MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: “It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate change and ecosystems: Studying the association between Earth climate and extinctions over the past 520 million years, scientists from the University of York write, "The global temperatures predicted for the coming centuries may trigger a new ‘mass extinction event’, where over 50 percent of animal and plant species would be wiped out." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change and ecosystems: Researchers expect that over time, climate change will affect mountain and lowland ecosystems, the frequency and intensity of forest fires, the diversity of wildlife, and the distribution of fresh water. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change in Australia: Australia has some of the world's most diverse ecosystems and natural habitats, and it may be this variety that makes them the Earth's most fragile and at-risk when exposed to climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: "Ecosystems and species are vulnerable to climate change and other stresses (as illustrated by observed impacts of recent regional temperature changes) and some will be irreversibly damaged or lost." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The integrity of essential natural systems is already at risk from climate change caused by the atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Biodiversity: No longer do we have to justify the existence of humid tropical forests on the feeble grounds that they might carry plants with drugs that cure human disease. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Deforestation: In Central America, two-thirds of lowland tropical forests have been turned into pasture since 1950 and 40% of all the rainforests have been lost in the last 40 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Deforestation: The degradation of forest ecosystems has also been traced to economic incentives that make forest conversion appear more profitable than forest conservation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Deforestation: An ambitious proposal for China is the Aerially Delivered Re-forestation and Erosion Control System and the proposed Sahara Forest Project coupled with the Seawater Greenhouse. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Habitat destruction: A country may increase its food supply by converting forest land to row-crop agriculture, but the value of the same land may be much larger when it can supply natural resources or services such as clean water, timber, ecotourism, or flood regulation and drought control. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: IPCC report warning last week the world is “nowhere near on track” to meet its Paris commitments
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming. [SUPPORTS]
- Paris Agreement: "World on track for 3 °C of warming under current global climate pledges, warns UN". [SUPPORTS]
- Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C: "Australia is not on track to reach 2030 Paris target (but the potential is there)". [SUPPORTS]
- Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C: Based on present knowledge, climate geoengineering techniques cannot be relied on to significantly contribute to meeting the Paris Agreement temperature goals". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: In 2015 the Paris Agreement was adopted, governing emission reductions from 2020 on through commitments of countries in Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), with a view of lowering the target to 1.5 °C. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: But like most claims regarding global warming, the real effect is small, probably temporary, and most likely due to natural weather patterns
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Global warming: The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use." [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts. [REFUTES]
Claim: Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Paleotempestology: In the Gulf of Mexico, catastrophic hurricane strikes at given locations occur once about every 350 years in the last 3,800 years or about 0.48%-0.39% annual frequency at any given site, with a recurrence rate of 300 years or 0.33% annual probability at sites in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico; category 3 or more storms occur at a rate of 3.9 - 0.1 category 3 or more storms per century in the northern Gulf of Mexico. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paleotempestology: In the past, tropical cyclones were far more frequent in the Great Barrier Reef and the northern Gulf of Mexico than today; in Apalachee Bay, strong storms occur every 40 years, not every 400 years as documented historically. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paleotempestology: The Gulf of Mexico saw increased activity between 3,800 - 1,000 years ago with a fivefold increase of category 4-5 hurricane activity, and activity at St. Catherines Island and Wassaw Island was also higher between 2,000 and 1,100 years ago. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paleotempestology: "700 yr sedimentary record of intense hurricane landfalls in southern New England". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paleotempestology: "Intense Southwest Florida hurricane landfalls over the past 1000 years". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1635 experienced a Category 3 or 4 storm, with up to a 20-foot storm surge.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Air National Guard: The most severe damage came from a 30-plus-foot storm surge along the Mississippi coast and the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana and breaks in the levies along a canal in New Orleans. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Palm Beach County, Florida: Early on September 17, 1928, the Okeechobee hurricane made landfall near West Palm Beach as a category-4 storm and crossed Lake Okeechobee shortly thereafter. