Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stand structure and floristic composition of a primary lowland dipterocarp forest in East Kalimantan

This paper presents the structure and species composition of the primary lowland dipterocarp forest in Berau, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. This study was based on three undisturbed forest plots, 4 ha each, totalling 12 ha, where 93 % of the trees (dbh > or = 10 cm) were identified at the taxa level. The density, basal area and standing volume were on average and respectively 521 trees/ha-1, 31 m2/ha-1 and 383 m3/ha-1. The dipterocarps represented about 25% of the tree population, 50% of the basal area and 60% of the standing volume. In primary forest 538 different taxa were recognised representing a mean of 182 tree species per ha. The structure of the forest of Berau is very similar to that of Sabah or other parts of Nortbern Borneo. However, the main characteristic of this forest is its remarkable richness in dipterocarps, in comparison with the northern parts of Borneo, which exhibits in mean 29 species per ha and 61 species for the 12 ha surveyed. The forests of Sabah are mainly dominated by light-demanding dipterocarp species such as #Parasharea spp. # and #Dryobalanops spp#. This could result from important canopy disturbances caused by climatic events like long period of drought or cyclone. The high species richness of the Berau forest may be linked to a longer stability and a relative constancy of the climate in the region. The hypothesis of a possible impact of drought events on the forest dynamics and consequently on species distribution and richness in Borneo is discussed. However, it is stressed that the lack of data for Kalimantan is undoubtedly an handicap for the analysis of phytogeographical variations within the region. In the study area, the first record for Indonesia of the two dipterocarps species #Shorea leptoderma# Meijer and #Shorea symingtonii# wood demonstrates that our knowledge of the flora of Kalimantan is still to be improved
OSN-MDAD: Machine Translation Dataset for Arabic Multi-Dialectal Conversations on Online Social Media

While resources for English language are fairly sufficient to understand content on social media, similar resources in Arabic are still immature. The main reason that the resources in Arabic are insufficient is that Arabic has many dialects in addition to the standard version (MSA). Arabs do not use MSA in their daily communications; rather, they use dialectal versions. Unfortunately, social users transfer this phenomenon into their use of social media platforms, which in turn has raised an urgent need for building suitable AI models for language-dependent applications. Existing machine translation (MT) systems designed for MSA fail to work well with Arabic dialects. In light of this, it is necessary to adapt to the informal nature of communication on social networks by developing MT systems that can effectively handle the various dialects of Arabic. Unlike for MSA that shows advanced progress in MT systems, little effort has been exerted to utilize Arabic dialects for MT systems. While few attempts have been made to build translation datasets for dialectal Arabic, they are domain dependent and are not OSN cultural-language friendly. In this work, we attempt to alleviate these limitations by proposing an online social network-based multidialect Arabic dataset that is crafted by contextually translating English tweets into four Arabic dialects: Gulf, Yemeni, Iraqi, and Levantine. To perform the translation, we followed our proposed guideline framework for content translation, which could be universally applicable for translation between foreign languages and local dialects. We validated the authenticity of our proposed dataset by developing neural MT models for four Arabic dialects. Our results have shown a superior performance of our NMT models trained using our dataset. We believe that our dataset can reliably serve as an Arabic multidialectal translation dataset for informal MT tasks.
Thrust tectonics, crustal shortening, and the structure of the far-eastern Nepal Himalaya

