MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Antarctica: However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice sheet: Around 90% of the Earth's ice mass is in Antarctica, which, if melted, would cause sea levels to rise by 58 meters. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11 ft). [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: The world's largest potential source of sea level rise is the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m (175 ft). [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: The lead scientist Eric Rignot told CNN: "melting is taking place in the most vulnerable parts of Antarctica ... parts that hold the potential for multiple meters of sea level rise in the coming century or two." [SUPPORTS]
Claim: an airplane is contributing to the emissions that put the frozen continent at risk.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Airplane: This enables the entire craft to contribute to lift generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Boeing: The airline industry is responsible for about 11% of greenhouse gases emitted by the U.S. transportation sector. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Boeing: Aviation's share of the greenhouse gas emissions is poised to grow, as air travel increases and ground vehicles use more alternative fuels like ethanol and biodiesel. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Boeing: Boeing estimates that biofuels could reduce flight-related greenhouse-gas emissions by 60 to 80%. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global catastrophic risk: In November 2017, a statement by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries indicated that increasing levels of greenhouse gases from use of fossil fuels, human population growth, deforestation, and overuse of land for agricultural production, particularly by farming ruminants for meat consumption, are trending in ways that forecast an increase in human misery over coming decades. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: If those emissions continue unchecked and the world is allowed to heat up enough, scientists have no doubt that large parts of Antarctica will melt into the sea.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Antarctica: As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Antarctica: As a result, the continental mass of the East Antarctic ice sheet is held at lower temperatures, and the peripheral areas of Antarctica, especially the Antarctic Peninsula, are subject to higher temperatures, which promote accelerated melting. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Antarctica: If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft). [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: Also, a report by the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research stated that around three million years ago, levels of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere were similar to today’s levels which increased temperature by two to three degrees Celsius and melted one third of Antarctica’s ice sheets. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: "The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Holocene: [citation needed] The Holocene climatic optimum (HCO) was a period of warming in which the global climate became warmer. [SUPPORTS]
- Holocene: This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: The last cold episode of the last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Sea level rise: There is a threshold in surface warming beyond which a partial or near-complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet occurs. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: The warming was sustained over a period of thousands of years and the magnitude of the rise in sea level implies a large contribution from the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tipping points in the climate system: Runaway climate change of 4–5 °C can make swathes of the planet around the equator uninhabitable, with sea levels up to 60 metres (197 ft) higher than they are today. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- West Antarctic Ice Sheet: In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: “Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Antarctica: However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice shelf: An ice shelf is a large floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice shelf: This new source of ice volume flows down from above sea level, displacing sea water and so contributing to sea level rise. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice shelf: That flow continually moves ice from the grounding line to the seaward front of the shelf. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ross Ice Shelf: The Ross Ice Shelf pushes out into the sea at between 1.5 and 3 m (5 and 10 ft) a day. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Sea level rise: A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11 ft). [SUPPORTS]
- West Antarctic Ice Sheet: It has been hypothesised that this disintegration could raise sea levels by approximately 3.3 metres (11 ft). [SUPPORTS]
- West Antarctic Ice Sheet: On 12 May 2014, it was announced that two teams of scientists said the long-feared collapse of the Ice Sheet had begun, kicking off what they say will be a centuries-long, "unstoppable" process that could raise sea levels by 1.2 to 3.6 metres (3.9 to 11.8 ft) They estimate that rapid drawdown of Thwaites Glacier will begin in 200 – 1000 years. [SUPPORTS]
- West Antarctic Ice Sheet: In 2016, improved computer modeling revealed that the breakup of glaciers could lead to a steep rise in sea levels much more quickly than previously projected. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- West Antarctic Ice Sheet: In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Arctic Ocean: Atlantic Water has the same salinity as Arctic Bottom Water but is much warmer (up to 3 °C). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic Ocean: In fact, this water mass is actually warmer than the surface water, and remains submerged only due to the role of salinity in density. [SUPPORTS]
- El Niño: The low-level surface trade winds, which normally blow from east to west along the equator, either weaken or start blowing from the other direction. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- El Niño: Within the Atlantic Ocean vertical wind shear is increased, which inhibits tropical cyclone genesis and intensification, by causing the westerly winds in the atmosphere to be stronger. [SUPPORTS]
