MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming controversy: According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Seventy-five of 77 believed that human activity is a significant factor in changing mean global temperatures. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: 7–10 "There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases. [REFUTES]
Claim: In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. [REFUTES]
- Earth: "Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report". [REFUTES]
- Extinction event: As a result, they are likely to cause the climate to oscillate between cooling and warming, but with an overall trend towards warming as the carbon dioxide they emit can stay in the atmosphere for hundreds of years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global cooling: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Volcano: The aerosols increase the Earth's albedo—its reflection of radiation from the Sun back into space—and thus cool the Earth's lower atmosphere or troposphere; however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, thereby warming the stratosphere. [REFUTES]
Claim: I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Paris Agreement: At the conclusion of COP 21 (the 21st meeting of the Conference of the Parties, which guides the Conference), on 12 December 2015, the final wording of the Paris Agreement was adopted by consensus by all of the 195 UNFCCC participating member states and the European Union to reduce emissions as part of the method for reducing greenhouse gas. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paris Agreement: On 1 April 2016, the United States and China, which together represent almost 40% of global emissions, issued a joint statement confirming that both countries would sign the Paris Climate Agreement. [REFUTES]
- Paris Agreement: 187 states and the EU, representing more than 87% of global greenhouse gas emissions, have ratified or acceded to the Agreement, including China, the United States and India, the countries with three of the four largest greenhouse gas emissions of the UNFCCC members total (about 42% together). [REFUTES]
- Paris Agreement: The top four emitters (China, USA, EU28 and India) contribute to over 55% of the total emissions over the last decade, excluding emissions from land-use change such as deforestation. [REFUTES]
- Paris Agreement: The US emits 13% of global emissions and emissions rose 2.5% in 2018. [REFUTES]
Claim: Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Low-carbon economy: GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Solar activity and climate: In 2000, Lassen and Thejll updated their 1991 research and concluded that while the solar cycle accounted for about half the temperature rise since 1900, it failed to explain a rise of 0.4 °C since 1980. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Solar activity and climate: Under this scenario, they claimed the Sun might have contributed 50% of the observed global warming since 1900. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Solar activity and climate: estimated that the residual effects of the prolonged high solar activity during the last 30 years account for between 16% and 36% of warming from 1950 to 1999. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Solar activity and climate: Their reported relationship appeared to account for nearly 80 per cent of measured temperature changes over this period. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming: A wide variety of temperature proxies together prove that the 20th century was the hottest recorded in the last 2,000 years. [REFUTES]
- Hockey stick controversy: Regarding the draft conclusion that the 20th Century was the warmest in the last 1000 years, he said "We don't accept this. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick controversy: The SPM statement in the IPCC TAR of 2001 had been that it was "likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year" in the past 1,000 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick controversy: 2013 used seafloor and lake bed sediment proxies to reconstruct global temperatures over the past 11,300 years, the last 1,000 years of which confirmed the original MBH99 hockey stick graph. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Holocene extinction: However, the annual mean temperature of the current interglacial period for the last 10,000 years is no higher than that of previous interglacial periods, yet some of the same megafauna survived similar temperature increases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is misleading humanity about climate change and sea levels, and that in fact a new solar-driven cooling period is not far off.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: "Robust findings" of the Synthesis report include: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: "Anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would continue for centuries even if GHG emissions were to be reduced sufficiently for GHG concentrations to stabilise, due to the time scales associated with climate processes and feedbacks". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: On the eve of the publication of IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 another study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during IPCC's 2001 Third Assessment Report. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Over the six years studied, the actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given by IPCC's 2001 projection, and the actual sea level rise was above the top of the range of the IPCC projection. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The human contribution to global warming was about 0.01°C.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: Current pledges made as part of the Paris Agreement would lead to about 3.0 °C of warming at the end of the 21st century, relative to pre-industrial levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years. [REFUTES]
Claim: So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO 2. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Patrick Michaels: In 2018, Michaels asserted on Fox News, "probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases." [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming: "Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- International Space Station: During various station activities and crew rest times, the lights in the ISS can be dimmed, switched off, and color temperatures adjusted. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- NASA: On January 14, 1958, NACA Director Hugh Dryden published "A National Research Program for Space Technology" stating: Play media It is of great urgency and importance to our country both from consideration of our prestige as a nation as well as military necessity that this challenge [Sputnik] be met by an energetic program of research and development for the conquest of space ... [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- NASA: ""2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Space Shuttle Challenger disaster: Tests and adjusted calculations later confirmed that the temperature of the joint was not substantially different from the ambient temperature. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: New Study Confirms EVs Considerably Worse For Climate Than Diesel Cars.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Car: As of 2018[update] the average diesel car has a worse effect on air quality than the average gasoline car But both gasoline and diesel cars pollute more than electric cars.While there are different ways to power cars most rely on gasoline or diesel, and they consume almost a quarter of world oil production as of 2019[update]. [REFUTES]
