MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- 2000s (decade): The global temperature kept climbing during the decade. [REFUTES]
- Anthony Watts (blogger): Farmer 2014, p. 44: "Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [REFUTES]
Claim: Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Earth: At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Venus: Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System, with a mean surface temperature of 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F), even though Mercury is closer to the Sun. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Venus: The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Venus: This makes Venus's surface hotter than Mercury's, which has a minimum surface temperature of 53 K (−220 °C; −364 °F) and maximum surface temperature of 700 K (427 °C; 801 °F), even though Venus is nearly twice Mercury's distance from the Sun and thus receives only 25% of Mercury's solar irradiance. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change (general concept): These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere, and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change (general concept): "Episodic fresh surface waters in the Eocene Arctic Ocean". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change and ecosystems: Eventually the planet will warm to such a degree that the ocean's ability to dissolve water will no longer exist, resulting in a worldwide dead zone. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change and ecosystems: Alterations to the ocean currents, due to increased freshwater inputs from glacier melt, and the potential alterations to thermohaline circulation of the worlds oceans, may affect existing fisheries upon which humans depend as well. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change denial: United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in". [SUPPORTS]
Claim: 'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climatic Research Unit email controversy: On 22 March 2010 the university announced the composition of an independent Science Assessment Panel to reassess key CRU papers that have already been peer-reviewed and published in journals. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global cooling: Academic analysis of the peer-reviewed studies published at that time shows that most papers examining aspects of climate during the 1970s were either neutral or showed a warming trend. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: A 2013 study, published in the peer-reviewed journal Environmental Research Letters analyzed 11,944 abstracts from papers published in the peer-reviewed scientific literature between 1991 and 2011, identified by searching the ISI Web of Science citation index engine for the text strings "global climate change" or "global warming". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: His 1861 paper proposed changing concentrations of these gases could have caused "all the mutations of climate which the researches of geologists reveal" and would explain ice age changes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- James Delingpole: Delingpole has engaged in climate change denialism; in 2009 he wrote of "The conspiracy behind the Anthropogenic Global Warming myth". [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979–2000) lay outside normal natural variability.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The disputed issues include the causes of increased global average air temperature, especially since the mid-20th century, whether this warming trend is unprecedented or within normal climatic variations, whether humankind has contributed significantly to it, and whether the increase is completely or partially an artifact of poor measurements. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick controversy: From this, he concluded that "The post-1980 global warming trend from surface thermometers is not credible. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global cooling: When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that "CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Avoiding this future warming will require a large and rapid reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- 20th century: The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 20th century: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence). [REFUTES]
- Global warming: An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus. [REFUTES]
Claim: Increases in atmospheric CO2 followed increases in temperature.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Gaia hypothesis: When CO2 levels rise in the atmosphere the temperature increases and plants grow. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Anoxic event: Oceanic anoxic events most commonly occurred during periods of very warm climate characterized by high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and mean surface temperatures probably in excess of 25 °C (77 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [REFUTES]
- Carbon dioxide: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health. [REFUTES]
Claim: sea-level rise is not accelerating.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Sea level rise: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era". [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades". [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate. [REFUTES]
Claim: Local and regional sea levels continue to exhibit typical natural variability—in some places rising and in others falling.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Sea level: The term "steric" refers to global changes in sea level due to thermal expansion and salinity variations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level: Local mean sea level (LMSL) is defined as the height of the sea with respect to a land benchmark, averaged over a period of time (such as a month or a year) long enough that fluctuations caused by waves and tides are smoothed out. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea: Tides, the generally twice-daily rise and fall of sea levels, are caused by Earth's rotation and the gravitational effects of the orbiting Moon and, to a lesser extent, of the Sun. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea: Tides are the regular rise and fall in water level experienced by seas and oceans in response to the gravitational influences of the Moon and the Sun, and the effects of the Earth's rotation. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea: For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 millimetres (0.071 in) per year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming controversy: Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: Satellite temperature measurements show that tropospheric temperatures are increasing with "rates similar to those of the surface temperature", leading the IPCC to conclude that this discrepancy is reconciled. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: Conventional projections of future temperature rises depend on estimates of future anthropogenic GHG emissions (see SRES), those positive and negative climate change feedbacks that have so far been incorporated into the models, and the climate sensitivity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: Ed Hawkins, of the University of Reading, stated that the "surface temperatures since 2005 are already at the low end of the range of projections derived from 20 climate models. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: Confidence in model estimates is higher for some climate variables (e.g., temperature) than for others (e.g., precipitation). [REFUTES]
