Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A new approach for using the pathological mirror elements in the ideal representation of active devices

This paper is adopting a new approach to investigate the capabilities of pathological mirror elements in the ideal representation of active building‐blocks and shows that the voltage mirror (VM) and current mirror (CM) are the basic pathological elements. The descriptions for the floating mirror elements in the nodal admittance matrix (NAM), using infinity‐variables, are derived. The descriptions for nullator and norator using infinity‐variables in the NAM are shown to represent special cases from the derived descriptions of the floating VM and the CM, respectively. Hence, new representations for the nullator and norator in terms of the floating VM and CM, respectively, are obtained. A systematic procedure for the derivation of pathological configurations to ideally represent various analog signal‐processing properties featured by active building‐blocks is presented. This systematic approach became plausible by virtue of the versatility offered by the NAM descriptions of floating mirror elements. Novel pathological configurations ideally describing most popular signal‐processing properties that involve differential or multiple single‐ended signals; like conversion between differential and single‐ended voltages, differential voltage conveying, current differencing, differential current conveying, and inverting current replication; are derived systematically using this procedure. The resulting pathological configurations are shown to be constructed mainly using mirror elements and hence the capabilities of the mirrors as basic pathological elements are further demonstrated. Pathological representations for some active building‐blocks, using the derived pathological sections, are presented as application examples. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF SODIUM-RICH MAJORITE GARNET

The adiabatic elastic moduli of a high-pressure sodium-rich majorite garnet have been measured at ambient conditions using Brillouin spectroscopy. This garnet has the composition, Na1.87Mg1. 18Si4.94O12, with sodium and magnesium in eight-fold coordination and silicon in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination. While the adiabatic bulk modulus, Ks = 173.5 GPa, falls within the range of common garnets, the shear modulus, μ = 114.7 GPa, is unusually large; sodium garnet is elastically similar to the low-pressure garnet grossular. The variation of elastic properties for garnets of differing composition within the cubic garnet structure can be expressed as a linear function of the ratio of average cation radii in the eight-fold versus the six-fold site. The cations in the AO8 polyhedra apparently brace the structure by controlling rotational freedom within corner-linked chains of alternating tetrahedra and octahedra.
A Situated Approach of Roles and Participation in Open Source Software Communities

Our research aims at understanding the various forms of participation in Open Source Software (OSS) design, seen as distributed design in online spaces of actions–discussion, implementation, and boundary between these spaces. We propose a methodology—based on situated analyses of a formal design process used in the Python project—to identify the distribution of actual roles (implementation, interactive, group, and design oriented) performed by participants into and between the spaces (defining boundary spaces). This notion of roles is grounded in collaborative design activities performed online by participants. This way, our findings complete the core-periphery model of participation in OSS. Concerning the distribution of roles between spaces, we reveal a map of participation in OSS: The majority of participants are pure discussants, but all participants in the implementation spaces do also act in the discussion space, and few participants act at boundary spaces. Concerning the distribution of roles between participants in the discussion space, we reveal that interactions are structured by a central hub (occupied by key participants) and that, whereas design-oriented roles are spread among all participants, group-oriented roles are performed by one or two participants in the respective spaces and at their boundary. Finally, combination of roles reveals five individual profiles performed by participants. Our approach could be extended to other design situations to explore relationships between forms of participation—in particular, those revealing use-oriented contributions—performance, and quality of the design product. Finally, it could be a basis for specifying tools to monitor and manage community activity for both research issues and support of online community.
Modeling the effects of emerald ash borer on forest composition in the Midwest and Northeast United States

