MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Air pollution: Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Air pollution: Carbon monoxide poisoning and fatalities are often caused by faulty vents and chimneys, or by the burning of charcoal indoors or in a confined space, such as a tent. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Air pollution: "The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling—in the thirty-year period from 1977 to 2007, the carbon emissions associated with a 200-mile journey fell by 21 percent; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent, whereas journey times have fallen by around a third. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Hockey stick controversy: Ljungqvist's 2,000 year extratropical Northern Hemisphere reconstruction generally agreed well with Mann et al. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick graph: A 2,000 year extratropical Northern Hemisphere reconstruction by Ljungqvist published by Geografiska Annaler in September 2010 drew on additional proxy evidence to show both a Roman Warm Period and a Medieval Warm Period with decadal mean temperatures reaching or exceeding the reference 1961–1990 mean temperature level. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick graph: A reconstruction of Arctic temperatures over four centuries by Overpeck et al. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- List of large-scale temperature reconstructions of the last 2,000 years: Ljungqvist 2010 "A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- North Report: Its main findings were; 20th century instrumentally measured warming showed in observational evidence, and can be simulated with climate models, large-scale surface temperature reconstructions "yield a generally consistent picture of temperature trends during the preceding millennium", including the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age, "but the exact timing and duration of warm periods may have varied from region to region, and the magnitude and geographic extent of the warmth are uncertain." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: It also concludes that current northern hemisphere surface air temperatures are significantly higher than during the peak of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Earth: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick controversy: He wrote that this graph "asserts that temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period were higher than those of today", and described climate changes as due to solar variation. [REFUTES]
- Hockey stick controversy: The authors concluded that "Northern Hemisphere mean annual temperatures for three of the past eight years are warmer than any other year since (at least) AD1400", and estimated empirically that greenhouse gases had become the dominant climate forcing during the 20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Medieval Warm Period: Peak temperatures did not rise as high as those from the late 20th century, which were unprecedented in the area during the study period of 1600 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Medieval Warm Period: It was only in the 20th and 21st centuries that the Northern Hemisphere experienced higher temperatures. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: 'What I can comment on is this prediction by Dr. Hansen: “The West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- West Side Highway: UDC's "Water Edge Study" called for the highway to be routed above the water at the ends of the then mostly abandoned piers on the Hudson River and the addition of hundreds of acres of concrete platforms between the bulkhead and the pierhead lines for parks and apartments. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- West Side Highway: "New York to Build Elevated Highway: Road for Fast Motor Traffic Will Run Along the Hudson Waterfront From Seventy-Second to Canal Street—Will Relieve Congestion on the West Side". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- West Side Highway: "Elevated Highway Along Hudson Shore Is Ordered by City: Estimate Board Passes Half of Miller Plan for Viaduct From 59th to 72d Street". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- West Side Highway: Before the West Side Highway was built, the road along the Hudson River was a busy one, with significant cross traffic going to docks and ferries. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- West Side Highway: He suggested Hudson River Boulevard for the name of the highway. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: CO2 constitutes 80% of the non-condensing greenhouse gas forcing.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Greenhouse gas: The trucking and haulage industry plays a part in production of CO 2, contributing around 20% of the UK's total carbon emissions a year, with only the energy industry having a larger impact at around 39%. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: These emissions include CO 2 from fossil fuel use and from land use, as well as emissions of methane, nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Overall, developed countries accounted for 83.8% of industrial CO 2 emissions over this time period, and 67.8% of total CO 2 emissions. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: Oxidation of CO to CO 2 directly produces an unambiguous increase in radiative forcing although the reason is subtle. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40–110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Cloud: Leading global models produce quite different results, however, with some showing increasing low clouds and others showing decreases. [SUPPORTS]
- Cloud: "Marine boundary layer clouds at the heart of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in climate models". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Models of communication: Such approaches are meant to predict a phenomenon. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Situation awareness: Predictive utility of an objective measure of situation awareness. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Situation awareness: It also includes prognosis, an awareness of what might happen next. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Sunlight: If the extraterrestrial solar radiation is 1367 watts per square meter (the value when the Earth–Sun distance is 1 astronomical unit), then the direct sunlight at Earth's surface when the Sun is at the zenith is about 1050 W/m2, but the total amount (direct and indirect from the atmosphere) hitting the ground is around 1120 W/m2. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sunlight: Dividing the irradiance of 1050 W/m2 by the size of the Sun's disk in steradians gives an average radiance of 15.4 MW per square metre per steradian. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sunlight: 100 watts per square meter ... 14,000 lux ... corresponds to ... daytime with overcast clouds Craig Bohren. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sunlight: Other sources indicate an "Average over the entire earth" of "164 Watts per square meter over a 24 hour day". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sunlight: Total solar irradiance (TSI) – the amount of solar radiation received at the top of Earth's atmosphere – has been measured since 1978 by a series of overlapping NASA and ESA satellite experiments to be 1.365 kilo⁠watts per square meter (kW/m²). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Given that a doubling of carbon dioxide would change the surface heat flux by only two watts per square meter, it is evident that a small change in cloud cover can strongly affect the response to carbon dioxide."
