Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of seasonal malaria chemoprevention in children aged 3 to 59 months in the Kangaba and Kolokani health districts between 2013 and 2015.

Introduction Malaria is a public health problem in Mali. Seasonal chemo prevention (SCP) is of particular importance, hence its introduction by the WHO since 2012 in children aged 3 to 59 months from the start of the transmission season. This study aims to demonstrate the impact of SCP on malaria in the health districts of Kangaba and Kolokani. Materials and Methods Our retrospective study was carried out from 2013 to 2015 in the health districts of Kangaba and Kolokani using the databases of the NGO AMCP / ALIMA. Data from 2014 and 2015 were compared to data from 2013. Results The number of malaria cases in children under 5year in the area covered by the SCP shows a considerable decrease in Kangaba of 52% in 2014 and 49% in 2015, compared to the reference period being the year 2013. In Kolokani the decrease is 57% in 2014 and 40% in 2015 compared to the year 2013. Compared to deaths, a decrease of 50.5% was recorded in 2014 and 60.4% in 2015 compared to the year 2013, i.e. 51 and 61 fewer deaths compared to 2013, respectively, in health facilities. Conclusion The SCP had made it possible to reduce significant mortality and malaria morbidity in the two health districts of Kangaba and Kolokani.
Emerging glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists for the treatment of obesity

ABSTRACT Introduction: Obesity is a growing threat to public health, increasing risks of numerous diseases and mortality, and impairing quality of life. If current trends continue, more than 1.1 billion individuals will have obesity in 2030, corresponding to almost 2.5 times the number of adults currently living with diabetes. There is a strong interest in developing obesity treatments based on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonism, which have proved to limit morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetes. Areas covered: This review provides an overview of current compounds containing GLP-1 receptor agonism in clinical development for obesity, with mono-activity at the GLP-1 receptor (PF-0688296, glutazumab, semaglutide) or engaging one or more other endogenous hormonal systems involved in energy balance and metabolism, including glucagon, oxyntomodulin, glucose-dependent inhibitory peptide and amylin (CT-868, CT-388, AMG 133, tirzepatide, NNC9204-1177, JNJ-54,728,518, SAR425899, pegapamodutide, MK8521, cotadutide, efinopegdutide, BI-456,906, cagrilintide + semaglutide 2,4 mg, HM15211, NNC9204-1706). Expert opinion: Many novel compounds employing GLP-1 receptor agonism are in clinical development. Semaglutide is farthest in clinical development and will presumably become a benchmark for this class of novel anti-obesity compounds.
Evaluation of five column‐based isolation kits and their ability to extract miRNA from human milk

MicroRNA can be found in various body fluids, including breast milk. MicroRNA may be transferred from mother to infant via breast milk and potentially regulate the development of the infant's immune system on a post‐transcriptional level. This study aimed to determine the microRNA extraction efficiency of five RNA extraction kits from human skim milk samples. Their efficiency was determined by comparing microRNA concentrations, total RNA yield and purity. Furthermore, hsa‐miR‐148a‐3p expression and the recovery of an exogenous control, cel‐miR‐39‐3p, were quantified using qPCR. Each kit extracted different amounts of microRNA and total RNA, with one kit tending to isolate the highest amount of both RNA species. Based on these results, the extraction kit ReliaPrep™ miRNA Cell and Tissue Miniprep System from Promega was found to be the most appropriate kit for microRNA extraction from human skim milk. Moreover, further research is needed to establish a standardized protocol for microRNA extraction from breast milk.
High-speed, three-dimensional imaging reveals chemotactic behaviour specific to human-infective Leishmania parasites

