MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: …obsessing about climate change is avoiding a frank discussion about the here-and-now problems of budget deficits, the federal debt, school choice, entitlement reform, and so on.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Political positions of Paul Ryan: He suggested using discussions about raising the federal debt ceiling as "leverage" to reduce federal spending. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Political positions of Paul Ryan: He helped bring the issues of the national debt and the national deficit into the national policy debate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Political positions of Paul Ryan: His positions on fiscal policy have included tax cuts, cuts to entitlement programs, freezes on discretionary spending, the elimination of automatic inflation increases in calculating budget baselines, deregulation, and the privatization of social security, Medicare, Medicaid, and education. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- United States federal budget: Prior to the 2008-2009 U.S. recession, experts argued for steps to be put in place immediately to address an unsustainable trajectory of federal deficits. [REFUTES]
- United States federal budget: "Ignoring the Debt Problem". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Global warming is driving major melting on the surface of Greenland’s glaciers and is speeding up their travel into the sea.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenland ice sheet: When the meltwater seeps down through cracks in the sheet, it accelerates the melting and, in some areas, allows the ice to slide more easily over the bedrock below, speeding its movement to the sea. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers. [SUPPORTS]
- Shutdown of thermohaline circulation: Global warming could lead to an increase in freshwater in the northern oceans, by melting glaciers in Greenland, and by increasing precipitation, especially through Siberian rivers. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The melting Greenland ice sheet is already a major contributor to rising sea level and if it was eventually lost entirely, the oceans would rise by six metres around the world, flooding many of the world’s largest cities.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Greenland ice sheet: If the entire 2,850,000 km3 (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise 7.2 m (24 ft). [SUPPORTS]
- Greenland ice sheet: Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft). [SUPPORTS]
- Greenland ice sheet: If the entire 2,850,000 cubic kilometres (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, it would lead to a global sea level rise of 7.2 m (24 ft). [SUPPORTS]
- Greenland: If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft). [SUPPORTS]
- Ice sheet: The Greenland ice sheet occupies about 82% of the surface of Greenland, and if melted would cause sea levels to rise by 7.2 metres. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- 2013 in science: Rapidly melting sea ice is causing ocean acidification in the Arctic to occur at faster rates than previously forecast, with serious implications for the food web, according to new research. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change in the Arctic: The data show a long-term negative trend in recent years, attributed to global warming, although there is also a considerable amount of variation from year to year. [SUPPORTS]
- Future of Earth: However, the long-term trend is for the plant life on land to die off altogether as most of the remaining carbon in the atmosphere becomes sequestered in the Earth. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: A 2019 study showed that Antarctica is losing ice six times faster than it was 40 years ago. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: More recent research, especially into Antarctica, indicates that this is probably a conservative estimate and true long-term sea level rise might be higher. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: “Federal scientists have documented a sharp jump in this nuisance flooding — often called ‘sunny-day flooding’ — along both the East Coast and the Gulf Coast in recent years.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Gulf Coast of the United States: The area is vulnerable to hurricanes as well as floods and severe thunderstorms. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Gulf Coast of the United States: In August 2017, Hurricane Harvey made landfall along the central Texas coast, then migrated to and stalled over the greater Houston area for several days, producing extreme, unprecedented rainfall totals of over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in many areas, unleashing widespread flooding. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Mississippi: The French called the greater territory "New France"; the Spanish continued to claim part of the Gulf coast area (east of Mobile Bay) of present-day southern Alabama, in addition to the entire area of present-day Florida. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- New Orleans: As the hurricane passed through the Gulf Coast region, the city's federal flood protection system failed, resulting in the worst civil engineering disaster in American history. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- United States: The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast, both ranges reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet (4,300 m). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- River Parrett: The area is prone to winter floods of fresh water and occasional salt water inundations, the worst of which in recorded history was the Bristol Channel floods of 1607, which resulted in the drowning of an estimated 2,000 or more people, with houses and villages swept away, an estimated 200 square miles (520 km2) of farmland inundated and livestock destroyed. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- River Thames: Wells with water tables that mixed with tributaries (or the non-tidal Thames) faced such pollution with the widespread installation of the flush toilet in the 1850s. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Salt marsh: Coastal salt marshes can be distinguished from terrestrial habitats by the daily tidal flow that occurs and continuously floods the area. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Salt pannes and pools: High salt marsh Arrow-grass (forb) panne Briefly flooded, very shallow with a moderate amount of vegetation usually dominated by Arrow grass (Triglochin maritimum), with the deeper sections possibly remaining unvegetated. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Wetland: A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: On the Pacific Coast, a climate pattern that had pushed billions of gallons of water toward Asia is now ending, so that in coming decades the sea is likely to rise quickly off states like Oregon and California.