Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chemical Metallurgy: Principles and Practice

Foreword. Preface. Acknowledgements. Appreciation. 1. Acquaintance. 2. Mineral Processing. 3. Thermodynamics and Kinetics. 4. Pyrometallurgy. 5. Hydrometallurgy. 6. Electrometallurgy. 7. Energy and Environment. Subject Index.
The pond biodiversity index “IBEM”

The pond biodiversity index “IBEM”: a new tool for the rapid assessment of biodiversity in ponds from Switzerland. Part 1. Index development Due to legal requirements, nature managers increasingly have to carry out assessments of biodiversity for conservation purposes. For ponds, a type of waterbody now widely recognized as an important reservoir for freshwater biodiversity, standardized bioassessment methods are needed, but still rare. We produced such a tool for small lowland waterbodies in Switzerland: the Pond Biodiversity Index (“IBEM”). This Index is the adaptation of a method used by researchers for assessing the biodiversity in ponds, PLOCH, which does not currently meet the requirements for routine use by nature managers because it is too expensive and requires a high skill level in taxonomic identi cation. A method intended for practitioners has to be simple, standardized, cheap, adjustable, and consistent with the legislative framework. In order to ful ll these requirements, the theoretical and practical aspects of IBEM were developed with a group of representative end users including nature conservation managers, consultants, governmental organizations and taxonomic experts. To develop the method, we used a species dataset from 63 Swiss lowland ponds which included ve taxonomic groups: aquatic plants, aquatic Gastropoda, aquatic Coleoptera, adult Odonata and Amphibia. The following topics were addressed: (i) the number and type of taxonomic groups which should be used for producing the index (is it possible to use surrogates? ) (ii) the level of identi cation for each taxonomic group (species? genus? family? ) (iii) the sampling strategy (sampling technique, number of replicates), (iv) the calculation of a unique index and the strategy for assessing its score, and (v) the transfer of this new method to end users. The new method IBEM uses all ve taxonomic groups, because a subset of groups did not produce reliable assessments of pond biodiversity. Identi cation to genus level is required for four groups (aquatic plants, aquatic Gastropoda, aquatic Coleoptera, adult Odonata) and species level for Amphibia. The sampling methodology is based on the strati ed random strategy used in the PLOCH method, but with a slight modi cation in the number of samples per pond. The assessment follows the methodology adopted by the European Water Framework Directive, and the ratio of the observed richness to a reference-based predicted richness is translated into one of ve quality categories for each pond. The nal index is the mean of the ve assessment scores. To facilitate the implementation of the IBEM method, a website (http://campus.hesge.ch/ibem) enables online calculation of the index, and provides instructions on both sampling and assessment methodologies. Furthermore, training courses are organized by the authors of the method for end users.
VALIDATING AND RENEWING OF CODE USING INSPECTIONING SYSTEM

Data dependability maintenance is the major objective in cloud storage. It includes inspection using TPA for unauthorized access. To give security for the outsourced data in cloud storage against various problems like corruptions, and providing data dependability becomes difficult. One of the important issue is the fault tolerance to protect the data in the cloud. Now a days, renewing codes got importance because of their lower repair bandwidth. For renewing coded data the remote checking methods only provide private inspectioning, for this we require data holders to always to be in online and handle inspectioning, and also repairing, which is difficult at sometimes. In this paper we are proposing a scheme called public inspectioning for renewing code based cloud storage. To obtain solution for renewing problem of failed authenticators in the absence of data holders, we make a proxy, which is privileged to renew the authenticators, in the traditional public inspectioning system model. We also design a novel public verifiable authenticator, which is made by some keys. Thus, this scheme can almost release data holders from online burden. We also randomize the encode coefficients with a pseudorandom function to preserve data privacy. Extensive security analysis shows this system is secure and provable under random oracle model. Experimental evaluation model indicates that this system is highly efficient and can be feasibly integrated into the renewing-code cloud based storage.
Bridging Gaps Among Human, Assisted, and Automated Driving With DVIs: A Conceptional Experimental Study

