MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: Continued greenhouse gas emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming and induce many changes in the global climate system during the 21st century that would very likely be larger than those observed during the 20th century.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that "changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system", and concluded that "increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: So this is a government which is proposing to put at risk our manufacturing industry, to penalise struggling families, to make a tough situation worse for millions of households right around Australia.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Poverty in the United Kingdom: John McDonnell said the IFS analysis showed a “clear threat” to working people’s living standards, while the Liberal Democrats said that the “savage cuts” would make millions of households poorer. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Poverty in the United Kingdom: Families are forced into increasing poverty, some facing a daily struggle to pay their rent and put food on their table. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Poverty in the United Kingdom: nearly 4 million UK children are judged to live in households that would find it difficult to afford enough fruit, vegetables and other healthy foods to reach official guidelines, the Food Foundation maintains. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Poverty in the United Kingdom: The upcoming minimum wage rise will help, but many low-income working families will still find themselves worse off due to tax-credit changes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Poverty in the United Kingdom: Fuel poverty affects over a million British working households and over 2.3 million households in total and increases in energy prices affect poor people severely. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "a paper...in Science magazine concludes that the climate sensitivity—how much the earth’s average temperature will rise as a result of a doubling of the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide—likely (that is, with a 66% probability) lies in the range 1.7°C to 2.6°C, with a median value of 2.3°C.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Climate sensitivity: When climate sensitivity is expressed for a doubling of CO2, its units are degrees Celsius (°C). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate sensitivity: In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled. [REFUTES]
- Climate sensitivity: For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper). [SUPPORTS]
- Climate sensitivity: The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is the temperature increase that would result from sustained doubling of the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, after the Earth's energy budget and the climate system reach radiative equilibrium. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate sensitivity: IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5 °C (4 to 8.1 °F), with a most likely value of about 3 °C (5 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), in which the likely range is given as 2.0°C to 4.5°C, with a best estimate of 3.0°C" (Pat Michaels)
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate sensitivity: IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5 °C (4 to 8.1 °F), with a most likely value of about 3 °C (5 °F). [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming controversy: In its 2007 Fourth Assessment Report, IPCC said that climate sensitivity is "likely to be in the range 2 to 4.5 °C with a best estimate of about 3 °C". [SUPPORTS]
- IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: It is likely to be in the range of 2 to 4.5 °C, with a best estimate of about 3 °C. [SUPPORTS]
- IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Surface air warming in the 21st century: Best estimate for a "low scenario" is 1.8 °C with a likely range of 1.1 to 2.9 °C (3.2 °F with a likely range of 2.0 to 5.2 °F) Best estimate for a "high scenario" is 4.0 °C with a likely range of 2.4 to 6.4 °C (7.2 °F with a likely range of 4.3 to 11.5 °F) A temperature rise of about 0.1 °C per decade would be expected for the next two decades, even if greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations were kept at year 2000 levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Scenario B1 Best estimate temperature rise of 1.8 °C with a likely range of 1.1 to 2.9 °C (3.2 °F with a likely range of 2.0 to 5.2 °F) Sea level rise likely range [18 to 38 cm] (7 to 15 inches) Scenario A1T Best estimate temperature rise of 2.4 °C with a likely range of 1.4 to 3.8 °C (4.3 °F with a likely range of 2.5 to 6.8 °F) Sea level rise likely range [20 to 45 cm] (8 to 18 inches) Scenario B2 Best estimate temperature rise of 2.4 °C with a likely range of 1.4 to 3.8 °C (4.3 °F with a likely range of 2.5 to 6.8 °F) Sea level rise likely range [20 to 43 cm] (8 to 17 inches) Scenario A1B Best estimate temperature rise of 2.8 °C with a likely range of 1.7 to 4.4 °C (5.0 °F with a likely range of 3.1 to 7.9 °F) Sea level rise likely range [21 to 48 cm] (8 to 19 inches) Scenario A2 Best estimate temperature rise of 3.4 °C with a likely range of 2.0 to 5.4 °C (6.1 °F with a likely range of 3.6 to 9.7 °F) Sea level rise likely range [23 to 51 cm] (9 to 20 inches) Scenario A1FI Best estimate temperature rise of 4.0 °C with a likely range of 2.4 to 6.4 °C (7.2 °F with a likely range of 4.3 to 11.5 °F) Sea level rise likely range [26 to 59 cm] (10 to 23 inches) "Both past and future anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions will continue to contribute to warming and sea level rise for more than a millennium, due to the timescales required for removal of this gas from the atmosphere." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Multiple lines of evidence indicate Greenland's ice loss is accelerating and will contribute sea level rise in the order of metres over the next few centuries.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Greenland: If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenland: The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenland: Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Estimates on future contribution to sea level rise from Greenland range from 0.3 to 3 metres (1 to 10 ft), for the year 2100. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: The contribution of the Greenland ice sheet on sea level over the next couple of centuries can be very high due to a self-reinforcing cycle (a so-called positive feedback). [SUPPORTS]
