Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Theories about Developmental Dyslexia

Despite proving its usefulness for over a century, the concept of developmental dyslexia (DD) is currently in severe disarray because of the recent introduction of the phonological theory of its causation. Since mastering the phonological principle is essential for all reading, failure to do so cannot be used to distinguish DD from the many other causes of such failure. To overcome this problem, many new psychological, signal detection, and neurological theories have been introduced recently. All these new theories converge on the idea that DD is fundamentally caused by impaired signalling of the timing of the visual and auditory cues that are essential for reading. These are provided by large ‘magnocellular’ neurones which respond rapidly to sensory transients. The evidence for this conclusion is overwhelming. Especially convincing are intervention studies that have shown that improving magnocellular function improves dyslexic children’s reading, together with cohort studies that have demonstrated that the magnocellular timing deficit is present in infants who later become dyslexic, long before they begin learning to read. The converse of the magnocellular deficit in dyslexics may be that they gain parvocellular abundance. This may often impart the exceptional ‘holistic’ talents that have been ascribed to them and that society needs to nurture.
Vorticity evolution mechanism in near‐field of a transverse jet

Abstract Flow structure and vorticity evolution processes in the near field of an elevated jet in a crossflow are experimentally studied in a wind tunnel. The instantaneous and time‐averaged flow field characteristics are observed and measured by using a flow visualization technique and a high‐speed Particle Image Velocimeter (PIV). Time histories of the instantaneous velocity of the vortical flows in the shear‐layer are recorded by a hot‐wire anemometer and a high‐speed data acquisition system in order to analyze the frequency characteristics of the traveling coherent structure in the shear‐layer. Experiments are performed between two different jet‐to‐crossflow momentum flux ratios R = 0.08 and 0.56, which are selected from two regimes with different kinds of flow patterns at a fixed crossflow Reynolds number 2051. The behaviors and mechanisms of the vortical flow structure and the vorticity evolution mechanisms appear to be distinct in different flow regimes. By analyzing the pictures of the smoke flow visualization and the instantaneous vorticity contour maps, two kinds of vorticity evolution mechanisms, “shear‐induced vortices” and “swing‐induced vortices”, can be identified in the shear‐layer evolving from the jet exit. The time‐averaged velocity field and vorticity properties are also discussed in this paper.
Whole-Genome Sequence of Aeromonas spp. Isolated from a Dairy Farm in Central Texas

This study investigated the presence of Aeromonas spp. on a dairy farm in central Texas that employed a free-stall management system. A total of 140 samples were collected from areas of two different barns. Twenty-two presumptive Aeromonas isolates were cultured. Phenotypic analysis identified five Aeromonas spp. Twenty isolates exhibited β-lactam and one displayed tetracycline resistance. Phylogenetic analysis of the WGS data suggested only four Aeromonas spp. All isolates possessed at least one β-lactam resistance gene and one isolate possessed tet(E). No plasmids were identified from sequence alignments. Virulence genes were identified in all four Aeromonas spp. Mobility elements were identified in three of these, with the exception being A. dhakensis. Four of the transposons identified in this study have been associated with multidrug resistance in Italy, Sweden, and Singapore. There was no significant difference in the proportion of isolates from either barn. The absence of plasmids suggests mobility elements and virulence genes were localized to the chromosome. On a dairy farm of healthy cattle, these 22 Aeromonas isolates were considered normal environmental flora while illustrating the ubiquitous nature of Aeromonas spp. globally.
Surface recombination velocities on processed InGaP p‐n junctions

InGaP p‐n junction mesa diodes were fabricated by wet or dry etching, and the surface recombination velocities (Sv) measured from the size dependence of the current density‐voltage characteristics. Within experimental error, the dry etching does not increase the S values, which are in the range 4.4–5.2×104 cm s−1. Subsequent low temperature annealing or plasma exposure did not degrade the surface properties of the mesa diodes, and some improvement was observed with (NH4)2Sx treatment. While the InGaP diodes are relatively insensitive to typical processing steps, comparable AlGaAs p‐n junction show much larger changes in surface recombination velocities.
Deterministic Approximation of a Sequence of Nearly Critical Branching Processes

Abstract We consider a sequence of discrete time nearly critical branching processes with time-dependent immigration. Using a martingale approach, we prove that when the immigration mean tends to infinity depending on the time of immigration, the suitable normalized sequence can be approximated in Skorokhod metric by a deterministic process. Consequences related to the maxima and the total progeny of the process will be discussed.
Sensitivity of equatorial Pacific Ocean circulation to solar radiation absorbed by phytoplankton

