Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The evolution of behavior.

Evolutionary theorists not only point to the survival value of the present structure and function of an organism, they try to reconstruct earlier stages which should also have had survival value. An example of current interest is the flight of birds. Feathers may have evolved first as thermal insulation, but what about wings? Were they adaptations of forelimbs which first helped animals run faster or that helped tree animals leap from branch to branch or from branch to ground? (Even when a feature first evolved because of consequences quite different from those which explain its current survival value, a plausible early history is still needed.) Among the features to be explained in this way is behavior. The current survival value of reflexes and the released patterns of behavior studied by ethologists may be clear, but can we construct plausible sequences through which they could have evolved, with survival value at every stage? The first behavior was presumably simple movement-like that of the amoeba reaching out into new territory and hence increasing its chances of finding materials necessary for its survival. A plausible second step was sensing, as the result of which movement could take the organism away from harmful stimuli and closer to useful materials. The assignment of different organs to sensing and moving should have led to the evolution of connecting structures, and eventually to tropisms and reflexes. The released behavior patterns studied by ethologists also presumably evolved through increasingly complex stages. It is unlikely that many current instances occurred first in their present state as variations which were then selected by survival. In my paper "The Shaping of Phylogenic Behavior" (Skinner, 1975),
Determination of the Transverse Permeability of a Fiber Preform

This paper addresses the flow properties of Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) with primary emphasis on transverse (z-direction) permeability. In the case of RTM, the permeability [K] matrix of the fabric preform is the quantity that governs the accuracy of any numerical flow simulation. Characterization of the in-plane permeabilities (Kxx, Kyy,) is done by simple radial flow experiments. However, the transverse permeability is difficult to measure accurately due to the inability to visualize the flow pattern through the thickness. Also, one dimensional flow experiments, which are ideal, encounter significant racetracking along the edges that inhibits proper monitoring of the true transverse flow. The need for accurate transverse permeabilities stems from use of three dimensional flow simulations to model the manufacture of thick section composite components fabricated by the vacuum assisted resin transfer molding genre of composite processes. The objective for this work is to develop an improved methodology to determine the transverse permeability of a fabric preform. This will include formation of the experimental apparatus, configuration of visualization tools, analytical solution for that geometry, creation of a numerical model, permeability predictions given flow front location with time, and finally plotting the series of permeabilities as a function of the percentage of fill. The experimental apparatus is based on a vacuum driven operation to simulate the process desired. A modified version of "SMARTweave," which is the enabling technology for insitu flow monitoring, is used for visualization of the fluid phase. Preliminary experimental data is reported and transverse permeabilities are calculated for several preforms. A comparison of the data to established methods is shown.
“Rape victims” versus “rape survivors”: oppression and resistance in individuals’ perceptions of women who have been raped

An overview discusses rape in terms of two systems of social power: oppression and resistance. Components of these systems—i.e., individuals’ rape-related attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, and behaviors, and outcomes—are compared in the literatures on “rape victims” and “rape survivors” (Hockett & Saucier, under review), suggesting that different results and conclusions are associated with different labels applied to the same group (i.e., women who have been raped). Three studies assessed differences in individuals’ rape-related perceptions (Study 1), intergroup helping intentions (Study 2), and interpersonal helping intentions (Study 3) for “rape victims,” “rape survivors,” and “women who have been raped. ” Extending feminist and social psychological theories of social power, results generally supported my hypotheses that such labels would produce different perceptions and helping intentions. The discussion addresses implications for theory, limitations, and directions for future research. “RAPE VICTIMS” VERSUS “RAPE SURVIVORS”: OPPRESSION AND RESISTANCE IN INDIVIDUALS’ PERCEPTIONS OF WOMEN WHO HAVE BEEN RAPED
Bounds on the Number of Examples Needed for Learning Functions

We prove general lower bounds on the number of examples needed for learning function classes within different natural learning models which are related to pac-learning (and coincide with the pac-learning model of Valiant in the case of {0,1}-valued functions). The lower bounds are obtained by showing that all nontrivial function classes contain a "hard binary-valued subproblem. " Although (at first glance) it seems to be likely that real-valued function classes are much harder to learn than their hardest binary-valued subproblem, we show that these general lower bounds cannot be improved by more than a logarithmic factor. This is done by discussing some natural function classes like nondecreasing functions or piecewise-smooth functions (the function classes that were discussed in [M. J. Kearns and R. E. Schapire, Proc. 31st Annual Symposium on the Foundations of Computer Science, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 1990, pp. 382--392, full version, J. Comput. System Sci., 48 (1994), pp. 464--497], [D. Kimber and P. M. Long, Proc. 5th Annual Workshop on Computational Learning Theory, ACM, New York, 1992, pp. 153--160]) with certain restrictions concerning their slope.
Axion miniclusters and Bose stars.

