Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EXACT BAHADUR EFFICIENCIES FOR TWO-SAMPLE STATISTICS IN FUNCTIONAL DENSITY ESTIMATION

where Κ is a probability kernel and (am ) and (bn) are bandwidth sequences, i.e., sequences of positive real numbers such that am —• 0, bn —> 0, mam —» oo and nbn —> oo as m —• oo and η —y oo. Often we are confronted by the two-sample problem in which case we have to decide whether two samples could reasonably be supposed to have been drawn from the same population. Several statistics may be used to measure the discrepancy between the two samples. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics as well as the Kuiper statistic have been already studied, see Abrahamson (1967). Here, we are concerned with two-sample statistics built upon nonparametric kernel estimation method. More precisely, we deal with
The filtering analog of the variational multiscale method in large-eddy simulation

The variational multiscale method introduced by Hughes et al. [Comput. Visual. Sci. 3, 47 (2000)] is extended to the classic filtering approach in large-eddy simulation. The role of the Germano identity in the formulation is precisely indicated. Multiscale methods based on standard eddy-viscosity models are related to (anisotropic) hyperviscosity models under certain conditions. Several models are tested and found to be as accurate as the standard dynamic model, while the implementations are more simple. Finally, the turbulent stress tensor is reformulated, such that filter and derivative in the filtered equations can be treated as a single operator.
Design and Analysis of Low Profile E-shaped Slotted Triple-band Antenna for ISM band/WiMAX/WLAN Applications

: Wireless communication and embedded technology have shown rapid growth in last decade. An E-shaped slotted tri-band antenna is designed, analyzed, and proposed in this paper. The developed antenna operates for 2.4GHz, 3.5GHz and 5GHz frequencies having impedance bandwidths of 7.17%, 5.71% and 12% with an acceptable gain of 4.25dBi, 3.51dBi and 1.90dBi respectively. The e ffi ciency for aforementioned frequencies are 74%, 75% and 80% respectively. The developed antenna utilizes FR4 as a substrate material. The presented structure is fabricated to receive the actual output parameters. There is a neighboring correlation between the software generated results and measured results. The additional vertical slots with E-shape slot o ff er desired return loss with optimum bandwidth for targeted resonating modes. The characteristics such as omnidirectional radiation pattern, moderate gain and adequate e ffi ciency make the antenna an appropriate candidate for ISM band, WiMAX and WLAN applications.
Modeling capture, recapture, and removal statistics for estimation of demographic parameters for fish and wildlife populations : Past, present, and future

Abstract In this article I review the modeling of capture, recapture, and removal statistics for the purpose of estimating demographic parameters of fish and wildlife populations. Topics considered include capture-recapture models, band or tag return models, removal and catch per unit effort models, selective removal or change-in-ratio models, radio-tagging survival models, and nest survival models. The purpose is to present important concepts in a general manner for the benefit of a wide audience of statisticians. I will not attempt to be comprehensive, and I indulge in speculation about future directions. I indicate the importance of different statistical tools to this subject, such as Bayesian inference, “boot strapping,” robustness studies, goodness-of-fit tests. I also emphasize connections to other application areas of statistics. Capture-recapture methods, for example, are being considered for estimation of a variety of elusive human populations, such as the homeless and people missed in the census.
The H II region G333.6-0.2, a very powerful 1-20 micron source.

G336.6-0.2 has been found to be one of the brightest 20-micron sources in the sky, and the most luminous H II region known in the wavelength range 1-25 μ. Despite its high luminosity it consists of only a single component with a diameter of 11" (0.2 pc). The source appears to be a dust-filled compact H II region. (auth)
Neutron diffraction study on hydrogen bond structure in K3H(SeO4)2 and K3D(SeO4)2 crystals

