MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves: The drought and heat wave combined to make wild fires inevitable. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 2014 California wildfires: In May 2014, a series of at least 20 wildfires broke out in San Diego County during severe Santa Ana Wind conditions, historic drought conditions, and a heat wave. [SUPPORTS]
- Extreme weather: Yet, recent abnormally intense storms, hurricanes, floods, heatwaves, droughts and associated large-scale wildfires have led to unprecendente negative ecological consequences for tropical forests and coral reefs around the world. [SUPPORTS]
- Heat wave: A heat wave, or heatwave, is a period of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity, especially in oceanic climate countries. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Heat wave: A heat wave is considered extreme weather that can be a natural disaster, and a danger because heat and sunlight may overheat the human body. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate of Asia: The monsoon accounts for 80% of the rainfall in India[citation needed]. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Desert: A desert is a region of land that is very dry because it receives low amounts of precipitation (usually in the form of rain, but it may be snow, mist or fog), often has little coverage by plants, and in which streams dry up unless they are supplied by water from outside the area. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Humid subtropical climate: Rainfall often shows a summer peak, especially where monsoons are well developed, as in Southeast Asia and South Asia. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Humid subtropical climate: Summer rainfall comes from the East Asian Monsoon and from frequent typhoons. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Monsoon: Over three-quarters of annual rainfall in Northern Australia falls during this time. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Bioterrorism: These high-priority agents pose a risk to national security, can be easily transmitted and disseminated, result in high mortality, have potential major public health impact, may cause public panic, or require special action for public health preparedness. [SUPPORTS]
- Influenza A virus: A pandemic, or worldwide outbreak of a new influenza virus, could dwarf this impact by overwhelming our health and medical capabilities, potentially resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions of hospitalizations, and hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and indirect costs. [SUPPORTS]
- National security: These include global environmental problems such as climate change due to global warming, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- National security: For example, Sweden's national security strategy of 2017 declared: "Wider security measures must also now encompass protection against epidemics and infectious diseases, combating terrorism and organised crime, ensuring safe transport and reliable food supplies, protecting against energy supply interruptions, countering devastating climate change, initiatives for peace and global development, and much more." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Pandemic: A pandemic is an epidemic occurring on a scale which crosses international boundaries, usually affecting a large number of people. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Cold War: The Soviets suppressed the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and later more escalating crises occurred, such as the Suez Crisis (1956), the Berlin Crisis of 1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, which was perhaps the closest the two sides came to nuclear war. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Cold War: The Cuban Missile Crisis (October–November 1962) brought the world closer to nuclear war than ever before. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- United Nations in popular culture: This led to rising international tensions over the coming decades and eventually to a global nuclear war in 2077, destroying civilization across the globe. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Vietnam War: It was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war, and the U.S. raised the readiness level of Strategic Air Command (SAC) forces to DEFCON 2. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Violence: War is fought as a means of resolving territorial and other conflicts, as war of aggression to conquer territory or loot resources, in national self-defence or liberation, or to suppress attempts of part of the nation to secede from it. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The most recent IPCC report lays out a future if we limit global heating to 1.5°C instead of the Paris Agreement’s 2°C.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Global warming: In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Meeting the Paris target of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) is possible but would require "deep emissions reductions", "rapid", "far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society". [REFUTES]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Deep reductions in non-CO2 emissions (such as nitrous oxide and methane) will also be required to limit warming to 1.5 °C. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Holding this rise to 1.5 °C avoids the worst effects of a rise by even 2 °C. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: By 2050 there’s a scientific consensus that we reached the tipping point for ice sheets in Greenland and the West Antarctic
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Sea level rise: A study published in 2017 concluded that Greenland's peripheral glaciers and ice caps crossed an irreversible tipping point around 1997, and will continue to melt. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: "A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tipping points in the climate system: For example, at some level of temperature rise the melt of a large part of the Greenland ice sheet and/or West Antarctic Ice Sheet will become inevitable; but the ice sheet itself may persist for many centuries. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tipping points in the climate system: A 2019 UNEP study indicates that now at least for the Arctic and the Greenland ice sheet a tipping point has already been reached. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Like countless other organ­isms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Human impact on the environment: Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes changes to biophysical environments and ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans, including global warming, environmental degradation (such as ocean acidification), mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological crisis, and ecological collapse. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Natural environment: Efforts have been increasingly focused on the mitigation of greenhouse gases that are causing climatic changes, on developing adaptative strategies to global warming, to assist humans, other animal, and plant species, ecosystems, regions and nations in adjusting to the effects of global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Natural environment: Although there is no universal agreement on the definition of life, scientists generally accept that the biological manifestation of life is characterized by organization, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli and reproduction. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Natural environment: In biology, the science of living organisms, "life" is the condition which distinguishes active organisms from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, functional activity and the continual change preceding death. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Natural environment: Living organisms undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, possess a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce and, through natural selection, adapt to their environment in successive generations. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: when 3 per cent of total annual global emissions of carbon dioxide are from humans and Australia prod­uces 1.3 per cent of this 3 per cent, then no amount of emissions reductio­n here will have any effect on global climate.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Agriculture: The 2011 UNEP Green Economy report states that "[a]agricultural operations, excluding land use changes, produce approximately 13 per cent of anthropogenic global GHG emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change mitigation: With a market share of 30% and (potentially) clean electricity, heat pumps could reduce global CO 2 emissions by 8% annually. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Other countries with fast growing emissions are South Korea, Iran, and Australia (which apart from the oil rich Persian Gulf states, now has the highest percapita emission rate in the world). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: whenever in the past there was an explosion of plant life, the carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Botany: The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the Ordovician and Silurian periods. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide: Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization. [REFUTES]
- Carbon dioxide: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Eocene: The end of the PETM was met with a very large sequestration of carbon dioxide into the forms of methane clathrate, coal, and crude oil at the bottom of the Arctic Ocean, that reduced the atmospheric carbon dioxide. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Eocene: A sharp increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide was observed with a maximum of 4000 ppm: the highest amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide detected during the Eocene. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Atmosphere of Earth: By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Atmosphere of Mars: It is primarily composed of carbon dioxide (95.32%), molecular nitrogen (2.6%) and argon (1.9%). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Atmosphere of Venus: The atmosphere of Venus is composed of 96.5% carbon dioxide, 3.5% nitrogen, and traces of other gases, most notably sulfur dioxide. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans. [REFUTES]
- Carbon dioxide: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles­ and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Earth: Tectonics and erosion, volcanic eruptions, flooding, weathering, glaciation, the growth of coral reefs, and meteorite impacts are among the processes that constantly reshape Earth's surface over geological time. [SUPPORTS]
- Earth: These dates change over time due to precession and other orbital factors, which follow cyclical patterns known as Milankovitch cycles. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: Between approximately 4.1 and 3.8 Bya, numerous asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment caused significant changes to the greater surface environment of the Moon and, by inference, to that of Earth. [SUPPORTS]
- Earth: High-latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every 40,000–100,000 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: [subsidies for wind and solar] add to emissions because coal-fired elec­tricity needs to be on standby for when there is no wind or sunshine.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Energy subsidy: Though in 2007 some suggested that a subsidy shift would help to level the playing field and support growing energy sectors, namely solar power, wind power, and bio-fuels., by 2017 those sources combined had yet to provide 10% of U.S. electricity, and intermittency forced utilities to remain reliant on oil, natural gas, and coal to meet baseload demand. [SUPPORTS]
- Energy subsidy: Because fossil fuels are a leading contributor to climate change through greenhouse gases, fossil fuel subsidies increase emissions and exacerbate climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Fossil fuel: Fossil fuel-fired electric power plants also emit carbon dioxide, which may contribute to climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Renewable energy commercialization: The Solar updraft tower (SUT) is a renewable-energy power plant for generating electricity from low temperature solar heat. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Renewable energy commercialization: Shifting these subsidies to the development of climate-benign energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power is the key to stabilizing the earth's climate." [REFUTES]
Claim: The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Net metering: The energy can be generated from a variety of renewable sources including solar, wind, and hydro. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Renewable energy: They found producing all new energy with wind power, solar power, and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Wind power: However, the estimated average cost per unit of electric power must incorporate the cost of construction of the turbine and transmission facilities, borrowed funds, return to investors (including cost of risk), estimated annual production, and other components, averaged over the projected useful life of the equipment, which may be in excess of twenty years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Zero-energy building: Energy is usually harvested onsite through energy producing technologies like solar and wind, while reducing the overall use of energy with highly efficient lightning and heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) technologies. [REFUTES]
