MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change denial: Even if the current and future projected human effects on Earth's climate are not negligible, the changes are generally going to be good for us. [SUPPORTS]
- Global catastrophic risk: It is a global good, so even if a large nation decreases it, that nation will only enjoy a small fraction of the benefit of doing so. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: One potential source of abrupt climate change would be the rapid release of methane and carbon dioxide from permafrost, which would amplify global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since they are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: in a letter to The Times from Lord Krebs and company, essentially telling the newspaper to stop reporting less-than-negative climate stories.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- The New York Times: Former The New York Times executive editor Bill Keller decided not to report the piece after being pressured by the Bush administration and being advised not to do so by The New York Times Washington bureau chief Philip Taubman. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- The New York Times: During the Iranian nuclear crisis the newspaper minimized the "negative processes" of the United States while overemphasizing similar processes of Iran. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- The Washington Times: During the Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as "Climategate") in 2009 in the lead-up to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the Times wrote in an editorial "these revelations of fudged science should have a cooling effect on global-warming hysteria and the panicked policies that are being pushed forward to address the unproven theory." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- The Washington Times: In 1993, the Times published articles purporting to debunk climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- The Washington Times: It has also published many columns which reject the scientific consensuses on climate change, on ozone depletion, and on the harmful effects of second-hand smoke. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Coral bleaching: Large coral colonies such as Porites are able to withstand extreme temperature shocks, while fragile branching corals such Acropora are far more susceptible to stress following a temperature change. [SUPPORTS]
- Great Barrier Reef: Bleaching events in benthic coral communities (deeper than 20 metres or 66 feet) in the Great Barrier reef are not as well documented as those at shallower depths, but recent research has shown that benthic communities are just as negatively impacted in the face of rising ocean temperatures. [REFUTES]
- Great Barrier Reef: A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures. [REFUTES]
- Great Barrier Reef: In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change. [REFUTES]
- Great Barrier Reef: These forms of pollution have made the reef less resilient to climate change. [REFUTES]
Claim: a new study by scientists at the Australian Research Council finds that the ongoing bleaching event is mainly due to human-caused global warming, and that if global warming proceeds as currently expected, “large parts” of the Great Barrier Reef could die by the mid-2030s.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change in Australia: A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the reef has experienced unprecedented rates of bleaching over the past two decades, and additional warming of only 1 °C is anticipated to cause considerable losses or contractions of species associated with coral communities. [SUPPORTS]
- Great Barrier Reef: A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures. [SUPPORTS]
- Great Barrier Reef: In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Great Barrier Reef: The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a "huge natural selection event unfolding". [SUPPORTS]
- Great Barrier Reef: The last report was published in 2019. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Great Barrier Reef: "Great Barrier Reef has 'lost half its coral since 1985'". [SUPPORTS]
- Great Barrier Reef: "The Reef 2050 Plan". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Great Barrier Reef: "Great Barrier Reef 2050 plan no longer achievable due to climate change, experts say". [SUPPORTS]
Claim: It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- 2006 European heat wave: April 2007 was also the warmest month in history, the average temperature being 5 °C warmer than normal. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 2006 European heat wave: December, January and February also brought extremely mild weather making the winter of 2006/2007 the warmest in recorded history. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 2006 European heat wave: December 2006 and January 2007 were the warmest months in Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan and other cities of European Russia. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 2006 European heat wave: Every winter month (December, January, February) had a CET above 5 °C (41 °F), only the second time this has happened since 1900 (after 1988/89, although November 1988 was colder than any month of 2006/07) and only the sixth since 1659 (1685–86, 1833–34, 1833–34, and 1868/69 also). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 2014–16 El Niño event: "2014 one of the warmest years on record globally". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Orlando, Florida: The area's warm and humid climate is caused primarily by its low elevation, its position relatively close to the Tropic of Cancer, and its location in the center of a peninsula. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Orlando, Florida: The area's humidity acts as a buffer, usually preventing actual temperatures from exceeding 100 °F (38 °C), but also pushing the heat index to over 110 °F (43 °C). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- St. Louis: The city experiences hot, humid summers, and chilly to cold winters. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- St. Louis: It is subject to both cold Arctic air and hot, humid tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- St. Louis: The average annual temperature recorded at nearby Lambert–St. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Coral bleaching: An overall analysis of coral loss found that coral populations on the Great Barrier Reef had declined by 50.7% from 1985 to 2012, but with only about 10% of that decline attributable to bleaching, and the remaining 90% caused about equally by tropical cyclones and by predation by crown-of-thorns starfishes. [REFUTES]
