Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear filtering of noisy interference fringes with the 2D spatially dependent filter impulse response

Image enhancement and evaluation play an important role in modern information and measurement technologies. An important image kind is obtained in coherent systems in holography and interferometry in the form of fringe patterns. Because of the physical and technical limitations fringe patterns are often distorted under the noise influence. It is proposed new noise-immune method for fringe pattern enhancement and evaluation. Unlike conventional filtering methods, in this method a filter impulse response is formed by the local empirical histogram modification with the spatial weighting function inside a dimensionally-varied area dependent on the local fringe intensity distribution. High efficiency of the method was verified experimentally when processing real noisy distorted fringe patterns.
Plausible Upper Bounds: Are Their Sums Plausible? 1

Quantitative cancer risk assessments are typically expressed as plausible upper bounds rather than estimates of central tendency. In analyses involving several carcinogens, these upper bounds are often summed to estimate overall risk. This begs the question of whether a sum of upper bounds is itself a plausible estimate of overall risk. This question can be asked in two ways: whether the sum yields an improbable estimate of overall risk (that is, is it only remotely possible for the true sum of risks to match the sum of upper bounds), or whether the sum gives a misleading estimate (that is, is the true sum of risks likely to be very different from the sum of upper bounds). Analysis of four case studies shows that as the number of risk estimates increases, their sum becomes increasingly improbable, but not misleading. Though the overall risk depends on the independence, additivity, and number of risk estimates, as well as the shapes of the underlying risk distributions, sums of upper bounds provide useful information about the overall risk and can be adjusted downward to give a more plausible [perhaps probable] upper bound, or even a central estimate of overall risk.
Stochastic truncation for the (2+1)D Ising model

The method of 'symmetrized' stochastic truncation is applied to the (2+1)-dimensional Ising model, to calculate the ground-state energy, mass gap, magnetization and susceptibility on lattices of sizes up to 6*6 sites. The method is shown to be a powerful and accurate Monte Carlo technique, provided the lattice size is not too large, and the model is suitably 'convergent'. Finite-size scaling estimates of the critical indices are nu =0.627(2), alpha =0.12(2), beta =0.324(3), and delta =1.23(1). An estimate of the combination gamma / nu +2 beta / nu =3.000(1) is obtained, in outstanding agreement with the expected hyperscaling relation.
An extension of Gibbs variational principle for canonical partition function

A variational principle is derived based upon the canonical partition functions. This variational principle is obtained using the Gibbs variational principle. Firstly, the Gibbs variational principle is highlighted for the canonical ensemble. Then, the Gibbs variational principle is modified such that a variational principle concerning the partition function is obtained. The latter variational principle is useful as the canonical partition function is an important quantity in deriving many thermodynamic quantities of a physical system based upon the distribution of the constituents that makes up the system.
Analysis of the swimming of microscopic organisms

Large objects which propel themselves in air or water make use of inertia in the surrounding fluid. The propulsive organ pushes the fluid backwards, while the resistance of the body gives the fluid a forward momentum. The forward and backward momenta exactly balance, but the propulsive organ and the resistance can be thought about as acting separately. This conception cannot be transferred to problems of propulsion in microscopic bodies for which the stresses due to viscosity may be many thousands of times as great as those due to inertia. No case of self-propulsion in a viscous fluid due to purely viscous forces seems to have been discussed. The motion of a fluid near a sheet down which waves of lateral displacement are propagated is described. It is found that the sheet moves forwards at a rate 2π2b2/λ2 times the velocity of propagation of the waves. Here b is the amplitude and λ the wave-length. This analysis seems to explain how a propulsive tail can move a body through a viscous fluid without relying on reaction due to inertia. The energy dissipation and stress in the tail are also calculated. The work is extended to explore the reaction between the tails of two neighbouring small organisms with propulsive tails. It is found that if the waves down neighbouring tails are in phase very much less energy is dissipated in the fluid between them than when the waves are in opposite phase. It is also found that when the phase of the wave in one tail lags behind that in the other there is a strong reaction, due to the viscous stress in the fluid between them, which tends to force the two wave trains into phase. It is in fact observed that the tails of spermatozoa wave in unison when they are close to one another and pointing the same way.
Blind signal separation: mathematical foundations of ICA, sparse component analysis, and other techniques

The present paper shows mathematical foundations of ICA (independent component analysis) and related subjects of signal representations. Information geometry plays a basic role for elucidating the structure of the problem underlying signal representation and decomposition. The method of estimating function is used for the analysis of errors and stability for various ICA algorithms. The nonholonomic method is of particularly interest.
Finding socially best spanning trees

