MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: A 14 August 1912 article from a New Zealand newspaper contained a brief story about how burning coal might produce future warming by adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Coal mining: Coal production is a major contributor to global warming: burning coal generates large quantities of carbon dioxide and mining operations can release methane, a known greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere. [SUPPORTS]
- Coal: Coal liquefaction emits more carbon dioxide than liquid fuel production from crude oil. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Coal: The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Coal: Then over millions of years the heat and pressure of deep burial causes the loss of water, methane and carbon dioxide and an increase in the proportion of carbon. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman "was essentially written by BP."
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Al Gore: During this time, Gore wrote Earth in the Balance, a text which became the first book written by a sitting U.S. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Joe Lieberman: On June 19, 2010, Lieberman introduced a bill called "Protecting Cyberspace as a National Asset Act of 2010", which he co-wrote with Senator Susan Collins (R-ME) and Senator Thomas Carper (D-DE). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- John Kerry: A release from the presidential campaign of presumptive Democratic nominee Al Gore listed Kerry on the short list to be selected as the vice-presidential nominee, along with North Carolina Senator John Edwards, Indiana Senator Evan Bayh, Missouri Congressman Richard Gephardt, New Hampshire Governor Jeanne Shaheen and Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- John McCain: He and Democratic senator Joe Lieberman wrote the legislation that created the 9/11 Commission, while he and Democratic senator Fritz Hollings co-sponsored the Aviation and Transportation Security Act that federalized airport security. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Lindsey Graham: On December 10, 2009, Graham co-sponsored a letter to President Barack Obama along with then Senators John Kerry and Joe Lieberman announcing their commitment to passing a climate change bill and outlining its framework. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: A video shows Koko the gorilla spontaneously using sign language to issue a warning about climate change.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Koko (gorilla): Patterson reported that Koko's use of signs indicated that she mastered the use of sign language. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Koko (gorilla): Koko was reported to use meta-language, being able to use language reflexively to speak about language itself, signing "good sign" to another gorilla who successfully used signing. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Koko (gorilla): Another concern that has been raised about Koko's ability to express coherent thoughts through signs is that interpretation of the gorilla's conversation was left to the handler, who may have seen improbable concatenations of signs as meaningful. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Koko (gorilla): Her instructor and caregiver, Francine Patterson, reported that Koko had an active vocabulary of more than 1,000 signs of what Patterson calls "Gorilla Sign Language" (GSL). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, "there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- September 11 attacks: Play media At 9:42 a.m., the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) grounded all civilian aircraft within the continental U.S., and civilian aircraft already in flight were told to land immediately. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- September 11 attacks: As the airplane approached the Pentagon, its wings knocked down light poles and its right engine hit a power generator before crashing into the western side of the building. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- September 11 attacks: North American air space was closed for several days after the attacks and air travel decreased upon its reopening, leading to a nearly 20% cutback in air travel capacity, and exacerbating financial problems in the struggling U.S. airline industry. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- September 11 attacks: The action begins at "9 am., Tuesday, 9/11/2001" and continues for a harrowing week as her uncle attempts to silence her, applying precepts of Sharia law. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- September 11 attacks: The terrorist aircraft didn't bring the buildings down; it was the fire which followed. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Alaska Sen. Mark Begich "is on record supporting a carbon tax, even pushing Harry Reid to make it a priority."
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Mark Begich: In 2010, he signed a letter advocating the establishment of a 'price' for greenhouse gas emissions as part of national energy policy. [SUPPORTS]
- Mark Begich: Begich has stated that this should not be interpreted as support for a carbon tax. [REFUTES]
- Mark Begich: "Democratic Senator Introduces Bill To Lift Social Security's Tax Cap, Extend Its Solvency For Decades". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mark Begich: "AK Dem Sen. Begich Won't Say If He Wants Obama To Campaign For Him". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mark Begich: According to the Washington Post, "Begich is one of a small but growing group of Democratic lawmakers who support the idea of lifting or changing the payroll tax cap, so higher earners pay more, while adopting a new measure for inflation that would increase benefits for all seniors." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Australia has more solar coverage than any other continent.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Australia: Australia is the driest inhabited continent; its annual rainfall averaged over continental area is less than 500 mm. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Australia: Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, the continent includes a diverse range of habitats from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: The ice sheets increase Earth's reflectivity and thus reduce the absorption of solar radiation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Snowball Earth: Firstly, tropical continents are more reflective than open ocean, and so absorb less of the Sun's heat: most absorption of Solar energy on Earth today occurs in tropical oceans. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Snowball Earth: This low temperature was maintained by the high albedo of the ice sheets, which reflected most incoming solar energy into space. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Carbon tax: The carbon tax expects to raise 25 billion rupees ($535 million) for the financial year 2010–2011. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon tax: Officials estimated that the tax would generate income of 37 billion yen a year for the government and result in a payment of 2,100 yen per year for an average household. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon tax: As of the year 2002, the standard carbon tax rate since 1996 amounts to 100 DKK per tonne of CO 2, equivalent to approximately €13 or US$18. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon tax: The total estimated income from the carbon tax would have been between €3-4.5 billion annually, with 55 percent of profit coming from households and 45 percent coming from businesses. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon tax: The average household pays US$21 towards the tax each year, while the average business pays $94 per year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Democratic Party (United States): Democrats have supported increased domestic renewable energy development, including wind and solar power farms, in an effort to reduce carbon pollution. [SUPPORTS]
- Energy policy of the United States: A Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is a mandate that requires electricity providers to supply to their customers a minimum amount of power from renewable sources, usually as a percentage of total energy use. [SUPPORTS]
- Energy policy of the United States: Other plans include making society carbon neutral and using renewable energy, including solar, wind, and methane sources. [SUPPORTS]
- Presidential transition of Barack Obama: By 2012, 10% of U.S. electricity shall come from renewable sources and 25% by 2025. [SUPPORTS]
- Wind power: Wind power is a sustainable and renewable energy, and has a much smaller impact on the environment compared to burning fossil fuels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Barack Obama supports proposals "to devote billions of dollars annually to state game and fish agencies and federal land management agencies to help them ensure that fish and wildlife survive the impacts of climate change."