Claim: This was the case last year too, while earlier  years in the DMI analysis period (1958-2010) hardly ever shows Arctic  melt season temperatures this cold (Frank Lansner)
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Arctic methane emissions: During the study, the most widespread surface melt on record for the past 120 years was observed in Greenland; on 12 July 2012, unfrozen water was present on almost the entire ice sheet surface (98.6%). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic: The Arctic's climate is characterized by cold winters and cool summers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change in the Arctic: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s. [REFUTES]
- Climate change in the Arctic: The 2007 melt season let to a minimum 39% below the 1979–2000 average, and for the first time in human memory, the fabled Northwest Passage opened completely. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change in the Arctic: In 2012 however, the 2007 record low was broken in late August with three weeks still left in the melt season. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "However, a single scientist, Dr. Ben Santer of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, rewrote the draft at the IPCC’s request, deleting all five statements, replacing them with a single statement to the effect that a human influence on global climate was now discernible, and making some 200 consequential amendments.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global Climate Coalition: The coalition report said that Benjamin D. Santer, the lead author of Chapter 8 in the assessment, entitled "Detection of Climate Change and Attribution of Causes," had altered the text, after acceptance by the Working Group, and without approval of the authors, to strike content characterizing the uncertainty of the science. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- IPCC Second Assessment Report: The Chapter 8 draft report put together on 5 October had an Executive Summary of the evidence, and after various qualifications, said "Taken together, these results point towards a human influence on climate." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- IPCC Second Assessment Report: An introductory preface to the SAR written by IPCC chairman Bolin and his co-chairs John T. Houghton and L. Gylvan Meira Filho highlighted "that observations suggest 'a discernible human influence on global climate', one of the key findings of this report, adds an important new dimension to discussion of the climate issue." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- IPCC Second Assessment Report: Prior to the publication of the Second Assessment Report, the industry group Global Climate Coalition distributed a report entitled "The IPCC: Institutionalized Scientific Cleansing" to reporters, US Congressmen, and scientists, which said that Santer had altered the text, after acceptance by the Working Group, and without approval of the authors, to strike content characterizing the uncertainty of the science. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- 20th century: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- El Niño–Southern Oscillation: For example, one of the most recent results, even after subtracting the positive influence of decadal variation, is shown to be possibly present in the ENSO trend, the amplitude of the ENSO variability in the observed data still increases, by as much as 60% in the last 50 years. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary 2014, p. 124: Global warming refers to the gradual increase, observed or projected, in global surface temperature, as one of the consequences of radiative forcing caused by anthropogenic emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Deforestation: However, the incineration and burning of forest plants to clear land releases large amounts of CO2, which contributes to global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming potential: The radiative forcing capacity (RF) is the amount of energy per unit area, per unit time, absorbed by the greenhouse gas, that would otherwise be lost to space. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: More of the Sun's energy is now absorbed in these regions, contributing to Arctic amplification, which has caused Arctic temperatures to increase at more than twice the rate of the rest of the world. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the total. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Global Warming history completely coincides with the history of artificial satellites and the use of microwave frequencies from outer space.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- 20th century: Over time, a massive system of artificial satellites was placed into orbit around Earth. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Communications satellite: A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Communications satellite: Communications satellites use a wide range of radio and microwave frequencies. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Solar irradiance has been measured directly by satellites, and indirect measurements are available beginning in the early 1600s. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Dielectric heating: Dielectric heating, also known as electronic heating, radio frequency heating, and high-frequency heating, is the process in which a radio frequency (RF) alternating electric field, or radio wave or microwave electromagnetic radiation heats a dielectric material. [SUPPORTS]
