MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: Global warming is increasing the magnitude and frequency of droughts and floods.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons are likely increasing. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Global warming is causing snow to disappear.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting." [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: While aerosols typically limit global warming by reflecting sunlight, black carbon in soot that falls on snow or ice can contribute to global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Arctic: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change in the Arctic: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s. [SUPPORTS]
- Deglaciation: Around much of Earth, deglaciation during the last 100 years has been accelerating as a result of climate change, partly brought on by anthropogenic changes to greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
- North Pole: The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming, as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation, and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Arctic sea ice decline: "Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent". [SUPPORTS]
- Attribution of recent climate change: (2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: "What caused the recent "Warm Arctic, Cold Continents" trend pattern in winter temperatures?". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification. [SUPPORTS]
- Ocean acidification: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere. [SUPPORTS]
- Pollution: Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Ocean acidification: Aside from the slowing and/or reversing of calcification, organisms may suffer other adverse effects, either indirectly through negative impacts on food resources, or directly as reproductive or physiological effects. [REFUTES]
- Ocean acidification: While the full implications of elevated CO2 on marine ecosystems are still being documented, there is a substantial body of research showing that a combination of ocean acidification and elevated ocean temperature, driven mainly by CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, have a compounded effect on marine life and the ocean environment. [REFUTES]
- Ocean acidification: For example, in regards to safety, the report found a "[high] potential for undesirable ecological side effects", and that ocean fertilization "may increase anoxic regions of ocean ('dead zones')". [REFUTES]
- Ocean acidification: "Rising levels of acids in seas may endanger marine life, says study". [REFUTES]
- Ocean acidification: Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of potentially harmful consequences for marine organisms such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms and causing coral bleaching. [REFUTES]
Claim: Carbon pollution is a health hazard.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Air pollution: It is considered to be a health hazard. [SUPPORTS]
- Air pollution: Emissions from these sources can cause respiratory disease, childhood asthma, cancer, and other health problems. [SUPPORTS]
- Air pollution: Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart disease, altered lung function and lung cancer. [SUPPORTS]
- Hazard: Health hazards Hazards affecting the health of exposed persons, usually having an acute or chronic illness as the consequence. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Pollution: Short of survival, human concerns include the range from quality of life to health hazards. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level: For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- 2014–15 North American winter: Many records for snowfall and temperature were broken, many for the month of February, with every state east of the Mississippi River being colder than average, some for the entire winter. [SUPPORTS]
- 2014–15 North American winter: Snowflakes fell on 19 out of 28 days in the Boston, Massachusetts area, setting records in numerous locations with depths up to over 36.0 inches (91 cm) deep in certain places. [SUPPORTS]
- Cold wave: Seattle recorded its snowiest winter on record with 67.5 inches (171 cm) for the season at Sea-Tac Airport. [SUPPORTS]
- Cold wave: Snowfall records were confirmed all over the Midwest and the Northeast, especially around the Great Lakes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Snow: The following are world records regarding snowfall and snowflakes: Highest seasonal total snowfall – The world record for the highest seasonal total snowfall was measured in the United States at Mt. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Agriculture: The development of agriculture enabled the human population to grow many times larger than could be sustained by hunting and gathering. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Burkina Faso: Burkina Faso's rapidly growing population (around 3.6% annually) continues to put a strain on the country's resources and infrastructure, which can further limit accessibility to food. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: Socio-economic factors have contributed to the observed trend of global losses, e.g., population growth, increased wealth. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Forestry in India: India defines forest management as one where the economic needs of local communities are not ignored, rather forests are sustained while meeting nation's economic needs and local issues through scientific forestry. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Vietnam: The average growth rate of the urban population has recently increased which is attributed mainly to migration and rapid urbanisation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Droughts and floods have not changed since weve been using fossil fuels
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Drought: According to the WWF, the combination of climate change and deforestation increases the drying effect of dead trees that fuels forest fires. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: However, other research suggests that there has been little change in drought over the past 60 years. [SUPPORTS]
