MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'."
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: "The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tropical cyclone: All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tundra: During the winter it is very cold and dark, with the average temperature around −28 °C (−18 °F), sometimes dipping as low as −50 °C (−58 °F). [REFUTES]
- Tundra: Generally daytime temperatures during the summer rise to about 12 °C (54 °F) but can often drop to 3 °C (37 °F) or even below freezing. [REFUTES]
Claim: Early 20th century warming was in large part due to rising solar activity and relatively quiet volcanic activity.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- 20th century: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. [SUPPORTS]
- 20th century: One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Huaynaputina: "Impact of powerful volcanic eruptions and solar activity on the climate above the Arctic Circle". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Volcano: Large eruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth's lower atmosphere (or troposphere); however, they also absorb heat radiated from the Earth, thereby warming the upper atmosphere (or stratosphere). [SUPPORTS]
- Volcano: The aerosols increase the Earth's albedo—its reflection of radiation from the Sun back into space—and thus cool the Earth's lower atmosphere or troposphere; however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, thereby warming the stratosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Volcano: Large injections may cause visual effects such as unusually colorful sunsets and affect global climate mainly by cooling it. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Volcano: This magma tends to be extremely viscous because of its high silica content, so it often does not attain the surface but cools and solidifies at depth. [SUPPORTS]
- Volcano: Such volcanoes are able to severely cool global temperatures for many years after the eruption due to the huge volumes of sulfur and ash released into the atmosphere. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: While natural forcings can account for much of the early 20th Century warming, humans played a role as well.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: (2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Most of the global average warming over the past 50 years is "very likely" (greater than 90% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Little Ice Age: Some researchers have proposed that human influences on climate began earlier than is normally supposed (see Early anthropocene for more details) and that major population declines in Eurasia and the Americas reduced this impact, leading to a cooling trend. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "Satellite measurements indicate an absence of significant global warming since 1979, the very period that human carbon dioxide emissions have been increasing rapidly.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [REFUTES]
- Carbon dioxide: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- General circulation model: These models project an upward trend in the surface temperature record, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher altitudes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The global dimming trend reversed around 1990 - 15 years after the global warming trend began in the mid 1970's.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global dimming: The trend reversed in the early 1990s. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global dimming: The brightening seen at sites in Antarctica during the 1990s, influenced by recovering from the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption in 1991, fades after 2000. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global dimming: In China there is some indication for a renewed dimming, after the stabilization in the 1990s. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global dimming: A 2007 NASA sponsored satellite-based study sheds light on the puzzling observations by other scientists that the amount of sunlight reaching Earth's surface had been steadily declining in recent decades, began to reverse around 1990. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: From 1961 to 1990, a gradual reduction in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface was observed, a phenomenon popularly known as global dimming, typically attributed to aerosols from biofuel and fossil fuel burning. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: (Kerr 2007) points out that the sunlight-reflecting haze that cools much of the planet seems to have thinned over the past decade or so.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Pale Blue Dot: Pale Blue Dot is a photograph of planet Earth taken on February 14, 1990, by the Voyager 1 space probe from a record distance of about 6 billion kilometers (3.7 billion miles, 40.5 AU), as part of that day's Family Portrait series of images of the Solar System. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Pale Blue Dot: In the photograph, Earth's apparent size is less than a pixel; the planet appears as a tiny dot against the vastness of space, among bands of sunlight reflected by the camera. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Pale Blue Dot: Earth appears as a blue dot primarily because of Rayleigh scattering of sunlight in its atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Titan (moon): Before the arrival of Voyager 1 in 1980, Titan was thought to be slightly larger than Ganymede (diameter 5,262 kilometers (3,270 mi)) and thus the largest moon in the Solar System; this was an overestimation caused by Titan's dense, opaque atmosphere, with a haze layer 100-200 kilometres above its surface. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Titan (moon): Conversely, haze in Titan's atmosphere contributes to an anti-greenhouse effect by reflecting sunlight back into space, cancelling a portion of the greenhouse effect and making its surface significantly colder than its upper atmosphere. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Global warming: The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: This could trigger cooling in the North Atlantic, Europe, and North America. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect. [SUPPORTS]
- Terraforming of Venus: This in turn would raise planetary albedo and act to cool the global temperature to Earth-like levels, despite the greater proximity to the Sun. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate change (general concept): As a consequence of humans emitting greenhouse gases, global surface temperatures have started rising. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change denial: Climate change denialism is the prime example, where a handful of scientists, allied with an effective PR machine, are publicly challenging the scientific consensus that global warming is real and is due primarily to human consumption of fossil fuels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global cooling: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global dimming: His findings appeared to contradict global warming — the global temperature had been generally rising since the 70s. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The world has entered a 'cold mode' which is likely to bring a global dip in temperatures which will last for 20 to 30 years, they say.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Climate change mitigation: One of the targets that has been suggested is to limit the future increase in global mean temperature (global warming) to below 2 °C, relative to the pre-industrial level. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change mitigation: They say that even if all the current pledges will be accomplished there is a chance for a 4.5 degree temperature rise in decades. [REFUTES]
- Climate: Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. [REFUTES]
- Sea surface temperature: At heights near the tropopause, the 30-year average temperature (as measured in the period encompassing 1961 through 1990) was −77 °C (−132 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity." [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The minute increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere (0.008%) was not the cause of the warming—it was a continuation of natural cycles that occurred over the past 500 years."
