Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction‐oriented multigrid finite element algorithm on bioluminescence tomography incorporating priori information

Bioluminescence tomography (BLT) is employed to reconstruct internal bioluminescent source to reveal the molecular and cellular information. However, BLT faces many challenges such as quantitative reconstruction. In this paper, a reconstruction-oriented multigrid finite element algorithm is proposed to fully reconstruct the source density. A source permissible region is utilized to raise the numerical stability. The proposed algorithm transfers diffuse equation into liner relationship between the inner source and boundary information on a mesh. A tolerant algorithm for linearly constrained optimization algorithm can solve the box-constrained quadratic optimization problem. By setting a threshold as the average reconstruction densities, we can refine every possible source element and form next mesh until the reconstructed densities are accepted. Numerical simulation of homogeneous and heterogeneous phantom demonstrates the feasibility and potential of the proposed algorithm. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Calibration of a Multistatic Scattering Matrix Measured by a Fixed Circular Array of Antennas

The calibration of the multistatic scattering matrix plays an important part in the construction of a quantitative microwave imaging system. For scattering measurement applications, the calibration must be performed on the amplitude and on the phase of the flelds of interest. When the antennas are not completely identical, as for example with a multiplexed antennas array, a speciflc calibration procedure must be constructed. In the present work, we explain how a complex calibration matrix can be deflned which takes advantage of the geometrical organization of the antennas. Indeed, for arrays of antennas positioned on a circle, the inherent symmetries of the conflguration can be fully exploited by means of an adequate reorganization of the multistatic scattering matrix. In addition, the reorganization permits to detect antenna pairs which are not properly functioning and to estimate the signal-to-noise ratio. Experimental results obtained within a cylindrical cavity enclosed by a metallic casing are provided to assess the performance of the proposed calibration procedure.This calibration protocol, which is described here in detail, has already been applied to provide quantitative images of dielectric targets (1,2).
Characteristics of amorphous selenium detector for monoenergetic X-ray determined by Monte Carlo simulation

Amorphous selenium (a-Se) has been proved to have excellent detective quantum efficiency, which suggests that a-Se would provide good image quality that is equivalent to or better than conventional film. We implemented a simulation model using Monte Carlo method to acquire the characteristics of detection material itself, not of whole detection system, to compare with conventional film or screen, and obtained PSF, LSF and MTF of photon absorption in /spl alpha/-Se relative to X-ray energy, thickness, and so on. First, we translated XCOM front Fortran into C++ language, which was needed to generate cross sections and attenuation coefficients to obtain path length and interaction type of photons. Using Monte Carlo simulation codes in Visual C++ incorporated with this program, total cross sections, attenuation coefficients, partial cross sections for incoherent and coherent scatterings, photoelectric absorption and pair production were obtained for photons with energy between 1keV and 100GeV. The Monte Carlo simulation codes developed in this study allowed the users to select a random number generator among four suggested ones in Numerical Recipes in C. Based on three interaction types occurring for photons in energy range of diagnostic X-ray (1-100keV), we estimated the position of interaction and the direction of scattered photons in /spl alpha/-Se. Via Fourier transformation of PSF and LSF, we obtained MTF. Density and thickness of a-Se detector was 4.26g/cm3 and 300 /spl mu/m, respectively, and number of induced photons was 100,000. The percentage of absorbed photons in induced direction was 99.8% for 5keV and 86.4% in 30keV photons. Probability of interaction became higher for lower energy photon and in thicker a-Se.
A Remotely Operated Lidar for Aerosol, Temperature, and Water Vapor Profiling in the High Arctic

AbstractA Rayleigh–Mie–Raman lidar has been installed and is operating in the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory at Eureka in the High Arctic (79°59′N, 85°56′W) as part of the Canadian Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Change. The lidar operates in both the visible and ultraviolet and measures aerosol backscatter and extinction coefficients, depolarization ratio, tropospheric temperature, and water vapor mixing ratio. Variable field of view, aperture, and filtering allow fine-tuning of the instrument for different atmospheric conditions. Because of the remote location, operations are carried out via a satellite link. The instrument is introduced along with the measurement techniques utilized and interference filter specifications. The temperature dependence of the water vapor signal depends on the filter specifications, and this is discussed in terms of minimizing the uncertainty of the water vapor mixing ratio product. Finally, an example measurement is presented to illustrate the p.
Detection of Attacks for IDS using Association Rule Mining Algorithm

