Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fire Growth in Grassland Fuels

The development of grass fires originating from both point and line ignitions and burning in both open grasslands and woodlands with a grassy understorey was studied using 487 periods of fire spread and associated fuel, weather and fire-shape observations. The largest fires travelled more than 1000 m from the origin and the fastest 2-minute spread rate was over 2 m s-1. Given continuous fuel of uniform moisture content, the rate of forward spread was related to both the wind speed and the width of the head fire measured normal to the direction of fire travel. The head fire width required to achieve the potential quasi-steady rate of forward spread for the prevailing conditions increased with increasing wind speeds. These findings have important implications for relating small-scale field or laboratory measurements of fire spread to predictions of wildfire spread. The time taken to reach the potential quasi-steady rate of spread at any wind speed was highly variable. This time was strongly influenced by the frequency of changes in wind direction and the rate of development of a wide head fire.
Impact of Antarctic ice shelf basal melting on sea ice and deep ocean properties

An approximation of Antarctica's rocky and icy coastline normally forms the southern boundary in global climate models. Such a configuration neglects extensive ice shelf areas where ocean‐ice interaction initiates a net freshwater flux to the circumpolar continental shelf equal to ∼75% of the annual mean net precipitation in coastal seas. The results of a numerical model for the Southern Ocean using two contrasting configurations with and without caverns beneath major Antarctic ice shelves are compared. They show that the freshwater flux due to deep basal melting significantly stabilizes the shelf water column in front of an ice shelf as well as downstream due to advection by the coastal current. If the freshwater from the caverns is absent, sea ice is thinner, shelf waters are warmer and saltier, and the Southern Ocean deep basins are flushed by denser waters.
Loss of Epithelial Differentiation and Gain of Invasiveness Correlates with Tyrosine Phosphorylation of the E-cadherin/ -catenin Complex in Cells Transformed with a Temperature-sensitive V-src Gene

Loss of histotypic organization of epithelial cells is a common feature in normal development as well as in the invasion of carcinomas. Here we show that the v-src oncogene is a potent effector of epithe-lial differentiation and invasiveness. MDCK epithelial cells transformed with a temperature-sensitive mutant of v-src exhibit a strictly epithelial phenotype at the nonpermissive temperature for pp60 . activity (40.5~ but rapidly loose cell-to-cell contacts and acquire a fibroblast-like morphology after culture at the permissive temperature (35~ Furthermore, the invasiveness of the cells into collagen gels or into chick heart fragments was increased at the permissive temperature. The profound effects of v-src on intercellular adhesion were not linked to changes in the levels of expression of the epithelial cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin. Rather, we observed an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of E-cadherin and, in particular, of the associated protein ~-catenin. These results suggest a mechanism by which v-src counteracts junctional assembly and thereby promotes invasiveness and dedifferentiation of epithelial cells through phosphory-lation of the E-cadherin/catenin complex. T HE formation of tight tissue sheets depends on strong intercellular adhesion and represents a prerequisite for the generation of characteristic properties of epi-thelia. To achieve intercellular adhesion, epithelial cells possess various cell junctions, the composition and function of which must be tightly regulated and, conceivably, depend on multiple molecular interactions. In recent years it became apparent that the epithelial cell adhesion molecule E-cadhe-rin is one potent regulator of epithelial junction formation. For instance, forced expression of E-cadherin in nonepithe-lial cells by cDNA transfection induces junction formation, and disturbance of E-cadherin function in epithelial cells by specific antibodies leads to loss of junctions and to a fibro-blast-like morphology (Behrens et al., for a review). E-cadherin, a 120-kD transmembrane glycoprotein, is enriched in the adherens junctions of epithelial cells and interacts with the cytoskeleton via associated cytoplasmic molecules, the catenins (Boiler et al. The cDNAs for or-and /3-catenin have recently been characterized (t~ in the mouse, /3 in the Xenopus system); they show sequence similarities to the cDNAs of other well known junction-associated proteins, 1991; McCrea et al., 1991). /~-Catenin of Xenopus is homol-ogous to the armadillo gene product of Drosophila (McCrea et al., 1991). E-cadherin expression is frequently downregu-lated in highly invasive, poorly differentiated carcinomas 1991a,b), and re-expression of E-cadherin by cDNA trans-fection in poorly differentiated carcinoma cell lines inhibits invasiveness (Frixen et al. E-cad-herin seems to act as a kind of master …
Recanalization Modulates Association Between Blood Pressure and Functional Outcome in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Optimal management of blood pressure (BP) during the acute stage of patients with ischemic stroke is a medical challenge with potential clinical effect. However, knowledge of the precise hemodynamic physiological and pathological responses is still scarce. Moreover, the transient focal disruption of cerebral autoregulation renders perfusion of the ischemic tissue directly dependent on systemic BP. Classically, the relationship between systolic BP (SBP) and clinical outcome was described as Uor J shaped, with both high and low values of BP being independent prognostic factors for poor outcome. Nonetheless, these studies did not consider the recanalization state of the affected arterial territory, which may directly influence the hemodynamic response. The main objective of this study is to determine the relationship between BP during the first 24 hours after ischemic stroke and clinical outcome in patients submitted to intravenous or intra-arterial recanalization treatments.
Modeling of rock friction: 2. Simulation of preseismic slip

