Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Vlsi clock net routing

Aspects of clock distribution in VLSI circuits, including skew, phase delay and edge rate, strongly limit the achievable level of system performance. Clock distribution can account for a significant portion of wiring area and power dissipation, and is closely coupled to signal integrity and reliability issues. In this thesis, we address several important interconnect design problems related to lock distribution in high-performance synchronous systems. First, we study the planar-embeddable zero-skew clock routing problem. We propose the Linear-Planar-DME method, which guarantees an optimal planar zero-skew clock (ZST) under pathlength delay. The subsequent Elmore-Planar-DME method uses the Linear-Planar-DME connection topology in constructing a low-cost ZST according to the Elmore delay model. The total wirelengths of these planar ZST solutions are comparable to those of best previous non-planar solutions. Second, we study the minimum-cost bounded-skew routing tree problem. For a fixed tree topology, we first propose the Extended DME (Ex-DME) algorithm, which extends the DME algorithm to construct a bounded-skew tree (BST) two phases: (i) a bottom-up phase to construct a binary tree of so-called merging regions which represent the loci of possible embedding points of the internal nodes, and (ii) a top-down phase to determine the exact locations of the internal nodes. For arbitrary topology, we propose the Extended Greedy-DME (ExG-DME) algorithm, which combines merging region computation with the topology approach of the the Greedy-DME algorithm (Eda93a). A key distinction is that ExG-DME allows merging at non-root nodes whereas Greedy-DME always merges two subtrees at their roots. For single-layer (planar) embedding under pathlength delay, we propose the Extended Planar-DME (ExP-DME) algorithm which simply uses Linear-Planar-DME to recursively partition the sink set until each sink cluster has radius less than B, then constructs a planar radius-bounded tree over each cluster. Finally, we explores directions in which traditional formulations can be extended so that the resulting algorithms are more useful in production design environments. Specifically, the following issues are addressed: (i) clock routing for varying layer parasitics and non-zero via parasitics; (ii) obstacle-avoidance clock routing; and (iii) hierarchical buffered clock tree synthesis.
Energy Minimization Approach for a Two-link Flexible Manipulator

Robot motion planning between two given configurations in the time domain has a great impact on robotic applications. In the presence of link flexibility, the problem becomes more difficult and critical to be solved. A two-link flexible manipulator is proposed in this study, where the manipulator's joints are required to undergo a rest-to-rest maneuvering. Two trajectories are assumed, a fourth order polynomial and soft motion trajectories1 the Genetic Algorithm is employed to optimize the unknown parameters of the fourth order trajectory in such away that minimizes the energy consumption during motion. The mathematical model of the manipulator is obtained using the extended Hamilton's principle, where the flexible links are treated using Euler-Bernoulli's beam theory. Simulation study for the optimized joints' torques for the two trajectories is introduced and a comparison between them is carried out based on the minimum energy consumption.
BETA-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION AND ITS APPLICATIONS

ABSTRACT This paper introduces a general class of distributions generated from the logit of the beta random variable. A special case of this family is the beta-normal distribution. The shape properties of the beta-normal distribution are discussed. Estimation of parameters of the beta-normal distribution by the maximum likelihood method is also discussed. The beta-normal distribution provides great flexibility in modeling not only symmetric heavy-tailed distributions, but also skewed and bimodal distributions. The flexibility of this distribution is illustrated by applying it to two empirical data sets and comparing the results to previously used methods.
Preparing for the Next Influenza Season: Monitoring the Emergence and Spread of Antiviral Resistance

