Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Clinical Application of Paraspinal Somatosensory Potentials ( PS-SEP , ) for the Diagnosis of Spinal Cord

To evaluate the clinical utility of somatQsensory evoked potentials elicited by stimulation of the paraspinal region (PS-SEPs), wavefbrm charactcristics and scalp topography were studied in 23 normal controls. PS-SEPs were recorded in 22 patients with spinal lesions, and the relation between the abnormal PSSEPs and clinico-radiological findings was investigated, 1) The normal control study showed clear waveforms on the scalp elicited by stimulation of the paraspinal region from C7 to the L2 spinous process level, with both bilateral and unilateral stimulation, The Iatency of PS-SEPs was gradually decreased
Aalborg Universitet Line filter design of parallel interleaved VSCs for high power wind energy conversion systems

The Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) are often connected in parallel in a Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) to match the high power rating of the modern wind turbines. The effect of the interleaved carriers on the harmonic performance of the parallel connected VSCs is analyzed in this paper. In order to achieve low switching losses, the 60◦ clamp Discontinuous PulseWidth Modulation (DPWM1) is used to modulate the VSCs. A step-by-step design procedure of the line filter, which ensures the desired harmonic performance under all operating conditions, is presented. The analytical harmonic solution for the two parallel interleaved VSCs is derived in order to obtain the worst case voltage magnitude of the individual harmonic components. The required value of the filter admittance for the specific harmonic component is obtained by using the worst case voltage magnitude and the allowable harmonic injection limit. In order to achieve the desired filter performance with optimal values of the filter parameters, the use of a LC trap branch with the conventional LCL filter is proposed. The expressions for the resonant frequencies of the proposed line filter are derived and used in the design to selectively choose the values of the line filter components. The analysis and design methodology are also verified experimentally.
The Character and the Spatial Concepts of Cakranegara , Lalu MulyadiPB 65 The CharaCTer and The SpaTial ConCepTS of Cakranegara The hiSToriCal CiTy of indoneSia aS an alTernaTive Urban deSign

The main challenge in Indonesian urban conservation efforts is to determine how changes can meet our current needs without jeopardizing its unique character. Cakranegara, Lombok is one of the towns that have unique character and concept for its spatial organization. This research seeks to define the character of Cakranegara by outlining the spatial city concepts in relation to the physical character based on the socio-cultural and religious principles using questionnaires, mental mapping, visual survey and interviews. The results indicate that the grid pattern, settlement blocks and the positioning of the east-west temples have become the specific character of the city. Findings suggest that cosmological philosophy that emphasizes on the relationship between human and nature is used to determine the spatial organization. This relationship is observed in the placement of the three temples which symbolizes the spirit, the dwellers as the energy and the settlement territorial as the vessel. The study concludes that the basic principles of socio-cultural and the socio-religious beliefs had created the spatial concept of this historic town. keywords Cakranegara City; Socio-culture; Character; Spatial Concept. abstrak Tantangan bagi upaya pelestarian perkotaan di Indonesia adalah bagaimana kebutuhan masa kini dapat dipenuhi tanpa menghilangkan keunikan karakter tata kotanya. Cakranegara, Lombok adalah sebuah kota yang memiliki karakter yang unik karena konsep dan pengaturan spasialnya. Riset ini menerangkan tentang karakter Cakranegara dengan menjabarkan konsep spasial tata kota dari bangunannya berdasarkan pada prinsip-prinsip sosial-budaya dan agama, melalui kuesioner, pemetaan, survai visual dan wawancara. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pola penggunaan lahan, permukiman dan posisi pura-pura di timur dan barat, menjadi ciri kekhasan dari kota ini. Ternyata berperannya filosofi tentang konsep kosmos menerjemahkan hubungan antara manusia dan alam, sehingga atas dasar inilah pengaturan organisasi spasial tata kotanya dilaksanakan. Hubungan antara manusia dengan alam diwujudkan dengan menempatkan tiga pura sebagai symbol dari roh, penghuninya sebagai energy, dan teritori permukimannya sebagai sebuah bejana. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa prinsip-prinsip dasar kepercayaan, sosial-budaya dansosial-agama, telah menciptakan konsep spasial di sebuah kota historis. keywords Cakranegara, sosial-budaya, karakter, konsep tata kota. Paradigma, Jurnal Kajian Budaya The Character and the Spatial Concepts of Cakranegara, Lalu Mulyadi 66 67
Gravitational Weakening of Seismic Origin as a Driving Mechanism of Some Astronomical Anomalies

