MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: “Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Density: The density of a material varies with temperature and pressure. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Density: The density of an ideal gas is ρ = M P R T , {\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {MP}{RT}},} where M is the molar mass, P is the pressure, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Population density: Population density (in agriculture: standing stock and standing crop) is a measurement of population per unit area, or exceptionally unit volume; it is a quantity of type number density. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Thermodynamic temperature: Averaged across any bulk quantity of a gas, the internal thermal motions of molecules have zero net effect upon the temperature, pressure, or volume of a gas. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Viscosity: An elementary calculation for a dilute gas at temperature T {\displaystyle T} and density ρ {\displaystyle \rho } gives μ = α ρ λ 2 k B T π m , {\displaystyle \mu =\alpha \rho \lambda {\sqrt {\frac {2k_{\text{B}}T}{\pi m}}},} where k B {\displaystyle k_{\text{B}}} is the Boltzmann constant, m {\displaystyle m} the molecular mass, and α {\displaystyle \alpha } a numerical constant on the order of 1 {\displaystyle 1} . [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- City: Cities are responsible for a substantial portion of the emissions responsible for global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Figure of the Earth: The primary utility of this improved accuracy was to provide geographical and gravitational data for the inertial guidance systems of ballistic missiles. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Figure of the Earth: While it is the surface on which Earth measurements are made, mathematically modeling it while taking the irregularities into account would be extremely complicated. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Figure of the Earth: The latter is particularly important because optical instruments containing gravity-reference leveling devices are commonly used to make geodetic measurements. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Figure of the Earth: However, a more accurate figure is needed for measuring distances and areas on the scale beyond the purely local. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Little Ice Age: Canals and rivers in Great Britain and the Netherlands were frequently frozen deeply enough to support ice skating and winter festivals. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- River Thames: During a series of cold winters the Thames froze over above London Bridge: in the first Frost Fair in 1607, a tent city was set up on the river, along with a number of amusements, including ice bowling. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- River Thames: After temperatures began to rise again, starting in 1814, the river stopped freezing over. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Winter: In the UK, snow drifts remained on hills until late July, and the Thames froze in September. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Winter: The Thames remained frozen over for about 8 weeks. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: In recent decades this warming has been accompanied by a constant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be assigned to each particular phenomenon.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.". [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Concentrated in the atmosphere, these gases do not allow the warmth of the sun’s rays reflected by the earth to be dispersed in space.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Earth: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature. [SUPPORTS]
- Earth: The resultant molecular oxygen (O 2) accumulated in the atmosphere and due to interaction with ultraviolet solar radiation, formed a protective ozone layer (O 3) in the upper atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ozone: Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas, absorbing some of the infrared energy emitted by the earth. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: These human activities have significantly increased the concentration of "greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sulfur dioxide: There, it condenses to form clouds, and is a key component of chemical reactions in the planet's atmosphere and contributes to global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The melting in the polar ice caps and in high altitude plains can lead to the dangerous release of methane gas
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change in the Arctic: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change in the Arctic: Potential methane releases from the region, especially through the thawing of permafrost and methane clathrates, may occur. [SUPPORTS]
- Glacier: Within high-altitude and Antarctic environments, the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Thaumasia quadrangle: On Mars, heat from the impact melts ice in the ground. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Each year sees the disappearance of thousands of plant and animal species which we will never know, which our children will never see, because they have been lost for ever.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Extinction: According to the 2019 Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by IPBES, the biomass of wild mammals has fallen by 82%, natural ecosystems have lost about half their area and a million species are at risk of extinction—all largely as a result of human actions. [SUPPORTS]
- Extinction: Twenty-five percent of plant and animal species are threatened with extinction. [SUPPORTS]
- Extinction: In June 2019, one million species of plants and animals were at risk of extinction. [SUPPORTS]
- Human overpopulation: Worst of all, we have driven the rate of biological extinction, the permanent loss of species, up several hundred times beyond its historical levels, and are threatened with the loss of a majority of all species by the end of the 21st century." [SUPPORTS]