- Effects of global warming: Due to deforestation the rainforest is losing this ability, exacerbated by climate change which brings more frequent droughts to the area. [REFUTES]
- Effects of global warming: There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify. [REFUTES]
- History of the world: The increased demands are contributing to increased environmental degradation and to global warming, with resultant intensification of tropical cyclones, floods, droughts, forest fires, and incidence of hyperthermia deaths. [REFUTES]
Claim: Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Heat wave: The famous heat wave events of Chicago in 1995 and the European heat wave of 2003 regions will experience longer, more frequent and more intense heat waves in the latter 21st century. [REFUTES]
- Heat wave: June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe. [REFUTES]
- Heat wave: This was used to estimate heat waves occurrence at the global scale from 1901 to 2010, finding a substantial and sharp increase in the amount of affected areas in the last two decades. [REFUTES]
- Heat wave: 's Heat Wave Duration Index is that a heat wave occurs when the daily maximum temperature of more than five consecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F), the normal period being 1961–1990. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- List of heat waves: Massive heat waves across North America were persistent in the 1930s, many mid-Atlantic/Ohio valley states recorded their highest temperatures during July 1934. [REFUTES]
Claim: Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Climatic Research Unit email controversy: The CRU emails do not show either that the science is flawed or that the scientific process has been compromised. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climatic Research Unit email controversy: In blogs, talk radio and other new media, we are told that the warnings about future global warming issued by the national science academies, scientific societies, and governments of all the leading nations are not only mistaken, but based on a hoax, indeed a conspiracy that must involve thousands of respected researchers. [SUPPORTS]
- Climatic Research Unit email controversy: An editorial in Nature stated that "A fair reading of the e-mails reveals nothing to support the denialists' conspiracy theories." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Conspiracy theory: "Analysis of the appeal of conspiracy theories with suggestions for more accurate ad hoc internet reporting of them". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Phil Jones (climatologist): "'Conspiracy theories finally laid to rest' by report on leaked climate change emails". [REFUTES]
Claim: Hurricanes aren't linked to global warming
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Atlantic hurricane: "1.3: A Global Climatology". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming on human health: Health concerns around the world can be linked to floods. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: "Q&A: How is Arctic warming linked to the 'polar vortex' and other extreme weather?". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hurricane Sandy: Global warming contributes 0.6°C to this. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tropical cyclone: "African Dust Linked To Hurricane Strength". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Extreme weather: Extreme Weather Prompts Unprecedented Global Warming Alert. [REFUTES]
- Extreme weather: Scientists attribute extreme weather to man-made climate change. [REFUTES]
- Extreme weather: Researchers have for the first time attributed recent floods, droughts and heat waves, to human-induced climate change. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.". [REFUTES]
- Global warming: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts. [REFUTES]
Claim: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Arctic ice pack: The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter. [SUPPORTS]
- Arctic ice pack: As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic oscillation: The Arctic oscillation (AO) or Northern Annular Mode/Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode (NAM) is a weather phenomenon at the Arctic poles north of 20 degrees latitude. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic: "Arctic cut-off high drives the poleward shift of a new Greenland melting record". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic: The melting of the ice is making the Northwest Passage, the shipping routes through the northernmost latitudes, more navigable, raising the possibility that the Arctic region will become a prime trade route. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Atmospheric methane: Atmospheric methane concentrations are of interest because it is one of the most potent greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The oxidation of methane can produce both ozone and water; and is a major source of water vapor in the normally dry stratosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Natural gas: Natural gas is thus a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide due to the greater global-warming potential of methane. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Water vapor: Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum. [SUPPORTS]
- Water vapor: Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Polar bear numbers are increasing
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Polar bear: For decades, large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species, but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect. [SUPPORTS]
- Polar bear: "Ask the experts: Are polar bear populations increasing?". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar bear: The numbers taken grew rapidly in the 1960s, peaking around 1968 with a global total of 1,250 bears that year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar bear: Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today. [SUPPORTS]
- Polar bear: Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Through its impacts on the climate, CO2 presents a danger to public health and welfare, and thus qualifies as an air pollutant
