Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Upper mantle S velocity structure of central and western South America

We have used broadband seismograms recorded at portable and permanent seismic stations in South America to image the three-dimensional S velocity structure beneath central and western South America. We have interactively fitted the waveforms of S and surface wave trains in >500 seismograms from 90 earthquakes and 60 different stations. The constraints on upper mantle S velocity structure provided by the waveform fits have been combined with independent estimates of depth to the Mohorovicic discontinuity, yielding model SA99. The S velocity structure of SA99 reveals a highly heterogeneous upper mantle with a maximum peak to peak difference of 1 km/s above 100 km. The heterogeneity seems to be correlated with tectonic and geologic domains. SA99 shows high lithospheric S velocities for the Precambrian cratons. The Amazon basin is also underlain by high S velocities, while three other intraplatform basins are underlain by low S velocities at various depths. SA99 shows extremely low velocities in the mantle wedge beneath the volcanically active Andes. We explain these low S velocities as originating from realistic amounts of volatiles, released by the subducting Nazca crust, and resulting amounts of partial melt within the peridotitic mantle wedge, without requiring elevated temperatures. While SA99 could be consistent with diffuse influx for corner flow in the mantle wedge, it does not support models that require influx of subcontinental upper mantle into the mantle wedge through a laterally uniform low-viscosity channel.
Debates—The future of hydrological sciences: A (common) path forward? Introduction

The Debates on Water Resources are a new editorial initiative in Water Resources Research (WRR) to stimulate discussion and awareness on relevant and timely research issues on water resources and sister disci-plines. Debates are attended by relevant scientists invited by the WRR Editors, who decide the subject of the debate and coordinate the discussion and the review process. Authors express their vision on the subject and have the opportunity to write a short reply to the other debaters. I am pleased to introduce the ﬁrst Debate on Water Resources that addresses a question that in my opinion is exciting and inspiring: ‘‘The future of hydrological sciences: A (common) path forward? ’’ The aim is to stimulate the authors to elaborate their perspective on relevant future challenges for water science. Contributors to the ﬁrst debate are Hoshin Gupta and Grey Nearing [ Gupta and Nearing , 2014], Upmanu Lall [ Lall , 2014], and Jeff McDonnell and Keith Beven [ McDonnell and Beven , 2014]. In my opinion, their articles provide three different and complementary views. Gupta and Nearing [2014] offer a systems theoretic perspective in order to better inform the discovery/learning process in hydrology. They stress the importance of a correct identiﬁcation of the model architecture while deemphasizing the role of model calibration for the purpose of reaching an improved understanding of hydrological systems. McDonnell and Beven [2014] issue a call to action aimed at understanding velocities, celerities, and residence time distribution of headwater hydrographs. They conclude that tracer and river ﬂow data should be routinely associated in order to better understand the system response, even if models might require more parameters. Finally, Lall [2014] calls for a global perspective to move into the future of water science, to inaugurate an era where the earth is treated as a system deﬁned by water through all its media and scales. To this end, humans need to look deeper into the hydrologic past at the planetary scale, to link ‘‘the
Conditional activation of an anti-IgM antibody-drug conjugate for precise B cell lymphoma targeting

Cancerous B cells are almost indistinguishable from their non-malignant counterparts regarding their surface antigen expression. Accordingly, the challenge to be faced consists in elimination of the malignant B cell population while maintaining a functional adaptive immune system. Here, we present an IgM-specific antibody-drug conjugate masked by fusion of the epitope-bearing IgM constant domain. Antibody masking impaired interaction with soluble pentameric as well as cell surface-expressed IgM molecules rendering the antibody cytotoxically inactive. Binding capacity of the anti-IgM antibody drug conjugate was restored upon conditional protease-mediated demasking which consequently enabled target-dependent antibody internalization and subsequent induction of apoptosis in malignant B cells. This easily adaptable approach potentially provides a novel mechanism of clonal B cell lymphoma eradication to the arsenal available for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treatment.
The Kapuni sandstones from Inglewood-1 well, Taranaki—petrology and the effect of diagenesis on reservoir characteristics

