MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Earth: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Little Ice Age: In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Little Ice Age: The result is a picture of relatively cool conditions in the seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries and warmth in the eleventh and early fifteenth centuries, but the warmest conditions are apparent in the twentieth century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- An Inconvenient Truth: The film's thesis is that global warming is real, potentially catastrophic, and human-caused. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change denial: Attribution sceptics or deniers (who accept the global warming trend but see natural causes for this), [and] doubt that human activities are responsible for the observed trends. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change denial: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that "the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption" is "especially troubling". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The disputed issues include the causes of increased global average air temperature, especially since the mid-20th century, whether this warming trend is unprecedented or within normal climatic variations, whether humankind has contributed significantly to it, and whether the increase is completely or partially an artifact of poor measurements. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The human fingerprint in global warming is evident in multiple lines of empirical evidence - in satellite measurements of outgoing infrared radiation, in surface measurements of downward infrared radiation, in the cooling stratosphere and other metrics.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Solar irradiance has been measured directly by satellites, and indirect measurements are available beginning in the early 1600s. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity." [SUPPORTS]
- Sea surface temperature: The satellite measurement is made by sensing the ocean radiation in two or more wavelengths within the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum or other parts of the spectrum which can then be empirically related to SST. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Science: This new explanation is used to make falsifiable predictions that are testable by experiment or observation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific theory: Scientific theories are testable and make falsifiable predictions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific theory: This may be as simple as observing that the theory makes accurate predictions, which is evidence that any assumptions made at the outset are correct or approximately correct under the conditions tested. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific theory: The defining characteristic of all scientific knowledge, including theories, is the ability to make falsifiable or testable predictions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Theory: These predictions can be tested at a later time, and if they are incorrect, this may lead to revision, invalidation, or rejection of the theory. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- General circulation model: These models are the basis for model predictions of future climate, such as are discussed by the IPCC. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Computer models are run on supercomputers to reproduce and predict the circulation of the oceans, the annual cycle of the seasons, and the flows of carbon between the land surface and the atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- IPCC Third Assessment Report: Such models cannot yet simulate all aspects of climate (e.g., they still cannot account fully for the observed trend in the surface-troposphere temperature difference since 1979) and there are particular uncertainties associated with clouds and their interaction with radiation and aerosols. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate variability: The PDO is a pattern of Pacific climate variability that shifts phases on at least inter-decadal time scale, usually about 20 to 30 years. [SUPPORTS]
- Pacific decadal oscillation: The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin. [SUPPORTS]
- Pacific decadal oscillation: The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean, north of 20°N. [SUPPORTS]
- Pacific decadal oscillation: During a "warm", or "positive", phase, the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a "cool" or "negative" phase, the opposite pattern occurs. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Pacific decadal oscillation: The 2014 flip from the cool PDO phase to the warm phase, which vaguely resembles a long and drawn out El Niño event, contributed to record-breaking surface temperatures across the planet in 2014. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: In 1905, PDO switched to a warm phase.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Pacific decadal oscillation: During El Nino events, deep convection and heat transfer to the troposphere is enhanced over the anomalously warm sea surface temperature, this ENSO-related tropical forcing generates Rossby waves that propagate poleward and eastward and are subsequently refracted back from the pole to the tropics. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Pacific decadal oscillation: During the positive phase the wintertime Aleutian low is deepened and shifted southward, warm/humid air is advected along the North American west coast and temperatures are higher than usual from the Pacific Northwest to Alaska but below normal in Mexico and the Southeastern United States. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Pacific decadal oscillation: 1924/1925: PDO changed to a "warm" phase. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Pacific decadal oscillation: During a "warm", or "positive", phase, the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a "cool" or "negative" phase, the opposite pattern occurs. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Pacific decadal oscillation: 1976/1977: PDO changed to a "warm" phase. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: In 1946, PDO switched to a cool phase.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Pacific decadal oscillation: There is evidence of reversals in the prevailing polarity (meaning changes in cool surface waters versus warm surface waters within the region) of the oscillation occurring around 1925, 1947, and 1977; the last two reversals corresponded with dramatic shifts in salmon production regimes in the North Pacific Ocean. [SUPPORTS]