Partially automated driving releases the driver from controlling the vehicle, but the driver still needs to monitor the driving situation steadily and be able to take over the control in critical situations when needed. In such a situation, problems arise as to how and when should the driver be informed and how to make sure the driver understands the general situation and specifically also the intention of the system correctly. Driver-vehicle interfaces (DVIs) present the necessary information to the driver. Many studies focusing on the time for Takeover-request (TOR) and the takeover time of the driver are performed leading to various results. The question: “Can a general conclusion about upper and lower limits of these two variables be drawn, which is applicable for all drivers in all situations? ” should be answered. In the situation in which the driver should take over the control of the vehicle, multiple driving modes are involved. Mode error or confusion may happen when the vehicle has multiple modes. This leads to another question to be discussed in this contribution: Is it possible to use one DVI to show the status of several autonomous driving levels and corresponding functionalities to avoid mode error or confusion? To answer these questions, two DVIs are designed considering multiple autonomous driving levels and their functionalities to increase the situation/mode awareness of the driver. A simulator study with 38 participants was conducted to study the takeover time and behavior of drivers under different critical situations as well as to compare the usability. Results show that the takeover time depends upon the sequence of experiencing the TOR and the complexity of the takeover situation. Furthermore, two proposed interfaces could contribute to increasing the situation awareness of the driver. The limits and trends of developing the TOR are concluded based on the literature review and the experiments performed. It is concluded that using an average TOR time for every individual driver in all critical situations is not appropriate. Discussion with respect to TOR to ensure a safe takeover regarding non-driving-related tasks and takeover experiences is derived from the performed experiments.
Elementary Statistics: From Discovery to Decision

Introduction: The Role of Statistics in Life. Chapter 1. The Language of Statistics. Chapter 2. Graphical Displays of Data. Chapter 3. Numerical Descriptors of Data. Chapter 4. Analyzing Bivariate Data. Chapter 5. Probability. Chapter 6. Random Variables and Probability Distributions. Chapter 7. Sampling Distributions and Confidence Intervals. Chapter 8. Hypothesis Testing: An Introduction. Chapter 9. Inferences: More One Population Tests. Chapter 10. Comparing Two Populations. Chapter 11. Regression Analysis. Chapter 12. Multiple Regression Models. Chapter 13. Experimental Design and ANOVA. Chapter 14. The Analysis of Qualitative Data. Chapter 15. Nonparametric Statistics. Chapter 16. Making Your Case. Appendix A. Statistical Tables. Appendix B. Explanation of Large Data Sets. Appendix C. Conditional Probability and Bayes Rule. Appendix D. The Poisson Probability Distribution. Appendix E. Exercises Appendix. Index.
Spectral broadening of 2-mJ ultrashort pulses in a convex-concave multipass cell in ambient air

Efficient temporal pulse compression of high-average power, ultrafast lasers continues to be a topic of important research efforts. Among many temporal pulse compression techniques suitable for ultrashort pulses with >mJ pulse energy, nonlinear spectral broadening in gas-filled Herriott-type multipass cell (MPC) has been in the spotlight in the last few years, particularly for high average power lasers. Many impressive demonstrations have been realized exhibiting high optical transmission, high compression factors and excellent spatial-spectral homogeneity. For example, in [1], a 1-kW, 1-mJ, 200 fs Yb:fiber laser was compressed from 200 fs to 31 fs with 96% transmission in an argon-filled MPC in a 1.5-m long chamber. In [2], 18 mJ pulses were spectrally broadened from 1.3 ps to a transform-limit of 41 fs in a 3-m long argon-filled MPC. More recently, Pfaff et al. spectrally broadened 840-fs, 10-mJ pulses and showed compressibility to 38 fs also with high optical transmission of 97% with a low-pressure chamber length of 2.7 m [3]. However, all these systems use concave-concave designs in costly pressure controlled vacuum chambers filled with noble gases, and long mirror distances are required to avoid ionization at the focus inside the cell. Here, we demonstrate nonlinear spectral broadening of 2.1-mJ, 670-fs pulses at 210 W of average power in a focus-free compact (61.5 cm distance), convex-concave MPC in ambient air. We show pulse broadening from 21 nm to 24.5 nm, and demonstrate compressibility down to the transform-limit of 134 fs with excellent spectral homogeneity, limited only by damage on the optical mirrors available at the time of the experiment.
Testes Adaptativos Computadorizados como um Processo de Decisão Markoviano: equilíbrio ótimo entre eficiência e precisão

GILAVERT, Patricia Fernandes. Computerized Adaptive Testing as a Markov Decision Process: optimal balance between efficiency and precision 2022. 66 p. Dissertation (Master of Science) – School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 2022. Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) adaptively assesses individuals through items selected sequentially during the test, after each given response, according to predefined item selection criteria and test stopping criteria. This type of assessment stands out in relation to tests applied in a conventional way (paper and pencil) because it presents a better compromise between precision in the estimation of skills and the test time. In general, the CATs consider a probabilistic model of the individuals’ response to each item, making it possible to infer the individual’s ability; the most common probabilistic model is the Item Response Theory (TRI) model, which allows describing item parameters, such as difficulty and discrimination. Traditionally, the item selection criteria used in CATs are myopic, that is, they evaluate the next best item without considering the items yet to come together; in addition, they consider a stopping criterion independent of the item selection criterion. A non-myopic approach that makes it possible to model selection criteria and stopping criteria together is the Markov Decision Process (MDP). This work defines a CAT using MDP to obtain a better compromise between the quality of the individuals’ ability estimation and the quantity of questions performed. Although MDPs make it possible to solve the problem optimally, optimality is actually only possible when the problem is discrete and of a feasible size. In this work we empirically analyze the potential gains of modeling CATs as MDPs. In addition, a comprehensive assessment of the CAT stopping criteria is made, concluding that the Fixed Length criterion shows a competitive accuracy efficiency compensation curve in all scenarios. It is also noteworthy that the estimation mechanism and the distribution of items per bank influence the performance of the stopping criteria.
Applied statistics for the behavioral sciences

