MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Aqua (satellite): Aqua carries six instruments for studies of water on the Earth's surface and in the atmosphere, of which four are still operating: Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSR-E) — measures cloud properties, sea surface temperature, near-surface wind speed, radiative energy flux, surface water, ice and snow. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Aqua (satellite): Cooler A telemetry became frozen on March 24, 2014, but this had no impact on science gathering. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- JAXA: Starting from 1979 with Hakucho (CORSA-b), for nearly two decades Japan had achieved continuous observation with its Hinotori, Tenma, Ginga and ASCA (ASTRO-A through D) x-ray observation satellites. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- JAXA: However, due to various reasons,[specify] both satellites had a much shorter than expected life term. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Moon: Using the mapper's reflectance spectra, indirect lighting of areas in shadow confirmed water ice within 20° latitude of both poles in 2018. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Arctic sea ice has been steadily thinning, even in the last few years while the surface ice (eg - sea ice extent) increased slightly.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Arctic Ocean: The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic Ocean: The Arctic ice pack is thinning, and a seasonal hole in the ozone layer frequently occurs. [SUPPORTS]
- Arctic Ocean: Nevertheless, as all the explorers who travelled closer and closer to the pole reported, the polar ice cap is quite thick, and persists year-round. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic sea ice decline: A 2018 study of the thickness of sea ice found a decrease of 66% or 2.0 m over the last six decades and a shift from permanent ice to largely seasonal ice cover. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Arctic sea ice decline: The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change in the Arctic: The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change in the Arctic: From 2008 to 2011, Arctic sea ice minimum extent was higher than 2007, but it did not return to the levels of previous years. [REFUTES]
Claim: "Twentieth century global warming did not start until  1910.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- 20th century: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. [REFUTES]
- 20th century: Increasing awareness of global warming began in the 1980s, commencing decades of social and political debate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: From 1938 Guy Stewart Callendar published evidence that climate was warming and CO 2 levels increasing, but his calculations met the same objections. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: By that time CO2 emissions had already risen from the expanded use  of coal that had powered the industrial revolution, and emissions only  increased slowly from 3.5gigatonnes in 1910 to under 4gigatonnes by the  end of the Second World War.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: In 2010, 9.14 gigatonnes of carbon (GtC, equivalent to 33.5 gigatonnes of CO 2 or about 4.3 ppm in Earth's atmosphere) were released from fossil fuels and cement production worldwide, compared to 6.15 GtC in 1990. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019. [SUPPORTS]
- Carbon dioxide: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Fossil fuel: The widescale use of fossil fuels, coal at first and petroleum later, to fire steam engines enabled the Industrial Revolution. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: It was the post war  industrialization that caused the rapid rise in global CO2 emissions,  but by 1945 when this began, the Earth was already in a cooling phase  that started around 1942 and continued until 1975.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- 20th century: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Between 1970 and 2004, global growth in annual CO 2 emissions was driven by North America, Asia, and the Middle East. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: With 32 years of  rapidly increasing global temperatures and only a minor increase in  global CO2 emissions, followed by 33 years of slowly cooling global  temperatures with rapid increases in global CO2 emissions, it was  deceitful for the IPCC to make any claim that CO2 emissions were  primarily responsible for observed 20th century global warming."
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: "The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue". [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years. [REFUTES]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases. [REFUTES]
Claim: Even during a period of long term warming, there are short periods of cooling due to climate variability.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- El Niño–Southern Oscillation: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- El Niño–Southern Oscillation: El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling. [SUPPORTS]
- Eocene: This warming is short lived, as benthic oxygen isotope records indicate a return to cooling at ~40 million years ago. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Little Ice Age: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Quaternary glaciation: Before the current ice age, which began 2 to 3 Ma, Earth's climate was typically mild and uniform for long periods of time. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- El Niño: The ENSO is the cycle of warm and cold sea surface temperature (SST) of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- El Niño–Southern Oscillation: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- El Niño–Southern Oscillation: An especially strong Walker circulation causes La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean due to increased upwelling. [SUPPORTS]
- La Niña: During a period of La Niña, the sea surface temperature across the equatorial Eastern Central Pacific Ocean will be lower than normal by 3 to 5°C (5.4 to 9°F). [SUPPORTS]
- La Niña: La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The sun was warming up then, but the sun hasn’t been warming since 1970.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Sun: At the photosphere, the temperature has dropped to 5,700 K and the density to only 0.2 g/m3 (about 1/6,000 the density of air at sea level). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sun: As one fragment of the cloud collapsed it also began to rotate because of conservation of angular momentum and heat up with the increasing pressure. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sun: The Sun is gradually becoming hotter during its time on the main sequence, because the helium atoms in the core occupy less volume than the hydrogen atoms that were fused. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sun: However, the geological record demonstrates that Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history, and that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sun: By contrast, the Sun's surface temperature is approximately 5,800 K. Recent analysis of SOHO mission data favors a faster rotation rate in the core than in the radiative zone above. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The IPCC blames human emissions of carbon dioxide for the last  warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Deep reductions in non-CO2 emissions (such as nitrous oxide and methane) will also be required to limit warming to 1.5 °C. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The seven sources of CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion are (with percentage contributions for 2000–2004): Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (N 2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty, which came into force in 2005. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Furthermore, it is physically incorrect to state that the planet is simply "recovering" from the Little Ice Age.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Earth: "When and how did the ice age end? [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Little Ice Age: This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions. [SUPPORTS]
