MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: Medieval Warm Period was warmer than the climate warming today.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Medieval Warm Period: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Medieval Warm Period: study found warmth exceeding 1961–1990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990–2010 period. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Medieval Warm Period: Much of the Northern Hemisphere showed significant cooling during the Little Ice Age (defined in the study from 1400 to 1700), but Labrador and isolated parts of the United States appeared to be approximately as warm as during the 1961–1990 period. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Medieval Warm Period: It is thought that between c. 950 and c. 1100 was the Northern Hemisphere's warmest period since the Roman Warm Period. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Medieval Warm Period: They also found that the warming during the 10–14th centuries in some regions might be comparable in magnitude to the warming of the last few decades of the 20th century, which was unprecedented within the past 500 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Arctic ice pack: The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic ice pack: As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades. [REFUTES]
- Arctic oscillation: The Arctic oscillation (AO) or Northern Annular Mode/Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode (NAM) is a weather phenomenon at the Arctic poles north of 20 degrees latitude. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic: "Arctic cut-off high drives the poleward shift of a new Greenland melting record". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic: The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. [REFUTES]
- Carbon dioxide: Conversely, a rise in the partial pressure of CO 2 or a lower pH will cause offloading of oxygen from hemoglobin, which is known as the Bohr effect. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: Future warming is projected to have a range of impacts, including sea level rise, increased frequencies and severities of some extreme weather events, loss of biodiversity, and regional changes in agricultural productivity. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Carbon dioxide: Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons. [REFUTES]
- Carbon dioxide: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. [REFUTES]
- Greenhouse gas: The estimate of total CO 2 emissions includes biotic carbon emissions, mainly from deforestation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Atmospheric methane: Atmospheric methane concentrations are of interest because it is one of the most potent greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The oxidation of methane can produce both ozone and water; and is a major source of water vapor in the normally dry stratosphere. [SUPPORTS]
- Natural gas: Natural gas is thus a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide due to the greater global-warming potential of methane. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Water vapor: Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum. [SUPPORTS]
- Water vapor: Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Polar bear numbers are increasing.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Polar bear: The numbers taken grew rapidly in the 1960s, peaking around 1968 with a global total of 1,250 bears that year. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar bear: In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient. [REFUTES]
- Polar bear: In 2010, the 2005 increase was partially reversed. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar bear: Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Polar bear: Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: There's no empirical evidence for climate change.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Biodiversity: Climate change has proven to affect biodiversity and evidence supporting the altering effects is widespread. [REFUTES]
- Climate change (general concept): ... there is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities. [REFUTES]
- Science: Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Skepticism: A scientific or empirical skeptic is one who questions beliefs on the basis of scientific understanding and empirical evidence. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Skepticism: Scientific skepticism concerns testing beliefs for reliability, by subjecting them to systematic investigation using the scientific method, to discover empirical evidence for them. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Antarctica: This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Captain America: The First Avenger: Producer Avi Arad said, "The biggest opportunity with Captain America is as a man 'out of time', coming back today, looking at our world through the eyes of someone who thought the perfect world was small-town United States. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Captain America: The First Avenger: Sixty years go by, and who are we today? [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Captain America: The First Avenger: ... We have to deal with much the same way that Captain America, when thawed from the Arctic ice, entered a world that he didn't recognize," similar to the way Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced the character in the 1960s. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Summit Series: The Summit Series, or Super Series (in Russian Суперсерия СССР — Канада; Superseriya SSSR — Canada), known at the time simply as the Canada–USSR Series, was an eight-game series of ice hockey between the Soviet Union and Canada, held in September 1972. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: 2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Cold wave: Overall it was the coldest winter since 1978–79, with a mean temperature of 1.5 °C (34.7 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Cold wave: It was the coldest winter and longest cold spell for thirty years in the United Kingdom, whilst temperatures in the Italian Alpine peaks reached low to an extreme of −47 °C (−52.6 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Winter: In Europe, the winters of early 1947, February 1956, 1962–1963, 1981–1982 and 2009–2010 were abnormally cold. [SUPPORTS]
- Winter: In the United States, a record five-week cold spell bottomed out at −20 °F (−29 °C) at Hartford, Connecticut, and −16 °F (−27 °C) in New York City. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Winter: 2011 was one of the coldest on record in New Zealand with sea level snow falling in Wellington in July for the first time in 35 years and a much heavier snowstorm for 3 days in a row in August. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Climate change is because of El Niño.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- El Niño: The ENSO cycle, including both El Niño and La Niña, causes global changes in temperature and rainfall. [SUPPORTS]
- El Niño: El Nino affects the global climate and disrupts normal weather patterns, which as a result can lead to intense storms in some places and droughts in others. [SUPPORTS]
- Humboldt Current: These two species experience population shifts related to climate changes and environmental events such as El Niño. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- La Niña: "El Niño in a changing climate". [SUPPORTS]
- La Niña: "The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific Ocean and El Niño". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change (general concept): Examples include variability in ocean basins such as the Pacific decadal oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate system: "Externally Forced and Internally Generated Decadal Climate Variability Associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Climate system: Examples of this type of variability include the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the Pacific decadal oscillation, and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate variability: the Pacific decadal oscillation – The dominant pattern of sea surface variability in the North Pacific on a decadal scale. [SUPPORTS]
- Pacific decadal oscillation: The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Second law of thermodynamics: The theory of classical or equilibrium thermodynamics is idealized. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Second law of thermodynamics: Loschmidt's paradox, also known as the reversibility paradox, is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from the time-symmetric dynamics that describe the microscopic evolution of a macroscopic system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Second law of thermodynamics: The recurrence theorem may be perceived as apparently contradicting the second law of thermodynamics. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Second law of thermodynamics: If someone points out to you that your pet theory of the universe is in disagreement with Maxwell's equations – then so much the worse for Maxwell's equations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Second law of thermodynamics: Carnot's original arguments were made from the viewpoint of the caloric theory, before the discovery of the first law of thermodynamics. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Clouds provide negative feedback.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Cloud: Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases. [SUPPORTS]