Cellular motility is an ancient eukaryotic trait, ubiquitous across phyla with roles in predator avoidance, resource access, and competition. Flagellar motility is seen in various parasitic protozoans, and morphological changes in flagella during the parasite life cycle have been observed. We studied the impact of these changes on motility across life cycle stages, and how such changes might serve to facilitate human infection. We used holographic microscopy to image swimming cells of different Leishmania mexicana life cycle stages in three dimensions. We find that the human-infective (metacyclic promastigote) forms display ‘run and tumble’ behaviour in the absence of stimulus, reminiscent of bacterial motion, and that they specifically modify swimming direction and speed to target host immune cells in response to a macrophage-derived stimulus. Non-infective (procyclic promastigote) cells swim more slowly, along meandering helical paths. These findings demonstrate adaptation of swimming phenotype and chemotaxis towards human cells.
Not the Last Word: Masks and the Veil of Ignorance.

ow naded rom http:urnals.lw w om /clorthop by k3zdtH xv6R m gh4w gFdU oD bZrQ Ti+83F/oK8ABVAM M dw VW JW Q Q 7U VTTR Zx6XzetyU o42C kesqm orsiL8ujn8b9XSC h96Tf6qjxVC vJP3Am /C ee51Bh0ih0= on 068/2021 Downloadedfromhttp://journals.lww. com/clinorthopbyk38zdtHxkv6Rmgh4wgFdUoDbYZrQTi+83F60/oK8ABVAMM3dwVWiJWQQ7UVdTTRZx65aXzetyUoi+42Ck6esqmorsiL8J0Eujn8b9XSCh968pTf6qjxVCvJfP3Ams/Cee51FsBh0ih0=on06/28/2021 Clin Orthop Relat Res (2021) 00:1-4 DOI 10.1097/CORR.0000000000001891
Erythropoietin Use and the Risk of Stroke in Patients on Hemodialysis: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Taiwan

Background Targeting higher hemoglobin levels with erythropoietin to treat anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease is associated with increased cardiovascular risk, including that of stroke. The risks of the subtypes of stroke, ischemic, hemorrhagic, and unspecified, following the administration of erythropoietin in patients with end‐stage renal disease receiving hemodialysis remain unclear. Methods and results Overall, 12 948 adult patients with end‐stage renal disease treated during 1999 to 2010 who had undergone hemodialysis were included. The study end points were the incidences of stroke and its subtypes. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of stroke and its subtypes in erythropoietin recipients compared with nonrecipients. Patients in the erythropoietin cohort did not have an increased risk of stroke compared with those in the nonerythropoietin cohort (adjusted HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.92–1.15). Compared with patients in the nonerythropoietin cohort, the risks of ischemic, hemorrhagic, or unspecified stroke were not higher in patients in the erythropoietin cohort (adjusted HRs, 1.08 [95% CI, 0.93–1.26], 0.96 [95% CI, 0.78–1.18], and 1.03 [95% CI, 0.80–1.32], respectively). Increased risks of stroke and its subtypes were not observed with even large annual defined daily doses of erythropoietin (>201). Conclusions Erythropoietin in patients receiving hemodialysis is not associated with increased risk of stroke or any of its subtypes.
Mouse Anesthesia: The Art and Science

Abstract There is an art and science to performing mouse anesthesia, which is a significant component to animal research. Frequently, anesthesia is one vital step of many over the course of a research project spanning weeks, months, or beyond. It is critical to perform anesthesia according to the approved research protocol using appropriately handled and administered pharmaceutical-grade compounds whenever possible. Sufficient documentation of the anesthetic event and procedure should also be performed to meet the legal, ethical, and research reproducibility obligations. However, this regulatory and documentation process may lead to the use of a few possibly oversimplified anesthetic protocols used for mouse procedures and anesthesia. Although a frequently used anesthetic protocol may work perfectly for each mouse anesthetized, sometimes unexpected complications will arise, and quick adjustments to the anesthetic depth and support provided will be required. As an old saying goes, anesthesia is 99% boredom and 1% sheer terror. The purpose of this review article is to discuss the science of mouse anesthesia together with the art of applying these anesthetic techniques to provide readers with the knowledge needed for successful anesthetic procedures. The authors include experiences in mouse inhalant and injectable anesthesia, peri-anesthetic monitoring, specific procedures, and treating common complications. This article utilizes key points for easy access of important messages and authors’ recommendation based on the authors’ clinical experiences.
Learning Local Representations of Images and Text

