MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: ‘Clean coal’ is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon capture and storage: Carbon capture and storage (CCS) (or carbon capture and sequestration or carbon control and sequestration) is the process of capturing waste carbon dioxide (CO 2) usually from large point sources, such as a cement factory or biomass power plant, transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere, normally an underground geological formation. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon capture and storage: The geothermal plant then pumps the carbonated water into rock formations underground where the carbon dioxide reacts with basaltic bedrock and forms carbonite minerals. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon capture and storage: Also known as geo-sequestration, this method involves injecting carbon dioxide, generally in supercritical form, directly into underground geological formations. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change mitigation: Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a method to mitigate climate change by capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from large point sources such as power plants and subsequently storing it away safely instead of releasing it into the atmosphere. [SUPPORTS]
- Coal pollution mitigation: Coal pollution mitigation, often called clean coal, is a series of systems and technologies that seek to mitigate the pollution and other environmental effects normally associated with the burning (though not the mining or processing) of coal, which is widely regarded as the dirtiest of the common fuels for industrial processes and power generation. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Climate: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Past models have underestimated the rate of Arctic shrinkage and underestimated the rate of precipitation increase. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes". [REFUTES]
- Richard Lindzen: Lindzen said that predicted warming may be overestimated because of their handling of the climate system's water vapor feedback. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. [SUPPORTS]
- Climatology: These models predict an upward trend in the surface temperatures, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher latitudes. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes". [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Additional disputes concern estimates of climate sensitivity, predictions of additional warming, what the consequences of global warming will be, and what to do about it. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming hiatus: Subsequently, a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing, but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted, and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), which was negative during that period. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming hiatus: A month before formal AR5 publication, a leaked draft of the report noted that "Models do not generally reproduce the observed reduction in surface warming trend over the last 10–15 years", but lacked clear explanations, and attracted wide media coverage. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming hiatus: They used the IPCC definition of the supposed hiatus as a slowdown in rate of temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, compared to the rate from 1951 to 2012, and again found no support for the idea of a "hiatus" or slowdown. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming controversy: The actual increase by 2000 was about 29%. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming hiatus: Subsequently, a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing, but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted, and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), which was negative during that period. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming hiatus: A month before formal AR5 publication, a leaked draft of the report noted that "Models do not generally reproduce the observed reduction in surface warming trend over the last 10–15 years", but lacked clear explanations, and attracted wide media coverage. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming hiatus: A March 2014 study found that climate models assuming natural variability which matched subsequent observations of ENSO phasing had produced realistic estimates of 15-year trends. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The team of climate scientists notes that in failing to predict the warming ‘hiatus’ in the beginning of the 21st century, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models overestimated temperature increases…
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Global warming controversy: Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100. [SUPPORTS]
- IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: The observed increase in hurricane intensity is larger than climate models predict for the sea surface temperature changes we have experienced. [REFUTES]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability. [REFUTES]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The finished report summarizes the findings of scientists, showing that maintaining a temperature rise to below 1.5 °C remains possible, but only through "rapid and far-reaching transitions in energy, land, urban and infrastructure..., and industrial systems". [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The answer lies in the summer’s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- 2010 Russian wildfires: Such human activity, coupled with the unusually high temperatures over the Russian territories, catalyzed this record disturbance. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 2010 Russian wildfires: The fires were associated with record-high temperatures, which were attributed to climate change—the summer had been the hottest recorded in Russian history—and drought. [SUPPORTS]
- 2010 Russian wildfires: A combination of the smoke from the fires, producing heavy smog blanketing large urban regions and the record-breaking heat wave put stress on the Russian healthcare system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 2019–20 Australian bushfire season: Scientific experts and land management agencies agree that severely below average fuel moisture attributed to record-breaking temperatures and drought, accompanied by severe fire weather, are the primary causes of the 2019-20 Australian bushfire season, and that these are likely to have been exacerbated by long-term trends of warmer and dryer weather observed over the Australian land mass. [SUPPORTS]
