Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mica polytypism; identification and origin

Practical methods for identification of the complex mica polytypes have been developed by introducing a special function characteristic of their layer stacking sequences that is displayed in their X-ray diffraction patterns. This periodic intensity distribution (PID) function is the Fourier transform of a stacking sequence. The X-ray diffraction patterns of a polytype are expressed by the PID function modified by the Fourier transform of the unit mica layer. The PID function is used to determine the stacking sequences of several polytypes, and the mechanism by which the most frequently observed polytypes form is discussed. The axial settings of mica polytypes are defined in order to compute the PID functions in terms of the layer stacking sequences. Practical methods of obtaining observed PID functions are given together with tables of the PID functions of the three basic polytype series. The common polytypes have the basic sequences such as 1M, 3T, and 2M. and are modified by a stacking fault, but the subsequent sequences are so arranged that the original direction of stacking is recovered as readily as possible.
Extensive recombination-driven coronavirus diversification expands the pool of potential pandemic pathogens

The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is the third zoonotic coronavirus identified in the last twenty years. Previously, four other known coronaviruses moved from animal reservoirs into humans and now cause primarily mild-to-moderate respiratory disease. The emergence of these viruses likely involved a period of intense transmission before becoming endemic, highlighting the recurrent threat to human health posed by animal coronaviruses. Enzootic and epizootic coronaviruses of diverse lineages pose a significant threat to livestock, as most recently observed for virulent strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and swine acute diarrhea-associated coronavirus (SADS-CoV). Unique to RNA viruses, coronaviruses encode a proofreading exonuclease (ExoN) that lowers point mutation rates to increase the viability of large RNA virus genomes, which comes with the cost of limiting virus adaptation via point mutation. This limitation can be overcome by high rates of recombination that facilitate rapid increases in genetic diversification. To compare dynamics of recombination between related sequences, we developed an open-source computational workflow (IDPlot) to measure nucleotide identity, locate recombination breakpoints, and infer phylogenetic relationships. We analyzed recombination dynamics among three groups of coronaviruses with impacts on livestock or human health: SARSr-CoV, Betacoronavirus-1, and SADSr-CoV. We found that all three groups undergo recombination with highly diverged viruses, disrupting phylogenetic relationships and revealing contributions of unknown coronavirus lineages to the genetic diversity of established groups. Dynamic patterns of recombination impact inferences of relatedness between diverse coronaviruses and expand the genetic pool that may contribute to future zoonotic events. These results illustrate the limitations of current sampling approaches for anticipating zoonotic threats to human and animal health.
The lattice contraction of nanometre-sized Sn and Bi particles produced by an electrohydrodynamic technique

The size dependence of lattice contraction can be understood by assuming the nanoparticles to be a liquid drop and that there exists a pressure difference (? p) between the inside and outside of the liquid drop. The analysis of the experimental data of Yu et al on the lattice contraction reveals that the isothermal compressibility is different for different orientations of the lattice plane, which is in good agreement with earlier reported data.
The Government’s Role in the Indonesian Rice Supply Chain

The national rice consumption in Indonesia is among the highest in the world, reaching 29.13 million tonnes in 2017. It has been estimated that it might increase to 31.7 million tonnes by 2045 along with the increase in population. In contrast, Indonesia has seen a decline in rice production in recent years. The combination of increased demand and declining production is likely to cause a widening imbalance between rice supply and demand. While Indonesia still imports rice, the country fulfills the largest share of its rice demand domestically. The domestic supply chains are therefore of utmost importance for stable, affordable and accessible rice supplies. However, distribution channels vary in each province throughout Indonesia. From farmers to consumers, the chains may include middlemen, millers, wholesalers, and retailers, each with their own unique function. Regulating the number of intermediaries involved in the distribution and processing chain of domestically produced rice is not desirable as these intermediaries are required to connect farmers with consumers. Bulog is supposed to help ensure food security by being involved in the domestic supply chain. However, they face their own challenges on both upstream and downstream levels. Bulog is obliged to maintain national rice stocks and distribute them for direct welfare assistance. However, since the new Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) program relies largely on private suppliers, the distribution of public rice stocks has been compromised. Furthermore, the poor quality of rice stocks in Bulog warehouses cannot compete with those of private suppliers. Under these circumstances, Bulog’s role needs to be reconsidered. The private sector should play a greater role in domestic rice markets and Bulog should only participate in rice distribution during emergency situations. Presidential Regulation 48/2016 Article 8 needs to be revised to allow Bulog to focus on protecting consumers through disaster-relief programs. As a practical short-term solution to lower rice prices and improve the efficacy of Bulog, Bulog’s monopoly on imports of medium-quality rice should be removed. Private companies should be eligible to access an automated licensing system and to import medium-quality rice to Indonesia.
Work Package 1 . Realist Literature Synthesis . Research Design