Sensitivity experiments conducted with the MIT ocean general circulation model reveal the potential influence of solar radiation absorbed by phytoplankton on the thermal structure and currents of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. In the model, vertical attenuation of solar radiation is parameterized as a function of chlorophyll pigment concentration, the major variable affecting turbidity in the euphotic zone. To isolate turbidity effects, the model is run from 1948 to 2001 with either a constant minimum pigment concentration of 0.02 mgm^-3 during the entire period or spatially and temporally varying pigment concentration from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor during 1997-2001. The two model runs are compared for 2001, a relatively normal year following the strong 1997-1998 El Nino and subsequent La Nina. Due to phytoplankton-radiation forcing, equatorial sea surface temperature is decreased by 0.3K on average annually between 100W and 160W, but the negative temperature change is more pronounced in sub-surface layers, reaching -1.5K at 110W. In that region, heat trapping by phytoplankton causes the mixed layer to shallow and isotherms to shoal toward the equator, generating geostrophic currents that enhance the south equatorial current. These surface currents diverge north and south of the equator as they progress westward, creating equatorial divergence, convergence at the level of the equatorial undercurrent, and upwelling, explaining the change in thermal structure. The equatorial undercurrent is strengthened by as much as 4 cms-1 at its core. The findings support previous results obtained with the MHI Ocean isoPYCnal general circulation model and pigment concentration from the Coastal Zone Color Scanner. They indicate that biology-induced buoyancy my play a significant role in the equatorial Pacific Ocean circulation and suggest the existence of a biophysical feedback mechanism that contributes to maintaining the cold tongue in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, with implications for inter-annual variability associated with El Nino.
Toxicity Effects of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) on Two Green Microalgae Species

Amongst per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) compounds, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) have a high persistence in physicochemical and biological degradation; therefore, the accumulation of PFOS and PFOA can negatively affect aquatic organisms and human health. In this study, two microalgae species (Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus) were exposed to different concentrations of a PFOS and PFOA mixture (0 to 10 mg L−1). With increases in the contact time (days) and the PFAS concentration (mg L−1) from 1 to 7, and 0.5 to 10, respectively, the cell viability, total chlorophyll content, and protein content decreased, and the decrease in these parameters was significantly greater in Scenedesmus obliquus. As another step in the study, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the toxicity effects of PFAS on microalgae in a logical way, as demonstrated by the high R2 (>0.9). In another stage, a molecular docking study was performed to monitor the interaction of PFOS and PFOA with the microalgae, considering hydrolysis and the enzymes involved in oxidation-reduction reactions using individual enzymes. The analysis was conducted on carboxypeptidase in Chlorella vulgaris and on c-terminal processing protease and oxidized cytochrome c6 in Scenedesmus obliquus. For the enzyme activity, the affinity and dimensions of ligands-binding sites and ligand-binding energy were estimated in each case.
The remedial effect of jujube (Zizyphus lotus L.) fruit extracts from oxidative stress and neurotoxic damage induced by cypermethrin in the freshwater mussel Unio pictorum

ABSTRACT Jujube extracts have been tested for the treatment of cypermethrin toxicity in the freshwater mussel Unio pictorum. Mussels exposed to 150 µg/l of cypermethrin were treated with 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 5 g/l of jujube extracts during 2 and 4 days. Results showed that cypermethrin affected hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels in gills and digestive glands. A treatment with 0.5 g/l and 1 g/l of jujube extract regulated those levels subsequent 2 days of exposure. Our results showed that 2.5 and 5 g/l of jujube extracts provoked toxicity similar to that induced by cypermethrin.
High-resolution defect detection and noise reduction using wavelet methods for surface measurement

Nowadays the demands on quality control are constantly increasing, hence an important step is a completely automated control with well defined risks. Very promising solutions are optical 3D, in addition to surface measurement. Here, an algorithm is presented to separate local defects from the surface and the noise (measurement error and surface roughness) with a given manufacturer's risk for piecewise smooth surfaces. The algorithm consists of a feature enhancement by means of special wavelets and thresholding and interpolation schemes to recover a defect- and noise-free surface and subsequently the extension and shape of the defects in all directions with reduced random errors. The limits of the algorithm such as accuracy, sensitivity, maximum cover rate of the surface with defects and rotation and translation invariance are shown theoretically and by numerical simulations. Experimentally, nanoindents are measured by means of confocal microscopy, and a reduction of the random errors by one order of magnitude is observed. Furthermore, a ceramic plate is measured by means of fringe projection and features are detected which are much smaller than the noise. Finally, a white light measurement is evaluated to demonstrate the scale and instrument independence of the method.
Pulsed Light at Lower Duty Ratios with Lower Frequencies is Less Advantageous than Continuous Light for CO2 Uptake in Cos Lettuce

