Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
One Galaxy from Several: The Hickson Compact Group H31

The compact group H31 was identified by Hickson in 1982; it consists of four galaxies in close proximity, at least two of which (A and C) are interacting. Red and H-alpha frames and long-slit spectroscopy identify at least three other close members of the group; an H I envelope encloses all galaxies. Nuclear spectra of galaxies A and C show velocity patterns characteristic of interacting galaxies as well as the broad 4650 A feature indicative of W-R stars. These features reveal that large numbers of massive stars formed more than 10 exp 6.5 yr ago. Other observed characteristics all suggest that H31 is in the process of merging to a single galaxy. H31 thus supports computations which indicate that galaxies in compact groups merge to form a single remnant. 52 refs.
Measurement of auditory evoked brain responses elicited by ipsilateral and contralateral ear stimulation with a high-sensitivity SQUID system

The effects of the stimulation side on human middle latency auditory evoked responses (MLR) were investigated with a high-sensitivity 7-channel DC SQUID system. We recorded middle latency auditory evoked magnetic fields elicited by ipsilateral and contralateral ear stimuli, and compared the amplitudes and latencies of the magnetic equivalents of Pa and Pb responses, which are the two main components of MLR. The amplitude of the contralateral Pa response was found to be significantly larger than the ipsilateral Pa response. On the other hand, no significant difference was observed in the latencies of Pa and Pb between the ipsi- and contralateral responses. >
Numerical Simulation on Vortex Evolution in the Realistic Human Upper Respiratory Tract

The technology of CT scanning and 3D reconstruction were used to construct 3D model of realistic human upper respiratory tract, and the method of large eddy simulation was used to simulate the process of vortex evolution in the model subtly. The results show that, several vortex tubes with low vortex intensity are formed in the rear of mouth; transition occurred in the pharynx, and the vortex structures break up rapidly; fully developed turbulence appeared in trachea, and several vortexes the shapes of which are similar to the wall of trachea appeared on the anterior wall of trachea; the large-scale vortex breaks up the small-scale vortex structures gradually in the bronchi.
Weight convergence and weight density of the multi-dimensional SOFM algorithm

In this paper, we analyze convergence properties of the self-organizing feature map (SOFM) with multidimensional input using Robbins-Monro stochastic approximation principle. It is shown that the SOFM algorithm optimizes a well defined energy function and converges almost truly (i.e. with probability one) if the input data is from a discrete stochastic distribution. For the case of multidimensional inputs generated from continuous distributions, it is shown that the weights of the SOFM algorithm converge almost truly to the centroids of the cells of a Voronoi partition of the input space if the neighborhood function satisfies some reasonable conditions. The density of the weight space in the equilibrium states is also investigated.
Theory of Hot Brownian Motion

The erratic motion of suspended colloidal particles due to thermal fluctuations of the solvent molecules is well known as Brownian motion and has long found its theoretical explanation as an equilibrium phenomenon. In this work, we abandon the homogeneity of temperature and viscosity and address so-called hot Brownian motion [Rings et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. , 2010, 105 (9), 090604] of (laser-)heated nanoparticles. We develop an effective Markovian equilibrium description for this non-equilibrium phenomenon by deriving the appropriate effective temperature and viscosity parameters from a generalized theory of fluctuating hydrodynamics. On the basis of our systematic mathematical formulation we propose a numerically accurate simplified model that yields analytical results.
A 1010 SOLAR MASS FLOW OF MOLECULAR GAS IN THE A1835 BRIGHTEST CLUSTER GALAXY

