MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Climatic Research Unit email controversy: The Independent Climate Change Email Review report was published on 7 July 2010. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global cooling: Academic analysis of the peer-reviewed studies published at that time shows that most papers examining aspects of climate during the 1970s were either neutral or showed a warming trend. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: The highly publicised figures came from work still undergoing peer review, and CICERO would wait until they had been published in a journal before disseminating the results. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: His 1861 paper proposed changing concentrations of these gases could have caused "all the mutations of climate which the researches of geologists reveal" and would explain ice age changes. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Müller 2010; The New York Times, 25 May 2015; UNFCCC: Copenhagen 2009. openDemocracy, 12 January 2010; EUobserver, 20 December 2009. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- 20th century: The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 20th century: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence). [REFUTES]
- Global warming: An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus. [REFUTES]
Claim: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change feedback: The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1° and 1.5 °C. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate sensitivity: Without feedbacks the radiative forcing of approximately 3.7 W/m2, due to doubling CO 2 from the pre-industrial 280 ppm, would eventually result in roughly 1 °C global warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate sensitivity: Neglecting other forcings and considering the temperature increase to be an equilibrium increase would lead to a sensitivity of about 1.1 °C (2.0 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand. [SUPPORTS]
- Permian–Triassic extinction event: Further evidence for environmental change around the P–Tr boundary suggests an 8 °C (14 °F) rise in temperature, and an increase in CO 2 levels by 2000 ppm (for comparison, the concentration immediately before the industrial revolution was 280 ppm, and the amount today is about 410 ppm). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Kyoto Protocol: The view that human activities are likely responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature ("global warming") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current scientific thinking. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Greenhouse gas: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scott Pruitt: On March 9, 2017, in an interview on CNBC's Squawk Box, Pruitt stated that he "would not agree that" carbon dioxide is "a primary contributor to the global warming that we see" backing up his claim by stating that "measuring with precision human activity on the climate is something very challenging to do and there's tremendous disagreement about the degree of impact." [SUPPORTS]
- Scott Pruitt: In March 2017, Pruitt said that he does not believe that human activities, specifically carbon dioxide emissions, are a primary contributor to climate change, a view which is in contradiction with the scientific consensus. [SUPPORTS]
- Scott Pruitt: Pruitt rejects the scientific consensus that human-caused carbon dioxide emissions are a primary contributor to climate change. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: no one really knows if last year 2016 was a global temperature record.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: This allows a temperature record to be constructed. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- James Hansen: But we know the last time the world was 2 degrees warmer, sea level was 6 meters or 20 feet higher." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- James Hansen: "Breaking global temperature records after Mt. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Georgia (U.S. state): The highest temperature ever recorded is 112 °F (44.4 °C) in Louisville on July 24, 1952, while the lowest is −17 °F (−27.2 °C) in northern Floyd County on January 27, 1940. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice core: At lower temperatures, the difference is more pronounced. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- San Francisco: The lowest recorded temperature was 27 °F (−3 °C) on December 11, 1932. [SUPPORTS]
- U.S. state and territory temperature extremes: The following table lists the highest and lowest temperatures recorded in the 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and the 5 inhabited U.S. territories during the past two centuries, in both Fahrenheit and Celsius. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- U.S. state and territory temperature extremes: record low of 40°F in 1911 in Aibonito and 1966 in San Sebastian in Puerto Rico), only the most recent date is shown. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: AIBS Position Statements "Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver." [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The Earth’s climate is changing in response to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and particulate matter in the atmosphere, largely as the result of human activities.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate: The most talked-about applications of these models in recent years have been their use to infer the consequences of increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, primarily carbon dioxide (see greenhouse gas). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is "extremely likely" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. [SUPPORTS]
- Attribution of recent climate change: Like the warming "signal" that has gradually emerged from the "noise" of natural climate variability, the scientific evidence for a human influence on global climate has accumulated over the past several decades, from many hundreds of studies. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: This report explicitly endorses the IPCC view of attribution of recent climate change as representing the view of the scientific community: The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly due to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human influence on the climate system is clear. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The available evidence suggests very strongly that human activities have already begun to make significant changes to the earth's climate, and that the long-term risk of delaying action is greater than the cost of avoiding/minimising the risk." [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century". [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, "It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century". [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: These, together with other anthropogenic drivers, are "extremely likely" (where that means more than 95% probability) to have been the dominant cause of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming: The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Effects of global warming: A 2013 study found that significant climatic changes were associated with a higher risk of conflict worldwide, and predicted that "amplified rates of human conflict could represent a large and critical social impact of anthropogenic climate change in both low- and high-income countries." [SUPPORTS]
- Global catastrophic risk: Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: If no mitigating actions are taken, significant disruptions in the Earth's physical and ecological systems, social systems, security and human health are likely to occur. [SUPPORTS]
- Sustainability: Analysis of consumption patterns relates resource use to the environmental, social and economic impacts at the scale or context under investigation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Over the last three decades of the twentieth century, gross domestic product per capita and population growth were the main drivers of increases in greenhouse gas emissions. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The dominant cause of the warming since the 1950s is human activities. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Earth’s climate is now changing faster than at any point in the history of modern civilization, primarily as a result of human activities.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Holocene extinction: In order to constitute the Holocene as an extinction event, scientists must determine exactly when anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions began to measurably alter natural atmospheric levels on a global scale, and when these alterations caused changes to global climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Nature: "Tropical Ocean Warming Drives Recent Northern Hemisphere Climate Change". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: American Physical Society Climate Change Policy Statement, November 2007 "Emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities are changing the atmosphere in ways that affect the Earth's climate. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global issue: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: While there have been prehistoric periods of global warming, many observed changes since the mid-20th century have been unprecedented over decades to millennia. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Conclusions of AR5 are summarized below: Working Group I "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia". [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Its conclusions are summarized below: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia." [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased "Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act". [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level." [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report stated that: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Climate change is due to cosmic rays.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- CLOUD experiment: The primary goal is to understand the influence of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) on aerosols and clouds, and their implications for climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change (general concept): It has been postulated that ionized particles known as cosmic rays could impact cloud cover and thereby the climate. [SUPPORTS]
- Henrik Svensmark: He is known for his theory on the effects of cosmic rays on cloud formation as an indirect cause of global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Henrik Svensmark: "Cosmic rays blamed for global warming". [SUPPORTS]
- Henrik Svensmark: They also found that galactic cosmic rays, and total solar irradiance did not have any statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover. [REFUTES]
Claim: Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level: However, 20th century and current millennium sea level rise is presumed to be caused by global warming, and careful measurement of variations in MSL can offer insights into ongoing climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]