The CO2 uptake rate (CUR) of the aerial part of cos lettuce (Lactuca sativa) was measured in pulsed and continuous light at an average photosynthetic (wavelength range: 400–700 nm) photon flux density (PPFD) of 100 μmol m-2 s-1 from white light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Three duty ratios of 25, 50, and 75%, combined variously with eight frequencies of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 6.4, and 12.8 kHz were used for pulsed light irradiation. The CURs were significantly lower at a duty ratio of 50% for frequencies of 0.1–0.8 kHz and at a duty ratio of 25% for all frequencies than those in continuous light although the average PPFD was unchanged. These results indicate that pulsed light at lower duty ratios, combined with lower frequencies, makes CUR of cos lettuce lower than that attained in continuous light. We infer, based on a PPFD-CUR curve obtained with cos lettuce plant used in the experiment, that when greater PPFD is provided, pulsed light at lower duty ratios with lower frequencies is less advantageous than continuous light for photosynthesis.
Fitting Constrained Poisson Regression Models to Interurban Migration Flows

This paper demonstrates the effects of fitting singly and doubly constrained spatial interaction models using the Poisson regression approach. A large data set containing migration flows between labor market areas in Great Britain in 1970-71 is used. The results of fitting unconstrained singly constrained and doubly constrained models are compared with respect to goodness of fit and the interpretability of parameter estimates. The addition of other explanatory variables to the model is also explored. (EXCERPT)
Efficient solution-processed infrared photovoltaic cells: Planarized all-inorganic bulk heterojunction devices via inter-quantum-dot bridging during growth from solution

Solution-processed thin-film organic, inorganic, and hybrid photovoltaic devices have achieved power conversion efficiencies as high as 5%. However, these devices remain limited by their capture of visible energy; more than a half of the sun’s power lies in the infrared. Herein the authors demonstrate photovoltaic devices effective across the visible and all the way out to 1700nm. Only through the use of ethanedithiol as a bridging molecule to affect interparticle linking were they able to achieve fabrication of smooth, continuous quantum dot films on rough, high-surface area transparent metal oxides. This allowed them to increase light absorption while maintaining efficient charge separation and extraction and at the same time avoiding electrical short circuits. They obtained monochromatic infrared power conversion efficiencies of 1.3%, a 50-fold gain over the previous published record of 0.025% in IR solution-processed photovoltaics. The authors demonstrate quantum size-effect tuning of device band gaps.
A SEARCH FOR SECONDARY LINES IN THE VISUAL SPECTRA OF 55 BINARIES.

Using a CCD detector in the Kitt Peak coude spectrograph, a search was made for secondary lines in the visual spectral region of single-lined binaries. The lines were found in one-quarter of the 23 B2-B5 dwarfs and 6 percent of the 32 F3-G2 dwarfs. In the cases of failures, there are no contradictions between the earliest possible secondary spectral types and the latest types allowed by the orbital mass functions.
B2 1144+35: A Giant Low-Power Radio Galaxy with Superluminal Motion

We report on centimeter VLA and VLBI observations of the giant, low-power radio galaxy B2 1144+35. These observations are sensitive to structures on scales of from less than 1 pc to greater than 1 Mpc. Diffuse steep-spectrum lobes on the megaparsec scale are consistent with an age of ~108 yr. On the parsec scale, a complex jet component is seen to move away from the center of activity with an apparent velocity of 2.7 h-150 c. It shows a central spine-shear layer morphology. A faint parsec-scale counterjet is detected, and an intrinsic jet velocity of 0.95c and an angle to the line of sight of 25° are derived, consistent with an intrinsically symmetric ejection. The central spine in the parsec-scale jet is expected to move at a higher velocity, and a Lorentz factor of γ ~ 15 has been estimated near the core. The age of this inner VLBI structure is ~300 yr. Assuming a constant angle to the line of sight, the jet velocity is found to decrease from 0.95c at 20 mas (32 pc on the plane of the sky) to 0.02c at 15" (24 kpc on the plane of the sky). These findings lend credence to the claim that (1) even the jets of low-power radio galaxies start out relativistic and (2) these jets are decelerated to subrelativistic velocities by the time they reach kiloparsec scales.
Effect of domain structure on dielectric nonlinearity in epitaxial BiFeO3 films

Rayleigh analysis has been used to investigate dielectric nonlinearity in epitaxial (001)-oriented BiFeO3 films with engineered domain structures from single- to four-variant and stripe domain samples with 71° and 109° domain walls. Single-domain variant films display minimal irreversible contributions, whereas the ratio of irreversible to reversible contributions increases by approximately one order of magnitude as the number of variants increases to two- and four-variants, respectively. These measurements indicate that the density of domain walls and degree of domain wall complexity influence the number and strength of domain wall pinning sites.
Gradient directional pattern: A robust feature descriptor for facial expression recognition

