of light is used to synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Plant: Algae comprise several different groups of organisms which produce food by photosynthesis and thus have traditionally been included in the plant kingdom. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: […]You can think of global warming as one type of climate change.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change (general concept): The term "climate change" is often used to refer specifically to anthropogenic climate change (also known as global warming). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change (general concept): In this sense, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term climate change has become synonymous with anthropogenic global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change (general concept): Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena ...[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming." [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Climate engineering (sometimes called geoengineering or climate intervention) is the deliberate modification of the climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: NASA's Global Climate Change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The broader term covers changes beyond warmer temperatures, such as shifting rainfall patterns.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.". [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tropical rainforest: In general, climatic patterns consist of warm temperatures and high annual rainfall. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: “We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Climate change denial: Scientists have known for over a century that even this small proportion has a significant warming effect, and doubling the proportion leads to a large temperature increase. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: This phrase next appeared in a November 1957 report in The Hammond Times which described Roger Revelle's research into the effects of increasing human-caused CO 2 emissions on the greenhouse effect: "a large scale global warming, with radical climate changes may result". [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse effect: The effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on the global climate, a special case of the greenhouse effect first described in 1896 by Svante Arrhenius, has also been called the Callendar effect. [SUPPORTS]
- History of the world: The "greenhouse effect", substantially responsible for Earth's global warming, was first described in 1824 by the French mathematician Joseph Fourier. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: [CO2] has increased 43 percent above the pre-industrial level so far
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: As of 2011, the concentrations of CO2 and methane had increased by about 40% and 150%, respectively, since pre-industrial times. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: For example, the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm to 415 ppm, or 120 ppm over modern pre-industrial levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: In the 1960s, the average annual increase was only 37% of what it was in 2000 through 2007. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: CO 2 is produced by all aerobic organisms when they metabolize carbohydrates and lipids to produce energy by respiration. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide can be obtained by distillation from air, but the method is inefficient. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide. [SUPPORTS]
- Nature: Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Instead of negotiating over climate change policies and trying to make them more market-oriented, some political conservatives have taken the approach of blocking them by trying to undermine the science.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Conservatism in the United States: On the other hand, some conservatives tend to oppose free-market trade policies and support protectionism instead. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Conservatism in the United States: Conservative think tanks since the 1990s have opposed the concept of man-made global warming; challenged scientific evidence; publicized what they perceived as beneficial aspects of global warming, and asserted that proposed remedies would do more harm than good. [SUPPORTS]
- Conservative Party (UK): Some Conservative politicians such as Alan Duncan and Crispin Blunt take the libertarian approach that individual freedom and economic freedom of industry and trade should be respected. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Framing (social sciences): Neoliberal frameworks that are often echoed by conservatives, such as support for the free market economy, are posited against climate action interventions that inherently place constraints on the free economy through support for renewable energy through subsidies or through additional tax on nonrenewable sources of energy. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Republican Party (United States): Since then, Republicans have increasingly taken positions against environmental regulation, with some Republicans rejecting the scientific consensus on climate change. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Over the past 30 years, temperatures have risen faster in winter than in any other season, with average winter temperatures in the Midwest and northern Great Plains increasing more than 7 °F (3.9 °C). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change in the United States: A report released in March 2012 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed that a strong body of evidence links global warming to an increase in heat waves, a rise in episodes of heavy rainfall and other precipitation, and more frequent coastal flooding. [SUPPORTS]
- Effects of global warming: In the last 30–40 years, heat waves with high humidity have become more frequent and severe. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency. [SUPPORTS]
- Heat wave: "More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century". [SUPPORTS]
Claim: In many other cases, though — hurricanes, for example — the linkage to global warming for particular trends is uncertain or disputed.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: Human activity is likely to have made a substantial contribution to ocean surface temperature changes in hurricane formation regions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In terrestrial ecosystems, the earlier timing of spring events, as well as poleward and upward shifts in plant and animal ranges, have been linked with high confidence to recent warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Climate change has been linked to an increase in violent conflict by amplifying poverty and economic shocks, which are well-documented drivers of these conflicts. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Although there are a few areas of linkage, the relationship between the two is weak. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Regional effects of global warming: Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The warming will slow to a potentially manageable pace only when human emissions are reduced to zero.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming: Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Climate change can be mitigated through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions or the enhancement of the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In some scenarios emissions continue to rise over the century, while others have reduced emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: To keep warming below 2 °C, more stringent emission reductions in the near-term would allow for less rapid reductions after 2030. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Avoiding this future warming will require a large and rapid reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Abrupt climate change: An abrupt climate change occurs when the climate system is forced to transition to a new climate state at a rate that is determined by the climate system energy-balance, and which is more rapid than the rate of change of the external forcing. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Further global climate changes are predicted, with impacts expected to become more costly as time progresses. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: It is clear that major efforts are necessary to quickly and strongly reduce CO 2 emissions. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The stronger our efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the lower the risk of extreme climate impacts. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Continuing emissions will increase the likelihood and severity of global effects. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Air pollution: Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources includes primary regulation (many developing countries have permissive regulations),[citation needed] expanding regulation to new sources (such as cruise and transport ships, farm equipment, and small gas-powered equipment such as string trimmers, chainsaws, and snowmobiles), increased fuel efficiency (such as through the use of hybrid vehicles), conversion to cleaner fuels or conversion to electric vehicles. [SUPPORTS]
- Renewable energy: As most of renewable energy technologies provide electricity, renewable energy deployment is often applied in conjunction with further electrification, which has several benefits: electricity can be converted to heat (where necessary generating higher temperatures than fossil fuels), can be converted into mechanical energy with high efficiency, and is clean at the point of consumption. [SUPPORTS]
- Renewable energy: The results of a recent review of the literature concluded that as greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters begin to be held liable for damages resulting from GHG emissions resulting in climate change, a high value for liability mitigation would provide powerful incentives for deployment of renewable energy technologies. [SUPPORTS]
- Renewable energy: It would also reduce environmental pollution such as air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels and improve public health, reduce premature mortalities due to pollution and save associated health costs that amount to several hundred billion dollars annually only in the United States. [SUPPORTS]
- Renewable energy: Other renewable sources such as wind power, photovoltaics, and hydroelectricity have the advantage of being able to conserve water, lower pollution and reduce CO 2 emissions. [SUPPORTS]