Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Selective reinforcement of a 2m-class lightweight mirror for horizontal beam optical testing

Optical testing of large mirrors for space telescopes can be challenging and complex. Demanding optical requirements necessitate both precise mirror figure and accurate prediction of zero gravity shape. Mass and packaging constraints require mirrors to be lightweighted and optically fast. Reliability and low mass imply simple mounting schemes, with basic kinematic mounts preferable to active figure control or whiffle trees. Ground testing should introduce as little uncertainty as possible, ideally employing flight mounts without offloaders. Testing mirrors with their optical axes horizontal can result in less distortion than in the vertical orientation, though distortion will increase with mirror speed. Finite element modeling and optimization tools help specify selective reinforcement of the mirror structure to minimize wavefront errors in a one gravity test, while staying within mass budgets and meeting other requirements. While low distortions are necessary, an important additional criterion is that designs are tolerant to imperfect positioning of the mounts relative to the neutral surface of the mirror substrate. In this paper, we explore selective reinforcement of a 2-meter class, f/1.25 primary mirror for the proposed SNAP space telescope. We specify designs optimized for various mount radial locations both with and without backup mount locations. Reinforced designs are predicted to have surface distortions in the horizontal beam test low enough to perform optical testing on the ground, on flight mounts, and without offloaders. Importantly, the required accuracy of mount locations is on the order of millimeters rather than tenths of millimeters.
Invariant Differential Operators for Non-Compact Lie Groups: Euclidean Jordan Groups or Conformal Lie Groups

In the present paper we continue the project of systematic construction of invariant differential operators for non-compact semisimple Lie groups. Our starting points is the class of algebras, which we call 'conformal Lie algebras' (CLA), which have very similar properties to the conformal algebras of Minkowski space-time, though our aim is to go beyond this class in a natural way. For this we introduce the new notion of parabolic relation between two non-compact semisimple Lie algebras 𝒢 and 𝒢' that have the same complexification and possess maximal parabolic subalgebras with the same complexification.
Some experimental issues of AFM tip blind estimation: the effect of noise and resolution

The convolution of tip shape on sample topography can introduce significant inaccuracy in an AFM image, when the tip radius is comparable to the typical dimension of the sample features to be observed. The blind estimation method allows one to obtain information on the AFM tip through an unknown characterizer sample and thus to perform the deconvolution of the tip shape from an image. When applying the blind estimation method to determine the AFM tip shape, some apparently trivial issues relating to the experimental operating parameters must be taken into account. In this paper, the effects of the operating parameters, e.g., sampling intervals (resolution) and instrumental noise, have been taken into account for the practical use of blind estimation and the result is that instrumental noise tends to provide a smaller estimation of the tip size, while larger sampling intervals provide a larger value of it. This paper presents guidelines to those effects in AFM and appropriate experimental conditions for applying the blind estimation method to obtain more reliable data on tip radius and therefore on sample topography.
Renormalizing Upper and Lower Bounds for Integrated Risk in the White Noise Model

where Wt is Brownian motion. Many results which might be difficult to prove in the density estimation or nonparametric regression context take on a more transparent form in this white noise model. A sample size of n in the density estimation and nonparametric regression problems corresponds to o-0 = o-/ xn in (1) when ois suitably chosen. In particular the tools of rescaling developed in Low (1992) and Donoho and Low (1992) and the hardest one dimensional subfamily arguments of Donoho and Liu (1987, 1991) have yielded a fairly complete picture of how to estimate both bounded and unbounded linear functionals on the basis of observations generated by (1). A separate literature is developing to show how to replace density estimation and regression problems by the corresponding white noise problems. See, for example, Low (1992), Brown and Low (1990) and Donoho and Low (1990). In this paper we focus attention on estimating the entire function f on the basis of the observation scheme given by (1), using integrated squared error as a measure of loss. In particular we shall let R(F, o-) denote the minimax risk under this loss function. That is,
Integrin-Dependent Cell–Matrix Adhesion in Endothelial Health and Disease

