MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Arctic Ocean: Estimates vary for when the last time the Arctic was ice-free: 65 million years ago when fossils indicate that plants existed there to as recently as 5,500 years ago; ice and ocean cores going back 8,000 years to the last warm period or 125,000 during the last intraglacial period. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: The last cold episode of the last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Norwegian Sea: The Norwegian Sea (Norwegian: Norskehavet) is a marginal sea in the Arctic Ocean, northwest of Norway between the North Sea and the Greenland Sea, adjoining the Barents Sea to the northeast. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Norwegian Sea: Sea ice is a common problem in the Arctic seas, but ice-free conditions along the entire northern route were observed at the end of August 2008. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea: Increased melting of Arctic ice since 2007 enables ships to travel the Northwest Passage for some weeks in summertime, avoiding the longer routes via the Suez Canal or the Panama Canal. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Ice age: The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- John D. Hamaker: In Paul Kelbie's article Remineralization Might Save Us From Global Warming, in The Independent, he wrote that since the last ice age, three million years ago, the Earth has gone through 25 glaciations, each lasting about 90,000 years, and that we are now 10,800 years into an interglacial – a hiatus between ice–ages. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Little Ice Age: In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Little Ice Age: The Spörer Minimum has also been identified with a significant cooling period between 1460 and 1550. [SUPPORTS]
- Little Ice Age: This may have caused the initial cooling, and the 1452–53 eruption of Kuwae in Vanuatu triggered a second pulse of cooling. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Arctic sea ice decline: A 2007 study found the decline to be "faster than forecasted" by model simulations. [SUPPORTS]
- Arctic sea ice decline: However, these models do tend to underestimate the rate of sea ice loss since 2007. [SUPPORTS]
- Effects of global warming: Since 1979, satellite records indicate the decline in summer sea ice coverage has been about 13% per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Past models have underestimated the rate of Arctic shrinkage and underestimated the rate of precipitation increase. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: “Arctic land stores about twice as much carbon as the atmosphere.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Atmospheric methane: Permafrost contains almost twice as much carbon as is present in the atmosphere. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change feedback: The carbon currently stored in peatlands (390–455 gigatonnes, one-third of the total land-based carbon store) is over half the amount of carbon already in the atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mars: The atmosphere of Mars consists of about 96% carbon dioxide, 1.93% argon and 1.89% nitrogen along with traces of oxygen and water. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Permafrost: The amount of carbon sequestered in permafrost is four times the carbon that has been released to the atmosphere due to human activities in modern time. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sperm whale: By reducing the abundance of sperm whales in the Southern Ocean, whaling has resulted in an extra 2 million tonnes of carbon remaining in the atmosphere each year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The gas builds up in the soil, forming mounds called ‘pingoes.’
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Effigy Mounds National Monument: However, mounds in the shape of mammals, birds, or reptiles, known as effigies, apparently were constructed primarily by peoples in what is now known as southern Wisconsin, northeast Iowa, and small parts of Minnesota and Illinois. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Soil: At the next larger scale, soil structures called peds or more commonly soil aggregates are created from the soil separates when iron oxides, carbonates, clay, silica and humus, coat particles and cause them to adhere into larger, relatively stable secondary structures. [SUPPORTS]
- Soil: The clumping of the soil textural components of sand, silt and clay causes aggregates to form and the further association of those aggregates into larger units creates soil structures called peds (a contraction of the word pedolith). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Soil: At the same time, root hairs and fungal hyphae create microscopic tunnels that break up peds. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Soil: Phosphorus is largely immobile in the soil and is not leached but actually builds up in the surface layer if not cropped. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming: In the last 30–40 years, heat waves with high humidity have become more frequent and severe. [SUPPORTS]
- El Niño–Southern Oscillation: The western side of the equatorial Pacific is characterized by warm, wet, low-pressure weather as the collected moisture is dumped in the form of typhoons and thunderstorms. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency. [SUPPORTS]
- Little Ice Age: Disease tends to intensify under the same conditions that unemployment and economic difficulties arise: prolonged, cold, dry seasons. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sahara: The climate of the Sahara has undergone enormous variations between wet and dry over the last few hundred thousand years, believed to be caused by long-term changes in the North African climate cycle that alters the path of the North African Monsoon – usually southward. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “Warm weather worsened the most recent five-year drought, which included the driest four-year period on record in terms of statewide precipitation.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- 2006 European heat wave: The Environment Agency claimed that the UK may have had the most severe drought in 100 years. [SUPPORTS]
