MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: "[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: "The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature". [REFUTES]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse effect: The presence of N2, CH4, and H2 in the atmosphere contribute to a greenhouse effect, increasing the surface temperature by 21K over the expected temperature of the body with no atmosphere. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health. [REFUTES]
Claim: In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Climate change denial: Play media Climate change denial, or global warming denial is denial, dismissal, or unwarranted doubt that contradicts the scientific consensus on climate change, including the extent to which it is caused by humans, its effects on nature and human society, or the potential of adaptation to global warming by human actions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change denial: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: "Robust findings" of the Synthesis report include: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- James Hansen: He argued that if the temperature rose 0.4 °C above the 1950–1980 mean for a few years, it would be the "smoking gun" pointing to human-caused global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- James Hansen: Hansen testified that "Global warming has reached a level such that we can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the greenhouse effect and observed warming...It is already happening now" and "The greenhouse effect has been detected and it is changing our climate now...We already reached the point where the greenhouse effect is important." [REFUTES]
Claim: The statement that so-called greenhouse gases,  especially CO2, contribute to near-surface atmospheric warming is in  glaring contradiction to well-known physical laws relating to gas and  vapour, as well as to general caloric theory.'
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- James Hansen: In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (CO 2) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74±0.18 °C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The changes in temperature have been associated with increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) and other GHGs in the atmosphere." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Correlation does not imply causation: Example 2 In other cases it may simply be unclear which is the cause and which is the effect. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hawthorne effect: [vague] Possible explanations for the Hawthorne effect include the impact of feedback and motivation towards the experimenter. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Network effect: [citation needed] Because of the positive feedback often associated with the network effect, system dynamics can be used as a modelling method to describe the phenomena. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Network effect: Just as positive network externalities (network effects) cause positive feedback and exponential growth, negative network externalities create negative feedback and exponential decay. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Positive feedback: When a change occurs in a system, positive feedback causes further change, in the same direction. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "Many people think the science of climate change is settled.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Climate change (general concept): The scientific consensus on climate change is "that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities", and it "is largely irreversible". [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change denial: Regrettably, this creates the impression that scientific opinion is evenly divided or completely unsettled" Begley 2007: "polls found that 64 percent of Americans thought there was 'a lot' of scientific disagreement on climate change; only one third thought planetary warming was "mainly caused by things people do." [REFUTES]
- Global warming controversy: Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community, such as human responsibility for global warming, remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay, dismiss or deny them—an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial. [REFUTES]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: "The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: A question that frequently arises in popular discussion is whether there is a scientific consensus on climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The geologic record provides us with abundant evidence for such perpetual natural climate variability, from icecaps reaching almost to the equator to none at all, even at the poles.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Mesozoic: Even with the overall warmth, temperature fluctuations should have been sufficient for the presence of polar ice caps and glaciers, but there is no evidence of either. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paleocene: Based on this and estimated plant-gas exchange rates and global surface temperatures, the climate sensitivity was calculated to be +3 °C when CO2 levels doubled, compared to 7° following the formation of ice at the poles. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paleocene: About 60.5 mya at the Danian/Selandian boundary, there is evidence of anoxia spreading out into coastal waters, and a drop in sea levels which is most likely explained as an increase in temperature and evaporation, as there was no ice at the poles to lock up water. [SUPPORTS]
- Paleocene: Warm coastal upwellings at the poles would have inhibited permanent ice cover. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Triassic: There is no evidence of glaciation at or near either pole; in fact, the polar regions were apparently moist and temperate, providing a climate suitable for forests and vertebrates, including reptiles. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The climate debate is, in reality, about a 1.6 watts per square metre or 0.5 per cent discrepancy in the poorly known planetary energy balance."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Emissions trading: There is no consensus over the magnitude of long-term carbon leakage. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- London: On average the price per square metre in central London is €24,252 (April 2014). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Percentage: In mathematics, a percentage (from Latin per centum "by a hundred") is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Percentage: ", as opposed to "per cent". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Watts Up With That?: Watts Up With That features material disputing the scientific consensus on climate change, including claims the human role in global warming is insignificant and carbon dioxide is not a driving force of warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Science: Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation. [SUPPORTS]
- Science: Theories vary in the extent to which they have been tested and verified, as well as their acceptance in the scientific community. [SUPPORTS]
- Science: For example, knowing the details of only a person's genetics, or their history and upbringing, or the current situation may not explain a behavior, but a deep understanding of all these variables combined can be very predictive. [SUPPORTS]
- Science: This realization is the topic of intersubjective verifiability, as recounted, for example, by Max Born (1949, 1965) Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance, who points out that all knowledge, including natural or social science, is also subjective. [SUPPORTS]
- Science: Aristotle maintained that man knows a thing scientifically "when he possesses a conviction arrived at in a certain way, and when the first principles on which that conviction rests are known to him with certainty". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years). [SUPPORTS]
- Global cooling: The paper suggested that the global warming due to greenhouse gases would tend to have less effect with greater densities, and while aerosol pollution could cause warming, it was likely that it would tend to have a cooling effect which increased with density. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- James Hansen: In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (CO 2) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74±0.18 °C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons. [REFUTES]
- James Hansen: He described this as a Faustian bargain because atmospheric aerosols had health risks, and should be reduced, but doing so would effectively increase the warming effects from CO 2. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change (general concept): The scientific consensus on climate change is "that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities", and it "is largely irreversible". [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: In principle, this means that any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report cannot be included. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: To inform decisions on adaptation and mitigation, it is critical that we improve our understanding of the global climate system and our ability to project future climate through continued and improved monitoring and research. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: They provide an analysis of what is known and not known, the degree of consensus, and some indication of the degree of confidence that can be placed on the various statements and conclusions." [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The statement stresses that the scientific understanding of climate change is now sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action, and explicitly endorsed the IPCC consensus. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: In the 11,400 years since the end of the last Ice Age, sea  level has risen at an average of 4 feet/century, though it is now rising  much more slowly because very nearly all of the land-based ice that is  at low enough latitudes and altitudes to melt has long since gone."
