Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rainwater Tanks Where a Public Water Supply is Available - Use of - NSW Health

Rainwater Tanks Where a Public Water Supply is Available - Use of , A properly maintained rainwater tank can provide good quality drinking water. Occasionally there are cases of illness from contaminated rainwater. In urban areas the public water supply remains the most reliable source of drinking water for the community. In these areas NSW Health supports the use of rainwater tanks for non-drinking uses. NSW Health recommends that people use the public water supply for drinking and cooking because it is filtered, disinfected and generally fluoridated.
Volcanism in the Noachis-Hellas region of Mars, 2.

Mariner 9 and Viking Orbiter imagery has been examined to investigate volcanism in the Noachis-Hellas region of Mars. A wide variety of probable and possible volcanic features, including cinder cones, flood lavas, wrinkel ridges, cratered domes on the floors of impact craters, shield volcanoes, and possible stratovolcanoes has been observed. The flood lavas of ridged plains and broad, low shield volcanoes are indicative of very fluid lavas of ultrabasic or very basic basaltic composition. Evidence for relatively recent pyroclastic volcanism is present in numerous probable cinder cones and some isolated cratered mountains tentatively identified as stratovolcanoes. The volcanic complex and ridged plains at 68 deg S, 323 deg W appear to be relatively young. The occurrence of the five major volcanic centers of the Noachis-Hellas region at the intersections of ancient Hellas impact basin rings with a postulated northeast-trending fracture system suggests that large-scale volcanic activity may have begun soon after formation of the basin.
Large river offsets and Plio‐Quaternary dextral slip rate on the Red River fault (Yunnan, China)

Using multispectral SPOT images and 1/100,000 topographic data, we present an improved map of the active Red River fault zone between Midu (Yunnan, China) and Hanoi (Vietnam). The fault zone is composed of parallel strands, one of which, the Yuanjiang fault was previously undetected. There also appears to be a component of extension all along the fault zone. Such extension increases toward the SE, from Yunnan to the south China sea coast, and the vector describing the motion of south China relative to Indochina points within the N45°–135°E quadrant. We attempt to assess the Plio-Quaternary dextral slip rate on the Red River fault (RRF) by restoring large river offsets and searching for the largest, plausible one. Across much of Yunnan, the fault is perpendicular to local catchments that drain into the Red River. From precise mapping of the river courses on SPOT satellite images and on 1/100,000 topographic maps, numerous multiple offsets along the fault can be detected and reconstructed. The lack of correlation between the apparent offsets and the lengths of the rivers upstream from the fault suggests either that the drainage system was in large part established prior to the onset of dextral slip along the fault or that frequent captures have occurred. We thus try to find the best fit between series of river channels upstream and downstream from the fault by progressively restoring the dextral displacement in increments of 500 m, up to an offset of 50 km. For each increment we measure the misfits (root mean squares, RMS) between the upstream and downstream channels. The best fit and smallest RMS are obtained for an offset of 25±0.5 km that we interpret to represent the clearest, large right-lateral displacement recorded in the geomorphology along the active Red River fault. Since dextral motion is likely to have started around 5 Myr, the most probable average Plio-Quaternary slip rate on the fault is of order of 5 mm/yr. We attribute the apparent lack of seismic activity on a large stretch of the fault to millennial recurrence times between great earthquakes. Our study shows that relatively small drainage systems can keep a good record of fairly large cumulative fault offsets.
Range alignment methods for ISAR imaging

ISAR is used to image high resolution images of moving targets. Range Alignment is the key for the formation of ISAR images, therefore many methods has been proposed. In this paper, the performance of maximum correlation method, minimum entropy method and global range alignment method are introduced and analyzed. Furthermore, these methods will be tested by using both simulated and real data.
Variabilidade da precipitação em tempo e espaço associada à Zona de Convergência Intertropical

