Influence of gender and obesity on motor performance, neuromuscular control and endurance in older adults

The rapid growth of an older demographic is an increasing concern around the world. Older people have been reported to suffer from physiological and neuromuscular declines in several systems including skeletal muscles, central nervous system, cardiovascular processes and respiratory function. These age-related changes are often reflected through impairments in functional performance of occupational tasks as well as activities of daily living. This may make an older population more prone to musculoskeletal disorders and injuries. In addition, health problems and injury risks are likely amplified by factors such as obesity. Obesity has emerged as a serious health concern in the United States in recent decades. However, obesity-related changes in performance and motor control as well as how they will be modified by gender, specifically among older adults, are still largely unexplored. As motor variability has recently been reported to be associated with fatigue development and may have the potential to reveal underlying mechanisms of neuromuscular control, the main goals of this study were to investigate the influence of gender and obesity on motor performance, neuromuscular control and endurance in the elderly, by examining differences in motor variability during intermittent submaximal isometric exertions of the knee and hand. Fifty-two older participants with age over 65 were recruited into four groups: obese male (9), obese female (13), non-obese male (15) and non-obese female (15). The obese groups consisted of those whose BMI was greater than 30 kg/m. Participants were asked to perform intermittent (15s on and 15s off) isometric handgrip and knee extensions at 30% MVC until exhaustion. Force and muscle activations of the Vastus Lateralis, Rectus Femoris, Extensor Carpi Radialis and Flexor Carpi Radialis muscles were collected through the endurance task. Motor variability was quantified using the coefficient of variation (CV) and sample entropy (SaEn) of the surface electromyography (EMG) and force signals. Motor variability during exercise differed both between males and females, and between obese and non-obese people, reflecting different motor strategies employed in order to prolong endurance. Overall, across all individuals, we observed a significant positive correlation between cycle-to-cycle variability of knee extensor muscle activation during the baseline period of the task and endurance time. As for gender differences, males exhibited longer endurance times than females, and seemed to achieve that through utilizing a motor strategy involving a more variable (higher CV) and less complex (lower SaEn) agonistic muscle activity. Since this was accompanied by a lower fluctuation in the force signal (lower CV) and a higher complexity of force (SaEn), we interpreted this to be a motor strategy involving more variable recruitment of synergistic and antagonistic motor units during the knee extension task to prolong endurance time, among males compared to females. As for obesity differences, there were no obesity-related changes in endurance time. However, obese individuals exhibited a greater cycle-to-cycle variability that was positively correlated with endurance time during the knee extension task, indicating a larger alteration in the recruitment of motor units across successive contractions, which contributed to comparable endurance time and performance with their non-obese counterparts. During the handgrip tasks, variabilities in force and muscle activity followed similar trends as the knee extension task. However, there were no significant gender or obesity differences in endurance time, and there also weren’t any significant correlations between any of the dependent variables with endurance time. Thus, this study was a basic investigation into changes in motor variability and how it was associated with the development of fatigue among older adults; and the potential influences of gender and obesity on the relationships. Two tasks of high relevance to both occupational life and activities of daily living, i.e. knee extension and hand-grip were considered. Our findings enhance the theoretical understanding of the underlying neuromuscular control patterns and their relationship with fatigue for different individuals. Given that both aging and obesity rates are rising continuously and becoming a substantial health and safety problem especially in the occupational environment, the results from this study are both timely and critical for practical design applications, especially by recognizing the importance of having a variable motor pattern in task performance, even among older adults. Influence of Gender and Obesity on Motor Performance, Neuromuscular Control and Endurance in Older Adults Xu Duan GENERAL AUDIENCE ABSTRACT Obesity rates in the geriatric population has emerged as serious health concern in recent decades. Yet, obesity-related differences in neuromuscular performance and neuromotor control during fatiguing tasks, as well as how they are modified by gender, specifically among older adults, are still largely unexplored. In recent decades, motor variability, referring to the natural variations in postures, movements and muscle activity, has been observed in all physical tasks and linked with fatigue development. It may have the potential to reveal underlying mechanisms of neuromuscular control. Thus, the main goals of this study were to investigate the influence of gender and obesity on motor variability and performance in the elderly, by studying intermittent isometric muscle contractions. Fifty-two older adults (Mean age: 73 (SD 6) years) were recruited into four groups: 9 obese males, 13 obese females, 15 non-obese males, and 15 non-obese females 15. Participants performed intermittent (15s contraction and 15s rest) isometric knee extensions and handgrips at 30% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) until exhaustion. Force and muscle activations of the Vastus Lateralis (VL), Rectus Femoris (RF), Extensor Carpi Radialis (ECR) and Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR) muscles were collected during knee extension and handgrip tasks. Performance was quantified using endurance time and force fluctuations. Motor variability was quantified using the coefficient of variation (CV) and sample entropy (SaEn) of the muscle activation signals (surface electromyography (EMG)). The CV is a linear estimator that quantified the size of motor variability. The SaEn is the non-linear estimator that can show the complexity of the signal. Across all individuals, larger cycle-to-cycle variability of baseline muscle activation was associated with longer endurance time during the knee extension task. Males exhibited longer endurance times than females, and probably achieved that by utilizing a motor strategy involving more variable recruitment of synergistic and antagonistic motor units during the knee extension task. No obesity-related changes in endurance time were found. However, obese individuals