- Dielectric heating: At higher frequencies, this heating is caused by molecular dipole rotation within the dielectric. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Electromagnetic radiation: An example is absorption or emission of radio waves by antennas, or absorption of microwaves by water or other molecules with an electric dipole moment, as for example inside a microwave oven. [SUPPORTS]
- Microwave oven: Water, fat, and other substances in the food absorb energy from the microwaves in a process called dielectric heating. [SUPPORTS]
- Microwave: A microwave oven passes microwave radiation at a frequency near 2.45 GHz (12 cm) through food, causing dielectric heating primarily by absorption of the energy in water. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: "The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report, 2007, carries in three places a graph in which the Hadley Center’s global mean surface temperature anomaly dataset from 1850-2005 is displayed with four arbitrarily-chosen trend-lines overlaid upon it.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is the fourth in a series of reports intended to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information concerning climate change, its potential effects, and options for adaptation and mitigation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: This section of the report, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, assessed current scientific knowledge of "the natural and human drivers of climate change" as well as observed changes in climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: The Synthesis Report also brings in relevant parts some material contained in the full Working Group Reports over and above what is included in the Summary for Policymakers in these three Reports. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Table SPM-2 lists recent trends along with certainty levels for the trend having actually occurred, for a human contribution to the trend, and for the trend occurring in the future. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) published in 2007 featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions, including the three highlighted in the 2001 Third Assessment Report (TAR); Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1999 as before, Jones et al. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: ...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Fuse (electrical): If too high a current flows, the element rises to a higher temperature and either directly melts, or else melts a soldered joint within the fuse, opening the circuit. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Lava: They were formed by the melting of sulfur deposits at temperatures as low as 113 °C (235 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Soldering: Hot-bar reflow is a selective soldering process where two pre-fluxed, solder coated parts are heated with heating element (called a thermode) to a sufficient temperature to melt the solder. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Soldering: SnPb 63/37 Eutectic solder melts at 183 °C. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Soldering: SAC lead free solder melts at 217–220 °C. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change" (Roger Pielke Jr.)
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Climate change mitigation: By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change. [REFUTES]
- Global warming controversy: "Costing Climate Change". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: It would be cheaper, they say, to wait for the impacts of climate change and then adapt to them" says writer and environmental activist George Monbiot in an article addressing the supposed economic hazards of addressing climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Roger A. Pielke Jr.: He also states that, "Any conceivable emissions reductions policies, even if successful, cannot have a perceptible impact on the climate for many decades", and from this he concludes that, "In coming decades the only policies that can effectively be used to manage the immediate effects of climate variability and change will be adaptive." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Further global climate changes are predicted, with impacts expected to become more costly as time progresses. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Atmosphere of Earth: Earth's surface) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate of Antarctica: Satellite measurements have identified even lower ground temperatures, with −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) having been observed at the cloud-free East Antarctic Plateau on 10 August 2010. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: The lowest air temperature ever directly measured on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at Vostok Station in 1983, but satellites have used remote sensing to measure temperatures as low as −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) in East Antarctica. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere). [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: Observations from weather balloons, satellites, and surface thermometers seemed to show the opposite behaviour (more rapid warming of the surface than the troposphere). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Attribution of recent climate change: Models and observations (see figure above, middle) show that greenhouse gas results in warming of the lower atmosphere at the surface (called the troposphere) but cooling of the upper atmosphere (called the stratosphere). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Therefore, a key approach is to use physically or statistically based computer modelling of the climate system to determine unique fingerprints for all potential causes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]