Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploiting Steep Sub-Threshold Swing of Tunnel FET for Energy-Efficient Leaky Integrate-and-Fire Neuron Model

In this work, a single transistor (1-T) leaky-integrate-and-fire neuron based on band to band tunneling mechanism is proposed with significant improvement in energy consumption and integration density. For the first time, Tunnel FET's forward transfer characteristics with steep sub-threshold swing have been exploited to emulate neuronal behavior. Using calibrated simulation, it is validated that the proposed device is able to imitate the spiking behavior of a biological neuron accurately without using external circuitry. Since the underlying mechanism is the modulation of a tunneling barrier, the proposed LIF neuron shows significantly lower energy consumption of 750 fJ/spike, which is at least ∼10 folds lesser than previously reported 1-T neurons. To verify the applicability, the proposed neuron has been explored for reconfigurable threshold logic gates to implement various linearly separable Boolean functions including OR, AND, NOT, NOR, and NAND. Finally, a multilayer SNN has been designed that confirms the image recognition ability of the proposed neuron with an accuracy of 96.27%. The proposed neuron provides a solution to implement highly scalable and energy efficient threshold logic circuits for future neuromorphic computing.
Assessment of Speckle Noise Reduction in Digital Images using Nonlinear Anisotropic Diffusion: An Experimental Investigation

Objectives: To investigate on choice of suitable image quality assessment techniques and effect of parameters such as gradient threshold, time step, number of iterations etc. on anisotropic diffusion filtering. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Various diffusivity functions and the individual contribution of associated parameters are compiled and evaluated. Edge preservation in smoothing is an important issue while filtering digital images. A recently proposed image quality metrics is used for evaluating the edge preserving ability of filters. A comparative study is carried out on the basis of experiments and their performance is tested on standard test images using 16 different image quality metrics. Findings: The experimental findings show that most of the true edges got lost for higher number of iterations along with more smoothening of images in techniques namely, Perona and Malik diffusion, Speckle Reducing Anisotropic Diffusion (SRAD) and Weickert anisotropic diffusion. Further, in robust anisotropic diffusion it is found that conduction coefficient plays significant role in filtering process. Higher value of conduction coefficient results in more smoothening with blurring of sharp details and edges. It is concluded that image quality measures such as universal Quality index (Q), Edge Retrieval Index (ERI) and Structural Content (SC) can give significant information about image quality even in cases where conventional image quality metrics such as Picture Signal To Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Square Error (MSE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), geometric average error (GAE), normalized absolute error (NAE) etc. fail to do so. Proposed approach can give significant information when conventional metrics fail to assess the filtered image quality. Application/Improvements: The behavioural characteristics of techniques studied will be suggestive when applied on real time noisy images such as ultrasound images which inherently contain speckle.
Tunneling Rate Constants for H2CO+H on Amorphous Solid Water Surfaces

Formaldehyde (H2CO) is one of the most abundant molecules observed in the icy mantle covering interstellar grains. Studying its evolution can contribute to our understanding of the formation of complex organic molecules in various interstellar environments. In this work, we investigated the hydrogenation reactions of H2CO yielding CH3O, CH2OH, and the hydrogen abstraction resulting in H2+HCO on an amorphous solid water (ASW) surface using a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) model. The binding energies of H2CO on the ASW surface vary broadly, from 1000 to 9370 K. No correlation was found between binding energies and activation energies of hydrogenation reactions. Combining instanton theory with QM/MM modeling, we calculated rate constants for the Langmuir–Hinshelwood and the Eley–Rideal mechanisms for the three product channels of H+H2CO surface reactions down to 59 K. We found that the channel producing CH2OH can be ignored, owing to its high activation barrier leading to significantly lower rates than the other two channels. The ASW surface influences the reactivity in favor of formation of CH3O (branching ratio ∼80%) and hinders the H2CO dissociation into H2+HCO. In addition, kinetic isotope effects are strong in all reaction channels and vary strongly between the channels. Finally, we provide fits of the rate constants to be used in astrochemical models.
The Effect of Emotion Regulation on The Aggressiveness of Adolescent Online Game User During The Covid-19 Pandemic

This study aims to determine the effect of emotion regulation on the aggressiveness of adolescent online game users during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research uses descriptive quantitative method. The population in this study were all students of SMP N 5 Temanggung and SMP N 1 Kedu totaling 479 respondents, then for the sample taken as many as 128 respondents with non-probability sampling technique. The data analysis technique used multiple linear regression test technique. The results of this study show the effect of emotion regulation on the aggressiveness of online game users during the covid-19 pandemic, this is shown by the results of the partial significance test / t test with the results of 0.005 < 0.05 and the t value of-2.884 which means that "emotional regulation has an effect on negative on aggressiveness and if the emotional regulation of online game users increases, the aggressiveness of online game users will also decrease. So if the emotion regulation of teenagers who use online games is high or can manage their emotions well, it will reduce the level of aggressiveness of teenagers who use online games. Counseling service programs that can be provided to students are related to increasing emotional regulation in adolescents.
Context-Aware Reliable Crowdsourcing in Social Networks