- 2006 European heat wave: Despite the low rainfall, drought was not an issue in Ireland. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 2006 European heat wave: The Netherlands also had to deal with extreme drought in June and July. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change in Australia: He says that the drought in Australia is already 8 years long. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Drought in the United Kingdom: A significant hydrological drought occurred in the United Kingdom between 1995 and 1998, when the warm, dry summers were followed by dry, cool winters. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Physical impacts of climate change: Scientists have found evidence that increased evaporation could result in more extreme weather as global warming progresses. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Rises in temperature will have complex and frequently localised effects on weather, but an overall increase in extreme weather conditions and changes in precipitation patterns are probable, resulting in flooding and drought. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Health impacts of climate change include the direct impacts of extreme events such as storms, floods, heatwaves and fires and the indirect effects of longer-term changes, such as drought, changes to the food and water supply, resource conflicts and population shifts. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: ‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming: In other words, regions which are dry at present will in general become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will in general become even wetter. [SUPPORTS]
- Kalahari Desert: In certain areas where the climate is drier, it becomes a true semi-desert with ground not entirely covered by vegetation: "open" as opposed to "closed" vegetation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Physical impacts of climate change: In other words, regions which are dry at present will generally become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will generally become even wetter. [SUPPORTS]
- Water cycle: Will the wet get wetter and the dry drier? [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Wetland: Wetlands can be dry during the dry season and abnormally dry periods during the wet season, but under normal environmental conditions the soils in a wetland will be saturated to the surface or inundated such that the soils become anaerobic, and those conditions will persist through the wet portion of the growing season. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The unlikely scenarios are now, all of a sudden, becoming more probable than they once were thought to be,’ says Sweet.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain: In recent decades, a few specialists have continued to support this interpretation, and Peter Schrijver has said that 'to a large extent, it is linguistics that is responsible for thinking in terms of drastic scenarios' about demographic change in late Roman Britain. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain: Many feasible scenarios can be constructed to account for evidence. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain: Therefore, scenarios that are not justified by other evidence or are created to account for the historical evidence have not been universally accepted. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Indo-Aryan migration: The reverse possibility, that a small group broke off and wandered from India into Western Asia is readily dismissed as an improbably long migration, again without the least bit of evidence. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- July Crisis: On the contrary, there are reasons to believe that this is altogether out of the question." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Beach nourishment: The restoration was complicated by the presence of old seawalls, groins, piles of rocks and other structures. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Beach nourishment: The structural alternative involves constructing a seawall, revetment, groyne or breakwater. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hurricane Donna: Heavy rains and poor drainage in some areas flooded basements, lawns, and streets. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Lake Worth Beach, Florida: As in the flatwoods, these soils are poorly drained for many purposes unless drainage systems are installed. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Seawall: A seawall (or sea wall) is a form of coastal defense constructed where the sea, and associated coastal processes, impact directly upon the landforms of the coast. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “Sea level rise is global.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Sea level rise: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: With continued melt and retreat they contribute to raising global sea levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Sea ice melt contributes very slightly to global sea level rise. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: "One of the most striking trends – over a century of global-average sea level change". [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise". [SUPPORTS]
Claim: While there has been a mean rise of a little more than 3mm per year worldwide since the 1990s, in the last decade, the NOAA Virginia Key tide gauge just south of Miami Beach has measured a 9mm rise annually.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: This could mean rapid sea level rise of up to 19 mm (0.75 in) per year by the end of the century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Current rates of sea level rise from satellite altimetry have been estimated to be 3.0 ± 0.4 millimetres (0.118 ± 0.016 in) per year for the period 1993–2017. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: "The rate of sea-level rise". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: "Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise". [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “The Northern Hemisphere jet stream […] flow is stronger when that temperature difference is large.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Jet stream: This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course. [SUPPORTS]