- Pacific decadal oscillation: 1924/1925: PDO changed to a "warm" phase. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Pacific decadal oscillation: 1945/1946: The PDO changed to a "cool" phase, the pattern of this regime shift is similar to the 1970s episode with maximum amplitude in the subarctic and subtropical front but with a greater signature near the Japan while the 1970s shift was stronger near the American west coast. [SUPPORTS]
- Pacific decadal oscillation: During a "warm", or "positive", phase, the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a "cool" or "negative" phase, the opposite pattern occurs. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Pacific decadal oscillation: 1976/1977: PDO changed to a "warm" phase. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Pacific decadal oscillation: There is evidence of reversals in the prevailing polarity (meaning changes in cool surface waters versus warm surface waters within the region) of the oscillation occurring around 1925, 1947, and 1977; the last two reversals corresponded with dramatic shifts in salmon production regimes in the North Pacific Ocean. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Pacific decadal oscillation: During the positive phase the wintertime Aleutian low is deepened and shifted southward, warm/humid air is advected along the North American west coast and temperatures are higher than usual from the Pacific Northwest to Alaska but below normal in Mexico and the Southeastern United States. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Pacific decadal oscillation: 1924/1925: PDO changed to a "warm" phase. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Pacific decadal oscillation: During a "warm", or "positive", phase, the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a "cool" or "negative" phase, the opposite pattern occurs. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Pacific decadal oscillation: 1976/1977: PDO changed to a "warm" phase. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate variability: The temperature changes occurred somewhat suddenly, at carbon dioxide concentrations of about 600–760 ppm and temperatures approximately 4 °C warmer than today. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Pacific decadal oscillation: 1924/1925: PDO changed to a "warm" phase. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Pacific decadal oscillation: 1945/1946: The PDO changed to a "cool" phase, the pattern of this regime shift is similar to the 1970s episode with maximum amplitude in the subarctic and subtropical front but with a greater signature near the Japan while the 1970s shift was stronger near the American west coast. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Pacific decadal oscillation: During a "warm", or "positive", phase, the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a "cool" or "negative" phase, the opposite pattern occurs. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Pacific decadal oscillation: The 2014 flip from the cool PDO phase to the warm phase, which vaguely resembles a long and drawn out El Niño event, contributed to record-breaking surface temperatures across the planet in 2014. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The long term warming trend indicates the total energy in the Earth's climate system is increasing due to an energy imbalance.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Earth's energy budget: "Earth's Energy Imbalance". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth's energy budget: An imbalance in the Earth radiation budget requires components of the climate system to change temperature over time. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth's energy budget: Earth is very close to being in radiative equilibrium, the situation where the incoming solar energy is balanced by an equal flow of heat to space; under that condition, global temperatures will be relatively stable. [REFUTES]
- Earth's energy budget: Climate forcings are changes that cause temperatures to rise or fall, disrupting the energy balance. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Black hole: This result, now known as the second law of black hole mechanics, is remarkably similar to the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Second law of thermodynamics: It refers to a cycle of a Carnot heat engine, fictively operated in the limiting mode of extreme slowness known as quasi-static, so that the heat and work transfers are between subsystems that are always in their own internal states of thermodynamic equilibrium. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Second law of thermodynamics: Such a machine is called a "perpetual motion machine of the second kind". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Thermodynamic equilibrium: Then, according to the second law of thermodynamics, the whole undergoes changes and eventually reaches a new and final equilibrium with the surroundings. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Thermodynamics: The second law defines the existence of a quantity called entropy, that describes the direction, thermodynamically, that a system can evolve and quantifies the state of order of a system and that can be used to quantify the useful work that can be extracted from the system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Atmosphere of Earth: Solar radiation (or sunlight) is the energy Earth receives from the Sun. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Atmosphere of Earth: For example, O2 and O3 absorb almost all wavelengths shorter than 300 nanometers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Atmosphere of Earth: This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation (UV) radiation from the Sun by the ozone layer, which restricts turbulence and mixing. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature. [SUPPORTS]
