MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: many scientists were surprised when other researchers subsequently found that ringed and bearded seals (the primary prey of polar bears) north of the Bering Strait especially thrived with a longer open-water season, which is particularly conducive to fishing
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Bearded seal: Natural predators of the bearded seal include polar bears, who rely on these seals as a major food source. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Marine mammal: The polar bear is the most carnivorous species of bear, and its diet primarily consists of ringed (Pusa hispida) and bearded (Erignathus barbatus) seals. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar bear: The polar bear is the most carnivorous member of the bear family, and throughout most of its range, its diet primarily consists of ringed (Pusa hispida) and bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar bear: The polar bear tends to frequent areas where sea ice meets water, such as polynyas and leads (temporary stretches of open water in Arctic ice), to hunt the seals that make up most of its diet. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ringed seal: Ringed seals are one of the primary prey of polar bears and killer whales, and have long been a component of the diet of indigenous people of the Arctic. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Polar bear: Unlike brown and black bears, polar bears are capable of fasting for up to several months during late summer and early fall, when they cannot hunt for seals because the sea is unfrozen. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar bear: They still manage to consume some seals, but they are food-deprived in summer as only marine mammal carcasses are an important alternative without sea ice, especially carcasses of the beluga whale. [REFUTES]
- Polar bear: A study in Hudson Bay indicated that both the reproductive success and the maternal weight of females peaked in their mid-teens.Maternal success appeared to decline after this point, possibly because of an age-related impairment in the ability to store the fat necessary to rear cubs. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar bear: In Alaska, the effects of sea ice shrinkage have contributed to higher mortality rates in polar bear cubs, and have led to changes in the denning locations of pregnant females. [REFUTES]
- Polar bear: Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The failure of the 2007 polar bear survival model is a simple fact that explodes the myth that polar bears are on their way to extinction.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event: The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event, also known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) extinction, was a sudden mass extinction of three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth, approximately 66 million years ago. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Extinction event: The most recent and arguably best-known, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which occurred approximately 66 million years ago (Ma), was a large-scale mass extinction of animal and plant species in a geologically short period of time. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Extinction event: "Fossil record supports evidence of impending mass extinction". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Holocene extinction: For the first time since the demise of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, we face a global mass extinction of wildlife. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Quaternary extinction event: The Quaternary period (from 2.588 ± 0.005 million years ago to the present) saw the extinctions of numerous predominantly megafaunal species, which resulted in a collapse in faunal density and diversity and the extinction of key ecological strata across the globe. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- OSTM/Jason-2: These very accurate observations of variations in sea surface height—also known as ocean topography—provide information about global sea level, the speed and direction of ocean currents, and heat stored in the ocean. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Remote sensing: Laser and radar altimeters on satellites have provided a wide range of data. [SUPPORTS]
- Remote sensing: Ultrasound (acoustic) and radar tide gauges measure sea level, tides and wave direction in coastal and offshore tide gauges. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Tide gauges can only measure relative sea level, whilst satellites can also measure absolute sea level changes. [SUPPORTS]
- Tide gauge: A tide gauge is a device for measuring the change in sea level relative to a vertical datum. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Sea level rise: Further effects are higher storm-surges and more dangerous tsunamis, displacement of populations, loss and degradation of agricultural land and damage in cities. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: A rise of 2.4 m (8 feet) is physically possible under a high emission scenario but the authors were unable to say how likely. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: Future sea level rise could lead to potentially catastrophic difficulties for shore-based communities in the next centuries: for example, millions of people will be affected in cities such as Miami, Rio de Janeiro, Osaka and Shanghai if following the current trajectory of 3 °C (5.4 °F). [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft). [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: A number of later studies have concluded that a global sea level rise of 200 to 270 cm (6.6 to 8.9 ft) this century is "physically plausible". [SUPPORTS]