Neutron diffraction experiments on the room- and low-temperature phases of K3H(SeO4)2 (Ttrs = 21 K) and K3D(SeO4)2 (Ttrs = 105 K) have been performed using the time-of-flight high-resolution powder diffractometer HRPD at the ISIS pulsed neutron source. Data were collected at 2 and 30 K for K3H(SeO4)2 and 2 and 130 K for K3D(SeO4)2 over the d-spacing range 0.7-2.4 A. The room-temperature phases of the crystals have monoclinic structure belonging to the space group A2/a. Rietveld refinement combined with the published dielectric and calorimetric studies reveals that H/D atoms are disordered over two symmetry-equivalent positions. The hydrogen bonds are non-linear with an O-H/DO angle of 175(1)°. The hydrogen bond length is 2.495(1) A in K3H(SeO4)2 and 2.533(2) A in K3D(SeO4)2. The separation between the half occupancy hydrogen positions is 0.32(1) A for K3H(SeO4)2 and 0.550(4) A for K3D(SeO4)2. The relation between these structural parameters and the isotope effect in the transition temperature is discussed. Diffraction patterns of the low-temperature phases indicated that the structure change accompanying the transition is very small.
Detailed Studies of the CMS Potential to Measure the Standard Model Higgs Boson in the gg -> $H$ -> $WW$ -> $lvlv$ Channel at LHC

A study of the Higgs channel pp → H → WW → lνlν for a mass between 150 and 180 GeV is presented. Signal and background systematics are investigated in detail, including the implementation of most up-to-date higher order QCD corrections for signal and background. For the first time full detector simulations are performed in this channel. A data driven approach to determine the size of the backgrounds is used. A Standard Model Higgs boson can be discovered in the H → WW → lνlν channel with an integrated luminosity of less than 1 fb−1 if its mass is around 165 GeV. If it has a mass between 150 and 180 GeV, a 5σ signal can be seen with a luminosity of about 10 fb−1. Assuming that the LHC experiments will discover a Higgs-like signal in this channel, different experimental observables have been analysed in order to establish how and how well the Higgs mass can be measured in this mass range. Combining the hypothetical cross section measurement with the lepton pT spectra and the estimated systematic uncertainties of 10 to 15%, associated with this signature, we find that the mass of a Standard-Model-Higgs-like signal in the mass range between 150 and 180 GeV can be measured with an accuracy of 2 to 2.5 GeV. In case that no further improvements in the systematics for this channel can be achieved, our analysis shows also that such a mass measurement will be dominated by systematic uncertainties once integrated luminosities of about 10-20 fb−1 can be analysed.
Statistical reconstruction and Karhunen–Loève expansion for multiphase random media

Termed as random media, rocks, composites, alloys and many other heterogeneous materials consist of multiple material phases that are randomly distributed through the medium. This paper presents a robust and efficient algorithm for reconstructing random media, which can then be fed into stochastic finite element solvers for statistical response analysis. The new method is based on nonlinear transformation of Gaussian random fields, and the reconstructed media can meet the discrete‐valued marginal probability distribution function and the two‐point correlation function of the reference medium. The new method, which avoids iterative root‐finding computation, is highly efficient and particularly suitable for reconstructing large‐size random media or a large number of samples. Also, benefiting from the high efficiency of the proposed reconstruction scheme, a Karhunen–Loève (KL) representation of the target random medium can be efficiently estimated by projecting the reconstructed samples onto the KL basis. The resulting uncorrelated KL coefficients can be further expressed as functions of independent Gaussian random variables to obtain an approximate Gaussian representation, which is often required in stochastic finite element analysis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving Hidden Markov Models for Classification of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Subtypes through Linear Classifier Learning

Profile Hidden Markov Models (pHMMs) are widely used to model nucleotide or protein sequence families. In many applications, a sequence family classified into several subfamilies is given and each subfamily is modeled separately by one pHMM. A major drawback of this approach is the difficulty of coping with subfamilies composed of very few sequences.Correct subtyping of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) sequences is one of the most crucial bioinformatic tasks affected by this problem of small subfamilies, i.e., HIV-1 subtypes with a small number of known sequences. To deal with small samples for particular subfamilies of HIV-1, we employ a machine learning approach. More precisely, we make use of an existing HMM architecture and its associated inference engine, while replacing the unsupervised estimation of emission probabilities by a supervised method. For that purpose, we use regularized linear discriminant learning together with a balancing scheme to account for the widely varying sample size. After training the multiclass linear discriminants, the corresponding weights are transformed to valid probabilities using a softmax function.We apply this modified algorithm to classify HIV-1 sequence data (in the form of partial-length HIV-1 sequences and semi-artificial recombinants) and show that the performance of pHMMs can be significantly improved by the proposed technique.
Constructing a Scientific Explanation—A Narrative Account

