MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: In contrast to East Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula, temperatures on West Antarctica have increased significantly with a trend between 0.08 °C (0.14 °F) per decade and 0.96 °C (1.7 °F) per decade between 1976 and 2012. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: However the warming trend is slower than most climate models have forecast
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global cooling: The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global cooling: When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that "CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Scientists can then run these scenarios through physical climate models to generate climate change projections. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity. [REFUTES]
- James Hansen: They showed that the climate system may be responding faster than the models indicate. [REFUTES]
Claim: In 1990 the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that temperatures would rise by 0.54F (0.3C) per decade.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming controversy: Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: They predict that under a "business as usual" (BAU) scenario, global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 °C per decade during the [21st] century. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The projections apply to the end of the 21st century (2090–99), relative to temperatures at the end of the 20th century (1980–99). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: In the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report the increase in CO2 was estimated to be responsible for 1.82 W·m2 of the 2.63 W·m2 change in radiative forcing on Earth (about 70%). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century". [SUPPORTS]
- IPCC Fifth Assessment Report: This ocean warming accounts, with high confidence, for 90% of the energy accumulation between 1971 and 2010. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: In its fifth assessment report (2013) the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated how much sea level is likely to rise in the 21st century based on different levels of greenhouse gas emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Portable Network Graphics: If lowercase, the chunk may be safely copied regardless of the extent of modifications to the file. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Rise of the Olympian: She also pointed out that Themyscira plays a role, and from after what happened in Amazons Attack!, the Amazons themselves are going to return. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Rise of the Ottoman Empire: Depopulation resulting from the plague was thus almost certainly a major factor in the success of early Ottoman expansion into the Balkans, and contributed to the weakening of the Byzantine Empire and the depopulation of Constantinople. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Rise of the Planet of the Apes: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone noted that the film has mixed "twists lifted from 1972's Conquest of the Planet of the Apes and 1999's Deep Blue Sea". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Rise of the Planet of the Apes: In a 2009 interview, Wyatt said, "We've incorporated elements from Conquest of the Planet of the Apes, in terms of how the apes begin to revolt, but this is primarily a prequel to the 1968 film...Caesar is a revolutionary figure who will be talked about by his fellow apes for centuries...This is just the first step in the evolution of the apes, and there's a lot more stories to tell after this. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: Concentrations of CO 2 in the atmosphere were as high as 4,000 parts per million (ppm, on a molar basis) during the Cambrian period about 500 million years ago to as low as 180 ppm during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: Reconstructed temperature records for the last 420 million years indicate that atmospheric CO 2 concentrations peaked at ~2000 ppm during the Devonian (∼400 Myrs ago) period, and again in the Triassic (220–200 Myrs ago) period. [REFUTES]
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Eocene: The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20 °C in the winter months. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Greenhouse gas: The most common gases in Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and argon (0.9%). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The next most common gases are carbon dioxide (0.04%), nitrous oxide, methane, and ozone. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: For example, methane and carbon monoxide (CO) are oxidized to give carbon dioxide (and methane oxidation also produces water vapor). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The burning of coal, natural gas, and oil for electricity and heat is the largest single source of global greenhouse gas emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: CO2 is not powerful in that sense, the only thing it does in the system is make the planet greener.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Captain Planet and the Planeteers: Captain Pollution is weakened when he is in contact with pure elements such as clean water or sunlight, while he gains power from contact with pollutants, being able to absorb pollutant and emit radioactive rays (and is later shown to gain limitless power when in contact with pollutants after his resurrection). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- City: Big cities were created as power images of a competitive society, conscious of its achievement potential. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- City: But it is not a socialized collectivity of labor and it lacks significant power to disrupt or seize the means of production. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Marvel Universe: The Phoenix Force is a force of incredible power. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Orbital ring: This ring effectively provides near unlimited power to earth. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change denial: "Dirty Money, Oil Companies and Special Interests Spend Millions to Oppose Climate Legislation". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change denial: Several large corporations within the fossil fuel industry provide significant funding for attempts to mislead the public about the trustworthiness of climate science. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change denial: The coalition was financed by large corporations and trade groups from the oil, coal and auto industries. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change denial: During the 1990s, the tobacco campaign died away, and TASSC began taking funding from oil companies including Exxon. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change denial: The New York Times and others reported in 2015 that oil companies knew that burning oil and gas could cause climate change and global warming since the 1970s but nonetheless funded deniers for years. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Little Ice Age: The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Medieval Warm Period: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Medieval Warm Period: The warm period became known as the Medieval Warm Period, and the cold period was called the Little Ice Age (LIA). [SUPPORTS]
- Medieval Warm Period: "The Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age in the eastern Ecuadorian Andes". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Medieval Warm Period: The period was followed by a cooler period in the North Atlantic and elsewhere termed the Little Ice Age. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Medieval Warm Period: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250. [SUPPORTS]
- Medieval Warm Period: 1250, during the European Middle Ages. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Medieval Warm Period: Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that the Earth may have been slightly cooler globally (by 0.03 °C) than in the early and mid-20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Medieval Warm Period: study found warmth exceeding 1961–1990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990–2010 period. [SUPPORTS]
- Medieval Warm Period: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Eocene: The cause of the warming is considered to be primarily due to carbon dioxide increases, because carbon isotope signatures rule out major methane release during this short term warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: This is due to carbon dioxide's very long lifetime in the atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: In 2009, further evidence was provided that changes in solar insolation provide the initial trigger for the earth to warm after an Ice Age, with secondary factors like increases in greenhouse gases accounting for the magnitude of the change. [SUPPORTS]
- Ice age: There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat. [SUPPORTS]
- Mars ocean hypothesis: Despite a weak early Sun, the greenhouse effect from a thick carbon dioxide atmosphere, if bolstered with small amounts of methane or insulating effects of carbon-dioxide-ice clouds, would have been sufficient to warm the mean surface temperature to a value above the freezing point of water. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: in 1995 one scientist at the IPCC – Jonathan Overpeck – wrote an email to a colleague claiming ‘we have to get rid of the Medieval Warm Period.’
