Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Some fundamental questions about the earth's core and the geomagnetic field

This paper presents a series of questions about the earth's core and the geomagnetic field, selected to emphasise disagreements that need to be resolved. The answers given represent a personal approach, intended to stimulate discussion. It is argued that the near whiteness of the spatial spectrum of the field at core level is a consequence of a white spatial spectrum of currents with a characteristic scale depth of about 160 km in the outermost part of the core. Dynamo action requires a magnetic Reynolds number exceeding about 10. This leads naturally to the 160 km scale, which is the size of the smallest vortices of magnetically controlled turbulence. Core turbulence is essential for mixing of the compositional (and perhaps thermal) heterogeneities that drive the dynamo. Available dynamo power is about 2 ´ 1011 W and is dissipated by an r.m.s. current density of 2 ´ 10? 3A m? 2 per harmonic degree. Current loops of this strength in the outer 160 km of the core precisely account for both the field strength and its spectrum. The field lines of the observed poloidal field are swept up into the stronger poloidal field at about the 160 km depth and the toroidal field is stronger by virtue of the much greater depth range of the current loops causing it, not by virtue of more intense currents. The arguments presented disallow a stably stratified layer at the top of the core or an explanation of the westward drift in terms of a bodily drift of core material. Heterogeneities at the base of the mantle are probably important to dynamo stability; seismic anisotropy of the inner core suggests that it grows primarily by accretion at the equator and continuously deforms towards its equilibrium shape. Thus the convective buoyancy in the core is strongly localized.
Characterization of perovskite piezoelectric single crystals of 0.43BiScO3–0.57PbTiO3 with high Curie temperature

The perovskite single crystal solid solution of 0.43BiScO3–0.57PbTiO3 (BSPT57) was reported to possess a high Curie temperature (TC∼402 °C) and rhombohedral to tetragonal phase transition temperature (TR–T∼349 °C) with excellent electromechanical properties (k33∼90%). In this work, the resonance method was used to determine all of the eleven electromechanical coefficients of the BSPT57 piezocrystals using five Z-cut samples. The complete set of materials constants, including the elastic sij, cij, piezoelectric dij, eij, gij, hij, dielectric eij, βij, and electromechanical kij values were derived from the experimental data. The BSPT57 crystal was found to be a promising material for piezoelectric applications, which is comparable to the properties of the Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 and Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 relaxor-PT single crystals, but has a much high-temperature stability.
On the connection between temperature and volatility in ideal agent systems

Models for spin systems known from statistical physics are applied by analogy in econometrics in the form of agent-based models. Researchers suggest that the state variable temperature T corresponds to volatility σ in capital market theory problems. To the best of our knowledge, this has not yet been theoretically derived, for example, for an ideal agent system. In the present paper, we derive the exact algebraic relation between T and σ for an ideal agent system and discuss implications and limitations.
Critical Heat Flux of R134a and R245fa Inside Small-Diameter Tubes

This article presents new experimental critical heat flux results under saturated flow boiling conditions for a macro-/microscale tube. The data were obtained in a horizontal 2.20-mm inside diameter stainless-steel tube with heating lengths of 361 and 154 mm, R134a and R245fa as working fluids, mass velocities ranging from 100 to 1500 kg/m2-s, critical heat flux from 25 to 300 kW/m2, exit saturation temperatures of 25, 31, and 35°C, and critical vapor qualities ranging from 0.55 to 1. The experimental results show that critical heat flux (CHF) increases with increasing mass velocity and inlet subcooling but decreases with increasing saturation temperature and heated length. The data also indicated a higher CHF for R245fa when compared with R134a at similar conditions. The experimental data were compared against four CHF predictive methods and the results of the comparisons are reported.
Feature Extraction in Medical Images Based on Curvelet Transform

