MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change adaptation: "Geoengineering: How to Cool Earth--At a Price". [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change adaptation: Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since those countries are bearing the brunt of the effects of global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since they are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The capacity and potential for humans to adapt, called adaptive capacity, is unevenly distributed across different regions and populations, and developing countries generally have less capacity to adapt. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Greenhouse effect: The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse effect: A runaway greenhouse effect involving carbon dioxide and water vapor has long ago been hypothesized to have occurred on Venus, this idea is still largely accepted[citation needed]. [REFUTES]
- Terraforming of Venus: Venus receives about twice the sunlight that Earth does, which is thought to have contributed to its runaway greenhouse effect. [REFUTES]
- Venus: It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect. [REFUTES]
- Venus: The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F). [REFUTES]
Claim: Water levels correlate with sunspots
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Solar phenomena: Luminosity decreases caused by sunspots (generally < - 0.3%) are correlated with increases (generally < + 0.05%) caused both by faculae that are associated with active regions as well as the magnetically active 'bright network'. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sun: At this point in the dynamo cycle, buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence of toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere, giving rise to pairs of sunspots, roughly aligned east–west and having footprints with opposite magnetic polarities. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sun: Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sunspot: Sunspots number is correlated with the intensity of solar radiation over the period since 1979, when satellite measurements became available. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sunspot: On longer time scales, such as the solar cycle, other magnetic phenomena (faculae and the chromospheric network) correlate with sunspot occurrence. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity. [REFUTES]
- Carbon dioxide: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems. [REFUTES]
- Sustainability: In 2007 climate scientists of the IPCC concluded that there was at least a 90% probability that atmospheric increase in CO2 was human-induced, mostly as a result of fossil fuel emissions but, to a lesser extent from changes in land use. [REFUTES]
Claim: Renewable energy investment kills jobs
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- BP: It established an alternative and low carbon energy business in 2005, with plans to invest $8 billion over a 10-year period into renewable energy sources including solar, wind, and biofuels, and non-renewable sources including natural gas and hydrogen power. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Green-collar worker: Some 2.3 million people have found renewable energy jobs in recent years, and projected investments of $630 billion by 2030 would translate into at least 20 million additional jobs. [REFUTES]
- Renewable energy commercialization: A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs. [REFUTES]
- Renewable energy commercialization: Renewable power has been more effective in creating jobs than coal or oil in the United States. [REFUTES]
- Renewable energy: Globally there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer. [REFUTES]
Claim: CO2 limits won't cool the planet
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Occupational CO 2 exposure limits have been set in the United States at 0.5% (5000 ppm) for an eight-hour period. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Gaia hypothesis: As the temperature rises closer to the value the white daisies like, the white daisies outreproduce the black daisies, leading to a larger percentage of white surface, and more sunlight is reflected, reducing the heat input and eventually cooling the planet. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The Schmittner et al. study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate change feedback: This is the "likely" range (greater than 66% probability), based on the expert judgement of the IPCC's authors. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate sensitivity: For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate sensitivity: The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5 °C (2.7 to 8.1 °F) (high confidence) because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- IPCC Fifth Assessment Report: Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Kyoto Protocol: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) have produced a range of projections of what the future increase in global mean temperature might be. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Glacier: The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenland ice sheet: If iceberg calving has happened as an average, Greenland lost 294 Gt of its mass during 2007 (one km3 of ice weighs about 0.9 Gt). [REFUTES]
- Greenland: Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm). [REFUTES]
- Greenland: "Greenland Glaciers Losing Ice Much Faster, Study Says". [REFUTES]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: Between then and 2010, the mountain lost 80 percent of its ice — two-thirds of which since another scientific expedition in the 1970s. [REFUTES]
Claim: Ben Santer rewrote the 1995 IPCC report
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming controversy: In fact, one site said that it was proven in 1996 that Santer had fraudulently altered the IPCC report. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: A Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The IPCC First Assessment Report (FAR) was completed in 1990, and served as the basis of the UNFCCC. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Climate Change 1995, the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR), was finished in 1996. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The IPCC published its First Assessment Report (FAR) in 1990, a supplementary report in 1992, a Second Assessment Report (SAR) in 1995, a Third Assessment Report (TAR) in 2001, a Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) in 2007 and a Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) in 2014. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Royal Society embraces skepticism
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Philosophical skepticism: Philosophical skepticism (UK spelling: scepticism; from Greek σκέψις skepsis, "inquiry") is a philosophical school of thought that questions the possibility of certainty in knowledge. [SUPPORTS]
- Skepticism: Skepticism (American English) or scepticism (British English, Australian English, and Canadian English) is generally a questioning attitude or doubt towards one or more items of putative knowledge or belief or dogma. [SUPPORTS]
- Skepticism: In India the Ajñana school of philosophy espoused skepticism. [SUPPORTS]
- Skepticism: In this way, Hume embraced what he called a "mitigated" skepticism, while rejecting an "excessive" Pyrrhonian skepticism that he saw as both impractical and psychologically impossible. [SUPPORTS]
- Skepticism: In ordinary usage, skepticism (US) or scepticism (UK) (Greek: 'σκέπτομαι' skeptomai, to search, to think about or look for; see also spelling differences) can refer to: an attitude of doubt or a disposition to incredulity either in general or toward a particular object; the doctrine that true knowledge or some particular knowledge is uncertain; the method of suspended judgment, systematic doubt, or criticism that is characteristic of skeptics (Merriam–Webster). [SUPPORTS]
