Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Designing a minimal spanning tree network subject to a budget constraint

The problem of determining a minimal spanning tree, subject to side constraints, arises frequently in the design of computer communication networks and pipeline systems. In this paper, a specific case of the general problem, with only one side constraint of the knapsack type is considered. For its solution, a new Lagrangian relaxation, based on a reformulation of the problem through the utilization of duplication of variables, is developed. Theoretical and computational results, indicating the superiority of the new approach, over the straightforward Lagrangian relaxation, are presented. Finally, the possibility of adopting the approach for the solution of more general problems is demonstrated.
Strategic approaches to accessible ecotourism: small steps, the domino effect and not paving paradise

Abstract This study examines how ecotourism providers might best serve the growing accessible tourism market. Ecotourism can be considered a special case of accessible tourism insofar as the challenges experienced by people with disabilities to participate in ecotourism, especially in its “harder” variants, may be greater than for general tourism, while the ethical basis to ecotourism also presents constraints to providers in terms of the introduction of assistive equipment and infrastructure into remote and often ecologically sensitive environments. Based on in-depth interviews with accessible ecotourism providers and consultants from several countries, as well as a review of current theoretical frameworks, the paper builds a new conceptual model for advancing research and practice in the area. The main finding is that rather than being hierarchical, the linkages between the constraints and barriers to ecotourism are fundamentally relational. This points to the need to take account of a complex and integrated network of connections when making provision for accessible ecotourism, which in turn favours providers adopting a strategic approach. Three potential strategic approaches are presented: cumulative, in which “small steps” are taken, compromise, which focuses on addressing the “domino effect,” and, comprehensive which aims to achieve universal access while not “paving paradise. ”
Probability relations between separated systems

The paper first scrutinizes thoroughly the variety of compositions which lead to the same quantum-mechanical mixture (as opposed to state or pure state). With respect to a given mixture every state has a definite probability (or mixing fraction) between 0 and 1 (including the limits), which is calculated from the mixtures Statistical Operator and the wave function of the state in question. A well-known example of mixtures occurs when a system consists of two separated parts. If the wave function of the whole system is known, either part is in the situation of a mixture, which is decomposed into definite constituents by a definite measuring programme to be carried out on the other part. All the conceivable decompositions (into linearly independent constituents) of the first system are just realized by all the possible measuring programmes that can be carried out on the second one. In general every state of the first system can be given a finite chance by a suitable choice of the programme. It is suggested that these conclusions, unavoidable within the present theory but repugnant to some physicists including the author, are caused by applying non-relativistic quantum mechanics beyond its legitimate range. An alternative possibility is indicated.
Massive Multiplexing of Spatially Resolved Single Neuron Projections with Axonal BARseq

Neurons in the cortex are heterogeneous, sending diverse axonal projections to multiple brain regions. Unraveling the logic of these projections requires single-neuron resolution. Although a growing number of techniques have enabled high-throughput reconstruction, these techniques are typically limited to dozens or at most hundreds of neurons per brain, requiring that statistical analyses combine data from different specimens. Here we present axonal BARseq, a high-throughput approach based on reading out nucleic acid barcodes using in situ RNA sequencing, which enables analysis of even densely labeled neurons. As a proof of principle, we have mapped the long-range projections of >8,000 mouse primary auditory cortex neurons from a single brain. We identified major cell types based on projection targets and axonal trajectory. The large sample size enabled us to systematically quantify the projections of intratelencephalic (IT) neurons, and revealed that individual IT neurons project to different layers in an area-dependent fashion. Axonal BARseq is a powerful technique for studying the heterogeneity of single neuronal projections at high throughput within individual brains.
Yeast cell responses and survival during periodic osmotic stress are controlled by glucose availability

