Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mathematical Aspects of Quantum Field Theory: Relativity, the Lorentz group, and Dirac's equation

Over the last century quantum field theory has made a significant impact on the formulation and solution of mathematical problems and inspired powerful advances in pure mathematics. However, most accounts are written by physicists, and mathematicians struggle to find clear definitions and statements of the concepts involved. This graduate-level introduction presents the basic ideas and tools from quantum field theory to a mathematical audience. Topics include classical and quantum mechanics, classical field theory, quantization of classical fields, perturbative quantum field theory, renormalization, and the standard model. The material is also accessible to physicists seeking a better understanding of the mathematical background, providing the necessary tools from differential geometry on such topics as connections and gauge fields, vector and spinor bundles, symmetries and group representations.
Low‐frequency plasma waves and ion pitch angle scattering at large distances (>3.5 × 105 km) from Giacobini‐Zinner: Interplanetary magnetic field α dependences

The properties of 50- to 100-s low-frequency plasma waves and the parent 65- to 95-keV H2O group ion pitch angle distributions are presented for spatial regions distant (3.5-7.0 × 105 km) from comet Giacobini-Zinner where the cometary ion densities are low and the solar wind interaction is weak. The presence of interplanetary discontinuities in this interval causes the interplanetary magnetic field angle α to vary over a range from ∼35° to 90°, allowing the possible generation of several new wave modes which are theoretically expected, but as yet undetected. It is determined that when x = 45° ± 20° (Parker spiral orientations), the waves are typically elliptically polarized and propagate at 20°-50° relative to B0. The wave properties are, however, not limited to the above range. They can exhibit even more extreme polarizations and propagation directions. The waves have periods near the H2O group ion cyclotron period and are left-hand polarized in the spacecraft frame. In the relatively rare instances when wave steepening is detected, the steepened edge is near the trailing portion of the wave. The wave period, sense of polarization, and steepening are consistent with the properties of waves detected closer to the comet and identify them as being generated by the right-hand resonant instability. The high degree of ellipticity is in sharp contrast to waves detected closer to the comet, however. The energetic ions are not isotropic in pitch angle (in the plasma frame), in general agreement with recent numerical modeling. When α increases to 70°-90°, the right-hand resonant mode is observed to cut off, as theoretical studies indicate. However, the left-hand cyclotron resonant mode is not detected. Although the detected energetic 65- to 95-keV ion fluxes are enhanced during these intervals (because of the instantaneous pickup by the solar wind), particle pitch angle scattering away from the initial ring distribution is very weak, consistent with the observed absence of resonant cyclotron waves.
Temperature dependence of the first-order Raman scattering by phonons in Si, Ge, and α − S n : Anharmonic effects

We have measured the temperature dependence of the first-order Raman scattering by phonons in Si, Ge, and $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{n}$. The full widths at half maximum of the Raman lines, extrapolated to zero temperature, are 1.24\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07, 0.75\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03, and 0.81\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for Si, Ge, and $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{n}$, respectively. The reliability of the data obtained allows a critical examination of the theoretical calculations published so far. We show that the model assuming the decay of the Raman phonon into two acoustical phonons belonging to the same branch, first proposed by Klemens, does not represent adequately the temperature dependence of the Raman linewidth. The most important decay channels are shown to be combinations of optical and acoustical phonons. However, the more complete calculation by Cowley, which involves all possible decay channels, gives very large zero-temperature linewidths. We show that this arises mainly from the poor description of the phonon dispersion curves by the shell model used by Cowley, and that a better agreement between theory and experiment is to be expected by repeating the calculation with Weber's adiabatic bond-charge model.
Axillastaging nach neoadjuvanter Chemotherapie bei initial nodal positivem Mammakarzinom in Deutschland – Erste Daten aus der AXSANA-Studie

