MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: [T]he raw data, the actual thermometer data[...] shows that the US has been cooling for 80 to 90 years.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Hockey stick controversy: It said that "by 1300 it began to cool, and by 1400 we were well into the Little Ice Age. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick controversy: The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of −0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s "the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence". [REFUTES]
- Hockey stick controversy: He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979. [SUPPORTS]
- Hockey stick controversy: In fact, if one ignores the unusual El Nino year of 1998, one sees a cooling trend." [REFUTES]
- Hockey stick controversy: That's the data we've had for the past 150 years, which is quite consistent with the expectation that the climate is continuing to warm." [REFUTES]
Claim: Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Medieval Warm Period: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250. [SUPPORTS]
- Medieval Warm Period: 1250, during the European Middle Ages. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Medieval Warm Period: 1200 AD, and was followed by a decline of temperature levels till between c. 1500 and c. 1700 the coldest phase since the last ice age occurred." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Medieval Warm Period: It is thought that between c. 950 and c. 1100 was the Northern Hemisphere's warmest period since the Roman Warm Period. [SUPPORTS]
- Medieval Warm Period: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Global warming: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Patrick Michaels: In 2018, Michaels asserted on Fox News, "probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases." [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years. [REFUTES]
Claim: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming: "Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The 1720–1800 period is most suitable to be defined as preindustrial in physical terms ... [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- NASA: On January 14, 1958, NACA Director Hugh Dryden published "A National Research Program for Space Technology" stating: Play media It is of great urgency and importance to our country both from consideration of our prestige as a nation as well as military necessity that this challenge [Sputnik] be met by an energetic program of research and development for the conquest of space ... [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- NASA: ""2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Space Shuttle Challenger disaster: Tests and adjusted calculations later confirmed that the temperature of the joint was not substantially different from the ambient temperature. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Wind farm: The energy consumed to manufacture and transport the materials used to build a wind power plant is equal to the new energy produced by the plant within a few months. [REFUTES]
- Wind turbine: The energy harvested from the turbine will offset the installation cost, as well as provide virtually free energy for years. [REFUTES]
- Windmill: A windmill is a structure that converts wind power into rotational energy by means of vanes called sails or blades, specifically to mill grain (gristmills), but the term is also extended to windpumps, wind turbines and other applications. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Windmill: The spread of tower mills came with a growing economy that called for larger and more stable sources of power, though they were more expensive to build. [SUPPORTS]
- Windmill: A wind turbine is a windmill-like structure specifically developed to generate electricity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Beringia: During the LGM 22,000 YBP the average summer temperature was 3–5 °C (5–9 °F) degrees cooler than today, with variations of 2.9 °C (5.2 °F) degrees cooler on the Seward Peninsula to 7.5 °C (13.5 °F) cooler in the Yukon. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Holocene: "Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Holocene: This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Nordland: Research using sediment in lakes near the Okstind Glacier has shown that the summer climate in Nordland was up to 2.5 °C warmer 9,000 to 6,000 years ago, and then slowly cooled—it was 0.5 °C warmer 2,000 years before present (see Holocene climatic optimum.). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Sea level rise is not going to happen.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Sea level rise: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Over the 21st century, this is expected to rise, with glaciers contributing 7 to 24 cm (3 to 9 in) to global sea levels. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in). [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: This could mean rapid sea level rise of up to 19 mm (0.75 in) per year by the end of the century. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Cold weather to grip world as solar minimum to deepen, NASA says
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- NASA: Its statements concur with the global scientific consensus that the global climate is warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Solar minimum: Solar physicist Dean Pesnell of the Goddard Space Flight Center came to the following conclusion: "We're experiencing a very deep solar minimum." [SUPPORTS]
- Solar minimum: "NOAA Space Weather Scales Page Has Changed". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Solar minimum: "Deep Solar Minimum – NASA Science". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sun: The coolest layer of the Sun is a temperature minimum region extending to about 500 km above the photosphere, and has a temperature of about 4,100 K. This part of the Sun is cool enough to allow the existence of simple molecules such as carbon monoxide and water, which can be detected via their absorption spectra. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: [O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...]