Abstract All the important known hydrocarbon reserves of New Zealand are contained in Upper Eocene sandstones of the Kapuni Formation. Despite its economic importance the Kapuni Formation has received little petrological study, This article presents information from ten samples from a 7⋅5 m cored interval in the Inglewood-1 well, Taranaki. The available sediments are very coarse to medium grained quartzose sandstones with grain supported texture, Dominance of unstrained monocrystalline quartz, limited amounts of microcline and orthoclase, lack of plagioclase, and low mafic content suggest an alkali granitic provenance. Deposition of the sediments as point bars in migrating channels is suggested by the general decrease in grain size upwards and by the sequence of sedimentary structures resembling those described from Recent point bars. Angularity of grains and presence of some fresh feldspar and micas indicate first cycle deposition. Important and widespread diagenetic effects include syntaxial quartz over.
The Quilon Limestone, Kerala Basin, India: an archive for Miocene Indo-Pacific seagrass beds

The facies of the fossiliferous Quilon Limestone in SW India is described for the first time in detail at the Padappakkara-type locality. Facies (fossiliferous, micrite-rich, bioturbated sediment with intercalated sand pockets) and faunal composition (epiphytic foraminifers, seagrass feeding Smaragdia gastropods, bioimmuration of celleporiform bryozoan colonies) indicate a seagrass environment. The large discoidal archaiasin foraminifer Pseudotaberina malabarica, in particular, is considered as a proxy for seagrass communities. Recent seagrasses have their centre of generic richness in the Indo-Pacific where they cover wide areas in the tidal and shallow sub-tidal zones. However, their geological record is only fragmentary and their palaeobiogeographic distribution has a big stratigraphical gap in the Miocene Western Indo-Pacific region. The described nannoplankton flora and planktonic foraminifers from the Quilon Formation demonstrate that the deposition of the studied seagrass bed occurred in nannoplankton biozone NN3. This timing suggests formation during the closure of the Tethyan Seaway. The Quilon Limestone is thus an early Western Indo-Pacific seagrass bed and an important step in reconstructing the history of seagrass communities. h Quilon Formation, Pseudotaberina malabarica, seagrass facies, Burdigalian, Indo-Pacific.
Rapid ocean wave teleconnections linking Antarctic salinity anomalies to the equatorial ocean‐atmosphere system

The coupled climate model FORTE is used to investigate rapid ocean teleconnections between the Southern Ocean and equatorial Pacific Ocean. Salinity anomalies located throughout the Southern Ocean generate barotropic signals that propagate along submerged topographic features and result in the growth of baroclinic energy anomalies around Indonesia and the tropical Pacific. Anomalies in the Ross, Bellingshausen and Amundsen Seas exchange the most barotropic kinetic energy between high and low latitudes. In the equatorial Pacific, baroclinic Kelvin waves are excited which propagate eastwards along the thermocline, resulting in SST anomalies in the central and eastern Pacific. SST anomalies are subsequently amplified to magnitudes of 1.25°C by air‐sea interaction, which could potentially influence other coupled Pacific phenomena.
Detection of former landfills in gravel plain using geomorphometric analysis and High-Resolution LiDAR DTM