This article combines Social Choice Theory with Discrete Optimization. We assume that individuals have preferences over edges of a graph that need to be aggregated. The goal is to find a socially “best” spanning tree in the graph. As ranking all spanning trees is becoming infeasible even for small numbers of vertices and/or edges of a graph, our interest lies in finding algorithms that determine a socially “best” spanning tree in a simple manner. This problem is closely related to the minimum (or maximum) spanning tree problem in Discrete Optimization. Our main result shows that for the various underlying ranking rules on the set of spanning trees discussed in this article, the sets of “best” spanning trees coincide. Moreover, a greedy algorithm based on a transitive group ranking on the set of edges will always provide such a “best” spanning tree.
Measurement of Lower Atmospheric Temperature Profiles from Ground-Based Infrared Observations

Abstract A ground-based infrared spectroradiometer has been used to measure the vertical temperature profile of the lower atmosphere from 0 to 6 km. Eight measurements in the 15-μm carbon dioxide band have been used for the inversion in addition to three measurements in the 18-μm water vapor band for the water vapor corrections. One additional observation in the 11-μm window region is used to determine the presence of cloud. Twenty-one sets of clear sky data obtained in the summer of 1971 are used to verify the inversion technique. The resultant profiles have an accuracy comparable to that of radiosondes with an overall rms error of 1.58°C.
A CHEMICALLY INTUITIVE MOLECULAR INDEX BASED ON THE EIGENVALUES OF A MODIFIED ADJACENCY MATRIX

A new molecular index is proposed that is derived from the eigenvalues of a modified adjacency matrix. The construction of the matrix is chemically intuitive in that its elements relate to atomic and bonding properties. The index was tested by comparing its performance in predicting the experimental LogP of 230 compounds. The predictive power of the index is shown to be both superior than and complementary to traditional connectivity indices, χ, for LogP.
Plane, relativistic, oblique shock fronts

A relativistic equation of state is combined with a treatment of relativistic bulk motion in order to study special relativistic, oblique shock waves. The downstream physical quantities are given solely in terms of the upstream quantities. All the results are shown to have the correct classical limit. Numerical studies of the downstream quantities and the shock polar are presented for various initial flow conditions: slow or fast bulk flow, and hot or cold internal conditions. The results demonstrate, in particular, that cold, fast flows can be gradually decelerated and deflected by a series of nearly longitudinal shocks. Results are also presented for a phenomenological equation of state, and for a multicomponent gas. A model with a helical shock surface intertwined with helical stream lines is proposed and may reproduce the helical filaments seen in M87 (Owen et al., 1987). 23 references.
Diversity Coloring for Distributed Storage in Mobile Networks

Storing multiple copies of files is crucial for ensuring quality of service for data storage in mobile networks. This paper proposes a new scheme, called the K-out-of-N file distribution scheme, for the placement of files. In this scheme files are splitted, and Reed-Solomon codes or other maximum distance seperable (MDS) codes are used to produce file segments containing parity information. Multiple copies of the file segments are stored on gateways in the network in such a way that every gateway can retrieve enough file segments from itself and its neighbors within a certain amount of hops for reconstructing the orginal files. The goal is to minimize the maximum number of hops it takes for any gateway to get enough file segments for the file reconstruction. We formulate the K-out-of-N file distribution scheme as a coloring problem we call diversity coloring. A diversity coloring is defined to be optimal if it uses the smallest number of colors. Upper and lower bounds on the performance of diversity coloring for general graphs are studied. Diversity coloring algorithms for several special classes of graphs - trees, rings and tori - are presented, all of which have linear time complexity. Both the algorithm for trees and the algorithm for rings output optimal diversity colorings. The algorithm for tori guarantees to output optimal diversity coloring when the sizes of tori are sufficiently large.
Contribution of edges and regions to range image segmentation

Most of the segmentation algorithms of range images are based upon either a region approach or an edge approach. While the region growing methods are poor in delimiting the region boundaries, the edges do not give information about the different surfaces and are not connected. But these two approaches can collaborate because they give complementary information about the scene. In the proposed method we first extract edges from the image. Two kinds of edges are considered: occlusion edges or signal discontinuity and roof edges or orientation discontinuities. The edges are completed by a concurrent step and roof edges closing method in order to form initial closed regions by connected components labeling. Then begins an iterative region correcting process. At each iteration we fit a least squares bivariate polynomial to every region. Then each boundary point is examined to see if it is better approximated by its region or by a neighboring region. But the regions are not allowed to overpass initial edge points considered as confident surface boundaries. This process converges after few iterations and produces a better correspondence between the shapes of the regions and the surfaces of the objects. Results are shown for real range images.
Arthur's multiplicity formula for certain inner forms of special orthogonal and symplectic groups