Balanced and restored structural sections across the far-eastern Nepal Himalaya have been constructed in order to determine the structure and evolution of the Himalayan orogenic wedge and the amount of tectonic shortening the region has undergone since the initiation of thrusting along the Main Central Thrust (MCT). The far-eastern Nepal Himalaya is comprised of three distinct, thrust-bound tectonic packages; the Higher Himalayan (Crystalline) thrust sheet, the Lesser Himalayan (Metasediment) thrust package, and the Sub-Himalayan imbricate fan. The Higher Himalayan Crystallines, consisting of kyanite- and sillimanite-bearing gneisses intruded by the Miocene (? ) Jannu leucogranites, have been thrust over the Lesser Himalayan Metasediments along the MCT for a distance of 140 km to 175 km. The Lesser Himalayan Metasediments are a 12 km thick unit consisting primarily of phyllites, metaquartzites, and mylonitic augen gneisses in which garnet, biotite and chlorite metamorphic zones are exposed in progressively deeper structural levels. The Lesser Himalayan (Metasediment) thrust package is underlain by a decollement, the Main Detachment Fault (MDF), which lies at a calculated depth of between 6 and 10 km underneath the Mahabharat Lekh, and at a calculated depth of 20 to 25 km north of the Tamar Khola Dome. The Tamar Khola Dome overlies a footwall ramp along the MDF where the MDF cuts upsection through the Lesser Himalayan Metasediments. The Lesser Himalayan thrust package probably has an internal structure aproximating a hinterland-dipping duplex, with the MCT and the MDF corresponding to the roof and floor thrusts, respectively. Both the Tamar Khola Thrust, an out-of-sequence breach thrust, and the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) are splay thrusts off of the MDF. The Sub-Himalaya, consisting of nonmetamorphosed sedimentary rocks, displays an emergent imbricate fan geometry and is underlain by the southern continuation of the MDF which lies at a depth of 5.5 km to 6 km beneath the Siwalik Hills. Folding and thrusting within the Lesser Himalayan thrust package and the Sub-Himalayan imbricate fan have accomodated 45 to 70 km of tectonic shortening. Total north-south shortening across the Higher, Lesser, and Sub-Himalaya of far-eastern Nepal, south of the Tibetan Plateau, has been of the order of 185 km to 245 km and has occurred at an average rate of 7.4 mm to 15.3 mm per year since the initiation of the MCT between 16 and 25 Ma.
The Crust‐Mantle Structure of the Indian Peninsula from Surface Wave Dispersion

Summary The observed variations of group velocity with period for fundamental Rayleigh and Love waves along two profiles, viz. Kodaikanal-New Delhi and Kodaikanal-Poona as well as along paths from a few epicentres in the neighbourhood of New Delhi to Kodaikanal have been used to determine the crust-mantle structure of the Indian Peninsula. The periods range from 6 to 80 s for Rayleigh waves and from 11 to 97 s for Love waves. Structural models obtained show that the total crustal thickness is 41 km in the central part of the Peninsula and increases to 52 km in the Western Ghats region; at the same time the thickness of the granitic layer also increases from 12 to 16 km. It has been noted that the assumption of a simple isotropic mantle does not give satisfactory fit to both Rayleigh and Love waves data at higher periods. A satisfactory fit has been obtained by considering the mantle between depths 60 and 160 km to be anisotropic with SV velocity about 5 per cent less than SH velocity. The crust-mantle structure of the Indian Peninsula was investigated by the author (Bhattacharya 1971, hereafter referred to as A) using the observed variations of group velocity with period of fundamental Rayleigh and Love waves. In A the interpretation of the group velocity data was made with the help of group velocity and its partial derivatives with respect to structural parameters for the model 200 (Savarensky, Glasko & Granit 1967) and the shield model (Bloch, Hales 8c Landisman 1969); the exact group velocity curves for the final models thus obtained after perturbing the initial model were not drawn. In the present work the interpretation of the above-mentioned group velocity data (which are slightly improved here by using the epicentral data of International Seismological Centre) is modified by computing theoretical dispersion curves with IBM 360/44 and using a program which utilizes the computational procedure described in another work by the author (Bhattacharya 1972). 2. Data The long period seismograms of Kodaikanal (KOD), Poona (POO) and New Delhi (NDI) belonging to USCGS World Wide Seismological Stations Network have been used in this study. The locations of the stations are KOD (lo" 14' N, 77" 28' E), PO0 (18" 32' N, 73" 51' E) and NDI (28" 41' N, 77" 13' E) and shown in Fig. 1. The
MITIGATING MIGRATION THROUGH BRIDGING PRODUCTION GAP IN LIVESTOCK SECTOR