The endothelium is a dynamic, semipermeable layer lining all blood vessels, regulating blood vessel formation and barrier function. Proper composition and function of the endothelial barrier are required for fluid homeostasis, and clinical conditions characterized by barrier disruption are associated with severe morbidity and high mortality rates. Endothelial barrier properties are regulated by cell–cell junctions and intracellular signaling pathways governing the cytoskeleton, but recent insights indicate an increasingly important role for integrin-mediated cell–matrix adhesion and signaling in endothelial barrier regulation. Here, we discuss diseases characterized by endothelial barrier disruption, and provide an overview of the composition of endothelial cell–matrix adhesion complexes and associated signaling pathways, their crosstalk with cell–cell junctions, and with other receptors. We further present recent insights into the role of cell–matrix adhesions in the developing and mature/adult endothelium of various vascular beds, and discuss how the dynamic regulation and turnover of cell–matrix adhesions regulates endothelial barrier function in (patho)physiological conditions like angiogenesis, inflammation and in response to hemodynamic stress. Finally, as clinical conditions associated with vascular leak still lack direct treatment, we focus on how understanding of endothelial cell–matrix adhesion may provide novel targets for treatment, and discuss current translational challenges and future perspectives.
Effects of blood pressure unawareness and poor adherence to antihypertensive drugs on outcomes of cerebrovascular accidents among patients with their first-ever stroke

Aims: Our main target was to investigate the relationship of blood pressure (BP) unawareness and poor antihypertensive drug adherence with the clinical outcomes of the stroke including hospitalization time, degree of disability, and mortality rate. Methods and results: In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated 530 eligible patients (male = 313; female = 217), aged 18 years and older who had a proven diagnosis of nontraumatic first-ever stroke and were referred to the Shahid Beheshti Hospital of Hamadan, Iran, during the period from March 2019 to September 2021. The prevalence of BP unawareness was 19.6%, and 31.8% of antihypertensive drug users (14.3% of all studied population) had poor drug adherence, in which, older age, male gender, marriage, rural residence, and smoking were associated with the lack of appropriate drug adherence. There was no significant difference between patients with diverse stroke types (ischemic or hemorrhagic) from the points of BP awareness and adherence to antihypertensive drugs; nevertheless, patients with a positive history of cardiac diseases had a significantly higher awareness of their BP status (P = 0.037). BP unawareness was associated with poor clinical prognosis, and could significantly increase stroke mortality (P = 0.001) and disability (P < 0.001) rates as well as the duration of hospitalization (P < 0.001). Moreover, those who survived the stroke (modified Rankin Scale < 6) had the highest odds to be aware of their BP status (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.380 [95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.39–4.07]). Additionally, nonsmokers (AOR = 7.740), urban residents (AOR = 3.314), and literate patients (AOR = 2.092) had the highest odds of having appropriate drug adherence. Conclusion: Stroke mortality and morbidity rates can be significantly modified by persuading people to monitor their BP regularly and maximize antihypertensive medication adherence. In the meantime, increasing the literacy level in society and reducing the smoking rate can play important roles in achieving these goals.
Near-critical free-surface rotating flow over topography

Free–surface rotating flow over localized topography is studied in the weakly three–dimensional nonlinear long–wave dispersive limit. The analysis is based on the forced rotating Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (frKP) equation. For small forcing, steady supercritical flow is described analytically. Finite–amplitude topographic effects are described numerically for both supercritical and subcritical flows. The pressure drag on the flow is described as a function of obstacle height, Rossby number and the detuning parameter measuring the difference between the flow speed and that of linear long gravity waves.
Multiplane gravitational lensing. I. Morse theory and image counting

The image counting problem for gravitational lensing by general matter deflectors distributed over finitely many lens planes is considered. Counting formulas and lower bounds are found via Morse theory for the number of images of a point source not on a caustic. Images are counted within a compact region D not necessarily assumed to properly contain the deflector space. In addition, it is shown that Morse theory is applicable because multiplane time‐delay maps Ty generically satisfy the Morse boundary conditions relative to D. All results obtained depend only on the topological properties induced in the lens planes by the deflector potentials and the behavior of grad Ty at boundary points of D.
The splitting of dispersion curves for plates fluid-loaded on both sides

For in vacuo elastic plates or plates fluid-loaded on one side, it has been previously shown that dispersion curves for both plate-borne (Lamb) type and, in the latter case, also fluid-borne (Scholte–Stoneley) type fail to cross but repel each other, with the waves simultaneously exchanging their physical character. This study is extended here to the case of a plate loaded by two different fluids, where a quantitative calculation of dispersion curves for water on one side, and a lighter or a heavier fluid on the other, is carried out confirming the existence of two different Scholte–Stoneley waves.
Models for high-frequency radio outbursts in extragalactic sources, with application to the early 1983 millimeter-to-infrared flare of 3C 273.