Studies analyzing explanations that have been constructed by science students have found that they were generally weak and lack necessary features. The goal of this study was to establish the competencies that one needs to construct a scientific explanation. Scientific explanations can be looked at in three ways, in terms of their function, form and level, as being essentially sign-making processes. Taking a case study approach and using Lemke's multimodal framework, we analyzed the scientific explanation of an electromagnetic induction phenomenon constructed by one high school student. We found that such a construction involves the complex coordination of different types of signs, not only to represent the entities in the phenomenon, but also to support thinking and reasoning about it at abstract levels. Scientific conventions and rules, and everyday material and social tools were found to be crucial in shifting from one level of abstraction to another. The findings highlight the importance of developing the skillful use of schemes of scientific representation by students and familiarizing them with commonly encountered contexts.
Convolutional Neural Network Based Improved Crack Detection In Concrete Cubes

: Advancement of imaging technology and computing resources make crack detection in concrete automated using a vision-based approach. The present work focuses on crack detection in laboratory-scale concrete cubes used for the characterization of concrete using the convolutional neural network. The major challenge in the said application is to remove inherent noise and dents from the uneven surface of the test cube. A laboratory-scale image acquisition setup was developed to acquire consistent images of concrete cubes. Inceptionv3 architecture was trained to detect the cracks in concrete cube surface images in the most accurate manner. The Inceptionv3 model was trained and validated using more than 80,000 crack and 80,000 non-crack images dataset prepared manually using the concrete cube surface images. Popular data augmentation techniques were used to generate the training dataset. An average of 97.49% accuracy and 7.38% cross-entropy are achieved in the training whereas 97.67% accuracy and 7.69% cross-entropy are achieved in the model validation. The training was carried out with a batch size of 100 and 5,000 epochs. An average accuracy of 99% has been achieved during the performance evaluation of crack detection on concrete cubes as presented in the results. The average values of precision, recall and F – score are obtained as 0.88, 0.98 and 0.93 respectively.
White Dwarf - M Dwarf Pairs in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)

We have identified 109 White Dwarf (WD) M dwarf pairs in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) with g < 20th magnitude. For each system we determined the temperature of the WD primary and the spectral type of the M dwarf secondary. Using Hα emission as a proxy for the chromospheric activity level of the M dwarf, we investigated correlations between the activity level and properties of the system. Compared with field M dwarfs (Hawley et al. 1996), we see a slightly higher active fraction of early-type stars, with activity levels similar to the field. We have conducted followup observations at the ARC 3.5m telescope to obtain radial velocity information and to search for short period binaries, which may be on the verge of interacting. We report on one system with a 4.1 hour period, and several additional systems with significant velocity variations. keywords: binaries: spectroscopic — Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) — stars: activity — stars: late-type — white dwarfs
Geometric realizations of the multiplihedra

Abstract We realize the multiplihedron geometrically as the moduli space of stable quilted disks. This generalizes the geometric realization of the associahedron as the moduli space of stable disks. We show that this moduli space is the non-negative real part of a complex moduli space of stable scaled marked curves.
Overwintering Diapause and Survival of Western Leucotaraxis Argenticollis, a Promising Biological Control Agent for Adelges Tsugae, in the Eastern United States

