MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: In South Florida, "we've had nine inches of sea-level rise since the 1920s."
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Miami: The sea level rose quickly after that, stabilizing at the current level about 4,000 years ago, leaving the mainland of South Florida just above sea level. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in). [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: "Sea-Level Rise from the Late 19th to the Early 21st Century". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: 27 November 2017. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: 18 January 2019. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Solar panel: Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Solar panel: Even though such installations might not produce the maximum possible total energy, their power output would likely be more consistent throughout the day and possibly larger during peak demand. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Solar panel: Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Spirit (rover): Normally the solar arrays on the rovers are able to generate up to 700 watt-hours (2,500 kJ) of energy per Martian day. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Spirit (rover): Solar arrays generate about 140 watts for up to four hours per Martian day (sol) while rechargeable lithium ion batteries store energy for use at night. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a "carbon tax" hurt her terribly politically.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Emissions trading: The fixed price lent itself to characterisation as a carbon tax and when the government proposed the Clean Energy Bill in February 2011, the opposition claimed it to be a broken election promise. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Julia Gillard: Gillard initially ruled out a "carbon tax" but said that she would build community consensus for a price on carbon and open negotiations with the mining industry for a re-vamped mining profits tax. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Julia Gillard: Following the 2010 hung parliament election result, the Labor Party elected to adopt the Australian Greens preference for a carbon tax to transition to an emissions trading scheme, establishing a carbon price via the Clean Energy Act 2011. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Julia Gillard: During the 2010 election campaign, Gillard also said that no carbon tax would be introduced under a government she led. [REFUTES]
- Julia Gillard: Prime Minister Kevin Rudd suffered a decline in his personal ratings, and a perceived loss of support among his own MPs, following the failure of the Government's insulation program, controversy regarding the implementation of a tax on mining, the failure of the government to secure passage of its carbon trading scheme and some policy debate about immigration policy. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- 20th century: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Cold wave: All the winter months that season saw temperatures well below average across the continent. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Cold wave: 1956 1956 European cold wave – February 1956 was the coldest month of the twentieth century over large areas of Western Europe, with mean temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) as far south as Marseilles being utterly unprecedented in records dating back into the eighteenth century. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Since the pre-industrial period, global average land temperatures have increased almost twice as fast as global average temperatures. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Arctic: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws. [REFUTES]
- Arctic: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet. [REFUTES]
- Climate change in the Arctic: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Arctic sea ice decline: Arctic Sea ice maintains the cool temperature of the polar regions and it has an important albedo effect on the climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar ice cap: The current rate of decline of the ice caps has caused many investigations and discoveries on glacier dynamics and their influence on the world's climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: The melting of the polar ice caps, combined with thermal expansion, will lead to rises in sea levels that may impact adversely on our coastal cities. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Miami Congressman Carlos "Curbelo supports drilling offshore" and "repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change."
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carlos Curbelo: "Carlos Curbelo wants to be a Republican leader on climate change—if he can keep his seat". [REFUTES]
- Carlos Curbelo: "Miami Republican opposes allowing Arctic oil drilling in tax bill". [REFUTES]
- Carlos Curbelo: According to McClatchy, "Curbelo has broken ranks with his party to take lonely stands on high-profile topics ranging from abortion and women’s health to climate change, the environment, immigration and government spending." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carlos Curbelo: According to Vote Smart's 2016 analysis, Curbelo generally supports pro-life legislation, opposes an income tax increase, opposes mandatory minimum sentences for non-violent drug offenders, supports lowering taxes as a means of promoting economic growth, opposes requiring states to adopt federal education standards, supports building the Keystone Pipeline, supports government funding for the development of renewable energy, supports the federal regulation of greenhouse gas emissions, supports repealing the Affordable Care Act, opposes requiring immigrants who are unlawfully present to return to their country of origin before they are eligible for citizenship, supports same-sex marriage, supports increased American intervention in Iraq and Syria beyond air support, and supports allowing individuals to divert a portion of their Social Security taxes into personal retirement accounts. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carlos Curbelo: The Miami Herald wrote that Curbelo has "attempted to position himself as the national voice for Republicans who are concerned about climate change," describing him as "one of the few GOP voices speaking out against Donald Trump's decision to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement and his desire to dismantle the Environmental Protection Agency." [REFUTES]