Natural environments of living organisms are often dynamic and multifactorial, with multiple parameters fluctuating over time. To better understand how cells respond to dynamically interacting factors, we quantified the effects of dual fluctuations of osmotic stress and glucose deprivation on yeast cells using microfluidics and time-lapse microscopy. Strikingly, we observed that cell proliferation, survival and signaling depend on the phasing of the two periodic stresses. Cells divided faster, survived longer and showed decreased transcriptional response when fluctuations of hyperosmotic stress and glucose deprivation occurred in phase than when the two stresses occurred alternatively. Therefore, glucose availability regulates yeast responses to dynamic osmotic stress, showcasing the key role of metabolic fluctuations in cellular responses to dynamic stress. We also found that mutants with impaired osmotic stress response were better adapted to alternating stresses than wild-type cells, showing that genetic mechanisms of adaptation to a persistent stress factor can be detrimental under dynamically interacting conditions.
Fundusautofluoreszenz: Klinische Anwendung und diagnostische Bedeutung

Zusammenfassung Die Bildgebung mittels Fundusautofluoreszenz (FAF) ist ein nichtinvasives Verfahren, das Fluorophore vor allem auf Ebene der Fotorezeptoren, des Subretinalraums und des retinalen Pigmentepithels sichtbar macht und zusätzliche, wichtige Informationen liefert. Sie hat entscheidend zum pathophysiologischen Verständnis vieler Erkrankungen beigetragen und wird in Kombination mit anderen bildgebenden Verfahren u. a. für Diagnostik und Verlaufsbeobachtung eingesetzt.
Diversity in the internal functional feeding elements of sympatric morphs of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus)

The diversity of functional feeding anatomy is particularly impressive in fishes and correlates with various interspecific ecological specializations. Intraspecific polymorphism can manifest in divergent feeding morphology and ecology, often along a benthic–pelagic axis. Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) is a freshwater salmonid known for morphological variation and sympatric polymorphism and in Lake Þingvallavatn, Iceland, four morphs of charr coexist that differ in preferred prey, behaviour, habitat use, and external feeding morphology. We studied variation in six upper and lower jaw bones in adults of these four morphs using geometric morphometrics and univariate statistics. We tested for allometric differences in bone size and shape among morphs, morph effects on bone size and shape, and divergence along the benthic-pelagic axis. We also examined the degree of integration between bone pairs. We found differences in bone size between pelagic and benthic morphs for two bones (dentary and premaxilla). There was clear bone shape divergence along a benthic–pelagic axis in four bones (dentary, articular-angular, premaxilla and maxilla), as well as allometric shape differences between morphs in the dentary. Notably for the dentary, morph explained more shape variation than bone size. Comparatively, benthic morphs possess a compact and taller dentary, with shorter dentary palate, consistent with visible (but less prominent) differences in external morphology. As these morphs emerged in the last 10,000 years, these results indicate rapid functional evolution of specific feeding structures in arctic charr. This sets the stage for studies of the genetics and development of rapid and parallel craniofacial evolution.
Simulation of the transient and steady‐state sound propagation in rooms using a new combined ray‐tracing/image‐source algorithm

A new method for the calculation of room acoustical impulse responses is described, which is based on two well‐known computer algorithms, the ray‐tracing and the image‐source models. With the new method, the procedure of sieving the ‘‘visible’’ image sources out of the enormous quantity of possible sources is carried out by examination of the histories of sound particles. From the obtained list of visible image sources, the impulse response of the enclosure is easily constructed. The new method combines the advantages of the ray‐tracing process, namely, the relatively slow increase of computation time with the length of the impulse response, with the accuracy inherent to the image‐source model, which is even sufficient to calculate the Fourier transform, i.e., the steady‐state transmission function of the room, or to convolve the impulse response with sound signals.
Gamma-ray emission from pulsars: strength of the acceleration field in the outer gap