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: Following the start of the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric CO 2 concentration increased to over 400 parts per million and continues to increase, causing the phenomenon of global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years. [REFUTES]
Claim: The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- El Niño–Southern Oscillation: El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- El Niño–Southern Oscillation: Therefore, the relative frequency of El Niño compared to La Niña events can affect global temperature trends on decadal timescales. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- El Niño–Southern Oscillation: The studies of historical data show the recent El Niño variation is most likely linked to global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- El Niño–Southern Oscillation: For example, an increase in the frequency and magnitude of El Niño events have triggered warmer than usual temperatures over the Indian Ocean, by modulating the Walker circulation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- El Niño–Southern Oscillation: Changes in the Walker circulation with time occur in conjunction with changes in surface temperature. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [REFUTES]
- Hockey stick controversy: The New York Times highlighted their finding that the 20th century had been the warmest century in 600 years, quoting Mann saying that "Our conclusion was that the warming of the past few decades appears to be closely tied to emission of greenhouse gases by humans and not any of the natural factors". [REFUTES]
- Instrumental temperature record: This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events." [REFUTES]
- Phenology: Between 1850 and 1950 a long-term trend of gradual climate warming is observable, and during this same period the Marsham record of oak-leafing dates tended to become earlier. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Antarctica: Some scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica (and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Attribution of recent climate change: As noted, clear and compelling scientific evidence supports the case for a pronounced human influence on global climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Attribution of recent climate change: According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is "extremely likely" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, "It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Mount Kenya: There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and will likely be gone forever by 2050, due to global warming[citation needed]. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mount Kilimanjaro: It appears that decreasing specific humidity instead of temperature changes has caused the shrinkage of the slope glaciers since the late 19th century. [SUPPORTS]
- Mount Kilimanjaro: Loss of glacier mass is caused by both melting and sublimation. [SUPPORTS]
- Mount Kilimanjaro: While the current shrinking and thinning of Kilimanjaro's ice fields appears to be unique within its almost twelve millennium history, it is contemporaneous with widespread glacier retreat in mid-to-low latitudes across the globe. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mount Kilimanjaro: Because of its shrinking glaciers and disappearing ice fields, the mountain has been the subject of many scientific studies. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Ice age: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat. [SUPPORTS]
- Ice age: The history of the Himalayas broadly fits the long-term decrease in Earth's average temperature since the mid-Eocene, 40 million years ago. [REFUTES]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: The Altai region has also experienced an overall temperature increase of 1.2 degrees Celsius in the last 120 years according to a report from 2006, with most of that increase occurring since the late 20th century. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: 'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Mount Kenya: There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and will likely be gone forever by 2050, due to global warming[citation needed]. [SUPPORTS]
- Mount Kilimanjaro: Kibo's diminishing ice cap exists because Kilimanjaro is a little-dissected, massive mountain that rises above the snow line. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mount Kilimanjaro: While the current shrinking and thinning of Kilimanjaro's ice fields appears to be unique within its almost twelve millennium history, it is contemporaneous with widespread glacier retreat in mid-to-low latitudes across the globe. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mount Kilimanjaro: Because of its shrinking glaciers and disappearing ice fields, the mountain has been the subject of many scientific studies. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: "The Shrinking Glaciers of Kilimanjaro: Can Global Warming Be Blamed?". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Without the forests' humidity, previously moisture-laden winds blew dry.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary: Strong winds of dry nature blow from September to April, causing dryness in the locality with the result there is a fire hazard, especially in the deciduous forests. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Cloud forest: An important feature of cloud forests is the tree crowns can intercept the wind-driven cloud moisture, part of which drips to the ground. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Dwarf forest: Throughout the year, wind speed, temperature and humidity are fairly consistent, with humidity usually greater than 90%. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Neotropical realm: Laurel forest and other cloud forest are subtropical and mild temperate forest, found in areas with high humidity and relatively stable and mild temperatures. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sierra Madre Occidental: This causes east winds bringing moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]