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Ice age: This low precipitation allows high-latitude snowfalls to melt during the summer. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: During the last glacial period the sea-level has fluctuated 20–30 m as water was sequestered, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: During the most recent North American glaciation, during the latter part of the Last Glacial Maximum (26,000 to 13,300 years ago), ice sheets extended to about 45th parallel north. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Last Glacial Period: As a result of melting ice, the land has continued to rise yearly in Scandinavia, mostly in northern Sweden and Finland where the land is rising at a rate of as much as 8–9 mm per year, or 1 meter in 100 years. [REFUTES]
- Sea level: For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Observed sea levels are actually tracking at the upper range of the IPCC projections.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm. [SUPPORTS]
- James Hansen: Rahmstorf and coauthors showed concern that sea levels are rising at the high range of the IPCC projections, and that this was due to thermal expansion and not from melting of the Greenland or Antarctic ice sheets. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: In its fifth assessment report (2013) the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated how much sea level is likely to rise in the 21st century based on different levels of greenhouse gas emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft). [SUPPORTS]
Claim: When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Sea level rise: Estimates on future contribution to sea level rise from Greenland range from 0.3 to 3 metres (1 to 10 ft), for the year 2100. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: In high emission scenario, it will be 34 cm by 2050 and 111 cm by 2100. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft). [SUPPORTS]
Claim: This small warming is  likely a result of the natural alterations in global ocean currents  which are driven by ocean salinity variations.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Sea level rise: Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea: This movement is slow and is driven by differences in density of the water caused by variations in salinity and temperature. [SUPPORTS]
- Shutdown of thermohaline circulation: However, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is driven by ocean temperature and salinity differences. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Thermohaline circulation: In the deep ocean, the predominant driving force is differences in density, caused by salinity and temperature variations (increasing salinity and lowering the temperature of a fluid both increase its density). [SUPPORTS]
- Thermohaline circulation: The thermohaline circulation is mainly driven by the formation of deep water masses in the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean caused by differences in temperature and salinity of the water. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Human kind has little or nothing to do with the recent temperature changes.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- An Inconvenient Truth: White House deputy press secretary Dana Perino stated that "The president noted in 2001 the increase in temperatures over the past 100 years and that the increase in greenhouse gases was due to a certain extent to human activity". [REFUTES]
- Climate change denial: According to these groups, there is natural variability that will abate over time, and human influences have little to do with it. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change denial: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ecology: Human-driven modifications to the planet's ecosystems (e.g., disturbance, biodiversity loss, agriculture) contributes to rising atmospheric greenhouse gas levels. [REFUTES]
- The Great Global Warming Swindle: Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and temperature change since 1940. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "The IPCC also made false predictions on the Amazon rain forests, referenced to a non peer-reviewed paper produced by an advocacy group working with the WWF.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: The source cited in the report for this claim is a non-peer reviewed policy paper published by International Institute for Sustainable Development, a Canadian think tank. [SUPPORTS]
- Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Former IPCC chairman Robert Watson said "Any such projection should be based on peer-reviewed literature from computer modelling of how agricultural yields would respond to climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Rather, it assesses published literature, including peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed sources. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Examples of non-peer-reviewed sources include model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: "Likely" means greater than 66% probability of being correct, based on expert judgement. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The IPCC has since acknowledged that the date is incorrect, while reaffirming that the conclusion in the final summary was robust. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The date of 2035 has been correctly quoted by the IPCC from the WWF report, which has misquoted its own source, an ICSI report "Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The National Research Council's report agreed that there were some statistical failings, but these had little effect on the graph, which was generally correct. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: In May 2010, Pachauri noted that the IPCC currently had no process for responding to errors or flaws once it issued a report. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Google Scholar: Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes most peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other scholarly literature, including court opinions and patents. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick controversy: He stated that MBH had given out their full data and descriptions of methods, and were not the only evidence in the IPCC TAR that recent temperatures were likely the warmest in 1,000 years; "a variety of independent lines of evidence, summarized in a number of peer-reviewed publications, were cited in support". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed sources (the "grey literature"), provided that they are of sufficient quality. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Retractions in academic publishing: In academic publishing, a retraction is a statement published in an academic journal stating that a peer-reviewed article previously published in the journal should be considered invalid as a source of knowledge. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific journal: Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: On a world scale coral reefs are in decline.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Conservation biology: Global assessments of coral reefs of the world continue to report drastic and rapid rates of decline. [SUPPORTS]
- Coral reef: "From despair to repair: Dramatic decline of Caribbean corals can be reversed". [SUPPORTS]
- Coral reef: According to the Caribbean Coral Reefs - Status Report 19702-2012, states that; stop overfishing especially fishes key to coral reef like parrotfish, coastal zone management that reduce human pressure on reef, (for example restricting coastal settlement, development and tourism) and control pollution specially sewage, may reduce coral decline or even reverse it. [SUPPORTS]
- Coral: In 1998, 16% of the world's reefs died as a result of increased water temperature. [SUPPORTS]
- Marine protected area: Coral reef systems have been in decline worldwide. [SUPPORTS]