The article represents the application of geomorphologic approach to discover the potential areas of buried waste in agricultural landscape of Ljubljana gravel plain. Some former waste disposal sites or landfills are underground sites characterized by heterogeneous old waste buried in formerly concave landforms: old inactive gravel pits or paleo-riverbeds. They form different types of anthropogenic landforms. They were primary recognized and located with the terrain visualization (analytical shading, hypsometry) of LiDAR data and in continuation with geomorphometric analysis and classification of fluvial terrain. Due to subsidence of heterogeneous waste, terrain of former landfill sites is bumpy and uncharacteristic of fluvial surface morfology or terrain. The geomorphometric analysis was applied to differentiate the anthropogenic landforms (gravel pits, filled gravel pits …) from natural alluvial landforms with combination of two geomorphometrics: multiresolution index of valley bottom flatness (MrVBF) and convergence index and high density LiDAR data. Result is the automatically derived classification of terrain in to three classes: (1) bumpy terrain, typical for areas with high terrain potential for landfill, (2) flat terrain, typical for dry paleo riverbeds and (3) »agricultural« terrain, typical for intensive fields and meadows. By comparing the results of geomorphometric analysis with the results of visual analysis the 26 of 46 visually detected anthropogenic landforms are overlapping the areas of high terrain potential for landfill and among these 8 objects were proved with geohistorical analysis of archive aerial photographs.
Life cycle assessment of wastewater systems : Influence of system boundaries and scale on calculated environmental loads

Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was used to compare the environmental loads from wastewater systems with different technical solutions. This study compared proposed conventional wastewater systems, both large and small scale, with separation systems: one in which urine is handled separately and one in which black water is treated in a liquid composting process. The study showed that large economies of scale, in environmental terms, could be gained both for the operation and for the construction phase. The separation systems outperformed the conventional systems by showing lower emissions to water and more efficient recycling of nutrients to agriculture, especially of nitrogen but also of phosphorus. This implies that the use of separation systems could significantly reduce the need for, and hence the production of, mineral fertilizers and thus reduce the overall use of energy and phosphate minerals. The combination of large-scale wastewater treatment and urine separation was found to be especially advantageous in these respects. It is concluded that some of the most important environmental advantages of separation systems emerge only when models of wastewater systems are expanded to also include potential effects on the production of fertilizers.
Genetic amelioration of fruit and vegetable crops to increase biotic and abiotic stress resistance through CRISPR Genome Editing

Environmental changes and increasing population are major concerns for crop production and food security as a whole. To address this, researchers had focussed on the improvement of cereals and pulses and have made considerable progress till the beginning of this decade. However, cereals and pulses together, without vegetables and fruits, are inadequate to meet the dietary and nutritional demands of human life. Production of good quality vegetables and fruits is highly challenging owing to their perishable nature and short shelf life as well as abiotic and biotic stresses encountered during pre- and post-harvest. Genetic engineering approaches to produce good quality, to increase shelf life and stress-resistance, and to change the time of flowering and fruit ripening by introducing foreign genes to produce genetically modified crops were quite successful. However, several biosafety concerns, such as the risk of transgene-outcrossing, limited their production, marketing, and consumption. Modern genome editing techniques, like the CRISPR/Cas9 system, provide a perfect solution in this scenario, as it can produce transgene-free genetically edited plants. Hence, these genetically edited plants can easily satisfy the biosafety norms for crop production and consumption. This review highlights the potential of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for the successful generation of abiotic and biotic stress resistance and thereby improving the quality, yield, and overall productivity of vegetables and fruits.
Stretching and mixing of viscous blobs in Earth's mantle

The stretching and mixing of blobs more viscous than the surrounding mantle is an important issue: The subducted lithospheric material at depth might be more viscous than the surrounding mantle, and its ability to mix affects its properties as a geochemical reservoir. In order to study the effect of the viscosity ratio λ (viscosity of the blob to the viscosity of the surrounding mantle) on the deformation we perform three types of two-dimensional numerical simulations: a pure shear simulation, a simulation of steady state convection, and a simulation of time-dependent convection. In a pure shear flow the inverse of the rate of deformation of a viscous blob is, to a first approximation, a linear function of the ratio λ/AR, where AR is the aspect ratio of the blob. For a viscous blob in a steady convection cell a periodic deformation is superimposed on the long-term deformation. The period corresponds to an overturn time along the streamline followed by the blob. The strains of this periodic deformation obey the laws found for pure shear. In a time-dependent flow, more representative of the mantle flow, we find that the average distance a* between two tracers situated within a viscous blob obeys the relationship ln(a*/a0)=At/(1+λ)2 and that it is independent of the aspect ratio of the blob. These two results are well explained by a simple model of successive strains in arbitrary directions. The viscosity contrast controls the mixing efficiency, and it has an effect much larger than predicted by earlier studies. Blobs of matter more viscous than the average mantle can therefore persist unmixed in the mantle over Earth's history.
An Intelligent Point Cloud Recognition Method for Substation Equipment Based on Multiscale Self-Attention