- Cloud: But if low clouds decrease, or if high clouds increase, the feedback is positive. [REFUTES]
- Negative feedback: A basic and common example of a negative feedback system in the environment is the interaction among cloud cover, plant growth, solar radiation, and planet temperature. [SUPPORTS]
- Negative feedback: One such feedback system is the interaction between solar radiation, cloud cover, and planet temperature. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tropical cyclone: This effect results in a negative feedback process that can inhibit further development or lead to weakening. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Sea level rise predictions are exaggerated.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Sea level rise: A conservative estimate of the long-term projections is that each Celsius degree of temperature rise triggers a sea level rise of approximately 2.3 meters (4.2 ft/degree Fahrenheit) over a period of two millennia: an example of climate inertia. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: More recent research, especially into Antarctica, indicates that this is probably a conservative estimate and true long-term sea level rise might be higher. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: "Scientists keep upping their projections for how much the oceans will rise this century". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea level rise: For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Methane is the only cause of climate change.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Global warming: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: A number of natural and man-made mechanisms can affect the global energy balance and force changes in Earth's climate. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Methane: Climate change can increase atmospheric methane levels by increasing methane production in natural ecosystems, forming a Climate change feedback. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Methane: "Tackling Climate Change Through Livestock". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change adaptation: Climate change adaptation (CCA) is a response to global warming (also known as "climate change" or "anthropogenic climate change"). [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: "Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: "Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern'". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In technical sources, the term climate change is also used to refer to past and future climate changes that persist for and extended period of time, and includes regional changes as well as global change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: NASA's Global Climate Change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Axial precession: (the angle between the equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane) is the maximum value of δ for the Sun and the average maximum value for the Moon over an entire 18.6 year cycle. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017: The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sun: Because energy transport in the Sun is a process that involves photons in thermodynamic equilibrium with matter, the time scale of energy transport in the Sun is longer, on the order of 30,000,000 years. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sun: The oscillation in the Z direction takes the Sun ( W ( 0 ) ν ) 2 + Z ( 0 ) 2 = 98  parsec {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\left({\frac {W(0)}{\nu }}\right)^{2}+Z(0)^{2}}}=98{\text{ parsec}}} above the galactic plane and the same distance below it, with a period of 2 π / ν {\displaystyle 2\pi /\nu } or 83 million years, approximately 2.7 times per orbit. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sun: At this speed, it takes around 1,190 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light-year, or 7 days to travel 1 AU. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: IPCC overestimate temperature rise.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- IPCC Third Assessment Report: The TAR estimate for the climate sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Under the pledges of the countries entering the Paris Accord, a sharp rise of 3.1 to 3.7 °C is still expected to occur by 2100. [REFUTES]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: "Sea level rise 'under-estimated'". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Southern sea ice is increasing.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Antarctica: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Antarctica: Models also suggest that the ozone depletion/enhanced polar vortex effect also accounts for the recent increase in sea ice just offshore of the continent. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic Ocean: The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade. [REFUTES]
- Eocene: During the cooling period, benthic oxygen isotopes show the possibility of ice creation and ice increase during this later cooling. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Eocene: Any ice growth was slowed immensely and would lead to any present ice melting. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Sea level rise is decelerating.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Sea level rise: Over the 21st century, this is expected to rise, with glaciers contributing 7 to 24 cm (3 to 9 in) to global sea levels. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: More importantly, the GMSL curve shows a net acceleration, estimated to be at 0.08mm/yr2. [REFUTES]
- Sea level rise: Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century. [REFUTES]
Claim: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. [REFUTES]
- Holocene extinction: In order to constitute the Holocene as an extinction event, scientists must determine exactly when anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions began to measurably alter natural atmospheric levels on a global scale, and when these alterations caused changes to global climate. [REFUTES]
- Human impact on the environment: Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes changes to biophysical environments and ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans, including global warming, environmental degradation (such as ocean acidification), mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological crisis, and ecological collapse. [REFUTES]
- Human: Humans have had a dramatic effect on the environment. [REFUTES]
- Human: Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change. [REFUTES]
Claim: Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Global warming: "Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900). [REFUTES]
- Global warming: The Framework Convention was agreed on in 1992, but global emissions have risen since then. [REFUTES]
- Global warming: 10–14 Tyndall 1861. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hockey stick controversy: He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Arctic sea ice loss is matched by Antarctic sea ice gain.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Antarctica: "Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses". [SUPPORTS]
- Antarctica: This ice sheet is constantly gaining ice from snowfall and losing ice through outflow to the sea. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Arctic: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Sea ice: "Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell". [REFUTES]
Claim: Solar cycles cause global warming.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Earth: There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: In general, since the 2010s, global oil companies do not dispute that climate change exists and is caused by the burning of fossil fuels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Solar cycle: "Cosmic Rays and Global Warming". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism: Critics have noted that of the 105 "scientists" listed on the original 2001 petition, fewer than 20% were biologists, with few of the remainder having the necessary expertise to contribute meaningfully to a discussion of the role of natural selection in evolution. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Art Robinson: The OISM website states that "several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project", and that the petition has "more than 31,000" signatures by scientists. [SUPPORTS]
- Art Robinson: Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree. [SUPPORTS]
- Oregon Petition: As of 2013, the petition's website states, "The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees. [SUPPORTS]
- Project Steve: During the four-day drive A Scientific Support For Darwinism And For Public Schools Not To Teach Intelligent Design As Science gathered 7733 signatures of verifiable scientists. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]