Livestock productivity is one of the solutions to mitigate human migration from rural to urban areas. Livestock is the major contributor towards value addition in the agriculture sector and also in social build-up. It plays versatile role in rural life by providing food, income, employment, fuel, fertilizer, transportation and power. It has been serving as a source of income and food security for centuries. However, in present situation it is not playing its role as it could have. This field is deficient in production, management, marketing and information creating a big yield gap as compared to potential one. Less income leads to alternative strategies of livelihood for rural people, resulting migration to opt some other professions in cities. This migration creates a huge depression on urban resources including space, food and sanitation. Present paper focuses how to overcome migration through increasing livestock production and sustaining farmers at their villages to earn livelihood in a secure manner. All this inculcates towards encouragement of livestock farmers to carry on livestock farming inspite of migration. Present study was conducted in Tehsil Nankana Sahib. Out of its 34 rural union councils, four were selected randomly. From each selected union council, three villages were selected randomly. From each selected village ten livestock farmers were selected by random sampling technique thereby making a sample size of 120 respondents. Data were collected through interview schedule and analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to draw conclusions. It was found that people were migrating towards cities due to many problems in the livestock sector. Migration is a problem which affects cities also. Proper steps need to be taken to address the issues of migration and people leaving up livestock farming.
The Price of Bandit Information for Online Optimization

In the online linear optimization problem, a learner must choose, in each round, a decision from a set D ⊂ ℝn in order to minimize an (unknown and changing) linear cost function. We present sharp rates of convergence (with respect to additive regret) for both the full information setting (where the cost function is revealed at the end of each round) and the bandit setting (where only the scalar cost incurred is revealed). In particular, this paper is concerned with the price of bandit information, by which we mean the ratio of the best achievable regret in the bandit setting to that in the full-information setting. For the full information case, the upper bound on the regret is O*( √nT), where n is the ambient dimension and T is the time horizon. For the bandit case, we present an algorithm which achieves O*(n3/2 √T) regret — all previous (nontrivial) bounds here were O(poly(n)T2/3) or worse. It is striking that the convergence rate for the bandit setting is only a factor of n worse than in the full information case — in stark contrast to the K-arm bandit setting, where the gap in the dependence on K is exponential (√TK vs. √T log K). We also present lower bounds showing that this gap is at least √n, which we conjecture to be the correct order. The bandit algorithm we present can be implemented efficiently in special cases of particular interest, such as path planning and Markov Decision Problems.
Getting the timing right : Factors affecting gap length in children ’ s responses to questions

Young children respond to their interlocutors more slowly than adults do, and their timing skills tend to break down further as more speakers join the conversation (Lieberman and Garvey, 1977; Garvey and Berninger, 1981; Dunn and Shatz, 1989; Smith, 2010). In learning to time their utterances in an adult-like way, children must firmly grasp timing conventions, the ability to project turn-end boundaries, and how to plan appropriate responses. Some suggest that, because of their limited turn-taking skills and long latencies, young children may not be able to project turn-end boundaries (e.g. Gearhart and Newman (1977)). However, most studies have investigated latencies in child-child conversation, even though caregiver-child interaction is ordinarily taken as primary. In responding to questions, children face variability in the length and complexity of the questions and answers, as well as the types of question at hand (e.g. wh-, yes/no, a or b, etc.), and the question functions (expected responses, e.g. label, locate, confirm, etc.). Factors such as these have rarely been studied since Garvey and Berninger (1981), but likely mediate the variability in children’s response latencies. The current study addresses these issues, reaching toward the larger question of what cues children use in processing information to take turns. It was found that response latencies decreased as the children grew older, indicating an increase in ability to track the adult’s turn and plan their own response in a timely manner. More interestingly, response latencies were significantly affected by answer length and question function, indicating that children’s conversational timing varies with the amount of work that must go into both comprehending the question and, especially, forming a relevant response. Children often get the timing right by the age of four, and thus may already be able to project turn-end boundaries. If so, the current results imply that children master turn-projection skills relatively early in comparison to their production capabilities.
A Closed-Form Solution for ALOHA Frame Length Optimizing Multiple Collision Recovery Coefficients’ Reading Efficiency

