MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Morocco: Most regions have distinct seasons where summer is usually not spoiled by rain and winter turns wet, snowy and humid with mild, cool to cold temperatures, while spring and fall see warm to mild weather characterised by flowers blooming in spring and falling leaves in autumn. [SUPPORTS]
- Tropical monsoon climate: In essence, a tropical monsoon climate tends to either see more rainfall than a tropical savanna climate or have less pronounced dry seasons. [SUPPORTS]
- Tropical monsoon climate: Regions with this variation of the tropical monsoon climate typically see copious amounts of rain during the wet season(s), usually in the form of frequent thunderstorms. [SUPPORTS]
- Tropical savanna climate: There are generally four types of tropical savanna climates: Distinct wet and dry seasons of relatively equal duration. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tundra: Despite the potential diversity of climates in the ET category involving precipitation, extreme temperatures, and relative wet and dry seasons, this category is rarely subdivided. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- 2007 United Kingdom floods: Climate researchers have suggested that the unusual weather leading to the floods may be linked to this year's appearance of La Nina in the Pacific Ocean, and the jet stream being further south than normal. [SUPPORTS]
- 2015 South Indian floods: Although some studies have reported an increase in frequency and intensity of extremes in rainfall during the past 40–50 years, their attribution to global warming is not established." [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change denial: To the public, this was related to climate change and the possibility of effective action, but news interest faded. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change denial: Public attention was renewed amidst summer droughts and heat waves when James Hansen testified to a Congressional hearing on 23 June 1988, stating with high confidence that long term warming was underway with severe warming likely within the next 50 years, and warning of likely storms and floods. [REFUTES]
- Climate change in Australia: In 2014, the Bureau of Meteorology released a report on the state of Australia's climate that highlighted several key points, including the significant increase in Australia's temperatures (particularly night-time temperatures) and the increasing frequency of bush fires, droughts and floods, which have all been linked to climate change. [REFUTES]
Claim: This means that the world is now 1C warmer than it was in pre-industrial times
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900). [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Near- and long-term trends in the global energy system are inconsistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C relative to pre-industrial levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Current pledges made as part of the Paris Agreement would lead to about 3.0 °C of warming at the end of the 21st century, relative to pre-industrial levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- World Bank: The planet is now 0.8 °C warmer than in pre-industrial times. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Sea level rise: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: The three main reasons warming causes global sea level to rise are: oceans expand, ice sheets lose ice faster than it forms from snowfall, and glaciers at higher altitudes also melt. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level: Most of this rise can be attributed to the increase in temperature of the sea and the resulting slight thermal expansion of the upper 500 metres (1,640 feet) of sea water. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: “The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans. [REFUTES]
- Carbon dioxide: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate. [REFUTES]
- Carbon dioxide: NOAA states in their May 2008 "State of the science fact sheet for ocean acidification" that: "The oceans have absorbed about 50% of the carbon dioxide (CO 2) released from the burning of fossil fuels, resulting in chemical reactions that lower ocean pH. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea: More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification. [REFUTES]
Claim: The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Greenland ice sheet: It was estimated that in the year 2007 Greenland ice sheet melting was higher than ever, 592 km3 (142.0 cu mi). [SUPPORTS]
- Greenland ice sheet: The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenland ice sheet: The area of the sheet that experiences melting has been argued to have increased by about 16% between 1979 (when measurements started) and 2002 (most recent data). [SUPPORTS]
- Greenland ice sheet: The area of melting in 2002 broke all previous records. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenland ice sheet: In 2006, estimated monthly changes in the mass of Greenland's ice sheet suggest that it is melting at a rate of about 239 cubic kilometers (57 cu mi) per year. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Greenland ice sheet … would balloon sea levels by around 7m should it disintegrate
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Greenland ice sheet: If the entire 2,850,000 km3 (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise 7.2 m (24 ft). [SUPPORTS]
- Greenland ice sheet: Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft). [SUPPORTS]
- Greenland ice sheet: If the entire 2,850,000 cubic kilometres (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, it would lead to a global sea level rise of 7.2 m (24 ft). [SUPPORTS]
- Greenland: If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft). [SUPPORTS]
- Ice sheet: The Greenland ice sheet occupies about 82% of the surface of Greenland, and if melted would cause sea levels to rise by 7.2 metres. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The rapid changes in the climate may have profound consequences for humans and other species… Severe drought caused food shortages for millions of people in Ethiopia, with a lack of rainfall resulting in “intense and widespread” forest fires in Indonesia that belched out a vast quantity of greenhouse gas