The nonnative invasive emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire; EAB) has caused considerable damage to the ash (Fraxinus spp.) resource in North America. While there are methods to mitigate, contain, control, or even eradicate some nonnative invasive insects, EAB continues to spread across North America. Considering strong evidence suggesting >99 percent probability of host tree mortality, the loss of the North American ash resource is possible. To examine anticipated effects of EAB on tree species composition, we modeled future spatial and temporal changes in forest composition over the next 50 years with and without ash mortality anticipated from EAB spread. We used U.S. Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data, the current extent of EAB in the United States and Canada, estimated spread rate and host mortality data, and a suite of human population, energy, consumption, land use, and economic models to project the future condition of forests in the Midwest and Northeast United States. Our results suggest that in most cases EAB will not have a substantial effect on ecosystem function of future forests measured by FIA because of the replacement of ash by other species. The transition from ash to other species may take many decades, but forests can eventually recover when a variety of associated species replace ash.
Fast low‐level light pulses from the night sky observed with the SKYFLASH program

This paper presents further discussion of and new data on fast subvisual increases in the luminosity of the night sky described in our previous papers. A detailed technical description of the simple telescopic photometers used in the project SKYFLASH and their mode of operation including the detection of polarized Rayleigh-scattered flashes is provided. Distant lightning storms account for many of the events, and the complex relations between short and long luminous pulses with and without sferics are shown by examples from a new computerized data system, supplemented by two low-light-level TV cameras. Of particular interest are the previously observed “long” events having a slow rise and fall, 20-ms duration, and showing small polarization and no coincident sferic. A group of such events on September 22–23 during the invasion of U.S. coasts by Hurricane Hugo, is discussed in detail. The recently observed “plume” cloud-top-to-stratosphere lightning event is suggested as a possible source type for these flashes. An alternative source may be exploding meteors, recently identified during SKYFLASH observations by low-light-level television techniques as the origin of some sky-wide flash events described herein.
Indicadores de saúde em escolares: avaliação do estado nutricional e desempenho motor

Objetivo: Investigar a relacao entre o desempenho motor e estado nutricional em escolares. Metodo: Participaram 27 adolescentes, de ambos os sexos, com idades de 11 a 13 anos (media 11,74 ±0,7anos), de uma escola particular de Florianopolis/SC. O desempenho motor foi avaliado por meio do MABC-2. Para afericao do estado nutricional utilizou-se o calculo do IMC. Resultados: Dos 27 participantes, seis apresentaram risco/indicativo de dificuldades motoras e nove sobrepeso. A grande maioria dos participantes apresentou estatura adequada para a idade. Verificou-se correlacao estatisticamente significativa negativa, porem moderada, entre o IMC e desempenho total no MABC-2, indicando que quanto maior o IMC, pior o desempenho motor. Conclusao: Com base nesses resultados, sugere-se que, alem da identificacao das criancas com sobrepeso e/ou dificuldade motora, programas direcionados a atividade fisica e intervencoes motoras sejam implementados, em especial no ambiente escolar, visando a manutencao das condicoes de saude.
Language Support For Reliable, Extensible Large-scale Software Systems

ion, because the fields might not be visible where the masks are needed. For example, in Figure 2.3, if the two fields left and right of class Binary were private, it would be impossible to declare the local variable root as shown on line 26, because its type mentions the names of the fields outside the class definition. 1 class Node { 2 mask Children; 3 . 4 } 5 6 final class Binary extends Node { 7 private Node left, right; 8 mask Children += left, right; 9 Binary(.) 10 effect *! -> parent! , 11 Children[this.parent] { . } 12 . 13 } 14 . 15 Binary\parent! \Children[root.parent] 16 root = new Binary(l, r); 17 root.parent = root; Figure 2.5: The tree example with abstract masks Therefore J\mask introduces abstract masks that abstract over sets of concrete fields, providing a way to write types that mask fields that are not visible. Figure 2.5 shows an updated version of the code from Figure 2.3, where the two fields left and right are now private, and an abstract mask Children is introduced to mask them outside the class Binary. The Children mask is first declared in class Node (line 2), with an empty set of fields, and is overridden in Binary (line 8) to include the two children of a binary node. J\mask currently allows abstract masks to be overridden only to include more fields; more complex overriding is left to future work.
Experimental and theoretical fracture mechanics applied to fracture of the crust of Venus