ABSTRACT Intrusion detection system (IDS) plays a vital role in network infrastructure. Organizations have to protect the data from various attacks which are frequently affecting the networks. In this paper, we propose Association rule mining algorithm (ARMA) for detecting various network attacks such as smurf, neptune, mailbomb, back, apache2, processtable, guess_passwd, snmpguess, ipsweep, and nmap. KDD dataset contains three components, namely, “corrected dataset”, “10% dataset”, and “full dataset”, are employed for experimentation. Performances of the proposed ARMA are evaluated using the corrected dataset for training and other two datasets for testing. Java Development Kit (JDK) is used to conduct experiments and the results show significant improvement in the detection rate and also reduction of the false positive rate.
A Metropolis Criterion Based Fuzzy Q-Learning Flow Controller for High-Speed Networks

For the congestion problems in high-speed networks, a Metropolis criterion based fuzzy Q-learning flow controller is proposed. Because of the uncertainties and highly time-varying, it is not easy to accurately obtain the complete information. In this case, the Q-learning, which is independent of mathematic model, and prior-knowledge, has good performance. The fuzzy inference and Metropolis criterion are introduced in order to facilitate generalization in large state space and balance exploration and exploitation in action selection individually. Simulation results show that the controller can learn to take the best action to regulate source flow with the features of high throughput and low packet loss ratio, and can avoid the occurrence of congestion effectively.
Entrainment by the jet in HH 47

Fabry-Perot images of the HH 47 optical jet show that the velocity decreases from the center toward the edges which is interpreted as evidence for entrainment. Those images can be used to investigate the rate of entrainment required to account for the observed luminosity. Entrainment along the jet can account for only small fractions of the jet mass and the molecular outflow seen in CO. We compare the density, excitation, and velocity structure of the jet with the predictions of viscous entrainment models and models of entrainment by expulsion of jet material by internal shocks, and find that either type of model can explain the general features.
Generalizations of spherically symmetric lenses

The purpose of this paper is to generalize the solutions of some spherically symmetric lens and lens-reflector problems recently treated by Kay. The original problem was to find a variable-index structure, with a point source at its surface or at infinity, which would produce a beam of finite angular width, having a prescribed variation of intensity with angle. It is shown that a prescribed exit beam can be obtained from a point source at any given distance from the lens, and that the index of refraction may be specified more or less arbitrarily in the outer part of the lens. A special case is solved in terms of tabulated functions.
Search for CO Outflows toward a Sample of 69 High-Mass Protostellar Candidates. II. Outflow Properties

We present a study of molecular outflows toward a sample of 69 luminous IRAS point sources. The sample is associated with dense molecular gas and has far-infrared luminosities ranging from 102 to 105 L☉, indicating these objects as regions likely forming high-mass stars. Mapping in the CO J = 2-1 line shows that molecular outflows are ubiquitous in these regions. Most of the outflows have masses of tens of M☉. The typical dynamical timescale of the flow, without correcting for inclination of the flow axis, is a few times 104 yr. The typical energy in the outflows is 1046 ergs, comparable to the turbulent energy in the core. Nearly half of the outflows show spatially resolved bipolar lobes. This indicates that low-mass young stars that coexist in the region are not responsible for the bipolar outflows observed. It is the more massive stars that drive the outflow. The large detection rate of outflows in the region favors an accretion process in the formation of massive stars. The maximum mass-loss rate in the wind is about 10-4 M☉ yr-1. If these outflows are driven via accretion, the accretion rate should be as high as a few times 10-4 M☉ yr-1. We compare CO outflows with images at near-infrared wavelengths from the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) archive and find that some outflows are associated with extended emission in the K band, which may be partly due to vibrationally excited H2 emission at 2.12 μm.
Structured Model Reference Adaptive Control for a Wing Section with Structural Nonlinearity

The recently derived structured model reference adaptive control (SMRAC) method is considered for the active suppression of limit cycle oscillations for a typical wing section with a structural nonlinearity. The SMRAC method uses the specific structure of the equations of motion governing general mechanical systems. This adaptive control method is implemented and tested in wind tunnel experiments to validate the performance. For comparison, results obtained with adaptive feedback linearization are also presented. It is shown that the derived SMRAC is advantageous in that it suppresses limit cycle oscillations at higher velocities, and also it can rigorously treat actuator saturation a priori.
Comparison of velvet- and cesium iodide-coated carbon fiber cathodes

Presents results of an experimental comparison of a velvet cathode- and a carbon fiber cathode-coated with cesium iodide (CsI) salt. Each cathode had a planar geometry, with similar emission areas. The cathodes were tested at electric field strengths of 50 kV/cm at anode-cathode (A-K) gaps of 4.0 cm. The applied voltage had a 1-/spl mu/s duration and the pulser was operated at up to a 1-Hz repetition rate. The system had a low base pressure (<1.0/spl times/10/sup -7/ torr). This paper reports the results and comparisons of experiments on each cathode. We address the current and voltage characteristics, the shot-to-shot reproducibility, the pressure evolution of the diode under 1-Hz operation, and the lifetime of the cathodes.
On the development of extratropical cyclones