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Barack Obama: He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010; and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Barack Obama: His proposal was to spend $900 billion over 10 years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the public option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- National Park Service: They include: stewardship and education; professional excellence; youth programs; climate change impacts; and budget restructure and realignment. [SUPPORTS]
- United States Forest Service: The budget includes $2.4 billion for Wildland Fire Management, a decrease of $530 million from the 2019 Annualized Continuing Resolution because the “fire fix” cap adjustment becomes available in FY 2020, while the FY 2019 Annualized Continuing Resolution includes $500 million above the base as bridge to the first year of the fire fix. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- United States Forest Service: Through implementation of land and resource management plans, the agency ensures sustainable ecosystems by restoring and maintaining species diversity and ecological productivity that helps provide recreation, water, timber, minerals, fish, wildlife, wilderness, and aesthetic values for current and future generations of people. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy "that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Barack Obama: "A Global Threat Emerges". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Barack Obama: He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan," an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Barack Obama: Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough," Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: Some climate researchers and activists have characterized it as an existential threat to civilization. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Presidency of Barack Obama: During his presidency, Obama described global warming as the greatest long-term threat facing the world. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Barack Obama: The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 served as economic stimulus amidst the Great Recession. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Barack Obama: In foreign policy, he ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, continued the process of ending U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan in 2016, promoted discussions that led to the 2015 Paris Agreement on global climate change, initiated sanctions against Russia following the invasion in Ukraine and again after Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, brokered a nuclear deal with Iran, and normalized U.S. relations with Cuba. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Barack Obama: On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore drilling rig at the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico, causing a major sustained oil leak. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Barack Obama: "Obama Legacy Will Be Recovery from Recession, Affordable Care Act". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Barack Obama: After Russia's invasion of Crimea in 2014, military intervention in Syria in 2015, and the interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Obama's Russia policy was widely seen as a failure. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: As president, Obama will immediately close the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, which experts say funneled floodwater into New Orleans.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Hurricane Gustav: The Mississippi River was shut to all ship traffic between the Gulf of Mexico and New Orleans on August 30. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hurricane Katrina: Hard-hit St. Bernard Parish was flooded because of breaching of the levees that contained a navigation channel called the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MR-GO) and the breach of the 40 Arpent canal levee that was designed and built by the Orleans Levee Board. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hurricane Katrina: The Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MR-GO) breached its levees in approximately 20 places, flooding much of eastern New Orleans, most of St. Bernard Parish and the East Bank of Plaquemines Parish. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mississippi River–Gulf Outlet Canal: In 2005, although disputed by the Corps of Engineers, the MRGO channeled Hurricane Katrina's storm surge into the heart of Greater New Orleans, contributing significantly to the subsequent multiple engineering failures experienced by the region's hurricane protection network. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mississippi River–Gulf Outlet Canal: Levees along the MRGO and the Intracoastal Waterway were breached in approximately 20 places, directly flooding most of St. Bernard Parish and New Orleans East. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Net metering: In a state that is presently faced with various renewable energy issues, the idea of terminating personal property taxes on solar panels was widely supported. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Net metering: Households with a smaller number of solar panels would likely see their rates go up under the proposal. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Net metering: Customers who use a small amount of electricity because they produce some of their own via solar panels do not pay enough to cover their portion of transmission and distribution systems, according to the utility companies. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Net metering: The new rules "encourage community solar projects and help ratepayers, who subsidize the above market rates utilities are required to pay for power generated under the program." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Net metering: A 2014 report funded by the Institute for Electric Innovation claims that net metering in California produces excessively large subsidies for typical residential rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) facilities. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Bill Nye proposed penalizing families with too many children to reduce population growth and slow climate change.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Human overpopulation: As of 2008, the price of grain has increased due to more farming used in biofuels, world oil prices at over $100 a barrel, global population growth, climate change, loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development, and growing consumer demand in China and India Food riots have recently taken place in many countries across the world. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Human overpopulation: Population planning that is intended to reduce population size or growth rate may promote or enforce one or more of the following practices, although there are other methods as well: Greater and better access to contraception Reducing infant mortality so that parents do not need to have many children to ensure at least some survive to adulthood. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Human overpopulation: Child mortality has declined, which in turn has led to reduced birth rates, thus slowing overall population growth. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Human population planning: Higher taxation of parents who have too many children Contraception Abstinence Reducing infant mortality so that parents do not need to have many children to ensure at least some survive to adulthood. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Human population planning: [citation needed] Population policies that are intended to increase a population or subpopulation growth rates may use practices such as: Higher taxation of married couples who have no, or too few, children Politicians imploring the populace to have bigger families Tax breaks and subsidies for families with children Loosening of immigration restrictions, and/or mass recruitment of foreign workers by the government A number of ancient writers have reflected on the issue of population. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- California: The Legislature shall make no law which diminishes or ignores the role of English as the common language of California. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- California: Among the political idiosyncrasies and trendsetting, California was the second state to recall their state governor, the second state to legalize abortion, and the only state to ban marriage for gay couples twice by vote (including Proposition 8 in 2008). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change denial: In the 1990s, the Marshall Institute began campaigning against increased regulations on environmental issues such as acid rain, ozone depletion, second-hand smoke, and the dangers of DDT. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change mitigation: In the absence of substantial federal action, state governments have adopted emissions-control laws such as the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative in the Northeast and the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 in California. [SUPPORTS]
- Institutional racism: If the government was armed with appropriate legislation and the threat of long prison terms, private citizens would not feel the need to act. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Carbon dioxide is not "a primary contributor to the global warming that we see."
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: "How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?". [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change. [REFUTES]
- Scott Pruitt: On March 9, 2017, in an interview on CNBC's Squawk Box, Pruitt stated that he "would not agree that" carbon dioxide is "a primary contributor to the global warming that we see" backing up his claim by stating that "measuring with precision human activity on the climate is something very challenging to do and there's tremendous disagreement about the degree of impact." [SUPPORTS]
- Scott Pruitt: In March 2017, Pruitt said that he does not believe that human activities, specifically carbon dioxide emissions, are a primary contributor to climate change, a view which is in contradiction with the scientific consensus. [SUPPORTS]
- Scott Pruitt: "EPA chief Scott Pruitt says carbon dioxide is not a primary contributor to global warming". [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Climate scientist James Hansen: "we have until perhaps 50 years from now," or maybe a little longer "and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise."
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- James Hansen: Hansen concluded that global warming would be evident within the next few decades, and that it would result in temperatures at least as high as during the Eemian. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- James Hansen: George Monbiot reports "The IPCC predicts that sea levels could rise by as much as 59 centimetres (1.94 ft) this century. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft). [REFUTES]
Claim: Climate scientists have predicted global temperatures would increase more than one degree Celsius by 2020," but observed temperatures have been only half as high.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Antarctica: In February 2020, the region recorded the highest temperature of 18.3 degree Celsius which was a degree higher than the previous record of 17.5 degrees in March 2015. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change and agriculture: The Earth's average surface temperature has increased by 1.5 °F (0.83 °C) since 1880. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global issue: In the last 100 years, Earth's average surface temperature increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) with about two thirds of the increase occurring over just the last three decades. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Connie Mack "is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests."
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Chevron Corporation: In 2003, a class action lawsuit against Chevron was filed in Ecuadorian court for $28 billion by indigenous residents, who accused Texaco of making residents ill and damaging forests and rivers by discharging 18 billion US gallons (68,000,000 m3) of formation water into the Amazon rainforest without any environmental remediation. [SUPPORTS]
- Chevron Corporation: "Texaco faces $1bn lawsuit". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Chevron Corporation: "Chevron faces $10.6bn Brazil legal suit over oil spill". [SUPPORTS]
- Texaco: In 1993, several dozen tribal leaders and residents from the Ecuadoran Amazon filed a billion-dollar class-action lawsuit against Texaco, as a result of massive ecological pollution of the area and rivers around Texaco's Ecuadorian offshore drilling sites, causing toxic contamination of approximately 30,000 residents. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Water pollution: Surface water pollution includes pollution of rivers, lakes and oceans. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]