MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: Consequently, CO2 levels at around 1,000 to 2,300 ppm were actually low enough to promote glaciation in the southern continent of Gondwana.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: Concentrations of CO 2 in the atmosphere were as high as 4,000 parts per million (ppm, on a molar basis) during the Cambrian period about 500 million years ago to as low as 180 ppm during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: Decreasing CO 2 concentration, with a tipping point of 600 ppm, was the primary agent forcing Antarctic glaciation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide content in fresh air (averaged between sea-level and 10 kPa level, i.e., about 30 km (19 mi) altitude) varies between 0.036% (360 ppm) and 0.041% (410 ppm), depending on the location. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Gondwana: However, strong evidence exists of glaciation during the Carboniferous to Permian time, especially in South Africa. [SUPPORTS]
- Supercontinent: During the late Ordovician (~458.4 Ma), the particular configuration of Gondwana may have allowed for glaciation and high CO2 levels to occur at the same time. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Since rock weathering reduces atmospheric CO2, this again reinforces the scientific fact that CO2 is a strong driver of climate.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate change denial: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change feedback: The primary driver of this is the ocean, which absorbs anthropogenic CO2 via the so-called solubility pump. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change feedback: With current global warming, weathering is increasing, demonstrating significant feedbacks between climate and Earth surface. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Clearly, other factors besides atmospheric carbon influence earth temperatures and global warming."
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon cycle: It is one of the most important determinants of the amount of carbon in the atmosphere, and thus of global temperatures. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate: Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: It is expected that most ecosystems will be affected by higher atmospheric CO2 levels and higher global temperatures. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change (general concept): Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena ...[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. [SUPPORTS]
- General circulation model: Any imbalance results in a change in temperature. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- General circulation model: These models project an upward trend in the surface temperature record, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher altitudes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Kiribati: However, if the increase in sea level occurs at a rate faster than coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain. [SUPPORTS]
- Maldives: More than 80 per cent of the country's land is composed of coral islands which rise less than one metre above sea level. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Maldives: As a result, the Maldives are at high risk of being submerged due to rising sea levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Micronesia: When the volcano sinks back down into the sea, the coral continues to grow, keeping the reef at or above water level. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tuvalu: Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: The first line of evidence is based on a physical understanding of how greenhouse gases trap heat, how the climate system responds to increases in greenhouse gases, and how other human and natural factors influence climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon sink: Presently, oceans are CO2 sinks, and represent the largest active carbon sink on Earth, absorbing more than a quarter of the carbon dioxide that humans put into the air. [SUPPORTS]
- Fossil fuel: It is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: The annual airborne fraction is the ratio of the atmospheric increase in a given year to that year's total emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: This increase has occurred despite the uptake of more than half of the emissions by various natural "sinks" involved in the carbon cycle. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: that atmospheric CO2 increase that we observe is a product of temperature  increase, and not the other way around, meaning it is a product of  natural variation...
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [REFUTES]
- Eocene: These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse effect: The result, however, is an increase in temperature in both cases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health. [REFUTES]
Claim: Once natural influences, in particular the impact of El Niño and La Niña, are removed from the recent termperature record, there is no evidence of a significant change in the human contribution to climate change.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Climate change (general concept): Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- El Niño: The ENSO cycle, including both El Niño and La Niña, causes global changes in temperature and rainfall. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: "...there has been no increase in the global average surface temperature for the past 16 years" (Judith Curry and David Rose)
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. [REFUTES]
- Paleocene: In the Paleocene, with a global average temperature of about 24–25 °C (75–77 °F), compared to 14 °C (57 °F) in more recent times, the Earth had a greenhouse climate without permanent ice sheets at the poles, like the preceding Mesozoic. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paleocene: The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paleocene: For comparison, the average global temperature for the period between 1951 and 1980 was 14 °C (57 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Antarctica: There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous. [SUPPORTS]
- Chlorofluorocarbon: "Ozone hole-forming chemical emissions increasing and mysterious source in East Asia may be responsible". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Cosmic ray: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Cosmic ray: "No, a new study does not show cosmic-rays are connected to global warming". [REFUTES]
- The Great Global Warming Swindle: The posited mechanism involves cosmic rays as well as heat from the sun aiding cloud formation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped."
