MokshithSai15/ClimeAI huggingface dataset:
Claim: Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Greenhouse gas: Positive radiative forcing leads to warming by increasing the net incoming energy, whereas negative radiative forcing leads to cooling. [SUPPORTS]
- IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: AR4 describes warming and cooling effects on the planet in terms of radiative forcing — the rate of change of energy in the system, measured as power per unit area (in SI units, W/m²). [SUPPORTS]
- Natural environment: This is due to the greenhouse effect, which is caused by greenhouse gases, which trap heat inside the Earth's atmosphere because of their more complex molecular structure which allows them to vibrate and in turn trap heat and release it back towards the Earth. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Paleoclimatology: Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings, such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions, and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Planetary boundaries: Positive radiative forcing results in warming. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Effects of global warming: An example of this is the melting of ice sheets, which contributes to sea level rise. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise. [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming: rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts. [SUPPORTS]
- Sea level rise: Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Digital radio: Each satellite provides three transmission beams that can support 50 channels each, carrying news, music, entertainment, and education, and including a computer multimedia service. [REFUTES]
- Satellite television: Signals are transmitted using Ku band (12 to 18 GHz) and are completely digital which means it has high picture and stereo sound quality. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Satellite television: The relatively strong transmissions allowed the use of smaller (90 cm) dishes. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Satellite television: Signals from DBS satellites (operating in the more recent Ku band) are higher in both frequency and power (due to improvements in the solar panels and energy efficiency of modern satellites) and therefore require much smaller dishes than C-band, and the digital modulation methods now used require less signal strength at the receiver than analog modulation methods. [REFUTES]
- Terrestrial television: Terrestrial television is a type of television broadcasting in which the television signal is transmitted by radio waves from the terrestrial (Earth-based) transmitter of a television station to a TV receiver having an antenna. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- El Niño: An El Niño is associated with warm and very wet weather months in April–October along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador, causing major flooding whenever the event is strong or extreme. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- El Niño–Southern Oscillation: An especially strong Walker circulation causes La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean due to increased upwelling. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- El Niño–Southern Oscillation: An especially strong Walker circulation causes a La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures due to increased upwelling. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- La Niña: This La Niña, combined with record-high ocean temperatures in the north-eastern Indian Ocean, was a large factor in the 2010–2011 Queensland floods, and the quartet of recent heavy snowstorms in North America starting with the December 2010 North American blizzard. [SUPPORTS]
- La Niña: Meanwhile, a series of major storms caused extensive flooding in California in December 2010, with seven consecutive days of non-stop rainfall, leading to one of the wettest Decembers in over 120 years of records. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century". [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Most of the global average warming over the past 50 years is "very likely" (greater than 90% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities. [SUPPORTS]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The IPCC was tasked with reviewing peer-reviewed scientific literature and other relevant publications to provide information on the state of knowledge about climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: "The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue". [SUPPORTS]
- Scientific consensus on climate change: Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Global warming: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report). [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: The first 30 ppm increase took place in about 200 years, from the start of the Industrial Revolution to 1958; however the next 90 ppm increase took place within 56 years, from 1958 to 2014. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40–110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Postma's model contains many simple errors; in no way does Postma undermine the existence or necessity of the greenhouse effect.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Occam's razor: Since it is absurd to have no logical method for settling on one hypothesis amongst an infinite number of equally data-compliant hypotheses, we should choose the simplest theory: "Either science is irrational [in the way it judges theories and predictions probable] or the principle of simplicity is a fundamental synthetic a priori truth." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Occam's razor: Thus, complex hypotheses must predict data much better than do simple hypotheses before researchers reject the simple hypotheses. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Occam's razor: Minimum description length Minimum message length – Formal information theory restatement of Occam's Razor Newton's flaming laser sword Philosophical razor – Principle or rule of thumb that allows one to eliminate unlikely explanations for a phenomenon Philosophy of science – The philosophical study of the assumptions, foundations, and implications of science Simplicity "Ockham's razor does not say that the more simple a hypothesis, the better." [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Occam's razor: In the 25 papers with quantitative comparisons, complexity increased forecast errors by an average of 27 percent. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Population genetics: Population genetics must either model this complexity in detail, or capture it by some simpler average rule. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Earth: Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher. [REFUTES]