WP1 reviews the international academic literature concerning the transfer and transferability of the dual apprenticeship model. Its aim is to address our project’s central research question: Can dual apprenticeships create better and more equitable social and economic outcomes for young people? In service of this aim, a Realist Synthesis approach has been adopted. This is an approach which has been specifically developed as a means of reviewing research evidence on complex social interventions and is particularly attentive to the role of context in producing divergent outcomes (Pawson et al., 2004). Thus, Realist Synthesis allows us to go beyond identification of ‘what works’ or simply ‘does it work? ’, and instead interrogate ‘what works, for whom, in which circumstances and why? ’ It does so by focusing on the identification and extraction of causal mechanisms operating in particular contexts to produce specific outcomes or Context-Mechanism-Outcome configurations (CMO-Cs) – that the literature theorises or empirically demonstrates lie behind the workings of an intervention. In the case of our research, this translates into an interest in how dual apprenticeships work, for whom and why they generate different impacts in different contexts and beneficiary populations? (Pawson et al., 2005). This process of unearthing the root causes of outcomes produces knowledge that can be used to direct future implementation of dual apprenticeships, including across distinct and varying contexts.
Novel Methods and Approaches for Safety Evaluation of Nanoparticle Formulations: A Focus Towards In Vitro Models and Adverse Outcome Pathways

Nanotoxicology is an emerging field employed in the assessment of unintentional hazardous effects produced by nanoparticles (NPs) impacting human health and the environment. The nanotoxicity affects the range between induction of cellular stress and cytotoxicity. The reasons so far reported for these toxicological effects are due to their variable sizes with high surface areas, shape, charge, and physicochemical properties, which upon interaction with the biological components may influence their functioning and result in adverse outcomes (AO). Thus, understanding the risk produced by these materials now is an important safety concern for the development of nanotechnology and nanomedicine. Since the time nanotoxicology has evolved, the methods employed have been majorly relied on in vitro cell-based evaluations, while these simple methods may not predict the complexity involved in preclinical and clinical conditions concerning pharmacokinetics, organ toxicity, and toxicities evidenced through multiple cellular levels. The safety profiles of nanoscale nanomaterials and nanoformulations in the delivery of drugs and therapeutic applications are of considerable concern. In addition, the safety assessment for new nanomedicine formulas lacks regulatory standards. Though the in vivo studies are greatly needed, the end parameters used for risk assessment are not predicting the possible toxic effects produced by various nanoformulations. On the other side, due to increased restrictions on animal usage and demand for the need for high-throughput assays, there is a need for developing and exploring novel methods to evaluate NPs safety concerns. The progress made in molecular biology and the availability of several modern techniques may offer novel and innovative methods to evaluate the toxicological behavior of different NPs by using single cells, cell population, and whole organisms. This review highlights the recent novel methods developed for the evaluation of the safety impacts of NPs and attempts to solve the problems that come with risk assessment. The relevance of investigating adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) in nanotoxicology has been stressed in particular.
Electroreduction of carbon monoxide on copper electrodes

Electrochemical CO2 reduction is receiving increasing attention as a means for (i) storage of renewable electricity and (ii) recycling of CO2 into valuable chemicals and fuels. Cu is the only monometallic catalyst that can facilitate formation of >2eproducts with moderate selectivity and high activity. However, a mixture of products are formed and low energy efficiency is achieved for formation of >2eproducts. As a result, improvements are needed before the technology can be commercialised. One approach is electroreduction of CO, for which previous studies report high oxygenate selectivity at low overpotentials on nanostructured catalysts. Since CO is as an intermediate in >2eproduct formation, any insight obtained for CO reduction will aid our understanding of CO2 reduction. In this thesis, I have studied CO reduction on nanostructured and polycrystalline Cu electrodes. Due to the mixture of products formed during CO reduction, thorough product analysis is important in order to obtain all the information possible about the reaction. We benchmarked the performance of two techniques used for liquid product analysis; static headspace-gas chromatography (HSGC) and NMR spectroscopy. CO reduction is often carried out in alkaline electrolyte, since this leads to enhanced C2+ product selectivity and suppressed H2 evolution. The high pH can, however, also lead to undesired reactions occurring with the liquid products from CO reduction. It turns out that acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde are unstable in alkaline electrolytes, leading to polymerisation and precipitation. As a result, these aldehydes, in particular acetaldehyde, are difficult to detect using NMR
Performance Driven CRM: How to Make Your Customer Relationship Management Vision a Reality