Successful use of biological control agents can be improved with a thorough understanding of the life history, survival, diapausing strategy, and synchrony with the host in the introduced range. Introduction of a novel organism can be influenced by abiotic factors that can impact the interactions with their target prey. Leucotaraxis argenticollis (Zetterstedt) and Le. piniperda (Malloch) (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) are two species of predatory fly showing promise in the biological control program to manage the invasive hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Annand)(Hemiptera: Adelgidae), in eastern North America. Field releases of these Leucotaraxis spp. began in 2015, but little is known about their potential for survival or how they overwinter. In an effort to explore Le. argenticollis establishment potential, laboratory reared puparia were observed at seven sites, across a latitudinal gradient, on the east coast and one site on the west coast (native range) of North America from July 20, 2020, to June 1, 2021. Leucotaraxis piniperda puparia were included at five sites and observed to be diapausing in a different stage or using a different cue. Adult Le. argenticollis emerged in spring 2021, after successfully * Corresponding author at: Cornell University, 507 Tower Rd, Morrison Hall, Ithaca NY, 14853. E-mail addresses: nd283@cornell.edu (N.J. Dietschler), tdb68@cornell.edu (T.D. Bittner), ngd32@cornell.edu (N.G. Devine), albert.e. mayfield@usda.gov (A. Mayfield III), cep19@vt.edu, salom@vt.edu (C. Preston), rcrandall@umass.edu (R.S. Crandall), jparkman@utk.edu (J. Parkman), zachary.simek@tnc.org (Z. Simek), biff.thompson@maryland.gov (B. Thompson), mlonsda@tacoma.k12. wa.us (M.E. Lonsdale), budd@mianus.org (B. Veverka), elkinton@umass.edu (J.S. Elkinton), mcw42@cornell.edu (M.C. Whitmore).
Characterization of Vortex Generators Induced Flow around Wind Turbine Airfoil

Vortex generators (VGs) are an effective way to control flow separation in wind turbine. To understand the mechanism of VGs controlling flow separation, the flow field around airfoil Du97W300 with VGs was simulated and analyzed with CFD tools, and this numerical method is validated through the comparison between the numerical results and the experimental results. Furthermore, the flow fields around airfoil equipped with four different types of VGs are calculated and analyzed. The results show that the helical vortex induced by counter-rotating VGs develop approximately along streamwise direction; these types of VGs can cause a delay in stall and enhance the maximum airfoil lift coefficient. However the helical induced vortex actuated by the co-rotating VGs develop nearly along vortex generator direction and cannot cause a delay in stall effectively. In the counter-rotating VGs, the Q integration (the character parameter of induced vortex) of rectangular is twice of the triangle, and the Q integration of the forward triangle is almost equal to the backward triangle VGs.
Static hedging of barrier options in discrete and continuous time

In this project, we discuss some hedging strategies which are widely used in the financial world. We start from the Delta Hedging that is the most basic tool to hedge risks. However, our aim is to hedge more complicated options such as barrier options. Since the delta of a barrier option is extremely large around the barrier region, Delta Hedging does not work in this case. Then we investigate another hedging technique called Static Hedging. We describe how to statically hedge a barrier option both in discrete and in continuous time. In this project, two different static hedging strategies are considered. One is static hedging with maturity varying options; the other one is static hedging with strike varying options. We also show how to implement these hedging techniques in a practical point of view.
The OBN and OBC stars

A review of present knowledge concerning nitrogen and carbon anomalies in absorpiton-line OB spectra is presented, from the observational point of view. The procedure whereby such anomalies are discovered and described is explained, and its capabilities as well as limitations are discussed. A list of all presently known OBN and OBC stars is given, which includes several newly discovered examples. In addition, the problem of more moderate CNO anomalies in OB spectra is examined; an important conclusion is that all of the 09.5-BO.7 supergiants in the Orion Belt and in NGC 6231 (the nucleus of Scorpius OB1) are systematically nitrogen-deficient, relative to the majority of supergiants with the same spectral types. Since the members of these associations have often been used as standards, an extensive list of 09-B1 supergiants with normal CNO spectra is also given. Finally, the significance and possible origins of these anomalies are discussed. (AIP)
Effects of Carbonization Temperature on Mechanical and Thermal Insulation Properties of Carbon Aerogel Composites using Phenolic Fibers as Reinforcement