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Deccan Traps: Data points to an average drop in temperature of about 2 °C (3.6 °F) in this period. [SUPPORTS]
- Eocene: These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean. [REFUTES]
- Sun: At the photosphere, the temperature has dropped to 5,700 K and the density to only 0.2 g/m3 (about 1/6,000 the density of air at sea level). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sun: Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures. [SUPPORTS]
- Tropical cyclone: All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Models and direct observations find that CFCs only contribute a fraction of the warming supplied by other greenhouse gases.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Chlorofluorocarbon: The strength of CFC absorption bands and the unique susceptibility of the atmosphere at wavelengths where CFCs (indeed all covalent fluorine compounds) absorb creates a “super” greenhouse effect from CFCs and other unreactive fluorine-containing gases such as perfluorocarbons, HFCs, HCFCs, bromofluorocarbons, SF6, and NF3. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The seven sources of CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion are (with percentage contributions for 2000–2004): Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (N 2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty, which came into force in 2005. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Although CFCs are greenhouse gases, they are regulated by the Montreal Protocol, which was motivated by CFCs' contribution to ozone depletion rather than by their contribution to global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: The report shows in detail the individual warming contributions (positive forcing) of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, halocarbons, other human warming factors, and the warming effects of changes in solar activity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Sea level rise: However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: There is the probability that the rise will be beyond 2 metres by 2100 in the high emission scenario, which will cause displacement of 187 million people. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: "The projections and results presented in several peer-reviewed publications provide evidence to support a physically plausible GMSL rise in the range of 2.0 meters (m) to 2.7 m, and recent results regarding Antarctic ice-sheet instability indicate that such outcomes may be more likely than previously thought." [SUPPORTS]
Claim: 'Another global warming myth comes crashing down.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Flying Spaghetti Monster: Henderson asserts that a decline in the number of pirates over the years is the cause of global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- James Delingpole: The conspiracy behind the Anthropogenic Global Warming myth (aka AGW; aka ManBearPig) has been suddenly, brutally and quite deliciously exposed", and "A contretemps with a Climate Bully who wonders whether I have a science degree. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- James Delingpole: Delingpole has engaged in climate change denialism; in 2009 he wrote of "The conspiracy behind the Anthropogenic Global Warming myth". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ozone depletion: Standard global warming theory predicts that the stratosphere will cool. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ozone depletion: Climate Change Myths and Realities. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: No warming since at least 1995, no melting glaciers and now no rising sea levels.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. [REFUTES]
- Greenland ice sheet: The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained. [REFUTES]
- Post-glacial rebound: Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%. [REFUTES]
Claim: The claim that 2.2 conventional jobs are destroyed   for  every new job created in the alternative energy industry is based on a study which relies on incorrect numbers, cherrypicked dates, faulty theory, flawed methodology, and is disproven by real-world examples.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Alternative medicine: However, reassessments found the study to have flawed methodology. [SUPPORTS]
- Economics: Economics has been subject to criticism that it relies on unrealistic, unverifiable, or highly simplified assumptions, in some cases because these assumptions simplify the proofs of desired conclusions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- History of economic thought: The Paul Samuelson's (1915–2009) Foundations of Economic Analysis published in 1947 was an attempt to show that mathematical methods could represent a core of testable economic theory. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- List of topics characterized as pseudoscience: "Vitalists claim to be scientific, but in fact they reject the scientific method with its basic postulates of cause and effect and of provability. [SUPPORTS]
- Minimum wage: Michael Anyadike-Danes and Wynne Godley argue, based on simulation results, that little of the empirical work done with the textbook model constitutes a potentially falsifiable theory, and consequently empirical evidence hardly exists for that model. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- California: As a result of the state's strong environmental movement, California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy goals in the United States, with a target for California to obtain a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- California: It would be possible to convert the total supply to 100% renewable energy, including heating, cooling and mobility, by 2050. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Spain: The strong economic growth helped the government to reduce the government debt as a percentage of GDP and Spain's high unemployment rate began to steadily decline. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Spain: What the programme failed to do, the sharp and prolonged economic crisis has done from 2010 to 2011 in that tens of thousands of immigrants have left the country due to lack of jobs. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- United States: It brought high unemployment (which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels), along with low consumer confidence, the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies, an escalating federal debt crisis, inflation, and rising petroleum and food prices. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]