MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: Globally averaged thermometers show two periods of warming since 1900: a half-degree from natural causes in the first half of the 20th century, before there was an increase in industrial carbon dioxide that was enough to produce it, and another half-degree in the last quarter of the century.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- 20th century: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 20th century: One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Instrumental temperature record: The sea record consists of surface ships taking sea temperature measurements from engine inlets or buckets. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level: It varies globally in a range of ± 2 m. Historically, adjustments were made to sea-level measurements to take into account the effects of the 235 lunar month Metonic cycle and the 223-month eclipse cycle on the tides. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea surface temperature: The first automated technique for determining SST was accomplished by measuring the temperature of water in the intake port of large ships, which was underway by 1963. [SUPPORTS]
- Weather buoy: Both moored buoys and drifting buoys (drifting in the open ocean currents) are used. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Weather station: Weather conditions out at sea are taken by ships and buoys, which measure slightly different meteorological quantities such as sea surface temperature (SST), wave height, and wave period. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: But each serial adjustment has tended to make the early years colder, which increases the warming trend.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global cooling: The RSS satellite temperature record showed a slight cooling trend, but the UAH satellite temperature record showed a slight warming trend. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global cooling: The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Climate change adaptation is "the adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Because the climate system has large thermal inertia, it can take centuries for the climate to fully adjust. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Australian residential architectural styles: Darker colours were originally used but, as the years went by, new brighter paint served as a welcoming change to open up the spaces and brighten up the homes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- City: For example, within the urban microclimate, less-vegetated poor neighborhoods bear more of the heat (but have fewer means of coping with it). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth shelter: Earth houses can be built using wide glass façades and dome-lights, allowing rooms to become bright and suffused with light. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Homelessness: The built environment in urban areas also contributes to the "heat island effect", the phenomenon whereby cities experience higher temperatures due to the predominance of dark, paved surfaces and lack of vegetation. [SUPPORTS]
- Homelessness: Acute conditions such as sunburn, dehydration, heat stroke and allergic reactions are also common. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- 2014 in science: Globally, June 2014 was the hottest June since records began in 1880, according to latest data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). [REFUTES]
- 2015 in science: 20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA. [REFUTES]
- Heat wave: June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Heat wave: "June was hottest ever recorded on Earth, European satellite agency announces". [SUPPORTS]
- List of weather records: According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is the highest recorded in Asia. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: temperatures were 6-10C above normal over most of France, Germany and northern Spain during the final days of the month, according to C3S.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Berlin: Temperatures can be 4 °C (7 °F) higher in the city than in the surrounding areas. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paris: Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures between 15 and 25 °C (59 and 77 °F), and a fair amount of sunshine. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Seville: The annual average temperature is 25.4 °C (78 °F) during the day and 13 °C (55 °F) at night. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Seville: Winters are mild: January is the coolest month, with average maximum temperatures of 16.0 °C (61 °F) and minimum of 5.7 °C (42 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Valencia: March is transitional, the temperature often exceeds 20 °C (68 °F), with an average temperature of 19.3 °C (66.7 °F) during the day and 10.0 °C (50.0 °F) at night. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Rapid assessment of average temperatures in France between 26-28 June showed a “substantial” increase in the likelihood of the heatwave happening as a result of human-caused global warming, experts at the World Weather Attribution group said.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: (2012) concluded that human activities had likely led to a warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures at the global scale. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Attribution of recent climate change: (2012) attributed the 2010 Moscow and 2011 Texas heat waves to human-induced global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Attribution of recent climate change: (2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change, industry and society: Heatwaves Hot days, hot nights and heatwaves have become more frequent. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Just as on land, heat waves in the ocean occur more due to climate change, with harmful effects found on a wide range of organisms such as corals, kelp, and seabirds. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves." [SUPPORTS]
Claim: While members of the media may nod along to such claims [about changes in weather extremes], the evidence paints a different story
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: As noted, clear and compelling scientific evidence supports the case for a pronounced human influence on global climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Attribution of recent climate change: One of the subjects discussed in the literature is whether or not extreme weather events can be attributed to human activities. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Attribution of recent climate change: They were, however, more confident over attributing changes in long-term trends of extreme weather. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change denial: Antilla 2005: "One problematic trend of the US media has been the suggestion that substantive disagreement exists within the international scientific community as to the reality of anthropogenic climate change; however, this concept is false…Although the science of climate change does not appear to be a prime news topic for most of the 255 newspapers included in this study…articles that framed climate change in terms of debate, controversy, or uncertainty were plentiful." [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: "The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: They state further that the "continuing reliance on combustion of fossil fuels as the world's primary source of energy will lead to much higher atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, which will, in turn, cause significant increases in surface temperature, sea level, ocean acidification, and their related consequences to the environment and society". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- El Niño–Southern Oscillation: The extremes of this climate pattern's oscillations cause extreme weather (such as floods and droughts) in many regions of the world. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Natural disaster: A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; examples are floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, storms, and other geologic processes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Health impacts of climate change include the direct impacts of extreme events such as storms, floods, heatwaves and fires and the indirect effects of longer-term changes, such as drought, changes to the food and water supply, resource conflicts and population shifts. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves." [REFUTES]