- Human overpopulation: Present extinction rates may be as high as 140,000 species lost per year due to human activity, such as slash-and-burn techniques that sometimes are practiced by shifting cultivators, especially in countries with rapidly expanding rural populations, which have reduced habitat in tropical forests. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Many of the world’s coral reefs are already barren or in a state of constant decline.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Coral reef: Tropical waters contain few nutrients yet a coral reef can flourish like an "oasis in the desert". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Coral reef: For example, Midway Atoll in Hawaii supports nearly three million seabirds, including two-thirds (1.5 million) of the global population of Laysan albatross, and one-third of the global population of black-footed albatross. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Coral: Approximately 10% of the world's coral reefs are dead. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Coral: Aquaculture is showing promise as a potentially effective tool for restoring coral reefs, which have been declining around the world. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Marine habitats: This can rapidly result in transitions to barren landscapes where relatively few species persist. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Seventeen of the 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- 2006 European heat wave: The autumn of 2006 was the warmest in recorded history. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change in the United States: As of 2012[update], the thirteen warmest years for the entire planet have all occurred since 1998, transcending those from 1880. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Constanța: Summer (early June to mid September) is hot and sunny with a July and August average of 23 °C (73 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Constanța: Four of the warmest 7 years since 1889 occurred after the year 2000 (2000, 2001, 2007 and 2008). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Instrumental temperature record: 2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Deforestation: Tropical deforestation is responsible for approximately 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Of these emissions, 65% was carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning and industry, 11% was carbon dioxide from land use change, which is primarily due to deforestation, 16% was from methane, 6.2% was from nitrous oxide, and 2.0% was from fluorinated gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Land-use change, such as deforestation, caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2017, coal 32%, oil 25%, and gas 10%. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: The estimate of total CO 2 emissions includes biotic carbon emissions, mainly from deforestation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change in the United States: Human-induced climate change has, e.g., the potential to alter the prevalence and severity of extreme weathers such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods and droughts. [SUPPORTS]
- Effects of global warming: Many physical impacts of global warming are already visible, including extreme weather events, glacier retreat, changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g., earlier flowering of plants), sea level rise, and declines in Arctic sea ice extent. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Just 0.7% of the world’s forests are coastal mangroves, y​​​​​​et they store up to 10 times as much carbon per hectare as tropical forests.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Amazon rainforest: Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 ± 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Forest: Net primary production is estimated at 21.9 gigatonnes carbon per year for tropical forests, 8.1 for temperate forests, and 2.6 for boreal forests. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mangrove: Mangrove forests are an important part of the cycling and storage of carbon in tropical coastal ecosystems. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mire: Tropical peatlands comprise 0.25% of Earth’s terrestrial land surface but store 3% of all soil and forest carbon stocks and are mostly located in low-income countries. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Seagrass: Per hectare, it holds twice as much carbon dioxide as rain forests and can sequester about 27.4 million tons of CO2 annually. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Deforestation: Both the decay and the burning of wood release much of this stored carbon back into the atmosphere. [SUPPORTS]
- Ecology: For example, through the early-mid Eocene volcanic outgassing, the oxidation of methane stored in wetlands, and seafloor gases increased atmospheric CO2 (carbon dioxide) concentrations to levels as high as 3500 ppm. [SUPPORTS]
- Marine pollution: "special protection and perservation of peat bogs, wetlands, marshlands and mangrove swamps to ensure carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere." [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: Such impacts include increased coastal erosion, higher storm-surge flooding, inhibition of primary production processes, more extensive coastal inundation, changes in surface water quality and groundwater characteristics, increased loss of property and coastal habitats, increased flood risk and potential loss of life, loss of non-monetary cultural resources and values, impacts on agriculture and aquaculture through decline in soil and water quality, and loss of tourism, recreation, and transportation functions. [SUPPORTS]
