Human System Responses to Disaster: An Inventory of Sociological Findings

1. The Logic of the Inventory. - The Legacy of the Past. - What Is a Disaster? - The Search Process. - A Conceptual Taxonomy. - Limitations and Risks. - An Overview. - Selected Bibliography. - 2. Planning. - IA. Individual System Level. - IA1. Event Variation. - IA2. Public Acceptance of Planning. - I A3. Public Preparation. - IA4. Public Belief in Disaster Myths. - IIA. Group System Level. - IIA1. Life Cycles of Emergent Groups. - IIA2. Family Disaster Planning. - IIA3. Family Willingness to Participate in Preparedness Activities. - IIA4. Looting Fears. - III A. Organizational System Level. - IIIA1. General Principles. - IIIA2. Local Emergency Management-Civil Defense Agencies. - III A3. Hospital-Medical Units. - III A4. First Responders. - IIIA5. Mental Health Agencies. - IIIA6. Media Organizations. - IIIA7. Schools. - IVA. Community System Level. - IVA1. The Planning Payoff. - IVA2. Event Variability. - IVA3. Planning Principles. - IVA4. Unique Requirements of Disaster Planning. - IVA5. Community Mental Health Planning. - IVA6. Major Planning Weaknesses. - IVA7. Variability in Extent of Planning. - IVA8. Community Acceptance of Planning. - VA. Society System Level. - VAI. System Variation. - VA2. System Complexity. - VA3. System Changes. - VA4. System Outputs. - VIA. International System Level. - Selected Bibliography. - 3. Warning. - IB. Individual System Level. - IBI. Disaster Warnings as a Social Process. - IB2. Initial Responses. - IB3. Message Qualities. - IB4. Receiver Qualities. - IB5. Confirmation Behavior. - IIB. Group System Level. - IIB1. Group Impacts on Warning Belief. - IIB2. Confirmation and Coalescing Behavior. - IIB3. Earthquake Prediction Responses. - IIIB. Organizational System Level. - IIIB1. Correlates of Organizational Response. - IIIB2. Organization-Public Interface. - IVB. Community System Level. - IVB1. Community Variation in Warning System Composition. - IVB2. Correlates of Community Response. - VB. Society System Level. - VB1. Warning Systems within the U.S.A. - VB2. Warning Systems Outside the U.S.A. - VIB. International System Level. - Selected Bibliography. - 4. Evacuation and Other Forms of Pre-Impact Mobilization. - IC. Individual System Level. - IC1. Pre-evacuation Responses. - IC2. Evacuation Rates and Reasons. - IC3. Receiver Qualities. - IC4. Message Qualities. - IIC. Group System Level. - IIC 1. Group Interactions. - IIC2. Families as Evacuation Units. - IIC3. Shelter Selections. - IIIC. Organizational System Level. - IIIC1. Organizational Leadership in Evacuations. - IIIC2. Organizational Structure and Evacuation Effectiveness. - IIIC3. Media Organization Responses. - IVC. Community System Level. - IVC1. Community Dynamics. - IVC2. Disaster Subcultures. - IVC3. Public Shelter Use. - VC. Society System Level. - VC1. Natural Disaster Evacuations. - VC2. War-Caused Evacuations. - VIC. International System Level. - Selected Bibliography. - 5. Post-impact Emergency Actions. - ID. Individual System Level. - ID 1. Victim Reactions. - ID2. Non-Victim Actions. - ID3. Emotional Responses. - IID. Group System Level. - HD 1. Family Responses. - IID2. Emergent Group Responses. - HID. Organizational System Level. - IIID1. Initial Responses. - IIID2. Emergent Organizations. - IIID3. Stress Effects. - IIID4. Correlates of Effectiveness. - IIID5. Media Organization Responses. - IIID6. Medical Organization Responses. - IVD. Community System Level. - IVD1. Global Community Response Patterns. - IVD2. Correlates of Effectiveness. - IVD3. Community Solidarity. - IVD4. Interorganizational Relations. - IVD5. Emergency Medical Systems. - IVD6. Handling of the Dead. - VD. Society System Level. - VID. International System Level. - VIDI. Societal Response Differences. - VID2. International System Responses. - Selected Bibliography. - 6. Restoration. - IE. Individual System Level. - IE1. Victim Perceptions of the Recovery