MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Acid: CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ H+ + HCO− 3 It is the decrease in pH that signals the brain to breathe faster and deeper, expelling the excess CO2 and resupplying the cells with O2. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification. [REFUTES]
- Carbon dioxide: Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: "The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units. [REFUTES]
- PH: When an acid is dissolved in water, the pH will be less than 7 (25 °C). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- PH: At 25 °C, solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic, and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as "ocean acidification." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change and ecosystems: Ocean acidification poses a severe threat to the earth's natural process of regulating atmospheric C02 levels, causing a decrease in water's ability to dissolve oxygen and created oxygen-vacant bodies of water called "dead zones." [REFUTES]
- Ocean acidification: It's yet another reason to be very seriously concerned about the amount of carbon dioxide that is in the atmosphere now and the additional amount we continue to put out." [REFUTES]
- Ocean acidification: In a synthesis report published in Science in 2015, 22 leading marine scientists stated that CO 2 from burning fossil fuels is changing the oceans' chemistry more rapidly than at any time since the Great Dying, Earth's most severe known extinction event, emphasizing that the 2 °C maximum temperature increase agreed upon by governments reflects too small a cut in emissions to prevent "dramatic impacts" on the world's oceans, with lead author Jean-Pierre Gattuso remarking that "The ocean has been minimally considered at previous climate negotiations. [REFUTES]
- Skepticism: Skepticism (American English) or scepticism (British English, Australian English, and Canadian English) is generally a questioning attitude or doubt towards one or more items of putative knowledge or belief or dogma. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming: The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: The main idea in the report according to one of his authors Michael Oppenheimer is that if humanity will drastically reduce Greenhouse gas emission in the next decades the problem will be tough but manageable. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: roughly three-quarters of the tidal flood days now occurring in towns along the East Coast would not be happening in the absence of the rise in the sea level caused by human emissions.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami: The raising of the sea floor significantly reduced the capacity of the Indian Ocean, producing a permanent rise in the global sea level by an estimated 0.1 millimeters (0.004 in). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: Even if emission of greenhouse gases stopped overnight, sea level rise will continue for centuries to come. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: "The rate of sea-level rise". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: This has consequences for Europe and the U.S. East Coast, which received a sea level rise 3–4 times the global average. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Scientists say the recent climate agreement negotiated in Paris is not remotely ambitious enough to forestall a significant melting of Greenland and Antarctica, though if fully implemented, it may slow the pace somewhat.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paris Agreement: A pair of studies in Nature have said that, as of 2017, none of the major industrialized nations were implementing the policies they had envisioned and have not met their pledged emission reduction targets, and even if they had, the sum of all member pledges (as of 2016) would not keep global temperature rise "well below 2 °C". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paris Agreement: At the Paris Conference in 2015 where the Agreement was negotiated, the developed countries reaffirmed the commitment to mobilize $100 billion a year in climate finance by 2020, and agreed to continue mobilizing finance at the level of $100 billion a year until 2025. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Hockey stick controversy: The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of −0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s "the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence". [SUPPORTS]
- Hockey stick controversy: The text stated that it was "likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year" in the past 1,000 years. [SUPPORTS]
- Hockey stick controversy: The SPM statement in the IPCC TAR of 2001 had been that it was "likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year" in the past 1,000 years. [SUPPORTS]
- Hockey stick controversy: The use of proxy indicators to get quantitative estimates of the temperature record of past centuries was developed from the 1990s onwards, and found indications that recent warming was exceptional. [SUPPORTS]
- Hockey stick graph: The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of –0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s "the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence." [SUPPORTS]
Claim: a marginally significant warming trend in the data over the past several years, erasing the temperature plateau that vexed climate alarmists have found difficult to explain.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming controversy: The group also confirmed that over the past 50 years the land surface warmed by 0.911 °C, and their results closely matched those obtained from these earlier studies. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming controversy: A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming controversy: Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Temperatures in 1999 were nearly three-tenths of a degree lower than in 1998, and a similar change should occur this time around, though it might not fit so neatly into a calendar year.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Celsius: This means that a temperature difference of one degree Celsius and that of one kelvin are exactly the same. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Eocene: These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Winter: Winter is often defined by meteorologists to be the three calendar months with the lowest average temperatures. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Year: The Gregorian calendar attempts to cause the northward equinox to fall on or shortly before March 21 and hence it follows the northward equinox year, or tropical year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Year: Because 97 out of 400 years are leap years, the mean length of the Gregorian calendar year is 365.2425 days; with a relative error below one ppm (8·10−7) relative to the current length of the mean tropical year (365.24219 days) and even closer to the current March equinox year of 365.242374 days that it aims to match. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- El Niño: The cool phase of ENSO is La Niña, with SSTs in the eastern Pacific below average, and air pressure high in the eastern Pacific and low in the western Pacific. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- El Niño: The exact opposite heating and atmospheric pressure anomalies occur during La Niña. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- El Niño–Southern Oscillation: The warming phase of the sea temperature is known as El Niño and the cooling phase as La Niña. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- La Niña: La Niña (/lɑːˈniːnjə/, Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈniɲa]) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the colder counterpart of El Niño, as part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate pattern. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- La Niña: La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Falsifiability: Popper considered falsifiability a test of whether theories are scientific, not of whether propositions that they contain or support are true. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Falsifiability: This will be the one which not only has hitherto stood up to the severest tests, but the one which is also testable in the most rigorous way. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Falsifiability: From a new idea, put up tentatively, and not yet justified in any way—an anticipation, a hypothesis, a theoretical system, or what you will—conclusions are drawn by means of logical deduction. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Falsifiability: Given an empirical basis, the criterion of demarcation draws a sharp line between those theories that are scientific, and those that are un-scientific. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Statistical hypothesis testing: Hypothesis tests are used when determining what outcomes of a study would lead to a rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified level of significance. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Hysterectomy: "Hysterectomy Procedures Pacing A Downward Trend". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Solar cycle: Another series based on the ACRIM data is produced by the PMOD group and shows a −0.008%/decade downward trend. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Uptick rule: One empirical study found no statistically significant link between the uptick rule and the rates of price decline. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Usage share of operating systems: Recent weekly data shows a downward trend for desktops. [SUPPORTS]