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- California: The state's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west to the Sierra Nevada mountain range in the east, and from the redwood and Douglas fir forests in the northwest to the Mojave Desert in the southeast. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Oregon: The state's southwestern portion, particularly the Rogue Valley, has a Mediterranean climate with drier and sunnier winters and hotter summers, similar to Northern California. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- United States: The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Southwest, Mediterranean in coastal California, and oceanic in coastal Oregon and Washington and southern Alaska. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Western United States: Along the Pacific Ocean coast lie the Coast Ranges, which, while not approaching the scale of the Rocky Mountains, are formidable nevertheless. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Western United States: Annual rainfall is greater in the eastern portions, gradually tapering off until reaching the Pacific Coast where it increases again. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Earth: The ice shields of Antarctica and Greenland are counted as land, even though much of the rock that supports them lies below sea level. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: Sea levels drop due to the removal of large volumes of water above sea level in the icecaps. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: During the last glacial period the sea-level has fluctuated 20–30 m as water was sequestered, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets. [SUPPORTS]
- Ice age: During glaciation, water was taken from the oceans to form the ice at high latitudes, thus global sea level dropped by about 110 meters, exposing the continental shelves and forming land-bridges between land-masses for animals to migrate. [SUPPORTS]
- Quaternary glaciation: Due to the volume of ice on land, sea level was about 120 meters lower than present. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: the last sea-level high point, … occurred between the last two ice ages, about 125,000 years ago.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Beringia: The last glacial period, commonly referred to as the "Ice Age", spanned 125,000–14,500 YBP and was the most recent glacial period within the current ice age, which occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene era. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Beringia: The Ice Age reached its peak during the Last Glacial Maximum, when ice sheets began advancing from 33,000 YBP and reached their maximum limits 26,500 YBP. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: The Andean-Saharan occurred from 460 to 420 million years ago, during the Late Ordovician and the Silurian period. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Last Glacial Period: The Last Glacial Period (LGP) occurred from the end of the Eemian to the end of the Younger Dryas, encompassing the period c. 115,000 – c. 11,700 years ago. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Weichselian glaciation: The last cold period began about 115,000 years ago and ended 11,700 years ago. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Human: Though most of human existence has been sustained by hunting and gathering in band societies, many human societies transitioned to sedentary agriculture approximately 10,000 years ago, domesticating plants and animals, thus enabling the growth of civilization. [SUPPORTS]
- Human: Humans began to exhibit evidence of behavioral modernity at least by about 100-70,000 years ago and (according to recent evidence) as far back as around 300,000 years ago, in the Middle Stone Age, (with some features of behavioral modernity possibly beginning earlier, and possibly in parallel with evolutionary brain globularization in H. sapiens). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Human: [citation needed] By the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic period (50,000 BP), and likely significantly earlier by 100-70,000 years ago or possibly by about 300,000 years ago behavioral modernity, including language, music and other cultural universals had developed. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Human: Agriculture and sedentary lifestyle led to the emergence of early civilizations (the development of urban development, complex society, social stratification and writing) from about 5,000 years ago (the Bronze Age), first beginning in Mesopotamia. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- United States: Over the years, more and more evidence has advanced the idea of "pre-Clovis" cultures including tools dating back about 15,550 years ago. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “Ice-free means the central basin of the Arctic will be ice-free
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Arctic Circle: The climate inside the Arctic Circle is generally cold, but the coastal areas of Norway have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream, which makes the ports of northern Norway and northwest Russia ice-free all year long. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic Ocean: "Patterns of zooplankton diversity through the depths of the Arctic's central basins". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic Ocean: The two major basins are further subdivided by ridges into the Canada Basin (between Alaska/Canada and the Alpha Ridge), Makarov Basin (between the Alpha and Lomonosov Ridges), Amundsen Basin (between Lomonosov and Gakkel ridges), and Nansen Basin (between the Gakkel Ridge and the continental shelf that includes the Franz Josef Land). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic Ocean: As temperatures cool dramatically in the winter, ice forms and intense vertical convection allows the water to become dense enough to sink below the warm saline water below. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- North America: Greenland, along with the Canadian Shield, is tundra with average temperatures ranging from 10 to 20 °C (50 to 68 °F), but central Greenland is composed of a very large ice sheet. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: by that I mean the central Arctic will be ice-free.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Arctic: The melting of the ice is making the Northwest Passage, the shipping routes through the northernmost latitudes, more navigable, raising the possibility that the Arctic region will become a prime trade route. [SUPPORTS]