We report ALMA Early Science observations of the A1835 brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) in the CO (3–2) and CO (1–0) emission lines. We detect 5 × 1010 M☉ of molecular gas within 10 kpc of the BCG. Its ensemble velocity profile width of ∼130 km s−1 FWHM is too narrow for the molecular clouds to be supported in the galaxy by dynamic pressure. The gas may instead be supported in a rotating, turbulent disk oriented nearly face-on. Roughly 1010 M☉ of molecular gas is projected 3–10 kpc to the northwest and to the east of the nucleus with line-of-sight velocities lying between −250 km s−1 and +480 km s−1 with respect to the systemic velocity. The high-velocity gas may be either inflowing or outflowing. However, the absence of high-velocity gas toward the nucleus that would be expected in a steady inflow, and its bipolar distribution on either side of the nucleus, are more naturally explained as outflow. Star formation and radiation from the active galactic nucleus (AGN) are both incapable of driving an outflow of this magnitude. The location of the high-velocity gas projected behind buoyantly rising X-ray cavities and favorable energetics suggest an outflow driven by the radio AGN. If so, the molecular outflow may be associated with a hot outflow on larger scales reported by Kirkpatrick and colleagues. The molecular gas flow rate of approximately 200 M☉ yr−1 is comparable to the star formation rate of 100–180 M☉ yr−1 in the central disk. How radio bubbles would lift dense molecular gas in their updrafts, how much gas will be lost to the BCG, and how much will return to fuel future star formation and AGN activity are poorly understood. Our results imply that radio-mechanical (radio-mode) feedback not only heats hot atmospheres surrounding elliptical galaxies and BCGs, but it is able to sweep higher density molecular gas away from their centers.
Accurate analytical model of winding losses in round Litz wire windings

An accurate analytical model of losses in round Litz wire windings is presented. The model is based on the exact analytical equations for round conductors, and it closely includes the distribution of the leakage field across the winding space. A closed-form formula of the ac resistance of round Litz wire windings is developed from the model. An analytic solution of the optimal value of the ac resistance is derived. The expression of the strand dimension corresponding to the optimal value of the ac resistance is also determined.
Identifying layer switching in magnetic multilayers with x-ray resonant magnetic scattering

The order of layer switching in a NiFe/Cu/Co spin valve is determined directly using circular polarized x-ray resonant magnetic scattering. By monitoring changes in the angular dependence of the magnetic contributions to the reflectivity near the Fe L3 and Co L3 edges as a function of applied field, the order of layer switching is directly obtained.
Nonlinear properties of Rayleigh and Stoneley waves in solids

Bulk wave reflection formulas are extended to the surface‐wave case, considering Rayleigh and Stoneley waves in terms of refracted inhomogeneous longitudinal and transversal waves, linked by the surface coupling. In this manner, a physical mechanism of second‐harmonic generation process is clearly shown. The analytical expressions and physical pictures of Rayleigh‐ and Stoneley‐wave harmonic generation have been derived in a second‐order approximation. The solution shows that the second‐harmonic surface waves have a field structure different from the fundamental ones and varying with the propagation distance. Some parameters were defined to characterize the elastic surface‐wave second‐harmonic generation efficiency. Numerical data for some isotropic materials are present. The steady‐state form of finite amplitude surface wave is described and explained by a clear physical model.
Guaranteed maximum likelihood splitting tests of a linear regression model

We propose and examine a class of generalized maximum likelihood asymptotic power one tests for detection of various types of changes in a linear regression model. In economic and epidemiologic studies, such segmented regression models often occur as threshold models, where it is assumed that the exposure has no influence on the response up to a possible unknown threshold. An important task of such studies is testing the existence and estimation of this threshold. Guaranteed non-asymptotic upper bounds for the significance levels of these tests are presented. We demonstrate how the proposed tests were applied toward solving an actual problem encountered with real data.
Natural Gas Prices and the Extreme Winters of 2011/12 and 2013/14: Causes, Indicators, and Interactions