Evolution of inhomogeneities in the axion field around the QCD epoch is studied numerically, including for the first time important nonlinear effects. It is found that perturbations on scales corresponding to causally disconnected regions at T\ensuremath{\sim}1 GeV can lead to very dense axion clumps, with present density ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{a}}$\ensuremath{\gtrsim}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}8}$ g ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$. This is high enough for the collisional 2a\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2a process to lead to Bose-Einstein relaxation in the gravitationally bound clumps of axions, forming Bose stars.
Mining Online Customer Reviews for Ranking Products

The rapid increase in internet usage over the last few years has led to an extraordinary increase in electronic commerce. E-commerce web site like Amazon.com has made shopping online convenient, reliable and fast. While virtually any product can be purchased online today, it has become increasingly difficult for consumers to make their purchasing decisions based only on pictures and short description of a product. Since many online merchant sites allow customers to add reviews of the products they have bought, these reviews have become a diverse, reliable resource to aid consumers. The number of consumer reviews available has increased to an extent where it is no longer possible for a user to peruse them all manually. For example, some digital cameras sold on Amazon.com have several hundreds of reviews containing thousands of sentences. In this paper, we propose a novel text mining technique which uses customer reviews to rank products. We identify subjective and comparative sentences in reviews, and use these to build a weighted, directed product graph. This graph is then mined to find the top-ranked products. Experiments on real-world datasets show that our ranking algorithm produces results which correspond well with a manual ranking performed by
Practical automatic determination of causal relationships in software execution traces

From the system investigator who needs to analyze an intrusion (“how did the intruder break in? ”), to the forensic expert who needs to investigate digital crimes (“did the suspect commit the crime? ”), security experts have to frequently answer questions about the cause-effect relationships between the various events that occur in a computer system. The implications of using causality determination techniques with a low accuracy vary from slowing down incident response to undermining the evidence unearthed by forensic experts. This dissertation presents research done along two areas: (1) We present an empirical study evaluating the accuracy and performance overhead of existing causality determination techniques. Our study shows that existing causality determination techniques are either accurate or efficient, but seldom both. (2) We propose a novel approach to causality determination based on coarse-grained observation of control-flow of program execution. Our evaluation shows that our approach is both practical in terms of low runtime overhead and accurate in terms of low false positives and false negatives.
Changes in Psychological Distress in Australia over an 8-Year Period: Evidence for Worsening in Young Men

Objective: To assess whether psychological distress has changed in the Australian population. Method: Data were obtained from national household surveys of 1964 Australian adults in 1995 and 3507 in 2003–2004. Psychological distress was measured using the 4-NS, which asks about symptoms of depression, anxiety, irritability and nervousness in the past month. The data were analysed by gender and by age group, from 20–24 years to 70–74 years. Results: Psychological distress was found to have increased in men aged 20–29 years. This change was observed even when the same cohorts were compared. No change was found in women or in other male age groups. Conclusions: These data show the need for routine population monitoring of mental health to determine subgroups requiring priority action.
Reshaping biological membranes in endocytosis: crossing the configurational space of membrane-protein interactions

Abstract Lipid membranes are highly dynamic. Over several decades, physicists and biologists have uncovered a number of ways they can change the shape of membranes or alter their phase behavior. In cells, the intricate action of membrane proteins drives these processes. Considering the highly complex ways proteins interact with biological membranes, molecular mechanisms of membrane remodeling still remain unclear. When studying membrane remodeling phenomena, researchers often observe different results, leading them to disparate conclusions on the physiological course of such processes. Here we discuss how combining research methodologies and various experimental conditions contributes to the understanding of the entire phase space of membrane-protein interactions. Using the example of clathrin-mediated endocytosis we try to distinguish the question ‘how can proteins remodel the membrane? ’ from ‘how do proteins remodel the membrane in the cell? ’ In particular, we consider how altering physical parameters may affect the way membrane is remodeled. Uncovering the full range of physical conditions under which membrane phenomena take place is key in understanding the way cells take advantage of membrane properties in carrying out their vital tasks.
Government Accountability and Legislative Oversight