- Earth: Most fresh water, about 68.7%, is present as ice in ice caps and glaciers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: They include effects on the oceans, ice, and weather and may occur gradually or rapidly. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Murmansk: The port of Murmansk remains ice-free year round due to the warm North Atlantic Current and is an important fishing and shipping destination. [SUPPORTS]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: "Extreme melt onCanada's Arctic ice caps in the 21st century". [SUPPORTS]
Claim: There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Arctic Ocean: Much of the Arctic ice pack is also covered in snow for about 10 months of the year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic Ocean: It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter. [SUPPORTS]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: It covers almost 14 million km2 and some 30 million km3 of ice. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea ice: In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer. [REFUTES]
- Sea ice: Predictions of when the first "ice free" Arctic summer might occur vary. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Most people expect this year will see a record low in the Arctic’s summer sea-ice cover.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Arctic Ocean: It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic ice pack: "Nonetheless, the extreme loss of this summer’s sea ice cover and the slow onset of freeze-up portends lower than normal ice extent throughout autumn and winter, and the ice that grows back is likely to be fairly thin". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic sea ice decline: "Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic sea ice decline: The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic sea ice decline: The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Arctic Ocean: Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic sea ice decline: "US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016". [SUPPORTS]
- Arctic sea ice decline: "Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years," Gore said. [SUPPORTS]
- Arctic sea ice decline: Models that best match historical trends project a nearly ice-free Arctic in the summer by the 2030s. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: "A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?". [SUPPORTS]
Claim: “Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Clathrate gun hypothesis: (2008) estimate that not less than 1,400 gigatonnes of carbon is presently locked up as methane and methane hydrates under the Arctic submarine permafrost, and 5–10% of that area is subject to puncturing by open taliks. [SUPPORTS]
- Methane: Significant reservoirs of methane clathrates have been found in arctic permafrost and along continental margins beneath the ocean floor within the gas clathrate stability zone, located at high pressures (1 to 100 MPa; lower end requires lower temperature) and low temperatures (< 15 °C; upper end requires higher pressure). [SUPPORTS]
- Permafrost carbon cycle: Methane clathrate, or hydrates, occur within and below permafrost soils. [SUPPORTS]
- Permafrost: It also contains gas hydrates in places, which are a "potential abundant source of energy" but may also destabilize as subsea permafrost warms and thaws, producing large amounts of methane gas, which is a potent greenhouse gas. [SUPPORTS]
- Permian–Triassic extinction event: "The potential volume of oceanic methane hydrates with variable external conditions". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Global warming: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm. [REFUTES]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: In its fifth assessment report (2013) the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated how much sea level is likely to rise in the 21st century based on different levels of greenhouse gas emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft). [SUPPORTS]
Claim: the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Arctic Ocean: Nevertheless, as all the explorers who travelled closer and closer to the pole reported, the polar ice cap is quite thick, and persists year-round. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic Ocean: The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies. [SUPPORTS]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: Other studies show that between 1960 and 1999, the Devon Ice Cap lost 67 km3 (16 cu mi) of ice, mainly through thinning. [SUPPORTS]
- Retreat of glaciers since 1850: The 66 km2 (25 sq mi) ice shelf drifted into the Arctic Ocean. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: ‘Next year or the year after, the Arctic will be free of ice’
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Arctic Ocean: Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040. [REFUTES]
- Arctic sea ice decline: "Expert predicts ice-free Arctic by 2020 as UN releases climate report". [SUPPORTS]
- Arctic sea ice decline: "US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016". [SUPPORTS]
- Ice age: (Current projected consequences of global warming include a largely ice-free Arctic Ocean within 5–20 years, see Arctic shrinkage.) [REFUTES]
- North Pole: Reports have also predicted that within a few decades the Arctic Ocean will be entirely free of ice in the summer. [REFUTES]
Claim: “as surface temperatures of the oceans warm up, the immediate response is more water vapor in the atmosphere.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Atmospheric methane: This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect. [SUPPORTS]
- Eocene: These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Water vapor: The upper temperature level is given by the soil or water surface of the earth, which absorbs the incoming sun radiation and warms up, evaporating water. [SUPPORTS]
- Water: Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (greenhouse effect) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: While the north-east, midwest and upper great plains have experienced a 30% increase in heavy rainfall episodes – considered once-in-every-five year downpours – parts of the west, particularly California, have been parched by drought.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- California: Water use and conservation in California is a politically divisive issue, as the state experiences periodic droughts and has to balance the demands of its large agricultural and urban sectors, especially in the arid southern portion of the state. [SUPPORTS]
- San Joaquin Valley: The valley experienced a severe drought from 2011 to 2017. [SUPPORTS]
- San Joaquin Valley: By August 2014, a three-year drought was prompting changes to the agriculture industry in the valley. [SUPPORTS]
- Western United States: However, parts of the West get extremely high amounts of rain or snow, and still other parts are true desert and get less than 5 inches (130 mm) of rain per year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Western United States: Drought is much more common in the West than the rest of the United States. [SUPPORTS]