Preface: What is Performance Driven CRM? PART ONE: DETERIMING AND ALIGNING THE CRM VISION. Chapter 1. Getting Started: The Need for a CRM Vision to Drive the Process. Chapter 2. The Myths and the Facts Surrounding CRM. PART TWO: CREATING PERFORMANCE DRIVEN CRM----THE THREE CRITICAL PERFORMANCE PROGRAMS. Chapter 3. Understanding Your Customer----The Customer Performance Program. Chapter 4. Understanding Your Organization----The Organizational Performance Program. Chapter 5. Committing to Continuous Improvement in Quality Service----The Quality Service Performance Program. PART THREE: THE TOOLS TO BUILD AND ENABLE THE PERFORMANCE PROGRAMS. Chapter 6. The Tools and Technology Required for Creating the Customer Performance Program. Chapter 7. The Tools and Technology Required for Creating the Organizational Performance Program. Chapter 8. The tools and Technology Required for the Quality Service Performance Program. PART FOUR: LEADING PRACTICES IN CREAING PERFORMANCE DRIVEN CRM. Chapter 9. Linking the Customer Performance Program and the Quality Service Program. Chapter 10. Staying the Course----Focusing on Your People. Chapter 11. Conclusion----How to Ensure that Performance Driven CRM Becomes a Reality: Watch Out for these Pitfalls. Appendix A: Glossary. Appendix B. Building Your Performance Improvement Plan (PIP). Index.
Ultrastructure of the Sensilla on the Antennae and Mouthparts of Bean Weevils, Megabruchidius dorsalis (Coleoptera: Bruchinae)

Simple Summary In this paper, we used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to describe the morphological types, number of sensilla, and their distributions on the antennae and mouthparts of both sexes of the bean weevil, Megabruchidius dorsalis (Coleoptera: Bruchinae). The results showed twelve subtypes on antennal sensilla and five types of sensilla on maxillary and labial palps. No sexual dimorphism in sensilla type was observed, but there were variations between male and female in the numbers and distribution along with the antennae. In addition, we discussed potential function related to structure, through comparisons with previous studies of bruchids and other insects. This information will support further studies of semiochemicals as effective biological controls of this pest. Abstract Megabruchidius dorsalis (Fåhraeus, 1839) (Coleoptera: Bruchinae) is an important pest that damages the seeds of Gleditsia L. (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae). This beetle searches for host plants with its sensory system. To further explore the mechanisms of host location and to understand the ultrastructure of M. dorsalis, we examined the morphology and distribution of its sensilla on the antennae and mouthparts of male and female adults, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both male and female antennae are serrated and can be divided into scape, pedicel, and flagellum. There were seven types and eight subtypes of antennal sensilla, including Bőhm bristles (BB), two subtypes of sensilla trichoid (ST1, ST2), two subtypes of sensilla chaetica (SC1, SC2), four subtypes of sensilla basiconic (SB1, SB2, SB3, SB4), sensilla cavity (SCa), sensilla auricillica (SA), and sensilla gemmiformium (SG). Five types of maxillary and labial palp sensilla in the mouthparts were observed: sensilla chaetica (SC), sensilla trichoidea (ST), sensilla styloconica (SSt), sensilla coeloconica (SCo), and sensilla digitiform (SD). No sexual dimorphism in sensilla type was observed, but there were variations between males and females in the numbers and distribution along the antennae. There were more SA in males than in females, while the number of ST sensilla in the maxillary palps were lower in males than in females. ST1 were most abundant in both sexes. We discussed potential function related to structure via comparisons with previous investigations of bruchids and other insects. Our results provide a theoretical basis for further studies on sensory physiological function, using semiochemicals as effective biological controls of M. dorsalis.
Topological Analysis of Vector-Field Guided Path Following on Manifolds