Zusammenfassung Einleitung Das optimale axilläre Stagingverfahren für initial nodal positive MammakarzinompatientInnen nach neoadjuvanter Chemotherapie (NACT) ist bislang unklar. Die AXSANA-Studie wird mit dem Ziel durchgeführt, die verschiedenen operativen Stagingtechniken hinsichtlich ihres onkologischen Outcomes und der Lebensqualität prospektiv miteinander zu vergleichen. Über die aktuelle klinische Praxis in Deutschland ist wenig bekannt. Material und Methoden Die Daten der von Juni 2020 bis März 2022 an deutschen Studienzentren in die AXSANA-Studie aufgenommenen PatientInnen wurden analysiert. Ergebnisse Im Untersuchungszeitraum wurden 1135 PatientInnen an 143 Studienstandorten rekrutiert. Bei 22 % der PatientInnen fanden sich initial mehr als 3 suspekte Lymphknoten. In 64 % der Fälle wurde der Target-Lymphknoten (TLN) markiert. Dabei erfolgte die Markierung bei 83 % der PatientInnen mit Clips/Coils, bei je 8 % mit magnetischen Seeds oder Kohlenstoffsuspension und bei 1 % mit einem Radarmarker. Bei jeweils 48 % der PatientInnen wurde nach NACT eine Targeted Axillary Dissection (TAD) oder eine axilläre Lymphonodektomie (ALND) geplant, bei 2 % eine alleinige Sentinel-Lymphknoten-Biopsie (SLNB). Klinisch wurde der Nodalstatus nach NACT in 65 % der Fälle als unauffällig beurteilt. Bei 65 % der Frauen wurde der histologische Lymphknotenstatus durch die Palpation und bei 69 % der PatientInnen durch die Sonografie korrekt erfasst. Schlussfolgerung An den deutschen AXSANA-Studienzentren werden derzeit die TAD und die ALND als häufigste operative Stagingverfahren nach NACT bei primär nodal positiven MammakarzinompatientInnen durchgeführt, wobei die Markierung des TLN vor NACT mit verschiedenen Markern erfolgt. Aufgrund der ungenügenden Genauigkeit der klinischen Beurteilung des axillären Lymphknotenstatus nach NACT sollte kritisch hinterfragt werden, ob eine Axilladissektion nach NACT auf der Grundlage einer alleinigen klinischen Bewertung des Nodalstatus erfolgen sollte.
The electron energy spectrum produced in radio sources by turbulent, resonant acceleration

We consider relativistic particle acceleration by resonant Alfven waves which are driven internally in a radio source from fully developed fluid turbulence. We find that self-similar behavior as described by Lacombe, f(p)proportionalp/sup -//sup s/ but with sroughly-equal4.5, arises self-consistently when this turbulent wave driving coexists with synchrotron losses. The coupling of the wave and particle distributions provides feedback which drives an arbitrary initial distribution to the form-stable, self-similar form. The model predicts that turbulent plasma in a radio source should evolve toward a synchrotron spectral index, 0.5< or approx. =. cap alpha. < or approx. =1.0 in one particle lifetime, and that the average spectrum of most sources should also be in this range. The theory may also be applicable to other turbulent sites, such as cosmic-ray reaccelertion in the interstellar medium.
The Nonlinear Quasi-Geostrophic Equation. Part II: Predictability, Recurrence and Limit Properties of Thermally-Forced and Unforced Flows

Abstract Properties of nonlinear quasi-geostrophic flow in unforced and in thermally-forced, dissipative modes are compared. The article is based on the philosophy that precise versions of the important problems of predictability and the theory of climate can be studied analytically with the quasi-geostrophic equation, regardless of whatever deficiencies it may have in representing atmospheric motion. The main result and contrast is that the trajectories of unforced flow are almost always recurrent in their spectral representation, returning infinitely often to a neighborhood of their initial points, and that all trajectories of forced, dissipative flow proceed eventually to the same limit set of measure zero in phase space. The basic quasi-geostrophic model is extended in a number of ways. First, a global model is developed by making appropriate sign changes for the Southern Hemisphere, which produces a satisfactory spectral model even though discontinuities may appear at the equator. The efficacy of the.
Rule regulation of indirect adaptive fuzzy controller design