This introductory text provides students with a conceptual understanding of basic statistical procedures, as well as the computational skills needed to complete them. The clear presentation, accessible language, and step-by-step instruction make it easy for students from a variety of social science disciplines to grasp the material. The scenarios presented in chapter exercises span the curriculum, from political science to marketing, so that students make a connection between their own area of interest and the study of statistics. Unique coverage focuses on concepts critical to understanding current statistical research such as power and sample size, multiple comparison tests, multiple regression, and analysis of covariance. Additional SPSS coverage throughout the text includes computer printouts and expanded discussion of their contents in interpreting the results of sample exercises. 1. Introduction. 2. Organizing and Graphing Data. 3. Describing Distributions: Individual Scores, Central Tendency, and Variation. 4. The Normal Distribution. 5. Correlation: A Measure of Relationship. 6. Linear Regression: Prediction. 7. Sampling, Probability, and Sampling Distributions. 8. Hypothesis Testing: One-Sample Case for the Mean. 9. Estimation: One-Sample Case for the Mean. 10. Hypothesis Testing: One-Sample Case for Other Statistics. 11. Hypothesis Testing: Two-Sample Case for the Mean. 12. Hypothesis Testing: Two-Sample Case for Other Statistics. 13. Determining Power and Sample Size. 14. Hypothesis Testing, K-Sample Case: Analysis of Variance, One-Way Classification. 15. Multiple-Comparison Procedures. 16. Analysis of Variance, Two-Way Classification. 17. Linear Regression: Estimation and Hypothesis Testing. 18. Multiple Linear Regression. 19. Analysis of Covariance. 20. Other Correlation Coefficients. 21. Chi-Square (X2) Tests for Frequencies. 22. Other Nonparametric Tests.
Predicting phage-bacteria interactions at the strain level from genomes

Predicting how phages can selectively infect specific bacterial strains holds promise for developing novel approaches to combat bacterial infections and better understanding microbial ecology. Experimental studies on phage-bacteria interactions have been mostly focusing on a few model organisms to understand the molecular mechanisms which makes a particular bacterial strain susceptible to a given phage. However, both bacteria and phages are extremely diverse in natural contexts. How well the concepts learned from well-established experimental models generalize to a broad diversity of what is encountered in the wild is currently unknown. Recent advances in genomics allow to identify traits involved in phage-host specificity, implying that these traits could be utilized for the prediction of such interactions. Here, we show that we could predict outcomes of most phage-bacteria interactions at the strain level in Escherichia natural isolates based solely on genomic data. First, we established a dataset of experimental outcomes of phage-bacteria interactions of 403 natural, phylogenetically diverse, Escherichia strains to 96 bacteriophages matched with fully sequenced and genomically characterized strains and phages. To predict these interactions, we set out to define genomic traits with predictive power. We show that most interactions in our dataset can be explained by adsorption factors as opposed to antiphage systems which play a marginal role. We then trained predictive algorithms to pinpoint which interactions could be accurately predicted and where future research should focus on. Finally, we show the application of such predictions by establishing a pipeline to recommend tailored phage cocktails to target pathogenic strains from their genomes only and show higher efficiency of tailored cocktails on a collection of 100 pathogenic E. coli isolates. Altogether, this work provides quantitative insights into understanding phage–host specificity at the strain level and paves the way for the use of predictive algorithms in phage therapy.
The readiness of Cloud Computing: A case study in Politeknik Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah, Shah Alam