- Coral bleaching: "Coral Bleaching Has Ravaged Half of Hawaii's Coral Reefs". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Coral bleaching: These temperatures have caused the most severe and widespread coral bleaching ever recorded in the Great Barrier reef. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Coral bleaching: In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral. [REFUTES]
- Great Barrier Reef: Five Great Barrier Reef species of large benthic corals were found bleached under elevated temperatures, affirming that benthic corals are vulnerable to thermal stress. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Higher temperatures, we’re told, will be deadly—killing “thousands to tens of thousands” of Americans
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- 1990s: Over the course of approximately 100 days, at least 500,000 people were killed. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- July 1966: A heat wave began across much of the midwestern United States, killing hundreds of people over a six-day period where temperatures remained above 100 degrees Fahrenheit. [SUPPORTS]
- Philippines: The war, as well as the ensuing cholera epidemic, resulted in the deaths of thousands of combatants as well as tens of thousands of civilians. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Each year, about 800,000 people die from causes attributable to urban air pollution, 1.8 million from diarrhoea resulting from lack of access to clean water supply, sanitation, and poor hygiene, 3.5 million from malnutrition and approximately 60,000 in natural disasters. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Unit 731: This military aerial spraying killed tens of thousands of people with bubonic plague epidemics. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: cold kills many more people than heat.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- 2015 Indian heat wave: In 2013, 1,216 people died due to the heat. [REFUTES]
- Captain Cold: After the elder Snart insults him and his mother, calling them weak, Cold punches him, but finds himself unable to kill him, instead getting Heat Wave to do it. [REFUTES]
- Cold wave: Both cold waves and heat waves cause deaths, though different groups of people may be susceptible to different weather events. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Cold wave: Globally, more people die during hot weather than cold weather. [REFUTES]
- Urban heat island: Within the United States alone, an average of 1,000 people die each year due to extreme heat. [REFUTES]
Claim: In pushing too hard for the case that global warming is universally bad for everything, the administration’s report undermines the reasonable case for climate action.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate change denial: Public concern over global warming and support for climate policy-making in the US is low relative to other nations (see Chapter 10, this volume), contributing to inaction by the US government. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: While the ozone layer and climate change are considered separate problems, the solution to the former has significantly mitigated global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: It has been argued that the Montreal Protocol, may have done more than any other measure, as of 2017[update], to mitigate climate change as those substances were also powerful greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: They challenged the scientific evidence, argued that global warming would have benefits, warned that concern for global warming was some kind of socialist plot to undermine American capitalism, and asserted that proposed solutions would do more harm than good. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Litigation is increasingly used as a tool to strengthen climate action, with governments being the biggest target of lawsuits demanding that they become ambitious on climate action or enforce existing laws. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change in Canada: Temperature-related changes include longer growing season, more heatwaves and fewer cold spells, thawing permafrost, earlier river ice break-up, earlier spring runoff, and earlier budding of trees. [SUPPORTS]
- Effects of global warming: Future climate change will include more very hot days and fewer very cold days. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased. [SUPPORTS]
- Physical impacts of climate change: Effects on weather encompass increased heavy precipitation, reduced amounts of cold days, increase in heat waves and various effects on tropical cyclones. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: These include increases in air and water temperatures, reduced frost days, increased frequency and intensity of heavy downpours, a rise in sea level, and reduced snow cover, glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The report confidently claims that when temperatures rise, “the reduction in premature deaths from cold are expected to be smaller than the increase in deaths from heat in the United States.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate change in the United States: Some of the greatest increases in average temperatures in the U.S. are expected in the region over the coming decades. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change in the United States: "A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Urban heat island: Heat is more likely to increase the risk of mortality in cities in the northern part of the country than in the southern regions of the country. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Urban heat island: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notes that it "is difficult to make valid projections of heat-related illness and death under varying climate change scenarios" and that "heat–related deaths are preventable, as evidenced by the decline of all-cause mortality during heat events over the past 35 years". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves: The first phase lasted only from April 2010 to June 2010, and caused only moderate above average temperatures in the areas affected. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves: Both the American East Coast and parts of the American Midwest had record high temperatures, killing two people on the 8th. [REFUTES]
