Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantifying human behaviour using complex social datasets.

Being able to better understand and measure what is happening in the world is of great importance for a range of stakeholders, including policy makers. The recent explosion in the availability of data documenting our collective behaviour offers new opportunities to gain insights into our society. Here, we focus on a series of case studies to demonstrate how new forms of data may be used to help us better understand human behaviour. Data coming from financial transactions taking place in the stock market can help us better understand financial crises. We analyse a dataset comprising the stocks forming the Dow Jones Industrial Average at a second by second resolution. We investigate changes in stock market prices and how they arise at different time scales, showing a transition between power law and exponential decay in the tails of the distribution of logarithmic returns. Accurate and quick estimates of the size of a crowd are crucial for the avoidance of crowd disasters. However, existing approaches rely on human judgement and can be slow and costly. Our findings suggest that data from mobile phone networks and social media platforms may allow us to estimate the size of a crowd. Such data could potentially be accessed in real time, leading to shorter delays than those experienced with previous approaches to crowd size estimation. We also show how communities on a network constructed from our social interactions through smartphones capture the temporal evolution of our behaviour in everyday life. The complex datasets presented here also require complex methodologies to analyse them. Complexity science, and more specifically network science, has witnessed increasing attention within the scientific community in the last two decades. Here, we will present a new technique to analyse a common feature of many real world complex networks, namely community structure. We show how our methodology addresses many of the drawbacks of current techniques, and we also introduce an efficient algorithm which outperforms analogous methods on a set of standard benchmark networks. Our findings suggest that the analysis of large complex social datasets coupled with methodological advances can allow us to gain valuable measurements of human behaviour.
A non-invasive 13CO2 breath test detects differences in anabolic sensitivity with feeding and heavy resistance exercise in healthy young males: a randomized control trial.

There are limited tools to measure anabolic sensitivity non-invasively in response to acute physiological stimuli, which represents a challenge for research in free-living settings and vulnerable populations. We tested the ability of a stable isotope breath test to detect changes in leucine oxidation (OX) and leucine retention (intake - OX) across a range of anabolic sensitivities. Healthy males ingested a beverage containing 0.25 g·kg-1 protein and 0.75 g·kg-1 carbohydrate with the leucine content enriched to 5% with L-[1-13C]leucine at rest (FED) or after a bout of resistance exercise (EXFED), with a parallel group consuming only the tracer (FAST). Concurrent primed-constant infusions of L-[5,5,5-2H3]leucine revealed high peripheral bioavailability for FED (~81%), EXFED (~80%), and FAST (~117%). After beverage ingestion, whole-body protein synthesis was greater in FED and EXFED than FAST. OX was greater in FED and EXFED than FAST, with EXFED lower than FED. Leucine retention demonstrated expected physiological differences in anabolic sensitivity (EXFED > FED > FAST). We demonstrated that a non-invasive breath test based on an amino acid (leucine) that is preferentially metabolized in peripheral (muscle) tissues can detect differences in anabolic sensitivity. Future studies could examine this test within a variety of populations experiencing muscle growth or atrophy. Novelty Bullets • An oral L-[1-13C]leucine breath test can detect greater anabolic sensitivity after feeding and resistance exercise. • This tool may be applied in growing (e.g., children) or wasting (e.g. aging) populations where invasive procedures are not possible.
Parenting Styles and Adolescents’ Problem Behaviors: The Mediating Effect of Adolescents’ Self-Control

The study examined the mediating role of adolescents’ self-control on the relationship between parenting styles and problem behaviors. A parenting style questionnaire, adolescents’ self-control questionnaire, and the Youth Self-Report were administered to 611 adolescents (335 boys, and 276 girls, Mage = 13.17, SD = 0.46) to assess their parenting styles, self-control, and problem behaviors. The results indicated that paternal rejection was positively associated with externalizing problems and maternal rejection was positively associated with internalizing problems. Moreover, adolescents’ self-control played a mediating role in the relationship between paternal rejection and externalizing problems and between paternal rejection and internalizing problems. The findings showed that paternal and maternal rearing styles have different influences on adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems, respectively, and adolescents’ self-control played a mediating role in these different relationships. This study has great significance for revealing the mechanism of parenting styles on adolescents’ problem behaviors.
Bioactive peptides of whey: obtaining, activity, mechanism of action, and further applications

