MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: until temperature increases began to slow down after 1998 and remained relatively stable for a period of 15 years
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climatic Research Unit email controversy: Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used "Mike's Nature trick" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization "to hide the decline" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising. [SUPPORTS]
- Climatic Research Unit: In August 2009 its director, Phil Jones, told the science journal Nature that he was working to make the data publicly available with the agreement of its owners but this was expected to take some months, and objections were anticipated from National Meteorological Organisations that made money from selling the data. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick controversy: The AR4 SPM statement was that "Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely the highest in at least the past 1,300 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick controversy: Despite this and the fact that 1999 had just seen record breaking global temperatures, the email was widely misquoted as a "trick" to "hide the decline" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, an accusation made publicly by the politicians Sarah Palin and Jim Inhofe. [SUPPORTS]
- Phil Jones (climatologist): He temporarily stepped aside from Director of the CRU in November 2009 following a controversy over e-mails which were stolen and published by person(s) unknown. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: In an interview with the BBC after the scandal broke, Dr Jones admitted there had been no statistically significant global warming since 1995
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Climatic Research Unit email controversy: The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) reaffirmed its position on global warming and "expressed grave concerns that the illegal release of private emails stolen from the University of East Anglia should not cause policy-makers and the public to become confused about the scientific basis of global climate change. [REFUTES]
- Climatic Research Unit email controversy: Rajendra Pachauri, as chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, told the BBC in December 2009 that he considered the affair to be "a serious issue" and that they "will look into it in detail". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climatic Research Unit email controversy: In late 2011, Steven F. Hayward wrote that "Climategate did for the global warming controversy what the Pentagon Papers did for the Vietnam war 40 years ago: It changed the narrative decisively." [SUPPORTS]
- Climatic Research Unit email controversy: Here is the quote: "The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't." [SUPPORTS]
- Climatic Research Unit email controversy: Nature considered that emails had not shown anything that undermined the scientific case on human-caused global warming or raised any substantive reasons for concern about the researchers' own papers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: A paragraph in the 938-page 2007 Working Group II report (WGII) included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035. [SUPPORTS]
- Ganges: In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its Fourth Report, stated that the Himalayan glaciers which feed the river, were at risk of melting by 2035. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Two errors include the melting of Himalayan glaciers (see later section), and Dutch land area that is below sea level. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report ("Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability"), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The final WG I report was released on 30 April 2007 and the final AR4 Synthesis Report was released on 17 November 2007.Rajendra Pachauri, the IPCC chair, admitted at the launch of this report that since the IPCC began work on it, scientists have recorded "much stronger trends in climate change", like the unforeseen dramatic melting of polar ice in the summer of 2007, and added, "that means you better start with intervention much earlier". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Climate change denial: Several researchers have concluded that around 97% of climate scientists agree with this consensus. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences analysed "1,372 climate researchers and their publication and citation data to show that (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC [anthropogenic climate change] outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century". [REFUTES]
Claim: Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming: It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: Improved measurement and analysis techniques have reconciled this discrepancy: corrected buoy and satellite surface temperatures are slightly cooler and corrected satellite and radiosonde measurements of the tropical troposphere are slightly warmer. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick controversy: Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries, and the name "hockey stick graph" was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick controversy: It concluded, "The weight of current multi-proxy evidence, therefore, suggests greater 20th-century warmth, in comparison with temperature levels of the previous 400 years, than was shown in the TAR. [REFUTES]
- Hockey stick controversy: In at least some areas, the recent period appears to be warmer than has been the case for a thousand or more years". [REFUTES]
Claim: When the measuring equipment gets old and needs replacing, it often requires re-calibration.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Heat flux sensor: While heat flux sensors are typically supplied with a sensitivity by the manufacturer, there are times and situations that call for a re-calibration of the sensor. [SUPPORTS]
- Load cell: ISO9000 and most other standards specify a maximum period of around 18 months to 2 years between re-calibration procedures, dependent on the level of load cell deterioration. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Microphone: Since this may change over the lifetime of the device, it is necessary to regularly calibrate measurement microphones. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sound reinforcement system: This tool is usually used by piping pink noise into the system and measuring the result with a special calibrated microphone connected to the RTA. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Surveying: Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like-for-like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: A global network of 500 scientists and professionals has prepared this urgent message.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Emergency management: TIEMS is a Global Forum for Education, Training, Certification and Policy in Emergency and Disaster Management. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Emergency management: The National Institute of Disaster Management is a policy think-tank and training institution for developing guidelines and training programs for mitigating disasters and managing crisis response. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global governance: Dr. Rajesh Tandon, president of the FIM (Montreal International Forum) and of PRIA (Participatory Research in Asia), prepared a framework document entitled "Democratization of Global Governance for Global Democracy: Civil Society Visions and Strategies (G05) conference." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sustainability: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is an international synthesis by over 1000 of the world's leading biological scientists that analyzes the state of the Earth's ecosystems and provides summaries and guidelines for decision-makers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sustainability: The scientists declared "climate emergency" and called to stop Overconsumption, move from fossil fuels, eat less meat, stabilize population and more The philosophical and analytic framework of sustainability draws on and connects with many different disciplines and fields; in recent years an area that has come to be called sustainability science has emerged. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Little Ice Age: 1660), and Laki (1783). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Little Ice Age: (2012) state that cold summers and ice growth began abruptly between 1275 and 1300, followed by "a substantial intensification" from 1430 to 1455. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Little Ice Age: It has been conventionally defined as a period extending from the 16th to the 19th centuries, but some experts prefer an alternative timespan from about 1300 to about 1850. [SUPPORTS]