Introduction. 1. Tools of Legislative Oversight in the Lower Chambers. 2. Tools of Legislative Oversight in Upper Chambers. 3. Tools of Budgetary Oversight. 4. Legislative ethics and codes of conduct. 5. Oversight Capacity: new and old measures 6. Control, Democracy, Good Governance and Development? 7. Conclusions.
Toward the Knowledge of the Epidemiological Impact of Acute Rheumatic Fever in Italy

Background: To estimate the incidence of Acute Rheumatic Fever (ARF) in Tuscany, a region of Central Italy, evaluating the epidemiological impact of the new diagnostic guidelines, and to analyse our outcomes in the context of the Italian overview. Methods: A multicenter and retrospective study was conducted involving children <18 years old living in Tuscany and diagnosed in the period between 2010 and 2019. Two groups were established based on the new diagnostic criteria: High-Risk (HR) group patients, n = 29 and Low-Risk group patients, n = 96. Results: ARF annual incidence ranged from 0.91 to 7.33 out of 100,000 children in the analyzed period, with peak of incidence registered in 2019. The application of HR criteria led to an increase of ARF diagnosis of 30%. Among the overall cohort joint involvement was the most represented criteria (68%), followed by carditis (58%). High prevalence of subclinical carditis was observed (59%). Conclusions: Tuscany should be considered an HR geographic area and HR criteria should be used for ARF diagnosis in this region.
Null category-length and target–lure relatedness effects in episodic recognition: A constraint on item-noise interference models

There are two main classes of model of interference effects in recognition memory: item-noise and context-noise. Item-noise models predict that a loss of memory discriminability will occur with an increase in the number of studied items from the same taxonomic category (category length, CL) and that forced-choice recognition performance will be higher when the target and lure are related rather than unrelated. Context-noise models, however, predict null effects for both of these manipulations. Although results from some recent experiments suggest that CL and target–lure relatedness have a trivial or no effect on memory discriminability when the related items from the same taxonomic category are “not back to back in the study list but are separated (spaced) by interleaving items from other semantic categories,” these experiments have methodological limitations that were eliminated in the present experiment in which exemplars representing category lengths of 2, 8, or 14 were presented spaced apart within the same study list. Recognition was tested using a yes/no recognition test or a two-alternative forced-choice recognition test in which the target and lure were either related or unrelated. In yes/no recognition, d′ decreased as CL increased, replicating prior research. However, when the slope of the z-ROC function is less than 1.0, as is typically so and was so in the present results, d′ differences can arise due to criterion shifts and are not necessarily due to memory discriminability differences. When the more appropriate measure of memory discriminability, d a , was computed, CL had no effect in yes/no recognition, nor did it have an effect in forced-choice recognition, which also was not affected by target–lure relatedness. Thus, the present results are congruent with context-noise models and pose a challenge for item-noise models.
La Turquie à l'épreuve des séismes de 1999. Une analyse sociopolitique à travers les discours médiatiques post-catastrophes

Si la catastrophe est spontanement associee a des pertes humaines, a des dommages, elle a egalement une dynamique propre et une dimension sociopolitique, meme si nous avons souvent tendance a l'ignorer. La catastrophe est en effet capable d'« ebranler» les systemes existants, les constructions humaines economiques, sociales et politiques en causant des alterations dans les rapports sociaux ou politiques. L'etude d'une catastrophe peut nous permettre de mieux comprendre la nature de ces systemes et de ces rapports. Dans ce sens, les tremblements de terre de 1999 en Turquie constituent un objet d'etude interessant. Deux seismes majeurs, le 17 aout et le 12 novembre, ont touche la region de Marmara qui est consideree comme le bassin industriel du pays, causant la mort de pres de 18 000 personnes. Les difficultes de l'Etat a mener des operations de secours et de sauvetage suite a la catastrophe, a gerer l'aide humanitaire indispensable pour les victimes, ainsi que la mise en evidence du dysfonctionnement des mecanismes de controle des constructions, des problemes poses par la corruption a differents niveaux de responsabilite, ont engendre une vive reaction au sein de la societe turque. Le seisme du 17 aout a egalement suscite une forte mobilisation des organisations non-gouvernementales et des volontaires independants, a une echelle jamais vue dans l'histoire de la republique turque. Des lors, la catastrophe est devenue une occasion pour critiquer les dysfonctionnements du systeme et de la classe politique. Tout en prononcant des discours critiques a l'egard de « l'Etat », les medias ont fait etat du « reveil de la societe civile turque » et annonce un changement sociopolitique profond dans un futur proche : « rien ne serait plus comme avant ». Cette recherche (qui a necessite deux etudes sur terrain et un long travail dans les archives de presse) montre que si les seismes de 1999 constituent un evenement singulier, ils s'inscrivent egalement dans la longue liste des seismes majeurs survenus depuis 1939, a la suite desquels le meme jeu discursif apparait : les differents acteurs mettent en avant leurs propres versions de l'evenement en fonction de leurs interets. Nous voyons clairement que la catastrophe est une construction sociale sur laquelle le contexte sociopolitique est determinant. En deuxieme lieu, l'etude des seismes de 1999 ainsi que des 14 seismes majeurs precedents nous permettent de realiser une analyse sociopolitique de la Turquie contemporaine. L'analyse des discours mediatiques post-catastrophes nous aident a decrire la nature des rapports de pouvoir, la disposition des acteurs dans le contexte politique turc, le fonctionnement du systeme, de meme qu'ils offrent une base solide pour reflechir sur la transformation de la societe turque.
syndrome . children and Down ' s Dermatoglyphs of Chinese