Abstract Bioactive peptides derived from diverse food proteins have been part of diverse investigations. Whey is a rich source of proteins and components related to biological activity. It is known that proteins have effects that promote health benefits. Peptides derived from whey proteins are currently widely studied. These bioactive peptides are amino acid sequences that are encrypted within the first structure of proteins, which required hydrolysis for their release. The hydrolysis could be through in vitro or in vivo enzymatic digestion and using microorganisms in fermented systems. The biological activities associated with bio-peptides include immunomodulatory properties, antibacterial, antihypertensive, antioxidant and opioid, etc. These functions are related to general conditions of health or reduced risk of certain chronic illnesses. To determine the suitability of these peptides/ingredients for applications in food technology, clinical studies are required to evaluate their bioavailability, health claims, and safety of them. This review aimed to describe the biological importance of whey proteins according to the incidence in human health, their role as bioactive peptides source, describing methods, and obtaining technics. In addition, the paper exposes biochemical mechanisms during the activity exerted by biopeptides of whey, and their application trends.
Combined Economic Emission Dispatch Solution using Modified Artificial Bee ColonyAlgorithm.

In this paper, a new approach is proposed to solve combined economic emission dispatch (CEED) problem in power systems using modified artificial bee colony (MABC) algorithm considering the power limits. The CEED is to minimize both the operating fuel cost and emission level simultaneously while satisfying the load demand and operational constraints. A novel best mechanism algorithm based on ABC algorithm, in which a new mutation strategy inspired from the differential evolution (DE) is introduced in order to improve the exploitation process. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm has been tested on IEEE 30-bus test system and the results were compared with other methods reported in recent literature. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms previous optimization methods.
Perplexing dynamics of Wolbachia proteins for cytoplasmic incompatibility

The mechanism of symbiont-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) has been a long-standing mystery. A new study on Wolbachia’s Cif proteins in PLOS Biology provides supportive evidence for the “Host modification model,” although the alternative “Toxin–antidote model” is still in the running.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Extended High-Frequency Hearing Thresholds in Tinnitus With a Normal Audiogram

Objectives: Current evidence supports the growing application of extended high-frequency (EHF: 9 to 20 kHz) audiometry in hearing research, which likely results from the high vulnerability of this frequency region to damage induced by known auditory risk factors. The present systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to investigate whether adults with a normal audiogram and tinnitus show increased EHF hearing thresholds relative to control peers. Design: A comprehensive search was undertaken on electronic databases consisting of PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley, and Google Scholar using combined keywords: “tinnitus,” “extended high frequency,” “normal audiogram,” and “hidden hearing loss. ” Results: From 261 articles found by searching databases, nine studies met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. A significant difference was observed between tinnitus and control groups in the effect size analysis of hearing thresholds at 10, 12.5, 14, 16, and 18 kHz (p ≤ 0.001), and the I-square heterogeneity analysis was below 50% in all studies (p ≥ 0.131). Visual inspection by the Funnel plot and Egger’s regression test (p ≥ 0.211) also exhibited no publication bias in the meta-analyses. Conclusions: Our findings are in support of the idea that in most cases, tinnitus is associated with some degree of cochlear mechanical dysfunction, which may not be detected by conventional audiometry alone. This finding underscores the significance of EHF audiometry in clinical practice, which may help both early identification of individuals susceptible to developing tinnitus and reduce the number of new cases through preventive counseling programs.
Immunity at maternal–fetal interface: KIR/HLA (Allo)recognition *