Purpose The relaxation of pandemic restrictions in 2022 has led to a reemergence of respiratory virus circulation worldwide and anticipation of substantial influenza waves for the 2022/2023 Northern Hemisphere winter. Therefore, the antiviral susceptibility profiles of human influenza viruses circulating in Germany were characterized. Methods Between October 2019 (week 40/2019) and March 2022 (week 12/2022), nasal swabs from untreated patients with acute respiratory symptoms were collected in the national German influenza surveillance system. A total of 598 influenza viruses were isolated and analyzed for susceptibility to oseltamivir, zanamivir and peramivir, using a neuraminidase (NA) inhibition assay. In addition, next-generation sequencing was applied to assess molecular markers of resistance to NA, cap-dependent endonuclease (PA) and M2 ion channel inhibitors (NAI, PAI, M2I) in 367 primary clinical samples. Furthermore, a genotyping assay based on RT-PCR and pyrosequencing to rapidly assess the molecular resistance marker PA-I38X in PA genes was designed and established. Results While NAI resistance in the strict sense, defined by a ≥ 10-fold (influenza A) or ≥5-fold (influenza B) increase of NAI IC50, was not detected, a subtype A(H1N1)pdm09 isolate displayed 2.3- to 7.5-fold IC50 increase for all three NAI. This isolate carried the NA-S247N substitution, which is known to enhance NAI resistance induced by NA-H275Y. All sequenced influenza A viruses carried the M2-S31N substitution, which confers resistance to M2I. Of note, one A(H3N2) virus displayed the PA-I38M substitution, which is associated with reduced susceptibility to the PAI baloxavir marboxil. Pyrosequencing analysis confirmed these findings in the original clinical specimen and in cultured virus isolate, suggesting sufficient replicative fitness of this virus mutant. Conclusion Over the last three influenza seasons, the vast majority of influenza viruses in this national-level sentinel were susceptible to NAIs and PAIs. These findings support the use of antivirals in the upcoming influenza season.
Neuroscience and Self in Interdisciplinary Dialogue

Although the role of the DMN in understanding self has not reached scientific consensus, a consideration of the DMN and the results of its dysfunction may stimulate interdisciplinary dialogue in at least two ways related to questions of selves. First, given the ongoing discussion about the proper interpretation of DMN data, this area may benefit from non-empirical, interdisciplinary contributions toward understanding selves. Second, the centrality of the DMN to selves suggests a healthy DMN is necessary (though not sufficient) for a healthy self. Practices for healthy DMN functioning can contribute to and be enriched by philosophical and theological perspectives about telos and Christian practice. *Notes *1Marc Cortez, Theological Anthropology: A Guide for the Perplexed (London, UK: T&T Clark, 2010). *2Erin I. Smith, "A Tale of Two Perspectives: How Psychology and Neuroscience Contribute to Understanding Personhood," Scientia et Fides 9, no. 2 (2021): article 2, https://doi.org/10.12775/SetF.2021. 017. *3 Georg Northoff, "Is the Self a Higher-Order or Fundamental Function of the Brain? The 'Basis Model of Self-Specificity' and Its Encoding by the Brain's Spontaneous Activity," Cognitive Neuroscience 7 (2016): 203–22, https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2015. 1111868.
On the decay of the solutions of second order parabolic equations with Dirichlet conditions

We use rearrangement techniques to investigate the decay of the parabolic Dirichlet problem in a bounded domain. The coefficients of the second order term are used to introduce an isoperimetric problem. The resulting isoperimetric function together with the divergence of the first order coefficients and the value distribution of the zero order part are then used to construct a symmetric comparison equation having a slower heat‐flow than the original equation. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Model selection information criteria in latent class models with missing data and contingency question

Latent class analysis (LCA) has been found to have important applications in social and behavioural sciences for modelling categorical response variables, and non-response is typical when collecting data. In this study, the non-response mainly included ‘contingency questions’ and real ‘missing data’. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of some potential factors on model selection indices in LCA with non-response data. We simulated missing data with contingency question and evaluated the accuracy rates of eight information criteria for selecting the correct models. The results showed that the main factors are latent class proportions, conditional probabilities, sample size, the number of items, the missing data rate and the contingency data rate. Interactions of the conditional probabilities with class proportions, sample size and the number of items are also significant. From our simulation results, the impact of missing data and contingency questions can be amended by increasing the sample size or the number of items.
Piecewise isometries have zero topological entropy