- Little Ice Age: According to JM Lamb of Cambridge University the little ice age was already under way in Canada and Switzerland and in the wider North Atlantic region in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries "Worldwide glacier retreat". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Little Ice Age: Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change (general concept): These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere, and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate system: Volcanic eruptions, solar variations and anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere and land use change are external forcings. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate system: These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate: Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the continents, variations in the Earth's orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism. [SUPPORTS]
- Earth's energy budget: Natural climate forcings include changes in the Sun's brightness, Milankovitch cycles (small variations in the shape of Earth's orbit and its axis of rotation that occur over thousands of years) and volcanic eruptions that inject light-reflecting particles as high as the stratosphere. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- 20th century: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings." [SUPPORTS]
- Little Ice Age: The major differences between the various proxy reconstructions relate to the magnitude of past cool excursions, principally during the twelfth to fourteenth, seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Little Ice Age: There is still a very poor understanding of the correlation between low sunspot activity and cooling temperatures. [REFUTES]
- Solar activity and climate: Stott's group found that combining these factors enabled them to closely simulate global temperature changes throughout the 20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global cooling: Although the temperature drops foreseen by this mechanism have now been discarded in light of better theory and the observed warming, aerosols are thought to have contributed a cooling tendency (outweighed by increases in greenhouse gases) and also have contributed to "Global Dimming." [SUPPORTS]
- Global dimming: While most of the earth has warmed, the regions that are downwind from major sources of air pollution (specifically sulfur dioxide emissions) have generally cooled. [SUPPORTS]
- Global dimming: Global dimming is thought to have been caused by an increase in particulates or aerosols, such as sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere due to human action. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global dimming: "Changes in mid-latitude variability due to increasing greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: From 1961 to 1990, a gradual reduction in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface was observed, a phenomenon popularly known as global dimming, typically attributed to aerosols from biofuel and fossil fuel burning. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: "January 2008 capped a 12 month period of global temperature drops on all of the major well respected indicators.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Latvia: With average temperature +8.1 °C (47 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Month: The Iranian / Persian calendar, currently used in Iran and Afghanistan, also has 12 months. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Year: All of these events can have wide variations of more than a month from year to year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Year: Its average duration is 365.256363004 days (365 d 6 h 9 min 9.76 s) (at the epoch J2000.0 = January 1, 2000, 12:00:00 TT). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Year: It has a duration of approximately 354.37 days. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "The killer proof that CO2 does not drive climate is to be found during the Ordovician- Silurian and the Jurassic-Cretaceous periods when CO2 levels were greater than 4000 ppmv (parts per million by volume) and about 2000 ppmv respectively.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Devonian: The Devonian (/dɪˈvoʊn.i.ən, də-, dɛ-/ dih-VOH-nee-ən, də-, deh-) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic, spanning 60 million years from the end of the Silurian, 419.2 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Carboniferous, 358.9 Mya. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Jurassic: The Jurassic (/dʒʊˈræs.ɪk/ juu-RASS-ik; from the Jura Mountains) is a geologic period and system that spanned 56 million years from the end of the Triassic Period 201.3 million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period 145 Mya. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ordovician: The Ordovician spans 41.6 million years from the end of the Cambrian Period 485.4 million years ago (Mya) to the start of the Silurian Period 443.8 Mya. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Silurian: The Silurian (/sɪˈljʊər.i.ən, saɪ-/ sih-LYOOR-ee-ən, sy-) is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at 443.8 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, 419.2 Mya. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Triassic: The Triassic (/traɪˈæs.ɪk/ try-ASS-ik) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.9 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.3 Mya. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Anoxic event: These anoxic periods occurred at a time of low global temperatures (although CO 2 levels were high), in the midst of a glaciation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Less direct geological evidence indicates that CO2 values have not been this high for millions of years. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: For example, the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm to 415 ppm, or 120 ppm over modern pre-industrial levels. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels. [REFUTES]
- Ice age: At times during the paleoclimate, carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: "Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Moscow: The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F) at the VVC weather station and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Moscow: The average July temperature from 1981 to 2010 is 19.2 °C (66.6 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Moscow: The lowest ever recorded temperature was −42.1 °C (−43.8 °F) in January 1940. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Moscow: The annual temperature rose from 5.0 °C (41.0 °F)[citation needed] to 5.8 °C (42.4 °F) in the new 1981–2010 normals. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Rio de Janeiro: "Record lowest temperature since 7.3 °C (45.1 °F) in 2000". [REFUTES]