Rule regulation of an indirect adaptive fuzzy controller based on the Lyapunov theory is proposed. Two sets of fuzzy systems are used to represent the controlled system. The fuzzy controller based on the proposed adaptive law has the ability to modify the control rules during real-time operation. In particular, the representation of rules is formed as an analytic parameter equation, so that the scheme of adaptive control can be applied successfully. The derivation shows that the indirect adaptive fuzzy controller is stable in the sense of the Lyapunov theory. The design approach is synthesised through the following stages: first, the authors construct fuzzy system, and define the fuzzy sets as those whose membership functions of the IF-part are distributed equally in the individual universe of discourse; then, two adaptive laws are derived to adjust the constructed rules that are used to approximate an optimum control in which the mathematical model of the controlled system is unknown. Finally, a second-order nonlinear inverted pendulum system is applied to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Two Hall Effects of Iron-Cobalt Alloys

Abstract : The Hall coefficients and resistivities of the Fe-Co alloys were measured at 77 K, 169 K, and room temperature using fields up to 3.3 weber/m2. For less than O.2 deg/deg Co in Fe the ordinary Hall coefficient R(sub0)* is positive at room temperature and negative at low temperatures; for all other compositions R(sub0)*t is negative. Analysis with a simple band model shows that, as iron is added to cobalt, one half of the 3d band remains filled for up to 20 deg/deg Fe. It then empties, having about 0.2 holes per atom at 50 deg/deg Fe. At 65 deg/deg Fe the bands apparently shift so that again one 3d sub-band is filled. The extraordinary Hall coefficient R(sub 1)* is positive for less than 25 deg/deg Co in Fe, but for all other compositions it changes from positive to negative as the temperature decreases from 300 K to l69 K. R(sub 1)* and the resistivity rho are related by R(sub 1)* = a + b(rho-sq). The influence of the approach to magnetic saturation on the Hall curves is examined in detail. The Hall effect is not very useful for studying the approach to saturation, but magnetic data can be used to calculate corrections to R(sub 0)* and R(sub 1)*.
Vafa's approach: F-Theory and GUTs

After a short mention of String- and M- and F-Theory, we introduce the new methods of Vafa (2008), which aim to understand some features of the Standard Model (without gravity), by following a "bottom-up" approach in F-Theory. We recall briefly the role of the 7-Branes, which encode the gauge groups and can generate chiral matter in their intersections. Prospects for a realistic Grand Unified Theory (GUT) are also pointed out.
Relations between the homologies of C*-algebras and their commutative C*-subalgebras

The paper concerns the identification of projective closed ideals of C*-algebras. We prove that, if a C*-algebra has the property that every closed left ideal is projective, then the same is true for all its commutative C*-subalgebras. Further, we say a Banach algebra A is hereditarily projective if every closed left ideal of A is projective. As a corollary of the stated result we show that no infinite-dimensional AW*-algebra is hereditarily projective. We also prove that, for a commutative C*-algebra A contained in [Bscr ](H), where H is a separable Hilbert space, the following conditions are equivalent: (i) A is separable; and (ii) the C*-tensor product A [otimes ]minA is hereditarily projective. Howerever, there is a non-separable, hereditarily projective, commutative C*-algebra A contained in [Bscr ](H), where H is a separable Hilbert space.
Weyl asymptotics for the Laplacian on asymptotically Euclidean spaces

We prove a trace-type formula for the Laplacian on an asymptotically Euclidean space and use this to obtain Weyl asymptotics of the scattering phase. Other results include an explicit calculation of the leading order singularity of the scattering matrix and results on the behavior of the resolvent and scattering matrix near 0.
WFPC2 Images of a Face-on Disk Surrounding TW Hydrae

