MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Extinction risk from global warming: "Recent Research Shows Human Activity Driving Earth Towards Global Extinction Event". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Environmental impacts include the extinction or relocation of many species as their ecosystems change, most immediately the environments of coral reefs, mountains, and the Arctic. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Rising temperatures push bees to their physiological limits, and could cause the extinction of bee populations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Habitat destruction: Rising global temperatures, caused by the greenhouse effect, contribute to habitat destruction, endangering various species, such as the polar bear. [SUPPORTS]
- Polar bear: "Bear hunting caught in global warming debate". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The sun has gone into ‘lockdown’ which could cause freezing weather, earthquakes and famine, say scientists
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Famine: The current consensus of the scientific community is that the aerosols and dust released into the upper atmosphere causes cooler temperatures by preventing the sun's energy from reaching the ground. [SUPPORTS]
- Weather: The Little Ice Age caused crop failures and famines in Europe. [SUPPORTS]
- Winter: The persistently cold, wet weather caused great hardship, was primarily responsible for the Great Famine of 1315–1317, and strongly contributed to the weakened immunity and malnutrition leading up to the Black Death (1348–1350). [SUPPORTS]
- Winter: The manifestation of the meteorological winter (freezing temperatures) in the northerly snow–prone latitudes is highly variable depending on elevation, position versus marine winds and the amount of precipitation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Winter: In many regions, winter is associated with snow and freezing temperatures. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The polar bear population has been growing.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Polar bear: "Ask the experts: Are polar bear populations increasing?". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar bear: The growth of the human population in the Eurasian Arctic in the 16th and 17th century, together with the advent of firearms and increasing trade, dramatically increased the harvest of polar bears. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar bear: The numbers taken grew rapidly in the 1960s, peaking around 1968 with a global total of 1,250 bears that year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar bear: In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient. [REFUTES]
- Polar bear: Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017. [REFUTES]
Claim: Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Atmosphere of Mars: CO2 in the mesosphere acts as a cooling agent by efficiently radiating heat into space. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Atmosphere of Mars: The higher concentration of CO2 in the Martian thermosphere may explain part of the discrepancy because of the cooling effects of CO2 in high altitude. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: This increase of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere has produced the current episode of global warming. [REFUTES]
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: The burning of long-buried fossil fuels releases CO 2 containing carbon of different isotopic ratios to those of living plants, enabling distinction between natural and human-caused contributions to CO 2 concentration. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: The beginning of human agriculture during the current Holocene epoch may have been strongly connected to the atmospheric CO 2 increase after the last ice age ended, a fertilization effect raising plant biomass growth and reducing stomatal conductance requirements for CO 2 intake, consequently reducing transpiration water losses and increasing water usage efficiency. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ocean acidification: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea: More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification. [REFUTES]
Claim: They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Most carbon dioxide from human activities is released from burning coal and other fossil fuels. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are: burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat. [SUPPORTS]
- Petroleum: When burned, petroleum releases carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Coral bleaching: These temperatures have caused the most severe and widespread coral bleaching ever recorded in the Great Barrier reef. [SUPPORTS]
- Great Barrier Reef: A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures. [SUPPORTS]
- Great Barrier Reef: The decline in the quality of water over the past 150 years (due to development) has contributed to coral bleaching, algal blooms, and pesticide pollution. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Great Barrier Reef: Other environmental pressures on the reef and its ecosystem include runoff, climate change accompanied by mass coral bleaching, dumping of dredging sludge and cyclic population outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns starfish. [SUPPORTS]
- Great Barrier Reef: Mass coral bleaching events due to elevated ocean temperatures occurred in the summers of 1998, 2002 and 2006, and coral bleaching is expected to become an annual occurrence. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Air pollution: An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem. [REFUTES]
- Global catastrophic risk: A global catastrophic risk is a hypothetical future event which could damage human well-being on a global scale, even endangering or destroying modern civilization. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global catastrophic risk: The report warned that the pollution crisis was exceeding "the envelope on the amount of pollution the Earth can carry" and “threatens the continuing survival of human societies”. [REFUTES]
- Global catastrophic risk: The present, unprecedented scale and speed of human movement make it more difficult than ever to contain an epidemic through local quarantines, and other sources of uncertainty and the evolving nature of the risk means natural pandemics may pose a realistic threat to human civilization. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global catastrophic risk: "Global pollution kills 9m a year and threatens 'survival of human societies'". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: At very high concentrations (100 times atmospheric concentration, or greater), carbon dioxide can be toxic to animal life, so raising the concentration to 10,000 ppm (1%) or higher for several hours will eliminate pests such as whiteflies and spider mites in a greenhouse. [REFUTES]
- Carbon dioxide: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Terraforming of Mars: Because its atmosphere consists mainly of CO 2, a known greenhouse gas, once Mars begins to heat, the CO 2 may help to keep thermal energy near the surface. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Terraforming of Mars: These gases are proposed for introduction because they generate a greenhouse effect thousands of times stronger than that of CO 2. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Sea level rise has been slow and a constant, pre-dating industrialization
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Russia: Under Stalin's leadership, the government launched a command economy, industrialization of the largely rural country, and collectivization of its agriculture. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century. [REFUTES]
- Sweden: Between 1870 and 1914, Sweden began developing the industrialised economy that exists today. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Earth about to enter 30-YEAR ‘Mini Ice Age’
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Earth: The last continental glaciation ended 10,000 years ago. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Little Ice Age: The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Little Ice Age: 15 (1): 1–30. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Little Ice Age: 23 February 1998. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Volcanoes Melting West Antarctic Glaciers, Not Global Warming
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Antarctica: The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate variability: This created a warming that later melted the ice and brought Earth's temperature back to equilibrium. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate variability: Previous interglacials such as the Eemian phase created temperatures higher than today, higher sea levels, and some partial melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Parinacota (volcano): The postulated period coincides with a global clustering of volcano collapse events; perhaps global warming occurring during this time when the last glacial maximum approached its end predisposed volcanoes to collapse. [SUPPORTS]