There are two problems in the traditional crowdsourcing systems for handling complex tasks. First, decomposing complex tasks into a set of micro-subtasks requires the decomposition capability of the requesters; thus, some requesters may abandon using crowdsourcing to accomplish a large number of complex tasks since they cannot bear such heavy burden by themselves. Second, tasks are often assigned redundantly to multiple workers to achieve reliable results, but reliability may not be ensured when there are many malicious workers in the crowd. Currently, it is observed that the workers are often connected through social networks, a feature that can significantly facilitate task allocation and task execution in crowdsourcing. Therefore, this paper investigates crowdsourcing in social networks and presents a novel context-aware reliable crowdsourcing approach. In our presented approach, the two problems in traditional crowdsourcing are addressed as follows: 1) the complex tasks can be performed through autonomous coordination between the assigned worker and his contextual workers in the social network; thus, the requesters can be exempt from a heavy computing load for decomposing complex tasks into subtasks and combing the partial results of subtasks, thereby enabling more requesters to accomplish a large number of complex tasks through crowdsourcing, and 2) the reliability of a worker is determined not only by the reputation of the worker himself but also by the reputations of the contextual workers in the social network; thus, the unreliability of transient or malicious workers can be effectively addressed. The presented approach addresses two types of social networks including simplex and multiplex networks. Based on theoretical analyses and experiments on a real-world dataset, we find that the presented approach can achieve significantly higher task allocation and execution efficiency than the previous benchmark task allocation approaches; moreover, the presented contextual reputation mechanism can achieve relatively higher reliability when there are many malicious workers in the crowd.
Current control method

(57) Abstract: inductive load (4), especially for current control of the electromagnetic type pressure regulator, current actual detected current regulator value (2) of the output signal temporally delayed with synchronized to we propose a method that was carried out. It is possible to avoid a situation where the detected overlap transients current actual value by doing so.
Exploring Metabolomic Patterns in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Response to Glucose-Lowering Medications—Review

The spectrum of information related to precision medicine in diabetes generally includes clinical data, genetics, and omics-based biomarkers that can guide personalized decisions on diabetes care. Given the remarkable progress in patient risk characterization, there is particular interest in using molecular biomarkers to guide diabetes management. Metabolomics is an emerging molecular approach that helps better understand the etiology and promises the identification of novel biomarkers for complex diseases. Both targeted or untargeted metabolites extracted from cells, biofluids, or tissues can be investigated by established high-throughput platforms, like nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) techniques. Metabolomics is proposed as a valuable tool in precision diabetes medicine to discover biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and management of the progress of diabetes through personalized phenotyping and individualized drug-response monitoring. This review offers an overview of metabolomics knowledge as potential biomarkers in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) diagnosis and the response to glucose-lowering medications.
An improved survival estimator for censored medical costs with a kernel approach

ABSTRACT Cost assessment serves as an essential part in economic evaluation of medical interventions. In many studies, costs as well as survival data are frequently censored. Standard survival analysis techniques are often invalid for censored costs, due to the induced dependent censoring problem. Owing to high skewness in many cost data, it is desirable to estimate the median costs, which will be available with estimated survival function of costs. We propose a kernel-based survival estimator for costs, which is monotone, consistent, and more efficient than several existing estimators. We conduct numerical studies to examine the finite-sample performance of the proposed estimator.
Potential roles of NEDD4 and NEDD4L and their utility as therapeutic targets in high‑incidence adult male cancers (Review)