Claim: More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating "Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Homeland security: Homeland security is an American national security umbrella term for "the national effort to ensure a homeland that is safe, secure, and resilient against terrorism and other hazards where American interests, aspirations, and ways of life can thrive to the national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce the vulnerability of the U.S. to terrorism, and minimize the damage from attacks that do occur". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Homeland security: Homeland security is officially defined by the National Strategy for Homeland Security as "a concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce America's vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Islamic terrorism: "Terrorist Attacks in Kenya Reveal Domestic Radicalization". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Islamic terrorism: According to The Washington Post, "Online recruiting has exponentially increased, with Facebook, YouTube and the increasing sophistication of people online". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- United States Department of Homeland Security: The center works on the Internet's routing infrastructure (the SPRI program) and Domain Name System (DNSSEC), identity theft and other online criminal activity (ITTC), Internet traffic and networks research (PREDICT datasets and the DETER testbed), Department of Defense and HSARPA exercises (Livewire and Determined Promise), and wireless security in cooperation with Canada. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: More than 260,000 Americans are employed by the domestic solar industry â three times as many workers as employed by the entire coal mining industry.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Americans: Furthermore, there are approximately 40,000 Americans living and working in the Kingdom. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Economy of the United Kingdom: The industry employs around 113,000 people directly and around 276,000 indirectly and has an annual turnover of around £20 billion. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump: While the traditional fossil fuel industry employed 187,000 jobs in 2016, the wind power industry grew by nearly 32% to 102,000 people. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Infrastructure policy of Donald Trump: At the same time, the solar power industry grew by almost a quarter to 374,000 jobs. [REFUTES]
- Presidency of Donald Trump: The American solar energy industry is highly reliant on foreign parts (80% of parts are made abroad); as a result, the tariffs could raise the costs of solar energy, reduce innovation and reduce jobs in the industry—which in 2017 employed nearly four times as many American workers as the coal industry. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: NASA Finds Antarctica is Gaining Ice,
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Antarctica: "Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses". [SUPPORTS]
- Antarctica: "Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it". [SUPPORTS]
- Antarctica: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic". [REFUTES]
- Antarctica: This ice sheet is constantly gaining ice from snowfall and losing ice through outflow to the sea. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Antarctica: According to NASA, the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 °C (41 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: New Jersey is "losing 50 football fields of open space to development every day and the more we develop upstream the more flooding we have downstream."
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- New Jersey: During winter and early spring, New Jersey can experience "nor'easters," which are capable of causing blizzards or flooding throughout the northeastern United States. [SUPPORTS]
- New Jersey: This accessibility to consumer revenue has enabled seaside resorts such as Atlantic City and the remainder of the Jersey Shore, as well as the state's other natural and cultural attractions, to contribute significantly to the record 111 million tourist visits to New Jersey in 2018, providing US$44.7 billion in tourism revenue, directly supporting 333,860 jobs, sustaining more than 531,000 jobs overall including peripheral impacts, and generating US$5 billion in state and local tax revenue. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- New Jersey: The other three villages – Ridgefield Park (now with a Walsh Act form), Ridgewood (now with a Faulkner Act Council-Manager charter) and South Orange (now operates under a Special Charter) – have all migrated to other non-village forms. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- New Jersey: "Jersey City has gained nearly 15,000 residents since 2010, making it the fastest growing municipality in the state and a symbol of the Garden State's reinvigorated urban core." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Woodbridge Township, New Jersey: It is surrounded by water on three sides, the Arthur Kill, a tidal strait to the east, and tidal rivers to the south, Raritan River, and north, Rahway River; and, much of the developed land in Woodbridge has low elevations, as little as five feet above sea level. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global cooling: July 4, 1923. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global cooling: February 14, 1926. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Regional impacts of climate change are now observable on all continents and across ocean regions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Both the terms global warming and climate change were used only occasionally until 1975, when Wallace Smith Broecker published a scientific paper on the topic, "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Newt Gingrich "teamed with Nancy Pelosi and Al Gore on global warming."