Este estudo visa apresentar uma analise atmosferica da variabilidade espacial e temporal da Zona de Convergencia Intertropical (ZCIT) nas cidades de Belem, Jakarta e Nairobi, que estao localizadas sobre os continentes da America do Sul, Asia e Africa, respectivamente. Para isso, foram utilizados dados diarios de precipitacao observada e radiacao de onda longa para o periodo de 1999 a 2008, e aplicadas as tecnicas matematicas e estatisticas, como a media aritmetica e a transformada em ondeletas Morlet. Em geral, os resultados indicam que do ponto de vista espacial, a precipitacao mensal varia consideravelmente, pois as tres cidades estudadas localizam-se em diferentes continentes da faixa tropical. Isto ocorre principalmente, durante os meses de Janeiro a Maio, periodo de maior atuacao da ZCIT no hemisferio sul. As variacoes atmosfericas observadas, a partir dos escalogramas de fase, - de ondeleta indicam que as escalas interdecadal, anual, interanual e intrassazonal sao moduladoras da precipitacao. Tais escalas podem ser representadas pelos mecanismos oceano-atmosfera dos fenomenos El Nino Oscilacao Sul e da oscilacao intrassazonal de Madden e Julian. A contribuicao destes fenomenos na distribuicao da chuva nessas regioes e evidente durante o periodo estudado, sendo que Nairobi, apesar de estar localizada em latitude semelhante a de Belem, apresenta pouca evidencia do ciclo anual e forte na escala interdecadal. No caso de Belem e de Jakarta as oscilacoes de multiescala de precipitacao concentram-se nas escalas dos mecanismos moduladores da chuva associados com o ciclo anual e intrassazonal, durante todo o periodo.
On the Existence of a Fully Developed Wind-Sea Spectrum

Abstract We consider the energy transfer equation for well-developed ocean waves under the influence of wind, and study the conditions for the existence of an equilibrium solution in which wind input, wave-wave interaction and dissipation balance each other. For the wind input we take the parameterization proposed by Snyder and others, which was based on their measurements in the Bight of Abaco and which agrees with Miles's theory. The wave-wave interaction is computed with an algorithm given recently by S. Hasselmann and others. The dissipation is less well-known, but we will make the general assumption that it is quasi-linear in the wave spectrum with a factor coefficient depending only on frequency and integral spectral parameters. In the first part of this paper we investigate whether the assumption that the equilibrium spectrum exits and is given by the Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum with a standard type of angular distribution leads to a reasonable dissipation function. We find that this is not the case.
neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy followed by surgery is superior to that followed by definitive chemoradiation or radiotherapy in stage iiia (n2) nonsmall-cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis and system review

Background: Approximately 30% of all cases of nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are of a locally advanced (IIIA or IIIB) stage. However, surgical therapy for patients with stage IIIA (N2) NSCLC is associated with a disappointing 5-year survival rate. The optimal treatment for stage IIIA (N2) NSCLC is still in dispute. Methods: A literature search was performed in the PubMed, Embase, and MEDLINE databases (last search updated in March 2015), and a meta-analysis of the available data was conducted. Two authors independently extracted data from each eligible study. Results: A total of nine studies, including five randomized controlled trials and four retrospective studies, were enrolled in this meta-analysis. Significant homogeneity ( χ 2 = 49.62, P = 0.000, I 2 = 81.9%) was detected between four of the studies, including a total of 11,948 selected cases. Among the nine studies that investigated overall survival, the pooled hazard ratio (HR) was 0.70 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.56–0.87; P = 0.000). Subgroup analyses were performed according to the study design and the extent of resection. We observed a statistically significant better outcome after lobectomy (pooled HR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.47–0.58; P = 0.000) than after pneumonectomy (pooled HR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.69–0.98; P = 0.028). Unfortunately, there was no significant difference between the randomized controlled studies, as the pooled HR was 0.94 (95% CI: 0.81–1.09; P = 0.440). Conclusion: Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy followed by surgery (particularly lobectomy) is superior to following these therapies with definitive chemoradiation or radiotherapy, particularly in patients undergoing lobectomy.
Covariance Functions and Spectra of a Random Wave Field

Abstract Covariance functions and spectra of components of fluid particle velocity are obtained, taking into consideration the effects of free surface fluctuations, for a Gaussian, stationary and homogeneous random gravity wave field in deep water, using infinitesimal wave solutions. Approximate representations of the covariance functions and spectra are also derived. It is shown that the covariance functions and spectra presented in this paper differ from those when the effects of free surface fluctuations are ignored, especially at, around and above the equilibrium surface.
Middepth circulation of the eastern tropical South Pacific and its link to the oxygen minimum zone

There is an incomplete description of the mid-depth circulation and its link to the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the eastern tropical South Pacific. Subsurface currents of the OMZ in the eastern tropical South Pacific are investigated with a focus at 400 m depth, close to the core of the OMZ, using several Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler sections recorded in January and February 2009. Five profiling floats with oxygen sensors were deployed along 85°50’W in February 2009 with a drift depth at 400 m. Their spreading paths are compared with the model flow field from a 1/10° Tropical Pacific model (TROPAC01) and the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) model. Overall the mean currents in the eastern tropical South Pacific are weak so that eddy variability influences the flow and ultimately feed oxygen-poor water to the OMZ. The center of the OMZ is a stagnant area so that floats stay much longer in this region and can even reverse direction. In one case of one float deployed at 8°S returned to the same location after 15 month. On the northern side of the OMZ in the equatorial current system, floats move rapidly to the west. Most current bands reported for the near surface layer exist also in the depth range of the OMZ. A schematic circulation flow field for the OMZ core depth is derived which shows the northern part of the South Pacific subtropical gyre south of the OMZ and the complicated zonal equatorial flow field north of the OMZ.
Temporal variations of the segmentation of slow to intermediate spreading mid-ocean ridges. 1. Synoptic observations based on satellite altimetry data