The term ‘cancer’ refers to >100 disorders that progressively manifest over time and are characterized by uncontrolled cell division. Although malignant growth can occur in virtually any human tissue, the underlying mechanisms underlying all forms of cancer are consistent. The International Agency for Research on Cancer's annual GLOBOCAN 2020 report provided an update on the global cancer incidence and mortality. Excluding non-melanoma skin cancer, the report predicts that there will be 19.3 million new cancer cases and >10 million cancer-related fatalities in 2023. Lung, prostate, and colon cancers are the most prevalent and lethal cancers in males. It was recognized that post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins are necessary for almost all cellular biological processes, as well as in cancer development and metastasis to other bodily organs. Thus, PTMs have a considerable impact on how proteins behave. Various PTMs may have harmful roles by affecting the hallmarks of cancer, metabolism and the regulation of the tumor microenvironment. PTMs and genetic changes/mutations are essential in carcinogenesis and cancer development. A pivotal PTM mechanism is protein ubiquitination. Of note, the rate-limiting stage of the protein ubiquitination cascade is hypothesized to be E3-ligase-mediated ubiquitination. Numerous studies revealed that the neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated protein 4 (NEDD4) E3 ligase is among the E3 ubiquitin ligases that have essential roles in cellular processes. It regulates protein degradation and substrate ubiquitination. In addition, it has been shown that NEDD4 primarily functions as an oncogene in various malignancies but can also act as a tumor suppressor in certain types of tumor. In the present review, the roles of NEDD4 as an anticancer protein in various high-incidence male malignancies and the significance of NEDD4 as a potential cancer therapeutic target are discussed. In addition, the targeting of NEDD4 as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of human malignancies is explored.
Oral Health and Salivary pH Changes in Menopausal Women: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Menopause is a natural process in life of women often associated with hormonal changes. It aﬀects oral health by inﬂuencing the growth of bacteria and plaque, which can cause tooth decay and gum disease. Menopause can alter salivary pH by reducing estrogen levels, which may lead to dry mouth, inﬂammation, and increased risk of infections. Therefore, it is important for women in menopause to monitor their salivary pH and maintain good oral hygiene habits. However, there is contradictory evidence about the level of salivary pH and oral symptoms. The present study was carried out to assess the oral ﬁndings and salivary pH in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Methods: The study was carried out on 60 patients who reported to the Department of oral medicine and radiology and were divided into two groups consisting of 30 patients each. Group 1: premenopausal women with no known systemic illness and deleterious habits. Group 2: postmenopausal women. Results: Salivary pH is higher in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women. Both pre and postmenopausal women have oral symptoms such as dry mouth, facial pain, and ulcerative lesions, but they are more frequent in postmenopausal women. Conclusions: Menopause aﬀects the oral health and salivary pH of women. Postmenopausal women are more prone to oral diseases and have lower salivary pH than premenopausal women. Salivary pH may be used as a biomarker for oral health status in postmenopausal women.
Representation of numerical information : exploration of the category structure of distributions of numerical stimuli.

REPRESENTATION OF NUMERICAL INFORMATION: EXPLORATION OF THE CATEGORY STRUCTURE OF DISTRIBUTIONS OF NUMERICAL STIMULI FEBRUARY 1992 ROBERT KEVIN STONE B.A. KEENE STATE COLLEGE M.S. UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS Ph.D. UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS Directed by: Professor Arnold D. Well A series of experiments explored the nature of the memory representation of numerical information. Two distributions were presented to each subject as three-digit numbers paired with distribution labels. Three stimulus presentation conditions were used in Experiment 1: a rapid serial presentation as used in Malmi and Samson (1983); a task which requires the subject to retype each stimulus item; and a classification task in which the subject must supply the category name when presented with the stimulus number. In Experiment 1, subjects estimated the averages of the viii distributions they were presented. In Experiment 2, subjects classified an additional 40 items, chosen to enable discrimination between two classes of models of memory representation. Subjects in Experiment 3 made estimates of the frequency of scores per decade for each distribution. The results strongly favor the category density model (Fried and Holyoak, 1984) , a model which assumes that the subject abstracts distributional information and uses a default 'normal' distribution to organize the incoming information. The Nosofsky (1988) exemplar similarity model did not predict subject classification behavior or subject frequency estimation as accurately as the category density model. Reasons for these findings are discussed.
Predictors of Youth Accessibility for a Mobile Phone-Based Life Skills Training Program for Addiction Prevention

Background: Digital interventions are an emerging and promising avenue for addiction prevention and mental health promotion, but their reach and use are often limited, and little is known about the factors associated with youth accessibility. SmartCoach is a life skills training program for addiction prevention where adolescents are proactively invited for program participation in secondary school classes. The mobile phone-based program provides individualized coaching for a period of 4 months and addresses self-management skills, social skills, and substance use resistance skills. This study examined sociodemographic and other predictors of program participation and program use. Methods: A total of 476 adolescents in 28 secondary and upper secondary school classes in the German-speaking part of Switzerland were proactively invited for participation in the SmartCoach program. Using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs), we examined predictors of both program participation and program use at the individual and school class levels. Results: In total, 315 (66.2%) of the present 476 adolescents gave their active consent and provided the necessary information to be included in the program. None of the individual sociodemographic characteristics significantly predicted program participation, however, the participation rate was significantly higher in upper secondary school classes (84%) than secondary school classes (59%). The mean number of interactions with the program was 15.9, i.e., participants took part in almost half of the 34 possible interactions with the SmartCoach program. None of the baseline characteristics on the level of the school class significantly predicted program use. On the level of the individual, the univariate models showed that, compared to the reference category of 14-year-old students, program use was significantly lower for students who were 16 or older. Furthermore, participants with a migration background or an origin from a non-German-speaking country showed significantly lower program use. Finally, students with a medium level of perceived stress showed higher program use compared to those with a low level of stress. Within the final multivariate model for program use, only the variable “origin from a non-German-speaking country” remained significant. Conclusions: SmartCoach is an attractive offer for young people, in which two out of three young people who are invited in the classroom to participate do so. Among the program participants, the use of the program is acceptable, with an average of almost half of the content being worked on. There is potential for improvement in terms of recruitment, especially in school classes with a lower level of education. The most important starting point for improving program use lies in taking greater account of needs and wishes of students with non-German-speaking countries of origin.
Glucose promoting the early embryonic development by increasing the lipid synthesis at 2-cell stage