The present models for compact radio source variability, with reference to the early 1983 mm-to-IR flare of the quasar 3C 273, indicate that the outburst spectrum's early evolution is most easily explained if the flaring component is expanding. The models encompass the effects of synchrotron, Compton, and expansion losses, as well as variable injection of relativistic electrons and magnetic field. A model based on a uniform expanding source requires comparatively artificial variations of particle injection with source radius, in order to explain the 3C 273 flare data; superior results are noted for a second model in which the outburst is due to a shock wave passing through an adiabatic, conical, relativistic jet. 55 references.
Improved Elastic Model Matching Algorithm for Facial Expression Recognition

Key frames detected in Video stream contain sufficient expression information. In order to classify and recognize these expression information, a new elastic model matching algorithm is proposed in this paper. Firstly, expression template is transformed by Gabor wavelet , and the detection algorithm of the key expression in the template image is used. According to the feature information of the key expression, structure expression elastic graph, then by changing the key location in the expression template graph and doing non-rigid match of the expression template and expression elastic graph which is measured, so that similar degree between them is got. Finally, by improving the K-nearest neighbor classification strategy, the effective classification and recognition of measured image expression is achieved.
Modeling of the Melting Layer. Part III: The Density Effect

A model of the melting snow and its radar reflectivity is presented here. The main addition to previous description of the melting layer is the explicit introduction of snow density as a variable. The model is validated with radar observations. Differences in brightband intensity for comparable precipitation rates are related here to the coexistence of supercooled cloud water (SCW) with snow above the melting level leading to riming and change in snow density. Cases where riming was suspected were selected according to the characteristics of the vertical profile of reflectivity flux above the melting layer and vertical Doppler velocities faster than expected from low-density snow. For stratiform precipitation with a melting layer, high snow-to-rain velocity ratio indicates high-density snow and consequently a small peak-to-rain reflectivity difference is expected. This relationship was computed from the model and confirmed with vertically pointing radar observations. In spite of the complexity of the physical processes present in the melting layer the model appears to capture the essential elements.
Relation between normal-mode and coupled-mode analyses of parallel waveguides

The analysis of parallel waveguides can be performed either by expressing the coupling of energy between individual, primary guides (coupled-mode approach) or by directly analyzing a structure consisting of all the guides and their surrounding media (normal-mode approach). A comparison of these two approaches, as well as the derivation of relations enabling the conversion of data, when possible, from one approach to the other, are presented in this paper. Finally, the results are used to investigate the dependence of the coupling coefficient on the spacing between the guides. Although the derivations are performed for 2-D (slab) configurations, the results pertain to 3-D guides as well, by applying an effective refractive-index method. It is also shown that normal-mode analysis predicts incomplete transfer of energy for strongly coupled guides, even for perfectly symmetric configurations.
Radiation-induced loss of rare earth doped silica fibres

Eighteen single mode fibres doped with different Rare Earth elements are exposed to /sup 60/Co gamma radiation in order to estimate the radiation sensitivity of fibre amplifiers or fibre lasers and to find fibres with extremely high loss increase that are suited for dosimetry of low radiation levels. Induced loss measurements with varying dose rate confirmed the applicability of a simple dose rate transformation method also to Rare Earth doped fibres. Operation of a "distributed" fibre optic radiation sensor is demonstrated at a dose rate of less than 0.1 Gy/d.
Plasma Transport in the Ionosphere: EISCAT-VHF Observations and Numerical Models

The understanding of the magnetosphere-ionosphere couplings requires the concomitant use of experimental facilities and numerical tools. The European Incoherent Scatter radar (EISCAT), able to provide instantaneous vertical profiles of the ionosphere, makes possible the development of data processing methods to get boundary parameters, in particular the topside downward electron heat flow: this boundary parameter is crucial for the purpose of quantitative modelling of the ionosphere. It characterises at amoral latitudes the energy transfer from the magnetosphere to the ionosphere and is determinant for the development of fluid numerical models of the ionosphere. This paper presents how with such a boundary condition obtained from the data, the steady-state and the dynamic behaviour of the ionosphere-from 100 to 3000 km-can be quantitatively reproduced with a fluid description of the plasma. Coupling between atmosphere and ionosphere is included through chemistry and collisions while the particle and energy transfers from the magnetosphere to the ionosphere are included through ionisation and energy deposition resulting from electron precipitation.
Forced-Convection Cooling Enhancement of Heated Elements in a Parallel-Plate Channels using Porous Inserts

