MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: Dr. Gutzler said spring temperatures have an impact, too, with warmer air causing more snow to turn to vapor and essentially disappear.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming: Warmer air holds more water vapor. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Precipitation: Because of this temperature difference, warmth and moisture are transported upward, condensing into vertically oriented clouds (see satellite picture) which produce snow showers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Snow: Moisture is removed by orographic lift, leaving drier, warmer air on the descending, leeward side. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Thunderstorm: As the water vapor condenses into liquid, latent heat is released, which warms the air, causing it to become less dense than the surrounding, drier air. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Climate change and agriculture: Increased temperatures and altered hydrological cycles are predicted to translate to shorter growing seasons, overall reduced biomass production, and lower grain yields. [REFUTES]
- Climate change and agriculture: A reduction in runoff will affect the ability to irrigate crops and will reduce summer stream flows necessary to keep dams and reservoirs replenished. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change and agriculture: While warmer temperatures create longer growing seasons, and faster growth rates for plants, it also increases the metabolic rate and number of breeding cycles of insect populations. [SUPPORTS]
- List of ecoregions in North America (CEC): As climate change more rapidly progresses, temperature increases will affect the length of the growing season. [SUPPORTS]
- Season creep: While summer growing seasons are expanding, winters are getting warmer and shorter, resulting in reduced winter ice cover on bodies of water, earlier ice-out, earlier melt water flows, and earlier spring lake level peaks. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The noted oceanographer Walter Munk referred to sea-level rise as an “enigma”
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Sea level rise: "Scientists discover evidence for past high-level sea rise". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era". [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: "Multidecadal sea level anomalies and trends in the western tropical Pacific". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Seamount: They are defined by oceanographers as independent features that rise to at least 1,000 m (3,281 ft) above the seafloor, characteristically of conical form. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Walter Munk: This work described what came to be known as "Munk's enigma", a large discrepancy between observed rate of sea level rise and its expected effects on the earth's rotation. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: The last time the Earth was 2 °C (3.6 °F) warmer than pre-industrial temperatures, sea levels were at least 5 metres (16 ft) higher than now: this was when warming because of changes in the amount of sunlight due to slow changes in the Earth's orbit caused the last interglacial. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: The sea-level rise due to Antarctica has been estimated to be 0.25 mm per year from 1993–2005, and 0.42 mm per year from 2005 to 2015. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Sea level rise: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: "One of the most striking trends – over a century of global-average sea level change". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Earlier satellite measurements were previously slightly at odds with tide gauge measurements. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Another important source of sea-level observations is the global network of tide gauges. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Geology of Scotland: Sea levels rose as the Ordovician ice sheets melted, and tectonic movements created major faults which assembled the outline of Scotland from previously scattered fragments. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Karoo Supergroup: As Gondwana drifted away from the South Pole, the glaciers melted, leaving a vast inland sea, extending across South Africa, and neighboring regions of Gondwana. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Overdeepening: Water flowing down the headwall gains energy, which melts the surrounding ice, creating channels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Overdeepening: As the water passes through the bottom, it continues to drop in temperature; since it is highly pressurized at this point, the melting temperature is suppressed and the water becomes supercooled as it melts surrounding ice. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Plate tectonics: The addition of water lowers the melting point of the mantle material above the subducting slab, causing it to melt. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Flood: Some precipitation evaporates, some slowly percolates through soil, some may be temporarily sequestered as snow or ice, and some may produce rapid runoff from surfaces including rock, pavement, roofs, and saturated or frozen ground. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Each year about 8 mm (0.31 in) of precipitation (liquid equivalent) falls on the ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland, mostly as snow, which accumulates and over time forms glacial ice. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: Much of this precipitation began as water vapor evaporated from the ocean surface. [SUPPORTS]
- Snow: It consists of frozen crystalline water throughout its life cycle, starting when, under suitable conditions, the ice crystals form in the atmosphere, increase to millimeter size, precipitate and accumulate on surfaces, then metamorphose in place, and ultimately melt, slide or sublimate away. [SUPPORTS]
- Water: precipitation, from water vapor condensing from the air and falling to the earth or ocean. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum: This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level: Atmospheric pressure, ocean currents and local ocean temperature changes can affect LMSL as well. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: But there is also good data showing sea levels