Claim: more so than downsizing one’s car, or being vigilant about turning off light bulbs, and certainly more than quitting showering.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Efficient energy use: Installing LED lighting, fluorescent lighting, or natural skylight windows reduces the amount of energy required to attain the same level of illumination compared to using traditional incandescent light bulbs. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Headlamp: Intelligent Light System is a headlamp beam control system introduced in 2006 on the Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W211) which offers five different bi-xenon light functions, each of which is suited to typical driving or weather conditions: Country mode Motorway mode Enhanced fog lamps Active light function (Advanced front-lighting system (AFS)) Cornering light function Adaptive Highbeam Assist is Mercedes-Benz' marketing name for a headlight control strategy that continuously automatically tailors the headlamp range so the beam just reaches other vehicles ahead, thus always ensuring maximum possible seeing range without glaring other road users. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- LED lamp: "Longevity of light bulbs and how to make them last longer". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Phase-out of incandescent light bulbs: "Raising Awareness of Energy Efficient Light Bulbs Pays off in Rwanda". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Series and parallel circuits: Consider a very simple circuit consisting of four light bulbs and a 12-volt automotive battery. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “Which is to say that these beans will be eaten by cows, and the cows will convert the beans to meat, and the humans will eat the meat.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Buffalo meat: Buffalo are generally fed on coarse feeds; they convert them into the protein-rich lean meat. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Meat: conversion of human-inedible residues of food crops. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Veganism: To obtain milk from dairy cattle, cows are made pregnant to induce lactation; they are kept lactating for three to seven years, then slaughtered. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Vegetarianism: are vehemently against the consumption of meat and eggs (though they do consume and encourage the consumption of milk, butter and cheese). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows: Carnivores require meat in their diet for survival, but carnists choose to eat meat based on their beliefs. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: In the process, the cows will emit much greenhouse gas, and they will consume far more calories in beans than they will yield in meat, meaning far more clearcutting of forests to farm cattle feed than would be necessary if the beans above were simply eaten by people.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Agriculture: Agriculture contributes to climate change by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, and by the conversion of non-agricultural land such as forest for agricultural use. [SUPPORTS]
- Beef: A simple exchange of beef to soy beans (a common feed source for cattle) in Americans' diets would, according to one estimate, result in meeting between 46 and 74 percent of the reductions needed to meet the 2020 greenhouse gas emission goals of the United States as pledged in 2009. [SUPPORTS]
- Livestock: The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has estimated that agriculture (including not only livestock, but also food crop, biofuel and other production) accounted for about 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) in 2005 and in 2010.Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for from 35 to 40% of the overall methane emissions of the planet. [SUPPORTS]
- Milk: Compared to plant milks, cow's milk requires the most land and water, and its production results in the greatest amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, air pollution, and water pollution. [SUPPORTS]
- Vegetarianism: In addition, animal agriculture is a large source of greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Since the pre-industrial period, global average land temperatures have increased almost twice as fast as global average temperatures. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “The arc of global warming will be variously steep and less steep,’ said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory: The Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) is a research unit of Columbia University located on a 157-acre (64 ha) campus in Palisades, N.Y., 18 miles (29 km) north of Manhattan on the Hudson River. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory: The Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University is one of the world's leading research centers developing fundamental knowledge about the origin, evolution and future of the natural world. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Megadrought: Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sean Solomon: Sean Carl Solomon (born October 24,1945) is the director of the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, where he is also the William B. Ransford Professor of Earth and Planetary Science. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Wallace Smith Broecker: He was the Newberry Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, a scientist at Columbia's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and a sustainability fellow at Arizona State University. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Arctic Ocean: Play media Under the influence of the Quaternary glaciation, the Arctic Ocean is contained in a polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic Ocean: As recently as 55 million years ago, during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °C (50–68 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic sea ice decline: It has been established that the region is at its warmest for at least 4,000 years and the Arctic-wide melt season has lengthened at a rate of 5 days per decade (from 1979 to 2013), dominated by a later autumn freeze-up. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic sea ice decline: The Arctic Ocean is the mass of water positioned approximately above latitude 65° N. Arctic Sea Ice refers to the area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate sensitivity: The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate sensitivity: In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate sensitivity: For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper). [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming controversy: As defined by the IPCC, climate sensitivity is the "equilibrium temperature rise that would occur for a doubling of CO 2 concentration above pre-industrial levels". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- James Hansen: They did note that the agreement between the observations and the intermediate scenario was accidental because the climate sensitivity used was higher than current estimates. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate sensitivity: Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate sensitivity: Climate models of earth, for example the Coupled model intercomparison project (CMIP), are used to simulate the quantity of warming that will occur with rising CO 2 concentrations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate sensitivity: The more sensitive a climate system is to increased greenhouse gases, the more likely it is to have decades when temperatures are much higher or much lower than the longer-term average. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate sensitivity: The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is the temperature increase that would result from sustained doubling of the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, after the Earth's energy budget and the climate system reach radiative equilibrium. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements: Some models show more warming in the troposphere than at the surface, while a slightly smaller number of simulations show the opposite behavior. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements: While the satellite data now show global warming, there is still some difference between what climate models predict and what the satellite data show for warming of the lower troposphere, with the climate models predicting slightly more warming than what the satellites measure. [SUPPORTS]
- Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements: Climate models predict that as the surface warms, so should the global troposphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements: Globally, the troposphere (at the TLT altitude at which the MSU sounder measure) is predicted to warm about 1.2 times more than the surface; in the tropics, the troposphere should warm about 1.5 times more than the surface. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- The Great Global Warming Swindle: The programme states that all models of greenhouse effect-derived temperature increase predict that the warming will be at its greatest for a given location in the troposphere and at its lowest near the surface of the earth. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming controversy: A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding "projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution". [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming controversy: This result went against a similar study of 19 models which found that discrepancies between model predictions and actual temperature were likely due to measurement errors. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: Certain scientists, skeptics and otherwise, believe this confidence in the models' ability to predict future climate is not earned. [SUPPORTS]
- Machine learning: Loss functions express the discrepancy between the predictions of the model being trained and the actual problem instances (for example, in classification, one wants to assign a label to instances, and models are trained to correctly predict the pre-assigned labels of a set of examples). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Physics: To that end, experiments are performed and observations are made in order to determine the validity or invalidity of the theory. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: A recent study led by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory climate scientist Ben Santer found that while the models ran hot, the ‘overestimation’ was ‘partly due to systematic deficiencies in some of the post-2000 external forcings used in the model simulations.’
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming controversy: A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding "projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution". [REFUTES]
- Nuclear winter: In 2007, a nuclear winter study, noted that modern computer models have been applied to the Kuwait oil fires, finding that individual smoke plumes are not able to loft smoke into the stratosphere, but that smoke from fires covering a large area[quantify] like some forest fires can lift smoke[quantify] into the stratosphere, and recent evidence suggests that this occurs far more often than previously thought. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Nuclear winter: A study published in the Journal of Geophysical Research in July 2007, titled "Nuclear winter revisited with a modern climate model and current nuclear arsenals: Still catastrophic consequences", used current climate models to look at the consequences of a global nuclear war involving most or all of the world's current nuclear arsenals (which the authors judged to be one similar to the size of the world's arsenals twenty years earlier). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Nuclear winter: While the highly popularized initial 1983 TTAPS 1-dimensional model forecasts were widely reported and criticized in the media, in part because every later model predicts far less of its "apocalyptic" level of cooling, most models continue to suggest that some deleterious global cooling would still result, under the assumption that a large number of fires occurred in the spring or summer. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Nuclear winter: While it is believed that the modeled climate-cooling-effects from the mass of soot injected into the stratosphere by 100 firestorms (one to five teragrams) would have been detectable with technical instruments in WWII, five percent of that would not have been possible to observe at that time. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- 1257 Samalas eruption: The Little Ice Age was a period of several centuries during the last millennium during which global temperatures were depressed; the cooling was associated with volcanic eruptions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Natural disaster: The effects include the volcanic eruption itself that may cause harm following the explosion of the volcano or falling rocks. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Nuclear winter: Similar climatic effects to "nuclear winter" followed historical supervolcano eruptions, which plumed sulfate aerosols high into the stratosphere, with this being known as a volcanic winter. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Volcanism: The amount of gas and ash emitted by volcanic eruptions has a significant effect on the Earth's climate. [SUPPORTS]
- Volcano: The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora created global climate anomalies that became known as the "Year Without a Summer" because of the effect on North American and European weather. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]