MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- John Christy: We have found that climate models and popular surface temperature data sets overstate the changes in the real atmosphere and that actual changes are not alarming." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements: Globally, most climate models used by the IPCC in preparation of their third assessment in 2007 show a slightly greater warming at the TLT level than at the surface (0.03 °C/decade difference) for 1979–1999 while the GISS trend is +0.161 °C/decade for 1979 to 2012, the lower troposphere trends calculated from satellite data by UAH and RSS are +0.130 °C/decade and +0.206 °C/decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements: Specifically, surface data showed substantial global-average warming, while early versions of satellite and radiosonde data showed little or no warming above the surface. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- UAH satellite temperature dataset: In comparing these measurements to surface temperature models, it is important to note that values for the lower troposphere measurements taken by the MSU are a weighted average of temperatures over multiple altitudes (roughly 0 to 12 km), and not a surface temperature (as seen in figure above). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- UAH satellite temperature dataset: The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature records or models. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: Scientific consensus on climate change). [REFUTES]
- IPCC Fifth Assessment Report: There is a clear human influence on the climate It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report. [REFUTES]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities. [REFUTES]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: They provide an analysis of what is known and not known, the degree of consensus, and some indication of the degree of confidence that can be placed on the various statements and conclusions." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- 20th century: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human activities resulting from the industrial revolution have changed the chemical composition of the atmosphere....Deforestation is now the second largest contributor to global warming, after the burning of fossil fuels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- James Hansen: When the analysis was updated in 1988, the four warmest years on record were all in the 1980s. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- James Hansen: During a senate meeting on June 23, 1988, Hansen reported that he was ninety-nine percent certain the earth was warmer then than it had ever been measured to be, there was a clear cause and effect relationship with the greenhouse effect and lastly that due to global warming, the likelihood of freak weather was steadily increasing. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- West Side Highway: The West Side Highway (officially the Joe DiMaggio Highway) is a 5.42-mile-long (8.72 km) mostly surface section of New York State Route 9A (NY 9A) that runs from West 72nd Street along the Hudson River to the southern tip of Manhattan in New York City. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- West Side Highway: Construction began in early 1996 on the West Side Highway project. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- West Side Highway: "After 20 Years of Delays, a River Park Takes Shape". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Great Barrier Reef is in good shape.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Crown-of-thorns starfish: The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is the most outstanding coral reef system in the world because of its great length, number of individual reefs and species diversity. [SUPPORTS]
- Great Barrier Reef: The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a "huge natural selection event unfolding". [REFUTES]
- Great Barrier Reef: The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world's biggest single structure made by living organisms. [SUPPORTS]
- Great Barrier Reef: In the northern part of the Great Barrier Reef, ribbon reefs and deltaic reefs have formed; these structures are not found in the rest of the reef system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Great Barrier Reef: Crescentic reefs are the most common shape of reef in the middle of the system, for example the reefs surrounding Lizard Island. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Postma disproved the greenhouse effect.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Effective temperature: One reason for the difference between the two values is due to the greenhouse effect, which increases the average temperature of the Earth's surface. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Simultaneously, the clouds enhance the greenhouse effect, warming the planet. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse effect: It was demonstrated experimentally (R. W. Wood, 1909) that a (not heated) "greenhouse" with a cover of rock salt (which is transparent to infrared) heats up an enclosure similarly to one with a glass cover. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: The ice age continues until the reduction in weathering causes an increase in the greenhouse effect. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Underground temperatures control climate.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate: Some of the meteorological variables that are commonly measured are temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and precipitation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate: Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate: Any imbalance results in a change in the average temperature of the earth. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate: Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate: Ice caps form because high-latitude regions receive less energy as solar radiation from the sun than equatorial regions, resulting in lower surface temperatures. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts. [SUPPORTS]
- Heat wave: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: Human activities can also impose forcings, for example, through changing the composition of the atmosphere. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate system: Volcanic eruptions, solar variations and anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere and land use change are external forcings. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate system: These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Other changes are caused by external forcings. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate: Climate change may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors; recent warming is discussed in global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF). [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: 97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- 21st century: Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: They found 4,014 which discussed the cause of recent global warming, and of these "97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming". [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Global warming: In areas with high soot production, such as rural India, as much as 50% of surface warming due to greenhouse gases may be masked by atmospheric brown clouds. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Urban heat island: For example, urban and rural trends are very similar. [SUPPORTS]
