MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: Greenland ice sheet won't collapse
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Greenland ice sheet: On balance, the IPCC estimates −44 ± 53 Gt/yr, which means that the ice sheet may currently be melting. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenland ice sheet: "Greenland Hits 97 Percent Meltdown in July". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenland ice sheet: "Images Show Breakup of Two of Greenland's Largest Glaciers, Predict Disintegration in Near Future". [REFUTES]
- Greenland ice sheet: James E. Hansen has argued that multiple positive feedbacks could lead to nonlinear ice sheet disintegration much faster than claimed by the IPCC. [REFUTES]
- Greenland: If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Excess CO2 from human emissions has a long residence time of over 100 years
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Greenhouse gas: The average residence time of a water molecule in the atmosphere is only about nine days, compared to years or centuries for other greenhouse gases such as CH 4 and CO 2. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: Aside from water vapor, which has a residence time of about nine days, major greenhouse gases are well mixed and take many years to leave the atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Carbon dioxide has a variable atmospheric lifetime, and cannot be specified precisely. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: The atmospheric lifetime of CO 2 is estimated of the order of 30–95 years. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: Although more than half of the CO 2 emitted is removed from the atmosphere within a century, some fraction (about 20%) of emitted CO 2 remains in the atmosphere for many thousands of years. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Climatic Research Unit documents: The email was widely misquoted as a "trick" to "hide the decline" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, but this was obviously untrue as when the email was written temperatures were far from declining: 1998 had been the warmest year recorded. [REFUTES]
- Climatic Research Unit documents: On 9 December 2009 Sarah Palin said the truncated phrase showed a "highly politicised scientific circle" had "manipulated data to 'hide the decline' in global temperatures", and at the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, senator Senator Jim Inhofe quoted Jones, and said "Of course he means hide the decline in temperatures". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climatic Research Unit documents: The phrase "hide the decline" referred specifically to the divergence problem in which some post 1960 tree ring proxy data indicates a decline while measured temperatures rise. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick controversy: Despite this and the fact that 1999 had just seen record breaking global temperatures, the email was widely misquoted as a "trick" to "hide the decline" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, an accusation made publicly by the politicians Sarah Palin and Jim Inhofe. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming: "Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: "Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern'". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: "UK Parliament declares climate change emergency". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term "climate change". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In technical sources, the term climate change is also used to refer to past and future climate changes that persist for and extended period of time, and includes regional changes as well as global change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: 'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Climate change (general concept): Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term "climate change". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Both the terms global warming and climate change were used only occasionally until 1975, when Wallace Smith Broecker published a scientific paper on the topic, "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In technical sources, the term climate change is also used to refer to past and future climate changes that persist for and extended period of time, and includes regional changes as well as global change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: IPCC overestimate temperature rise
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. [REFUTES]
- IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: As global average temperature increase exceeds about 3.5°C, model projections suggest significant extinctions (40–70% of species assessed) around the globe. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: This range of values is not a projection of the temperature rise we will see in the 21st century, since the future change in carbon dioxide concentrations is unknown, and factors besides carbon dioxide concentrations affect temperature. [REFUTES]
- Richard Lindzen: The IPCC (2007) estimates that the expected rise in temperature due to a doubling of CO2 to be about 3 °C (5.4 °F), ± 1.5°. [REFUTES]
Claim: Peer review process was corrupted
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Peer review: Richard Smith, MD, former editor of the British Medical Journal, has claimed that peer review is "ineffective, largely a lottery, anti-innovatory, slow, expensive, wasteful of scientific time, inefficient, easily abused, prone to bias, unable to detect fraud and irrelevant; Several studies have shown that peer review is biased against the provincial and those from low- and middle-income countries; Many journals take months and even years to publish and the process wastes researchers' time. [SUPPORTS]
- Peer review: Multiple examples across several areas of science find that scientists elevated the importance of peer review for research that was questionable or corrupted. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Peer review: At times, peer review has been exposed as a process that was orchestrated for a preconceived outcome. [SUPPORTS]
- Peer review: In 2010, the US Senate Finance Committee released a report that found this practice was widespread, that it corrupted the scientific literature and increased prescription rates. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Peer review: If anything, the current peer review process and academic system could penalize, or at least fail to incentivize, such integrity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on  physics, not statistics.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Sea level rise: Using different satellites from 1992 to 2017 shows melt is increasing significantly over this period. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century). [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: As climate research into past and present sea levels leads to improved computer models, projections have consistently increased. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Climate system: Accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, mainly being emitted by people burning fossil fuels, is causing global warming. [REFUTES]