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Palm Beach County, Florida: August 28, 1949, a category-4 hurricane struck West Palm Beach with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h), causing considerable damage. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Palm Beach County, Florida: Jeanne struck near the same location as a category-3 hurricane on September 26, 2004. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Palm Beach County, Florida: On October 24, 2005, Hurricane Wilma struck Collier County as a category-3 hurricane. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- 1938 New England hurricane: The 1938 New England Hurricane (also referred to as the Great New England Hurricane, Long Island Express, and Yankee Clipper) was one of the deadliest and most destructive tropical cyclones to strike Long Island, New York, and New England. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 1938 New England hurricane: It remains the most powerful and deadliest hurricane in recorded New England history, perhaps eclipsed in landfall intensity only by the Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 1993 Storm of the Century: Readings of 976.0 millibars (28.82 inHg) were recorded in Tallahassee, Florida, and even lower readings of 960.0 millibars (28.35 inHg) were observed in New England. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Winter storm naming in the United States: Winter Storm naming in the United States goes back to the 1700s when a snowstorm dubbed "The Great Snow of 1717" hit the colonies of New England in 1717. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Winter storm: Notable ice storms include an El Niño-related North American ice storm of 1998 that affected much of eastern Canada, including Montreal and Ottawa, as well as upstate New York and part of New England. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Nine years into that 11-year hurricane drought, a NASA scientist computed it as a 1-in-177-year event.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate of Florida: A statewide drought began in November 2005, one month after Hurricane Wilma's passage through the state, and persisted until 2009. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming controversy: In a NASA report published in January 2013, Hansen and Sato noted "the 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hurricane Floyd: Following the state's fourth-worst drought in a century, the rains collected in rivers and streams, causing record flooding at 18 river gauges, and mostly affecting the Raritan, Passaic, and Delaware basins. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Natural disaster: Drought is the unusual dryness of soil caused by levels of rainfall significantly below average over a prolonged period. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Physical impacts of climate change: Between 2011 and 2014, California experienced the driest period in its recorded history and more than 100 million trees died in the drought, creating areas of dead, dry wood. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Climate change in the United States: Hurricane wind speeds, rainfall intensity, and storm surge levels are likely to increase. [REFUTES]
- Hurricane Andrew: After spending a week without significantly strengthening itself in the central Atlantic, it rapidly intensified into a powerful Category 5 hurricane while moving westward towards the Bahamas on August 23. [REFUTES]
- Hurricane Harvey: It is tied with 2005's Hurricane Katrina as the costliest tropical cyclone on record, inflicting $125 billion (2017 USD) in damage, primarily from catastrophic rainfall-triggered flooding in the Houston metropolitan area and Southeast Texas. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hurricane Irma: The extremely powerful hurricane continued to intensify, with maximum sustained winds peaking at 180 mph (285 km/h) near 18:00 UTC on September 5. [REFUTES]
- Hurricane Irma: On September 4, Irma resumed intensifying, becoming a Category 5 hurricane by early on the next day. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Economics of global warming: Losses caused by catastrophes, defined by the property insurance industry as storms causing insured losses over $5 million in the year of occurrence, have grown steadily in the United States from about $100 million annually in the 1950s to $6 billion per year in the 1990s, and the annual number of catastrophes grew from 10 in the 1950s to 35 in the 1990s.” Authors have pointed to several reasons why commercial insurance markets cannot adequately cover risks associated with climate change (Arrow et al., 1996, p. 72). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Economics of global warming: (2001) concluded that: countries with limited economic resources, low levels of technology, poor information and skills, poor infrastructure, unstable or weak institutions, and inequitable empowerment and access to resources have little adaptive capacity and are highly vulnerable to climate change (p. 879). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Neoliberalism: Others note that while the economy had stabilized and was growing by the late 1980s, inequality widened: nearly 45% of the population had fallen into poverty while the wealthiest 10% had seen their incomes rise by 83%. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Neoliberalism: Additionally, the percentage of the Chilean population living in poverty rose from 17% in 1969 to 45% in 1985 at the same time government budgets for education, health and housing dropped by over 20% on average. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- United States: Despite income and wealth disparities, the United States continues to rank very high in measures of socioeconomic performance, including average wage, median income, median wealth, human development, per capita GDP, and worker productivity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.”