The anomalous increase of the astronomical unit, the mysterious secular increase of the lunar eccentricity and the flyby anomaly are important issues of modern astronomy. This study aims to determine the effect of earthquakes on the origin of these anomalies. Based on conventional physics, we found the existence of earthquake-induced gravitational weakening within the earth-moon-sun system and beyond. New equations of gravitation, including time dilation, are introduced that can explain the anomalous increase of the astronomical unit and the lunar orbit. A modified equation that includes the effect of massive quakes also explains the anomalous increase of the lunar eccentricity. Furthermore, the results of the present study can explain the flyby and Pioneer anomalies experienced by spacecraft during gravity assisted maneuvers. A modification of the 3rd Law of Kepler is also presented. Implications on the elliptic orbit of the earth, its reduced velocity and the occurrence of leap years are also discussed. Using the seismic-induced gravitational weakening model, probable trigger mechanisms of the faint young sun paradox and the Allais effect are also presented. An estimate of the age of the earth based on the observed values of the Hubble parameter and the USGS earthquake data for the past century is also presented. A new model of the seismic-driven expanding universe and a new equation to determine the expansion rate of galaxies and the universe is also proposed. The sudden earth’s retreat due to gravitational weakening and its implication on anomalous astronomical refraction and flight risk at night especially near the equatorial region, and its effect on the abrupt satellite orbital decay, spin and drift are also discussed. This study may also shed light on the occurrence of sinkholes and massive landslides. Finally, this study proposes a new equation that can explain the observed changes in the fine structure constant.
Joint Operation of Renewable Energy and Battery Switch Station Considering the Benefits of Different Subjects

The collaboration between renewable energy (RE) and an electric vehicles battery switch station (BSS) is a win-win strategy for both. In order to effectively coordinate and manage RE and BSS belonging to different investors, a new cooperative operation mode considering a multi-stakeholder scenario is proposed. By analyzing the relationship of cooperation and competition between them, their pursuit of maximizing their own interests is modeled as a Stackelberg game model. As the leader, the RE company determines the charge/discharge prices to guide the demand response of BSS. As the follower, the BSS optimizes its charge/discharge strategy according to the prices to maximize its own profits. The proposed model no longer requires that the RE company and BSS belong to a same interest subject, and there is no need for unified coordinated control between them. To solve the game equilibrium, a solution combining the backward-induction method and genetic algorithm is proposed by comparing and analyzing the characteristics of the strong and weak Stackelberg equilibriums. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed model was validated by case studies. The simulation results show that both the RE company and the BSS have the motivation to participate in the game, and that a win-win outcome can be achieved automatically in the process of pursuing their own interest maximization in the game.
Identifying Sub-events and Summarizing Disaster-Related Information from Microblogs

In recent times, humanitarian organizations increasingly rely on social media to search for information useful for disaster response. These organizations have varying information needs ranging from general situational awareness (i.e., to understand a bigger picture) to focused information needs e.g., about infrastructure damage, urgent needs of affected people. This research proposes a novel approach to help crisis responders fulfill their information needs at different levels of granularities. Specifically, the proposed approach presents simple algorithms to identify sub-events and generate summaries of big volume of messages around those events using an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) technique. Extensive evaluation on a large set of real world Twitter dataset shows (a). our algorithm can identify important sub-events with high recall (b). the summarization scheme shows (6---30%) higher accuracy of our system compared to many other state-of-the-art techniques. The simplicity of the algorithms ensures that the entire task is done in real time which is needed for practical deployment of the system.
Limit Theorems for randomly weighted sums of random variables