Both KIR and HLA are the most variable gene families in the human genome. The recognition of the semi‐allogeneic embryo‐derived trophoblasts by maternal decidual NK (dNK) cells is essential for the establishment of the functional placenta. This recognition is based on the KIR‐HLA interactions and trophoblast expresses a specific HLA profile that constitutes classical polymorphic HLA‐C and non‐classical oligomorphic HLA‐E, HLA‐F, and HLA‐G molecules. This review highlights some features of the KIR/HLA‐C (allo)recognition by decidual NK (dNK) cells as a main immune cell population specifically enriched at maternal–fetal interface during human early pregnancy. How KIR/HLA‐C axis operates in pregnancy disorders and in the context of transplacental infections is discussed as well. We summarized old and new data on dNK‐cell functional plasticity, their selective expression of KIR and fetal maternal/paternal HLA‐C haplotypes present. Results showed that KIR‐HLA‐C combinations and the corresponding axis operate differently in each pregnancy, determined by the variability of both maternal KIR haplotypes and fetus' maternal/paternal HLA‐C allotype combinations. Moreover, the maturation of NK cells strongly depends on if or not HLA allotypes for certain KIR are present. We suggest that the unique KIR/HLA combinations reached in each pregnancy (normal and pathological) should be studied according to well‐defined guidelines and unified methodologies to have comparable results ease to interpret and use in clinics.
Postinjury complement C4 activation is associated with adverse outcomes and is potentially influenced by plasma resuscitation

With the use of comprehensive proteomics, we demonstrate a critical and previously under-recognized role of complement C4 activation in trauma pathology. Furthermore, we provide evidence of a potential influence of plasma resuscitation on this complement activation. BACKGROUND Complement activation after trauma promotes hemostasis but is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. However, the specific pathways and downstream mediators remain unclear. Recently, the anaphylatoxin C4a has been shown to bind to thrombin receptors. While plasma-based resuscitation has been shown to modify the endotheliopathy of trauma, it may provide complement zymogens that fuel ongoing inflammatory cascades. We sought to characterize the activation of complement after injury and the effect of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) on this inflammatory response. We hypothesized that trauma induces C4 activation, which is associated with worse outcomes and influenced by FFP resuscitation. METHODS Blood was collected from injured patients at a single level I trauma center enrolled in the Control of Major Bleeding after Trauma (COMBAT) randomized clinical trial. Proteomic analyses were performed through targeted liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. For the present observational study, concentrations of complement proteins were analyzed at multiple time points, compared between treatment groups, and correlated with outcomes. RESULTS C4 activation occurred over the first 6 hours postinjury with peak activation 6 to 24 hours. Tissue hypoperfusion, defined as base deficit >10 mEq/L, and requirement for massive transfusion were associated with greater C4 activation. C4 activation was associated with mortality, multiple organ failure, and longer ventilator requirement. In addition, temporal trends of C1q, factor B, and C3 by outcome groups support the prevailing theory of primary classical pathway activation with alternative pathway amplification. Resuscitation with FFP over the first 6 hours was associated with increased C4 activation at 12 and 24 hours. CONCLUSION C4 activation has an important inflammatory role postinjury, and FFP has the potential to augment this complement activation during resuscitation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic/epidemiological, level III.
Distinct neuronal types contribute to hybrid temporal encoding strategies in primate auditory cortex

