MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate change denial: Between 1989 and 2002 the Global Climate Coalition, a group of mainly United States businesses, used aggressive lobbying and public relations tactics to oppose action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fight the Kyoto Protocol. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change denial: Their stories prominently reported how the world's leading climate scientists declared that atmospheric changes were already causing harm, and might cause much more; the scientists called for vigorous government action to restrict greenhouse gases." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change denial: "Conservative groups spend up to $1bn a year to fight action on climate change". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Fox News: Fox News has widely been described as a major platform for climate change denial. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: The British press also changed its coverage at the end of 1988, following a speech by Margaret Thatcher to the Royal Society advocating action against human-induced climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Coronal cloud: By this point, the sunspots are all but gone. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Maunder Minimum: The Maunder Minimum, also known as the "prolonged sunspot minimum", is the name used for the period around 1645 to 1715 during which sunspots became exceedingly rare, as was then noted by solar observers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Maunder Minimum: In total, there seem to have been 18 periods of sunspot minima in the last 8,000 years, and studies indicate that the Sun currently spends up to a quarter of its time in these minima. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sun: At a typical solar minimum, few sunspots are visible, and occasionally none can be seen at all. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sun: At solar-cycle minimum, the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are relatively rare, and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Latest IPCC Reports (AR5) have shown global mean temperature forecasts from the 2005 IPCC report exceeded actual readings.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming: The IPCC's Fifth Report, released in 2014, states that relative to the average from year 1850 to 1900, global surface temperature change by the end of the 21st century is likely to exceed 1.5 °C and may well exceed 2 °C for all RCP scenarios except RCP2.6. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- IPCC Fifth Assessment Report: The global surface temperature increase by the end of the 21st century is likely to exceed 1.5 °C relative to the 1850 to 1900 period for most scenarios, and is likely to exceed 2.0 °C for many scenarios The global water cycle will change, with increases in disparity between wet and dry regions, as well as wet and dry seasons, with some regional exceptions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- IPCC Fifth Assessment Report: Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios. [REFUTES]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability. [REFUTES]
- Kyoto Protocol: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) have produced a range of projections of what the future increase in global mean temperature might be. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: These data have iconic status in climate change science as evidence of the effect of human activities on the chemical composition of the global atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: Climate scientists, especially in the United States, have reported government and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data, with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850–1900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The target is to show the extent of danger to humanity, create awareness in public that will lead to solutions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The rate of renewable energy installations in the EU in 2018 was less than half the maximum level achieved in 2010.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Energy policy of the European Union: Although there is significant variation in national targets, the average is that 22% of electricity should be generated by renewables by 2010 (compared to 13,9% in 1997). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Energy policy of the European Union: The European Commission has proposed in its Renewable Energy Roadmap21 a binding target of increasing the level of renewable energy in the EU's overall mix from less than 7% today to 20% by 2020. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Energy policy of the European Union: In January 2014, the EU agreed to a 40% emissions reduction by 2030, compared to 1990 levels, and a 27% renewable energy target, which is expected to provide 70,000 full-time jobs and cut €33bn in fossil fuel imports. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Renewable energy in the European Union: Installed Wind power capacity in the European Union totalled 93,957 megawatts (MW) in 2011, enough to supply 6.3% of the EU's electricity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Renewable energy: Several other countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration, such as 21% of stationary electricity production in Denmark, 18% in Portugal, 16% in Spain, and 14% in Ireland in 2010 and have since continued to expand their installed capacity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- 2019–20 Australian bushfire season: Although Australia has naturally experienced high rainfall variability and hot summers for millennia, the country has experienced an increase of nearly 1.0 °C (1.8 °F) in average annual temperatures since 1900, decreases in average rainfall in southeastern Australia since 1990, with the country's worst recorded droughts occurring within the 21st century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Bushfires in Australia: Australia's climate has warmed by more than one degree Celsius over the past century, causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves and droughts. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming on human health: Climate change leads to a warmer ground temperature and its effects include earlier snowmelt dates, drier than expected vegetation, increased number of potential fire days, increased occurrence of summer droughts, and a prolonged dry season. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- El Niño–Southern Oscillation: El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate change mitigation: The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty that has successfully reduced emissions of ozone-depleting substances (for example, CFCs), which are also greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Emissions trading: The international community began the long process towards building effective international and domestic measures to tackle GHG emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride) in response to the increasing assertions that global warming is happening due to man-made emissions and the uncertainty over its likely consequences. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Kyoto Protocol: This led to a massive contraction of their heavy industry-based economies, with associated reductions in their fossil fuel consumption and emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Kyoto Protocol: The 2010 Cancún agreements include voluntary pledges made by 76 developed and developing countries to control their emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paris Agreement: The agreement stated that it would enter into force (and thus become fully effective) only if 55 countries that produce at least 55% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions (according to a list produced in 2015) ratify, accept, approve or accede to the agreement. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Hydrology: Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as environmental preservation, natural disasters, and water management. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Meta-analysis: Conceptually, a meta-analysis uses a statistical approach to combine the results from multiple studies in an effort to increase power (over individual studies), improve estimates of the size of the effect and/or to resolve uncertainty when reports disagree. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Reliability engineering: To derive these requirements in an effective manner, a systems engineering-based risk assessment and mitigation logic should be used. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Reliability engineering: Determine the best mitigation and get agreement on final, acceptable risk levels, possibly based on cost/benefit analysis. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sociology: For example, an influential recent work in the field relies on statistical analyses to argue that the increase in incarceration in the US over the last 30 years is due to changes in law and policing and not to an increase in crime; and that this increase has significantly contributed to the persistence of racial stratification. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Greenhouse gas: (2007) concluded that unless energy policies changed substantially, the world would continue to depend on fossil fuels until 2025–2030. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Projections suggest that more than 80% of the world's energy will come from fossil fuels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Natural gas: While the lifetime of atmospheric methane is relatively short when compared to carbon dioxide, with a half-life of about 7 years, it is more efficient at trapping heat in the atmosphere, so that a given quantity of methane has 84 times the global-warming potential of carbon dioxide over a 20-year period and 28 times over a 100-year period. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ozone depletion: Recent research (primarily since the Montreal Protocol) shows that many humans have less than optimal vitamin D levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [REFUTES]
- Carbon dioxide: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide. [REFUTES]
- Fred Singer: Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise. [SUPPORTS]
- Fred Singer: Singer argues there is no evidence that the increases in carbon dioxide produced by humans cause global warming, and that if temperatures do rise it will be good for humankind. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [REFUTES]
Claim: CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section "Structure and bonding" above). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Fossil fuel: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Water vapor: Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The Millennium Drought starting in 1997 and ending in 2010 was misinterpreted as a long term trend as a consequence of Climate Change.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change (general concept): Climate change occurs when changes in Earth's climate system result in new weather patterns that remain in place for an extended period of time. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change adaptation: Much adaptation takes place in relation to short-term climate variability, however this may cause maladaptation to longer-term climatic trends. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change in Australia: He says that the drought in Australia is already 8 years long. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Drought: The long Australian Millennial drought broke in 2010. [SUPPORTS]
- Physical impacts of climate change: In addition, many areas are experiencing higher than normal droughts. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as "ocean acidification." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbonic acid: It has been estimated that the extra dissolved carbon dioxide has caused the ocean's average surface pH to shift by about −0.1 unit from pre-industrial levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- PH: It plays an important role in the ocean's carbon cycle, and there is evidence of ongoing ocean acidification caused by carbon dioxide emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Snowball Earth: Firstly, the high carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere would cause the oceans to become acidic, and dissolve any carbonates contained within—starkly at odds with the deposition of cap carbonates. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [REFUTES]
- Climate sensitivity: Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global cooling: By the 1970s, scientists were becoming increasingly aware that estimates of global temperatures showed cooling since 1945, as well as the possibility of large scale warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global cooling: The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Over the past one million years climate cycles ranging from Ice Ages to warmer periods have been caused by changing levels of energy from the sun, planetary alignments and ocean currents.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate: Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major ice ages. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate: Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the continents, variations in the Earth's orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate: Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods, during which there are no glaciers on the planet. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Atmospheric methane: The cause of the 1998 spike is unresolved, but scientists are currently attributing it to a combination of increased wetland and rice field emissions as well as an increased amount of biomass burning. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Atmospheric methane: In accordance with the IPCC and other natural gas emissions control groups, measurements had to be taken throughout the pipeline to measure methane emissions from technological discharges and leaks at the pipeline fittings and vents. [SUPPORTS]
- Atmospheric methane: Although the majority of the natural gas leaks were carbon dioxide, a significant amount of methane was also being consistently released from the pipeline as a result of leaks and breakdowns. [SUPPORTS]
- Holocene extinction: The correlation between the decrease of CO2 in the Pleistocene and the increase of it during the Holocene implies that the causation of this spark of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere was the growth of human agriculture during the Holocene such as the anthropogenic expansion of (human) land use and irrigation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Methane: Methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 34 compared to CO2 (potential of 1) over a 100-year period, and 72 over a 20-year period. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- La Niña: "Linear trends in sea surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean and implications for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- La Niña: "Contrasting the termination of moderate and extreme El Niño events in coupled general circulation models". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- La Niña: La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Methane: The Curiosity rover has documented seasonal fluctuations of atmospheric methane levels on Mars. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Methane: These fluctuations peaked at the end of the Martian summer at 0.6 parts per billion. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- 2006 North American heat wave: The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Heat wave: Also more than 2,000 people died in Karachi, Pakistan in June 2015 due to a severe heat wave with temperatures as high as 49 °C (120 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Heat wave: In every society, crime rates go up when temperatures go up, particularly violent crimes such as assault, murder, and rape. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Heat wave: "The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Heat wave: Severe heat waves have caused catastrophic crop failures, thousands of deaths from hyperthermia, and widespread power outages due to increased use of air conditioning. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Global warming is causing more hurricanes and stronger hurricanes.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons are likely increasing. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hurricane Sandy: Their report also states that due to global warming the number of future hurricanes will "either decrease or remain essentially unchanged" overall, but the ones that do form will likely be stronger, with fiercer winds and heavier rains. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hurricane Sandy: As the temperature of the atmosphere increases, the capacity to hold water increases, leading to stronger storms and higher rainfall amounts. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves." [SUPPORTS]