- Holocene extinction: In order to constitute the Holocene as an extinction event, scientists must determine exactly when anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions began to measurably alter natural atmospheric levels on a global scale, and when these alterations caused changes to global climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Holocene extinction: The timing of South American megafaunal extinction appears to precede human arrival, although the possibility that human activity at the time impacted the global climate enough to cause such an extinction has been suggested. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Human impact on the environment: In the real world, consumption of fossil fuel resources leads to global warming and climate change. [REFUTES]
- Human: Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change. [REFUTES]
Claim: Lindzen and Choi find low climate sensitivity
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming controversy: "SYR 2.3: Climate sensitivity and feedbacks". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: "Heat Capacity, Time Constant and Sensitivity of Earth's Climate System" (PDF). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Iris hypothesis: "Missing iris effect as a possible cause of muted hydrological change and high climate sensitivity in models". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Richard Lindzen: This hypothesis suggests a negative feedback which would counter the effects of CO 2 warming by lowering the climate sensitivity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Richard Lindzen: Lindzen has given estimates of the Earth's climate sensitivity to be 0.5 °C based on ERBE data. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming: "Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The Framework Convention was agreed on in 1992, but global emissions have risen since then. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Crucifix 2016 Jull & McKenzie 1996. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick controversy: He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Infrared Iris will reduce global warming
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Global dimming: However some research shows that black carbon will increase global warming, being second only to CO2. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global dimming: Global dimming creates a cooling effect that reduces the global average temperature elevation of greenhouse gases on global warming by 0.3-0.7 degrees centigrade. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: "Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Limiting new black carbon deposits in the Arctic could reduce global warming by 0.2 °C by 2050. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Dropped stations introduce warming bias
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Instrumental temperature record: Greenhouse gases trap outgoing radiation warming the atmosphere which in turn warms the land. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level: Second, as ocean temperatures rise, the warmer water expands. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea surface temperature: Secondly, the satellite cannot look through clouds, creating a cool bias in satellite-derived SSTs within cloudy areas. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Urban heat island: Concerns have been raised about possible contribution from urban heat islands to global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Urban heat island: While the "heat island" warming is an important local effect, there is no evidence that it biases trends in the homogenized historical temperature record. [REFUTES]
Claim: Tree-rings diverge from temperature after 1960
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate: For example, "a 3°C change in mean annual temperature corresponds to a shift in isotherms of approximately 300–400 km in latitude (in the temperate zone) or 500 m in elevation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate: A microthermal climate is one of low annual mean temperatures, generally between 0 °C (32 °F) and 14 °C (57 °F) which experiences short summers and has a potential evaporation between 14 centimetres (5.5 in) and 43 centimetres (17 in). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global temperature record: Recent evidence suggests that a sudden and short-lived climatic shift between 2200 and 2100 BCE occurred in the region between Tibet and Iceland, with some evidence suggesting a global change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sun: Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Temperature record of the past 1000 years: One such method, based on principles of dendroclimatology, uses the width and other characteristics of tree rings to infer temperature. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism: According to the National Science Foundation, there were approximately 955,300 biological scientists in the United States in 1999. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism: Critics have noted that of the 105 "scientists" listed on the original 2001 petition, fewer than 20% were biologists, with few of the remainder having the necessary expertise to contribute meaningfully to a discussion of the role of natural selection in evolution. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Art Robinson: The OISM website states that "several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project", and that the petition has "more than 31,000" signatures by scientists. [SUPPORTS]
- Art Robinson: Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree. [SUPPORTS]
- Oregon Petition: As of 2013, the petition's website states, "The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- An Inconvenient Truth: A 2004 survey, by Naomi Oreskes of 928 peer-reviewed scientific articles on global climate change published between 1993 and 2003. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Various surveys have been conducted to evaluate scientific opinion on global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Over 99.99% of climate scientists did not reject AGW in their peer-reviewed research. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming. [REFUTES]