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Antarctica: A lower air temperature of −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) was recorded in 2010 by satellite—however, it may be influenced by ground temperatures and was not recorded at a height of 7 feet (2 m) above the surface as required for the official air temperature records. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Precipitation: Extratropical cyclones can bring cold and dangerous conditions with heavy rain and snow with winds exceeding 119 km/h (74 mph), (sometimes referred to as windstorms in Europe). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Santa Ana winds: During Santa Ana conditions it is typically hotter along the coast than in the deserts, with the Southern California coastal region reaching some of its highest annual temperatures in autumn rather than summer. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Santa Ana winds: Like the Santa Ana, these winds also heat up by compression and lose humidity, but because they start out so extraordinarily cold and dry and blow over snow and ice all the way to the sea, the perceived similarity is negligible. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- West Coast of the United States: The coastline sees significantly mild temperatures when compared to the inland areas during summer. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “During the sunless winter, a heatwave raised concerns that the polar vortex may be eroding.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- 2013–14 North American winter: On December 1, 2013, the weakening of the polar vortex led to the beginning of an abnormally cold trend in the Eastern and Central United States. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Early 2014 North American cold wave: The polar vortex Beginning on January 2, 2014, sudden stratospheric warming (SSW)[dubious – discuss] led to the breakdown of the semi-permanent feature across the Arctic known as the polar vortex. [SUPPORTS]
- Polar vortex: The general assumption is that reduced snow cover and sea ice reflect less sunlight and therefore evaporation and transpiration increases, which in turn alters the pressure and temperature gradient of the polar vortex, causing it to weaken or collapse. [SUPPORTS]
- Stratosphere: This breaking is caused due to a highly non-linear interaction between the vertically propagating planetary waves and the isolated high potential vorticity region known as the polar vortex. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Winter 1985 cold wave: The winter 1985 cold wave was a meteorological event, the result of the shifting of the polar vortex farther south than is normally seen. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: More than 100 climate models over the past 30 years did not predict what actually happened because it was assumed carbon dioxide had the pivotal role in driving climate change and that the effects of clouds, back-radiation and the sun were trivial.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: Climate models have been used to examine the role of the Sun in recent climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Attribution of recent climate change: (2007) allowed for the possibility that climate models had been underestimated the effect of solar forcing. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Computer models are run on supercomputers to reproduce and predict the circulation of the oceans, the annual cycle of the seasons, and the flows of carbon between the land surface and the atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: "How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate model: This model has the advantage of allowing a rational dependence of local albedo and emissivity on temperature – the poles can be allowed to be icy and the equator warm – but the lack of true dynamics means that horizontal transports have to be specified. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Coriolis force: In meteorology and oceanography, it is convenient to postulate a rotating frame of reference wherein the Earth is stationary. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: The angle of Earth's axial tilt is relatively stable over long periods of time. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Future of Earth: Despite such interactions, highly accurate simulations show that overall, Earth's orbit is likely to remain dynamically stable for billions of years into the future. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: water vapour has been the main greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse effect: The effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on the global climate, a special case of the greenhouse effect first described in 1896 by Svante Arrhenius, has also been called the Callendar effect. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Earth: Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 150 million km (93 million mi) every 365.2564 mean solar days, or one sidereal year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: When combined with the Earth–Moon system's common orbit around the Sun, the period of the synodic month, from new moon to new moon, is 29.53 days. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Ice age: The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun. [SUPPORTS]
- Little Ice Age: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Holocene: "Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Little Ice Age: The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Little Ice Age: In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so. [SUPPORTS]
- Little Ice Age: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Little Ice Age: The rate of Arctic cooling is roughly 0.02 °C per century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Just 1.25 per cent of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere-ocean system has been released by ­humans in the past 250 years.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Planetary boundaries: About one quarter of the additional carbon dioxide generated by humans is dissolved in the oceans, where it forms carbonic acid. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Earth: Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 m (6,600 ft). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Earth: More precisely, the geoid is the surface of gravitational equipotential at mean sea level. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Marine life: Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) The deepest underwater location is Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean, having a depth of 10,900 metres (6.8 mi). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tsunami: Run up is measured in metres above a reference sea level. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]