- Snowball Earth: Global warming associated with large accumulations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over millions of years, emitted primarily by volcanic activity, is the proposed trigger for melting a snowball Earth. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: the bushfires [in Australia] were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires: The 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires were a series of bushfires caused by lightning strikes on 6 December 2007 on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, resulting in the destruction of 95,000 hectares (230,000 acres) of national park and wilderness protection area. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Bushfires in Australia: Many fires are as a result of either deliberate arson or carelessness, however these fires normally happen in readily accessible areas and are rapidly brought under control. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Bushfires in Australia: Man-made events include arcing from overhead power lines, arson, accidental ignition in the course of agricultural clearing, grinding and welding activities, campfires, cigarettes and dropped matches, sparks from machinery, and controlled burn escapes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Bushfires in Australia: The fires would have been caused by both natural phenomenon and human hands. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Natural disaster: A summer heat wave in Victoria, Australia, created conditions which fuelled the massive bushfires in 2009. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon tax: CO 2 is a heat-trapping greenhouse gas which causes global warming, which damages the environment and human health. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum: Intrusions of hot magma into carbon-rich sediments may have triggered the degassing of isotopically light methane in sufficient volumes to cause global warming and the observed isotope anomaly. [SUPPORTS]
- Permian–Triassic extinction event: "Global Warming Led To Atmospheric Hydrogen Sulfide And Permian Extinction". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Permian–Triassic extinction event: The eruptions would also have emitted carbon dioxide, causing global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Permian–Triassic extinction event: The basalt lava erupted or intruded into carbonate rocks and into sediments that were in the process of forming large coal beds, both of which would have emitted large amounts of carbon dioxide, leading to stronger global warming after the dust and aerosols settled. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Fossil fuel: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Petroleum: The use of petroleum as fuel causes global warming and ocean acidification. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Wind power: Compared with other low carbon power sources, wind turbines have some of the lowest global warming potential per unit of electrical energy generated. [REFUTES]
- Wind power: Arrays of large turbines, known as wind farms, have become an increasingly important source of renewable energy and are used in many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Wind turbine: Over 1,500 tons of carbon dioxide per year can be eliminated by using a one-megawatt turbine instead of one megawatt of energy from a fossil fuel. [REFUTES]
Claim: Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Antarctic ice sheet: "The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level" (PDF). [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: There is a threshold in surface warming beyond which a partial or near-complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet occurs. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: The gravitational effects comes into play when a large ice sheet melts. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: "The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level". [REFUTES]
Claim: When the exact same group of 'experts' who claimed it was global cooling in 1977 now claim it's global warming you can easily see why I am skeptical
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate change denial: Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations ("urban heat island effect"). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change denial: Many such people prefer to call themselves skeptics and describe their position as climate change skepticism. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global cooling: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Richard Lindzen: He said, "A lot of my older colleagues are very skeptical on the global warming thing". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Richard Lindzen: John Wallace of the University of Washington agreed with Lindzen that progress in climate change science had been exaggerated, but said there are "relatively few scientists who are as skeptical of the whole thing as Dick [Lindzen] is". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Scientists studying Antarctica sea ice warn a rise in accumulation could spark the next ice age.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Antarctica: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic". [REFUTES]
- Ice age: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: According to research published in Nature Geoscience, human emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) will defer the next ice age. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: The release of water raised sea levels again, restoring the ingress of colder water from the Pacific with an accompanying shift to northern hemisphere ice accumulation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Based on changes of Antarctica's ice mass balance over millions of years, due to natural climate fluctuations, researchers concluded that the sea-ice acts as a barrier for warmer waters surrounding the continent. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Scientific consensus on climate change: This scientific opinion is expressed in synthesis reports, by scientific bodies of national or international standing, and by surveys of opinion among climate scientists. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: European Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2007 issued a formal declaration on climate change titled Let's Be Honest: Human activity is most likely responsible for climate warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Dennis Bray and Hans von Storch conducted a survey in August 2008 of 2058 climate scientists from 34 different countries. [SUPPORTS]
- Sustainability: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is an international synthesis by over 1000 of the world's leading biological scientists that analyzes the state of the Earth's ecosystems and provides summaries and guidelines for decision-makers. [SUPPORTS]
- Sustainability: It was signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries, what made it the letter with the most signatures of scientists in history In November 2019, more than 11,000 scientists from 153 countries published a letter in which they warn about big threats to sustainability from climate change if big changes in policies will not happen. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: 18 January 2019. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level: For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year. [REFUTES]
Claim: Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming controversy: According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Seventy-five of 77 believed that human activity is a significant factor in changing mean global temperatures. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: 7–10 "There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases. [REFUTES]
Claim: CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentrations lead to further acidification ... [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change adaptation: "Adaptation To Global Climate Change Is An Essential Response To A Warming Planet". [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: "Correction to "Control of fossil-fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter, possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming."". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: "Blaming cities for climate change? [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: A new statement, adopted by the society in 2003, revised in 2007, and revised and expanded in 2013, affirms that rising levels of greenhouse gases have caused and will continue to cause the global surface temperature to be warmer: Human activities are changing Earth's climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]