- Southern Ocean: Strong westerly (eastward) winds blow around Antarctica, driving a significant flow of water northwards. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: We’re not sure because we don’t have enough data, for long enough, to separate signal from noise,” said Eric J. Steig, a scientist at the University of Washington who has studied temperature trends in Antarctica.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Antarctica cooling controversy: In a study released in 2009, historical weather station data was combined with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Antarctica cooling controversy: One of the paper's authors, Eric Steig of the University of Washington, stated "We now see warming is taking place on all seven of the earth’s continents in accord with what models predict as a response to greenhouse gases." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Antarctica: A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming in Antarctica: Research published in 2009 found that overall the continent had become warmer since the 1950s, a finding consistent with the influence of man-made climate change: "We can't pin it down, but it certainly is consistent with the influence of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels", said NASA scientist Drew Shindell, another study co-author. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “Recent computer forecasts suggest that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at a high level, parts of Antarctica could break up rapidly, causing the ocean to rise six feet or more by the end of this century.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Antarctica: If the sheet were to break down, ocean levels would rise by several metres in a relatively geologically short period of time, perhaps a matter of centuries. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11 ft). [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: ‘We could be decades too fast, or decades too slow,’said one of them, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Cambridge, Massachusetts: March 26, 1892. p. 11. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- University of Massachusetts Amherst: from year to year, made possible the new M.A.C. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- University of Massachusetts Amherst: Last of the ‘Big Four’ was President Henry H. Goodell—classicist, modern thinker, lover of literature and the arts, disciplinarian, sympathizer, self-forgetter. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- University of Massachusetts Amherst: August 28, 2012. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- University of Massachusetts Amherst: October 31, 2013. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: A number of later studies have concluded that a global sea level rise of 200 to 270 cm (6.6 to 8.9 ft) this century is "physically plausible". [SUPPORTS]
Claim: In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Emissions trading: These studies used mathematical models of several cities and their emission sources in order to compare the cost and effectiveness of various control strategies. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 4, in UNFCCC: Cancun 2010: "deep cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions are required according to science, and as documented in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, with a view to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions so as to hold the increase in global average temperature below 2 °C above preindustrial levels". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- University of Massachusetts Amherst: He and colleagues at the Political Economy Research Institute have developed a plan for national recovery that shows, for example, that investing in clean energy (wind power, solar, and biofuels) will create about three times as many good-paying jobs than conventional projects will, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on foreign oil. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Under the most ambitious scenarios, they found a strong likelihood that Antarctica would remain fairly stable.”
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Antarctica: The sheet has been of recent concern because of the small possibility of its collapse. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects. [REFUTES]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Pledges made as part of the Cancún Agreements are broadly consistent with cost-effective scenarios that give a "likely" chance (66-100% probability) of limiting global warming (in 2100) to below 3 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: (2007) stated that the SRES represented "a substantial advance from prior scenarios". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The Alaskan tundra is warming so quickly it has become a net emitter of carbon dioxide ahead of schedule, a new study finds
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Arctic: The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Coal: The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Fossil fuel power station: Fossil fueled power stations are major emitters of carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas which is a major contributor to global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: One potential source of abrupt climate change would be the rapid release of methane and carbon dioxide from permafrost, which would amplify global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Permafrost: Permafrost and clathrates degrade on warming, and thus, large releases of methane from these sources may arise as a result of global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Permafrost: It is thought that permafrost thawing could exacerbate global warming by releasing methane and other hydrocarbons, which are powerful greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Permafrost: It also contains gas hydrates in places, which are a "potential abundant source of energy" but may also destabilize as subsea permafrost warms and thaws, producing large amounts of methane gas, which is a potent greenhouse gas. [SUPPORTS]
- Permafrost: The consequence is thawing soil, which may be weaker, and release of methane, which contributes to an increased rate of global warming as part of a feedback loop. [SUPPORTS]
- Tundra: When the permafrost melts, it releases carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Data from NOAA’s Barrow Alaska station ‘indicate that October through December emissions of CO2 from surrounding tundra increased by 73 percent since 1975, supporting the view that rising temperatures have made Arctic ecosystems a net source of CO2.’”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The spread of land plants is thought to have reduced CO 2 concentrations during the late Devonian, and plant activities as both sources and sinks of CO 2 have since been important in providing stabilising feedbacks. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The seven sources of CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion are (with percentage contributions for 2000–2004): Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (N 2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty, which came into force in 2005. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Between the period 1970 to 2004, greenhouse gas emissions (measured in CO 2-equivalent) increased at an average rate of 1.6% per year, with CO 2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9% per year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Arctic Ocean: As recently as 55 million years ago, during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °C (50–68 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic: Another definition of the Arctic is the region where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10 °C (50 °F); the northernmost tree line roughly follows the isotherm at the boundary of this region. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic: Average winter temperatures can go as low as −40 °C (−40 °F), and the coldest recorded temperature is approximately −68 °C (−90 °F). [SUPPORTS]
- North Pole: It was estimated that the temperature at the North Pole was between 30 and 35 °F (−1 and 2 °C) during the storm. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- North Pole: The highest temperature yet recorded is 13 °C (55 °F), much warmer than the South Pole's record high of only −12.3 °C (9.9 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900). [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Global warming in this case was indicated by an increase of 0.75 degrees in average global temperatures over the last 100 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years. [REFUTES]