Now a day's feature detecting is an important factor in evaluation and diagnosis of skin's activities and diseases. In this paper, a novel skin cancer algorithm in medical images based on Curvelet Transform (CT) and Shape prior is proposed. In this algorithm, to segment the skin's tissue, shape prior and signed distance functions are used to extract variable shape model, and to enhance image and noise removal, applying a nonlinear function on Curvelet Transform coefficients. In this shape-based algorithm, segmentation is carried out using calculating the parameters of shape model to minimize the energy function. Using minimizing of energy function, image divides into two regions, textures with low and high variances, inside and outside of the border curve. The proposed algorithm is evaluated on a standard set of the medical images. Obtained segmentation results show that more precisely of pixels inside of skin's tissue are extracted correctly.
Review on Alzheimer Disease Detection Methods: Automatic Pipelines and Machine Learning Techniques

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is becoming increasingly prevalent across the globe, and various diagnostic and detection methods have been developed in recent years. Several techniques are available, including Automatic Pipeline Methods and Machine Learning Methods that utilize Biomarker Methods, Fusion, and Registration for multimodality, to pre-process medical scans. The use of automated pipelines and machine learning systems has proven beneficial in accurately identifying AD and its stages, with a success rate of over 95% for single and binary class classifications. However, there are still challenges in multi-class classification, such as distinguishing between AD and MCI, as well as sub-stages of MCI. The research also emphasizes the significance of using multi-modality approaches for effective validation in detecting AD and its stages.
SUPER GRACEFUL LABELING FOR SOME SPECIAL GRAPHS

Let G be a (p,q) graph. A bijective function f:V(G) U E(G) →{1,2,. ,p+q} such that f(uv)= |f(u)-f(v)| for every edge uv єE(G) is said to be a super graceful labeling. A graph G is called a super graceful graph if it admits a super graceful labeling. In this paper, we show that the graphs Pn-1 (1,2,.,n), Coconut tree, Km,n, Sm,n and B(m,n,k) are super graceful graphs.
ON THE EINSTEIN–KÄHLER METRIC AND THE HOLONOMY OF A LINE BUNDLE

Abstract In this paper we give a relation between the Futaki invariant for a compact complex manifold $M$ and the holonomy of a determinant line bundle over a loop in the base space of any principal $G$-bundle, where $G$ is the identity component of the maximal compact subgroup of the complex Lie group consisting of all biholomorphic automorphisms of $M$. Using the property of the Futaki invariant, we show that the holonomy is an obstruction to the existence of the Einstein–Kähler metrics on $M$. Our main result is Theorem 2.1. AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 32Q20. Secondary 58J28; 58J52
MAVEN Accelerometer Observations of Thermospheric Densities During Aerobraking and Deep Dip 2: Wave Features and Connections to Upward Propagating Thermal Tides

In early 2019, the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) mission underwent an ∼2‐month aerobraking campaign during which time the spacecraft periapsis altitude was lowered from its nominal altitude range of 140–160 km to as low as ∼123 km. Excluding spacecraft walk‐in/out maneuvers, accelerometer measurements were made along 272 orbits with coverage spanning Ls 340–3°, latitudes ∼5°–54°S, longitudes 0–360°, and local solar time ∼22–17 hr. In this study, we perform a diagnostic analysis of the full aerobraking data set by fitting 4‐harmonic waves to mass densities. We then study the variations of these waves as a function of latitude with an emphasis on those observed previously in Mars' thermosphere by MAVEN and other missions. Additionally, we utilize data collected during the same time period from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's Mars Climate Sounder to study the vertical propagation of waves originating from the middle atmosphere. Key results indicate that normalized wave amplitudes decrease with latitude, and this is consistent with the latitudinal structure of a diurnal Kelvin mode. We also observe that waves imprinted from the middle atmosphere show normalized amplitude growth with increasing altitude. A complete summary of data sets, analysis methodology, and scientific results is given. The purpose of this study is to add to the body of knowledge surrounding Martian atmospheric wave features and to provide further constraints for future numerical modeling and subsequent tidal mode identification.
Groundwater recharge in typical geomorphic landscapes and different land use types on the loess plateau, China