Nowadays, the demands for computing resources were increased. The companies would found that, by using outside computing resources was more economical than build a new computing capacity internally. Cloud computing is a new technology that provides flexible and massive online computing power. Mostly, cloud computing allows a company to expand their network and server infrastructure. Some of cloud computing services will add more network and server capacity to company web sites as demand for services of the Web site increase. The readiness to adopt new technology requires a deep understanding of the technology and the factors adoption that drive the organization to make decision to adopt new technology. This study aims to investigate the readiness towards Cloud Computing in Politeknik Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah (PSA). Conceptual Model for Cloud Computing Adoption is a model used to identify the factors that drive an organization to get ready implementing Cloud Computing services, while the level of readiness to adopt Cloud Computing will be investigated by using Cloud Computing Maturity Model, which consists of maturity assessment and adoption assessment. Responses from IT experts at PSA were analyzed and the rating scores from the assessments will indicate the level of readiness towards cloud computing in PSA.
The myth of femininity in the sport of bodysculpting

Women with muscular bodies have long been objects of public scrutiny and social contempt. Critical to the problematic of the muscular woman is the question of how femininity fits on a female body that is strong. The muscular woman is said to occupy spaces outside of accepted gender binaries because she challenges the assumption that men are naturally masculine and that women are naturally feminine. This article highlights the fraught and complex project of becoming a woman with muscle. It argues that femininity denaturalises the muscular female body by demanding feminine comportment and spatiality. To highlight the contradictory relationship between muscle and femininity, it examines the sport of bodysculpting. Bodysculpting generates problematic meanings for its participants. The idea of femininity as central to 'womanliness' dictates values that become continuous with women's experiences of their bodies and in the end with their own ideas about who they think they are.
Migration in Brazil in the 1990 s

Migration in Brazil has historically been a mechanism for adjustment to disequilibria. Nearly 40 percent of all Brazilians have migrated at one point and time, and in-migrants represent substantial portions of regional populations. Poorer regions and those with fewer economic opportunities have traditionally sent migrant to more prosperous regions. As such, the Southeast, where economic conditions are most favorable, has historically received migrants from the Northeast. Migration should have benefited both regions. The SE benefits by importing skilled and unskilled labor that makes local capital more productive. The NE can benefit from upward pressures on wages and through remittances that migrant households return to their region of origin. The Northeast of Brazil is a net sender of migrants to Southeast. In recent years, a large number of people moved from the Southeast to the Northeast. Compared to Northeast to Southeast (NE-SE) migrants, Southeast to Northeast (SE-NE) migrants are less homogeneous regarding age, wage, and income. SE-NE migrants are on average poorer and less educated than the Southeast average, while NE-SE migrants are financially better off and higher educated than the Northeast average. We find that the predicted returns to migration are increasing with education for SE-NE migrants and decreasing for NE-SE migrants. We further observe that the returns to migration have been decreasing for NESE migrants and increasing for SE-NE migrants between 1995 and 1999. This finding helps explain migration dynamics in Brazil. While the predicted positive returns to migration for NE-SE migrants indicate that NE-SE migration follows in general the human capital approach to migration, the estimated lower returns to migration for SE-NE may indicate that non-monetary factors also play a role in SE-NE migration. 1 The authors would like to thank Patricio Arcola, Dorte Domeland, Indermit Gill, and John Redwood for helpful comments and suggestions. The findings, interpretations, and conclutions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank.
The Effects of Acute and Chronic Diabetes on Myocardial Metabolism in Rats

This study examined how the duration of experimentally induced diabetes affects myocardial metabolism. Both acutely (2-day) and chronically (30-day and 90-day) streptozocin (STZ)-diabetic rats exhibited hyperglycemia and hyperketonemia, while hyperlipemia was evident only in the chronically diabetic rats. The activity of succinate dehydrogenase was lower, whereas that of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase was higher in the hearts of chronically diabetic rats. Although myocardial concentrations of glucose-6-phosphate, glycogen, and triacylglycerols were elevated in diabetes, the patterns of alterations differed between acute and chronic diabetes. The fructose-1,6-diphosphate/fructose-6-phosphate ratio declined progressively after STZ administration, which was not accompanied by a reciprocal increase in citrate levels, although citrate concentrations were elevated. Impaired glucose oxidation was more severe in the freshly isolated heart cells from 30-day than from 2-day diabetic rats. For a given substrate concentration, the oxidation rates of palmitate and 3-hydroxybutyrate were markedly reduced in myocytes from 30-day diabetic rats. However, they were similar to or even higher than the rates found in their control counterparts under conditions that reflected the respective in vivo concentrations of the substrates. Incubating isolated myocytes from 2-day diabetic rats in the presence of insulin only partially restored the impaired glucose oxidation. Insulin administered to the animals 4 h before the experiments restored the impaired glucose oxidation by the cells. Insulin in vitro or single injection in vivo had little or no effect on glucose oxidation in isolated myocytes from 30-day diabetic rats. Our findings suggest that the myocardium undergoes a continuous and prolonged metabolic adaption in the course of experimental diabetes.