Studies of the encoding of sensory stimuli by the brain often consider recorded neurons as a pool of identical units. Here, we report divergence in stimulus-encoding properties between subpopulations of cortical neurons that are classified based on spike timing and waveform features. Neurons in auditory cortex of the awake marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) encode temporal information with either stimulus-synchronized or nonsynchronized responses. When we classified single-unit recordings using either a criteria-based or an unsupervised classification method into regular-spiking, fast-spiking, and bursting units, a subset of intrinsically bursting neurons formed the most highly synchronized group, with strong phase-locking to sinusoidal amplitude modulation (SAM) that extended well above 20 Hz. In contrast with other unit types, these bursting neurons fired primarily on the rising phase of SAM or the onset of unmodulated stimuli, and preferred rapid stimulus onset rates. Such differentiating behavior has been previously reported in bursting neuron models and may reflect specializations for detection of acoustic edges. These units responded to natural stimuli (vocalizations) with brief and precise spiking at particular time points that could be decoded with high temporal stringency. Regular-spiking units better reflected the shape of slow modulations and responded more selectively to vocalizations with overall firing rate increases. Population decoding using time-binned neural activity found that decoding behavior differed substantially between regular-spiking and bursting units. A relatively small pool of bursting units was sufficient to identify the stimulus with high accuracy in a manner that relied on the temporal pattern of responses. These unit type differences may contribute to parallel and complementary neural codes.
Religious Afterlife Beliefs Decrease Behavioral Avoidance of Symbols of Mortality

An astonishing cultural phenomenon is where, far away from or close to a city center, people in different societies localize cemeteries that function as both sites of memory of lost ones and symbols of mortality. Yet a psychological account of such differences in behavioral responses to symbols of mortality is lacking. Across five studies (N = 1,590), we tested a psychological model that religious afterlife beliefs decrease behavioral avoidance of symbols of mortality (BASM) by developing and validating a word-position task for quantifying BASM. We showed evidence that religious believers, including Christians, Muslims, Hindus, and Buddhists, exhibited decreased BASM relative to nonbelievers. We also provide evidence for a causal relationship between religious afterlife beliefs and reduced BASM. Our findings provide new insight into the functional role of religious afterlife beliefs in modulating human avoidance behavior in response to symbols of mortality.
The shock team: a multidisciplinary approach to early patient phenotyping and appropriate care escalation in cardiogenic shock

Purpose of review Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a highly morbid condition with mortality remaining greater than 30% despite improved pathophysiologic understanding and access to mechanical circulatory support (MCS). In response, shock teams modeled on successful multidisciplinary care structures for other diseases are being implemented nationwide. Recent findings Primary data supporting a benefit of shock team implementation on patient outcomes are relatively limited and entirely observational. Four single-center before-and-after studies and one multicenter registry study have demonstrated improved outcomes in patients with CS, potentially driven by increased pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) utilization and earlier (and more appropriate) initiation of MCS. Shock teams are also supported by a growing body of literature recognizing the independent benefit of the interventions they seek to implement, including patient phenotyping with PAC use and an algorithmic approach to CS care. Though debated, MCS is also highly likely to improve CS outcomes when applied appropriately, which further supports a multidisciplinary shock team approach to patient and device selection. Summary Shock teams likely improve patient outcomes by facilitating early patient phenotyping and appropriate intervention. Institutions should strongly consider adopting a multidisciplinary shock team approach to CS care, though additional data supporting these interventions are needed.
Potential of Online Recruitment Among 15-25-Year Olds: Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial

Background Recruiting young people for health and intervention studies by traditional methods has become increasingly challenging. The widespread access to the internet may offer new strategies for online recruitment. Objective This study aims to assess the feasibility of online recruitment for a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of Mindhelper, an online national youth mental health promotion service. The target group was young Danes aged 15-25 in need of mental health promotion. Methods Advertisements for recruitment were set up on Facebook and Instagram. Browser history was collected for a subsample of participants. We compared basic characteristics of participants who completed the baseline survey and those who did not, as well as of participants who completed the follow-up survey and those who were lost to follow-up. The significance of these differences was tested with the Pearson chi-square test. Results A total of 560 Danes aged 15-25 were recruited within 1 month (ie, had completed the baseline survey). Among these participants, 356 (63.6%) were at risk of developing depression or stress. The average advertisement price per participant completing the baseline questionnaire was 31 DKK (approximately €4 [US $4.2]). The follow-up survey was sent to 545 participants, of whom 318 (58.3%) completed the survey. No statistically significant differences were observed in baseline characteristics of participants who completed the follow-up and those who were lost to follow-up in terms of gender (P=.45), age (P=.35), occupation (P=.17), cohabitation (P=.90), mental well-being (P=.26), mental illness (P=.44; impact of the illness, P=.05), or use of the internet when having a hard time (P=.92). Conclusions We conclude that it is feasible to recruit young Danes online for a large-scale randomized controlled trial assessing the effectiveness of Mindhelper. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04650906; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04650906
Prior Involvement of Central Motor Drive Does Not Impact Performance and Neuromuscular Fatigue in a Subsequent Endurance Task