Land use significantly affects the rate and amount of groundwater recharge. To understand these patterns, stable isotope analyses (δ2H and δ18O) and hydrochemical methods were employed to study the recharge and evolution of groundwater. MixSIAR Bayesian mixture modelling and statistical regression techniques were utilized to investigate the influence of land‐use type on groundwater recharge and to calculate the contribution of various water sources to different groundwater types. These findings are important for effective management and conservation of groundwater resources. The groundwater in all studied areas displayed a magnesium bicarbonate type with notable cation exchange, and also demonstrated the dissolution of carbonate and weathering of silicate. Results from the Bayesian mixture model indicate that 69.3% of the groundwater in the Loess Plateau region was recharged by precipitation, while 86.9% of the groundwater in the loess hilly‐gully region was recharged from the surface water. Groundwater recharge was more rapid in the loess hilly‐gully region than in the Loess Plateau and was less sensitive to the land use type in the former. Dryland‐moderate coverage grassland was found to be most conducive to groundwater infiltration, whereas monotypic dryland and high‐coverage grassland inhibited infiltration to some degree. To maintain balanced soil erosion control, an increase the area of moderate‐coverage grasslands in the Loess Plateau region is recommended.
Distributed Unified Control for Global Economic Operation and Resilience Reinforcement of Hybrid AC–DC Microgrids

The paralleled BILCs of the HMG provide a flexible and reliable power interaction way between ac and dc subgrids with high power density. A DUC is proposed for BILCs to achieve both resilience reinforcement and global economic operation of the HMG. For DGs, the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f_{\text{ac}}-\lambda _{\text{ac}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$v_{\text{dc}}-\lambda _{\text{dc}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> economic droop controls are employed for ac DGs and dc DGs to decrease the individual subgrid's generation expense by equaling DGs' incremental expenses. For BILCs, the normalized ac subgrid's frequency and dc subgrid's voltage are coordinated to achieve the economic power interaction, which further decreases the total generation expense. Besides economic operation, the proposed DUC is capable of adopting different microgrid operation modes into a unified control structure without any mode switching. Paralleled BILCs are managed to reinforce the system resilience by supporting the dc voltage or ac voltage once all dc or ac DGs fail. In addition, the proposed DUC enables BILCs with plug-and-play characteristics, resistance to the maximum acceptable communication delay, and the communication disruption robustness. The corresponding hardware-in-the-loop results verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of Papilio elwesi Leech, 1889 (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Simple Summary Swallowtail butterflies are renowned for their extensive morphological diversity, especially their wing color patterns, with around 600 described species. Given their morphological diversity and species richness, as well as their ecological habits, their phytophagous insect lineage is regarded to have evolved successfully. According to the NCBI database, sixty Papilionidae genomes have been reported, of which only two species have been assembled at the chromosome level. Currently, the paucity of high-quality genome data, especially for rarely seen and endemic butterflies, has hampered our knowledge of their evolution and biology at the genome level. Here, we report a chromosome-level genome assembly of Papilio elwesi, a butterfly species endemic to the Chinese mainland. The sequencing, assembly, and annotation of Papilio elwesi in this study enrich the available butterfly genome resources and lay the data foundation for future research. Abstract A rarely seen butterfly species, the large swallowtail butterfly Papilio elwesi Leech, 1889 (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), endemic to the Chinese mainland, has been declared a state-protected animal in China since 2000, but its genome is not yet available. To obtain high-quality genome assembly and annotation, we sequenced the genome and transcriptome of P. elwesi using the PacBio and PromethION platforms, respectively. The final assembled genome was 358.51 Mb, of which 97.59% was anchored to chromosomes (30 autosomes and 1 Z sex chromosome), with a contig/scaffold N50 length of 6.79/12.32 Mb and 99.0% (n = 1367) BUSCO completeness. The genome annotation pointed to 36.82% (131.99 Mb) repetitive elements and 1296 non-coding RNAs in the genome, along with 13,681 protein-coding genes that cover 98.6% (1348) of the BUSCO genes. Among the 11,499 identified gene families, 104 underwent significantly rapid expansions or contractions, and these rapidly expanding families play roles in detoxification and metabolism. Additionally, strong synteny exists between the chromosomes of P. elwesi and P. machaon. The chromosome-level genome of P. elwesi could serve as an important genomic resource for furthering our understanding of butterfly evolution and for more in-depth genomic analyses.
Effects of bilirubin on the development and electrical activity of neural circuits