Certain synoptic aspects of cyclone development in the lower troposphere are reviewed and two types identified. Type A comprises the well-known amplifying frontal wave, which is known to produce kinetic energy through a reduction of the baroclinicity within its own domain. Type B is found to be initiated through a finite disturbance in the upper troposphere, and its intensification is accompanied by an augmentation of the baroclinicity and import of kinetic energy, mainly from the jet-stream region. The energy structures of two storms are described, one being a plain type B case, and, the other representing a type B development modified through the presence of strong fronts. The dissipation of kinetic energy in the surface air is computed and found to constitute an effective brake on cyclone development.
Multi‐wall carbon nanotubes – a vehicle for targeted Irinotecan drug delivery

Chemotherapeutics, administered to defeat neoplastic disease, generally interfere with the growth of cancer cells, eventually destroying them. Since the growth of normal cells may also be affected, serious adverse effects may occur. In addition, many medications might not be properly delivered to the target area because of susceptibility to precocious enzymatic degradation in the systemic circulation. An attractive method to safely deliver anticancer drugs to targeted tissues is to employ carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as a transport vehicle. Here we present a study on the encapsulation of the antineoplastic agent Irinotecan within multi‐wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). We also study the pH‐dependent release of the guest molecules from the nanotubes cavity to phosphate and acetate buffers.
Calculating Monthly Radiative Fluxes and Heating Rates fromMonthly Cloud Observations

Abstract The radiative transfer model from NCAR’s general circulation model CCM3 is modified to calculate monthly radiative fluxes and heating rates from monthly observations of cloud properties from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project and temperature and humidity from ECMWF analysis. The calculation resolves the three-dimensional structure of monthly to interannual variations of radiative heating and is efficient enough to allow a wide range of sensitivity tests. Two modifications to the radiative transfer model improve the calculation of shortwave (SW) fluxes in a cloudy atmosphere. The first replaces an existing nonphysical parameterization of partially cloudy skies with a physically motivated one that increases substantially the accuracy of calculated SW fluxes while increasing the computational time of the calculation by only 10%. The second modification allows the specification of generalized cloud overlap properties. With these modifications, radiative fluxes are calculated from o.
Beam tapering effect in microsphere chains: from geometrical to physical optics

By using polystyrene microspheres with index n=1.59 as a model system we study light focusing and transport properties of chains formed by spheres with diameters varying from 2 to 30 μm. We used techniques of imaging based on light scattering perpendicular to the axis of the chain to visualize and study periodically focused beams in such structures. The results demonstrate good agreement with geometrical optics modeling for sufficiently large spheres, D>>10λ, where D is the sphere diameter and λ is the wavelength of light. For mesoscale structures with 4><10 we observed two effects which cannot be explained by geometrical optics. One is a "beam tapering" effect which is stronger in normalized units than it is theoretically possible in the limit of geometrical optics in short chains. Another effect is reduced power attenuation in sufficiently long chains which is found to be smaller than it is possible in the limit of geometrical optics. Both effects are ascribed to the increased role of physical optics properties. We can also suggest some role of the microjoints developing between polystyrene microspheres in self-assembled structures. The results are important for developing applications requiring focusing of multimodal beams such as mid-infrared laser surgery.
AN EFFICIENT FINITE DIFFERENCE TECHNIQUE FOR COMPUTING INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOWS

An improved Navier–Stokes solver is presented to compute two-dimensional incompressible flows in the stream–vorticity formulation at high Reynolds number. The technique is based on both the IMM for the non-orthogonal co-ordinate system and a specialized TVD scheme to cope with non-linear transport terms. Numerical results are shown to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the technique. The method is robust and holds promise to handle complex geometries economically. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A statistical framework for ecological and aggregate studies

Inference from studies that make use of data at the level of the area, rather than at the level of the individual, is more difficult for a variety of reasons. Some of these difficulties arise because frequently exposures (including confounders) vary within areas. In the most basic form of ecological study the outcome measure is regressed against a simple area level summary of exposure. In the aggregate data approach a survey of exposures and confounders is taken within each area. An alternative approach is to assume a parametric form for the within‐area exposure distribution. We provide a framework within which ecological and aggregate data studies may be viewed, and we review some approaches to inference in such studies, clarifying the assumptions on which they are based. General strategies for analysis are provided including an estimator based on Monte Carlo integration that allows inference in the case of a general risk–exposure model. We also consider the implications of the introduction of random effects, and the existence of confounding and errors in variables.
An Alternative approach to H∞ control for fuzzy systems