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Al Gore: "Urge Gore to Add Going Vegetarian to the Global Warming Pledge". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Al Gore: Gore was initially hesitant to be Bill Clinton's running mate for the 1992 United States presidential election, but after clashing with the George H. W. Bush administration over global warming issues, he decided to accept the offer. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Al Gore: He was known as one of the Atari Democrats, later called the "Democrats' Greens, politicians who see issues like clean air, clean water and global warming as the key to future victories for their party." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Newt Gingrich: Gingrich has identified education as "the number one factor in our future prosperity", and has partnered with Al Sharpton and Education Secretary Arne Duncan on education issues. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Newt Gingrich: "Former foes Clinton, Gingrich band up on health care plan". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- California: Because it is the most populous state in the United States, California is one of the country's largest users of energy. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- California: Due to the high electricity demand, California imports more electricity than any other state, primarily hydroelectric power from states in the Pacific Northwest (via Path 15 and Path 66) and coal- and natural gas-fired production from the desert Southwest via Path 46. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- California: As a result of the state's strong environmental movement, California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy goals in the United States, with a target for California to obtain a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- California: Currently, several solar power plants such as the Solar Energy Generating Systems facility are located in the Mojave Desert. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- California: Natural gas-fired power plants typically account for more than one-half of state electricity generation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Air pollution: Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollutant". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon dioxide: At very high concentrations (100 times atmospheric concentration, or greater), carbon dioxide can be toxic to animal life, so raising the concentration to 10,000 ppm (1%) or higher for several hours will eliminate pests such as whiteflies and spider mites in a greenhouse. [REFUTES]
- Carbon dioxide: Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO 2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change and ecosystems: Higher carbon dioxide concentrations will favourably affect plant growth and demand for water. [SUPPORTS]
- Wetland: Wetlands are also considered the most biologically diverse of all ecosystems, serving as home to a wide range of plant and animal life. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Clean Power Plan: The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Clean Power Plan: The final version of the plan aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electrical power generation by 32 percent by 2030, relative to 2005 levels. [REFUTES]
- Clean Power Plan: By switching this coal generation to a cleaner source such as wind power, CO 2 emissions could be significantly reduced. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Clean Power Plan: The Obama administration designed the plan to lower the carbon dioxide emitted by power generators. [REFUTES]
- Clean Power Plan: In his announcement, Obama stated that the plan includes the first standards on carbon dioxide emissions from power plants ever proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Over 97 percent of the scientific community â¦ believe that humans are contributing to climate change.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Human: Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence. [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Seventy-five of 77 believed that human activity is a significant factor in changing mean global temperatures. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: They found 4,014 which discussed the cause of recent global warming, and of these "97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming". [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Air pollution: Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Air pollution: "The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change in the United States: Because of global warming, there has been concern in the United States and internationally, that the country should reduce total greenhouse gas which is relatively high per capita and is the second largest in the world after China, as of 2014. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate change in the United States: In the cumulative emissions between 1850 and 2007, the U.S. was at the top in terms of all world nations, involved with 28.8% of the world's total. [REFUTES]
- Recycling: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has concluded in favor of recycling, saying that recycling efforts reduced the country's carbon emissions by a net 49 million metric tonnes in 2005. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Donald Trump: In June 2017, Trump announced the withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement, making the U.S. the only nation in the world to not ratify the agreement. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration: Trump has pulled the United States out of the Paris climate accord, leaving the U.S. the only nation that has not joined the agreement. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration: majority support   plurality support   majority oppose   plurality oppose On June 1, 2017, Donald Trump announced that the United States would withdraw from the Paris Agreement on climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Presidency of Donald Trump: In June 2017, Trump announced U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, a 2015 climate change accord reached by 200 nations to cut greenhouse gas emissions, defying broad global backing for the plan. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Presidency of Donald Trump: He ended the Clean Power Plan, withdrew from the Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation, and urged for subsidies to increase fossil fuel production, calling man-made climate change a hoax. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference: The country submitted a proposed protocol which would have imposed deeper, legally binding emissions cuts, including on developing nations. [REFUTES]
- 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference: To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 2000 levels by 2020 if there is an agreement where major developing economies commit to substantially restrain emissions and advanced economies take on commitments comparable to Australia. [REFUTES]
- 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference: To cut carbon emissions by 5% below 2000 levels by 2020 unconditionally. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference: To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 1990 levels by 2020. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Emissions trading: It is one of the ways countries can meet their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce carbon emissions and thereby mitigate global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]