Process. - IE2. Victim Health Status. - IIE. Group System Level. - IIE1. Differential Participation in the Therapeutic Community. - IIE2. Relatives as Help Sources. - IIE3. Shelter Behaviors. - IIE4. Correlates of Family Recovery. - IIIE. Organizational System Level. - IIIE1. The Recovery Environment. - IIIE2. Emergent vs. Routine Task Structures. - IIIE3. Mental Health Impacts. - IIIE4. Media Responses. - IVE. Community System Level. - IVE1. Dynamics of the Mass Assault. - IVE2. Rise and Demise of the Synthetic Community. - IVE3. Community Conflict Patterns. - IVE4. Looting. - IVE5. Recovery Differentials. - IVE6. Pressures for Normalcy. - IVE7. Social Impacts. - VE. Society System Level. - VE 1. Relief Differentials. - VE2. Relocation. - VIE. International System Level. - VIE1. Public Health Myth. - VIE2. Societal Response Differences. - VIE3. International System Responses. - Selected Bibliography. - 7. Reconstruction. - IF. Individual System Level. - IF1. Findings of Continuity and Positive Impacts. - IF2. Findings of Negative Impacts. - IF3. Findings Suggesting Variation in Impact. - IF4. Children as Victims. - IF5. Secondary Victims. - IF6. Treatment Orientations. - IIF. Group System Level. - IIF1. Disaster Impacts on Family Functioning. - IIF2. Alterations in Family Recovery Capacity. - IIF3. Correlates of Family Adjustment. - IIIF. Organizational System Level. - IIIF1. Organizational Change: Global Patterns. - IIIF2. Organizational Change: Adoption of Innovations. - IIIF3. Organizational Change: Image Alterations. - IIIF4. Emergent Organizations. - IIIF5. Mental Health Needs Assessments and Impacts. - IVF. Community System Level. - IVF1. Blame Assignation Processes. - IVF2. Disaster-Induced Community Change. - IVF3. Housing and Reconstruction Planning Problems. - VF. Society System Level. - VIF. International System Level. - VIF1. Dynamics of the Recovery Process. - VIF2. Societal Variations. - Selected Bibliography. - 8. Hazard Perceptions. - IG. Individual System Level. - IG1. Hazard Awareness and Salience. - IG2. The Role of Experience. - IG3. Other Correlates of Hazard Perception. - IIG. Group System Level. - IIIG. Organizational System Level. - IIIG1. Hazard Perceptions Among Organizational Executives. - IIIG2. Public Education Efforts. - IIIG3. Media Organizations: Coverage and Influence. - IVG. Community System Level. - IVG1. Community Variations in Threat Perceptions. - IVG2. Disaster Subcultures. - VG. Society System Level. - VIG. International System Level. - VIG1. Societal Comparisons. - VIG2. Media Reporting. - Selected Bibliography. - 9. Attitudes toward and the Adoption of Adjustments. - IH. Individual System Level. - IH1. Hazard Adjustments: Impacts and Perceptual Patterns. - IH2. Adoption of Hazard Insurance. - IH3. Attitudes toward Earthquake Predictions. - IH4. Other Adjustments. - IIH. Group System Level. - IIIH. Organizational System Level. - IIIH1. Hazard Manager Actions. - IIIH2. Earthquake Disclosure Legislation. - IIIH3. Hazard Insurance. - IIIH4. Public Education. - IVH. Community System Level. - IVH1. The Impact of Disaster Experience. - IVH2. Correlates of Community Adoption of Hazard Mitigation Adjustments. - IVH3. Anticipating Opposition. - VH. Society System Level. - VH1. Factors Affecting Vulnerability. - VH2. Trends in Mitigation Policy. - VH3. Evaluations of Program Outcomes. - VH4. Predicting the Adoption of Risk Mitigation Adjustments. - VH5. Disaster Relief Policies and Outcomes. - VH6. Factors Influencing Research Applications. - VIH. International System Level. - VIH1. Projections of Disaster Vulnerability. - VIH2. Disaster Assistance. - VIH3. Intersocietal Comparisons. - Selected Bibliography. - 10. Disaster Research: A Strategic Research Site. - The Progress of a Decade. - Priorities for the Future. - Opportunities for Policy and Application. - Candidates for Model Building. - Areas Requiring Exploration. - Payoffs for Sociological Theory. - Master Bibliography. - Author Index.