- Car: "EEA report confirms: electric cars are better for climate and air quality". [REFUTES]
- Electric vehicle: A study by Cambridge Econometrics shows the potential air pollution benefits of EVs. [REFUTES]
- Electric vehicle: However, looking at the well-to-wheel efficiency of EVs, their total emissions, while still lower, are closer to an efficient gasoline or diesel in most countries where electricity generation relies on fossil fuels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Electric vehicle: The lifecycle analysis of EVs shows that even when powered by the most carbon intensive electricity in Europe, they emit less greenhouse gases than a conventional diesel vehicle. [REFUTES]
Claim: the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere has climbed to a level last seen more than 3 million years ago — before humans even appeared on the rocky ball we call home.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: The daily average concentration of atmospheric CO 2 at Mauna Loa Observatory first exceeded 400 ppm on 10 May 2013 although this concentration had already been reached in the Arctic in June 2012. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: The National Geographic wrote that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is this high "for the first time in 55 years of measurement—and probably more than 3 million years of Earth history." [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: The current concentration may be the highest in the last 20 million years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: About 34 million years ago, the time of the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event and when the Antarctic ice sheet started to take its current form, CO 2 was about 760 ppm, and there is geochemical evidence that concentrations were less than 300 ppm by about 20 million years ago. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Sea level rise due to climate change is not going to happen.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. [REFUTES]
- Kiribati: The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: In September 2019 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change published a report about the impact of climate change on the oceans including sea level rise. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: "The Oceans We Know Won't Survive Climate Change". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming controversy: Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Fossil fuel: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse effect: The effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on the global climate, a special case of the greenhouse effect first described in 1896 by Svante Arrhenius, has also been called the Callendar effect. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum: This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: The Atlantic is set to warm at a faster pace than the Pacific. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Australia: "Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Australia: According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, "the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) above the long-term average". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Australia: Furthermore, 2014 was Australia's third warmest year since national temperature observations commenced in 1910. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Australia: January 2019 was the hottest month ever in Australia with average temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Australia: Australia has grown at an average annual rate of 3.6% for over 15 years, in comparison to the OECD annual average of 2.5%. [REFUTES]
Claim: climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climatology: These models predict an upward trend in the surface temperatures, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher latitudes. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes". [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Additional disputes concern estimates of climate sensitivity, predictions of additional warming, what the consequences of global warming will be, and what to do about it. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming: The effects of climate change, in combination with the sustained increases in greenhouse gas emissions, have led scientists to characterize it as a climate emergency. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hurricane Harvey: "It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly". [SUPPORTS]
- Hurricane Harvey: The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms. [SUPPORTS]
- Hurricane Harvey: Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey. [SUPPORTS]
- Hurricane Harvey: "Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming". [SUPPORTS]
Claim: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- 2000s (decade): The global temperature kept climbing during the decade. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [REFUTES]
Claim: Most likely the primary control knob on climate change is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change (general concept): These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere, and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change (general concept): "Episodic fresh surface waters in the Eocene Arctic Ocean". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change and ecosystems: Alterations to the ocean currents, due to increased freshwater inputs from glacier melt, and the potential alterations to thermohaline circulation of the worlds oceans, may affect existing fisheries upon which humans depend as well. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change denial: United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in". [SUPPORTS]
- Mediterranean Sea: Because of the short residence time of waters, the Mediterranean Sea is considered a hot-spot for climate change effects. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]