MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report). [SUPPORTS]
Claim: CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: In some scenarios emissions continue to rise over the century, while others have reduced emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: To keep warming below 2 °C, more stringent emission reductions in the near-term would allow for less rapid reductions after 2030. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Peer-reviewed research, physics, and math all tell us that a grand solar minimum would have no more than a 0.3°C cooling effect, barely enough to put a dent in human-caused global warming.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change mitigation: Many economists estimate the cost of climate change mitigation at between 1% and 2% of GDP. [SUPPORTS]
- Effects of global warming: Researchers have warned that current economic modeling may seriously underestimate the impact of potentially catastrophic climate change and point to the need for new models that give a more accurate picture of potential damages. [SUPPORTS]
- Effects of global warming: Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s. [SUPPORTS]
- Effects of global warming: The total economic impacts from climate change are difficult to estimate. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: "Large potential reduction in economic damages under UN mitigation targets". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The global trend is calculated from hundreds of CO2 measuring stations and confirmed by satellites.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: AIRS aboard NASA's Aqua satellite makes global XCO2 measurements and was launched shortly after ENVISAT in 2012. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: More recent satellites have significantly improved the data density and precision of global measurements. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global dimming: The brightening trend is corroborated by other data, including satellite analyses. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: (2009): The CLOUD experiments at CERN are interesting research but do not provide conclusive evidence that cosmic rays can serve as a major source of cloud seeding. [SUPPORTS]
- CLOUD experiment: This result does not support the hypothesis that cosmic rays significantly affect climate, although a CERN press release states that neither does it "rule out a role for cosmic radiation" in climate. [SUPPORTS]
- CLOUD experiment: Although its design is optimised to address the cosmic ray question, (as posed by Henrik Svensmark and colleagues in 1997) CLOUD allows as well to measure aerosol nucleation and growth under controlled laboratory conditions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- CLOUD experiment: Although they observe that a fraction of cloud nuclei is effectively produced by ionisation due to the interaction of cosmic rays with the constituents of Earth atmosphere, this process is insufficient to attribute all of the present climate modifications to the fluctuations of the cosmic rays intensity modulated by changes in the solar activity and Earth magnetosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change (general concept): To test the hypothesis, CERN designed the CLOUD experiment, which showed the effect of cosmic rays is too weak to influence climate noticeably. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Venus very likely underwent a runaway or ‘moist’ greenhouse phase earlier in its history, and today is kept hot by a dense CO2 atmosphere.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Greenhouse effect: The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Venus: It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Venus: Conditions on the Venusian surface differ radically from those on Earth because its dense atmosphere is 96.5% carbon dioxide, with most of the remaining 3.5% being nitrogen. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Venus: The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Venus: Studies have suggested that billions of years ago, Venus's atmosphere was much more like the one surrounding Earth, and that there may have been substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface, but after a period of 600 million to several billion years, a runaway greenhouse effect was caused by the evaporation of that original water, which generated a critical level of greenhouse gases in its atmosphere. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change denial: "Climate change skepticism" and "climate change denial" refer to denial, dismissal or unwarranted doubt of the scientific consensus on the rate and extent of global warming, its significance, or its connection to human behavior, in whole or in part. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change denial: Although the figure is less than in earlier polls, 39 percent of those asked say there is "a lot of disagreement among climate scientists" on the basic question of whether the planet is warming; 42 percent say there is a lot of disagreement that human activities are a major cause of global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change denial: Among papers expressing a position on AGW, an overwhelming percentage (97.2% based on self-ratings, 97.1% based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: In a 2019 CBS poll, 64% of the US population said that climate change is a "crisis" or a "serious problem", with 44% saying human activity was a significant contributor. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Kiribati: "Islands disappear under rising seas". [SUPPORTS]
- Maldives: The Maldives consists of 1,192 coral islands grouped in a double chain of 26 atolls, along the north-south direction, spread over roughly 90,000 square kilometres (35,000 sq mi), making this one of the world's most dispersed countries. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Maldives: More than 80 per cent of the country's land is composed of coral islands which rise less than one metre above sea level. [REFUTES]
- Micronesia: When the volcano sinks back down into the sea, the coral continues to grow, keeping the reef at or above water level. [REFUTES]
- Tuvalu: The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones. [REFUTES]