- Bushfires in Australia: Across the country, the average summer temperatures have increased leading to record-breaking hot weather, with the early summer of 2019 the hottest on record. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves: A two-day-long heat wave hit the more rural parts of Texas on July 1. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves: From July 4 to July 9, 2010, the majority of the American East Coast, from the Carolinas to Maine, was gripped in a severe heat wave. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves: The heat continued through the second half of July but extreme heat was mostly confined to the Southeastern United States, giving relief to the Northeast and Upper Midwest as it had early in the month. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Cold wave: The cold wave was followed by one of the hottest summers on record, the 1936 North American heat wave. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Cold wave: 1888 1888 US cold wave – A severe cold wave that passed through the Pacific Northwest. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming: As a result, since the 1980s, both the size and ferocity of fires in California have increased dramatically. [SUPPORTS]
- Effects of global warming: Since the 1970s, the size of the area burned has increased fivefold while fifteen of the 20 largest fires in California have occurred since 2000. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: After about a thousand years, 20% to 30% of human-emitted CO 2 will remain in the atmosphere, not taken up by the ocean or the land, committing the climate to warming long after emissions have stopped. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: The data shows that recent warming has surpassed anything in the last 2,000 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: Over most land areas since the 1950s, it is very likely that at all times of year both days and nights have become warmer due to human activities. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: In the early 20th century, state and federal governments began aggressively fighting wildfires and trying to keep them as small as possible.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- California: As part of the Ring of Fire, California is subject to tsunamis, floods, droughts, Santa Ana winds, wildfires, landslides on steep terrain, and has several volcanoes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- California: Over time, drought and wildfires have become more frequent challenges. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Maryland: More than 1,231 firefighters worked to bring the blaze under control. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- United States: Nonetheless, large-scale conflicts continued throughout the West into the 1900s. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Wisconsin: By the close of the 19th century, intensive agriculture had devastated soil fertility, and lumbering had deforested most of the state. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: But [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey—and the recent history of tropical cyclones worldwide—suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming: Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise. [SUPPORTS]
- Hurricane Harvey: "It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly". [SUPPORTS]
- Hurricane Harvey: The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms. [SUPPORTS]
- Hurricane Harvey: Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey. [SUPPORTS]
- Hurricane Harvey: "Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming". [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The human contribution can be up to 30 percent or so of the total rainfall coming out of the storm
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Physical impacts of climate change: For 2 °C of warming the fraction of precipitation extremes attributable to human influence rises to about 40%. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Physical impacts of climate change: We show that at the present-day warming of 0.85 °C about 18% of the moderate daily precipitation extremes over land are attributable to the observed temperature increase since pre-industrial times, which in turn primarily results from human influence. [REFUTES]
- Puerto Rico: On average, a quarter of its annual rainfall is contributed from tropical cyclones, which are more prevalent during periods of La Niña than El Niño. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Saudi Arabia: An average of 300 mm (12 in) of rainfall occurs during this period, which is about 60 percent of the annual precipitation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Urban heat island: Some cities show a total precipitation increase of 51%. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate: Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Eocene: Isotopes of carbon and oxygen indicate a shift to a global cooling climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Eocene: that the Eocene hothouse world was caused by runaway global warming from released methane clathrates deep in the oceans. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: Additional fresh water flowing into the North Atlantic during a warming cycle may also reduce the global ocean water circulation. [SUPPORTS]
- Little Ice Age: There is some concern that a shutdown of thermohaline circulation could happen again as a result of the present warming period. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Atlantic Ocean: The subpolar gyre forms an important part of the global thermohaline circulation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Another example is the possibility for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation to slow or shut down (see also shutdown of thermohaline circulation). [SUPPORTS]
- Ice age: Additional fresh water flowing into the North Atlantic during a warming cycle may also reduce the global ocean water circulation. [SUPPORTS]
- Shutdown of thermohaline circulation: A shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation is a hypothesized effect of global warming on a major ocean circulation. [SUPPORTS]
- Thermohaline circulation: The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension towards Europe, the North Atlantic Drift, is a powerful, warm, and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates at the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: While geologists have studied events in the past similar to what appears to be happening today, scientists are largely unsure of what lies ahead.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Anoxic event: Although anoxic events have not happened for millions of years, the geological record shows that they happened many times in the past. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Geologist: Geochronology: the study of isotope geology specifically toward determining the date within the past of rock formation, metamorphism, mineralization and geological events (notably, meteorite impacts). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Geologist: Their studies are used to warn the general public of the occurrence of these events. [SUPPORTS]