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Coral: By analyzing the various growth morphologies, microatolls offer a low resolution record of sea level change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Great Salt Lake: Water levels have been recorded since 1875, averaging about 4,200 feet (1,280 m) above sea level. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Mediterranean Sea: [citation needed] By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61 cm (1.2 to 24.0 in) as a result of the effects of climate change. [SUPPORTS]
- Mediterranean Sea: A 30 cm (12 in) rise in sea level would flood 200 square kilometres (77 sq mi) of the Nile Delta, displacing over 500,000 Egyptians. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mediterranean Sea: Sea level rise for the next century (2100) could be between 30 cm (12 in) and 100 cm (39 in) and temperature shifts of a mere 0.05–0.1 °C in the deep sea are sufficient to induce significant changes in species richness and functional diversity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mediterranean Sea: "Mediterranean Sea Level Could Rise By Over Two Feet, Global Models Predict". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea: The pH is expected to reach 7.7 (representing a 3-fold increase in hydrogen ion concentration) by the year 2100, which is a significant change in a century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Fred Singer: Siegfried Fred Singer (born September 27, 1924) is an Austrian-born American physicist and emeritus professor of environmental science at the University of Virginia. [SUPPORTS]
- Fred Singer: Singer accepted a professorship in Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia in 1971, a position he held until 1994, where he taught classes on environmental issues such as ozone depletion, acid rain, climate change, population growth, and public policy issues related to oil and energy. [SUPPORTS]
- Fred Singer: When he retired from Virginia in 1994, he became Distinguished Research Professor at the Institute for Humane Studies at George Mason University until 2000. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Fred Singer: He held a professorship with the University of Virginia from 1971 until 1994, and with George Mason University until 2000. [SUPPORTS]
- The Great Global Warming Swindle: Patrick Michaels – Research Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia Patrick Moore – Early member of Greenpeace and former president, Greenpeace Canada Paul Reiter – Professor, Department of Medical Entomology, Pasteur Institute, Paris Nir Shaviv – Professor, Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem James Shikwati – Economist, Author, and CEO of The African Executive Frederick Singer – Professor Emeritus, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia (Misidentified in the film as Former Director, U.S. National Weather Service. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Some experts think we’re on track to hit 550 ppm by the end of the century, which would cause average global temperatures to rise by 6 degrees Celsius
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- 20th century: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: The oft-cited Mauna Loa average for 2012 is 393.8 ppm, which is a good approximation although typically about 1 ppm higher than the spatial average given above. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Nuclear holocaust: In one model, the average temperature of Earth following a full thermonuclear war falls for several years by 7 to 8 degrees Celsius (13 to 15 degrees Fahrenheit) on average. [REFUTES]
Claim: an individual heatwave triggering coral bleaching cannot be linked to global warming as the process triggering an individual heatwave is fundamentally different from that triggering global warming
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Coral bleaching: While localized triggers lead to localized bleaching, the large scale coral bleaching events of the recent years have been triggered by global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Coral bleaching: A global mass coral bleaching has been occurring since 2014 because of the highest recorded temperatures plaguing oceans. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Coral bleaching: "Diversity of Corals, Algae in Warm Indian Ocean Suggests Resilience to Future Global Warming". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Coral reef: Similar rapid adaption may protect coral reefs from global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Great Barrier Reef: The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority considers the greatest threat to the Great Barrier Reef to be climate change, causing ocean warming which increases coral bleaching. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Nitrogen fixation: Biological nitrogen fixation was discovered by German agronomist Hermann Hellriegel and Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Nitrogen: It was first discovered and isolated by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Nitrogen: Dinitrogen difluoride (N2F2) exists as thermally interconvertible cis and trans isomers, and was first found as a product of the thermal decomposition of FN3. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Nitrogen: The discovery of nitrogen is attributed to the Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Nitrogen: It is one of the three most used acids (the other two being sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid) and was first discovered by the alchemists in the 13th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Arctic: Climate models predict much greater warming in the Arctic than the global average, resulting in significant international attention to the region. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- General circulation model: In a projection designed to simulate a future where no efforts are made to reduce global emissions, the likely rise in global average temperature was predicted to be 5.5 °C by 2100. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global cooling: By the 1970s, scientists were becoming increasingly aware that estimates of global temperatures showed cooling since 1945, as well as the possibility of large scale warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global cooling: When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that "CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Peak oil: A consensus was emerging that parties to an international agreement would introduce measures to constrain the combustion of hydrocarbons in an effort to limit global temperature rise to the nominal 2 °C that scientists predicted would limit environmental harm to tolerable levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: ‘there will not be enough nitrogen available to sustain the high carbon uptake scenarios.’