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Drought: According to the WWF, the combination of climate change and deforestation increases the drying effect of dead trees that fuels forest fires. [SUPPORTS]
- Drought: Recurring droughts leading to desertification in East Africa have created grave ecological catastrophes, prompting food shortages in 1984–85, 2006 and 2011. [SUPPORTS]
- Ethiopia: The ensuing government suffered several coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and a huge refugee problem. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ethiopia: A 17-year-long civil war, along with severe drought, negatively impacted Ethiopia's environmental conditions, leading to even greater habitat degradation. [SUPPORTS]
- Famine: A primary cause of the famine (one of the largest seen in the country) is that Ethiopia (and the surrounding Horn) was still recovering from the droughts which occurred in the mid-late 1970s. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: “Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: For example, when climate model simulations of the last century include all of the major influences on climate, both human-induced and natural, they can reproduce many important features of observed climate change patterns. [SUPPORTS]
- Attribution of recent climate change: The clear message from fingerprint studies is that the observed warming over the last half-century cannot be explained by natural factors, and is instead caused primarily by human factors. [SUPPORTS]
- Attribution of recent climate change: Models are, however, able to simulate the observed 20th century changes in temperature when they include all of the most important external forcings, including human influences and natural forcings. [SUPPORTS]
- Attribution of recent climate change: Climate models forced by natural factors and increased greenhouse gases and aerosols reproduce the observed global temperature changes; those forced by natural factors alone do not. [SUPPORTS]
- Attribution of recent climate change: Therefore, climate models are used to study how individual factors affect climate. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: “Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Antarctica: NASA's Climate Change website indicates a compatible overall trend of greater than 100 gigatonnes of ice loss per year since 2002. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: The perception of Earth shifted again in the 20th century when humans first viewed it from orbit, and especially with photographs of Earth returned by the Apollo program. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hubble Space Telescope: It has recorded some of the most detailed visible light images, allowing a deep view into space. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming: The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems. [SUPPORTS]
- Pollution: Humans have ways to cut greenhouse gas emissions and avoid the consequences of global warming, a major climate report concluded. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Arctic greening was recently cited, in a major report by the U.S. Geological Survey, as the central reason that the state of Alaska, despite worsening wildfires and more thaw of permafrost, might still be able to stow away more carbon than it loses over the course of the 21st century.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Alaska North Slope: The source rock for the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field and neighboring reserves is also a potential source for tight oil and shale gas – possibly containing "up to 2 billion barrels of technically recoverable oil and up to 80 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, according to a 2012 U.S. Geological Survey report." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic methane emissions: reported permafrost was thawing quicker than predicted, and was happening even to thousands years old soil; They estimated that abrupt permafrost thawing could release between 60 and 100 gigatonnes of carbon by 2300, they mentioned gaps in the research and that abrupt permafrost thawing should have priority research and urgency. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change feedback: In 2008, a research expedition for the American Geophysical Union detected levels of methane up to 100 times above normal in the Siberian Arctic, likely being released by methane clathrates being released by holes in a frozen 'lid' of seabed permafrost, around the outfall of the Lena River and the area between the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change in the Arctic: A new study used field observations, radiocarbon dating, and remote sensing to account for thermokarst lakes, the authors concluded that, "..methane and carbon dioxide emissions from abrupt thaw beneath thermokarst lakes will more than double radiative forcing from circumpolar permafrost-soil carbon fluxes this century." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: One theory is that the climate may reach a "tipping point" where positive feedback effects lead to runaway global warming; such feedbacks include decreased reflection of solar radiation as sea ice melts, exposing darker seawater, and the potential release of large volumes of methane from thawing permafrost. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Any reasonable person can recognize both positives and negatives among the policy proposals of both Tories and Labour.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- 2015 United Kingdom general election: Less attention was given to policy areas that might have been problematic for the Conservatives, like the NHS or housing (policy topics favoured by Labour) or immigration (favoured by UKIP). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 2017 United Kingdom general election: In a speech in Tynemouth the next day, May said Labour had "deserted" working-class voters, criticised Labour's policy proposals and said Britain's future depended on making a success of Brexit. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 2019 United Kingdom general election: The Labour Party proposed a renegotiation of the withdrawal agreement (towards a closer post-withdrawal relationship with the EU) and would then put this forward as an option in a referendum alongside the option of remaining in the EU. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 2019 United Kingdom general election: The Liberal Democrats, the Greens, the SNP and Labour all support a ban on fracking, whilst the Conservatives propose approving fracking on a case-by-case basis. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Conservative Party (UK): Both Cameron and Theresa May have aimed at helping families achieve a work-home balance and have previously proposed to offer all parents 12 months parental leave, to be shared by parents as they choose. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming: (2001) concluded that world GDP would change by plus or minus a few percent for a small increase in global mean temperature (up to around 2 °C relative to the 1990 temperature level). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: In 2019 the National Bureau of Economic Research found that increase in average global temperature by 0.04 °C per year, in absence of mitigation policies, will reduce world real GDP per capita by 7.22% by 2100. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: "Large potential reduction in economic damages under UN mitigation targets". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Fertilizer: A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English; see spelling differences) is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Fertilizer: Ammonia is produced from natural gas and air. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Fertilizer: The greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are produced during the manufacture of nitrogen fertilizer. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Fertilizer: Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are widely available as water and carbon dioxide. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Fertilizer: This ammonia is used as a feedstock for all other nitrogen fertilizers, such as anhydrous ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and urea (CO(NH2)2). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: precipitation from global warming will make the world much greener
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming: After an initial warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases, the atmosphere will hold more water. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Changing the type of vegetation in a region impacts the local temperature by changing how much sunlight gets reflected back into space, called albedo, and how much heat is lost by evaporation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sahara: The area is next expected to become green in about 15,000 years (17,000 AD). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sahara: At present (2000 AD), we are in a dry period, but it is expected that the Sahara will become green again in 15000 years (17000 AD). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Urban heat island: With the temperature of the nearby buildings sometimes reaching over 50 degrees different from the near-surface air temperature, precipitation will warm rapidly, causing runoff into nearby streams, lakes and rivers (or other bodies of water) to provide excessive thermal pollution. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming on humans: (2008) normalized mainland U.S. hurricane damage from 1900 to 2005 to 2005 values and found no remaining trend of increasing absolute damage. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: Nevertheless, one recent study has found that potential global economic gains if countries implement mitigation strategies to comply with the 2°C target set at the Paris Agreement are in the vicinity of US$17,000 billion per year up to 2100 compared to a very high emission scenario. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: (2001) projected losses in world GDP for a medium increase in global mean temperature (above 2–3 °C relative to the 1990 temperature level), with increasing losses for greater temperature increases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: In 2019 the National Bureau of Economic Research found that increase in average global temperature by 0.04 °C per year, in absence of mitigation policies, will reduce world real GDP per capita by 7.22% by 2100. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: "Large potential reduction in economic damages under UN mitigation targets". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “Yet, a new study of 60 climate models and scenarios shows this warning fails to take into account the fact that global warming will mean precipitation increases.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change and agriculture: For example, many models are running simulations based on doubled carbon dioxide projections, temperatures raise ranging from 1 °C up to 5 °C, and with rainfall levels an increase or decrease of 20%. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: Although increased rainful will not occur everywhere, models suggest most of the world will have a 16-24% increase in heavy precipitation intensity by 2100. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Past models have underestimated the rate of Arctic shrinkage and underestimated the rate of precipitation increase. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Physical impacts of climate change: This large-scale pattern of change is a robust feature present in nearly all of the simulations conducted by the world's climate modeling groups for the 4th Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and is also evident in observed 20th century precipitation trends. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Changes in the climate system that are confidently predicted in response to increases in greenhouse gases include increases in mean surface air temperature, increases in global mean rates of precipitation and evaporation, rising sea level, and changes in the biosphere. [SUPPORTS]