ABSTRACT Purpose This study evaluated whether central motor drive during fatiguing exercise plays a role in determining performance and the development of neuromuscular fatigue during a subsequent endurance task. Methods On separate days, 10 males completed three constant-load (80% peak power output), single-leg knee-extension trials to task failure in a randomized fashion. One trial was performed without preexisting quadriceps fatigue (CON), and two trials were performed with preexisting quadriceps fatigue induced either by voluntary (VOL; involving central motor drive) or electrically evoked (EVO; without central motor drive) quadriceps contractions (~20% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)). Neuromuscular fatigue was assessed via pre–post changes in MVC, voluntary activation (VA), and quadriceps potentiated twitch force (Qtw,pot). Cardiorespiratory responses and rating of perceived exertion were also collected throughout the sessions. The two prefatiguing protocols were matched for peripheral fatigue and stopped when Qtw,pot declined by ~35%. Results Time to exhaustion was shorter in EVO (4.3 ± 1.3 min) and VOL (4.7 ± 1.5 min) compared with CON (10.8 ± 3.6 min, P < 0.01) with no difference between EVO and VOL. ΔMVC (EVO: −47% ± 8%, VOL: −45% ± 8%, CON: −53% ± 8%), ΔQtw,pot (EVO: −65% ± 7%, VOL: −59% ± 14%, CON: −64% ± 9%), and ΔVA (EVO: −9% ± 7%, VOL: −8% ± 5%, CON: −7% ± 5%) at the end of the dynamic task were not different between conditions (all P > 0.05). Compared with EVO (10.6 ± 1.7) and CON (6.8 ± 0.8), rating of perceived exertion was higher (P = 0.05) at the beginning of VOL (12.2 ± 1.0). Conclusions These results suggest that central motor drive involvement during prior exercise plays a negligible role on the subsequent endurance performance. Therefore, our findings indicate that peripheral fatigue–mediated impairments are the primary determinants of high-intensity single-leg endurance performance.
Photo‐Induced Halogen‐Atom Transfer: Generation of Halide Radicals for Selective Hydrohalogenation Reactions

Abstract The first photo‐mediated process enabling the generation of halide radicals by Halogen‐Atom Transfer (XAT) is described. Contrary to radical transformations involving XAT reactivity, which exploit stable carbon radicals, this unique approach uses 1,2‐dihaloethanes for the generation of unstable carbon radicals by XAT. These transient radicals then undergo β‐scission with release of ethylene and formation of more stable halide radicals which have been used in selective hydrohalogenations of a large number of unsaturated hydrocarbons, including Michael acceptors, unactivated alkenes and alkynes. This hydrohalogenation is tolerant of a broad range of functionalities and is believed to proceed through a radical‐chain manifold that propagates by the use of silane derivatives.
Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein indicates memory impairment in patients with chronic heart failure

Cognitive dysfunction occurs frequently in patients with heart failure (HF), but early detection remains challenging. Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is an emerging biomarker of cognitive decline in disorders of primary neurodegeneration such as Alzheimer's disease. We evaluated the utility of serum GFAP as a biomarker for cognitive dysfunction and structural brain damage in patients with stable chronic HF.