Let G be a special orthogonal group or an inner form of a symplectic group over a number field F such that there exists a non-empty set S of real places of F at which G has discrete series and outside of which G is quasi-split. We prove Arthur's multiplicity formula for automorphic representations of G having algebraic regular infinitesimal character at all places in S.
Avalanche buildup time of InP/InGaAsP/InGaAs avalanche photodiodes with separate absorption, grading, and multiplication regions

The avalanche buildup time of an avalanche photodiode can be determined from the frequency response of the noise power as a function of the dc multiplication M 0 . In this paper we report on the first measurements of the avalanche buildup time of InP/InGaAsP/ InGaAs avalanche photodiodes with separate absorption, grading, and multiplication regions (SAGM-APD's). Measurements on several different device structures reveal that the avalanche buildup time (gain-bandwidth product) decreases (increases) with increasing carrier concentration in the multiplication region. The shortest buildup time that we have observed was M_{0} \times 4.2 ps which corresponds to a gain-bandwidth Product of 38 GHz.
Increase in the timing coincidence of a respiration event induced by listening repeatedly to the same music track

: Listening to a piece of music evokes many physiological responses including changes in respiration. The present study shows that respiration is entrained to the musical timing by comparing the changes in respiration timing and respiration period along gaining in listening experience. Participants listened to the same track once a day for 10 days. The distribution of the timings of respiration on the music track was calculated using kernel density estimation, and probability of the coincidence was evaluated statistically using surrogate data. The results show that participants unconsciously changed their respiration timing to coincide with the music track as they gain experience in listening. On the other hand, respiration period did not change.
A Survey of the SO JK = 10-01 Transition toward Massive Star-forming Regions

We present the most extensive survey to date of the SO ground state transition JK = 10-01 (30 GHz). We observed 49 regions of massive star formation with the Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIfR) 100 m telescope. In addition, the SO JK = 43-32 transition was observed with the IRAM 30 m telescope toward a subsample of seven sources. Emission in the SO JK = 10-01 transition most likely arises from the parsec-scale molecular clumps surrounding ultracompact H II regions. In general, the SO JK = 10-01 line has a Gaussian shape and appears to be optically thin. We derive SO column densities between 0.58 × 1014 and 12 × 1014 cm-2 and SO abundances in the range 0.18 × 10-9-4.4 × 10-9. Our observations show that the SO ground state transition is an effective tool to study massive star-forming clumps, and the data presented in this paper provide a useful supplement for future multitransition SO studies.
Current Detection Method and its Application of an Extension pq Theory

In the modern society, with the rapid development of industrial technology and information industry, electrical loads become more and more complex. As a result, the harmonics and reactive power problems have become increasingly serious. In the non-sinusoidal conditions, conventional power definitions don’t work well any more. Power theory is one of the foundations of financial accounts for energy, evaluation of the efficiency of power transmission and control of current compensation. Among them, the instantaneous reactive power theory is regarded as one of the most promising power theories. What’s more, it has been improved. Based on the three-phase three-wire system and four kinds of different supply voltage conditions, this paper compares the instantaneous reactive power theory (pq theory) with the extension pq theory. At last, the simulation results are presented. As a conclusion, the extension pq theory is the improvement of the pq theory and has a wider applicability.
Photoacoustic detection of breast cancer cells in human blood

Detection of breast cancer cells in human blood may provide early determination of metastasis, enabling aggressive treatment prior to detection by conventional radiographic methods. We developed a photoacoustic flowmetry system in which we irradiated breast cancer cells in suspension to simulate metastatic breast cancer cells derived from human blood. In order to provide optical discrimination between the breast cancer cells and lymphocytes, we attached antibody labeled latex microspheres and gold nanoparticles to breast cancer cells. The breast cancer cells were derived from an estrogen receptor (ER) positive cell line, MCF-7. The particles were conjugated to ER antibodies. We irradiated the cell suspension using the photoacoustic flowmeter consisting of a glass flow chamber with a piezoelectric sensor. We irradiated the suspension at 422 and 530nm and solved a linear system of equations in two variables to separate the contribution of the photoacoustic wave from the breast cancer cells and possible erythrocytes that may be present in a patient blood draw. We found a detection threshold of 10 breast cancer cells using this flowmeter. Future optimization of the system may decrease the detection threshold to single breast cancer cells.
Stability of a Mach configuration