Mapping of closely spaced, parallel extensional fractures in the Guinevere and Sedna Planitia regions of Venus reveals a concentric pattern of fractures around the edge of the large topographic rise of Western Eistla Regio. We have constructed 13 transects through these closely spaced parallel fractures (CSPF) and find a mean spacing of between 0.8 and 1.2 km. A two-dimensional, nonlayered, fracture mechanics computer model for the formation of CSPF is described. For cracks extended by a remote tensile stress the stress intensity factor controls the depth of penetration, which in turn, governs the spacing between adjacent cracks based upon the stress-shadow principle. The stress required to initiate cracks depends upon the strength of the material; thus spacing of CSPF depends only on the physical properties of the preexisting rock mass. Using a new fracture mechanics apparatus designed to simulate Venusian conditions (90 bar CO2, 450C) the fracture toughness of basalt was measured for confining pressures up to 20 MPa and for temperature up to 600C. Fracture toughness was found to increase from 2.4 MPam1/2 at ambient pressure to 3.0 MPam1/2 at 10 MPa confining pressure. Fracture toughness showed no clear trend with temperature. The experimental results for fracture toughness suggest that the preexisting rock mass that fits best with observations contains an inverse square distribution of flaws with maximum sizes of only 20–80 cm and that a remote tensile stress of 3–6 MPa is required to form the observed CSPF.
Stratigraphical and micropaleontological data on the tertiary of Southern Piemont (Northern Italy)

During the years 1959-1963 stratigraphical investigations were carried out in Southern Piemont (Northern Italy) along five traverses, taken at right angles to the strike of the strata, which range in age from Eocene to Pliocene. These sections are important in that they include the rype sections of some Neogene stages (Langhian, Serravallian and Tortonian) and some classical localities, such as Moliere and Costa Lupara. The sequences of these sections (numbered I-V) show large discrepancies in lithology as well as in the thickness between the corresponding units. To avoid confusion a number of formations and members are introduced for each of the sections. Parts of the sections are barren but in most portions numerous planktonic foraminifera were found. They could be used to establish ten biozones, successively I: the semi-involuta Zone, II: the cerro-azulensis Zone, III: the Globigerina Zone, IV: the Globigerinoides-Globoquadrina Zone, V: the Globorotalia Zone, VI: the bisphericus Zone, VII: the Orbulina Zone, VIII: the menardii Zone, IX: the nepenthes Zone, and X: the obliquus Zone. In addition some of the larger Foraminifera were investigated in more detail, in particular the Nephrolepidina and Miogypsina species. The embryonic-nepionic apparatus of Lepidocyclina praemarginata and Lepidocyclina morgani were compared on a biometric basis. Only a part of the phylogenetic series of the Miogypsinidae was encountered, namely from M. gunteri to M. intermedia. Correlation by means of the zonation with these larger and planktonic Foraminifera leads to interesting stratigraphic results. 1. In the correlation of the sections II, III and IV only slight differences with the Italian Geological Map have been met with, but in the sections I and V there are large deviations from this map. 2. The type Langhian appears to begin closely above the Orbulina surface. For the assumed chronological interval between Helvetian and Tortonian the author suggests to use the term Serravallian rather than Langhian, because the latter has commonly been erroneously considered to be the equivalent of the Burdigalian. The limits between the successive stages Burdigalian, Helvetian, Serravallian and Tortonian can be correlated with biozones of planktonic Foraminifera. 3. Furthermore it was found that the beginnings of the genera Globigerinoides and Globoquadrina do not coincide with the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. Both genera start their range in the Late Oligocene already. 4. Among the general conclusions of a paleogeographic nature we may note, that the transgression over the metamorphic basement of the Massif of Voltri and Ligurian Alps advanced in westward direction during Rupelian and probably Chattian times. 5. In the most eastern section (Tortona-Garbagna area) the Miocene sequence is not complete, as sediments, corresponding to at least two of the biozones are lacking here.
The vertical distribution of dust to 30 kilometers