Claim: Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Attribution of recent climate change: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming hiatus: Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Little Ice Age: Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- El Niño–Southern Oscillation: El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming hiatus: The 2013 annual report stated that "While the rate at which surface air temperatures are rising has slowed in recent years, heat continues to be trapped in the Earth system, mostly as increased ocean heat content. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming hiatus: Natural climate variability can appear to slow down surface warming over short periods, but does not refute long-term climate change trends. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: CFCs contribute to global waerming at a small level.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Chlorofluorocarbon: Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the Kyoto Protocol because of their very high Global Warming Potential and are facing calls to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol[dubious – discuss] due to the recognition of halocarbon contributions to climate change. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: Although CFCs are greenhouse gases, they are regulated by the Montreal Protocol, which was motivated by CFCs' contribution to ozone depletion rather than by their contribution to global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: For example, nitrogen trifluoride has a high global warming potential (GWP) but is only present in very small quantities. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Montreal Protocol: However, the hydrochlorofluorocarbons, or HCFCs, and hydrofluorocarbons, or HFCs, are now thought to contribute to anthropogenic global warming. [REFUTES]
- Montreal Protocol: They are, however, greenhouse gases, with a high global warming potential (GWP), comparable to that of CFCs and HCFCs. [REFUTES]
Claim: CO2 limits won't cool the planet, but they can make the difference between continued accelerating global warming to catastrophic levels vs. slowing and eventually stopping the warming at hopefully safe levels.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change mitigation: One of the targets that has been suggested is to limit the future increase in global mean temperature (global warming) to below 2 °C, relative to the pre-industrial level. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Planetary boundaries: The scientists raise the possibility that even if greenhouse gas emissions are substantially reduced to limit warming to 2 degrees, that might be the "threshold" at which self-reinforcing climate feedbacks add additional warming until the climate system stabilizes in a hothouse climate state. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Planetary boundaries: Thresholds and boundaries The threshold, or tipping point, is the value at which a very small increment for the control variable (like CO2) triggers a larger, possibly catastrophic, change in the response variable (global warming) through feedbacks in the natural Earth System itself. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tipping points in the climate system: Humans cannot survive if the air is too moist and hot, which would happen for the majority of human populations if global temperatures rise by 11–12 °C, as land masses warm faster than the global average. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate sensitivity: "A lower and more constrained estimate of climate sensitivity using updated observations and detailed radiative forcing time series". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate sensitivity: For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- IPCC Fifth Assessment Report: Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- IPCC Third Assessment Report: The TAR estimate for the climate sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period. [SUPPORTS]
- Kyoto Protocol: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) have produced a range of projections of what the future increase in global mean temperature might be. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Greenland: If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft). [SUPPORTS]
- Greenland: The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenland: Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm). [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: The contribution of the Greenland ice sheet on sea level over the next couple of centuries can be very high due to a self-reinforcing cycle (a so-called positive feedback). [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: "A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Arctic Ocean: As recently as 55 million years ago, during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °C (50–68 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic: Another definition of the Arctic is the region where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10 °C (50 °F); the northernmost tree line roughly follows the isotherm at the boundary of this region. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate of the Arctic: The IPCC also indicate that, over the last 100 years, the annually averaged temperature in the Arctic has increased by almost twice as much as the global mean temperature has. [SUPPORTS]
- Little Ice Age: The rate of Arctic cooling is roughly 0.02 °C per century. [REFUTES]
- North Pole: Summer temperatures (June, July, and August) average around the freezing point (0 °C (32 °F)). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Global warming controversy: In fact, one site said that it was proven in 1996 that Santer had fraudulently altered the IPCC report. [REFUTES]
- IPCC First Assessment Report: This report had effects not only on the establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), but also on the first conference of the parties (COP), held in Berlin in 1995. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Climate Change 1995, the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR), was finished in 1996. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) is a report by the IPCC which was published in 2000. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]