We prove the stability of a Mach configuration, which occurs in shock reflection off an obstacle or shock interaction in compressible flow. The compressible flow is described by a full, steady Euler system of gas dynamics. The unperturbed Mach configuration is composed of three straight shock lines and a slip line carrying contact discontinuity. Among four regions divided by these four lines in the neighborhood of the intersection, two are supersonic regions, and other two are subsonic regions. We prove that if the constant states in the supersonic regions are slightly perturbed, then the structure of the whole configuration holds, while the other two shock fronts and the slip line, as well as the flow field in the subsonic regions, are also slightly perturbed. Such a conclusion asserts the existence and stability of the general Mach configuration in shock theory.
On Norms of Force Functionals and Stress Representations

Forces in continuum mechanics are analyzed as 0-currents of geometric measure theory. The representation of forces by stresses is discussed and the flat norm of a force is expressed in terms of stress fields. An analogous treatment expresses the Sobolev norm of a force in terms of stress fields. In both cases, one obtains bounds on the stress fields that are in equilibrium with a given force. The analysis is universal in the sense that it is independent of any constitutive relation.
Hurricane Spiral Bands

Abstract The spiral bands that occur in tropical cyclones can be conveniently divided into two classes—outer bands and inner bands. Evidence is presented here that the outer bands form as the result of nonlinear effects during the breakdown of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) through barotropic instability. In this process a zonal strip of high potential vorticity (the ITCZ shear zone or monsoon trough) begins to distort in a varicose fashion, with the potential vorticity (PV) becoming pooled in local regions that are connected by filaments of high PV. As the pooled regions become more axisymmetric, the filaments become thinner and begin to wrap around the PV centers. It is argued that inner bands form in a different manner. As a tropical cyclone intensifies due to latent heat release, the PV field becomes nearly circular with the highest values of PV in the cyclone center. The radial gradient of PV provides a state on which PV waves (the generalization of Rossby waves) can propagate. The nonline.
Temperature measured close to the interface of an evaporating liquid

Recent measurements of the temperature profile across the interface of an evaporating liquid are in strong disagreement with the predictions from classical kinetic theory or nonequilibrium thermodynamics. However, these previous measurements in the vapor were made within a minimum of 27 mean free paths of the interface. Since classical kinetic theory indicates that sharp changes in the temperature can occur near the interface of an evaporating liquid, a series of experiments were performed to determine if the disagreement could be resolved by measurements of the temperature closer to the interface. The measurements reported herein were performed as close as one mean free path of the interface of an evaporating liquid. The results indicate that it is the higher-energy molecules that escape the liquid during evaporation. Their temperature is greater than that in the liquid phase at the interface and as a result there is a discontinuity in temperature across the interface that is much larger in magnitude (up to 7.8 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C in our experiments) and in the opposite direction to that predicted by classical kinetic theory or nonequilibrium thermodynamics. The measurements reported herein support the previous ones.
Restoration of motion-blurred iris images on mobile iris recognition devices

With the widespread use of biometric technology in many applications, iris recognition techniques on mobile devices have been more commercialized recently. Some of these techniques include the Pier 2.3 system and the HIIDE Series 4. When working with mobile devices, the shaking movements of a given user's hand can sometimes cause motion-blurred iris images, which can reduce iris recognition accuracy. We propose a new method of restoring these kinds of motion-blurred iris images. We present three improvements over previous works: (1) We estimated the direction and magnitude of motion, based on the corneal specular reflection of the pupil. (2) The point spread function (PSF) was adaptively modeled based on the estimated motion information. (3) The restoration of motion-blurred iris images was performed with the filter parameters that were determined in terms of increasing the accuracy of iris recognition. Experimental results showed that the equal error rate (EER) without the proposed motion-deblurring method was 1.538% and that with the proposed method was 0.962%. Consequently, the EER was reduced as much as 0.576% (=1.538-0.962%), and results showed that the accuracy of iris recognition with the proposed method was superior to results with conventional motion-deblurring methods.
Optimum shell separation for closed axial cylindrical magnetic shields

The effect of shell separation on the axial shielding with closed double-shell cylindrical shields is investigated numerically. It is found that the optimum shell separation for practical, equal-thickness shields of the above type is considerably smaller than that for transverse spherical and infinitely long cylindrical shields: in most cases, air gaps equal 5%–10% of the inner shell diameter are wide enough to bring the shielding to 90% of its maximum. This indicates that closely spaced axial shields can be used without much sacrifice in performance. Taking into account the computed optimum shell separation for double-shell shields, one can easily optimize and design a compact and effective multishell shield. Based on the numerical study, an analytical approximation is suggested for the axial shielding with narrowly spaced double-shell cylindrical shields.