[1] The high-resolution geoid and gravity maps derived from ERS-1 and Geosat satellite geodetic missions reveal a set of small-scale lineations on the flanks of slow to intermediate spreading mid-ocean ridges. Assuming that these lineations reflect the variations in crustal structure induced by mid-ocean ridge axial discontinuities, we use them to investigate how the discontinuities, and the segments they bound, appear, migrate, and disappear. We provide a synoptic description of the main characteristics of the crustal structure variations, as well as their evolution in time, over the flanks of the Mid-Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific-Antarctic Ridges. The second-order segment length does not appear to vary with the spreading rate for the slow to intermediate spreading ridges investigated here. The amplitude of the gravity signal associated with off-axis discontinuity traces increases with the obliquity of the ridge to spreading and decreases with spreading rate and with the proximity of a ridge section to a hot spot. The patterns of the gravity lineations appear to be very homogeneous over 500- to 1000-km-large corridors bounded by large fracture zones. Far from hot spots, corridors are characterized either by segments bounded by discontinuities migrating back and forth along the axis, implying a lifetime of 10–30 Myr for the segments, or by segments and discontinuities very stable in space and time, surviving for 40–50 Myr. Closer to hot spots, the segmentation is affected in two ways. First, segments tend to migrate along axis away from hot spots, or toward cold spots. Second, asymmetric spreading tends to keep sections of ridges closer to hot spots than normal spreading would. These observations support the hypothesis that ridge segmentation and its evolution are controlled by mantle dynamics. Our analysis provides observational constraints for further models of crustal production along ridges, which are presented in the companion paper by Rabinowicz and Briais [2002].
A possible change in mass balance of Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets in the coming century

Abstract A high-resolution GCM is found to simulate precipitation and surface energy balance of high latitudes with high accuracy. This opens new possibilities to investigate the future mass balance of polar glaciers and its effect on sea level. The surface mass balance of the Greenland and the Antarctic ice sheets is simulated using the ECHAM3 GCM with TI06 horizontal resolution. With this model, two 5-year integrations for the present and doubled carbon dioxide conditions based on the boundary conditions provided by the ECHAM1/T21 transient experiment have been conducted. A comparison of the two experiments over Greenland and Antarctica shows to what extent the effect of climate change on the mass balance on the two largest glaciers of the world can differ. On Greenland one sees a slight decrease in accumulation and a substantial increase in melt, while on Antarctica a large increase in accumulation without melt is projected. Translating the mass balances into terms of sea-level equivalent. the Greenlan.
FIFTY YEARS OF CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION STUDIES IN PUERTO RICO

ABSTRACT: The water resources of Puerto Rico are currently being threatened by population pressure, development, pollution, and potentially adverse changes in the climate. Accurate determination of evapotranspiration is essential in managing water resources and practicing water conservation in Puerto Rico. In support of this goal, a review is presented covering the majority of research on crop water use and evapotranspiration estimation methods used in Puerto Rico during the last fifty years. Specifically, the review considers consumptive use determined from field water balance studies, calculation methods, and the pan evaporation method. Several studies also considered the estimation of reference evapotranspiration and the procedures for estimating climate parameter data needed as input to the reference evapotranspiration calculation methods. Recommendations for research priorities are provided.
Evolution of subduction zone curvature and its dependence on the trench velocity and the slab to upper mantle viscosity ratio

[1] Three-dimensional laboratory models of upper mantle subduction are presented investigating the effect of the trench velocity (vt) and the slab to upper mantle viscosity ratio (ηSP/ηUM) on trench curvature and slab curvature. One set of experiments varies ηSP/ηUM from 66 to 1375. Another set of experiments modifies vt through applying different velocities at the trailing plate. The results show that the radius of trench curvature (RTC) progressively decreases with continuous trench retreat due to quasi-toroidal mantle return flow from the subslab region around the lateral slab edges and toward the mantle wedge region, but starts to increase when trench retreat changes to trench advance due to quasi-toroidal return flow in the opposite direction. Furthermore, RTC increases with increasing ηSP/ηUM (i.e., progressively stronger slabs are progressively less curved) following a cubic root function. The force required to curve the slab and trench varies with progressive subduction, but is only 0.1–2.5% of the total negative buoyancy force of the slab, while the viscous dissipation rate due to progressive slab curvature is only 0.01–0.60% of the potential energy release rate. Comparison of trench curvature in the models (scaled slab width w = 750 km) with that of the Scotia subduction zone (w ≈ 800 km) indicates that for the Scotia subduction zone the effective ηSP/ηUM is of the order 1–2 × 102. Finally, the elastic sphere indentation model for arc curvature is revisited, demonstrating that four main predictions are not met by observations, implying that the model should be rejected.
Polarized light scattering by inhomogeneous hexagonal monocrystals: Validation with ADEOS-POLDER measurements