Claim: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Kyoto Protocol: The view that human activities are likely responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature ("global warming") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current scientific thinking. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The dominant cause of the warming since the 1950s is human activities. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: 90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Coral bleaching: During this time, over 70 percent of the coral reefs around the world have become damaged. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Coral bleaching: In late November 2016 surveys of 62 reefs showed that long term heat stress from climate change caused a 29% loss of shallow water coral. [SUPPORTS]
- Coral reef: Every 4–7 years, an El Niño event causes some reefs with heat-sensitive corals to bleach, with especially widespread bleachings in 1998 and 2010. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Coral reef: According to the Caribbean Coral Reefs - Status Report 19702-2012, states that; stop overfishing especially fishes key to coral reef like parrotfish, coastal zone management that reduce human pressure on reef, (for example restricting coastal settlement, development and tourism) and control pollution specially sewage, may reduce coral decline or even reverse it. [SUPPORTS]
- Coral: Increasing sea temperatures in tropical regions (~1 degree C) the last century have caused major coral bleaching, death, and therefore shrinking coral populations since although they are able to adapt and acclimate, it is uncertain if this evolutionary process will happen quickly enough to prevent major reduction of their numbers. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Deforestation: The model predicted <0.2 °C warming for upper air at 700 mb and 500 mb. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global catastrophic risk: Projections of future climate change suggest further global warming, sea level rise, and an increase in the frequency and severity of some extreme weather events and weather-related disasters. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global catastrophic risk: Martin Weitzman argues that most of the expected economic damage from climate change may come from the small chance that warming greatly exceeds the mid-range expectations, resulting in catastrophic damage. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: El Niño drove record highs in global temperatures suggesting rise may not be down to man-made emissions.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: (2012) concluded that human activities had likely led to a warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures at the global scale. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers. [REFUTES]
Claim: Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Climate change and agriculture: In the 1980s and 1990s low world market prices for cereals and livestock resulted in decreased agricultural growth and increased rural poverty. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: While increased CO 2 levels help crop growth at lower temperature increases, those crops do become less nutritious. [REFUTES]
- Human impact on the environment: Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Human impact on the environment: Potential negative environmental impacts caused by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are rising global air temperatures, altered hydrogeological cycles resulting in more frequent and severe droughts, storms, and floods, as well as sea level rise and ecosystem disruption. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sustainability: A major hurdle to achieve sustainability is the alleviation of poverty. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Sea level rise: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Sea level rise: If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: The study also concluded that the Paris climate agreement emissions scenario, if met, would result in a median 52 cm (20 in) of sea level rise by 2100. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: In high emission scenario, it will be 34 cm by 2050 and 111 cm by 2100. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: The commission said the country must plan for a rise in the North Sea up to 1.3 metres (4 ft 3 in) by 2100 and plan for a 2–4 metres (7–13 ft) m rise by 2200. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Climate change is not making natural disasters worse
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate change adaptation: attribute these events to sudden environmental changes, like natural disasters. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: Gradual but pervasive environmental change and sudden natural disasters both influence the nature and extent of human migration but in different ways. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: Slow-onset disasters and gradual environmental erosion such as desertification, reduction of soil fertility, coastal erosion and sea-level rise are likely to induce long term migration. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Habitat destruction: Habitat destruction vastly increases an area's vulnerability to natural disasters like flood and drought, crop failure, spread of disease, and water contamination. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: It assesses the effect that climate change has on the threat of natural disasters and how nations can better manage an expected change in the frequency of occurrence and intensity of severe weather patterns. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]