- Geology: Other scientists perform stable-isotope studies on the rocks to gain information about past climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Geology: In Hutton's words: "the past history of our globe must be explained by what can be seen to be happening now." [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Scientists have long known about the anomalous ‘warming hole‘ in the North Atlantic Ocean, an area immune to warming of Earth’s oceans.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Atlantic Ocean: The NADW is fed by a flow of warm shallow water into the northern North Atlantic which is responsible for the anomalous warm climate in Europe. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate: Other climate determinants are more dynamic: the thermohaline circulation of the ocean leads to a 5 °C (9 °F) warming of the northern Atlantic Ocean compared to other ocean basins. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Cretaceous: The Cretaceous was a period with a relatively warm climate, resulting in high eustatic sea levels that created numerous shallow inland seas. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Cretaceous: Meanwhile, deep ocean temperatures were as much as 15 to 20 °C (27 to 36 °F) warmer than today's. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Little Ice Age: In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Concentrations of 7% to 10% (70,000 to 100,000 ppm) may cause suffocation, even in the presence of sufficient oxygen, manifesting as dizziness, headache, visual and hearing dysfunction, and unconsciousness within a few minutes to an hour. [REFUTES]
- Carbon dioxide: There are few studies of the health effects of long-term continuous CO 2 exposure on humans and animals at levels below 1%. [REFUTES]
- Carbon dioxide: At this CO 2 concentration, International Space Station crew experienced headaches, lethargy, mental slowness, emotional irritation, and sleep disruption. [REFUTES]
- Smog: When inhaled, these particles can settle in the lungs and respiratory tract and cause health problems. [REFUTES]
- Smog: Smog is a serious problem in many cities and continues to harm human health. [REFUTES]
Claim: Climate change need not endanger anyone”
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Climate change and ecosystems: The species said to be most at risk for endangerment or extinction are populations that are not of conservation concern. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Given the potential threat to marine ecosystems and its ensuing impact on human society and economy, especially as it acts in conjunction with anthropogenic global warming, there is an urgent need for immediate action." [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Mitigation will reduce the amount of future climate change and the risk of impacts that are potentially large and dangerous. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The threats are serious and action is urgently needed to mitigate the risks of climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- The Daily Caller: Other news outlets confirmed Halper's identity but did not report his identity because US intelligence officials warned that it would endanger him and his contacts. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “Healthy societies do not fall apart over slow, widely predicted, relatively small economic adjustments of the sort painted by climate analysis.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Economic growth: The Stern Review notes that the prediction that, "Under business as usual, global emissions will be sufficient to propel greenhouse gas concentrations to over 550 ppm CO 2 by 2050 and over 650–700 ppm by the end of this century is robust to a wide range of changes in model assumptions." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Low-carbon economy: GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Low-carbon economy: Estimates from the International Labour Organization’s Global Economic Linkages model suggest that unmitigated climate change, with associated negative impacts on enterprises and workers, will have negative effects on output in many industries, with drops in output of 2.4% by 2030 and 7.2% by 2050. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sustainability: In 2019, 2 weeks before the elections to the European Parlament, the World Wide Fund for Nature stated that the European Union is unsustainable in his current mode of life and economy and asked him to fix it by "Shift to sustainable consumption and food systems, make Europe climate-neutral by 2040, restore our Nature, protect the Ocean, invest in a sustainable future" At a March 2009 meeting of the Copenhagen Climate Council, 2,500 climate experts from 80 countries issued a keynote statement that there is now "no excuse" for failing to act on global warming and that without strong carbon reduction "abrupt or irreversible" shifts in climate may occur that "will be very difficult for contemporary societies to cope with". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sustainability: Several key areas have been targeted for economic analysis and reform: the environmental effects of unconstrained economic growth; the consequences of nature being treated as an economic externality; and the possibility of an economics that takes greater account of the social and environmental consequences of market behavior. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Societies do fall apart from war, disease or chaos.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- American Civil War: It proved to be the death struggle of a society, which went down in ruins. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction: In René Barjavel's novel Ravage (1943), written and published during the German occupation of France, a future France is devastated by the sudden failure of electricity, causing chaos, disease, and famine, with a small band of survivors desperately struggling for survival. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Vietnam War: Following the coup, chaos ensued. [SUPPORTS]
- World War I: By 1929, the Great Depression arrived, causing political chaos throughout the world. [SUPPORTS]
- World War I: Diseases flourished in the chaotic wartime conditions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]