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere: CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: While water vapour (~50%) and clouds (~25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they increase as a function of temperature and are therefore considered feedbacks. [SUPPORTS]
- Radiative forcing: A typical value of λ, 0.8 K/(W/m2), gives an increase in global temperature of about 1.6 K above the 1750 reference temperature due to the increase in CO 2 over that time (278 to 405 ppm, for a forcing of 2.0 W/m2), and predicts a further warming of 1.4 K above present temperatures if the CO 2 mixing ratio in the atmosphere were to become double its pre-industrial value; both of these calculations assume no other forcings. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: the Great Barrier Reef is in fine fettle
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Great Barrier Reef: The Queensland "shark control" program uses shark nets and drum lines with baited hooks to kill sharks in the Great Barrier Reef – there are 173 lethal drum lines in the Great Barrier Reef. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Great Barrier Reef: The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a "huge natural selection event unfolding". [REFUTES]
- Great Barrier Reef: Seabirds will land on the platforms and defecate which will eventually be washed into the sea. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Great Barrier Reef: When Queensland edged into tropical waters 24 million years ago, some coral grew, but a sedimentation regime quickly developed with erosion of the Great Dividing Range; creating river deltas, oozes and turbidites, unsuitable conditions for coral growth. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Great Barrier Reef: Crescentic reefs are also found in the far north of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, and in the Swain Reefs (20–22 degrees south). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate variability: Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Holocene: This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum: These can be defined as geologically brief (<200,000 year) events characterized by rapid global warming, major changes in the environment, and massive carbon addition. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "Skeptics hope that Postma’s alternative thermal model will lead  to the birth of a new climatology, one that actually follows the laws of  physics and properly physical modeling techniques...
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Meteorology: It was not until after the elucidation of the laws of physics and more particularly, the development of the computer, allowing for the automated solution of a great many equations that model the weather, in the latter half of the 20th century that significant breakthroughs in weather forecasting were achieved. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Physics: The problems in this field start with a "mathematical model of a physical situation" (system) and a "mathematical description of a physical law" that will be applied to that system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Science: In addition to testing hypotheses, scientists may also generate a model, an attempt to describe or depict the phenomenon in terms of a logical, physical or mathematical representation and to generate new hypotheses that can be tested, based on observable phenomena. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Theoretical physics: "Modelers" (also called "model-builders") often appear much like phenomenologists, but try to model speculative theories that have certain desirable features (rather than on experimental data), or apply the techniques of mathematical modeling to physics problems. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Theoretical physics: Theoretical advances may consist in setting aside old, incorrect paradigms (e.g., aether theory of light propagation, caloric theory of heat, burning consisting of evolving phlogiston, or astronomical bodies revolving around the Earth) or may be an alternative model that provides answers that are more accurate or that can be more widely applied. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: According to Wilson, "Wobbles in the orbit of Mars are the main cause of its climate change in the current era" (see also orbital forcing). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Attribution of recent climate change: Henrik Svensmark has suggested that the magnetic activity of the sun deflects cosmic rays, and that this may influence the generation of cloud condensation nuclei, and thereby have an effect on the climate. [SUPPORTS]
- Attribution of recent climate change: Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, for a warming effect global changes to land surface, such as deforestation, for a warming effect increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols, mainly for a cooling effect In addition to human activities, some natural mechanisms can also cause climate change, including for example, climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity. [SUPPORTS]
- Attribution of recent climate change: "The main cause of climate change during the last millennia is the corresponding cyclic variation of the 80- and 200-year component of irradiance correlated with activity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: We don't need a high heat flow - just a high temperature for the core to affect the surface climate.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Earth: Sea water has an important influence on the world's climate, with the oceans acting as a large heat reservoir. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- El Niño–Southern Oscillation: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tropical cyclone: From hydrostatic balance, the warm core translates to lower pressure at the center at all altitudes, with the maximum pressure drop located at the surface. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Volcano: Usually, only mafic flows will erupt as pāhoehoe, since they often erupt at higher temperatures or have the proper chemical make-up to allow them to flow with greater fluidity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Bushfires in Australia: Australia's climate has warmed by more than one degree Celsius over the past century, causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves and droughts. [SUPPORTS]
- Effects of global warming: In the last 30–40 years, heat waves with high humidity have become more frequent and severe. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Heat wave: The effects of climate change have been projected to make heat waves in places such as Europe up to five times more likely to occur. [SUPPORTS]