Let (Xn) be a sequence of non-negative valued iid random variables with a common distribution function F, belonging to the domain of attraction of a positive stable law, and (Wn) be a sequence of bounded non-negative valued random variables. Assuming that the sequence (Wn) is iid and that (Xn) and (Wn) are independent, we obtain the limit distribution of ( Tn = n ∑ j=1 WjXj ) , properly normalized. We extend the result to the sums of random number of random variables and obtain the limit law as geometric stable. Relaxing the condition on the weights and assuming (Wn) to be independent random variables, we obtain the limit distribution of (Tn), but under the setup that F belongs to the domain of normal attraction of a positive stable law. Also, for triangular array (Wn,1,Wn,2, . . . ,Wn,n) of weights, with non-negative bounded iid random variables as components, n ≥ 1, we obtain the limit distribution of ( n ∑ j=1 Wn,jXj), when F belongs to the domain of normal attraction of a positive stable law.
Femtosecond Transient Bragg Gratings

Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) have found numerous applications in fiber lasers, sensors, telecommunication, and many other fields. Traditionally, they are fabricated using UV laser sources and a phase mask or other interferometric techniques. In the past two decades, FBGs have been fabricated with femtosecond lasers in either the point-by-point method or by using a phase mask, in a similar configuration as with UV laser sources. In the following, we briefly review the advantages of femtosecond fabrication of fiber Bragg gratings. We then focus on transient FBGs; these are FBGs that exist for a short duration only, for the purpose of all-optical, in-fiber switching and modulation and the possible mechanism to implement them with a high-power femtosecond laser. The theory behind transient grating switching is outlined, and we discuss related experimental results achieved by our group on both permanent grating inscription and the generation of transient (dynamic) fiber Braggs gratings.
On curvature squared terms in N 1⁄4 2 supergravity

Recently, there has been renewed interest in R gravity [1–3] andN 1⁄4 1 supergravity [4]. In particular, it has been confirmed that the pure R gravity theory is ghost free [3]. This provides a rationale to look more closely at the structure of curvature squared terms in four-dimensional (4D) N 1⁄4 2 supergravity. On dimensional grounds, all such terms should be given by chiral integrals. The N 1⁄4 2 locally supersymmetric invariant IC2abcd containing the Weyl tensor squared (which coincides with the action for N 1⁄4 2 conformal supergravity) was constructed by Bergshoeff, de Roo and de Wit almost thirty five years ago [5]. However, the N 1⁄4 2 supersymmetric extension IR2ab−13R2 of the term R Rab − 13R 2 was obtained only two years ago [6]. A special combination of the super-Weyl invariants IC2abcd and IR2ab−13R2 constitutes the N 1⁄4 2 GaussBonnet term [6]. In this paper we describe a third curvature squared invariant—a locally supersymmetric extension of the R term that is of special interest in the context of the ideas advocated in [1–4]. Although the invariant has been discussed in [7,8], there has not appeared a complete description of the invariant due to some missing elements. In particular, the invariant was given in [7] in a special gauge and the explicit component action has never been worked out. In this note we provide a more complete exposition of the invariant and construct it in a gauge independent form. This paper is organized as follows. In Sec. II we present the superspace description of curvature squared invariants within N 1⁄4 2 superspace. In Sec. III we elaborate on the component structure of a N 1⁄4 2 supersymmetric invariant containing a curvature squared term. Section IV is devoted to a discussion of our results. We have included a couple of technical appendices. Appendix A provides the essential details of the formulation for N 1⁄4 2 conformal supergravity [9] in SU(2) superspace [10], while Appendix B summarizes the important details of conformal superspace [11].
A case of extreme particulate matter concentrations over Central Europe caused by dust emitted over the southern Ukraine