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Air pollution: An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem. [SUPPORTS]
- Effects of global warming: Climate change will impact agriculture and food production around the world due to the effects of elevated CO2 in the atmosphere, higher temperatures, altered precipitation and transpiration regimes, increased frequency of extreme events, and modified weed, pest, and pathogen pressure. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: Tipping points are "perhaps the most ‘dangerous’ aspect of future climate changes", leading to irreversible impacts on society. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Human impact on the environment: This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a significant contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide, for which transport is the fastest-growing emission sector. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: It is anticipated that continuing changes to the climate will have serious negative impacts on public, animal and ecosystem health due to extreme weather events, changing disease transmission dynamics, emerging and re-emerging diseases, and alterations to habitat and ecological systems that are essential to wildlife conservation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Adventure Time: The first game based on the series, Adventure Time: Hey Ice King! [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Antarctica: This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Captain America: The First Avenger: ... We have to deal with much the same way that Captain America, when thawed from the Arctic ice, entered a world that he didn't recognize," similar to the way Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced the character in the 1960s. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hip hop music: Hip hop's "golden age" (or "golden era") is a name given to a period in mainstream hip hop, produced between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s, which is characterized by its diversity, quality, innovation and influence. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Toy Story: "'Toy Story' Takes the Ice to the Blue Line and Beyond!". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Second law of thermodynamics: The theory of classical or equilibrium thermodynamics is idealized. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Second law of thermodynamics: This does not conflict with notions that have been observed of the fundamental laws of physics, namely CPT symmetry, since the second law applies statistically, it is hypothesized, on time-asymmetric boundary conditions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Second law of thermodynamics: Loschmidt's paradox, also known as the reversibility paradox, is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from the time-symmetric dynamics that describe the microscopic evolution of a macroscopic system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Second law of thermodynamics: The recurrence theorem may be perceived as apparently contradicting the second law of thermodynamics. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Second law of thermodynamics: This law is the basis of temperature. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Ganges: In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its Fourth Report, stated that the Himalayan glaciers which feed the river, were at risk of melting by 2035. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ganges: In its statement, the IPCC stands by its general findings relating to the Himalayan glaciers being at risk from global warming (with consequent risks to water flow into the Gangetic basin). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: The report has also been criticized for inclusion of an erroneous date for the projected demise of the Himalayan glaciers. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Two errors include the melting of Himalayan glaciers (see later section), and Dutch land area that is below sea level. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Former IPCC chairman Robert Watson said, regarding the Himalayan glaciers estimation, "The mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Clouds provide negative feedback
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Cloud feedback: Changes in subtropical humidity could provide a negative feedback that decreases the amount of water vapor which in turn would act to mediate global climate transitions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Cloud feedback: The albedo of increased cloudiness cools the climate, resulting in a negative feedback; while the reflection of infrared radiation by clouds warms the climate, resulting in a positive feedback. [SUPPORTS]
- Cloud: Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Cloud: But if low clouds decrease, or if high clouds increase, the feedback is positive. [REFUTES]
- Tropical cyclone: This effect results in a negative feedback process that can inhibit further development or lead to weakening. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Amazon basin: Most of the basin is covered by the Amazon Rainforest, also known as Amazonia. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Amazon rainforest: It concluded that the forest is on the brink of[vague] being turned into savanna or desert, with catastrophic consequences for the world's climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Amazon rainforest: Research suggests that upon reaching about 20–25% (hence 3–8% more), the tipping point to flip it into a non-forest ecosystems – degraded savannah – (in eastern, southern and central Amazonia) will be reached. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Deforestation: IPCC NASA Data Shows Deforestation Affects Climate In The Amazon. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tropical rainforest: "Above- and below-ground net primary productivity across ten Amazonian forests on contrasting soils". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]