- Usage share of operating systems: Gartner's own press release said, "Apple continued its downward trend with a decline of 7.7 percent in the second quarter of 2016", which is their decline, based on absolute number of units, that underestimates the relative decline (with the market increasing), along with the misleading "1.7 percent [point]" decline. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Forget what global warming activists would lead you to believe—2015 was not even close to the hottest year on record.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: "The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Years of Living Dangerously: He learns that "Earth could warm by more than 9 degrees F (5 degrees C) by 2100 if we don’t aggressively reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases", and that more frequent heat waves and droughts will contribute to food shortages, which can lead to greater conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Years of Living Dangerously: He tells Friedman that "you've got to recognize [that global warming] is going to be one of the most significant long-term challenges, if not the most significant long-term challenge, that this country faces and that the planet faces. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Global warming hiatus: The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 reported that "2005 and 1998 were the warmest two years in the instrumental global surface-air temperature record since 1850. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming hiatus: The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming hiatus: In January 2013 James Hansen and colleagues published their updated analysis that temperatures had continued at a high level despite strong La Niña conditions, and said the "5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing", noting "that the 10 warmest years in the record all occurred since 1998." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming hiatus: Under the heading "Global Warming Standstill" they "noted that the 'standstill' temperature is at a much higher level than existed at any year in the prior decade except for the single year 1998, which had the strongest El Nino of the century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- List of heat waves: 2016 was the warmest year on record. [REFUTES]
Claim: But we do have other reliable indicators of temperatures before the late 1800s, and the evidence shows temperatures have been warmer than today for most of the past several thousand years, including warmer-than-present temperatures for most of the human civilization time period
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Eocene: For example, diverse geochemical and paleontological proxies indicate that at the maximum of global warmth the atmospheric carbon dioxide values were at 700–900 ppm while other proxies such as pedogenic (soil building) carbonate and marine boron isotopes indicate large changes of carbon dioxide of over 2,000 ppm over periods of time of less than 1 million years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Eocene: At around 41.5 million years ago, stable isotopic analysis of samples from Southern Ocean drilling sites indicated a warming event for 600 thousand years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Supercontinent: The Jurassic is thought to have been approximately 10 degrees Celsius warmer along 90 degrees East paleolongitude compared to the present temperature of today's central Eurasia. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- El Niño: Over the southern part of the continent, warmer than average temperatures can be recorded as weather systems are more mobile and fewer blocking areas of high pressure occur. [SUPPORTS]
- El Niño: The event temporarily warmed air temperature by 1.5 °C, compared to the usual increase of 0.25 °C associated with El Niño events. [SUPPORTS]
- Global storm activity of 2010: "Temperatures reach record high in Pakistan". [SUPPORTS]
- Global storm activity of 2010: [citation needed] The east coast had records various record low temperatures in southern states such as Georgia Alabama and Florida in the US.The eastern seaboard, had like the Western Seaboard also suffered one of the worst winters on record. [REFUTES]
- Global storm activity of 2010: [citation needed] On July 12, France and Belgium also saw record temperatures. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- 2014–16 El Niño event: In August, the NOAA CPC predicted that the 2015 El Niño "could be among the strongest in the historical record dating back to 1950." [SUPPORTS]
- 2014–16 El Niño event: The event subsequently started to weaken with sea surface temperature anomalies across the equatorial pacific decreasing, while predictions about a possible La Niña event taking place during 2016 started to be made. [SUPPORTS]
- Instrumental temperature record: Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)." [SUPPORTS]
- Instrumental temperature record: This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events." [SUPPORTS]
- North Atlantic oscillation: Despite one of the strongest El Nino ever recorded in the Pacific Ocean, a largely positive North Atlantic Oscillation prevailed over Europe during the Winter of 2015-2016. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: world temperatures, because they have gone up only very slowly, less than half as fast as the scientific consensus predicted in 1990
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Global warming in this case was indicated by an increase of 0.75 degrees in average global temperatures over the last 100 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Earth: "The Earth's Centre is 1000 Degrees Hotter than Previously Thought". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Eemian: The warmest peak of the Eemian was around 125,000 years ago, when forests reached as far north as North Cape, Norway (which is now tundra) well above the Arctic Circle at 71°10′21″N 25°47′40″E﻿ / ﻿71.17250°N 25.79444°E﻿ / 71.17250; 25.79444. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Fahrenheit: A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of ​5⁄9 degrees Celsius. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- List of ecoregions in North America (CEC): Over the last 100 years the Earth's temperature has increased 0.6 degrees Celsius and it is predicted to increase an additional 3.5 degrees over the next century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Also, it is increasingly clear that the planet was significantly warmer than today several times during the past 10,000 years.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate of India: During the Mesozoic, the world, including India, was considerably warmer than today. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Little Ice Age: The result is a picture of relatively cool conditions in the seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries and warmth in the eleventh and early fifteenth centuries, but the warmest conditions are apparent in the twentieth century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sun: However, the geological record demonstrates that Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history, and that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]