On 24 March 2007, an extraordinary dust plume was observed in the Central European troposphere. Satellite observations revealed its origins in a dust storm in Southern Ukraine, where large amounts of soil were resuspended from dried-out farmlands at wind gusts up to 30 m s? 1. Along the pathway of the plume, maximum particulate matter (PM10) mass concentrations between 200 and 1400 ? g m? 3 occurred in Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Poland, and Germany. Over Germany, the dust plume was characterised by a volume extinction coefficient up to 400 Mm? 1 and a particle optical depth of 0.71 at wavelength 0.532 ? m. In-situ size distribution measurements as well as the wavelength dependence of light extinction from lidar and Sun photometer measurements confirmed the presence of a coarse particle mode with diameters around 2? 3 ? m. Chemical particle analyses suggested a fraction of 75% crustal material in daily average PM10 and up to 85% in the coarser fraction PM10? 2.5. Based on the particle characteristics as well as a lack of increased CO and CO2 levels, a significant impact of biomass burning was ruled out. The reasons for the high particle concentrations in the dust plume were twofold: First, dust was transported very rapidly into Central Europe in a boundary layer jet under dry conditions. Second, the dust plume was confined to a relatively stable boundary layer of 1.4? 1.8 km height, and could therefore neither expand nor dilute efficiently. Our findings illustrate the capacity of combined in situ and remote sensing measurements to characterise large-scale dust plumes with a variety of aerosol parameters. Although such plumes from Southern Eurasia seem to occur rather infrequently in Central Europe, its unexpected features highlights the need to improve the description of dust emission, transport and transformation processes needs, particularly when facing the possible effects of further anthropogenic desertification and climate change.
PROGRESS OF INDIRECT DRIVE INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION IN THE US

Indirect drive converts high power laser into x rays using small high-Z cavities called hohlraums. X rays generated at the hohlraum walls drive a capsule filled with DT fusion fuel. Recent experiments have produced fusion yields exceeding 50 kJ where alpha heating provides ~3x increase in yield over PdV work. Improvements needed to approach ignition are challenging requiring optimization of the target/implosions and the laser to extract maximum energy. The US program has a three-pronged approach to maximize target performance each closing some portion of the gap. The first item is optimizing the hohlraum to couple more energy to the capsule while maintaining symmetry control. Novel hohlraum designs are being pursued that enable larger capsule to be driven symmetrically to both reduce 3D effects and increase energy coupled to the capsule. The second issue being addressed is capsule stability. Seeding of instabilities by the hardware used to mount the capsule and fill it with DT fuel remains a concern. Work such reducing the impact of the DT fill tubes and novel capsule mounts such as three sets of two single wire stands forming a cage, as opposed to the thin membranes currently used, are being pursed to reduce the effect of mix on the capsule implosions. There is also growing evidence native capsule seeds such as micro-structure may be playing a role on limiting capsule performance and dedicated experiments are being developed to better understand the phenomenon. The last area of emphasis is the laser. As technology progresses and understanding of laser damage/mitigation advances, increasing the laser energy seems possible. This would increase the amount of energy available to couple to the capsule and allow larger capsules potentially increasing the hot spot pressure and confinement time. The combination of each of these focus areas have the potential to produce conditions to initiate thermo-nuclear ignition.
SAMA : A Method for 3 D Morphological Analysis

Three-dimensional (3D) culture models are critical tools for understanding tissue morphogenesis. A key requirement for their analysis is the ability to reconstruct the tissue into computational models that allow quantitative evaluation of the formed structures. Here, we present Software for Automated Morphological Analysis (SAMA), a method by which epithelial structures grown in 3D cultures can be imaged, reconstructed and analyzed with minimum human intervention. SAMA allows quantitative analysis of key features of epithelial morphogenesis such as ductal elongation, branching and lumen formation that distinguish different hormonal treatments. SAMA is a user-friendly set of customized macros operated via FIJI (http://fiji.sc/Fiji), an open-source image analysis platform in combination with a set of functions in R (http://www.r-project.org/), an open-source program for statistical analysis. SAMA enables a rapid, exhaustive and quantitative 3D analysis of the shape of a population of structures in a 3D image. SAMA is cross-platform, licensed under the GPLv3 and available at http://montevil.theobio. org/content/sama.
The Short-Term Distributional Effects of the German Minimum Wage Reform