- 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves: The Southwestern United States had near high temperatures from September 26 to October 2, and even hotter than that in some regions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest: It involves cooling the body to temperatures between 20 °C (68 °F) to 25 °C (77 °F), and stopping blood circulation and brain function for up to one hour. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global storm activity of 2009: Heavy snowfall and sub-zero temperatures killed at least 290 people across Europe. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “The Lancet researchers found that about 0.5%—half a percent—of all deaths are associated with heat, not only from acute problems like heat stroke, but also increased mortality from cardiac events and dehydration.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Air pollution: Air pollution was also found to be associated with increased incidence and mortality from coronary stroke in a cohort study in 2011. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Cancer: It caused about 8.8 million deaths (15.7% of deaths). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Heat stroke: The risk of death is less than 5% in those with exercise-induced heat stroke and as high as 65% in those with non-exercise induced cases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hyperthermia: The associated mortality rates of heatstroke is between 40-64%. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Myocardial infarction: The World Health Organization estimated in 2004, that 12.2% of worldwide deaths were from ischemic heart disease; with it being the leading cause of death in high- or middle-income countries and second only to lower respiratory infections in lower-income countries. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Cardiovascular disease: High blood pressure is estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco accounts for 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6% and obesity 5%. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Drowning: Of those who die after plunging into freezing seas, around 20% die within 2 minutes from cold shock (uncontrolled rapid breathing and gasping causing water inhalation, massive increase in blood pressure and cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest, and panic), another 50% die within 15 – 30 minutes from cold incapacitation (loss of use and control of limbs and hands for swimming or gripping, as the body 'protectively' shuts down the peripheral muscles of the limbs to protect its core), and exhaustion and unconsciousness cause drowning, claiming the rest within a similar time. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hypothermia: For example, plunged into freezing seas, around 20% of victims die within two minutes from cold shock (uncontrolled rapid breathing, and gasping, causing water inhalation, massive increase in blood pressure and cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest, and panic); another 50% die within 15–30 minutes from cold incapacitation (inability to use or control limbs and hands for swimming or gripping, as the body "protectively" shuts down the peripheral muscles of the limbs to protect its core). [SUPPORTS]
- Shock (circulatory): This increased pressure reduced blood flow back to the heart, thereby reducing blood flow to the body and resultign in signs and symptoms of shock. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Underwater diving: The cold water can also cause heart attack due to vasoconstriction; the heart has to work harder to pump the same volume of blood throughout the body, and for people with heart disease, this additional workload can cause the heart to go into arrest. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Migration patterns show people heading for warm states like Texas and Florida, not snowy Minnesota and Michigan.”
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Florida: In response to segregation, disfranchisement and agricultural depression, many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities in the Great Migration, in waves from 1910 to 1940, and again starting in the later 1940s. [REFUTES]
- Jacksonville, Florida: LaVilla Brooklyn Northbank Southbank Springfield San Marco Southside Eastside and Arlington Ortega Riverside and Avondale According to the Köppen climate classification, Jacksonville has a humid subtropical climate, with hot humid summers, and warm to mild and drier winters. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Michigan: The southern and central parts of the Lower Peninsula (south of Saginaw Bay and from the Grand Rapids area southward) have a warmer climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) with hot summers and cold winters. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Orlando, Florida: Because the winter season is dry and freezing temperatures usually occur only after cold fronts (and their accompanying precipitation) have passed, snow is exceptionally rare. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Texas: Texas's Rio Grande Valley has seen significant migration from across the U.S.–Mexico border. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Ocean: Plants : including sea grasses, or mangroves Fungi : many marine fungi with diverse roles are found in oceanic environments Animals : most animal phyla have species that inhabit the ocean, including many that are only found in marine environments such as sponges, Cnidaria (such as corals and jellyfish), comb jellies, Brachiopods, and Echinoderms (such as sea urchins and sea stars). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Petroleum: This increase in acidity inhibits all marine life – having a greater impact on smaller organisms as well as shelled organisms (see scallops). [REFUTES]
- Sea: More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea: Calcium carbonate also becomes more soluble at lower pH, so ocean acidification is likely to have profound effects on marine organisms with calcareous shells, such as oysters, clams, sea urchins, and corals, because their ability to form shells will be reduced, and the carbonate compensation depth will rise closer to the sea surface. [REFUTES]
- Tide pool: Low tide zone organisms include abalone, anemones, brown seaweed, chitons, crabs, green algae, hydroids, isopods, limpets, mussels, and sometimes even small vertebrates such as fish. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “The oceans will never become acid because there is such a huge buffering capacity in the oceans.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Biodiversity: Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Fisheries and climate change: The current level of GHG emissions means that ocean acidity will continue to increase and aquatic ecosystems will continue to degrade and change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Fisheries and climate change: The rising ocean acidity makes it more difficult for marine organisms such as shrimp, oysters, or corals to form their shells – a process known as calcification. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea: More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- United Nations Ocean Conference: For instance as oceans are warming and becoming more acidic, biodiversity is becoming reduced and changing currents will cause more frequent storms and droughts. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]