In the past several decades, bilirubin has attracted great attention for central nervous system (CNS) toxicity in some pathological conditions with severely elevated bilirubin levels. CNS function relies on the structural and functional integrity of neural circuits, which are large and complex electrochemical networks. Neural circuits develop from the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells, followed by dendritic and axonal arborization, myelination, and synapse formation. The circuits are immature, but robustly developing, during the neonatal period. It is at the same time that physiological or pathological jaundice occurs. The present review comprehensively discusses the effects of bilirubin on the development and electrical activity of neural circuits to provide a systematic understanding of the underlying mechanisms of bilirubin-induced acute neurotoxicity and chronic neurodevelopmental disorders.
Daytime Evolution of Relative Humidity at the Boundary Layer Top

Abstract Data from the Hydrological and Atmospheric Pilot Experiment-Modelisation du Bilan Hydrigue (HAPEX-MOBILHY) field program and results from a one-dimensional model of the soil and atmospheric boundary layer are analyzed to study the daytime evolution of the relative humidity at the boundary layer top. This evolution is thought to control the development of boundary layer clouds. This study examines the dependence of boundary layer relative humidity on soil moisture, large-scale vertical motion, and the moisture content and temperature stratification above the boundary layer. The response of the boundary layer relative humidity to external forcing involves competing mechanisms and the net effect on relative humidity is difficult to predict without complete analysis of the relative humidity tendency equation. As one example, drier soil leads to smaller boundary layer specific humidity but also leads to cooler temperatures at the boundary layer top due to greater boundary layer growth. When the latter.
Precipitating electron energy flux and auroral zone conductances - An empirical model

Data from the low energy electron (LEE) experiments on the Atmosphere Explorer C and D satellites have been used to determine the average global distribution of the energy flux of precipitating auroral electrons and their average energy for different levels of geomagnetic activity. Measurements from the Atmosphere Explorer unified abstract file (15-s resolution) have been binned according to invariant latitude (in the range 50/sup 0/-90/sup 0/), magnetic local time, and geomagnetic activity as measured by the Kp and auroral electrojet (AE) indices, separately. Bin-averaged values of precipitating energy flux and average energy have been calculated, and a smoothing algorithm used to reduce stochastic variations in the raw data. The results indicate that, for the parameters studied, the AE index does a superior job of ordering the data with regard to geomagnetic activity. The global distribution of the auroral enhancement portion of the Pedersen and Hall conductances were inferred from the data by means of an empirical fit to detailed energy deposition calculations.
Survey of Image De-Noising Techniques for Radiographic Images of Cold Trap

Digital Image Processing is processing on the digital images by means of different algorithms. A digital image can be of different types such as RGB, grayscale, radiographic images etc. All kind of images have some of noise (s) captured by capturing devices because of atmospheric conditions, incorrect photon count because of electromegnetic interference etc. This study is based on radiographic image denoising with several techiques in spatial domain, frequency domain, wavelet domain. This study presentsthe result of comparitive study on different filters available in different domains and their PSNR values. This study shows the effect of mask size on each filter and thus gives an idea for the proper selection of size of mask (square) for a filter to get better result.
The Evaluation of the Relationship between Changes in Masseter Muscle Thickness and Tooth Clenching Habits of Bruxism Patients Treated with Botulinum Toxin A