Claim: IPCC graph showing accelerating trends is misleading
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: A potentially important area for consideration is also the detection of trends in extreme events and the attribution of these trends to human influence. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened". [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: These studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99 based graph featured in publicity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Temperature record of the past 1000 years: This was the basis of a "schematic diagram" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Climate change in the United States: Human-induced climate change has, e.g., the potential to alter the prevalence and severity of extreme weathers such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods and droughts. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: For example, developed countries will be negatively affected by increases in the severity and frequency of some extreme weather events, such as heat waves. [REFUTES]
- Effects of global warming: Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s. [REFUTES]
- Effects of global warming: For example, humans living on atoll islands face risks due to sea level rise, sea surface warming, and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. [REFUTES]
- Heat wave: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events. [REFUTES]
Claim: UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- John Christy: We have found that climate models and popular surface temperature data sets overstate the changes in the real atmosphere and that actual changes are not alarming." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements: Globally, most climate models used by the IPCC in preparation of their third assessment in 2007 show a slightly greater warming at the TLT level than at the surface (0.03 °C/decade difference) for 1979–1999 while the GISS trend is +0.161 °C/decade for 1979 to 2012, the lower troposphere trends calculated from satellite data by UAH and RSS are +0.130 °C/decade and +0.206 °C/decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements: The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature models. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- UAH satellite temperature dataset: In comparing these measurements to surface temperature models, it is important to note that values for the lower troposphere measurements taken by the MSU are a weighted average of temperatures over multiple altitudes (roughly 0 to 12 km), and not a surface temperature (as seen in figure above). [SUPPORTS]
- UAH satellite temperature dataset: The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature records or models. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- 20th century: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human activities resulting from the industrial revolution have changed the chemical composition of the atmosphere....Deforestation is now the second largest contributor to global warming, after the burning of fossil fuels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming hiatus: A study published in January 2015 proposed that the hiatus resulted from a 60-year oscillatory pattern of natural variability ssociated with the AMO and PDO, interacting with a secular warming trend due mainly to human caused increases in greenhouse gas levels. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming hiatus: The 60- to 80-year cycle of the atmospheric and oceanic variability over the North Atlantic was also linked to the hiatus by two studies published in 2013 and was used to infer the length of the hiatus. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: By itself, the climate system experiences various cycles which can last for years (such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation) to decades or centuries. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Nicola Scafetta: In a 2011 article published in The Open Atmospheric Science Journal ecologist Craig Loehle of the National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (a forest industry institution) and Scafetta forecast that the world climate "may remain approximately steady until 2030-2040, and may at most warm 0.5-1.0°C by 2100 at the estimated 0.66°C/century anthropogenic warming rate". [SUPPORTS]
- Nicola Scafetta: "Hotter sun may affect global warming". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Humans survived past climate changes
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Holocene extinction: One of the main theories to the extinction is climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Little Ice Age: Past Climate Variability in South America and Surrounding Regions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Little Ice Age: "Causes of Climate Change over the Past 1000 Years". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paleolithic: This epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Quaternary extinction event: "The character of late-glacial and post-glacial climatic changes". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: We have had ice ages and warmer periods when alligators were found in Spitzbergen.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Ice age: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods, during which there are no glaciers on the planet. [SUPPORTS]
- Ice age: The colder periods are called glacial periods, the warmer periods interglacials, such as the Eemian Stage. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: The current geological period, the Quaternary, which began about 2.6 million years ago and extends into the present, is marked by warm and cold episodes, cold phases called glacials (Quaternary ice age) lasting about 100,000 years, and which are then interrupted by the warmer interglacials which lasted about 10,000–15,000 years. [SUPPORTS]
- Miocene: Climates remained moderately warm, although the slow global cooling that eventually led to the Pleistocene glaciations continued. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climatology: Most climate models include the radiative effects of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Eocene: Greenhouse gases, in particular carbon dioxide and methane, played a significant role during the Eocene in controlling the surface temperature. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot. [SUPPORTS]
- Paleoclimatology: The opposite effect is volcanism, responsible for the natural greenhouse effect, by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere, thus affecting glaciation (Ice Age) cycles. [SUPPORTS]
- Paleoclimatology: Studies of past changes in the environment and biodiversity often reflect on the current situation, specifically the impact of climate on mass extinctions and biotic recovery and current global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Air pollution: Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollutant". [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer."
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- 21st century: Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming. [REFUTES]
- Climate: Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling. [REFUTES]
- Cosmic ray: Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- El Niño–Southern Oscillation: The studies of historical data show the recent El Niño variation is most likely linked to global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [REFUTES]
Claim: In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo. [SUPPORTS]
- Quaternary glaciation: Based on orbital models, the cooling trend initiated about 6,000 years ago will continue for another 23,000 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Solar activity and climate: In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence. [SUPPORTS]