- Little Ice Age: The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century. [SUPPORTS]
- Little Ice Age: Greenland was largely cut off by ice from 1410 to the 1720s. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Only very few peer-reviewed papers even go so far as to say that recent warming is chiefly anthropogenic.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: A 2012 analysis of published research on global warming and climate change between 1991 and 2012 found that of the 13,950 articles in peer-reviewed journals, only 24 rejected anthropogenic global warming. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Institute of Biology policy page 'Climate Change' "there is scientific agreement that the rapid global warming that has occurred in recent years is mostly anthropogenic, ie due to human activity." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: In addition, [climate models] ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate change mitigation: These include carbon dioxide (chemical formula: CO 2), methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide (N 2O), and a group of gases referred to as halocarbons. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change mitigation: The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: However, this excludes the balancing fluxes of CO 2 into the atmosphere from the geological reservoirs, which have slower characteristic rates. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Soil: As the planet warms, it has been predicted that soils will add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere due to increased biological activity at higher temperatures, a positive feedback (amplification). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming: Such events will continue to occur more often and with greater intensity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: "Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus" (PDF). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: "Increasing magnitudes of [global] warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ... [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming: Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia. [REFUTES]
- Effects of global warming: more intense droughts and tropical cyclones) are more uncertain. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency. [REFUTES]
Claim: For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Deforestation: Forests support biodiversity, providing habitat for wildlife; moreover, forests foster medicinal conservation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Palm oil: However palm oil cultivation has been criticized for its impact on the natural environment, including deforestation, loss of natural habitats, and greenhouse gas emissions which have threatened critically endangered species, such as the orangutan and Sumatran tiger. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Palm oil: The IUCN maintains that replacing palm oil with other vegetable oils would necessitate greater amounts of agricultural land, negatively affecting biodiversity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Wind turbine: Thousands of birds, including rare species, have been killed by the blades of wind turbines, though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality. [SUPPORTS]
- Wind turbine: In 2009, for every bird killed by a wind turbine in the US, nearly 500,000 were killed by cats and another 500,000 by buildings. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: [data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Cloud: The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: In winter, the climate becomes cooler and the days shorter. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Environmental impact of wind power: Overall, wind farms lead to a slight warming at night and a slight cooling during the day time. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Climate change adaptation: This causes a variety of secondary effects, namely, changes in patterns of precipitation, rising sea levels, altered patterns of agriculture, increased extreme weather events, the expansion of the range of tropical diseases, and the opening of new marine trade routes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate of Argentina: These changes have impacted river flow, increased the frequency of extreme weather events, and led to the retreat of glaciers. [REFUTES]
- Effects of global warming on human health: This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events. [REFUTES]
- Little Ice Age: This was associated with a 1.5 °C fall in temperature (determined from oxygen-isotope analysis) and an observed increase in El Niño frequency. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Malnutrition: Even small changes in temperatures can lead to increased frequency of extreme weather conditions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming on humans: There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: the models predicted seven times as much warming as has been observed
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Deforestation: The model predicted <0.2 °C warming for upper air at 700 mb and 500 mb. [REFUTES]
- General circulation model: However, the report also observed that the rate of warming over the period 1998–2012 was lower than that predicted by 111 out of 114 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project climate models. [SUPPORTS]
- General circulation model: Under the same emissions scenario but with a different model, the predicted median warming was 4.1 °C. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- James Hansen: They found that the observed warming was similar to two of the three scenarios. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Extratropical cyclone: The peak time of subtropical cyclogenesis (the midpoint of this transition) in the North Atlantic is in the months of September and October, when the difference between the temperature of the air aloft and the sea surface temperature is the greatest, leading to the greatest potential for instability. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Low-pressure area: Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest. [SUPPORTS]
- Monsoon of South Asia: Consequently, the air above coastal lands heats up faster than the air above seas. [REFUTES]
- Water vapor: The upper temperature level is given by the soil or water surface of the earth, which absorbs the incoming sun radiation and warms up, evaporating water. [SUPPORTS]
- Water vapor: The increase in buoyancy can have a significant atmospheric impact, giving rise to powerful, moisture rich, upward air currents when the air temperature and sea temperature reaches 25 °C or above. [SUPPORTS]