MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Disaster risk reduction: Climate change, through rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and changing sea levels, will affect the nature of hydrometeorological disasters, such as droughts, floods, and cyclones. [REFUTES]
- Effects of global warming: There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify. [SUPPORTS]
- Extreme weather: Researchers have for the first time attributed recent floods, droughts and heat waves, to human-induced climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Natural disaster: A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; examples are floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, storms, and other geologic processes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Severe weather: Another form of severe weather is drought, which is a prolonged period of persistently dry weather (that is, absence of precipitation). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Droughts in the United States: Drought apparently struck what is now the American Southwest back in the 13th century, which probably affected the Pueblo cities, and tree rings also document drought in the lower and central Mississippi River basin between the 14th and 16th century. [SUPPORTS]
- Megadrought: A megadrought (or mega-drought) is a prolonged drought lasting two decades or longer. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Megadrought: The tree-ring data indicate that the Western states have experienced droughts that lasted ten times longer than anything the modern U.S. has seen. [SUPPORTS]
- Megadrought: Based on annual tree rings, NOAA has recorded patterns of drought covering most of the U.S. for every year since 1700. [SUPPORTS]
- Megadrought: During a 200-year mega drought in the Sierra Nevada that lasted from the 9th to the 12th centuries, trees would grow on newly exposed shoreline at Fallen Leaf Lake, then as the lake grew once again, the trees were preserved under cold water. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Lake-bottom sediments in Florida tell us that recent major hurricane activity in the Gulf of Mexico has been less frequent than in centuries past.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Atlantic hurricane: Few major hurricanes struck the Gulf coast during 3000–1400 BC and again during the most recent millennium. [REFUTES]
- Atlantic hurricane: Millennial-scale variability in catastrophic hurricane landfalls along the Gulf of Mexico coast. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Florida: Devastating hurricanes in 1926 and 1928, followed by the Great Depression, brought that period to a halt. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Florida: From 1851 to 2006, Florida was struck by 114 hurricanes, 37 of them major—category 3 and above. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hurricane Katrina: The pressure measurement made Katrina the fifth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record at the time, only to be surpassed by Hurricanes Rita and Wilma later in the season; it was also the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico at the time. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated and still amounts to only 1 inch every ten years.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Sea level rise: For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans: It was also forecast that the storm surge in Lake Pontchartrain would reach 14–18 feet (4.3–5.5 m), with waves reaching 7 feet (2 m) above the storm surge. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hurricane Katrina: The height of the surge is uncertain because of a lack of data, although a tide gauge in Plaquemines Parish indicated a storm tide in excess of 14 feet (4.3 m) and a 12-foot (3.7 m) storm surge was recorded in Grand Isle. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hurricane Katrina: The range of surge levels in eastern St. Tammany Parish is estimated at 13–16 feet (4.0–4.9 m), not including wave action. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hurricane Katrina: Since the storm surge produced by the hurricane's right-front quadrant (containing the strongest winds) was forecast to be 28 feet (8.5 m), while the levees offered protection to 23 feet (7.0 m), emergency management officials in New Orleans feared that the storm surge could go over the tops of levees protecting the city, causing major flooding. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Storm surge: A storm surge of 14 ft (4.2 m) occurred in New York City during Hurricane Sandy in October 2012. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Hillary Clinton: Clinton's story was thoroughly investigated by Fact Checker Michelle Ye Hee Lee in the Washington Post. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: Some land masses are moving up or down as a consequence of subsidence (land sinking or settling) or post-glacial rebound (land rising due to the loss of the weight of ice after melting), so that local sea level rise may be higher or lower than the global average. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: An example is the extension of the Delta Works in the Netherlands, a country that sits partially below sea level and is subsiding. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: A study conducted between 1982 and 2010 found that some areas of Jakarta have been sinking by as much as 28 cm (11 inches) per year due to ground water drilling and the weight of its buildings, and the problem is now exacerbated by sea level rise. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: In Europe for instance, considerable variation is found because some land areas are rising while others are sinking. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: […]until we develop a practical, cost-competitive alternative to fossil fuels, it is unlikely that renewable energy will ever make up more than 15-20% of global energy requirements.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Cellulosic ethanol: "The production of cellulosic ethanol represents not only a step toward true energy diversity for the country, but a very cost-effective alternative to fossil fuels. [SUPPORTS]
- Nuclear power debate: The World Nuclear Association argues that: "Obviously sun, wind, tides and waves cannot be controlled to provide directly either continuous base-load power, or peak-load power when it is needed,..." "In practical terms non-hydro renewables are therefore able to supply up to some 15–20% of the capacity of an electricity grid, though they cannot directly be applied as economic substitutes for most coal or nuclear power, however significant they become in particular areas with favourable conditions." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Renewable energy: According to the International Energy Agency, biofuels have the potential to meet more than a quarter of world demand for transportation fuels by 2050. [SUPPORTS]
