MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: The research also revealed how large areas of the polar ice caps could collapse and significant changes to ecosystems could see the Sahara Desert become green and the edges of tropical forests turn into fire-dominated savanna.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Regime shift: Bush encroachment refers to small changes in herbivory rates that can shift drylands from grassy dominated regimes towards woody dominated savannas. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Regime shift: Dryland degradation occurs when the loss of vegetation transforms an ecosystem from being vegetated to being dominated by bare soils. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Regime shift: Regime shifts in polar regions include the melting of the Greenland ice sheet and the possible collapse of the thermohaline circulation system. [SUPPORTS]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: If all the ice on the polar ice caps were to melt away, the oceans of the world would rise an estimated 70 m (230 ft). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: While an isolated heatwave can be put down as an anomaly, the scale of this phenomenon points to global warming as the culprit, scientists said.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming on human health: Another impact that the warming global temperature has had is on the frequency and severity of heat waves. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming conspiracy theory: The scientific consensus that global warming is occurring as a result of human activity remained unchanged at the end of the investigations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Instrumental temperature record: Records of global average surface temperature are usually presented as anomalies rather than as absolute temperatures. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Shutdown of thermohaline circulation: In response Quirin Schiermeier concluded that natural variation was the culprit for the observations but highlighted possible implications. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: ‘Summers keep getting hotter,’ said Friederike Otto of the University of Oxford, who conducted extensive research into data from the heatwave that spread Europe in June, July and August 2017.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- London: Most recently in Summer 2018 and with much drier than average conditions prevailing from May to December. [SUPPORTS]
- Oxford: The highest temperature ever recorded in Oxford is 37.2 °C (99 °F) in July 2019 during the 2019 European heat wave. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sweden: That, in turn, renders most of Sweden's southern areas having warmer summers than almost everywhere in the nearby British Isles, even matching temperatures found along the continental Atlantic coast as far south as in northern Spain. [SUPPORTS]
- University of Oxford: H. Rashdall, Universities of Europe, iii, 55–60. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- University of Oxford: Students taking maths and computer science examinations in the summer of 2017 were given an extra 15 minutes to complete their papers, after dons ruled that "female candidates might be more likely to be adversely affected by time pressure" "Archived copy". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: ‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Heat wave: A heat wave, or heatwave, is a period of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity, especially in oceanic climate countries. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Heat wave: The World Meteorological Organization, defines a heat wave as 5 or more consecutive days of prolonged heat in which the daily maximum temperature is higher than the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) or more. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Heat wave: Increased anthropogenic activities causing increased greenhouse gas emissions show that heat waves will be more severe. [SUPPORTS]
- Heat wave: "More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century". [SUPPORTS]
- Heat wave: 's Heat Wave Duration Index is that a heat wave occurs when the daily maximum temperature of more than five consecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F), the normal period being 1961–1990. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: ‘If we do nothing to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm when my young son is a grown man.’
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: For example, bicycling reduces greenhouse gas emissions while reducing the effects of a sedentary lifestyle at the same time. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Avoiding this future warming will require a large and rapid reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions. [SUPPORTS]
- Years of Living Dangerously: He learns that "Earth could warm by more than 9 degrees F (5 degrees C) by 2100 if we don’t aggressively reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases", and that more frequent heat waves and droughts will contribute to food shortages, which can lead to greater conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change in Australia: August 2018 was hotter and windier than the average. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change in Australia: Summer 2013–14 was warmer than average for the entirety of Australia. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Perth: Summers are generally hot and dry, lasting from December to March, with February generally the hottest month. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sydney: Under the Köppen–Geiger classification, Sydney has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with warm summers, cool winters and uniform rainfall throughout the year. [SUPPORTS]
- Sydney: The summer of 2007–08, however, proved to be the coolest since 1996–97 and is the only summer this century to be at or below average in temperatures. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Atlantic Ocean: For example, the Gulf Stream helps moderate winter temperatures along the coastline of southeastern North America, keeping it warmer in winter along the coast than inland areas. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Atlantic Ocean: The Gulf Stream also keeps extreme temperatures from occurring on the Florida Peninsula. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Gulf Stream: Although there has been recent debate, there is consensus that the climate of Western Europe and Northern Europe is warmer than it would otherwise be due to the North Atlantic Current which is the northeastern section of the Gulf Stream. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Gulf Stream: East winds moving over this warm water move warm air from over the Gulf Stream inland, helping to keep temperatures milder across the state than elsewhere across the Southeast during the winter. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Norway: The coastal climate of Norway is exceptionally mild compared with areas on similar latitudes elsewhere in the world, with the Gulf Stream passing directly offshore the northern areas of the Atlantic coast, continuously warming the region in the winter. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: But despite [the Gulf Stream], the summer of 2018 looks set to be one of the hottest on record.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Bahrain: Summer temperatures may reach up to 50 °C (122 °F) under the right conditions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Gulf Stream: The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension the North Atlantic Drift, is a warm and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and stretches to the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean as the North Atlantic Current. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Gulf Stream: By carrying warm water northeast across the Atlantic, it makes Western and especially Northern Europe warmer than it otherwise would be. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Gulf Stream: As it travels north, the warm water transported by the Gulf Stream undergoes evaporative cooling. [SUPPORTS]
- Gulf Stream: These two processes produce water that is denser and colder (or, more precisely, water that is still liquid at a lower temperature). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C).