The constitutive relations developed in the companion paper are used to model detailed observations of preseismic slip and the onset of unstable slip in biaxial laboratory experiments. The simulations employ a deterministic plane strain finite element model to represent the interactions both within the sliding blocks and between the blocks and the loading apparatus. Both experiments and simulations show that preseismic slip is controlled by initial inhomogeneity of shear stress along the sliding surface relative to the frictional strength. As a consequence of the inhomogeneity, stable slip begins at a point on the surface and the area of slip slowly expands as the external loading increases. A previously proposed correlation between accelerating rates of stable slip and growth of the area of slip is supported by the simulations. In the simulations and in the experiments, unstable slip occurs shortly after a propagating slip event traverses the sliding surface and breaks out at the ends of the sample. In the model the breakout of stable slip causes a sudden acceleration of slip rates. Because of velocity dependency of the constitutive relationship for friction, the rapid acceleration of slip causes a decrease in frictional strength. Instability occurs when the frictional strength decreases with displacement at a rate that exceeds the intrinsic unloading characteristics of the sample and test machine. A simple slider-spring model that does not consider preseismic slip appears to approximate the transition adequately from stable sliding to unstable slip as a function of normal stress, machine stiffness, and surface roughness for small samples. However, for large samples and for natural faults the simulations suggest that the simple model may be inaccurate because it does not take into account potentially large preseismic displacements that will alter the friction parameters prior to instability.
Marine evidence for climatic instability during the last interglacial in shelf records from northwest Europe

Data from the Greenland ice sheet and continental records from Europe have indicated climatic fluctuations during the last interglacial (Eemian: Oxygen Isotope Substage 5e). Similar fluctuations have not, however, been documented previously from marine environments. Here, we show the existence of two cold events during substage 5e in two marine, benthic foraminiferal, shelf records from northwest Europe and suggest that these cooling events are a result of fluctuations in the strength of the North Atlantic surface-water circulation.
A framework and an algorithm to detect low‐abundance DNA by a handy sequencer and a palm‐sized computer

Motivation: Detection of DNA at low abundance with respect to the entire sample is an important problem in areas such as epidemiology and field research, as these samples are highly contaminated with non‐target DNA. To solve this problem, many methods have been developed to date, but all require additional time‐consuming and costly procedures. Meanwhile, the MinION sequencer developed by Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) is considered a powerful tool for tackling this problem, as it allows selective sequencing of target DNA. The main technology employed involves rejection of an undesirable read from a specific pore by inverting the voltage of that pore, which is referred to as ‘Read Until’. Despite its usefulness, several issues remain to be solved in real situations. First, limited computational resources are available in field research and epidemiological applications. In addition, a high‐speed online classification algorithm is required to make a prompt decision. Lastly, the lack of a theoretical approach for modeling of selective sequencing makes it difficult to analyze and justify a given algorithm. Results: In this paper, we introduced a statistical model of selective sequencing, proposed an efficient constant‐time classifier for any background DNA profile, and validated its optimal precision. To confirm the feasibility of the proposed method in practice, for a pre‐recorded mock sample, we demonstrate that the method can selectively sequence a 100 kb region, consisting of 0.1% of the entire read pool, and achieve approximately 500‐fold amplification. Furthermore, the algorithm is shown to process 26 queries per second with a $500 palm‐sized next unit of computing box using an Intel® CoreTMi7 CPU without extended computer resources such as a GPU or high‐performance computing. Next, we prepared a mixed DNA pool composed of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and lambda phage, in which any 200 kb region of S.cerevisiae consists of 0.1% of the whole sample. From this sample, a 30‐230 kb region of S.cerevisiae chromosome 1 was amplified approximately 30‐fold. In addition, this method allowed on‐the‐fly changing of the amplified region according to the uncovered characteristics of a given DNA sample. Availability and implementation: The source code is available at: https://bitbucket.org/ban‐m/dyss.
Field and laboratory studies of methane oxidation in an anoxic marine sediment: Evidence for a methanogen‐sulfate reducer consortium