- Renewable energy: National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond, and some 120 countries have various policy targets for longer-term shares of renewable energy, including a 20% target of all electricity generated for the European Union by 2020. [SUPPORTS]
- Renewable energy: Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed to be five times total current global energy production, or 40 times current electricity demand, assuming all practical barriers needed were overcome. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: But the observed warming as monitored by satellites (our only truly global monitoring system) has been only about half of what computerized climate models say should be happening.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming: It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Solar irradiance has been measured directly by satellites, and indirect measurements are available beginning in the early 1600s. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Funamanu: Paul Kench at the University of Auckland in New Zealand and Arthur Webb at the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji released a study in 2010 on the dynamic response of reef islands to sea level rise in the central Pacific. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Geography of Tuvalu: Tuvalu was mentioned in the study, and Webb and Kench found that seven islands in one of its nine atolls have spread by more than 3 per cent on average since the 1950s. [REFUTES]
- Kiribati: Paul Kench at the University of Auckland in New Zealand and Arthur Webb at the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji released a study in 2010 on the dynamic response of atolls and reef islands in the central Pacific. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Kiribati: Kiribati was mentioned in the study, and Webb and Kench found that the three major urbanised islands in Kiribati—Betio, Bairiki and Nanikai—increased by 30% (36 hectares), 16.3% (5.8 hectares) and 12.5% (0.8 hectares), respectively. [REFUTES]
- Tuvalu: A study published in 2018 estimated the change in land area of Tuvalu's nine atolls and 101 reef islands between 1971 and 2014, indicating that 75% of the islands had grown in area, with an overall increase of more than 2%. [REFUTES]
Claim: “It seems self-evident that rising sea levels will reduce land area.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: "The rate of sea-level rise". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Climate change threatens to diminish crop yields, harming food security, and rising sea levels may flood coastal infrastructure and force the abandonment of many coastal cities. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: Humans impact how much water is stored on land. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: However, there is a process of accretion, where coral broken up by the waves washes up on these low-lying islands as sand, counteracting the reduction in land mass.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Barrier island: If sea level changes are too drastic, time will be insufficient for wave action to accumulate sand into a dune, which will eventually become a barrier island through aggradation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Barrier island: He believed that waves moving into shallow water churned up sand, which was deposited in the form of a submarine bar when the waves broke and lost much of their energy. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Coral reef: Habili – reef specific to the Red Sea; does not reach near enough to the surface to cause visible surf; may be a hazard to ships (from the Arabic for "unborn") Microatoll – community of species of corals; vertical growth limited by average tidal height; growth morphologies offer a low-resolution record of patterns of sea level change; fossilized remains can be dated using radioactive carbon dating and have been used to reconstruct Holocene sea levels Cays – small, low-elevation, sandy islands formed on the surface of coral reefs from eroded material that piles up, forming an area above sea level; can be stabilized by plants to become habitable; occur in tropical environments throughout the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans (including the Caribbean and on the Great Barrier Reef and Belize Barrier Reef), where they provide habitable and agricultural land Seamount or guyot – formed when a coral reef on a volcanic island subsides; tops of seamounts are rounded and guyots are flat; flat tops of guyots, or tablemounts, are due to erosion by waves, winds, and atmospheric processes Coral reef ecosystems contain distinct zones that host different kinds of habitats. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Coral reef: Waves, grazing fish (such as parrotfish), sea urchins, sponges and other forces and organisms act as bioeroders, breaking down coral skeletons into fragments that settle into spaces in the reef structure or form sandy bottoms in associated reef lagoons. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Coral: Over time, corals fragment and die, sand and rubble accumulates between the corals, and the shells of clams and other molluscs decay to form a gradually evolving calcium carbonate structure. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: “suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Battle of the Coral Sea: Heavily damaged and without power, Neosho was left drifting and slowly sinking (16°09′S 158°03′E﻿ / ﻿16.150°S 158.050°E﻿ / -16.150; 158.050). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Bikini Atoll: "Exiled by nuclear testing, rising seas force Bikinians to flee again". [SUPPORTS]
- Kiribati: Since land height has not changed the vulnerability of the greater part of the land area of each island to submergence due to sea level rise is also unchanged and these low-lying atolls remain immediately and extremely vulnerable to inundation or sea water flooding." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Kiribati: "Entire nation of Kiribati to be relocated over rising sea level threat". [SUPPORTS]
- Kiribati: "Islands disappear under rising seas". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Hilda Heine: "First female President Hilda Hine elected in the Marshall Islands". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hilda Heine: "Hilda Heine elected first female Pacific leader as president of Marshall Islands". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Marshall Islands: "A sinking feeling: why is the president of the tiny Pacific island nation of Nauru so concerned about climate change?". [SUPPORTS]