Claim: Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Photosynthesis: Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration, very low CO2 compensation point, high optimum temperature, high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Proxy (climate): New approaches retrieve data such as CO 2 content of past atmospheres from fossil leaf stomata and isotope composition, measuring cellular CO2 concentrations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Stoma: These studies imply the plants response to changing CO2 levels is largely controlled by genetics. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Stoma: Rates of leaf photosynthesis were shown to increase by 30–50% in C3 plants, and 10–25% in C4 under doubled CO2 levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Stoma: These scientific instruments are commonly used by plant physiologists to measure CO2 uptake and thus measure photosynthetic rate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Association of Chief Police Officers: As a private company, ACPO was not subject to freedom of information legislation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Association of Chief Police Officers: From November 2011, however, FOI requests could be made to ACPO. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climatic Research Unit email controversy: In two cases, the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) issued decisions on appeals of Freedom of Information (FOI) requests which had been turned down by the university. [SUPPORTS]
- Climatic Research Unit email controversy: It said that emails showed harassment of researchers, with multiple Freedom of Information requests to the Climatic Research Unit, but release of information had been hampered by national government restrictions on releasing the meteorological data researchers had been using. [SUPPORTS]
- Julian Assange: la Repubblica said that its FOI requests had been hindered and delayed in all jurisdictions. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Tuvalu sea level isn't rising
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Tuvalu: "Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tuvalu: Tuvalu is also affected by perigean spring tide events which raise the sea level higher than a normal high tide. [REFUTES]
- Tuvalu: Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels. [REFUTES]
- Tuvalu: Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tuvalu: Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence). [REFUTES]
Claim: Renewables can't provide baseload power
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Power station: This less valuable "spare" electricity comes from uncontrolled wind power and base load power plants such as coal, nuclear and geothermal, which still produce power at night even though demand is very low. [REFUTES]
- Renewable energy commercialization: Geothermal power plants can operate 24 hours per day, providing baseload capacity. [REFUTES]
- Renewable energy: EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant. [REFUTES]
- Wind power: about 8% of total nameplate capacity) to be used as reliable, baseload electric power which can be relied on to handle peak loads, as long as minimum criteria are met for wind speed and turbine height. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Wind power: "Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms" (PDF). [REFUTES]
Claim: Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Great Lakes Storm of 1913: The immense volume of water in the five Great Lakes holds heat that allows the lakes to remain relatively warm for much later into the year and postpones the Arctic spread in the region. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Great Lakes: "More recently, evaporation over lakes has steadily been increasing, largely due to increases in water surface temperature," Gronewold said. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Great Lakes: Dynamically updated data Surface temperatures Water levels Currents Ship locations Water levels since 1918 [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Lake Erie: Because it is the shallowest, it is also the warmest of the Great Lakes, and in 1999 this almost became a problem for two nuclear power plants which require cool lake water to keep their reactors cool. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Lake Superior: Current Great Lakes Water Levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Soares finds lack of correlation between CO2 and temperature
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Correlation does not imply causation: The two variables aren't related at all, but correlate by chance. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Cross-correlation: In time series analysis and statistics, the cross-correlation of a pair of random process is the correlation between values of the processes at different times, as a function of the two times. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Pearson correlation coefficient: In statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC, pronounced /ˈpɪərsən/), also referred to as Pearson's r, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC) or the bivariate correlation, is a measure of the linear correlation between two variables X and Y. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Pearson correlation coefficient: According to the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality it has a value between +1 and −1, where 1 is total positive linear correlation, 0 is no linear correlation, and −1 is total negative linear correlation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Pearson correlation coefficient: A value of 0 implies that there is no linear correlation between the variables. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: It is extremely likely (95–100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951–2010. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence. [REFUTES]
Claim: An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Creep (deformation): Coble creep is still temperature dependent, as the temperature increases so does the grain boundary diffusion. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Soil respiration: Due to the increase in temperature of the soil, CO2 levels in our atmosphere increase, and as such the mean average temperature of the Earth is rising. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Soil respiration: As stated earlier, the CO2 released by soil respiration is a greenhouse gas that will continue to trap energy and increase the global mean temperature if concentrations continue to rise. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Soil respiration: Temperature will increase respiration exponentially to a maximum, at which point respiration will decrease to zero when enzymatic activity is interrupted. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Virial expansion: The third virial coefficient thus derived would increase monotonically as temperature is lowered from the critical point to the triple point. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]