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Begging the question: : 'Conception is defined as the beginning of life.']" [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Begging the question: Such preface is then followed with the question, as in: [...] personal letter delivery is at an all-time low... [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Narrative: Holstein, James A. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Question mark: Eats, Shoots & Leaves, 2003. p. 139. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Question mark: "), whereas in the English language orthography no space is allowed in front of the question mark (e.g. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming controversy: Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The science is clear, climate change is making extreme weather events, including tornadoes, worse.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming: The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves." [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise. [SUPPORTS]
- Weather: Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Burping cows are more damaging to the climate than all the cars on this planet.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate change mitigation: Many citizens of countries like the United States and Canada who drive personal cars often, see well over half of their climate change impact stemming from the emissions produced from their cars. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change mitigation: For richer people, emissions tend to be associated with things such as eating beef, cars, frequent flying, and home heating. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change mitigation: Most environmentally related taxes with implications for greenhouse gas emissions in OECD countries are levied on energy products and motor vehicles, rather than on CO2 emissions directly. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: The Moon may have dramatically affected the development of life by moderating the planet's climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: Our Changing Sun: The Role of Solar Nuclear Evolution and Magnetic Activity on Earth's Atmosphere and Climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: [S]unspot activity on the surface of our star has dropped to a new low.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Proxima Centauri: It has a regular activity cycle of starspots. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Star: This surface activity produces starspots, which are regions of strong magnetic fields and lower than normal surface temperatures. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Star: During the Maunder Minimum, for example, the Sun underwent a 70-year period with almost no sunspot activity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Star: Patches of the star's surface with a lower temperature and luminosity than average are known as starspots. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sun: At solar-cycle minimum, the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are relatively rare, and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The rate of warming according to the data is much slower than the models used by the IPCC
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: The observed increase in hurricane intensity is larger than climate models predict for the sea surface temperature changes we have experienced. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The ­atmospheric residency time of carbon dioxide is five years
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Five hundred million years ago the carbon dioxide concentration was 20 times greater than today, decreasing to 4–5 times during the Jurassic period and then slowly declining with a particularly swift reduction occurring 49 million years ago. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Eocene: "Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million years". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: As a result of this balance, the atmospheric mole fraction of carbon dioxide remained between 260 and 280 parts per million for the 10,000 years between the end of the last glacial maximum and the start of the industrial era. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The atmospheric lifetime of CO 2 is estimated of the order of 30–95 years. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: N2O has a mean atmospheric lifetime of 121 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum: This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Because different climate models have slightly different patterns of ocean heating, they do not agree fully on the predictions for the contribution of ocean heating on sea level rise. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Climate: Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases. [REFUTES]
Claim: NOAA has adjusted past temperatures to look colder than they were and recent temperatures to look warmer than they were.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming controversy: A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming hiatus: 'Our corrected data set says things have warmed up about 1.65 degrees Fahrenheit. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Instrumental temperature record: Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- La Niña: La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Apple Corps: We’ve got to put a stop to it in order to set a precedent. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Apple Corps: Lennon said, "It's a company we're setting up, involving records, films, and electronics, and – as a sideline – manufacturing or whatever. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- The Carpenters: Offering/Ticket to Ride (1969) Close to You (1970) Carpenters (1971) A Song for You (1972) Now & Then (1973) Horizon (1975) A Kind of Hush (1976) Passage (1977) Christmas Portrait (1978) Made in America (1981) Posthumous releases Voice of the Heart (1983) An Old-Fashioned Christmas (1984) Lovelines (1989) As Time Goes By (2004) Carpenters With The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (2018) Notes Even though they are referred to as "The Carpenters", their official name for authorized recordings and press material is simply "Carpenters". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- The Rolling Stones: I'm planning the next set of tours, so the answer is really, 'No, not really.'" [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- The Simpsons: The Simpson's sets a record by staying relevant". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Australia: "Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Australia: According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, "the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) above the long-term average". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Australia: Furthermore, 2014 was Australia's third warmest year since national temperature observations commenced in 1910. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Australia: January 2019 was the hottest month ever in Australia with average temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Australia: ], inflation has typically been 2–3% and the base interest rate 5–6%. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming: Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise. [SUPPORTS]
- Hurricane Harvey: "It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly". [SUPPORTS]
- Hurricane Harvey: The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms. [SUPPORTS]
- Hurricane Harvey: Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey. [SUPPORTS]
- Hurricane Harvey: "Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming". [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The IPCC provides an internationally accepted authority on climate change, producing reports that have the agreement of leading climate scientists and consensus from participating governments. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: "Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events". [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Joint Science Academies' statement, 2001: "The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]