MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: The amount of land we use for meat — humankind’s biggest use of land — has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Agriculture: As of 2010[update], 30% of Earth's ice- and water-free area was used for producing livestock, with the sector employing approximately 1.3 billion people. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Alaska: Alaska is the largest state in the United States by total area at 663,268 square miles (1,717,856 km2), over twice the size of Texas, the next largest state. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Human impact on the environment: Despite estimated losses of agricultural land, the amount of arable land used in crop production globally increased by about 9% from 1961 to 2012, and is estimated to have been 1.396 billion hectares in 2012. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Human overpopulation: The report asserts that expanding human land use for agriculture and overfishing are the main causes of this decline. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Meat: It is by far the biggest cause of land use, as it accounts for nearly 40% of the global land surface. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- France: As of 2009[update], French carbon dioxide emissions per capita were lower than that of China's. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling—in the thirty-year period from 1977 to 2007, the carbon emissions associated with a 200-mile journey fell by 21 percent; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent, whereas journey times have fallen by around a third. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: Within the G8 group of countries, it is most significant for the UK, France and Germany. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: On the other hand, annual per capita emissions of the EU-15 and the US are gradually decreasing over time. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: Emissions in Russia and Ukraine have decreased fastest since 1990 due to economic restructuring in these countries. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Avian influenza: In Vietnam policymakers, with the support of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), used HPAI control to accelerate the industrialization of livestock production for export by proposing to increase the portion of large-scale commercial farms and reducing the number of poultry keepers from 8 to 2 million by 2010. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Human overpopulation: Food production further increased with the industrial revolution as machinery, fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides were used to increase land under cultivation as well as crop yields. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intensive animal farming: Intensive animal farming or industrial livestock production, also known by its opponents as factory farming, is a type of intensive agriculture, specifically an approach to animal husbandry designed to maximize production, while minimizing costs. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intensive animal farming: There are many potential impacts on human health due to the modern cattle industrial agriculture system. [REFUTES]
- Intensive animal farming: This must be the way forward and we should end industrial agriculture in this country as well." [REFUTES]
Claim: As a result, half of the people surveyed around the world last year said they thought climate change would make humanity extinct.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change and ecosystems: (2007:788) concluded that a global mean temperature increase of around 4 °C (above the 1990-2000 level) by 2100 would lead to major extinctions around the globe. [SUPPORTS]
- Human overpopulation: "Biologists think 50% of species will be facing extinction by the end of the century". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: A 2016 survey found that two-thirds of AMS members think that all or most of climate change is caused by human activity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Catastrophic effects in 50–100 years would likely be observed according to 41%, while 44% thought the effects would be moderate and about 13 percent saw relatively little danger. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Among all respondents, 90% agreed that temperatures have risen compared to pre-1800 levels, and 82% agreed that humans significantly influence the global temperature. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: And in January, one out of five British children told pollsters they were having nightmares about climate change.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change denial: ISBN 978-1-4614-3640-9. belief that climate change is "real" and confidence in climate science has surprisingly decreased… Angus Reid polls conducted in December 2009 found declining support for climate change…in Britain, Canada, and the United States. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change denial: Regrettably, this creates the impression that scientific opinion is evenly divided or completely unsettled" Begley 2007: "polls found that 64 percent of Americans thought there was 'a lot' of scientific disagreement on climate change; only one third thought planetary warming was "mainly caused by things people do." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change, industry and society: In 2007, the American Academy of Pediatrics issued the policy statement Global Climate Change and Children's Health: Anticipated direct health consequences of climate change include injury and death from extreme weather events and natural disasters, increases in climate-sensitive infectious diseases, increases in air pollution–related illness, and more heat-related, potentially fatal, illness. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change, industry and society: Disasters, violence and disease are expected to be more frequent and intense, making the future of the world's poorest children more bleak. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Conservative environmental estimates of the impact of climate changes that are already in process indicate that they will result in numerous health effects to children. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Greenpeace didn’t save the whales, switching from whale oil to petroleum and palm oil did