The atmospheric aerosol concentration and size distribution is continuously measured from 0- to 30-km altitude by means of a balloon-borne photoelectric particle counter. The results show a sharp drop in concentration above the exchange layer, a relative maximum in concentration near the tropopause, and a roughly constant mixing ratio in the stratosphere. The stratospheric dust is suggested to be of extraterrestrial origin with a yearly mass flux on the earth of about 4×106 metric tons for particle diameters between 0.5 and 2 microns.
Neolithic and Bronze Age Agriculture in Southern Scandinavia – Recent Archaeobotanical Evidence from Denmark

Abstract This paper presents archaeobotanical studies from the Danish regions of Thy, northern Schleswig and Djursland. The data are discussed in the light of developments in the landscape and in house architecture; comparisons are made with the contemporary situation in southern Sweden. Pollen analysis reveals that Thy was more or less treeless by the end of the Neolithic, whereas Djursland maintained its forests for a further 1500 years; the situation in northern Schleswig lies somewhere in between. Developments in house architecture are very similar in the three areas. The shift from two-aisled to three-aisled houses occurred in period I/II of the Bronze Age and phosphate analyses suggest that the earliest Danish byre dates from the beginning of period II. Crop plant assemblages are dominated by naked barley and emmer and remain remarkably stable from the Single Grave Culture to the Late Bronze Age in Thy, from the Middle Neolithic to the middle of the Bronze Age in northern Schleswig, and from the Late Neolithic to the Late Bronze Age on Djursland. Other crops come and go – einkorn, bread wheat, spelt, millet, flax, oats and gold of pleasure. Hulled barley is largely conspicuous by its absence. Well-developed arable weed floras appear first in the Early Bronze Age – arable weeds are very scarce at Neolithic sites. There is evidence of improvement of arable soils using fen peat and household refuse and manure. The situation appears somewhat more complex in Denmark than that described for Sweden. The most striking difference is seen in the behaviour of hulled barley, which becomes massively dominant in Sweden in the course of the Bronze Age, whereas its role in Denmark is much more modest.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND in situ DEGRADATION OF DIETS PREPARED WITH AND WITHOUT FRUIT OF Parmentiera aculeata (Kunth) L.O. Williams IN SHEEP

During the drought period in cattle pastures, the fruits of chote (Parmentiera aculeata (Kunth) L.O. ) Williams are available, which are satisfactorily consumed by grazing ruminants. However, the nutritional value and ruminal availability of the dry matter of this fruit, to which nutritional properties are attributed, are unknown. The objective was to evaluate the degradation of chote fruit for inclusion in sheep diets using in situ degradation and to identify some physiological variables in the rumen. Six rumen fistulated lambs with a live weight of 30 ± 2 kg were adapted for 11 days to the following experimental diets: T 0: 0 % chote fruit; T 15: 15 % chote fruit, and T 30: 30 % chote fruit. In situ degradation of chote fruit was determined and experimental diets were analyzed with a 3 × 3 crossover design. The results show that after 3 and 6 h, chote fruit at T 30 presented greater degradation (p ≤ 0.05). After 24, 48, and 72 h, pH and ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) showed no statistical differences (p > 0.05). The yields of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids were not different (p > 0.05) at T 15 (acetic acid = 77.81 mM L-1; propionic = 14.39 mM L-1; butyric = 0. 67 mM L-1) and T 30 (acetic acid = 77.21 mM L-1; propionic = 18.52 mM L-1; butyric = 8.97 mM L-1), but both were greater than T 0 (acetic = 62.03 mM L-1, propionic = 18.52 mM L-1, butyric = 9.27 mM L-1). In conclusion, the addition of 30 % chote to sheep diets increases degradation without affecting ruminal variables.
Upscaling of solute transport in heterogeneous media : theories and experiments to compare and validate Fickian and non-Fickian approaches/