Minimizing the reading time of the tag population is a critical issue in radio-frequency identification (RFID) systems. The usual approach to reduce the reading time is to select the frame size attaining the highest throughput per frame. Previous studies have focused on the frame length calculations using the conventional framed slotted ALOHA (FSA) algorithms. In such systems, only the answer of a single tag is considered as a successful slot, and if multiple tags respond simultaneously, a collision occurs. Then all the replied tags are discarded. However, modern systems have the capability of recovering this collision and convert the collided slot into a successful slot. Recent studies focused on calculating the optimal frame length taking into consideration the collision recovery probability. However, these studies have assumed a constant collision recovery probability coefficient, i.e., the probability to recover one tag from $i$ collided tags per slot is constant regardless the value of $i$. In this work, we propose a novel closed-form solution for the optimal FSA frame length which considers the differences in the collision recovery probabilities. The values of the collision recovery coefficients are extracted from the physical layer parameters. Timing comparisons are presented in simulation results to show the mean reduction in reading time using the proposed frame length compared to the other proposals.
Angiopoietin‐Like 2 Promotes Atherogenesis in Mice

Background Angiopoietin like‐2 (angptl2), a proinflammatory protein, is overexpressed in endothelial cells (ECs) from patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Whether angptl2 contributes to atherogenesis is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that angptl2 promotes inflammation and leukocyte adhesion onto ECs, thereby accelerating atherogenesis in preatherosclerotic dyslipidemic mice. Methods and Results In ECs freshly isolated from the aorta, basal expression of TNF‐α and IL‐6 mRNA was higher in 3‐month‐old severely dyslipidemic mice (LDLr−/−; hApoB100+/+ [ATX]) than in control healthy wild‐type (WT) mice (P<0.05) and was increased in both groups by exogenous angptl2 (100 nmol/L). Angptl2 stimulated the adhesion of leukocytes ex vivo on the native aortic endothelium of ATX, but not WT mice, in association with higher expression of ICAM‐1 and P‐selectin in ECs (P<0.05). Antibodies against these endothelial adhesion molecules prevented leukocyte adhesion. Intravenous administration of angptl2 for 1 month in preatherosclerotic 3‐month‐old ATX mice increased (P<0.05) total cholesterol and LDL‐cholesterol levels, strongly induced (P<0.05) the expression of endothelial proinflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules while accelerating atherosclerotic lesion formation by 10‐fold (P<0.05). Plasma and aortic tissue levels of angptl2 increased (P<0.05) with age and were higher in 6‐ and 12‐month‐old ATX mice than in age‐matched WT mice. Angptl2 accumulated to high levels in the atherosclerotic lesions (P<0.05). Finally, angptl2 was greatly expressed (P<0.05) in ECs cultured from CAD patients, and circulating angptl2 levels were 6‐fold higher in CAD patients compared with age‐matched healthy volunteers. Conclusions Angptl2 contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
NMDA and GABAB (KIR) Conductances: The “Perfect Couple” for Bistability

Networks that produce persistent firing in response to novel input patterns are thought to be important in working memory and other information storage functions. One possible mechanism for maintaining persistent firing is dendritic voltage bistability in which the depolarized state depends on the voltage dependence of the NMDA conductance at recurrent synapses. In previous models, the hyperpolarized state is dependent on voltage-independent conductances, including GABAA. The interplay of these conductances leads to bistability, but its robustness is limited by the fact that the conductance ratio must be within a narrow range. The GABAB component of inhibitory transmission was not considered in previous analyses. Here, we show that the voltage dependence of the inwardly rectifying potassium (KIR) conductance activated by GABAB receptors adds substantial robustness to network simulations of bistability and the persistent firing that it underlies. The hyperpolarized state is robust because, at hyperpolarized potentials, the GABAB/KIR conductance is high and the NMDA conductance is low; the depolarized state is robust because, at depolarized potentials, the NMDA conductance is high and the GABAB/KIR conductance is low. Our results suggest that this complementary voltage dependence of GABAB/KIR and NMDA conductances makes them a “perfect couple” for producing voltage bistability.
Level-of-Detail Modal Analysis for Real-time Sound Synthesis