We study the gamma-ray emission from an outer-gap accelerator around a rotating neutron star. Assuming the existence of global currents in the magnetosphere, the charge depletion causes a large electric field along the magnetic field lines. This electric field accelerates migratory electrons and positrons, which radiate gamma-rays via curvature radiation. These gamma-rays produce radiating particles by colliding with the X-rays, maintaining a pair-production cascade in the gap accelerator. Imposing a gap-closure condition that a single pair produces one pair in the gap on average, we explicitly solve the strength of the acceleration field and demonstrate how the luminosity of the curvature-radiated, GeV photons depends on the pulsar parameters such as the surface temperature, the rotational frequency and the magnetic moment. It is predicted that J0437−4715 is a possible candidate to be detected by a next-generation gamma-ray telescope like GLAST. We further explicitly show that the TeV flux emitted from the outer gap of a typical rotation-powered pulsar is too weak to be detected by current ground-based telescopes.
Approximate inference for location and scale parameters with application to failure-time data

A new method (SP/CI) for obtaining approximate confidence intervals for the location, scale, and quantiles based on sample data parameters is presented. The basis of SP/CI is a saddlepoint expansion; the requirements are the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE), a few cross derivatives of the log-likelihood evaluated at the MLE, and quantiles of the log(F) distribution. SP/CI is illustrated numerically on several type-II censored reliability data sets using the extreme value and log-normal models. The accuracy is investigated by numerical comparison with the exact results, with best linear invariant estimator (BLIE), as well as with the results from other approximate methods discussed in the literature, including the asymptotic normality of the MLE, the likelihood ratio (LR) statistic, and corrections to the LR statistic recently developed. >
On efficiency in nonlinear fractional vector maximization problem

A nonlinear fractional vector maximization problem (NFVMP) with nonlinear constraints is considered. A condition is obtained which is both necessary and sufficient for an efficient solution of (NFVMP), under certain assumptions. This study subsumes the results of GULATI and ISLAM [6] for a linear fractional maximization problem with nonlinear constraints. Finally, an example is discussed to illustrate some of our results
Edge detection using Walsh functions

An operator for finding edges in a digital image is described. The operator is based on matching a subimage of a picture to a template of an ideal edge. The ideal edge is parameterized in order to simplify its representation. To further simplify the matching operation, both functions are approximated by a truncated orthogonal expansion. Using a polar form of the Walsh series as an orthogonal basis set results in an operator which is fast and returns results comparable to those of edge detectors using series approximations. The proposed operator was found to be more effective than F. O'Gorman's (1978) operator in that it finds edges more accurately and is faster. <<ETX>>
Somatodendritic orientation determines tDCS-induced neuromodulation of Purkinje cell activity in awake mice

Transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) of the cerebellum is a promising non-invasive neuromodulatory technique being proposed for the treatment of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, there is a lack of knowledge about how externally applied currents affect neuronal spiking activity in cerebellar circuits in vivo. In this study, we observe that tDCS induces a heterogeneous polarity-dependent modulation of the firing rate of Purkinje cells (PC) and non-PC in the mouse cerebellar cortex. Using a combination of juxtacellular labeling and high-density Neuropixels recordings, we demonstrate that the apparently heterogeneous effects of tDCS on PC activity can be explained by taking into account the somatodendritic orientation relative to the electric field. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering neuronal orientation and morphological aspects to increase the predictive power of tDCS computational models, enhance the reliability of current stimulation protocols and optimize desired effects in basic and clinical human applications.
Truly dorsal: nonlinear integration of motion signals is required to account for the responses of pattern cells in rat visual cortex

The defining feature of advanced motion processing in the primate dorsal stream is the existence of pattern cells – specialized cortical neurons that integrate local motion signals into pattern-invariant representations of global direction. Pattern cells have also been reported in rodent visual cortex, but it is unknown whether the tuning of these neurons results from truly integrative, nonlinear mechanisms or trivially arises from linear receptive fields (RFs) with a peculiar geometry. Here we show that pattern cells in rat visual cortical areas V1 and LM process motion direction in a way that cannot be explained by the linear spatiotemporal structure of their RFs. Instead, their tuning properties are consistent with those of units in a state-of-the-art neural network model of the dorsal stream. This suggests that similar cortical processes underly motion representation in primates and rodents. The latter could thus serve as powerful model systems to unravel the underlying circuit-level mechanisms.
Creating stable gain in active metamaterials