Hubble Space Telescope observations of the isolated T Tauri star TW Hydrae reveal the presence of a compact circumstellar nebula. After subtraction of a reference point-spread function (PSF), a smooth, symmetrical, circular halo can be seen in both R- and I-band WFPC2 images. Its intensity declines with radius until reaching an outer sensitivity limit at 3. ″5 (≈200 AU). Numerical experiments show that PSF subtraction artifacts cannot account for the halo's brightness distribution. Instead, the most likely explanation is that the halo is a face-on circumstellar disk. The radial brightness profile of the halo is complex and can be described with multiple, contiguous zones with individual power-law intensity relations. The halo appears slightly blue relative to the star, especially in the outer zones. We compare the TW Hya halo to single-scattering models of face-on disks with multiple radial zones. While optically thin disk models with vertical optical depth τv ≈ 10-2 can reproduce the relative brightness of the nebula and star, we find that such models have large midplane optical depths and are therefore not self-consistent. We present an optically thick disk model that matches the radial brightness profile self-consistently and has a dust mass close to that implied by submillimeter continuum measurements. The zonal structure found in the disk could arise from radial variations in the dust properties that determine the local equilibrium temperature or perhaps via dynamical effects of unseen companions.
Numerical study of discrete‐velocity gases

A finite‐difference method for solving the discrete Boltzmann equations, which are the governing equations for a model gas in which molecules have many discrete velocities, is developed. The method is applied to three fundamental problems in rarefied gas flow to study the features of discrete‐velocity gases: normal shock wave structure, heat transfer between two parallel plates, and two‐dimensional vapor deposition. Two different discrete‐velocity gas models are used.
Stochastic estimation and flow sources associated with surface pressure events in a turbulent boundary layer

The ability of stochastic estimation to capture the conditional streamwise velocity field associated with wall-pressure events was investigated using simultaneous hot-wire and microphone measurements over the Reynolds number range: 1437⩽Reθ⩽5670. The velocity measurements were conducted at the same streamwise and spanwise location as the wall-mounted microphone but at various heights in the boundary layer, spanning the buffer and logarithmic regions. The results show that utilization of the wall-pressure as the event for the stochastic estimation requires the inclusion of both the linear and quadratic terms in order to provide an accurate representation of the conditional velocity field. The need for the inclusion of the quadratic term, which is unlike published results based on velocity and Reynolds stress events in wall-bounded flows, is attributed to the influences of the turbulent–turbulent pressure source term. Additionally, examination of the energy content of the quadratic component of the stochast.
The Interaction of an Eddy with an Unstable Jet

Abstract Interactions between an unstable jet and eddy are explored using a jet with piecewise constant potential vorticity. A linear theory is developed for the case where the jet is nearly zonal and the eddy is far away in the sense that the eddy may be replaced by a point vortex that induces velocity perturbations in the jet small compared with the maximum jet velocity. The calculations are extended into the nonlinear domain by the method of contour dynamics. Specific examples of barotropic and equivalent barotropic jets are discussed, with particular attention to processes leading to eddy propagation. In the barotropic case, long-range eddy-jet interactions are dominated by the jet instability, which breaks the jet up into eddies downstream from the forcing eddy. For a forcing eddy south of an unperturbed eastward flowing jet, the initial eddy propagation tendency is southwestward (SW) for cyclones and northeastward (NE) for anticyclones. In the equivalent barotropic case, the fact that long waves in .
Conditioning regimens for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia: Real-world data from the Japanese registry studies

Conditioning regimens play a crucial role in preventing relapse of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). In early times, myeloablative conditioning was used exclusively, but it was associated with significant toxicity. However, the advent of reduced-intensity conditioning has allowed allogeneic HCT to be performed more safely, leading to an expansion of our choices for conditioning regimens. As the transplantation methods have become highly diversified, it is reasonable to determine an optimal conditioning regimen in consideration of patient-, disease-, and transplantation-related factors. In this context, large-scale registry-based studies provide real-world data to allow for a detailed evaluation of the utility of individual conditioning regimens in specific clinical settings. The Japanese Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy has been conducting a nationwide survey for HCT since 1993 that currently covers >99% of all the transplantation centers nationwide, and >1,000 allogeneic HCTs performed for adults with AML are registered per year. We have been using the registry data to implement a number of studies focusing on adults with AML, and the large number of patients registered consecutively from nearly all transplantation centers nationwide represent real-world practice in Japan. This article reviews and discusses the results obtained from our registry-based studies pertaining to various conditioning regimens.
Thermoelectric generators and their applications: Progress, challenges, and future prospects