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Greenpeace: Greenpeace is also critical of extracting petroleum from oil sands and has used direct action to block operations at the Athabasca oil sands in Canada. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenpeace: Another Greenpeace movement concerning the rain forests is discouraging palm oil industries. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenpeace: Greenpeace is also calling Wilmar out for breaking the commitment to end deforestation policy signed by Wilmar in December 2013 where they promise to incorporate organic and sustainable ways to collect palm oil. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenpeace: Brands cannot let this deception pass unchallenged and have no choice but to suspend all business with Wilmar until it can prove it only trades clean palm oil from responsible producers." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Petroleum: James S. Robbins has argued that the advent of petroleum-refined kerosene saved some species of great whales from extinction by providing an inexpensive substitute for whale oil, thus eliminating the economic imperative for open-boat whaling. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Cloud: For these reasons the role of tropospheric clouds in regulating weather and climate remains a leading source of uncertainty in global warming projections. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System: Results from the CERES and other NASA missions, such as the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), could lead to a better understanding of the role of clouds and the energy cycle in global climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: With this information, scientists can produce scenarios of how greenhouse gas emissions may vary in the future. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate sensitivity: Climate sensitivity is an emergent property of these models. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate sensitivity: The cause of the increased sensitivity lies mainly in improved modelling of clouds so that low clouds descrease more strongly when temperature rise causing enhanced planetary absorption of sunlight. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate sensitivity: The more sensitive a climate system is to increased greenhouse gases, the more likely it is to have decades when temperatures are much higher or much lower than the longer-term average. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate sensitivity: Climate sensitivity is typically estimated in three ways; by using observations taken during the industrial age, by using temperature and other data from the Earth's past and by modelling the climate system in computers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The IPCC has pointed out that many long-term climate scenario models require large-scale manmade negative emissions to avoid serious climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Previous IPCC reports tended to assume that clouds would have a neutral impact because the warming and cooling feedbacks would cancel each other out.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Cloud feedback: The albedo of increased cloudiness cools the climate, resulting in a negative feedback; while the reflection of infrared radiation by clouds warms the climate, resulting in a positive feedback. [SUPPORTS]
- Cloud feedback: This feedback would partially cancel the increased surface warming due to the cloudiness. [SUPPORTS]
- Cloud feedback: In the current climate, clouds exert a cooling effect on climate (the global mean CRF is negative). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds. [SUPPORTS]
- Tipping points in the climate system: The IPCC reports that feedbacks to increased temperatures are net positive for the remainder of this century, with the impact of cloud cover the largest uncertainty. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change (general concept): While much remains to be learned, the core phenomenon, scientific questions, and hypotheses have been examined thoroughly and have stood firm in the face of serious scientific debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: In a 2006 letter to Nature, Mann, Bradley, and Hughes pointed out that their original article had said that "more widespread high-resolution data are needed before more confident conclusions can be reached" and that the uncertainties were "the point of the article". [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: IPCC reports cover the "scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: To inform decisions on adaptation and mitigation, it is critical that we improve our understanding of the global climate system and our ability to project future climate through continued and improved monitoring and research. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The statement stresses that the scientific understanding of climate change is now sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action, and explicitly endorsed the IPCC consensus. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming: The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850–1900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The 1850–1900 period is a reasonable pragmatic surrogate for preindustrial global mean temperature." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Little Ice Age: "Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Extreme melting and changes to the climate like this has released pressure on to the continent, allowing the ground to rise up.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Earth: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: There is a threshold in surface warming beyond which a partial or near-complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet occurs. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: The gravitational effects comes into play when a large ice sheet melts. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: The three main reasons warming causes global sea level to rise are: oceans expand, ice sheets lose ice faster than it forms from snowfall, and glaciers at higher altitudes also melt. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: We’ve contacted them to ask more details about the size of the Sif.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Conservative Judaism: Since the 2013 Pew survey, which assessed that only 18 per cent of American Jews identify with it, Conservative leadership is engaged in attempting to solve Conservative Judaism's demographic crisis. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- We Are the World: Entertainment manager and fellow fundraiser Ken Kragen was contacted by Belafonte, who asked for singers Lionel Richie and Kenny Rogers—Kragen's clients—to participate in Belafonte's musical endeavor. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- We Are the World: Several musicians were contacted by the pair, before Jackson and Lionel Richie were assigned the task of writing the song. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- We Found Love: Anticipation for the video grew in the United Kingdom when the national news picked up on the story of sixty-one-year-old Northern Ireland farmer Alan Graham withdrawing his permission to film in his barley field in Bangor, County Down after taking issue with Rihanna's clothing, focusing on her appearing topless and also wearing a red bikini top which he thought was an "inappropriate state of undress". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- We Found Love: In the opening lines, Flo Rida introduces himself and raps tongue twisters about Rihanna and The Bahamas, "You know I got love for you/ See what happened was we in Bahams/ I remember it was the ox summer, oh so pretty I/ ..Girl nice to meet you what's the honour/ Yeah she tap me told me she Rihanna.". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming: In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35°C) and very hot days (above 40°C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950. [SUPPORTS]
- Effects of global warming: Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. [SUPPORTS]
- Effects of global warming: Future climate change will include more very hot days and fewer very cold days. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days. [SUPPORTS]
- Effects of global warming: The area in which extremely hot summers are observed has increased 50-100 fold. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- George W. Bush: Bush's administration presided over the largest tax cuts since the presidency of Ronald Reagan, and his homeland security reforms proved to be the most significant expansion of the federal government since the Great Society. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hurricane Sandy: On January 30, 2015, days after the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers released a post-Sandy report examining flood risks for 31,200 miles (50,210 km) of the North Atlantic coast, President Obama issued an executive order directing federal agencies, state and local governments drawing federal funds to adopt stricter building and siting standards to reflect scientific projections that future flooding will be more frequent and intense due to climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Presidency of Donald Trump: The administration rolled back regulations requiring the federal government to account for climate change and sea-level rise when building infrastructure. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Presidency of Donald Trump: The administration released the Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) in November 2018, a long-awaited study conducted by numerous federal agencies that found "the evidence of human-caused climate change is overwhelming and continues to strengthen, that the impacts of climate change are intensifying across the country, and that climate-related threats to Americans' physical, social, and economic well-being are rising." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Presidency of Donald Trump: In October 2017, the administration declared a 90-day public health emergency over the opioid epidemic and pledged to urgently mobilize the federal government in response to the crisis. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth. [SUPPORTS]
- Attribution of recent climate change: For example, scientists have established causal links between human activities and the changes in snowpack, maximum and minimum (diurnal) temperature, and the seasonal timing of runoff over mountainous regions of the western United States. [SUPPORTS]
- Attribution of recent climate change: This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change mitigation: Although proving that particular weather events are due specifically to global warming may never be possible, methodologies have been developed to show the increased risk of such events caused by global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate change in the United States: Looking at the lack of certainty as to the causes of the 1995 to present increase in Atlantic extreme storm activity, a 2007 article in Nature used proxy records of vertical wind shear and sea surface temperature to create a long-term model. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Nuclear winter: Compared to climate change for the past millennium, even the smallest exchange modeled would plunge the planet into temperatures colder than the Little Ice Age (the period of history between approximately 1600 and 1850 AD). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Nuclear winter: In both cases, new climate model simulations show that the effects would last for more than a decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Nuclear winter: The authors used computational models developed by NCAR to simulate the climatic effects of a soot cloud that they suggest would be a result, of a regional nuclear war in which 100 "small" (15 Kt) weapons are detonated over cities. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ocean acidification: A 2012 paper in the journal Science examined the geological record in an attempt to find a historical analog for current global conditions as well as those of the future. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change and gender: Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change in Australia: In 2013, the CSIRO released a report stating that Australia is becoming hotter, and that it will experience more extreme heat and longer fire seasons because of climate change. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change mitigation: They say that even if all the current pledges will be accomplished there is a chance for a 4.5 degree temperature rise in decades. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: If there were [carbon emissions], we could not see because most carbon is black.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Coal: Bituminous coal, a dense sedimentary rock, usually black, but sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report). [REFUTES]
- James Hansen: China and India have recently increased their emissions of black carbon corresponding to their rapid development. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Particulates: This causes reduced visibility and yellow color. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Particulates: As shown in the seventh image on this page, an optical thickness of less than 0.1 (palest yellow) indicates a crystal clear sky with maximum visibility, whereas a value of 1 (reddish-brown) indicates very hazy conditions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]