The question of losses in metamaterials that are based upon magnetic resonances deriving from split-ring arrays is addressed through the use of active inclusions designed from diode arrays. A full discussion of the way in which the current-voltage characteristics of the inclusions are deployed to produce gain is given, and the question of the overall stability of the new material is investigated in a quantitative way that is linked to absolute and convective instability. It is shown that instability associated with the inclusion of negative resistance devices can be avoided through a scheme that is approximately scalable from gigahertz to at least the low terahertz regimes. Furthermore, absolute instabilities that potentially complicate any active gain media can be controlled through a suitable choice of the system parameters. The latter step reduces the working frequency window over which spatial gain is available, leading to the need for compromise. Full numerical details are given with the conclusion that construction of such arrays of diode inclusions is possible and that a practical gain window is accessible.
ENSEMBLE-BASED DATA ASSIMILATION

In final form 8 January 2007 ©2007 American Meteorological Society nsemble-based data assimilation is a collection of f lexible-state estimation techniques that use ensemble forecasts to estimate flow-dependent background error covariance or other probabilistic aspects of the background forecast. The b est-known form of ensemble-based assimilation is the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and its variant; a concise introduction to the EnKF can be found in Snyder and Zhang (2003), and Evensen (2003) and Hamill (2006) provide the most recent review. At this 2.5-day workshop, more than 40 participants from seven universities, the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) discussed recent progress and emerging trends in ensemble-based data assimilation. This was a follow up to an informal workshop with more than 20 participants held at NCAR in September 2003. Both workshops were motivated by the rapid development and growth of research in this area. For example, the total number of publications with “ensemble Kalman filter” in the title or abstract has grown from 1 paper each year in 1996 and 1997 to 10 papers in 2001, and then to 40 papers for the first 8 months of 2006 [according to the Science Citation Index (SCI)]. This growth was reflected at the workshop, where presentations covered a variety of applications from convective to global scales and employed numerous different forecast models. Perhaps most striking was that all of the research was carried out by individual investigators, postdoctoral scientists, and graduate students rather than by the large teams more common in data assimilation research. Regardless of whether its operational use continues to expand, we believe ensemble-based assimilation already allows the research community new access to a wide variety of assimilation problems. In addition to the workshop summary we provide here, a detailed workshop agenda and all presentations are available online at www.met. tamu.edu/ people/faculty/fzhang/EnDA2006/.
Maximum Independent Set when excluding an induced minor: K1 + tK2 and tC3 ⊎ C4

Dallard, Milani\v{c}, and \v{S}torgel [arXiv '22] ask if for every class excluding a fixed planar graph $H$ as an induced minor, Maximum Independent Set can be solved in polynomial time, and show that this is indeed the case when $H$ is any planar complete bipartite graph, or the 5-vertex clique minus one edge, or minus two disjoint edges. A positive answer would constitute a far-reaching generalization of the state-of-the-art, when we currently do not know if a polynomial-time algorithm exists when $H$ is the 7-vertex path. Relaxing tractability to the existence of a quasipolynomial-time algorithm, we know substantially more. Indeed, quasipolynomial-time algorithms were recently obtained for the $t$-vertex cycle, $C_t$ [Gartland et al., STOC '21] and the disjoint union of $t$ triangles, $tC_3$ [Bonamy et al., SODA '23]. We give, for every integer $t$, a polynomial-time algorithm running in $n^{O(t^5)}$ when $H$ is the friendship graph $K_1 + tK_2$ ($t$ disjoint edges plus a vertex fully adjacent to them), and a quasipolynomial-time algorithm running in $n^{O(t^2 \log n)+t^{O(1)}}$ when $H$ is $tC_3 \uplus C_4$ (the disjoint union of $t$ triangles and a 4-vertex cycle). The former extends a classical result on graphs excluding $tK_2$ as an induced subgraph [Alekseev, DAM '07], while the latter extends Bonamy et al.'s result.
Polaronic satellites in x-ray-absorption spectra.