We show that piecewise isometries, i.e. non-necessarily invertible maps defined on a finite union of polytopes and coinciding with an isometry on the interior of each polytope, have zero topological entropy in any dimension. This had been conjectured by a number of authors. The proof is by an induction on the dimension and uses a device (the differential of a piecewise linear map) introduced by M. Tsujii.
Methyl Jasmonate- and Salicylic Acid-Induced Transcription Factor ZjWRKY18 Regulates Triterpenoid Accumulation and Salt Stress Tolerance in Jujube

Triterpenoids are important, pharmacologically active substances in jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), and play an important role in the plant’s resistance to abiotic stress. However, regulation of their biosynthesis, and the underlying mechanism of their balance with stress resistance, remain poorly understood. In this study, we screened and functionally characterized the ZjWRKY18 transcription factor, which is associated with triterpenoid accumulation. The transcription factor is induced by methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid, and its activity was observed by gene overexpression and silencing experiments, combined with analyses of transcripts and metabolites. ZjWRKY18 gene silencing decreased the transcription of triterpenoid synthesis pathway genes and the corresponding triterpenoid content. Overexpression of the gene promoted the biosynthesis of jujube triterpenoids, as well as triterpenoids in tobacco and Arabidopsis thaliana. In addition, ZjWRKY18 binds to W-box sequences to activate promoters of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase and farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, suggesting that ZjWRKY18 positively regulates the triterpenoid synthesis pathway. Overexpression of ZjWRKY18 also increased tolerance to salt stress in tobacco and Arabidopsis thaliana. These results highlight the potential use of ZjWRKY18 to improve triterpenoid biosynthesis and salt stress tolerance in plants, and provide a strong basis for metabolic engineering to improve the content of triterpenoids and breeding of jujube varieties that are resistant to stress.
Hygroscopic growth of single atmospheric sea salt aerosol particles from mass measurement in an optical trap

Sea salt aerosol is among the most abundant aerosol species in Earth's atmosphere, and its hygroscopicity is an important parameter to quantify its interaction with solar radiation. Conflicting values for the hygroscopic growth have been reported in the literature, which decreases the accuracy with which their impact on Earth's climate can be modelled. Here we report new values of the hygroscopic growth for a selection of salt compositions representative of atmospheric sea salt. These values are obtained from single optically trapped aqueous droplets with dry radii between 0.3 and 2 μm, using a recently developed method for single particle mass measurement in an optical trap. We compare our results to earlier studies and propose a way to reconcile the apparent discrepancies found in the literature. Within our studies, we also observe the crystallization of CaSO4·2H2O (Gypsum) during the drying of optically trapped sea salt droplets at significantly larger relative humidity of 65–68% than the main efflorescence relative humidity at 50%. This preceding transition occurred in the absence of any contact of the particle with a surface.
Examining Dimensionality and Validity of the Academic Integrity Survey Instrument

Dimensional reduction is one of the methods to ensure the quality of a questionnaire. This study examined two methods to reduce the dimension of the questionnaire: multidimensional scaling (MDS) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The questionnaire, Awareness of Academic Dishonesty consists of 30 questions. Participants included 110 college students. Multidimensional scaling analysis reduced the multidimensions to essentially two dimensions. The exploratory factor analysis reduced the multidimensions to three dimensions. MDS allowed the researchers to evaluate the questionnaire items by looking at the similarities of these data points. EFA provided an alternative thought about the construct of the questionnaire.
Correlated amplitude fluctuations of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions in six lizard species

Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions were recorded from 17 lizard ears (six species: Gerrhosaurus major, Iguana iguana, Basiliscus vittatus, Tupinambis teguixin, Varanus exanthematicus, and Cordylus tropidosternum). The spectrum of each recording contained multiple spectral peaks. For each peak, the envelope cross-correlation R(τ) with all other peaks from the same ear was computed. Of the total of 346 emission peak pairs, 58 (17%) showed a significant correlation. Thus like in humans, multiple emission peaks in lizards frequently interact. In the lizards, the cross-correlation was positive in 30 cases, and negative in 28 cases. The cross-correlation function peaked at either a positive (τpeak>0) or a negative (τpeak<0) delay time. Peak delays ranged from −3.7 ms to 6.2 ms with an average 0.2 ms (s.d. 1.8 ms). The range of observed peak delay values differs from that in human [average τpeak=11.0 ms (s.d. 22.1 ms)].
Automatic Detection of Clickbait Headlines Using Semantic Analysis and Machine Learning Techniques

Clickbait headlines are misleading headiness designed to attract attention and entice users to click on the link. Links can host malware, trojans and phishing attacks. Clickbaiting is one of the more subtle methods used by hackers and scammers. For these reasons, clickbait is a serious issue that must be addressed. This paper presents a method for identifying clickbait headlines using semantic analysis and machine learning techniques. The method involves analyzing thirty unique semantic features and exploring six different machine learning classification algorithms individually and in ensemble forms. Results show that the top models have an accuracy of 98% in classifying clickbait headlines. The proposed models can serve as a template for developing practical applications to detect clickbait headlines automatically.
Large-scale failures of f -α scaling in natural image spectra

Several studies have demonstrated that the power spectra of natural image ensembles scale as f-α. A stronger claim that has been made is that the power spectra of single natural images typically also scale as f-α. Results are presented that challenge this latter claim. The results are based on a method for estimating large-scale structure in single images that compares aliasing artifacts produced by image windows of different shape. Failures of f-α scaling are found at large scales in many natural images. These failures cannot be accounted for by f-α scaling models such as a linear superposition model or a model based on two-dimensional occlusions in the image plane. The results imply that claims about f-α scaling in single natural images have been exaggerated. The results also offer insight into why such failures of f-α scaling occur.
Organizational Risk Factors for Aircrew Health: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies

Addressing the field of health and safety at work, the primary objective of the present systematic review was to analyze the organizational risk factors for aircrew health according to professional category (flight attendants and pilots/co-pilots) and their consequences. The secondary objective was to identify the countries in which studies were carried out, focusing on the quality of content of the publications. The Medline/Pubmed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched for eligible studies according to PRISMA statements. The risk of bias and the methodological quality of the studies were assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale and Loney tools. Of the 3230 abstracts of articles screened, 36 studies met the inclusion criteria. Most of the research conducted on risk factors for the work organization of aircrew was carried out in the United States and the European Union and had moderate or low-quality methodology and evidence. However, the findings are homogeneous and allow the most prevalent organizational risk factors for the health of aircrew to be determined, namely, high work demand, long hours, and night work. Consequently, the most pervasive health problems were sleep disturbances, mental health disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, and fatigue. Thus, the regulation of the aircrew profession must prioritize measures that minimize these risk factors to promote better health and sleep for these professionals and, consequently, to provide excellent safety for workers and passengers.
One joule output from a diode-array-pumped Nd:YAG laser with side-pumped rod geometry

Output of 1.25 J per pulse (1.064 mu m) with an absolute optical efficiency of 28% and corresponding electrical efficiency of 10% was demonstrated in a diode-array-pumped Nd:YAG laser using a side-pumped rod geometry in a master-oscillator/power-amplifier configuration. In Q-switched operation, an output of 0.75 J in a 17-ns pulse was obtained. The fundamental laser output was frequency doubled in KTP with 60% conversion efficiency to obtain 0.45 J in a 16-ns pulse at 532 nm. The output beam had high spatial quality with pointing stability better than 40 mu rad and a shot-to-shot pulse energy fluctuation >
Fish Viscera Silage: Production, Characterization, and Digestibility of Nutrients and Energy for Tambaqui Juveniles