- Sun: Sunlight on the surface of Earth is attenuated by Earth's atmosphere, so that less power arrives at the surface (closer to 1,000 W/m2) in clear conditions when the Sun is near the zenith. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Atmosphere of Earth: The geological record however shows a continuous relatively warm surface during the complete early temperature record of Earth – with the exception of one cold glacial phase about 2.4 billion years ago. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Atmosphere of Earth: Although the temperature may be −60 °C (−76 °F; 210 K) at the tropopause, the top of the stratosphere is much warmer, and may be near 0 °C. [SUPPORTS]
- Earth: The climate is colder at high altitudes than at sea level because of the decreased air density. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: This is called the "atmospheric greenhouse effect", and without it the Earth's surface would be much colder.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Earth: The climate is colder at high altitudes than at sea level because of the decreased air density. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Without the Earth's atmosphere, the Earth's average temperature would be well below the freezing temperature of water. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse effect: The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse effect: Because the Earth's surface is colder than the Sun, it radiates at wavelengths that are much longer than the wavelengths that were absorbed. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse effect: Because the Earth is much colder than the Sun, it radiates at much longer wavelengths, primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum (see Figure 1). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice. [SUPPORTS]
- Physical impacts of climate change: Glaciers have been retreating worldwide for at least the last century; the rate of retreat has increased in the past decade. [SUPPORTS]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: "Widespread, rapid grounding line retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith, and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica, from 1992 to 2011". [SUPPORTS]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: "Fast-flow advance and parallel rapid retreat of non-surging tidewater glaciers in Icy Bay and Yakutat Bay, Alaska 1888–2003". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- West Antarctic Ice Sheet: "Widespread, rapid grounding line retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica from 1992 to 2011". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: This was a March 2005 World Wildlife Fund Nepal Program report, page 29: In 1999, a report by the Working Group on Himalayan Glaciology (WGHG) of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) stated: “glaciers in the Himalayas are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the livelihood [sic] of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high”. [SUPPORTS]
- Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: — WWF p. 29 On page 2, the WWF report cited an article in the 5 June 1999 issue of New Scientist which quoted Syed Hasnain, Chairman of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI), saying that most of the glaciers in the Himalayan region "will vanish within 40 years as a result of global warming". [SUPPORTS]
- Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: That article was based on an email interview, and says that "Hasnain's four-year study indicates that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035 at their present rate of decline." [SUPPORTS]
- Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: New Scientist has drawn attention to Hasnain's claim about the timing of glaciers disappearing: "Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high," says the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) in its recent study on Asian glaciers. [SUPPORTS]
- Ganges: They, in turn, drew their information from an interview conducted by New Scientist with Dr. Hasnain, an Indian glaciologist, who admitted that the view was speculative. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming controversy: Scientific consensus is normally achieved through communication at conferences, publication in the scientific literature, replication (reproducible results by others), and peer review. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick controversy: Global Change Research Program, over the scientific consensus shown by the IPCC report and about the peer reviewed status of the papers it cited. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: It is designed to be a powerful, scientifically authoritative document of high policy relevance, which will be a major contribution to the discussions at the 13th Conference of the Parties in Bali during December 2007. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The IPCC was tasked with reviewing peer-reviewed scientific literature and other relevant publications to provide information on the state of knowledge about climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Synthesis reports are assessments of scientific literature that compile the results of a range of stand-alone studies in order to achieve a broad level of understanding, or to describe the state of knowledge of a given subject. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Himalayas: An acceleration of ice loss across the Himalayas over the past 40 years has been proved with satellite photos. [SUPPORTS]
- Himalayas: In recent years, scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of glacier retreat across the region as a result of climate change. [SUPPORTS]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: Overall, glaciers in the Greater Himalayan region that have been studied are retreating an average of between 18 and 20 m (59 and 66 ft) annually. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate. [SUPPORTS]