The semantic recognition of point cloud is an important aspect of point cloud applications, it is crucial to study the intelligent point cloud recognition method for substation equipment to replace manual processing. Based on previous related work, this article deals with the construction of an intelligent point cloud recognition network for substation equipment. In this network, a point cloud to tensor (PC2T) module is proposed to achieve the goal of using a 2-D neural network to process 3-D point cloud; a multiscale self-attention (MSSA) module is introduced to optimize the global feature extraction of point cloud and enhance the accuracy of point cloud recognition. In addition, this article proposes two point cloud data augmentation methods to assist in network training. The experimental results show that the constructed point cloud recognition method has excellent recognition accuracy and point cloud quality robustness, and that the proposed data augmentation methods are effective. The research results can provide a reference for the digital transformation of substations.
Areal distribution of snow water equivalent evaluated by snow cover monitoring

A method is proposed to determine the areal distribution of the maximum seasonal water equivalent of snow in mountain basins. Because a sufficient density of direct measurements is not available in remote, inaccessible areas, the accumulation of snow at the start of the melting season is reconstituted. The disappearance of snow in grid units is monitored using Landsat data, the number of degree days necessary to melt the snow is totalized, and the water equivalent of the snow melted is calculated. The reconstituted water equivalent values can be used to correct precipitation measurements in winter. Together with limited point measurements these new areal data can improve the evaluation of snow reserves for seasonal discharge forecasts.
Transferred Skills and University Excellence? An Exploratory Analysis of the Geography of Mobility of UK Academic Staff

ABSTRACTWhile considerable academic and political attention has been focussed on the international ‘Brain Drain’ of university staff, much less has been paid to the differences in patterns of recruitment within a national set of universities, and, in particular, the extent to which each recruits its own graduates (‘localism’) rather than those trained elsewhere. Some reasons are suggested why such ‘in-breeding’ may be deleterious to a university, and a simple model and typology of academic mobility patterns are developed as a prelude to an empirical analysis of 13 broadly comparable UK universities, as of 1992. Notable differences of localism' by region, by academic status and by broad subject area (medical v non-medical) are identified. A further model of the staff recruitment process suggests three components which might contribute to these, which are then evaluated through a mixture of data sources and inputs from university personnel departments. The final section of the paper compares the patterns of.
Coal rank and illite crystallinity associated with the zeolite facies of Southland and the pumpellyite-bearing facies of Otago, southern New Zealand

Abstract Coal rank (vitrinite reflectance) and clay mineralogy from the North Range Group of the Southland Syncline, and illite crystallinity in pumpellyite- and lawsonite-bearing terranes in the textural zone I of the Caples and Torlesse terranes were studied. Vitrinite reflectances range from 0.60 to 1.33% Rm oil (high-volatile C to medium-volatile bituminous coal ranks) in 31 out of 34 samples studied; in the lower 2 units of the North Range Group the reflectances are higher than 0.81% Rm oil (high-volatile A and medium-volatile bituminous ranks). This conforms to earlier extrapolations of at least low-volatile bituminous rank expected to be associated with the high-grade limit of the zeolite facies and the onset of the prehnite-pumpellyite facies. The illite 10 A peak widths (illite crystallinity) in many of the samples can be measured only after removal of the 10-14 A illite-smectite mixed-layer plateau through EG-saturation; the 10 A peak widths in the North Range samples are believed to largely ref.
A New Scoring System for Predicting Mortality in Hematological Malignancies with Sepsis: A Derivation and Validation Study