Fish viscera can be an important source of protein and energy for aquafeed, and its use contributes to circular aquaculture. The aim of this study was to produce acid and fermented silage from fish viscera to determine their nutritional value and the apparent digestibility coefficient of nutrients and energy for juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). An acid silage and three fermented silages with different sources of carbohydrates (molasses, wheat bran, and cassava waste) were produced with 0.25% sorbic acid as an antifungal in the formulation. Silages presented an average of 55% dry matter, 62.9% lipids, and 12% crude protein. Leucine and lysine predominated as essential amino acids in the acid silage and fermented silages. Fish viscera silages presented EPA and DHA content from 5.4 to 17.8 and 1.7 to 8.9 mg.g−1 of lipids, respectively. The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) (indirect method) was above 82% for gross energy for all the formulations. The ADCs for protein were similar for the fermented silages, with a maximum 92% level for the fermented wheat bran silage. The bioconversion of fish viscera into silage makes it an energy ingredient for aquafeed that is well digested by tambaqui juveniles.
Models of the Large-Scale Corona. II. Magnetic Connectivity and Open Flux Variation

In this paper the changing connectivity of the coronal magnetic field during the formation and ejection of magnetic flux ropes is considered. Using recent simulations of the coronal field, it is shown that reconnection may occur both above and below the flux ropes. Those occurring above slowly strip away coronal arcades overlying the flux ropes and allow the flux ropes to be ejected. In contrast, those below help to push the flux ropes out. It is found that the reconnection occurring below each flux rope may result in significant skew being maintained within the coronal field above the PIL after the flux rope is ejected. In addition, after the eruption, as the coronal field closes down, the large-scale transport of open flux across the bipoles takes place through the process of "interchange reconnection. " As a result, new photospheric domains of open flux are created within the centers of the bipoles, where field lines were previously closed. The net open flux in the simulation may be split into two distinct contributions. The first contribution is due to the nonpotential equilibrium coronal fields of the bipoles. The second contribution is a temporary enhancement to this during the ejection of the flux ropes, where previously closed field lines become open. It is shown that the nonpotential equilibrium contribution to the open flux is significantly higher than that due to a potential field deduced from the same photospheric boundary conditions. These results suggest that the nonpotential nature of coronal magnetic fields may affect the variation of the Sun's open flux during periods of high solar activity and should be considered in future simulations.
Statistics of Galactic Supernova Remnants

We collected the basic parameters of 231 supernova remnants (SNRs) in our Galaxy, namely, distances (d) from the Sun, linear diameters (D), Galactic heights (Z), estimated ages (t), luminosities (L), surface brightness (Σ) and flux densities (S1) at 1-GHz frequency and spectral indices (α). We tried to find possible correlations between these parameters. As expected, the linear diameters were found to increase with ages for the shell-type remnants, and also to have a tendency to increase with the Galactic heights. Both the surface brightness and luminosity of SNRs at 1-GHz tend to decrease with the linear diameter and with age. No other relations between the parameters were found.
A speckle reduction and image enhancement anisotropic diffusion method for underwater ultrasonic imaging based on wavelet technology

Ultrasonic inherent characteristic and underwater environment make underwater ultrasonic image have speckle noise, and image contrast is low. So need a method to reduce speckle noise and enhance image contrast at the same time. In certain applications, however, the removal of speckle and image enhancement may be two contradictory problem each other, so we difficult to gain an ideal image processing result. For this reason, considerations in characteristic of the underwater ultrasonic image, this paper provides a new speckle reduction and image enhancement anisotropic diffusion method based on wavelet technology. An anisotropic diffusion model has been established based on wavelet transform. We analyze the characteristic of the model and discuss the model's mechanism of action for removing speckle and enhance image edge of the underwater ultrasonic image. A compare experiment for real underwater ultrasonic image has been done using the method and other traditional methods. The experimental result indicates that the method proposed have strong speckle reduction and enhancement image ability. The purpose of removing speckle noise and enhancing edge at same time has been reached.