The classical Fickian model for solute transport in porous media cannot correctly predict the spreading (the dispersion) of contaminant plumes in a heterogeneous subsoil unless its structure is completely characterized. Although the required precision is outside the reach of current field characterization methods, the classical Fickian model remains the most widely used model among practitioners. Two approaches can be adopted to solve the effect of physical heterogeneity on transport. First, upscaling methods allow one to compute "apparent" scale-dependent parameters to be used in the classical Fickian model. In the second approach, upscaled (non-Fickian) transport equations with scale-independent parameters are used. This research aims at comparing upscaling methods for Fickian transport parameters with non-Fickian upscaled transport equations, and evaluate their capabilities to predict solute transport in heterogeneous media. The models were tested using simplified numerical examples (perfectly stratified aquifers and bidimensional heterogeneous media). Hypothetical lognormal permeability fields were investigated, for different values of variance, correlation length and anisotropy ratio. Examples exhibiting discrete and multimodal permeability distributions were also investigated using both numerical examples and a physical laboratory experiment. It was found that non-Fickian transport equations involving fractional derivatives have higher upscaling capabilities regarding the prediction of contaminant plume migration and spreading, although their key parameters can only be inferred from inverse modelling of test data.
Statistical properties of the magnetic field in the Kronian magnetotail lobes and current sheet

[1] We examine the characteristics of the magnetic field in Saturn's magnetotail lobes and current sheet during the Cassini spacecraft's exploration of the magnetotail from day 18 to day 291 of 2006. During this period Cassini reached maximum downtail distances of ∼68 RS, with orbits at the beginning of the survey interval concentrating on the equatorial regions, while later orbits moved to somewhat higher latitudes. We find that the field strength in the lobes falls off as Blobe (nT) = (251 ± 22) × (r (RS))−1.20±0.03. We show that the lobes and current sheet have distinctive magnetic pressure distributions, and we examine the transition of the field from the central current sheet out into the northern and southern lobes.
Oligo‐Miocene midcrustal subhorizontal shear zone in Indochina

New structural observations of Oligo‐Miocene deformation in north Vietnam along the Red River Shear Zone suggest that left‐lateral strike‐slip shear was restricted to the upper and middle crust above a horizontal shear zone. Left‐lateral shear deformation is associated with low‐pressure‐low‐temperature parageneses. High‐temperature deformation is restricted to zones where the foliation has a low dip in the core of the Dai Nui Con Voi antiformal dome. These observations complete those made earlier in the Bu Khang extensional dome farther south. Above the horizontal shear zone left‐lateral transpression was active during the first stage and changed to transtension some 33 Myr ago. Purely extensional metamorphic domes (Bu Khang) or transtensional domes (Dai Nui Con Voi) were exhumed during this younger stage. Our observations plead for caution when interpreting strike‐slip structures at lithospheric scale.
Preliminary investigation of volume changes in crushed granite preceding stick‐slip failure

A large granite sample containing a saw-cut filled with crushed granite, modeling a natural fault with gouge, was loaded triaxially at confining pressure of 400 MPa. Changes in pore volume of the simulated gouge layer were measured during application of confining pressure and during axial loading to failure by sudden stick-slip. Pore volume strain in this configuration, with a thin layer of gouge between rock surfaces, was significantly less with increasing confining pressure than in similar experiments in which the entire sample was of crushed granite. Our sample continued to decrease in volume upon application of axial load up to the point at which sliding on the saw-cut started. At this point, the decrease in volume slowed down, and the volume increased just before failure. Failure occurred at a stress below that required to cause dilatancy in intact rock, suggesting that gouge might show premonitory changes before earthquakes that would not appear in intact rock surrounding a fault zone.