Abstract Day-to-day volatility in natural gas markets is driven largely by variability in heating demand, which is in turn dominated by cool-season temperature anomalies over the northeastern quadrant of the United States (“Midwest–East”). Energy traders rely on temperature forecasts at horizons of 2–4 weeks to anticipate those fluctuations in demand. Forecasts from dynamical models are widely available, so the markets react quickly to changes in the model predictions. Traders often work with meteorologists who leverage teleconnections from the tropics and the Arctic to improve upon the model forecasts. This study demonstrates how natural gas prices react to Midwest–East temperatures using the anomalous winters of 2011/12 and 2013/14. These examples also illustrate how energy meteorologists use teleconnections from the Arctic and the tropics to forecast heating demand. Winter 2011/12 was exceptionally warm, consistent with the positive Arctic Oscillation (AO). March 2012 was a fitting exclamation point on.
An update on the big bang nucleosynthesis prediction for 7Li: the problem worsens

The lithium problem arises from the significant discrepancy between the primordial 7Li abundance as predicted by big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) theory and the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) baryon density, and the pre-Galactic lithium abundance inferred from observations of metal-poor (Population II) stars. This problem has loomed for the past decade, with a persistent discrepancy of a factor of 2–3 in 7Li/H. Recent developments have sharpened all aspects of the Li problem. Namely: (1) BBN theory predictions have sharpened due to new nuclear data; in particular, the uncertainty on the reaction rate for3He(α,γ)7Be has reduced to 7.4%, nearly a factor of 2 tighter than previous determinations. (2) The WMAP five-year data set now yields a cosmic baryon density with an uncertainty reduced to 2.7%. (3) Observations of metal-poor stars have tested for systematic effects. With these, we now find that the BBN+WMAP predicts7Li/H = (5.24−0.67+0.71) × 10−10. The central value represents an increase by 23%, most of which is due to the upward shift in the3He(α,γ)7Be rate. More significant is the reduction in the7Li/H uncertainty by almost a factor of 2, tracking the reduction in the3He(α,γ)7Be error bar. These changes exacerbate the Li problem; the discrepancy is now a factor 2.4 or 4. 2σ (from globular cluster stars) to 4.3 or 5. 3σ (from halo field stars). Possible resolutions to the lithium problem are briefly reviewed, and key experimental and astronomical measurements highlighted.
Multiple-model estimation with variable structure

Existing multiple-model (MM) estimation algorithms have a fixed structure, i.e. they use a fixed set of models. An important fact that has been overlooked for a long time is how the performance of these algorithms depends on the set of models used. Limitations of the fixed structure algorithms are addressed first. In particular, it is shown theoretically that the use of too many models is performance-wise as bad as that of too few models, apart from the increase in computation. This paper then presents theoretical results pertaining to the two ways of overcoming these limitations: select/construct a better set of models and/or use a variable set of models. This is in contrast to the existing efforts of developing better implementable fixed structure estimators. Both the optimal MM estimator and practical suboptimal algorithms with variable structure are presented. A graph-theoretic formulation of multiple-model estimation is also given which leads to a systematic treatment of model-set adaptation and opens up new avenues for the study and design of the MM estimation algorithms. The new approach is illustrated in an example of a nonstationary noise identification problem.
On the existence of finite-state supervisors under partial observations

We consider discrete-event systems under partial observations. We show the equivalence of the (M, /spl Sigma//sub c/, L(G))-observability of a control specification and the (M, /spl Sigma//sub c/, /spl Sigma/*)-observability of its corresponding augmented language. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of finite-state supervisors under partial observations.
Time-domain fields exterior to a two-dimensional FDTD space

A transformation algorithm for the near-zone and far-zone fields exterior to a two-dimensional (2-D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) field lattice has been developed entirely in the time domain. The fields are found from a surface integration of the convolution of the time derivative of equivalent currents and charges along a contour that encloses the scatterer or radiator of interest. The kernel of the convolution integral has a square-root singularity for which an efficient numerical integration rule is presented. Using this technique, a very accurate solution is obtained; however, convolution integrals are computationally expensive with or without singularities. As an alternative, a rapidly convergent approximate series expansion for the convolution integral is presented, which can be used both in the near and far zone. Results using the new 2-D transform are compared with analytical expressions for the fields generated by a modulated Gaussian pulse for TE and TM line sources. In addition, the 2-D transform solution for the near-zone fields scattered from an open-ended cavity for a TE incident modulated Gaussian pulse plane wave is compared against a full-grid FDTD solution for accuracy and efficiency. The 2-D transform far-zone fields are compared against an alternative technique, which uses a double Fourier transform to perform the convolution in the frequency domain.
The Energy Loss by Charged Particles in Silicon as a Function of Track Orientation