- Marshall Islands: "In The Marshall Islands, Traditional Agriculture And Healthy Eating Are A Climate Change Strategy". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Marshall Islands: According to the president of Nauru, the Marshall Islands are the most endangered nation in the world due to flooding from climate change. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Development communication: Communication for development is seen as a two-way process for sharing ideas and knowledge using a range of communication tools and approaches that empower individuals and communities to take actions to improve their lives. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Development communication: Its approach is anticipatory which aims to improve policymaking in order to provide as much lead time as necessary in the solution of societal problems. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Development communication: Policy sciences are concerned with helping people make better decisions toward fostering human dignity for all. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Development communication: Submission of reports provides specific interventions that will guide policy makers in decisions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Marshall Islands: United States government assistance is the mainstay of the economy. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: ” ‘You see, gas in America is incredibly cheap, because of fracking,’ he says.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Natural gas: The high pressure water breaks up or "fracks" the rock, which releases gas from the rock formation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Natural gas: In April 2008, the wholesale price was $10 per 1000 cubic feet ($10/million BTU). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Shale gas: Shale gas tends to cost more to produce than gas from conventional wells, because of the expense of the massive hydraulic fracturing treatments required to produce shale gas, and of horizontal drilling. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Shale gas: Natural gas for industrial use has become cheaper by around 30% compared to the rest of the US. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Shale gas: "Will Natural Gas Stay Cheap Enough To Replace Coal And Lower US Carbon Emissions". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim:  The discrepancy between model-predicted warming and (lower) real-world observations has inspired new respect for natural climate variability relative to greenhouse-gas forcing. 
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Attribution of recent climate change: Barnett and colleagues (2005) say that the observed warming of the oceans "cannot be explained by natural internal climate variability or solar and volcanic forcing, but is well simulated by two anthropogenically forced climate models," concluding that "it is of human origin, a conclusion robust to observational sampling and model differences". [REFUTES]
- Attribution of recent climate change: Models are unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when they only take into account variations in total solar irradiance and volcanic activity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Attribution of recent climate change: Models indicate that solar and volcanic forcings can explain periods of relative warmth and cold between AD 1000 and 1900, but human-induced forcings are needed to reproduce the late-20th century warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global cooling: When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that "CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Climate change threatens to diminish crop yields, harming food security, and rising sea levels may flood coastal infrastructure and force the abandonment of many coastal cities. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice). [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: “In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- 2010 United Kingdom general election: Realising that a deal between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats was imminent, the next day on Tuesday 11 May Brown announced his resignation as Prime Minister, marking the end of 13 years of Labour government. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In 2009 several UNFCCC Parties produced the Copenhagen Accord, which has been widely portrayed as disappointing because of its low goals, leading poor nations to reject it. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Gordon Brown: After initial rises in opinion polls following Brown becoming Prime Minister, Labour's popularity declined with the onset of a recession in 2008, leading to poor results in the local and European elections in 2009. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Gordon Brown: On 5 June 2007, just three weeks before he was due to take the post of Prime Minister, Brown made a speech promising "British Jobs for British workers". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Gordon Brown: Appearances and news coverage leading up to the handover were interpreted as preparing the ground for Brown to become Prime Minister, in part by creating the impression of a statesman with a vision for leadership and global change. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: “climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Carbon tax: In economic theory, pollution is considered a negative externality, a negative effect on a third party not directly involved in a transaction, and is a type of market failure. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Externality: Externalities can be either positive or negative. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Externality: A positive externality (also called "external benefit" or "external economy" or "beneficial externality") is the positive effect an activity imposes on an unrelated third party. [SUPPORTS]
- Highway: The contribution of transport systems to potentially hazardous climate change is a significant negative externality which is difficult to evaluate quantitatively, making it difficult (but not impossible) to include in transport economics-based research and analysis. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tax: Economists describe environmental impacts as negative externalities. [REFUTES]
Claim: (In technical lingo, the so-called social cost of carbon would be negative.)”
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carbon credit: Nordhaus has suggested, based on the social cost of carbon emissions, that an optimal price of carbon is around $30(US) per ton and will need to increase with inflation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon credit: The social cost of carbon is the additional damage caused by an additional ton of carbon emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon price: So again we have the right outcome — provided the carbon price equals the social cost. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon tax: Several administrative advisers have stated that the social cost should be reduced to zero (currently at $36 per ton of carbon dioxide). [REFUTES]
- Carbon tax: Carbon emissions have an "unpriced" societal cost in terms of their deleterious effects on the earth's climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]