Our community currently deals with issues such as rising electricity costs, pollution, and global warming. Scientists work to improve energy harvesting-based power generators in order to reduce their impacts. The Seebeck effect has been used to illustrate the capacity of thermoelectric generators (TEGs) to directly convert thermal energy to electrical energy. They are also ecologically beneficial since they do not include chemical products, function quietly because they lack mechanical structures and/or moving components, and may be built using different fabrication technologies such as three-dimentional (3D) printing, silicon technology, and screen printing, etc. TEGs are also position-independent and have a long operational lifetime. TEGs can be integrated into bulk and flexible devices. This review gives further investigation of TEGs, beginning with a full discussion of their operating principle, kinds, materials utilized, figure of merit, and improvement approaches, which include various thermoelectric material arrangements and utilised technologies. This paper also discusses the use of TEGs in a variety of disciplines such as automobile and biomedical.
Growth and electronic transport properties of epitaxial graphene on SiC

With the aim of developing a single-crystal graphene substrate indispensable to graphene's practical applications, we are investigating the structural and physical properties of graphene epitaxially grown on SiC by thermal decomposition. We grow monolayer and bilayer graphene uniformly on a micrometre scale on the Si face of SiC in an Ar environment and in ultra-high vacuum, respectively. Epitaxial bilayer graphene, even if uniform in thickness, contains two types of domains with different stacking orders. We compare the transport properties of monolayer and bilayer graphene using top-gate Hall bar devices. Quantum Hall effects are observed in monolayer graphene and a band gap is electrically detected in bilayer graphene. The monolayer and bilayer graphene show quite different transport properties, reflecting their electronic structures.
Direct numerical simulation of fully developed turbulent and oscillatory pipe flows at

Shear flow turbulence in oscillatory fluid motions is of theoretical interest and practical relevance, since the onset of turbulence can drastically change the transport properties and mixing efficiency. To supplement former theoretical and experimental investigations on the transition to turbulence in Sexl–Womersley (SW) flows, we perform three-dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNS) of oscillatory pipe flows at three Womersley numbers (Wo∈{26, 13, 5}) and one constant Reynolds number () based on the friction velocity and the pipe diameter. For this, the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations are solved in cylindrical coordinates using a fourth-order-accurate finite-volume method on staggered grids, motivated by Schumann’s volume balance procedure. We generate a well-correlated high-Reynolds-number initial flow field for the oscillatory flows by means of a DNS of a statistically steady pipe flow at . To underline the reliability of the DNS results for the oscillatory pipe flows, we validate the fi.
Chemical Constituents of the Deep-Sea-Derived Penicillium citreonigrum MCCC 3A00169 and Their Antiproliferative Effects

Six new citreoviridins (citreoviridins J–O, 1–6) and twenty-two known compounds (7–28) were isolated from the deep-sea-derived Penicillium citreonigrum MCCC 3A00169. The structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods, including the HRESIMS, NMR, ECD calculations, and dimolybdenum tetraacetate-induced CD (ICD) experiments. Citreoviridins J−O (1–6) are diastereomers of 6,7-epoxycitreoviridin with different chiral centers at C-2–C-7. Pyrenocine A (7), terrein (14), and citreoviridin (20) significantly induced apoptosis for HeLa cells with IC50 values of 5.4 μM, 11.3 μM, and 0.7 μM, respectively. To be specific, pyrenocine A could induce S phase arrest, while terrein and citreoviridin could obviously induce G0-G1 phase arrest. Citreoviridin could inhibit mTOR activity in HeLa cells.
Comparison of Superconducting and Semiconducting Bolometers

Superconducting tin bolometers are now reasonably well understood, and the results of calculations of performance are given over a large range of sheet resistances (0.01–1000 Ω/□ at 4.2°K). Comparison of superconducting bolometers with semiconducting ones show that tin and germanium are equivalent in performance. The superconducting devices have the additional advantage of simplicity of sample preparation and lower impedance levels permitting higher operating speeds if desired.