It is important to know the orientation of the crystal axis of silicon semiconductor detectors when they are used for the detection of energetic charged particles in stacked arrays and the particles are expected to traverse all of the detectors. It has been observed that particles that pass through the crystal along the directions of crystal planes or axes lose less energy than those in other directions. This anomalous energy loss spoils the response characteristics of the detector. Various experiments have demonstrated that the penetrating particles tend to move along crystal planes or axes by a process of correlated multiple-coulomb scattering. The experimental evidence for these anomalous characteristics will be reviewed and the degrading effects on the discrimination ability of mass-discrimination detector-systems will be shown. Mass distribution curves were taken for protons, deuterons, tritons, as well as He3 and alpha particles in the 20 to 40 MeV region with a thin silicon? E detector oriented with the (111), (110) and other axis parallel to the penetrating particle direction. The mass separation is appreciably improved when the crystal is oriented so that the direction of the penetrating particles is well away from any of the major crystal planes or axes.
mJ pulse energy fiber lasers based on Yb-doped photonic crystal fibers

Ytterbium-doped double-clad photonic crystal fibres (PCF) are ideal candidates for amplification of diffraction limited pulses to energies of several mJ. The combination of large mode field diameter (MFD), large pump area and high numerical aperture allows for low cost multimode diode pumping of short fiber lengths with high pump absorption and high thresholds for detrimental non-linear effects. We present results from ns-pulsed Q-switched laser and MOPA systems with pulse energies exceeding 1mJ and peak powers up to 17kW, by using a PCF with MFD of 24&mgr;m. The results are scalable with the PCF MFD to much higher pulse energies. Recent reports on truly single mode PCF with MFD up to 100&mgr;m indicates in this way, that pulse energies exceeding 10mJ could be reached.
Random Weighting Estimation for Quantile Processes and Negatively Associated Samples

This article presents new theories of random weighting estimation for quantile processes and negatively associated samples. Under the condition that X 1, X 2,…, X n are independent random variables with a common distribution, the consistency for random weighting estimation of quantile processes is rigorously proved. When X 1, X 2,…, X n are not independent of each other, random weighting estimation of sample mean is established for negatively associated samples.
2. A Methodological Comparison of Age-Period-Cohort Models: The Intrinsic Estimator and Conventional Generalized Linear Models

Age-period-cohort (APC) accounting models have long been objects of attention in statistical studies of human populations. It is well known that the identification problem created by the linear dependency of age, period, and cohort (Period = Age + Cohort or P = A + C) presents a major methodological challenge to APC analysis, a problem that has been widely addressed in demography, epidemiology, and statistics. This paper compares parameter estimates and model fit statistics produced by two solutions to the identification problem in age-period-cohort models—namely, the conventional demographic approach of constrained generalized linear models (Fienberg and Mason 1978, 1985; Mason and Smith 1985) and the intrinsic estimator method recently developed by Fu (2000; Knight and Fu 2000; Fu, Hall, and Rohan 2004). We report empirical analyses of applications of these two methods to population data on U.S. female mortality rates. Comparisons of parameter estimates suggest that both constrained generalized linear models and the intrinsic estimator method can yield similar estimates of age, period, and cohort effects, but estimates obtained by the intrinsic estimator are more direct and do not require prior information to select appropriate model identifying constraints. We also describe three statistical properties of the estimators: (1) finite-time-period bias, (2) relative statistical efficiency, and (3) consistency as the number of periods of observed data increases. These empirical analyses and theoretical results suggest that the intrinsic estimator may well provide a useful alternative to conventional methods for the APC analysis of demographic rates.
200W fs Innoslab amplifier with 400μJ pulse energy for industrial applications