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Hockey stick controversy: This was the basis of a "schematic diagram" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Medieval Warm Period: However, that view was questioned by other researchers; the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 discussed the "Medieval Warm Period around 1000 AD (which may not have been global) and the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Soon and Baliunas controversy: The IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR) of 1996 featured a graph of an early northern hemisphere reconstruction by Raymond S. Bradley and Phil Jones, and noted the 1994 reconstruction by Hughes and Henry F. Diaz questioning how widespread the Medieval Warm Period had been at any one time. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Temperature record of the past 1000 years: This was the basis of a "schematic diagram" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Temperature record of the past 1000 years: When the IPCC TAR was still in draft, Fred Singer held a press event saying "We don't accept this" with Wibjörn Karlén who alleged that MBH99 showed neither a Medieval Warm Period nor a Little Ice Age, an inaccurate claim echoed soon afterwards by John Lawrence Daly. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climatic Research Unit documents: He said that there was nothing "hidden or inappropriate" about it, and that his method of combining proxy data had been corroborated by numerous statistical tests and matched thermometer readings taken over the past 150 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick controversy: Mann said, "Ten years ago, the availability of data became quite sparse by the time you got back to 1,000 AD, and what we had then was weighted towards tree-ring data; but now you can go back 1,300 years without using tree-ring data at all and still get a verifiable conclusion." [SUPPORTS]
- Hockey stick graph: Using various high-resolution proxies including tree rings, ice cores and sediments, Mann and Jones published reconstructions in August 2003 which indicated that "late 20th century warmth is unprecedented for at least roughly the past two millennia for the Northern Hemisphere. [SUPPORTS]
- Hockey stick graph: published on 10 February 2005 used a wavelet transform technique to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures over the last 2,000 years, combining low-resolution proxy data such as lake and ocean sediments for century-scale or longer changes, with tree ring proxies only used for annual to decadal resolution. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick graph: Archives of climate proxies were developed: in 1993 Raymond S. Bradley and Phil Jones composited historical records, tree-rings and ice cores for the Northern Hemisphere from 1400 up to the 1970s to produce a decadal reconstruction. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The IPCC no longer includes the ‘Hockey stick’ chart in its reports.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Besides the Sixth Assessment Report, to be completed in 2022, the IPCC released the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C in October 2018, released an update to its 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories—the 2019 Refinement—in May 2019, and delivered two further special reports in 2019: the Special Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL), published online on 7 August, and the Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC), released on 25 September 2019. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report ("Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability"), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The third assessment report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" based on a 1999 paper by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been referred to as the "hockey stick graph". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Contrarian John Lawrence Daly featured a modified version of the IPCC 1990 schematic, which he mis-identified as appearing in the IPCC 1995 report, and argued that "Overturning its own previous view in the 1995 report, the IPCC presented the 'Hockey Stick' as the new orthodoxy with hardly an apology or explanation for the abrupt U-turn since its 1995 report". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The IPCC has published five comprehensive assessment reports reviewing the latest climate science, as well as a number of special reports on particular topics. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Yet a study published just this week, by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Bergen, Norway, found that the natural climate system can change abruptly, without the need for any external forces.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research: The Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research is a climate research centre in Bergen, Norway. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research: The centres key areas of research is natural variability in the Earth system and man-made climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research: Asgeir Sorteberg in the Special Report on managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaption (SREX). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenland: Analysis of the layering and chemical composition of the cores has provided a revolutionary new record of climate change in the Northern Hemisphere going back about 100,000 years and illustrated that the world's weather and temperature have often shifted rapidly from one seemingly stable state to another, with worldwide consequences. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- List of climate scientists: He has provided evidence that large, abrupt global climate changes have occurred repeatedly in the Earth’s history and has contributed to our understanding of the driving mechanisms of these changes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: Another line of evidence against the sun having caused recent climate change comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [REFUTES]
- Global warming controversy: Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that "changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system", and concluded that "increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century". [REFUTES]
Claim: The melting ice has led to global sea level rise of around eight inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Greenland ice sheet: The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: "The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]