Field and laboratory studies of anoxic sediments from Cape Lookout Bight, North Carolina, suggest that anaerobic methane oxidation is mediated by a consortium of methanogenic and sulfate-reducing bacteria. A seasonal survey of methane oxidation and CO2 reduction rates indicates that methane production was confined to sulfate-depleted sediments at all times of year, while methane oxidation occurred in two modes. In the summer, methane oxidation was confined to sulfate-depleted sediments and occurred at rates lower than those of CO2 reduction. In the winter, net methane oxidation occurred in an interval at the base of the sulfate-containing zone. Sediment incubation experiments suggest both methanogens and sulfate reducers were responsible for the observed methane oxidation. In one incubation experiment both modes of oxidation were partially inhibited by 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid (a specific inhibitor of methanogens). This evidence, along with the apparent confinement of methane oxidation to sulfate-depleted sediments in the summer, indicates that methanogenic bacteria are involved in methane oxidation. In a second incubation experiment, net methane oxidation was induced by adding sulfate to homogenized methanogenic sediments, suggesting that sulfate reducers also play a role in the process. We hypothesize that methanogens oxidize methane and produce hydrogen via a reversal of CO2 reduction. The hydrogen is efficiently removed and maintained at low concentrations by sulfate reducers. Pore water H2 concentrations in the sediment incubation experiments (while net methane oxidation was occurring) were low enough that methanogenic bacteria could derive sufficient energy for growth from the oxidation of methane. The methanogen-sulfate reducer consortium is consistent not only with the results of this study, but may also be a feasible mechanism for previously documented anaerobic methane oxidation in both freshwater and marine environments.
Spatial Statistics of the Sea Surface in Fetch-Limited Conditions

AbstractAn analysis of airborne wave observations collected in the Gulf of Tehuantepec is presented. The data include lidar measurements of the surface displacement as a function of two horizontal dimensions in fetch-limited conditions, with fetches between 20 and 500 km and winds between 10 and 20 m s−1. The spatial data have an advantage over the commonly used single-point time series measurements, allowing direct estimates of the wavelength and wave slope, including spatial information such as the lengths of crests exceeding various thresholds. This study presents an analysis of several statistical wind wave parameters, including the joint probability distribution function (pdf) of wave amplitudes and wavelengths; the pdf of wave heights, wavenumber vectors, and wave slopes; as well as the statistics of the lengths of crests exceeding threshold wave heights and slopes. The empirical findings from the lidar data are compared against analytical theories in the literature, including some that had not been.
Global Stereo Reconstruction under Second-Order Smoothness Priors

Second-order priors on the smoothness of 3D surfaces are a better model of typical scenes than first-order priors. However, stereo reconstruction using global inference algorithms, such as graph cuts, has not been able to incorporate second-order priors because the triple cliques needed to express them yield intractable (nonsubmodular) optimization problems. This paper shows that inference with triple cliques can be effectively performed. Our optimization strategy is a development of recent extensions to alpha-expansion, based on the ldquo QPBOrdquo algorithm. The strategy is to repeatedly merge proposal depth maps using a novel extension of QPBO. Proposal depth maps can come from any source, for example, frontoparallel planes as in alpha-expansion, or indeed any existing stereo algorithm, with arbitrary parameter settings.
Using super-stacking and super-resolution properties of time-reversal mirrors to locate trapped miners

Deadly mine collapses have recently occurred in West Virginia (January 2007, two miners killed); Russia (March 2007, 106 miners killed); Utah (August 2007, six miners and another three from the rescue team killed); Colombia (October 2007, 24 miners killed); and many other places. Locating trapped miners as soon as the collapse occurs will save lives and avoid dangerous searches in the wrong places.
Indicateurs de biodiversité forestière utilisant la richesse, l’abondance et la composition des essences : réflexions méthodologiques à propos de leur mise à l’épreuve

La richesse et la purete en essences sont les deux premiers indicateurs du critere 4 de gestion forestiere durable, relatif a la biodiversite. Nous proposons ici quelques reflexions sur l'etape consistant a tester le caractere indicateur de ces deux indicateurs – ainsi que d’autres indicateurs proches. Nous insistons notamment sur l'interet potentiel d'indicateurs incluant l'abondance – ici la surface terriere - des essences et sur l'importance d'une approche a la fois ecologique (mecanismes, domaine de validite) et quantitative (importance de la relation entre indicateur et biodiversite) pour tester ces indicateurs / Tree species richness and dominance are the first two indicators of the biodiversity criterion of sustainable forest management in France. We here propose some methodological considerations on the testing of the relationship between these indicators – and related ones – and biodiversity. We in particular insist on the potential interest of indicators that would include tree species abundance – here basal area – and on the importance of an approach that would be both ecological and quantitative
Common-offset migrations and velocity analysis