Background: Bruxism is defined as recurrent masticatory muscle activity. Although there is not an agreed treatment method for bruxism, the application of botulinum toxin A (BT-A) has become a reliable lately. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between the changes in masseter muscle thickness and clenching habits in bruxism patients treated with BT-A. Methods: Twenty-five patients, 23 females and 2 males, diagnosed with possible sleep bruxism were included in the study. The Fonseca Anamnestic Index was applied to the patients to determine their clenching habits and depression levels both before the treatment, and 6 months after it. The masseter muscle thickness was measured using ultrasonography before the treatment and 3 months and 6 months after the treatment. All the patients were injected with a total of 50 U of BT-A, 25 U to each masseter. Results: A statistically significant decrease in masseter muscle thickness was observed in the ultrasonography 3 and 6 months after the BT-A treatment. There was a statistically significant decrease in the Fonseca scores, in which the teeth clenching habits of the patients were evaluated 6 months after the treatment. Although there was a decrease in the depression levels of the patients 6 months after the treatment, this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: When the results of this study were evaluated, it was seen that the BT-A injections are an effective, safe, and side effect-free method in the treatment of bruxism and masseter hypertrophy.
The Microarchitecture of DOJO, Tesla’s Exa-Scale Computer

The Tesla-built DOJO system is a scalable solution targeted towards machine learning training applications. It is based on the D1 custom compute chip which packs together 354 independent processors, resulting in 362 TFLOPS of compute and 440 MB of internal static random-access memory storage. While maintaining full programmability, DOJO emphasizes distribution of resources and an extremely high bandwidth interconnect, allowing it to scale from small systems all the way to exaFLOP supercomputers.
Prevalence of Substance Abuse Among Trauma Patients in Rural West Virginia

Background: Substance abuse poses considerable clinical, economic, and social challenges. West Virginia is hailed as the epicenter of the substance abuse in the United States, the prevalence and pattern of different trauma mechanisms in a rural context or in patients with different forms of substance abuse remain unclear. Objective: We performed the following analysis to understand the prevalence of substance abuse in patients with different trauma mechanisms in the rural setting with high substance abuse in the West Virginia. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional retrospective analysis of adult trauma patients (motor vehicle, fall, assault, firearm suicide, brawl/rape and machinery) hospitalized in two tertiary care hospitals in West Virginia between 2006 and 2016. We identified all patients who had a urine drug screen (UDS) test and extracted the data related to the substance and trauma. Results: Among 8734 patients screened using UDS, 5940 (68.1%) patients were tested positive for the substance. Opiates, alcohol, benzodiazepines, and cannabis were the four most common substances identified in trauma victims. In all instances, the prescribed drug was less than 20%. Fatal outcome was observed in 366 patients in the sample, with 44% (n=162) testing positive for UDS, 12% (n=45) testing positive for only alcohol, and 15% (n=56) testing positive for both alcohol and UDS. Regarding the trauma mechanism, the motor vehicle accident (MVA) was the most prominent with a clear association of substance abuse with fatal outcome. Conclusion: The most prevalent trauma mechanism was a MVA, with a strong link between drug usage and mortality. Due to the high incidence of positive substance abuse screens, UDS tests may need to be more widely implemented in trauma in the West Virginia region. The findings of this study might help in establishing regional or national policies to reduce acute substance abuse.
Great Potential of Si-Te Ovonic Threshold Selector in Electrical Performance and Scalability

The selector is an indispensable section of the phase change memory (PCM) chip, where it not only suppresses the crosstalk, but also provides high on-current to melt the incorporated phase change material. In fact, the ovonic threshold switching (OTS) selector is utilized in 3D stacking PCM chips by virtue of its high scalability and driving capability. In this paper, the influence of Si concentration on the electrical properties of Si-Te OTS materials is studied; the threshold voltage and leakage current remain basically unchanged with the decrease in electrode diameter. Meanwhile, the on-current density (Jon) increases significantly as the device is scaling down, and 25 MA/cm2 on-current density is achieved in the 60-nm SiTe device. In addition, we also determine the state of the Si-Te OTS layer and preliminarily obtain the approximate band structure, from which we infer that the conduction mechanism conforms to the Poole-Frenkel (PF) model.