MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: The strong CO2 effect has been observed by many different measurements.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Atmosphere of Venus: The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: There are few studies of the health effects of long-term continuous CO 2 exposure on humans and animals at levels below 1%. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: A study of humans exposed in 2.5 hour sessions demonstrated significant negative effects on cognitive abilities at concentrations as low as 0.1% (1000 ppm) CO 2 likely due to CO 2 induced increases in cerebral blood flow. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Physical impacts of climate change: Large-scale measurements of sea-ice have only been possible since the satellite era, but through looking at a number of different satellite estimates, it has been determined that September Arctic sea ice has decreased between 1973 and 2007 at a rate of about -10% +/- 0.3% per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Instrumental temperature record: The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets. [SUPPORTS]
- Physical impacts of climate change: From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level." [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report stated that: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate change denial: He has accepted more than $1.2 million in money from the fossil-fuel industry over the last decade while failing to disclose that conflict of interest in most of his scientific papers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: reducing emissions/consumption) and for the prolonging of profits to the oil industry at the expense of the environment. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: One of the authors' main arguments is that most prominent scientists who have been voicing opposition to the near-universal consensus are being funded by industries, such as automotive and oil, that stand to lose money by government actions to regulate greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Jim Inhofe: According to the Center for Responsive Politics, Inhofe has received over $529,000 from the oil and gas industry since 2012. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Russia: Russia has an upper-middle income mixed economy with enormous natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Climate change (general concept): Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes. [SUPPORTS]
- Earth: There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon capture and storage: The CO 2 is removed after combustion of fossil fuels, but before the flue gas is expanded to atmospheric pressure. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon cycle: Since the industrial revolution, human activity has modified the carbon cycle by changing its components' functions and directly adding carbon to the atmosphere. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon cycle: Another direct human impact on the carbon cycle is the chemical process of calcination of limestone for clinker production, which releases CO 2. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon sequestration: Various carbon dioxide scrubbing processes have been proposed to remove CO 2 from the air, usually using a variant of the Kraft process. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change mitigation: The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation). [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- IPCC First Assessment Report: There are many uncertainties in our predictions particularly with regard to the timing, magnitude and regional patterns of climate change, due to our incomplete understanding of: sources and sinks of GHGs; clouds; oceans; polar ice sheets. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability. [REFUTES]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Some critics have contended that the IPCC reports tend to be conservative by consistently underestimating the pace and impacts of global warming, and report only the "lowest common denominator" findings. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: Indirectly, human activity that increases global temperatures will increase water vapor concentrations, a process known as water vapor feedback. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Environmental impacts include the extinction or relocation of many species as their ecosystems change, most immediately the environments of coral reefs, mountains, and the Arctic. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Overall, it is expected that climate change will result in the extinction of many species and reduced diversity of ecosystems. [SUPPORTS]
- Holocene extinction: "Global habitat loss and extinction risk of terrestrial vertebrates under future land-use-change scenarios". [SUPPORTS]
- Holocene extinction: There is widespread consensus among scientists that human activity is accelerating the extinction of many animal species through the destruction of habitats, the consumption of animals as resources, and the elimination of species that humans view as threats or competitors. [SUPPORTS]
- Polar bear: The key danger posed by climate change is malnutrition or starvation due to habitat loss. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Carbon credit: The optimal carbon price, or optimal carbon tax, is the market price (or carbon tax) on carbon emissions that balances the incremental costs of reducing carbon emissions with the incremental benefits of reducing climate damages. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon price: Suppose the benefits from that ton range from $1 for the user with the least need for carbon to $100 (in $1 increments) for the user who would benefit most. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon price: How much does that cost the US (excluding the benefit of the reduced externality)? [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon price: So that is sometimes said to be the cost of the policy. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon tax: Carbon emissions have an "unpriced" societal cost in terms of their deleterious effects on the earth's climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Antarctica: As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Atlantic Ocean: In the higher latitudes, the North Atlantic Drift, warms the atmosphere over the oceans, keeping the British Isles and north-western Europe mild and cloudy, and not severely cold in winter like other locations at the same high latitude. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: "Coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth in Antarctica". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: The climate is colder at high altitudes than at sea level because of the decreased air density. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar regions of Earth: Polar regions receive less intense solar radiation than the other parts of Earth because the sun's energy arrives at an oblique angle, spreading over a larger area, and also travels a longer distance through the Earth's atmosphere in which it may be absorbed, scattered or reflected, which is the same thing that causes winters to be colder than the rest of the year in temperate areas. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Greenland ice sheet: These measurements came from the US space agency's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite, launched in 2002, as reported by BBC. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenland ice sheet: Play media Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenland: This glacier was discovered in 2002 to be shrinking rapidly, and by 2007 had completely melted away, leaving the exposed island. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenland: Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm). [SUPPORTS]