Prestack depth migration is very sensitive to velocity errors. This can make it an excellent tooI for velocity analysis. However, to get maximum benefit from this sensitivity to velocity we must choose our algorithm carefully. Most of the sensitivity to velocity arises from the normal moveout (NMO) term, i.e. from the alignment corrections to data recorded at different offsets. It therefore makes sense, in the context of velocity analysis, to design the prestack migration so that the overall procedure does not apply NMO according to a preconceived velocity model.
Retrieval of water quality parameters by hyperspectral remote sensing in Lake TaiHu, China

Monitoring and restoration the water quality of lake need proper water quality parameters. Traditional measurement of water quality requiring laborious laboratory work is expensive and time consuming. Hyperspectral measurement can offer fast and easy way for estimating trophic status. Hyperspectral data on 7-8 March 2004 and water chemical data from 1997 to 2003 was used for retrieval of water quality parameters. The quantification of spectra with water quality parameters: chlorophyll a suspended solids total nitrogen(TN) total phosphorus(TP) chemical oxygen demand(COD) secchi depth(SD) were regressed. Results showed that the reflectance ratio of R702/R685 R6201R53 1 and R554/R675 had high correlations with the concentration of chlorophyll a suspended solids and total phosphorus respectively TN COD can be calculated from TP or Chi a for good relations between them SD is negatively correlated with suspended solids concentration total phosphorus (TP) (less than 0. 25 mg/L) linearly correlated with logarithm chlorophyll a concentration trophic status index (TSI) exponentially correlated with COD concentration.
Measurements of CH4, N2O, CO, H2O, and O3 in the middle atmosphere by the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy experiment on Spacelab 3

The volume mixing ratios of five minor gases (CH4, N2O, CO, H2O, and O3) have been retrieved through the middle atmosphere from the analysis of 0.01 cm−1 resolution infrared solar occultation spectra recorded near 28°N and 48°S latitudes with the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy instrument, flown on board Spacelab 3 (April 30 through May 6, 1985). The results, which constitute the first simultaneous observations of continuous profiles through the middle atmosphere for these gases, are in general agreement with reported measurements from ground-, balloon-, and satellite-based instruments for the same seasons. In detail, the vertical profiles of these gases show the effects of the upper and middle atmospheric transport patterns dominant during the season of these observations. The profiles inferred at different longitudes around 28°N suggest a near-uniform zonal distribution of these gases, for conditions corresponding to late spring. Although based on fewer observations, the sunrise occultation measurements (southern hemisphere early winter) point to a larger longitudinal variability in the vertical distribution of these gases at 48°S.
Hand washing glove use, and avoiding recontamination before aseptic procedures at birth: A multicenter time-and-motion study conducted in Zanzibar

a London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London, United Kingdom University of Aberdeen, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Aberdeen, United Kingdom c Brunel University London, Department of Life Sciences, Uxbridge, United Kingdom d Public Health Laboratory-Ivo de Carneri, Chake Chake, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania e Consultant, World Health Organization IPC Global Unit, Service Delivery and Safety Department, Geneva, Switzerland
Artificial neural network model for prediction of rock properties from sound level produced during drilling

In many rock engineering applications such as foundations, slopes and tunnels, the intact rock properties are not actually determined by laboratory tests, due to the requirements of high quality core samples and sophisticated test equipments. Thus, predicting the rock properties by using empirical equations has been an attractive research topic relating to rock engineering practice for many years. Soft computing techniques are now being used as alternative statistical tools. In this study, artificial neural network models were developed to predict the rock properties of the intact rock, by using sound level produced during rock drilling. A database of 832 datasets, including drill bit diameter, drill bit speed, penetration rate of the drill bit and equivalent sound level (Leq) produced during drilling for input parameters, and uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), Schmidt rebound number (SRN), dry density (ρ), P-wave velocity (Vp), tensile strength (TS), modulus of elasticity (E) and percentage porosity (n) of intact rock for output, was established. The constructed models were checked using various prediction performance indices. Goodness of the fit measures revealed that recommended ANN model fitted the data as accurately as experimental results, indicating the usefulness of artificial neural networks in predicting rock properties.