We demonstrate a femtosecond Yb:YAG InnoSlab laser amplifier producing 450-μJ pulse energy at 500kHz pulse repetition rate. Ultrafast operation at high energy and high average power could be obtained without the use of chirped pulse amplification on the power amplifier end. The laser setup consists of a compact and robust femtosecond fiber based seed laser producing up to 4μJ pulses with pulse durations down to 260fs. Pulses from the seed source are directly amplified to high pulse energy and average power in an optimized Innoslab amplifier. This laser source is ideally suited for large scale industrial applications requiring high average power ultrashort pulses for high throughput and productivity.
The Nimbus Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) Experiment: 1975 to 1992.

Three spectrally broadband measurement sets are presently being used for earth radiation budget (ERB) studies: the Nimbus-6 ERB (July 1975 to June 1978), Nimbus-7 ERB (November 1978 to the present), and Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) (November 1984 to present). The measurements yield the incident solar irradiance, absorbed solar energy, outgoing longwave and net radiation. The Nimbus-7 started an accurate record of the solar constant in November 1978, while a nearly continuous record of the earth's radiation budget began in July 1975 with the Nimbus-6. Both the Nimbus-6 and -7 products have been reprocessed with improved processing and calibration algorithms so that the entire dataset can be considered as new. However, because of the use of different calibration and processing procedures, the three datasets for some purposes must be considered as piecewise continuous. The Nimbus-7 solar measurements indicate that the sun is a low-level variable star and that the mean annual solar energy just outside the earth's atmosphere was about 0.1% lower in 1984 than in 1979 and 1991. The 9 years of Nimbus-7 ERB measurements show the earth's mean annual energy budget to be stable at the 0.2% level with apparently real changes in the annual emitted longwave atmore » the 0.1% to 0.2% level that are associated with changes in the surface temperature. Other studies deal with the cooling and warming effects of clouds, interregional energy transport, and interannual variations. Current understanding of the sensors and how to derive an accurate mean radiation budget from the measurements has slowly improved. To date, there has been no consensus on the use of consistent calibration and processing procedures to permit quantitatively consistent analyses across the Nimbus-6, -7, and ERBE products. This report describes some successes and lessons learned during the Nimbus ERB program and the compatibility of the Nimbus and ERBE products. 99 refs., 5 figs., 4 tabs. « less
A saddle-point solution in the Weinberg-Salam theory

We give a close approximation to a static, but unstable, solution of the classical field equations of the Weinberg-Salam theory, where the weak mixing angle Θ w is considered to be small. Its energy increases from ∼8 TeV to ∼14 TeV as the Higgs coupling λ runs from 0 to ∞. Furthermore, it has a large magnetic dipole moment and its baryonic (and leptonic) charge is ½. The possible physical relevance of this solution is discussed.
Nanocrystalline soft magnetic materials

Nanocrystalline structures offer a new opportunity for tailoring soft magnetic materials. The most prominent example are devitrified glassy FeCuNbSiB alloys which reveal a homogeneous ultrafine grain structure of bcc-FeSi with grain sizes of typically 10-15 nm and random texture. Owing to the small grain size the local magneto-crystalline anisotropy is randomly averaged out by exchange interaction so that there is only a small anisotropy net-effect on the magnetization process. Moreover the structural phases present lead to low or vanishing saturation magnetostriction which minimizes magneto-elastic anisotropies. Both the suppressed magnetocrystalline anisotropy and the low magnetostriction provide the basis for the superior soft magnetic properties comparable to those of permalloys or near zero-magnetostrictive Co-base amorphous alloys but at a higher saturation induction. Like in other soft magnetic material the hysteresis loop can be tailored by uniaxial anisotropies induced by magnetic field annealing.