- Urban heat island: In fact, the lower-tropospheric temperatures warm at a slightly greater rate over North America (about 0.28°C/decade using satellite data) than do the surface temperatures (0.27°C/decade), although again the difference is not statistically significant. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Urban heat island: This was done by using satellite-based night-light detection of urban areas, and more thorough homogenisation of the time series (with corrections, for example, for the tendency of surrounding rural stations to be slightly higher in elevation, and thus cooler, than urban areas). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Urban heat island: After trends were adjusted in urban weather stations around the world to match rural stations in their regions, in an effort to homogenise the temperature record, in 42 percent of cases, cities were getting cooler relative to their surroundings rather than warmer. [REFUTES]
Claim: Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Antarctica: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic". [SUPPORTS]
- Antarctica: found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year. [REFUTES]
- Antarctica: A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record. [SUPPORTS]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: More recently, new satellite imaging data led to calculations of Thwaites Glacier "ice shelf melt rate of 207 m/year in 2014–2017, which is the highest ice shelf melt rate on record in Antarctica." [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Worry about global warming impacts in the next 100 years, not an ice age in over 10,000 years.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global catastrophic risk: These global climatic changes occurred slowly, prior to the rise of human civilization about 10 thousand years ago near the end of the last Major Ice Age when the climate became more stable. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global catastrophic risk: [citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: (Current projected consequences of global warming include a largely ice-free Arctic Ocean within 5–20 years, see Arctic shrinkage.) [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Global warming in this case was indicated by an increase of 0.75 degrees in average global temperatures over the last 100 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Al Gore's book is quite accurate, and far more accurate than contrarian books.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Al Gore: In a 2007 court case, a British judge said that while he had "no doubt ...the film was broadly accurate" and its "four main scientific hypotheses ...are supported by a vast quantity of research", he upheld nine of a "long schedule" of alleged errors presented to the court. [SUPPORTS]
- An Inconvenient Truth: All 19 climate scientists who had seen the movie or had read the homonymous book said that Gore accurately conveyed the science, with few errors. [SUPPORTS]
- An Inconvenient Truth: "He is making a qualitative point, which is entirely accurate. [SUPPORTS]
- An Inconvenient Truth: The story is scientifically accurate and yet should be understandable to the public, a public that is less and less drawn to science." [SUPPORTS]
- Earth in the Balance: Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit (ISBN 0-452-26935-0, paperback ISBN 1-85383-743-1) is a 1992 book written by Al Gore, published in June 1992, shortly before he was elected Vice President in the 1992 presidential election. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming on human health: Earth's glaciers are expected to melt within the next forty years, greatly decreasing fresh water flow in the hotter times of the year, causing everyone to depend on rainwater, resulting in large shortages and fluctuations in fresh water availability which largely effects agriculture, power supply, and human health and well-being. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Glacier: Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially. [SUPPORTS]
- Glacier: A slight cooling led to the advance of many alpine glaciers between 1950 and 1985, but since 1985 glacier retreat and mass loss has become larger and increasingly ubiquitous. [SUPPORTS]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: In areas that are heavily dependent on water runoff from glaciers that melt during the warmer summer months, a continuation of the current retreat will eventually deplete the glacial ice and substantially reduce or eliminate runoff. [SUPPORTS]
- Water scarcity: Climate change has caused receding glaciers, reduced stream and river flow, and shrinking lakes and ponds. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Global warming in this case was indicated by an increase of 0.75 degrees in average global temperatures over the last 100 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Solar activity and climate: estimated that the residual effects of the prolonged high solar activity during the last 30 years account for between 16% and 36% of warming from 1950 to 1999. [REFUTES]
Claim: Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global issue: Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires, heavy rainfall with floods, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and massive extinctions of species due to shifting temperature regimes. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts. [SUPPORTS]
- Heat wave: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events. [SUPPORTS]
- Weather: Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in). [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Urban heat island: On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Urban heat island: For example, urban and rural trends are very similar. [SUPPORTS]
- Urban heat island: Not all cities show a warming relative to their rural surroundings. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Urban heat island: Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas. [REFUTES]
- Urbanization: For North America and Europe, such practice could reduce earth warming trends. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]