Presented is a novel local texture pattern, the gradient directional pattern (GDP), and an effective feature descriptor constructed with the GDP codes for facial expression recognition. The GDP operator encodes the texture information of a local region by quantising the gradient directional angles to form a binary pattern. The location and occurrence information of the GDP micro-patterns is then used as the facial feature descriptor. As the gradient operator can effectively enhance the edge information of an image, the resultant GDP features retain more information than grey-level based methods and describe the local image primitives in a more stable manner. Experiments with prototypic expression images from the Cohn-Kanade database shows the superiority of the GDP descriptor against some well-known appearance-based methods.
Intrinsic point defects in CuInSe2and CuGaSe2as seen via screened-exchange hybrid density functional theory

A fully self-contained study of the thermodynamic and electronic properties of intrinsic point defects in the solar absorber materials CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2 based on screened-exchange hybrid density functional theory is presented. The results are partly at odds with data obtained within local density functional theory in former studies. GaCu electron traps as well as CuIn and CuGa hole traps are found to be the dominant intrinsic recombination centers. In contrast to the accepted view, complex formation of antisites with copper vacancies is not decisive for explaining the favorable properties of CuInSe2, since InCu is already a shallow defect by itself. The localization of holes is observed on CuIn and CuGa as well as on VIn and VGa when supercells of 216 atoms are used. Furthermore, the results raise doubts about the relevance of selenium vacancies and DX centers for experimentally observed metastabilities. Finally, a guide to the optimal preparation conditions in terms of the point defect physics of CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2 for their application as solar cell absorbers is provided.
On the onset of three-dimensionality and time-dependence in Görtler vortices

The secondary instability of large-amplitude Görtler vortices in a growing boundary layer is discussed in the fully nonlinear regime. It is shown that the three-dimensional breakdown to a flow with wavy vortex boundaries, similar to that which occurs in the Taylor vortex problem takes place. However, the instability is confined to the thin shear layers which were shown by Hall & Lakin (1988) to trap the region of vortex activity. The disturbance eigenfunctions decay exponentially away from the centre of these layers, so that the upper and lower shear layers can support independent modes of instability. The structure of the instability, in particular its location and speed of downstream propagation, is found to be entirely consistent with recent experimental results. Furthermore, it is shown that the upper and lower layers support wavy vortex instabilities with quite different frequencies. This result is again consistent with the available experimental observations.
Extraction and Modeling of Curved Building Boundaries from Airborne Lidar Data

Although many studies have been conducted to extract buildings from airborne lidar data, most of them assume that all the boundaries of a building are straight line segments. This makes it difficult to model building boundaries containing curved segments correctly. This paper aims to model buildings containing curved segments as combination of straight lines and arcs. First, two sets of boundary points are extracted by adaptive convex hull algorithm and local convex hull algorithm with a larger radius. Then, arc segments are determined by average spacing of boundary points and intersection ratio of perpendicular lines. Finally, building boundary is modeled through regularization of least squares line or circle fitting. The experimental results showed that the proposed method can model the curved building boundaries as arc segments correctly by completeness of 69% and correctness of 100%. The approach will be utilized effectively to create automatically digital map that meets the conditions of the Korean digital mapping.
BUCKLING OF A TRUNCATED HEMISPHERE UNDER AXIAL TENSION

Abstract : This report is concerned with the theoretical evaluation of the buckling strength of a truncated hemisphere under axial tensile load. The edges of the shell are assumed to be restrained from moving radially or from rotating. Theoretical results were obtained by Vlasov's small deflection theory and Galerkin's method. The quick convergence of the series solution is demonstrated. Comparison of theoretical values with a few available experimental results is given.
Role of thermal boundary resistance on the heat flow in carbon-nanotube composites

We use classical molecular dynamics simulations to study the interfacial resistance for heat flow between a carbon nanotube and octane liquid. We find a large value of the interfacial resistance associated with weak coupling between the rigid tube structure and the soft organic liquid. Our simulation demonstrates the key role played by the soft vibration modes in the mechanism of the heat flow. These results imply that the thermal conductivity of carbon-nanotube polymer composites and organic suspensions will be limited by the interface thermal resistance and are consistent with recent experiments.
Multiwave out-of-normal band-edge lasing in cholesteric liquid crystals

We have investigated the lasing effect in dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystals, where the photonic stop-band for light propagating along the helical axis coinciding with the layer normal is strongly shifted to longer wavelengths with respect to the luminescence band of the dye. In the absence of overlapping of the photonic and luminescence bands, the well-known lasing effect along the normal at the stop-band edges is forbidden. However, the lasing is still allowed for out-of-normal directions, for which the photonic band is shifted to shorter wavelengths corresponding to the luminescence band. Despite of the out-of-normal light propagation, the positive feedback necessary for the lasing is still available in a case of the monodomain cholesteric layer, when its thickness is much less than the optical pumping aperture. We have observed a significantly increased energy threshold for the out-of-normal lasing modes despite they are characterized by lower threshold gain compared to the modes propagating along .