: Images and text inherently exhibit hierarchical structures, e.g. scenes built from objects, sentences built from words. In many computer vision and natural language processing tasks, learning accurate prediction models requires analyzing the correlation of the local primitives of both the input and output data. In this proposal, we aim to develop techniques for learning local representations of images and text and demonstrate their eﬀectiveness on visual recognition, retrieval, and synthesis. In particular, the proposal includes three primary research projects: (1) Text2Scene, a sequence-to-sequence image synthesis framework which produces a scene depicted in a textual description by sequentially predicting objects, their locations, and their attributes such as sizes, aspect ratios. (2) DrillDown, an interactive image retrieval model which encodes multiple rounds of natural language queries with a region-aware state representation. (3) A newly proposed project which explores the task of instance-level image recognition/retrieval. The key ingredient of this work is a transformer based model that learns the visual similarity of an image-pair by incorporating both the global and local features of the images.
Sepsis, Cytokine Storms, and Immunopathology: The Divide between Neonates and Adults

Sepsis can result from a variety of pathogens, originating from a range of sources. A vast range of presenting symptoms is included in the catch-all term of “bacteremia,” making diagnosis and prognosis particularly troublesome. One underexplored factor contributing to disparate outcomes is the age of the patient. Neonatal sepsis in very-low-birth-weight infants can result in vastly different immunological outcomes unique from sepsis in adults. It is also becoming increasingly clear, both from preclinical experimental models and clinical observations, that the age and history of previous microbial exposures can significantly influence the course of infection from sepsis and cytokine storms to immunopathology. In this study, we will explore key differences between neonatal and adult sepsis, experimental models used to study sepsis, and how responses to the surrounding microbial universe shape development of the immune system and impact, positively or negatively, the course of disease.
The Trial of Posit in Shared Offices: Controlling Disclosure Levels of Schedule Data for Privacy by Changing the Placement of a Personal Interactive Calendar

When expressing personal data on the displays of personal IoT devices, it is important to be intuitively aware of privacy settings and perform ready-to-hand interactions to respond appropriately to various situations occurring in shared spaces. In this paper, we developed Posit, an interactive calendar in which the disclosure level of schedule content can be changed in three stages according to the object's placement by the user. The results of our three-week in-field study with six participants revealed that Posit's interaction was considered to be a simple way of hiding personal schedules quickly, and we could identify the roles of the positional messages in determining the others’ gazes on displays. Additionally, we confirmed that social relationships and trust between colleagues affect the use of Posit. Our findings imply new opportunities in designing interactions for the management of personal privacy by applying physical state-changing interaction and understanding social factors in shared spaces.
“I wrote as if I were telling a story to someone I knew.”: Designing Chatbot Interactions for Expressive Writing in Mental Health

Writing about experiences of trauma and other challenges in life is known to provide measurable health benefits. Though writing for an audience may ensure better benefits, confiding one's most troubled memories in others risks a social stigma. Conversational agents can provide a virtual audience that ensures privacy and allows social disclosure. To understand the writing experience with an agent, we created Diarybot, a chatbot assistant for expressive writing. We designed two versions, Basic and Responsive, to explore the writing experience with and without bot follow-up interactions compared to a Google doc baseline. Findings from a 4-day user study with 30 participants reveal that social disclosure with Diarybot can encourage narrative writing, with relative ease and emotional expression in Basic chat. Responsive chat can mediate social acceptance of the bot and provide guidance for self-reflection in the process. We discuss design reflections on social disclosure with agents in pursuit of wellbeing.
Exploring Relations in Neuroscientific Literature using Augmented Reality: A Design Study

To support scientists in maintaining an overview of disciplinary concepts and their interrelations, we investigate whether Augmented Reality can serve as a platform to make automated methods more accessible and integrated into current literature exploration practices. Building on insights from text and immersive analytics, we identify information and design requirements. We embody these in DatAR, a system design and implementation focussed on analysis of co-occurrences in neuroscientific text collections. We conducted a scenario-based video survey with a sample of neuroscientists and other domain experts, focusing on participants’ willingness to adopt such an AR system in their regular literature review practices. The AR-tailored epistemic and representational designs of our system were generally perceived as suitable for performing complex analytics. We also discuss several fundamental issues with our chosen 3D visualisations, making steps towards understanding in which ways AR is a suitable medium for high-level conceptual literature exploration.
MEMEories: Internet Memes as Means for Daily Journaling