The characteristic stigmata of Down's syndrome (mongolism, trisomy 21) are rarely obscured by racial features (Emanuel, Huang, and Yeh, 1968). However, occasional patients, particularly infants, from any ethnic group may be difficult to diagnose clinically. In these equivocal situations and whenever confirmatory tests are indicated, a dermatoglyphic analysis of finger, hand, and foot prints has been shown to be a valuable objective tool (Cummins and Platou, 1946; Walker, 1958; Beckman, Gustavson, and Norring, 1965). The ideal of karyotyping all Down's syndrome patients usually is impractical, and karyotyping, even where facilities are available, commonly is restricted to patients of young mothers, those with a familial history of Down's syndrome, or those in whom the clinical picture is atypical. Dermatoglyphic studies from several large European series showed good discrimination between Down's syndrome and control groups (Snedeker, 1948; Penrose, 1949, 1954; Turpin and Lejeune, 1953; Walker, 1957), but only one ethnic investigation on a non-European patient and control series, a Japanese study by Matsui, Nakagome, and Higurashi (1966), appears to have been done.t Such studies are required since various ethnic groups have different frequency ratios of dermatoglyphic features (Cummins and Midlo, 1943; Tiwari and Chattopadhyay, 1967). The present communication gives a dermatoglyphic analysis of 314 Chinese normal subjects and 53 Chinese patients with the clinical and cytogenetic diagnosis of Down's syndrome. Physical features and the
Retrieving Semantically Similar Questions in Community Question Answering

Internet users today prefer getting precise answer to their questions rather than sifting through a bunch of relevant documents provided by search engines. This has led to the huge popularity of Community Question Answering (cQA) services like Yahoo! Answers, Baidu Zhidao, Quora, StackOverflow etc., where forum users respond directly to questions with short targeted answers. These forums provide a platform for interaction with experts and serve as popular and effective means of information seeking on the Web. Anyone can obtain answers to their questions by posting them for other participants on these sites. Community can also decide the quality of answers for a question. Over time, such cQA archives have become rich repositories of knowledge encoded in the form of questions and user generated answers. However, not all questions get immediate answers from other users. If a question is not interesting enough for community or if similar question is already answered by some other user, it may suffer from “starvation”. Such questions may take hours and sometimes days to get satisfactory answers. This delay in response can be avoided by searching similar questions in the very large archives of previously asked questions. If a similar question is found, then the corresponding best answer can be provided without any delay. The main challenge while retrieving similar questions is the “lexico-syntactic gap” between the user query and the questions already present in the forum. The aim is to detect question pairs that differ from each other lexically and syntactically but expresses the same meaning. In this thesis, we propose two novel approaches to bridge the lexico-syntactic gap between the question posed by the user and forum questions. In the first approach, we design “Deep Structured Topic Model (DSTM)” which retrieves similar questions that lie in the vicinity of the latent topic vector space of the query and the archived question-answer pairs. The retrieved topically similar questions are reranked using a deep semantic model. In the second approach, we explore the behaviour of deep semantic models with “parameter-sharing” between the parallel networks which help us to design “Siamese Convolutional Neural Network for cQA (SCQA)”. It consists of twin convolutional neural networks with shared parameters and a contrastive loss function joining them. It learns the similarity metric for question-question pairs by leveraging the question-answer pairs available in cQA forum archives. The model projects semantically similar question pairs nearer to each other and dissimilar question pairs farther away from each other in the semantic space. Several models have been built in the past to bridge the lexico-syntactic gap in the cQA content. However, considering the ever growing nature of the data in cQA forums, these models cannot be kept