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carnivorous plant: The net uptake of carbon dioxide, and therefore, the plant's potential for growth, must be positive for the plant to survive. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change and agriculture: Studies have shown that higher CO2 levels lead to reduced plant uptake of nitrogen (and a smaller number showing the same for trace elements such as zinc) resulting in crops with lower nutritional value. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change and agriculture: However, because the ratio of soil organic carbon to nitrogen is mediated by soil biology such that it maintains a narrow range, a doubling of soil organic carbon is likely to imply a doubling in the storage of nitrogen in soils as organic nitrogen, thus providing higher available nutrient levels for plants, supporting higher yield potential. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Miscanthus giganteus: dead leaves), direct humus accumulation, the well-developed and deep-reaching root system, the low decomposition rates of plant residues due to a high C : N ratio (carbon to nitrogen ratio), and the absence of tillage and subsequently less soil aeration are the reasons for the high carbon sequestration rates. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Miscanthus giganteus: The authors note that due to the high carbon to nitrogen ratio it is in the field's margins and interspersed woodlands that the majority of the food resources are to be found. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “Houlton has been exploring this possibility for years.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Farleigh Hungerford Castle: Edward later fell out with the king over the proposal that the Roman Catholic James II should succeed to the throne on Charles's death, and after the discovery of the Rye House Plot in 1683 the castle was searched by royal officials looking for stocks of weapons that might be used in a possible revolt. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Farleigh Hungerford Castle: Kightly suggests that the castle was sold to the Houlton family in 1705, rather than 1730; Jackson disagrees. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Marcus Davis: Both fighters are former boxers and had discussed a potential fight in their futures since early 2008. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Thirty Years' War: The Last Valley (1959), by John Pick, is about two men fleeing the Thirty Years' War. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Thirty Years' War: The Last Valley (1971) is a film starring Michael Caine and Omar Sharif, who discover a temporary haven from the Thirty Years' War. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Arctic Ocean: Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle and marine genus and species to become extinct. [SUPPORTS]
- Arctic methane emissions: Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle. [SUPPORTS]
- Arctic: The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms. [SUPPORTS]
- Arctic: Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change feedback: Warming is also the triggering variable for the release of carbon (potentially as methane) in the arctic. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Polar bear: Rising temperatures cause the sea ice to melt earlier in the year, driving the bears to shore before they have built sufficient fat reserves to survive the period of scarce food in the late summer and early fall. [REFUTES]
- Polar bear: Between 1987 and 2004, the Western Hudson Bay population declined by 22%, although the population was listed as "stable" as of 2017. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar bear: The proportion of maternity dens on sea ice has changed from 62% between the years 1985 through 1994, to 37% over the years 1998 through 2004. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar bear: Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated. [SUPPORTS]
- Polar bear: Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Rather, global polar bear numbers have been stable or slightly improved.”
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Polar bear: For decades, large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species, but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect. [SUPPORTS]
- Polar bear: Polar bear population sizes and trends are difficult to estimate accurately because they occupy remote home ranges and exist at low population densities. [REFUTES]
- Polar bear: However, in the short term, some polar bear populations in historically colder regions of the Arctic may temporarily benefit from a milder climate, as multiyear ice that is too thick for seals to create breathing holes is replaced by thinner annual ice. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar bear: Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar bear: Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “For example, Canadian polar bear biologist Ian Stirling learned in the 1970s that spring sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea periodically gets so thick that seals depart, depriving local polar bears of their prey and causing their numbers to plummet.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Polar bear: The Arctic is home to millions of seals, which become prey when they surface in holes in the ice in order to breathe, or when they haul out on the ice to rest. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar bear: Unlike brown and black bears, polar bears are capable of fasting for up to several months during late summer and early fall, when they cannot hunt for seals because the sea is unfrozen. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar bear: Then they begin the long walk from the denning area to the sea ice, where the mother can once again catch seals. [SUPPORTS]
- Polar bear: It has been claimed that polar bears will be able to adapt to terrestrial food sources as the sea ice they use to hunt seals disappears. [REFUTES]
- Polar bear: Polar bears hunt their preferred food of seals from the edge of sea ice, often living off fat reserves when no sea ice is present. [SUPPORTS]