Modal sound synthesis is a promising approach for real-time physically-based sound synthesis. A modal analysis is used to compute characteristic vibration modes from the geometry and material properties of scene objects. These modes allow an efﬁcient sound synthesis at run-time, but the analysis is computationally expensive and thus typically computed in a pre-processing step. In interactive applications, however, objects may be created or modiﬁed at run-time. Unless the new shapes are known upfront, the modal data cannot be pre-computed and thus a modal analysis has to be performed at run-time. In this paper, we present a system to compute modal sound data at run-time for interactive applications. We evaluate the computational requirements of the modal analysis to determine the computation time for objects of different complexity. Based on these limits, we propose using different levels-of-detail for the modal analysis, using different geometric approximations that trade speed for accuracy, and evaluate the errors introduced by lower-resolution results. Additionally, we present an asynchronous architecture to distribute and prioritize modal analysis computations.
The use of TLS in Censorship Circumvention

—TLS, the Transport Layer Security protocol, has quickly become the most popular protocol on the Internet, already used to load over 70% of web pages in Mozilla Firefox. Due to its ubiquity, TLS is also a popular protocol for censorship circumvention tools, including Tor and Signal, among others. However, the wide range of features supported in TLS makes it possible to distinguish implementations from one another by what set of cipher suites, elliptic curves, signature algorithms, and other extensions they support. Already, censors have used deep packet inspection (DPI) to identify and block popular circumvention tools based on the ﬁngerprint of their TLS implementation. In response, many circumvention tools have attempted to mimic popular TLS implementations such as browsers, but this technique has several challenges. First, it is burdensome to keep up with the rapidly-changing browser TLS implementations, and know what ﬁngerprints would be good candidates to mimic. Second, TLS implementations can be difﬁcult to mimic correctly, as they offer many features that may not be supported by the relatively lightweight libraries used in typical circumvention tools. Finally, dependency changes and updates to the underlying libraries can silently impact what an application’s TLS ﬁngerprint looks like, making it difﬁcult for tool maintainers to keep up. In this paper, we collect and analyze real-world TLS trafﬁc from over 11.8 billion TLS connections over 9 months to identify a wide range of TLS client implementations actually used on the Internet. We use our data to analyze TLS implementations of several popular censorship circumvention tools, including Lantern, Psiphon, Signal, Outline, TapDance, and Tor (Snowﬂake and meek pluggable transports). We ﬁnd that the many of these tools use TLS conﬁgurations that are easily distinguishable from the real-world trafﬁc they attempt to mimic, even when these tools have put effort into parroting popular TLS implementations.
Psychological Testing: A Practical Introduction

PREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. PART ONE. CHAPTER 1. THEWORLD OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING. CHAPTER 2. SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT TESTS. CHAPTER 3. TEST NORMS. CHAPTER 4. RELIABILITY. CHAPTER 5. VALIDITY. CHAPTER 6. TEST DEVELOPMENT AND ITEM ANALYSIS. PART TWO. CHAPTER 7. INTELLIGENCE:THEORIES AND ISSUES. CHAPTER 8. INDIVIDUAL TESTS OF INTELLIGENCE. CHAPTER 9. GROUP TESTS OF MENTAL ABILITY. CHAPTER 10. NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT. (BROOKE CANNON). CHAPTER 11. ACHIEVEMENT TESTS. CHAPTER 12. OBJECTIVE PERSONALITY TESTS. CHAPTER 13. CLINICAL INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS. CHAPTER 14. PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES. CHAPTER 15. INTERESTS AND ATTITUDES. CHAPTER 16. ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES. APPENDIXES. A. TEST REVIEWING AND SELECTION. B. HOW TO BUILD A (SIMPLE) TEST. C. CONTACT INFORMATION FOR MAJOR TEST PUBLISHERS. D. SAMPLE DATA SETS. E. ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES. GLOSSARY. REFERENCES. TEXT AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS. INDEX.