- Earth: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature. [SUPPORTS]
- Earth: Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Geothermal energy: Geothermal power is considered to be renewable because any projected heat extraction is small compared to the Earth's heat content. [REFUTES]
- Geothermal energy: A more technical description of the earth’s core energy would be to state that it is vast and enormous in quantity, but calling it unlimited and renewable in nature is a misnomer which might well fit today's current levels of use; but perhaps, just like humanity's impact on weather through global warming, there was a long held belief that human activity such as car emissions were minor, and could not impact weather conditions, but when an expanding number of cars reach a critical point, a global impact resulted. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Neanderthal: Their ultimate extinction coincides with Heinrich event 4, a period of intense cold and dry climate causing their preferred forest landscape to give way to steppeland, and future Heinrich events are also associated with massive cultural turnovers where European human populations collapsed. [SUPPORTS]
- Paleolithic: [page needed][need quotation to verify] Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures. [SUPPORTS]
- Paleolithic: This epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies. [SUPPORTS]
- Paleolithic: Climates during the Pliocene became cooler and drier, and seasonal, similar to modern climates. [SUPPORTS]
- Paleolithic: The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Environment Minister Greg Hunt the Coalition's emissions reduction fund, at $13.95 per tonne of carbon, is around 1 per cent of the cost of reducing carbon under the former Labor government's carbon pricing scheme, which he cost $1,300 a tonne.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme: The system aims at achieving the environmental outcome of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the idea being that capping emissions creates a price for carbon and the ability to trade ensures that emissions are reduced at the lowest possible price (Department of Climate Change, 2008, 12). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme: There will be a price cap on emissions, that will start at AUD 40 per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon offset: The Australian government's Emissions Reduction Fund provides for purchasing carbon offsets from Australian carbon emissions reduction projects. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon tax: The tax that was to be implemented would be 2,400 yen ($20.85 in 2005 dollars) per tonne of carbon dioxide emitted from fuels. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon tax: The proposal would have set an emissions price of NZ$15 per tonne of CO2-equivalent. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Carbon offset: Industrial pollutants such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have a GWP many thousands of times greater than carbon dioxide by volume. [SUPPORTS]
- Greenhouse gas: According to the report plastic will contribute greenhouse gases in the equivalent of 850 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere in 2019. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Hydrofluorocarbon: They do not harm the ozone layer as much as the compounds they replace, but they do contribute to global warming, with thousands of times the warming potential of carbon dioxide. [SUPPORTS]
- Kyoto Protocol: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is the most important anthropogenic GHG. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Montreal Protocol: On a molecule-for-molecule basis, these compounds are up to 10,000 times more potent greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Hockey stick controversy: He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979. [SUPPORTS]
- Hockey stick controversy: That's the data we've had for the past 150 years, which is quite consistent with the expectation that the climate is continuing to warm." [REFUTES]
- Hockey stick controversy: As reported by Pat Michaels on his World Climate Report website, MacCracken said during the hearing that "the last decade is the warmest since 1400", implying that the warming had been caused by the greenhouse effect, and replied to Walker's question about whether thermometers had then existed by explaining the use of biological materials as temperature proxies. [REFUTES]
- Ted Cruz: The satellites that actually measure the temperature showed no significant warming whatsoever. [SUPPORTS]
- Ted Cruz: In March 2015, he said that some people are "global warming alarmists" and, citing satellite temperature measurements, said that there had been no significant warming in 18 years. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: The Conservatives' recent budget made no mention of climate change.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate Change Act 2008: The opposition Conservative Party supported the concept of a bill, and proposed their own variation ahead of the Government's. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Conservative Party (UK): However, there has been much criticism and protest about the 2010 government's actions on the NHS, focussing on budget cuts and privatisation of services. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Stephen Harper: "Bill C-30: Canada's Clean Air and Climate Change Act". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Stephen Harper: In 2006, Canada's Clean Air and Climate Change Act was introduced to address air pollution as well as greenhouse gas emissions; it never became law. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Stephen Harper: Cuts were also made to many essential programs, some so deep that they had to shut down entirely, including the monitoring of smoke stack emissions, food inspections, oil spills, water quality, and climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Carbon tax: Tax on coal would be about 1.58 yen per kilogram and that on gasoline 1.52 yen per litre (4.3 cents per gallon in 2005 dollars). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon tax: As of 2016, the tax rate has been increased to 1,02 NOK per liter or standard cubic meter of oil and natural gas. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon tax: The tax amounts to CHF 12 per tonne CO 2, which is the equivalent of CHF 0.03 per litre of heating oil (US$0.108 per gallon) and CHF 0.025 per m3 of natural gas (US$0.024 per m3). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon tax: The tax rate for gasoline is $CDN0.008 per liter, or about $3.50 per tonne of CO 2 equivalent. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon tax: The tax will increase each year after until 2012, reaching a final price of $30 per tonne (7.2 cents per litre at the pumps). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: 94 percent of the carbon emissions which you so want to get rid of are caused by nature.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Greenhouse gas: Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The trucking and haulage industry plays a part in production of CO 2, contributing around 20% of the UK's total carbon emissions a year, with only the energy industry having a larger impact at around 39%. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO 2-equivalent. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Greenhouse gas: The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Climate change denial: Donald Trump tweeted in 2012 that the Chinese invented "the concept of global warming" because they believed it would somehow hurt U.S. manufacturing. [SUPPORTS]
- Climate change policy of the United States: Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that "climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese." [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming conspiracy theory: "The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive" (Tweet). [SUPPORTS]
- Global warming conspiracy theory: Climate change has also been called the "greatest scam in history" by John Coleman, who co-founded the Weather Channel. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming conspiracy theory: In 2012, Donald Trump claimed that "The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive." [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Chernobyl disaster: The Chernobyl Forum predicts that the eventual death toll could reach 4,000 among those exposed to the highest levels of radiation (200,000 emergency workers, 116,000 evacuees and 270,000 residents of the most contaminated areas); this figure is a total causal death toll prediction, combining the deaths of approximately 50 emergency workers who died soon after the accident from acute radiation syndrome, 15 children who have died of thyroid cancer and a future predicted total of 3,935 deaths from radiation-induced cancer and leukaemia. [SUPPORTS]
- Chernobyl disaster: Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment is a 2007 Russian publication that concludes that there were 985,000 premature deaths as a consequence of the radioactivity released. [SUPPORTS]
- China: There are 1.14 million deaths caused by exposure to ambient air pollution. [SUPPORTS]
- China: "Air Pollution Linked to 1.2 Million Premature Deaths in China". [SUPPORTS]
- China: In 2010, air pollution caused 1.2 million premature deaths in China. [SUPPORTS]
Claim: Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.
Verdict: DISPUTED
Evidence:
- Climate change (general concept): Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Rob Portman: Portman became known for his ability to work in a bipartisan fashion when working to pass a repeal of the excise tax on telephone service. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Rob Portman: Portman would later co-sponsor an amendment to the 2017 Energy Bill that specifies climate change is real and human activity contributes to the problem. [SUPPORTS]
- Rob Portman: In 2011, Portman voted to limit the government's ability to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, and in 2015, he voted against the Clean Power Plan. [REFUTES]
- Rob Portman: In March 2016, Portman authored the bipartisan bill the Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act, along with Democratic Senator Chris Murphy. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: "the cascading effects" of climate change contributed to the rise of ISIS.
Verdict: NOT_ENOUGH_INFO
Evidence:
- Climate change in Washington: This has had cascading effects, especially on grizzly bear populations as pine nuts are an important source of winter time food in periods of large snowpack. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Effects of global warming: Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Isis: Sirius's heliacal rising, just before the start of the Nile flood, gave Sopdet a close connection with the flood and the resulting growth of plants. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Tipping points in the climate system: Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Trophic cascade: "Field evidence for a rapidly cascading underground food web". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: Wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Evidence:
- Joe Barton: Texas Rep. Joe Barton supposedly once said that 'wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up. [SUPPORTS]
- Wind: The westerlies can be particularly strong, especially in the southern hemisphere, where there is less land in the middle latitudes to cause the flow pattern to amplify, which slows the winds down. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Wind: As the temperature of the surface of the land rises, the land heats the air above it by conduction. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Wind: The furnaces were constructed on the path of the monsoon winds to exploit the wind power, to bring the temperatures inside up to 1,200 °C (2,190 °F). [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Wind: The stream of particles varies in temperature and speed with the passage of time. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
Claim: (Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.
Verdict: REFUTES
Evidence:
- Air pollution: Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollutant". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Carbon tax: CO 2 is a heat-trapping greenhouse gas which causes global warming, which damages the environment and human health. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Global warming: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]
- Koch Industries: Koch Industries denied that they have had a negative effect on climate change, saying they have "implemented innovative and cost-effective ways to reduce waste and emissions, including greenhouse gases". [REFUTES]
- Valero Energy: "(PERI) THE TOXIC 100: Top Corporate Air Polluters in the United State". [NOT_ENOUGH_INFO]