Internet memes are (multi)media pieces, found all across the world-wide-web. Often disposing of a humorous component, they express and reflect on all kinds of local and global phenomena. Within our work, we explore how people can use internet memes to express and reflect on themselves. We built MEMEory, a mobile meme journaling app. We evaluated the prospect of meme journaling, nicknamed ”memeing”, alongside a written diary in a 2-week field study with 31 participants. Opposed to more neutral chronicle-style text entries, our results suggest that participants used memes to express specific single, rather negative events and emotions throughout the day. When reflecting on daily events, the contained emotional and often humorous connotation of memes helped participants view negative events as more positive in retrospect. Although more difficult, memeing was perceived as significantly more motivating and enjoyable. Qualitative insights show that memeing can present a fun, engaging, expressive and memorable journaling experience.
Characterization of perfusion decellularized whole animal body, isolated organs, and multi‐organ systems for tissue engineering applications

To expand the application of perfusion decellularization beyond isolated single organs, we used the native vasculature of adult and neonatal rats to systemically decellularize the organs of a whole animal in situ. Acellular scaffolds were generated from kidney, liver, lower limb, heart‐lung system, and a whole animal body, demonstrating that perfusion decellularization technology is applicable to any perfusable tissue, independent of age. Biochemical and histological analyses demonstrated that organs and organ systems (heart‐lung pair and lower limb) were successfully decellularized, retaining their extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and organ‐specific composition, as evidenced by differences in organ‐specific scaffold stiffness. Altogether, we demonstrated that organs, organ systems and whole animal bodies can be perfusion decellularized while retaining ECM components and biomechanics.
Knowledge and Attitudes Among Life Scientists Toward Reproducibility Within Journal Articles: A Research Survey

We constructed a survey to understand how authors and scientists view the issues around reproducibility, focusing on interactive elements such as interactive figures embedded within online publications, as a solution for enabling the reproducibility of experiments. We report the views of 251 researchers, comprising authors who have published in eLIFE Sciences, and those who work at the Norwich Biosciences Institutes (NBI). The survey also outlines to what extent researchers are occupied with reproducing experiments themselves. Currently, there is an increasing range of tools that attempt to address the production of reproducible research by making code, data, and analyses available to the community for reuse. We wanted to collect information about attitudes around the consumer end of the spectrum, where life scientists interact with research outputs to interpret scientific results. Static plots and figures within articles are a central part of this interpretation, and therefore we asked respondents to consider various features for an interactive figure within a research article that would allow them to better understand and reproduce a published analysis. The majority (91%) of respondents reported that when authors describe their research methodology (methods and analyses) in detail, published research can become more reproducible. The respondents believe that having interactive figures in published papers is a beneficial element to themselves, the papers they read as well as to their readers. Whilst interactive figures are one potential solution for consuming the results of research more effectively to enable reproducibility, we also review the equally pressing technical and cultural demands on researchers that need to be addressed to achieve greater success in reproducibility in the life sciences.
Chronic Prurigo: Similar Clinical Profile and Burden Across Clinical Phenotypes

Chronic prurigo is a debilitating skin disease characterized by the presence of chronic pruritus and scratching-related pruriginous lesions. The pruriginous lesions can differ in their clinics what has recently been categorized into different clinical phenotypes. The most common one is chronic nodular prurigo (syn. prurigo nodularis); other phenotypes are papular, plaque, umbilicated, and linear prurigo. A comparison between these phenotypes regarding similarities and differences has not yet been performed. In this explorative analysis, itch characteristics, scratching behavior, and disease burden of the nodular, papular, plaque, and umbilicated prurigo were investigated in 1,128 patients. Patients with nodular and plaque prurigo were younger than patients with papular and umbilicated prurigo. The shortest duration of the underlying pruritus was found in papular and umbilicated prurigo, the longest in plaque prurigo. Itch intensity, impairment of sleep, mood and the quality of life did not differ. These findings confirm that the clinical phenotypes of chronic prurigo belong to a spectrum of one disease with similar disease characteristics and can be categorized under the umbrella term of chronic prurigo. Future clinical trials should include all phenotypes of chronic prurigo.
On the 3D Nature of the Magpie (Aves: Pica pica) Functional Hindlimb Anatomy During the Take-Off Jump