- Urbanization: Furthermore, as algal blooms die, CO2 is produced, causing a more acidic environment, a process known as acidification. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: 195 countries signed the 2015 Paris Agreement, agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting nature.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference: The conference negotiated the Paris Agreement, a global agreement on the reduction of climate change, the text of which represented a consensus of the representatives of the 196 attending parties. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference: On 12 December 2015, the participating 196 countries agreed, by consensus, to the final global pact, the Paris Agreement, to reduce emissions as part of the method for reducing greenhouse gas. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference: On 22 April 2016 (Earth Day), 174 countries signed the agreement in New York, and began adopting it within their own legal systems (through ratification, acceptance, approval, or accession). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: In 2015, all (then) 196 parties to the convention came together for the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris 30 November - 12 December and adopted by consensus the Paris Agreement, aimed at limiting global warming to less than two degrees Celsius, and pursue efforts to limit the rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate change mitigation: Globally, there are an estimated 3 million direct jobs in renewable energy industries, with about half of them in the biofuels industry. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Human overpopulation: Since 1980, the global economy has grown by 380 percent, but the number of people living on less than 5 US dollars a day increased by more than 1.1 billion. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sustainability: This included the following seventeen goals: Poverty – End poverty in all its forms everywhere Food – End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Health – Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages Education – Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all Women – Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Water – Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Energy – Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all Economy – Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all Infrastructure – Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Inequality – Reduce inequality within and among countries Habitation – Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Consumption – Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Climate – Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts, ensuring that both mitigation and adaptation strategies are in place Marine-ecosystems – Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development Ecosystems – Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss Institutions – Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels Sustainability – Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development As of August 2015[update], there were 169 proposed targets for these goals and 304 proposed indicators to show compliance. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sustainable Development Goals: The Economist estimated that alleviating poverty and achieving the other sustainable development goals will require about US$2–3 trillion per year for the next 15 years which they called "pure fantasy". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sustainable Development Goals: Estimates for providing clean water and sanitation for the whole population of all continents have been as high as US$200 billion. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Electricity sector in Argentina: In 2011, according to the International Energy Agency, the actual CO2 emissions from electricity generation were 67.32 million metric tons, a share of 36.7% of the countries' total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Environmental impact of aviation: In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations. [SUPPORTS]
- Environmental impact of aviation: In 2018, CO2 emissions totalled 747 million tonnes for passenger transport, for 8.5 trillion revenue passenger kilometres (RPK), giving an average of 88 gram CO2 per RPK. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Gasoline: The U.S. EIA estimates that U.S. motor gasoline and diesel (distillate) fuel consumption for transportation in 2015 resulted in the emission of about 1,105 million metric tons of CO2 and 440 million metric tons of CO2, respectively, for a total of 1,545 million metric tons of CO2. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States: The United States produced 5.4 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2018, the second largest in the world after China and among the worst countries by greenhouse gas emissions per person. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Airline: Currently, the aviation sector, including US domestic and global international travel, make approximately 1.6 percent of global anthropogenic GHG emissions per annum. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Environmental impact of aviation: In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Environmental impact of aviation: In 1999 the contribution of civil aircraft-in-flight to global CO2 emissions was estimated to be around two percent. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Environmental impact of aviation: In 2018, CO2 emissions totalled 747 million tonnes for passenger transport, for 8.5 trillion revenue passenger kilometres (RPK), giving an average of 88 gram CO2 per RPK. [SUPPORTS]
- Environmental impact of aviation: In 2018, the US airlines had a fuel consumption of 58 mpg‑US (4.06 L/100 km) per revenue passenger for domestic flights, or 32.5 g of fuel per km, generating 102 g CO₂ / RPK of emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Environmental impact of aviation in the United Kingdom: Air transport in the UK accounted for 6.3 per cent of all UK carbon emissions in 2006. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Environmental impact of aviation: In Europe, the average airline fuel consumption per passenger in 2017 was 3.4 L/100 km (69 mpg‑US), 24% less than in 2005, but as the traffic grew by 60% to 1,643 billion passenger kilometres, CO₂ emissions were up by 16% to 163 million tonnes for 99.8 g/km CO₂ per passenger. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Germany: Nevertheless, the country's total greenhouse gas emissions were the highest in the EU in 2017[update]. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Over this time period, the US accounted for 28% of emissions; the EU, 23%; Russia, 11%; China, 9%; other OECD countries, 5%; Japan, 4%; India, 3%; and the rest of the world, 18%. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Based on annual emissions data from the year 2004, and on a per-capita consumption basis, the top-5 emitting countries were found to be (in tCO 2 per person, per year): Luxembourg (34.7), the US (22.0), Singapore (20.2), Australia (16.7), and Canada (16.6). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]