- Jet stream: If two air masses of different temperatures or densities meet, the resulting pressure difference caused by the density difference (which ultimately causes wind) is highest within the transition zone. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Jet stream: Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Pacific Ocean: The Westerlies and associated jet stream within the Mid-Latitudes can be particularly strong, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, due to the temperature difference between the tropics and Antarctica, which records the coldest temperature readings on the planet. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Weather: The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the large scale atmospheric circulation cells and the jet stream. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Jet stream: During the Dust Bowl, the jet stream weakened and changed course traveling farther south than normal. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Jet stream: This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course. [SUPPORTS]
- Jet stream: With a weaker jet stream, the Polar vortex has a higher probability to leak out of the polar area and bring extremely cold weather to the middle latitude regions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Jet stream: During these dark months the air high over the poles becomes much colder than the air over the Equator. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Jet stream: Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global cooling: Whether this be due directly to the health, disposition or constitution of our globe itself, or to the weather from without, as the new glacial cosmogony would teach us, must remain a question for experts to debate, if not settle. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming controversy: Public disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases (climate sensitivity), how the climate will change at local and regional scales, and what the consequences of global warming will be. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Problems of global warming, climate change, and their various negative impacts on human life and on the functioning of entire societies are one of the most dramatic challenges of modern times. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: ‘This study goes beyond statistical correlations and explores a specific process that can plausibly explain how enhanced high-latitude warming trends may trigger remote weather impacts,’ he said.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Arctic sea ice decline: This relationship has been documented through observation evidence and model responses to sea ice loss according to the 2017 Wiley Periodicals Article, Amplified Arctic warming and mid latitude weather: new perspectives on emerging connections. [SUPPORTS]
- Arctic sea ice decline: Correlations have been identified between high-latitude cryosphere changes, hemispheric wind patterns and mid-latitude extreme weather events for the Northern Hemisphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate of Mars: K. I. Abdusamatov has proposed that "parallel global warmings" observed simultaneously on Mars and on Earth can only be a consequence of the same factor: a long-time change in solar irradiance." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Granger causality: Ordinarily, regressions reflect "mere" correlations, but Clive Granger argued that causality in economics could be tested for by measuring the ability to predict the future values of a time series using prior values of another time series. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Psychology: Observational studies analyze uncontrolled data in search of correlations; multivariate statistics are typically used to interpret the more complex situation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: A recent study in Nature Geoscience, for instance, called into question whether the Arctic’s melting, and in particular its sea ice loss, has been causing winter cooling over Eurasia, another idea that has been swept up in the debate over the jet stream and weather extremes.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Arctic sea ice decline: In a 2017 study conducted by climatologist Dr. Judah Cohen and several of his research associates, Cohen wrote that "[the] shift in polar vortex states can account for most of the recent winter cooling trends over Eurasian midlatitudes". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Various mechanisms have been identified that might explain extreme weather in mid-latitudes from the rapidly warming Arctic, such as the jet stream becoming more erratic. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar amplification: Studies published in 2017 and 2018 identified stalling patterns of rossby waves, in the northern hemisphere jet stream, to have caused almost stationary extreme weather events, such as the 2018 European heatwave, the 2003 European heat wave, 2010 Russian heat wave, 2010 Pakistan floods - these events have been linked to global warming, the rapid heating of the Arctic. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar amplification: Cold Arctic air intrudes into the warmer lower latitudes more rapidly today during autumn and winter, a trend projected to continue in the future except during summer, thus calling into question whether winters will bring more cold extremes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Rossby wave: In 2011, a Nature Geoscience study using general circulation models linked Pacific Rossby waves generated by increasing central tropical Pacific temperatures to warming of the Amundsen Sea region, leading to winter and spring continental warming of Ellsworth Land and Marie Byrd Land in West Antarctica via an increase in advection. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: ‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, "It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century". [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Because the complexity of the climate makes accurate prediction difficult, the APS urges an enhanced effort to understand the effects of human activity on the Earth's climate, and to provide the technological options for meeting the climate challenge in the near and longer terms. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases. [SUPPORTS]