Take-off is a critical phase of flight, and many birds jump to take to the air. Although the actuation of the hindlimb in terrestrial birds is not limited to the sagittal plane, and considerable non-sagittal plane motion has been observed during take-off jumps, how the spatial arrangement of hindlimb muscles in flying birds facilitates such jumps has received little attention. This study aims to ascertain the 3D hip muscle function in the magpie (Pica pica), a bird known to jump to take-off. A musculoskeletal model of the magpie hindlimb was developed using μCT scans (isotropic resolution of 18.2 μm) to derive bone surfaces, while the 3D muscle path definition was further informed by the literature. Function was robustly characterized by determining the 3D moment-generating capacity of 14 hip muscles over the functional joint range of motion during a take-off leap considering variations across the attachment areas and uncertainty in dynamic muscle geometry. Ratios of peak flexion-extension (FE) to internal-external rotation (IER) and abduction-adduction (ABD) moment-generating capacity were indicators of muscle function. Analyses of 972 variations of the 3D muscle paths showed that 11 of 14 muscles can act as either flexor or extensor, while all 14 muscles demonstrated the capacity to act as internal or external rotators of the hip with the mean ratios of peak FE to IER and ABD moment-generating capacity were 0.89 and 0.31, respectively. Moment-generating capacity in IER approaching levels in the FE moment-generating capacity determined here underline that the avian hip muscle function is not limited to the sagittal plane. Together with previous findings on the 3D nature of hindlimb kinematics, our results suggest that musculoskeletal models to develop a more detailed understanding of how birds orchestrate the use of muscles during a take-off jump cannot be restricted to the sagittal plane.
Efficacy and Safety of Anti-PD-1/ PD-L1 Monotherapy for Metastatic Breast Cancer: Clinical Evidence

Background: Success has been reported in PD-1/PD-L1 blockade via pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, or avelumab monotherapy in manifold malignancies including metastatic breast cancer. Due to lack of large-scale study, here we present interim analyses to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these promising strategies in patients with advanced breast cancer. Methods: Six studies including 586 advanced breast cancer patients treated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy agents before July 1, 2020, were included. The anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents include pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, land avelumab. Statistics was analyzed by R software and IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Results: Global analysis showed that for this monotherapy, the complete response was 1.26%, partial response was 7.65%, objective response rate (ORR) was 9.85%, and disease control rate (DCR) was 18.33%. 1-year overall survival rate and 6-month progression-free survival rate were 43.34 and 17.24%. Overall incidence of adverse events (AEs) was 64.18% in any grade and 12.94% in severe grade, while the incidence of immune-related AEs (irAEs) was approximately 14.75%: the most common treatment-related AEs of any grade that occurred in at least 5% of patients were arthralgia and asthenia; the most common severe treatment-related AEs occurred in at least 1% of patients were anemia and autoimmune hepatitis; the most common irAEs were hypothyroidism. Besides, the incidence of discontinue and death due to treatment-related AEs was about 3.06 and 0.31%, respectively. Additionally, by comparing efficacy indicators between PD-L1–positive and PD-L1–negative groups, an implicated correspondence between efficacy and the expression of PD-L1 biomarker was found: the PR was 9.93 vs 2.69%; the ORR was 10.62 vs. 3.07%; the DCR was 17.95 vs. 4.71%. Conclusion: Anti–PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy showed a manageable safety profile and had a promising and durable anti-tumor efficacy in metastatic breast cancer patients. Higher PD-L1 expression may be closely correlated to a better clinical efficacy.