Objective This study aimed to derive and validate a prognostic scoring system to identify patients with hematological malignancies (HMs) and sepsis who have a high mortality rate. Methods Cohorts for derivation and validation were created from all data. Using univariate and multivariate analysis, the independent variables connected to 28-day mortality in the derivation cohort were found. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to compare the predictive power and determine their cutoff points. These risk variables were given a score weighted by risk prediction function, and a new scoring system was also developed. The area under the ROC curve (AUROC) and sensitivity and specificity for mortality of the risk category of the new scoring system were compared with Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score. Results 90 (45.22%) of the 199 patients passed away within 28 days. Ninety-nine patients made up the derivation cohort, with 47 (47.47%) fatalities. Ages in the non-survival group were higher (61.47 ± 14.53 vs 55.13 ± 15.66) than in the survival group. As independent predictors of death, multivariable analysis identified SOFA score (OR 1.442, 95% CI 1.035, 2.009), age (OR 1.242, 95% CI 1.026, 1.503), and prothrombin time (PT) (OR 1.213, 95% CI 1.030, 1.430). The AUROC with 95% CI of the new scoring system and its sensitivity and specificity to mortality were virtually all superior to SOFA score in both derivation and validation cohorts: AUROC (0.757 vs 0.716), Sensitivity (75 vs 67.3%), and Specificity (68.1% vs 63.8%) are the Derivation cohort; Validation cohort: Sensitivity (91.2% vs 84.2%), AUROC (0.792 vs 0.733), and Specificity (58.1% vs 58.1%). The model was correctly calibrated, according to the Hosmer–Lemeshow test. Conclusion The new scoring system was more accurate in predicting 28-day mortality among patients with HMs and sepsis than the SOFA score.
A case study of the tropical Hot Event in November 2006 (HE0611) using a geostationary meteorological satellite and the TAO/TRITON mooring array

[1] Qin et al. have found Hot Events (HE), which are short-term (about 20 days) large-scale (about 15,000,000 km2) regions with very high Sea Surface Temperatures (SST > 30°C). Following their definition, an HE was identified in the tropical western Pacific in November 2006, which is named HE0611. A case study of HE is conducted by using the advanced satellite products and in-situ measurements from the TAO/TRITON mooring array. Two parts (HE0611-East and -West) with very high SST connected to form HE0611. SST in HE0611-West increases quickly with large diurnal SST variations, which are caused by large solar radiation and suppressed latent heat loss. The increase of the mixed-layer heat content is clearly accounted for the accumulated heat gain through the air-sea interaction. The formation mechanism of HE0611-East is completely different; its very high SST is supported by a subsurface high SST anomaly associated with the El Nino. Two phenomena similar to HE0611 were observed in November of the El Nino years of 1994 and 2002.
Climatic conditions linked to high PM10 concentration in a bi-national airshed: Nogales (Arizona, USA, and Sonora, Mexico)

Traditional particulate matter (PM) studies focus on atmospheric transport and source identification. Focusing on a problematic airshed in southwestern North America, we analyzed atmospheric characteristics and hydroclimatic conditions leading to high concentrations of PM most representative of dust (PM10). The bi-national airshed of Nogales (Arizona, USA and Sonora, Mexico), has been historically characterized by high PM10 concentrations, which tend to be much higher on the Sonora side. Concentrations in greater Nogales tend to be highest in fall and winter and lowest in summer, despite climatologically moister soil conditions in fall and winter. Within the fall, winter, and spring seasons, days of high and low PM10 concentration were primarily distinguished by the condi- tion of the atmosphere, with less emphasis on soil moisture. However, when PM10 concentrations were high, soil moisture was most important in discerning days of very high concentrations on the Arizona side of the border during the most problematic seasons of fall and winter. This was not the case on the Sonora side. Furthermore, drier soil conditions were linked to anomalies in PM10 on the Arizona side of Nogales that were higher than the corresponding anomaly on the Sonora side. The generation of PM on the Sonora side is less reliant on dry soil than it is on the Arizona side, indicating a higher level of anthropogenic dust production on the Sonora side.