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Mercury (planet): The surface temperature of Mercury ranges from 100 to 700 K (−173 to 427 °C; −280 to 800 °F) at the most extreme places: 0°N, 0°W, or 180°W. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mercury (planet): On the dark side of the planet, temperatures average 110 K. The intensity of sunlight on Mercury's surface ranges between 4.59 and 10.61 times the solar constant (1,370 W·m−2). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mercury (planet): Having almost no atmosphere to retain heat, it has surface temperatures that vary diurnally more than on any other planet in the Solar System, ranging from 100 K (−173 °C; −280 °F) at night to 700 K (427 °C; 800 °F) during the day across the equatorial regions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mercury (planet): The polar regions are constantly below 180 K (−93 °C; −136 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sun: The Sun is a G2V star, with G2 indicating its surface temperature of approximately 5,778 K (5,505 °C, 9,941 °F), and V that it, like most stars, is a main-sequence star. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Climate sensitivity: As estimated by the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), "there is high confidence that ECS is extremely unlikely less than 1°C and medium confidence that the ECS is likely between 1.5°C and 4.5°C and very unlikely greater than 6°C". [REFUTES]
- Climate sensitivity: The IPCC literature assessment estimates that TCR likely lies between 1 °C and 2.5 °C. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate sensitivity: IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5 °C (4 to 8.1 °F), with a most likely value of about 3 °C (5 °F). [REFUTES]
- Climate sensitivity: The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5 °C (2.7 to 8.1 °F) (high confidence) because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low. [REFUTES]
- Climate sensitivity: They also stated that ECS is extremely unlikely to be less than 1 °C (1.8 °F) (high confidence), and is very unlikely to be greater than 6 °C (11 °F) (medium confidence). [REFUTES]
Claim: But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Climate change adaptation: African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis 2050 (AMMA-2050) aim to address the challenges of understanding how the monsoon will change in future decades, to 2050, and how this information can be most effectively used to support climate-compatible development in the region. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding "projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution". [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming controversy: Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Synthesis reports are assessments of scientific literature that compile the results of a range of stand-alone studies in order to achieve a broad level of understanding, or to describe the state of knowledge of a given subject. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I (October 2017) provided the following summary: This assessment concludes, based on extensive evidence, that it is extremely likely that human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases, are the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: It shows that ECS is probably between two and 4.5 degrees, possibly as low as 1.5 but not lower, and possibly as high as nine degrees.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Bachelor's degree: Ordinary degrees are at level 9 and require 360 credits with a minimum of 90 at level 9. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry): a diatomic molecule) in a 3-D space with constant distance between them (let's say d) we can show (below) its degrees of freedom to be 5. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Equator: The latitude of the Earth's equator is, by definition, 0° (zero degrees) of arc. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Master's degree: Taught master's degrees are normally one to two year courses, rated at 60 - 120 ECTS credits, while research master's degrees are normally two year courses, either rated at 120 ECTS credits or not credit rated. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Six degrees of separation: The average separation for all users of the application is 5.73 degrees, whereas the maximum degree of separation is 12. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: If ECS is as low as the Energy Balance literature suggests, it means that the climate models we have been using for decades run too hot and need to be revised.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming controversy: Ed Hawkins, of the University of Reading, stated that the "surface temperatures since 2005 are already at the low end of the range of projections derived from 20 climate models. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability. [REFUTES]
Claim: Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Antarctica: "Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice sheet: The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Sometimes these adaptation strategies go hand in hand, but at other times choices have to be made among different strategies. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: A 2019 study, however, using different methodology, concluded that East Antarctica is losing significant amounts of ice mass. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: That’s because as Antarctica’s mass shrinks, the ice sheet’s gravitational pull on the ocean relaxes somewhat, and the seas travel back across the globe to pile up far away — with U.S. coasts being one prime destination.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Antarctica: Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Antarctica: However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Post-glacial rebound: During deglaciation, the melted ice water returns to the oceans, thus sea level in the ocean increases again. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: With the loss of mass, the gravitational pull becomes less and local water levels might drop. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: The additional snowfall causes increased ice flow of the ice sheet into the ocean, so that the mass gain due to snowfall is partially compensated. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The Rio Grande is a classic “feast or famine” river, with a dry year or two typically followed by a couple of wet years that allow for recovery.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Köppen climate classification: s indicates at least three times as much rain in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Köppen climate classification: Winters are noticeable and dry, and summers can be very rainy. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Rio Grande: Because of both drought and overuse, the section from El Paso downstream through Ojinaga was recently tagged "The Forgotten River" by those wishing to bring attention to the river's deteriorated condition. [SUPPORTS]
- Temperate climate: In these regions winters are quite dry and summers have very heavy rainfall. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Temperate climate: Mediterranean Climates, opposite to the humid subtropical and monsoonal climates, have a dry summer, with rainfall in the winter and cooler months. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming: Prolonged periods of warmer temperatures typically cause soil and underbrush to be drier for longer periods, increasing the risk of wildfires. [SUPPORTS]
- Effects of global warming: In other words, regions which are dry at present will in general become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will in general become even wetter. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: If GHG emissions grow a lot (IPCC scenario RCP8.5), already dry regions may have more droughts and less soil moisture. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead. [SUPPORTS]
- Physical impacts of climate change: In other words, regions which are dry at present will generally become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will generally become even wetter. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The effect of long-term warming is to make it harder to count on snowmelt runoff in wet times
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Cryosphere: Climate warming is expected to result in major changes to the partitioning of snow and rainfall, and to the timing of snowmelt, which will have important implications for water use and management. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Lake Tahoe: There is a pronounced annual runoff of snowmelt in late spring and early summer, the timing of which varies from year to year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Season creep: Modeling of snowmelt predicted that warming of 3 to 5 °C in the Western United States could cause snowmelt-driven runoff to occur as much as two months earlier, with profound effects on hydroelectricity, land use, agriculture, and water management. [SUPPORTS]
- Snow: Some agricultural areas depend on an accumulation of snow during winter that will melt gradually in spring, providing water for crop growth, both directly and via runoff through streams and rivers, which supply irrigation canals. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Colorado River: In November 2012, the U.S. and Mexico reached an agreement, known as Minute 319, permitting Mexico storage of its water allotment in U.S. reservoirs during wet years, thus increasing the efficiency with which the water can be used. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Glen Canyon Dam: Since then, the reservoir has slowly regained water storage, but has not filled due to fluctuating runoff levels and its obligated release to Lake Mead. [SUPPORTS]
- Glen Canyon Dam: At the end of water year 2017 (September 30), the lake level was 3,628 feet (1,106 m), and at 60 percent of capacity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Glen Canyon Dam: With the Glen Canyon site out of the question, the initial need for a reservoir was realized in 1936 with the completion of Hoover Dam in Black Canyon, storing 32 million acre feet (39 km3) in the mammoth reservoir of Lake Mead. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Glen Canyon Dam: Without storage reservoirs of their own, the Upper Basin states risked a "call" on the Colorado River during drought years: they would be forced to use less water in order to keep the river flowing to Lake Mead and California, the state with the most senior water rights. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Temperatures in the Southwest increased by nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from 1901 to 2010, and some climate models forecast a total rise of six degrees or more by the end of this century.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change in the United States: In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change in the United States: For example, based on projections made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and results from the United Kingdom Hadley Centre's climate model (HadCM2), a model that accounts for both greenhouse gases and aerosols, by 2100 temperatures in Idaho could increase by 5 °F (2.8 °C) (with a range of 2-9 °F) in winter and summer and 4 °F (2.2 °C) (with a range of 2-7 °F) in spring and fall. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change in the United States: "A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change in the United States: The average annual temperature in South Dakota has increased by about 2 degrees Fahrenheit since the beginning of the 20th century, and most of that warming has occurred in winter and spring. [SUPPORTS]
- Permian: Based on the amount of lava estimated to have been produced during this period, the worst-case scenario is the release of enough carbon dioxide from the eruptions to raise world temperatures five degrees Celsius. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]