Satellite structure in the 2{ital p} absorption spectra of early 3{ital d} transition-metal compounds is reported. The spectral shape depends strongly on the local symmetry of the excited atom and gives evidence that in Ti oxides the excitation on the metal is screened by an exciton transition in the oxygen band and not by a charge-transfer or Mott-Hubbard transition as in the case of narrow-band metal compounds. The relative satellite intensities can be used to assess the anisotropy of the local electronic structure and the influence of the excited electron on the screening of the core-hole potential.
Metabolic Fate of Pitavastatin (NK-104), a New Inhibitor of 3-Hydroxy-3-methyllutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase

Summary Pitavastatin (CAS 147526-32-7, NK-104) is a new and very potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and has been approved for treatment of hyperlipoproteinaemia. Pitavastatin has been studied for its effects on hepatic microsomal drug metabolism in rats, and the activities of several drug-metabolizing enzymes have been measured. No induction of the drug metabolizing enzymes (aniline hydroxylase, aminopyrine N-demethylase, 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase and UDP-glucuronic acid transferase) was found in the pitavastatin group compared to the control after the multiple administrations of pitavastatin at the dosage of 1–10 mg/kg per day for 7 days. Based on several different in vitro approaches, it is concluded that CYP2C9 is the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of pitavastatin and no metabolite is present in renal and intestinal microsomes. The CYP2C9 polymorphism was not involved in the pitavastatin metabolism. No inhibitory effect in CYP-mediated metabolism was detected on the tolbutamide 4-hydroxylation (CYP2C9) and testosterone 6β-hydroxylation (CYP3A4) in the presence of pitavastatin. The results suggested that pitavastatin did not affect the drug-metabolizing systems.
An optical interferometric study of the wake of a bluff body

A Fizeau optical interferometer has been used to visualize the wake behind a circular cylinder at low Reynolds numbers Re. As well as showing the vortex shedding mechanism and development of the far wake in a new light, the shed vortex strength and age were derived from the results. The vortex velocity distributions, at downstream distances of 5 to 16 diameters, were found to be those of convected Oseen vortices. These measurements confirmed the existence of a transition at Re ≈ 100, which reflects the emergence of convection as the dominant process in the near wake.
On the cause and characteristic scales of meandering and braiding in rivers

A stability analysis of meandering and braiding perturbations in a model alluvial river is described. A perturbation technique, involving a small parameter representing the ratio of sediment transport to water transport, is used to obtain the following results. Under appropriate conditions, the existence of sediment transport and friction are necessary conditions for the occurrence of instability in the flow and on the bed; thus instability is not inherent in the flow alone. An Anderson-type scale relation for longitudinal instability is obtained for meandering. A relation estimating the number of braids and differentiating between meandering and braided regimes is derived. These relations are independent of sediment transport.
Quasi-single-sideband radio over fiber transmission with a polymer-based waveguide microring resonator

Integrated waveguide microwave photonic filters (MPFs) have the potential to bring down volume, weight, and power consumption of signal processing equipment besides the common advantages of discrete-component-based MPFs. A polysiloxane-liquid polymer-based optical wave-guide microring resonator was designed and fabricated by a simple ultraviolet-based soft-imprint technology, with which the quasi-single-sideband filtering for the 10 to 22 GHz microwave signal was realized and 20 Mbps quadrature phase shift keying signal carried by 14.35 GHz microwave transmission over a 25 km single mode fiber was demonstrated.