The optimization of culture conditions is one of the main strategies to improve the embryo development competence in in vitro fertilization (IVF). Glucose is an important carbon source while also exists in the oviductal fluid in vivo, the effect of glucose in embryo development microenvironment is still unclear. Here we employed the LC-MS to detect and analyze the metabolites in the culture medium of different cleavage stages including 2-Cell, 4-Cell and 8-Cell mouse embryos, respectively. The effects of the external glucose were estimated by measuring the development rate at different glucose concentrations from 0 to 5 mmol/L, and the gene expression changes were detected to explore the potential mechanism after the addition of glucose in the media. Our results indicated the 2-Cell and 8-Cell stages had defined characteristic metabolites, while 4-Cell stage was the transition state. Global and contiguous metabolic characteristics showed the glycometabolism play a critical role at each early cleavage stages during the embryo development. The 8-Cell rates demonstrated the addition of glucose in culture media significantly improve the embryo competence, the highest rate was 87.33% using 3 mmol/L glucose in media, in contrast only 9.95% using the media without glucose. Meanwhile, the blocked embryos were mainly enriched at 2-Cell stage. Further transcriptome study found 3 mmol/L glucose in media remarkably upregulated the gene expression of lipid biosynthesis at 2-Cell stage, the increased lipid was confirmed by nile red staining. These data indicated the glucose may promote the development competence through increasing the lipid biosynthesis to overcoming the 2-Cell block. Our findings were helpful for the further optimization of IVF culture media, as well as the estimation of embryo quality using metabolites in the culture media.
Multigraded apolarity

We generalize methods to compute various kinds of rank to the case of a toric variety X embedded into projective space using a very ample line bundle L$\mathcal {L}$ . We find an upper bound on the cactus rank. We use this to compute rank, border rank, and cactus rank of monomials in H0(X,L)∗$H^0(X, \mathcal {L})^*$ when X is P1×P1$\mathbb {P}^1 \times \mathbb {P}^1$ , the Hirzebruch surface F1$\mathbb {F}_1$ , or the weighted projective plane P(1,1,4)$\mathbb {P}(1,1,4)$ .
The Role of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) in Patients with Hypertension

Oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension and studies have shown that hypertension is associated with an increase in oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) lead to hypertension and antioxidants may be beneficial for its prevention. The main cause of oxidative stress in hypertension is endothelial dysfunction due to the malfunctions in the vasodilator systems, specifically the molecular mechanism of ROS and nitric oxide (NO). The level of malondialdehyde (MDA), a biomarker of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, is found to be higher in hypertension patients. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), which has a strong relationship with blood pressure, is determined through the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The aim of the review article is to elucidate the role of MDA and FRAP in hypertension.Keywords: oxidative stress, hypertension, blood pressure, oxidative damage, malondialdehyde, FRAP
Acute Cardiometabolic and Exercise Responses to Breakfast Omission Versus Breakfast Consumption in Adolescent Girls: A Randomised Crossover Trial

Girls often begin to skip breakfast during adolescence. This study compared the acute effect of breakfast omission versus consumption on cardiometabolic risk markers and perceived appetite and mood during rest and/or exercise in adolescent girls classified as habitual breakfast consumers. Girls (aged 13.2 ± 0.7 years) completed two 5.5 h conditions in a randomised crossover design: breakfast omission (BO) and standardised breakfast consumption (BC). A standardised lunch was provided at 3 h. Incremental cycling exercise was performed at 5 h. Blood and expired gas samples were taken at regular intervals. Whilst pre-lunch plasma glucose, insulin, and Metabolic Load Index incremental area under the curve (IAUC) were significantly lower in BO versus BC, post-lunch differences were reversed and larger in magnitude. Peak plasma glucose and insulin were significantly higher in BO versus BC. Pre-lunch perceived fullness and hunger were significantly lower and higher, respectively, in BO versus BC. Perceived energy and concentration were lower, and tiredness was higher, in BO versus BC. Exercise peak fat oxidation and Fatmax were unaffected. The lower physical activity enjoyment in BO versus BC approached significance. To conclude, acutely omitting breakfast adversely affects cardiometabolic risk markers and exercise enjoyment among adolescent girls who habitually consume breakfast.