A numerical investigation of the two-dimensional, laminar forced-convection cooling of heat-generating obstacles mounted on adiabatic walls in a parallel-plate channel is presented. The effect on heat transfer of insertion of a porous matrix between the blocks is considered. The Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer model is used to model the flow inside the porous domain. Temperature and velocity distributions in the problem domain for incompressible, laminar, and steady flow are simulated by solving governing equations numerically for appropriate boundary conditions. A computer program based on the SIMPLE algorithm is developed. The local Nusselt number at the walls of the blocks, mean Nusselt number, and maximum temperature in the blocks are examined for different Reynolds numbers, Darcy numbers, and porous-layer thicknesses. The results show that heat transfer can be enhanced by using high-thermal-conductivity porous inserts. With insertion of heated elements and porous matrix, the pressure drop increases rapidly along the channel with increase of Reynolds number.
Experimental study of spectral energy fluxes in turbulence generated by a fractal, tree-like object

We report on an experimental study of the kinetic energy fluxes between scales in the turbulent near-wake flow downstream of a fractal, tree-like object. Experiments are performed in a liquid channel and data are acquired using planar Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The data are analyzed based on the filtering framework of relevance to Large Eddy Simulations. The flow and energy fluxes differ from the case of a canonical flow such as the cylinder wake, where typically kinetic energy is injected into turbulence by an object characterized by a single, well-defined, length-scale. For a fractal tree-like object, we find that the measured energy flux is strongly dependent on scale. In the present flow, scale-dependent injection of kinetic energy into the cascade arises from production as well as spatial transport terms. The injection rate spectrum is evaluated directly from the data by quantifying the rate of change of spectral energy flux as a function of wavenumber. The net injection rate spectrum is obser.
Optimization of (Gd)5Si4 based materials: A step toward self-controlled hyperthermia applications

Structural and magnetic properties have been studied across the Gd5(Si1−xGex)4 and (Gd1−xRx)5Si4 series, with R=Ce Nd, Er, and Ho, in the context of their use as ferromagnetic materials in the self-controlled hyperthermia treatment of cancer. The study shows that these materials have high magnetization values and their magnetic ordering temperatures (TC) can be varied linearly over a broad range by adjusting the composition of the constituent elements. The magnetization values of these materials are close to the bulk value of α-Fe and are substantially higher than other transition metal and Fe based magnetic materials, e.g., oxide and ferrites. The high magnetization and optimality of TC values for self-controlled hyperthermia applications observed in these materials distinguish them as magnetic material of choice for such applications.
Instability of viscous axial flow in annuli having a rotating inner cylinder

Hot-wire measurements are presented of the onset of instability in developed axial and tangential flow due to inner-cylinder rotation in annuli of radius ratios 0·9, 0·81 and 0·58 for axial-flow Reynolds numbers between 86 and 2000. Measurements of the minimum critical Taylor number are reported along three radii at azimuthal locations 90° apart. At the largest radius ratio these azimuthal measurements show considerable variation but the sensitivity of marginal stability to angular orientation becomes negligible at a radius ratio of 0·58, when measurements and the Galerkin predictions of Hasoon & Martin (1977) are in close accord. The greater sensitivity to orientation as the radius ratio increases appears to correlate with measured percentage circumferential variations in annulus width arising from manufacturing tolerances and non-uniform curvature of the surfaces.
Electromagnetic scattering from dielectric and magnetic gratings of fibers - a T-matrix solution

We consider the 2D-problem of the reflection of a plane wave from arrays of dielectric and magnetic fibers of arbitrary cross section. The gratings are placed in air or embedded in a dielectric slab which may be backed by a perfectly conducting plane. We use a T-Matrix method to compute the field scattered by these structures. Comparison with an integral representation is made. The efficiency of the T-Matrix approach is illustrated through the examples of some absorbing structures.
Finite Element Simulation for Short Pulse Light Radiative Transfer in Homogeneous and Nonhomogeneous Media

With the rapid progress on ultrashort pulse laser, the transient radiative transfer in absorbing and scattering media has attracted increasing attention. The temporal radiative signals from a medium irradiated by ultrashort pulses offer more useful information which reflects the internal structure and properties of media than that by the continuous light sources. In the present research, a finite element model, which is based on the discrete ordinates method and least-squares variational principle, is developed to simulate short-pulse light radiative transfer in homogeneous and nonhomogeneous media. The numerical formulations and detailed steps are given. The present models are verified by two benchmark cases, and several transient radiative transfer cases in two-layer and three-layer nonhomogeneous media are investigated and analyzed. The results indicate that the reflected signals can imply the break of optical properties profile and their location. Moreover, the investigation for uniqueness of temporal reflected and transmitted signals indicate that neither of these two kinds of signals can be solely taken as experimental measurements to predict the optical properties of medium. They should be measured simultaneously in the optical imaging application. The ability of the present model to deal with multi-dimensional problems is proved by the two cases in the twodimensional enclosure. DOI: 10.1115/1.2430720