Various in situ measurements of the light-scattering diagram in ice clouds were performed with a new nephelometer during several airborne campaigns. These measurements were favorably compared with a theoretical scattering model called Inhomogeneous Hexagonal Monocrystal (IHM) model. This model consists in computing the scattering of light by an ensemble of randomly oriented hexagonal ice crystals containing spherical impurities of soot and air bubbles. It is achieved by using a combination of ray tracing, Mie theory, and Monte Carlo techniques and enables to retrieve the six independent elements of the scattering matrix. This good agreement between nephelometer measurements and IHM model provides an opportunity to use this model in order to analyze ADEOS-POLDER total and polarized reflectance measurements over ice clouds. POLDER uses an original concept to observe ice cloud properties, enabling to measure reflectances and polarized reflectances, for a given scene, under several (up to 14) viewing directions. A first analysis of ice cloud spherical albedoes over the terrestrial globe for November 10, 1996, and April 23, 1997, shows a rather good agreement between measurements and modeling. Moreover, polarized reflectances are also calculated and show a satisfactory agreement with measurements.
Use of heat‐based vertical fluxes to approximate total flux in simple channels

Heat flux through shallow streambed sediments is often used to quantify streambed water exchange with groundwater. Although two‐dimensional (2‐D) and three‐dimensional (3‐D) models are available, one‐dimensional (1‐D) models still have advantages in terms of ease of use and cost effectiveness. This study investigated error associated with the vertical flow assumption for a lateral section of a synthetic channel of varying geometry, hydraulic gradient, and stage using 1‐D and 2‐D models. Hydraulic gradient had the greatest influence on total channel flux. Flux at the lateral edge of the channel was up to 8.3 times higher than at channel center, and seepage from the channel banks accounted for up to 50% of total flux. Despite this variation along the channel boundary, the difference between channel flux estimates using 1‐D and 2‐D models was less than 30%. The models were applied to data from a large irrigation canal, and 1‐D channel flux estimates were 30% greater and 81% lower than from the 2‐D model, using temperatures collected at channel center and at the left edge of the channel, respectively. These results stress the importance of placing probes to best capture water flux direction when using 1‐D, temperature‐based methods.
Congestion control using distributed link scheduling in wireless networks

In a wireless multi-hop system the communication between the two endpoints is carried out by a some intermediate nodes whose function is to relay information from one point to another. Although there has been exploitation of the physical layer technique enhance the capability of multi-trip system, link scheduling problems still exist. Link scheduling problem addressed with a cross layer design. Cross layer design is a process of solving congestion and scheduling problems in wireless systems wherever nodes capable by way of the Successive interference cancelation (SIC) capability under Signal to Interference Noise Ratio (SINR) model. SIC an efficient advance to tolerate the multiple adjacent concurrent communication to coexist, enable multi-packet reception. Cross layer design placed among the physical layer and MAC layer. The technique of both layers can support the additional difficult cross layer design intended use of improve system process. The proposed system consists of distributed link scheduling for solving the interference occurring during communications. This scheduling is an effectual process used for managing the interference relationships and with the help of advanced physical layer technique using SIC to take out the interference moreover decode the data by receivers.
Response of a river plume during an upwelling favorable wind event

The response of a surface-trapped river plume to an upwelling favorable wind is studied using a three-dimensional model in a simple, rectangular domain. Model simulations demonstrate that the plume thins and is advected offshore by the cross-shore Ekman transport. The thinned plume is susceptible to significant mixing because of the vertically sheared horizontal currents. The Ekman dynamics and shear-induced mixing cause the plume to evolve to a quasi-steady uniform thickness, which can be estimated by a critical Richardson number criterion. Although the mixing rate decreases slowly in time, mixing continues under a sustained upwelling wind until the plume is destroyed. Mixing persists at the seaward plume front because of an Ekman straining mechanism in which there is a balance between the advection of cross-shore salinity gradients and vertical mixing. The plume mixing rate observed is similar to the mixing law obtained by previous studies of one-dimensional mixing, although the river plume mixing is essentially two-dimensional.