A path-following control algorithm enables a system’s trajectories under its guidance to converge to and evolve along a given geometric desired path. There exist various such algorithms, but many of them can only guarantee local convergence to the desired path in its neighborhood. In contrast, the control algorithms using a well-designed guiding vector field can ensure almost global convergence of trajectories to the desired path; here, “almost” means that in some cases, a measure-zero set of trajectories converge to the singular set where the vector field becomes zero (with all other trajectories converging to the desired path). In this article, we first generalize the guiding vector field from the Euclidean space to a general smooth Riemannian manifold. This generalization can deal with path-following in some abstract configuration space (such as robot arm joint space). Then, we show several theoretical results from a topological viewpoint. Specifically, we are motivated by the observation that singular points of the guiding vector field exist in many examples where the desired path is homeomorphic to the unit circle, but it is unknown whether the existence of singular points always holds in general (i.e., is inherent in the topology of the desired path). In the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$</tex-math></inline-formula>-dimensional Euclidean space, we provide an affirmative answer, and conclude that it is not possible to guarantee global convergence to desired paths that are homeomorphic to the unit circle. Furthermore, we show that there always exist nonpath-converging trajectories (i.e., trajectories that do not converge to the desired path) starting from the boundary of a ball containing the desired path in an <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$</tex-math></inline-formula>-dimensional Euclidean space where <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n \geq 3$</tex-math></inline-formula>. Examples are provided to illustrate the theoretical results.
Nonpoint sources

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Development of a framework for assessing sustainability benefits of landfill gas Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects

The twin objectives of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) are to assist developing country host nations in achieving sustainable development, and to assist developed countries in meeting their greenhouse gases (GHG) emission reduction targets. This is achieved through implementing GHG abatement projects in developing countries. There has been increased attention in the contribution of CDM projects to sustainable development in host nations. Previous research has suggested that, when left to market forces, the CDM does not contribute effectively to sustainable development. One likely reason is that host nations define and evaluate projects contribution to sustainable development. This has led to a “race to bottom” with regard to setting sustainability standards triggered by a concern that project developers prioritise CDM investments in countries with lower sustainability standards. Researchers have identified the need for an international standard for assessing sustainable development benefits of CDM projects. The main aim of this research was to develop an international level framework for assessing sustainable development benefits of CDM projects with a specific focus on landfill gas (LFG) projects. An in-depth literature review was carried out to establish the link between sustainable development benefits of CDM projects in general, and LFG CDM projects in particular. A case study methodology was used to develop an understanding of landfill management practices at three existing landfill sites both in developed (n=1) and developing countries (n=2). The results from the literature review and case studies were utilized to develop the framework for assessing sustainable development benefits of LFG CDM projects. The developed framework comprises three sustainable development dimensions and 12 criteria with 16 matching indicators. Such a project specific assessment framework has not previously been developed. The results from the validation of the framework suggested that technology transfer is the most likely benefit of any LFG CDM project while balance of payments is the least likely benefit. The proposed framework can be utilised at two stages in a CDM project lifecycle. It can be used as: (i) a template to guide host nations’ Designated National Authorities (DNAs) on how to review projects before issuing Letters of Approval (LoA); and (ii) Designated Operating Entities (DOEs) can also use the developed framework to validate and verify that sustainable development benefits stated in project proposals have been realised at the project level.
Facial Action Unit Recognition by Prior and Adaptive Attention

Facial action unit (AU) recognition remains a challenging task, due to the subtlety and non-rigidity of AUs. A typical solution is to localize the correlated regions of each AU. Current works often predefine the region of interest (ROI) of each AU via prior knowledge, or try to capture the ROI only by the supervision of AU recognition during training. However, the predefinition often neglects important regions, while the supervision is insufficient to precisely localize ROIs. In this paper, we propose a novel AU recognition method by prior and adaptive attention. Specifically, we predefine a mask for each AU, in which the locations farther away from the AU centers specified by prior knowledge have lower weights. A learnable parameter is adopted to control the importance of different locations. Then, we element-wise multiply the mask by a learnable attention map, and use the new attention map to extract the AU-related feature, in which AU recognition can supervise the adaptive learning of a new attention map. Experimental results show that our method (i) outperforms the state-of-the-art AU recognition approaches on challenging benchmark datasets, and (ii) can accurately reason the regional attention distribution of each AU by combining the advantages of both the predefinition and the supervision.