- Zero-energy building: The production of goods under net zero fossil energy consumption requires locations of geothermal, microhydro, solar, and wind resources to sustain the concept. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electric­ity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Electrical grid: Electrical energy is stored during times when production (especially from intermittent power plants such as renewable electricity sources such as wind power, tidal power, solar power) exceeds consumption, and returned to the grid when production falls below consumption. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Electrical grid: In this way, a microgrid can effectively integrate various sources of distributed generation, especially renewable energy sources, and can supply emergency power, changing between island and connected modes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Smart grid: The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even without the addition of energy storage. [REFUTES]
- Smart grid: Smart grid technology is a necessary condition for very large amounts of renewable electricity on the grid for this reason. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Smart grid: While traditionally load balancing strategies have been designed to change consumers' consumption patterns to make demand more uniform, developments in energy storage and individual renewable energy generation have provided opportunities to devise balanced power grids without affecting consumers' behavior. [REFUTES]
Claim: Renew­ables such as wind turbines are environmentally disastrous because they pollute a huge land area, slice and dice birds and bats, kill insects that are bird food, create health problems for humans who live within kilometres of them, leave toxins around the turbine site and despoil the landscape.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Environmental impact of wind power: Fossil-fueled power plants, which wind turbines generally require to make up for their weather dependent intermittency, kill almost 20 times as many birds per gigawatt hour (GWh) of electricity according to Sovacool. [REFUTES]
- Human impact on the environment: These insects accumulate toxins in their exoskeletons and pass them on to insectivorous birds and bats. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Raptor conservation: Because they are opportunistic carnivores, birds of prey are at high risk of secondary poisoning by eating organisms that have been killed or debilitated by pesticides. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Wind turbine: Thousands of birds, including rare species, have been killed by the blades of wind turbines, though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Wind turbine: damaging Australia's Great Barrier Reef) and by water acidification from combustion monoxides. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: We have also been told the problem is DEFINITELY NOT a billions-year-old planet running through cycles where the temperature might fluctuate a bit.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Earth: Each layer has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Planetary habitability: The greater the eccentricity the greater the temperature fluctuation on a planet's surface. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Planetary habitability: If a day takes years, the temperature differential between the day and night side will be pronounced, and problems similar to those noted with extreme orbital eccentricity will come to the fore. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Planetary nebula: This may be explained by the presence of small temperature fluctuations within planetary nebulae. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Antarctica: The mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet as a whole is thought to be slightly positive (lowering sea level) or near to balance. [REFUTES]
- Antarctica: West Antarctica is covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Antarctica: East Antarctica is largely covered by the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- West Antarctic Ice Sheet: Play media The Western Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is the segment of the continental ice sheet that covers West (or Lesser) Antarctica, the portion of Antarctica on the side of the Transantarctic Mountains which lies in the Western Hemisphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- West Antarctica: It is separated from East Antarctica by the Transantarctic Mountains and is covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: a study that totally debunks the whole concept of man-made Global Warming
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: (2012) concluded that human activities had likely led to a warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures at the global scale. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Attribution of recent climate change: Global Change Research Program concluded that "[global] warming is unequivocal and primarily human-induced." [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: "Warming 'very likely' human-made". [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: "U.N. Report: Global Warming Man-Made, Basically Unstoppable". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming. [REFUTES]
Claim: nothing we can do to stop the Earth’s naturally occurring climate cycles.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Earth: High-latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every 40,000–100,000 years. [SUPPORTS]
- Ice age: Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods, during which there are no glaciers on the planet. [SUPPORTS]
- Ice age: The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun. [SUPPORTS]
- John D. Hamaker: The next ice age may be virtually upon us – a natural 100,000 year cycle which we are accelerating in many ways. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Natural environment: Shifting from meat-intensive diets to largely plant-based diets in order to help mitigate biodiversity loss and climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climatology: The study of contemporary climates incorporates meteorological data accumulated over many years, such as records of rainfall, temperature and atmospheric composition. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climatology: Climatology deals with the aggregate data that meteorology has collected. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climatology: As measuring technology changes over time, records of data cannot be compared directly. [SUPPORTS]
- Climatology: It uses monthly temperature and precipitation data. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- The Western Journal: In February 2019, The Western Journal published an article which alleged "Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation." [SUPPORTS]