A series of carbon fiber-reinforced carbon aerogel composites (C/CAs) were prepared via carbonizing phenolic fibers impregnated organic aerogel at temperatures ranging from 1,000 to 1,600°C. Phenolic fiber as soft reinforcement shrinks synchronously with the aerogel matrix during the preparation process, which effectively avoided microcracks and achieved an excellent reinforcement effect. The effects of carbonization temperatures on the mechanical and thermal insulation properties of the C/CAs were investigated via pore structural and morphological analysis, as well as the characterization of mechanical strength and thermal conductivity. The results show that the compressive strength of C/CA is 1.26–2.14 MPa in xy-direction and 0.55–1.20 MPa in z-direction. The obtained bending strength range from 1.92 to 3.62 MPa with the carbonization temperature increase from 1,000 to 1,600°C. The thermal conductivity of C/CA-1000 at 1,800°C is 0.1637 W·m−1·K−1 while that of reached 0.2713 W·m−1·K−1 of C/CA-1600. Further study found that the change of porosity and pore size caused by the closure of micropores at high temperatures should be responsible for performance evolution.
Design of a robust static output feedback controller in the case of multiple parametric uncertainties

In this paper, we investigate the problem of robust synthesis of a static output feedback controller, with guaranteed quadratic cost, in the context of multiple parametric uncertainties. To solve this problem, a random optimization technique based on a bisection method is proposed. The principle is as follows: for a given initial stabilizing controller of the nominal system, the proposed approach iteratively generates a sequence of matrices with a decreasing quadratic cost. Using a bisection method, this procedure is stopped when the controller reaches the best possible nominal performance that satisfies a given guaranteed quadratic cost. A numerical example shows the practical applicability of the proposed method.
The effect of temperature on the resonant tunneling and electric field domain formation in multiple quantum well superlattices

Analyzing the photocurrent spectra and the I–V characteristics of weakly coupled GaAs/AlGaAs multiquantum well structures, different transport regimes are distinguished. At low temperatures (below ∼50 K), due to the electron coherence over a few periods of the superlattice, electron transport is dominated by sequential resonant tunneling. At higher temperatures, evidences for the increased contribution of nonresonant transport processes, and the subsequent modification in the electric field distribution in the device, are presented.
Why does relativity allow quantum tunnelling to ‘take no time’?

In quantum tunnelling, what appears to be an infinitely fast barrier traversal can be explained in terms of an Aharonov–like weak measurement of the tunnelling time, in which the role of the pointer is played by the particle's own coordinate. A relativistic wave packet is shown to be reshaped through a series of subluminal shifts which together produce an anomalous ‘superluminal’ result.
The radial spread of a liquid jet over a horizontal plane

When a smooth jet of water falls vertically on to a horizontal plane, it spreads out radially in a thin layer bounded by a circular hydraulic jump, outside which the depth is much greater. The motion in the layer is studied here by means of boundary-layer theory, both for laminar and for turbulent flow, and relations are obtained for the radius of the hydraulic jump. These relations are compared with experimental results. The analogous problems of two-dimensional flow are also treated.
Lyapunov's Stability Criteria for Plasmas

The orbit stability theory of Lyapunov has been adapted to the Vlasov‐Boltzmann equation governing plasmas. Both linear and nonlinear stability are considered. The theory is characterized by a search for Lyapunov functions, whose existence implies stability in analogy with particles trapped in a potential well, as in the energy principle. The most important result is an existence theorem for Lyapunov functions quadratic in perturbations in all linearly stable cases in which perturbations damp asymptotically (sufficiently fast). As a corollary, without damping, the existence of a quadratic Lyapunov function is necessary and sufficient to prevent exponential growth of perturbations. A prescription is given for finding Lyapunov functions which are constants of motion. An example is treated. The implication of nonlinear stability from linear stability with damping is discussed, and Dr. C. S. Gardner's direct proof of nonlinear stability of a Maxwellian plasma by Lyapunov's method is reported.