- Greenland: "Greenland Glaciers Losing Ice Much Faster, Study Says". [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Biodiversity: Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide: Carbon fixation is a biochemical process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated by plants, algae and (cyanobacteria) into energy-rich organic molecules such as glucose, thus creating their own food by photosynthesis. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: The concentration of secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoids and flavonoids can also be altered in plants exposed to high concentrations of CO 2. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change and agriculture: Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways. [SUPPORTS]
- Sustainability: The environmental effects of different dietary patterns depend on many factors, including the proportion of animal and plant foods consumed and the method of food production. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Jupiter: Brown ovals are warmer and located within the "normal cloud layer". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Jupiter: Infrared observation showed a bright spot where the impact took place, meaning the impact warmed up the lower atmosphere in the area near Jupiter's south pole. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mars: Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about −143 °C (−225 °F) at the winter polar caps to highs of up to 35 °C (95 °F) in equatorial summer. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mars: The summer temperatures in the south can be warmer than the equivalent summer temperatures in the north by up to 30 °C (54 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mars: Observations by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter had previously revealed the possibility of flowing water during the warmest months on Mars. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Thick arctic sea ice is in rapid retreat.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Holocene glacial retreat: The Holocene glacial retreat is a geographical phenomenon that involved the global deglaciation of glaciers that previously had advanced during the Last Glacial Maximum. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- North Pole: The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming, as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation, and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation. [SUPPORTS]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: In 2002 the 12 km (7.5 mi) long floating terminus of the glacier entered a phase of rapid retreat, with the ice front breaking up and the floating terminus disintegrating and accelerating to a retreat rate of over 30 m (98 ft) per day. [SUPPORTS]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: "Fast-flow advance and parallel rapid retreat of non-surging tidewater glaciers in Icy Bay and Yakutat Bay, Alaska 1888–2003". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea ice: A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- An Inconvenient Truth: Gore's use of long ice core records of CO2 and temperature (from oxygen isotope measurements) in Antarctic ice cores to illustrate the correlation between the two drew some scrutiny; Schmidt, Steig and Michael E. Mann back up Gore's data. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change (general concept): During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures. [SUPPORTS]
- El Niño–Southern Oscillation: El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling. [SUPPORTS]
- Little Ice Age: This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions. [SUPPORTS]
- Paleoclimatology: There is also a close correlation between CO2 and temperature, where CO2 has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Historical patterns of warming and cooling, like the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age, were not as synchronous as current warming, but may have reached temperatures as high as those of the late-20th century in a limited set of regions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot. [SUPPORTS]
- Ice age: The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- James Hansen: The temperature data was updated in 2006 to report that temperatures are now 0.8 °C warmer than a century ago, and concluded that the recent global warming is a real climate change and not an artifact from the urban heat island effect. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Global temperature is still rising and 2010 was the hottest recorded.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves: In Israel, the year 2010 was the hottest on record, and average temperatures were 2-3 degrees Celsius higher than the average. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. [SUPPORTS]
- Moscow: The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F) at the VVC weather station and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Greenhouse effect: Because the Earth's surface is colder than the Sun, it radiates at wavelengths that are much longer than the wavelengths that were absorbed. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse effect: Because the Earth is much colder than the Sun, it radiates at much longer wavelengths, primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum (see Figure 1). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: Glacials are characterized by cooler and drier climates over most of the earth and large land and sea ice masses extending outward from the poles. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- 20th century: The largest contribution to total radiative forcing is caused by the increase in the atmospheric concentration of CO2 since 1750." [SUPPORTS]
- 20th century: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 20th century: One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- James Hansen: Decades ago, they correctly predicted how much Earth's temperature would rise due to increasing atmospheric CO2. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The most recent satellite data show that the earth as a whole is warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Earth: "Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global cooling: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm. [SUPPORTS]
- James Hansen: The temperature data was updated in 2006 to report that temperatures are now 0.8 °C warmer than a century ago, and concluded that the recent global warming is a real climate change and not an artifact from the urban heat island effect. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: The last time the Earth was 2 °C (3.6 °F) warmer than pre-industrial temperatures, sea levels were at least 5 metres (16 ft) higher than now: this was when warming because of changes in the amount of sunlight due to slow changes in the Earth's orbit caused the last interglacial. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Chicago: The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change in the United States: In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: "What caused the recent "Warm Arctic, Cold Continents" trend pattern in winter temperatures?". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]