This study quantifies the short-term distributional effects of the new statutory minimum wage in Germany. Using detailed survey data (German Socio-Economic Panel), we assess changes in the distributions of hourly wages, contractual and actual working hours, and monthly earnings. Our descriptive results indicate growth at the bottom of the hourly wage distribution in the post-reform year, but also considerable noncompliance among eligible employees. In a second step, we employ a difference-in-differences analysis and exploit regional variation in the "bite" of the intervention, measured by the share of employees in a geographical region with wages below the minimum wage prior to the reform. We document the reform's positive effect at the bottom of the wage distribution. However, we find a negative effect of the reform on contractual hours worked, which explains why there is no effect on monthly earnings. Given that actual hours worked decrease less than contractual hours, our evidence suggests an increase in unpaid overtime.
Web Semantics : Science , Services and Agents on the World Wide Web

Identifying and interpreting user intent are fundamental to semantic search. In this paper, we investigate the association of intent with individual words of a search query. We propose that words in queries can be classified as either content or intent, where content words represent the central topic of the query, while users add intent words to make their requirements more explicit. We argue that intelligent processing of intent words can be vital to improving the result quality, and in this work we focus on intent word discovery and understanding. Our approach towards intent word detection is motivated by the hypotheses that query intent words satisfy certain distributional properties in large query logs similar to function words in natural language corpora. Following this idea, we first prove the effectiveness of our corpus distributional features, namely, word co-occurrence counts and entropies, towards function word detection for five natural languages. Next, we show that reliable detection of intent words in queries is possible using these same features computed from query logs. To make the distinction between content and intent words more tangible, we additionally provide operational definitions of content and intent words as those words that should match, and those that need not match, respectively, in the text of relevant documents. In addition to a standard evaluation against human annotations, we also provide an alternative validation of our ideas using clickthrough data. Concordance of the two orthogonal evaluation approaches provide further support to our original hypothesis of the existence of two distinct word classes in search queries. Finally,we provide a taxonomyof intentwords derived through rigorousmanual analysis of large query logs. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
PRODUCTION OF INTERMEDIATE HEATING VALUE GAS FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE VIA OXYGEN-BLOWN FLUIDIZED BED GASIFICATION

An experimental research program, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, was conducted to inves­ tigate the technical feasibility of producing a "medium­ Btu" gas from cellulosic wastes by means of oxygen­ blown fluidized bed gasification. A 12 in. (0.30 m) I.D. fluidized bed gasifier capable of processing approxi­ mately 500 lb/hr (3.8 kg/s) of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) was constructed at Combustion Power Com­ pany's Menlo Park, California facility. A series of par­ ametric tests using MSW, wood and artificially wetted newsprint was conducted. It was shown that product gas heating values in excess of 400 Btu/sdcf (16,000 kJ/ndcm) and H2/CO ratios over 0.45 could be ob­ tained. Product gas quality was found to be strongly related to fuel moisture content but relatively inde­ pendent of throughput rate.
A tribute to the use of minimalistic spatially-implicit models of savanna vegetation dynamics to address broad spatial scales in spite of scarce data

The savanna biome encompasses a variety of vegetation physiognomies that traduce complex dynamical responses of plants to the rainfall gradients leading from tropical forests to hot deserts. Such responses are shaped by interactions between woody and grassy plants that can be either direct, disturbance-mediated or both. There has been increasing evidence that several vegetation physiognomies, sometimes highly contrasted, may durably coexist under similar rainfall conditions suggesting multi-stability or at least not abrupt transitions. These fascinating questions have triggered burgeoning modelling efforts which have, however, not yet delivered an integrated picture liable to furnish sensible predictions of potential vegetation at broad scales. In this paper, we will recall the key ecological processes and resulting vegetation dynamics that models should take into account. We will also present the main modelling options present in the literature and advocate the use of minimalistic models, capturing only the essential processes while retaining sufficient mathematical tractability and restricting themselves to a minimal set of parameters assessable from the overall literature.