Claim: There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- 2008 Atlantic hurricane season: Widespread heavy rainfall contributed to significant inland flooding from Louisiana into Arkansas. [REFUTES]
- 2008 Atlantic hurricane season: Storm surge and heavy rainfall contributed to flooding, particularly in low-lying locales and across New Hampshire. [REFUTES]
- Atlantic hurricane: While the number of storms in the Atlantic has increased since 1995, there is no obvious global trend. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hurricane Agnes: The most significant effects, by far, occurred in Pennsylvania, mostly due to intense flooding. [REFUTES]
- North Carolina: North Carolina experiences severe weather in both summer and winter, with summer bringing threat of hurricanes, tropical storms, heavy rain, and flooding. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Nor is there evidence of an increase in floods globally.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming on human health: With the increase in temperatures worldwide due to climate change the increase in flooding is unavoidable. [REFUTES]
- Physical impacts of climate change: The increase in global freshwater flow, based on data from 1994 to 2006, was about 18%. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Widespread coastal flooding is expected with several degrees of warming sustained for millennia. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: Such impacts include increased coastal erosion, higher storm-surge flooding, inhibition of primary production processes, more extensive coastal inundation, changes in surface water quality and groundwater characteristics, increased loss of property and coastal habitats, increased flood risk and potential loss of life, loss of non-monetary cultural resources and values, impacts on agriculture and aquaculture through decline in soil and water quality, and loss of tourism, recreation, and transportation functions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Sea level rise causes an increase in frequency and magnitude of floodings in the city that already spent more than 6 billion$ on the flood barrier system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Since 1965, more parts of the U.S. have seen a decrease in flooding than have seen an increase.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming: More than 90 US coastal cities are already experiencing chronic flooding and that number is expected to double by 2030. [REFUTES]
- Effects of global warming: When this turns to rain, it tends to come in heavy downpours potentially leading to more floods. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: In the United States and many other parts of the world there has been a marked increase in intense rainfall events which have resulted in more severe flooding. [REFUTES]
- New York City: The driest year on record is 1965, with 26.09 inches (663 mm) of rainfall. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Vermont: According the Vermont state government, rainfall has significantly increased in the last 50 years, storms and flooding have increased, and winters have become warmer and shorter. [REFUTES]
Claim: And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Assam: According to the recent estimates, Assam's per capita GDP is ₹6,157 at constant prices (1993–94) and ₹10,198 at current prices; almost 40% lower than that in India. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Macau: Export-oriented manufacturing previously contributed to a much larger share of economic output, peaking at 36.9 per cent of GDP in 1985 and falling to less than 1 per cent in 2017. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Malaysia: Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with GDP growing an average 6.5 per cent annually from 1957 to 2005. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- United Kingdom: This compares to 0.3 per cent per year in the period 1991 to 2001 and 0.2 per cent in the decade 1981 to 1991. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Vietnam: In 1985, agriculture made up 37.2% of Vietnam's GDP; in 2008, that number had declined to 18.5%. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The bottom line is there’s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Physical impacts of climate change: “The bottom line is that things are not that complicated,” Dr. Knutti said. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Physical impacts of climate change: Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: This is especially true for smaller (seasonal and regional) scales and weather and climate extremes, and for important hydroclimatic variables such as precipitation and water availability. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise. [REFUTES]
Claim: This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Futures studies: "Wild cards" refer to low-probability and high-impact events, such as existential risks. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Human extinction: Nick Bostrom argues that it would be "misguided" to assume that the probability of near-term extinction is less than 25% and that it will be "a tall order" for the human race to "get our precautions sufficiently right the first time", given that an existential risk provides no opportunity to learn from failure. [SUPPORTS]
- Nick Bostrom: This principle states that we ought to retard the development of dangerous technologies, particularly ones that raise the level of existential risk, and accelerate the development of beneficial technologies, particularly those that protect against the existential risks posed by nature or by other technologies. [SUPPORTS]
- Risk: Measurement of uncertainty: A set of probabilities assigned to a set of possibilities. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Risk: The measure of uncertainty refers only to the probabilities assigned to outcomes, while the measure of risk requires both probabilities for outcomes and losses quantified for outcomes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Mind Meld: Mind Meld: Secrets Behind the Voyage of a Lifetime is a 2001 American documentary film in which actors William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy discuss the Star Trek science fiction franchise and its effects on their lives. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mind–body dualism: Naturalistic dualism comes from Australian philosopher, David Chalmers (born 1966) who argues there is an explanatory gap between objective and subjective experience that cannot be bridged by reductionism because consciousness is, at least, logically autonomous of the physical properties upon which it supervenes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mind–body dualism: Chalmers' argument is that it seems plausible that such a being could exist because all that is needed is that all and only the things that the physical sciences describe and observe about a human being must be true of the zombie. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Quantum mind: The quantum mind or quantum consciousness is a group of hypotheses which proposes that classical mechanics cannot explain consciousness. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Quantum mind: He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a radioactive atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Environmental sociology: They analyze the past 30 years of environmentalism and the different outcomes that the green movement has taken in different state contexts and cultures. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Future of Earth: Christopher Scotese and his colleagues have mapped out the predicted motions several hundred million years into the future as part of the Paleomap Project. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global catastrophic risk: The authors of this study believe that the mentioned agricultural crisis will begin to have an effect on the world after 2020, and will become critical after 2050. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global catastrophic risk: Those that are at least "trans-generational" (affecting all future generations) in scope and "terminal"[clarification needed] in intensity are classified as existential risks. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global issue: A global catastrophic risk is a hypothetical future event which could damage human well-being on a global scale, even crippling or destroying modern civilization. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]