In this paper the problem of H∞ dynamic feedback control for fuzzy dynamic systems has been studied. First the problem of H∞ dynamic feedback controller designs for complex nonlinear systems, which can be represented by Takagi‐Sugeno (T‐S) fuzzy systems, is presented. Second, based on a Lyapunov function, four new dynamic feedback H∞ fuzzy controllers are developed by adequately considering the interactions among all fuzzy sub‐systems and these dynamic feedback H∞ controllers can be obtained by solving a set of suitable linear matrix inequalities. Finally, two examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design methods. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Minimizing Multiple Objective Function for Scheduling Machine Problems

The multi-criteria problem of scheduling n jobs on a single machine was considered in this paper. The criteria belong to minimize total completion times, total tardiness and total late work and minimize total completion times, total tardiness and maximum late work by using some exact and local search methods. The proposed methods for solving these minimization problems were seemed to be helpful in finding the set of all efficient solutions. This set of all efficient solutions is not easy to find, therefore, it could be preferable to have an approximation to that set in a reasonable amount of time. Therefore branch and bound (BAB) technique was proposed as an exact approach, while the Genetic algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) methods were also proposed as local search methods. Keywords : Multiple objective Scheduling, Branch and Bound, Pareto Optimal Solutions, Genetic Algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization.
A comparison of genetic algorithm, regression, and Newton's method for parameter estimation of texture models

The estimation of parameter values in stochastic models for texture image data is the focus of this paper. We present a comparison of three methods that seek optimal solutions to a problem of stochastic model selection in texture data. The problem is to find parameter values for the model that "best" fits the texture data. The three methods used to solve this problem are genetic algorithms, logistic regression, and Newton's method. We present a comparison of the results of these three techniques to both synthetic and real data. For synthetic data, the values estimated by the genetic algorithm, logistic regression, and Newton's method gave textures that were practically indistinguishable from the original textures. For real data, the results are encouraging and warrant continued investigation.
On the fine-scale structure of turbulence

Recent experimental measurements of the energy spectrum of turbulence at very large wave-numbers have shown that the motion represented by these wave-number components is determined by the kinematic viscosity and the total turbulent energy dissipation, although the range of wave-numbers responsible for the bulk of the viscous dissipation is far from the condition of absolute equilibrium postulated in the theory of local similarity. To account for this anomaly and for the observed spatial inhomogeneity of the motion, it is suggested that the motion is essentially a random distribution of vortex sheets and lines, in which the vorticity distribution is effectively stationary in time, due to balance between the opposing effects of vorticity diffusion by molecular viscosity, and vorticity production and convection by the turbulent shear. The spectrum functions due to stationary vorticity distributions in two types of shear field, viz. plane shear and axial extension, have been computed and compared with experiment. A better fit is obtained for plane shear, which produces a vortex sheet, than for axial extension, which leads to a vortex line, and there is some experimental evidence that conditions suitable for the production of vortex sheets are more common than for production of vortex lines. Finally, the implications of the validity of this hypothesis are considered in relation to the applicability of the Heisenberg form for the turbulent energy transfer.
NEMO: general release of a new comprehensive quantum device simulator

Device simulations are essential to explore new device designs, optimize performance, and analyze the underlying physics. Nanoelectronic devices pose a new challenge in this area since conventional drift-diffusion simulators are not applicable, NEMO (NanoElectronic MOdeling) is a new quantum device simulator based on a non-equilibrium Green's function formalism that simulates a wide variety of quantum devices, including RTDs, HEMTs, HBTs, superlattices, and Esaki diodes. Here we announce the general release of NEMO as a national resource freely available to the US scientific community. We present NEMO calculations for InGaAs/AlAs and GaAs/AlAs RTD devices.
Shape derivatives in Kondratiev spaces for conical diffraction

This paper studies conical diffraction problems with non‐smooth grating structures. We prove the existence, uniqueness and regularity results for solutions in weighted Sobolev spaces of Kondratiev type. An a priori estimate that follows from these results is then used to prove shape differentiability of solutions. Finally, a characterization of the shape derivative as a solution of a modified transmission problem is given. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formative Constructs Implemented via Common Factors

Recently there has been a renewed interest in formative measurement and its role in properly specified models. Formative measurement models are difficult to identify, and hence to estimate and test. Existing solutions to the identification problem are shown to not adequately represent the formative constructs of interest. We propose a new two-step approach to operationalize a formatively measured construct that allows a closely matched common factor equivalent to be included in any structural equation model. We provide an artificial example and an original empirical study of privacy to illustrate our approach. Detailed proofs are given in an appendix.