Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tungsten black absorber for solar light with wide angular operation range

Using three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations, we designed a structured tungsten slab with subwavelength periodicity that displays near-complete absorptivity throughout the entire solar spectrum over a wide angular range. The structure consists of a square lattice array of pyramids. The parameters of the pyramids are chosen to provide the optimal impedance matching between free space and tungsten, while the period is chosen to be subwavelength in order to generate absorption over an ultrabroad band of wavelengths.
An Updated Multi-Wavelength Radio and Optical Catalog of Quasars and Radio Galaxies

Abstract We present a catalog of millions of radio sources, created by consolidating large-area radio and optical surveys GB6 (6cm), FIRST (20cm), NVSS (20cm), WENSS (92cm), VLSS (4m), and SDSS DR9 (optical). The region where all surveys overlap covers 3269 deg2 in the North Galactic Cap, and contains >160,000 20-cm sources, with about 12,000 detected in all five radio surveys and over one-third detected optically. Combining parameters from the sky surveys allows easy and efficient classification by radio and optical morphology and radio spectral index. The catalog is available at http://www.atnf. csiro.au/people/Amy.Kimball/radiocat.shtml.
Temporal organization of rhythmic units

This study examined the temporal organization of rhythmic units (interstress interval) produced by normal and dysfluent adults. Duration measures were obtained for selected components within rhythmic units, which varied in size from one to five syllables. For both groups, temporal compression and expansion of selected components were observed as a function of the size of rhythmic units. Stutterers, however, differed significantly from normals in rate and extent of compression. Further, results indicated that the relative timing of certain components within the rhythmic units were similar for both groups. The findings support the idea that there are language‐specific timing rules that operate to regulate rate and rhythm in English. The findings also provide evidence to support the comb model of speech timing. Additional study is being conducted currently to examine these phenomena in the speech of patients with Parkinson disorder.
Thermal conductivity of thick meso-porous silicon layers by micro-Raman scattering

We report here a theoretical model describing specific mechanisms of heat transport in as-prepared and oxidized meso-porous silicon layers. The model is in good agreement with experimental measurements performed by micro-Raman scattering on the layers surface. For the first time, thermal conductivity inhomogeneity along the porous layer thickness of 100 μm is studied. Direct correlation between the thermal conductivity and morphology variations along the layer thickness is brought to the fore. A new approach to estimate local porosity of the porous layers based on thermal conductivity and Si nanocrystallite size measurements is also proposed.
Photobiological fundamentals of low-power laser therapy

Quantitative studies of the action of low-power visible monochromatic light on various cells (E. coli, yeasts, HeLa) were performed to find irradiation conditions (wavelength, dose, intensity) conducive to vital activity stimulation. The action spectra of visible light on DNA and RNA synthesis in HeLa cells have maxima near 404, 620, 680, 760, and 830 nm. Growth simulation of E. coli is at a maximum when irradiated at 404, 454, 570, 620, and 750 nm, and biomass accumulation stimulation in yeasts has a maxima at 404, 570, 620, 680, and 760 nm. Absorption of quanta is only a trigger for the rearrangement of cellular metabolism, with photosignal transduction being effected by standard cellular means such as changes in the cAMP level. Respiratory chain components are discussed as primary photoacceptors. It is concluded that "laser biostimulation" is of a photobiological nature, and low-power laser effects can be related to well-known photobiological phenomena.
Dynamical Likelihood Method for Reconstruction of Events with Missing Momentum. I. Method and Toy Models

A likelihood method is proposed for analysis of events which are produced in the hadron-hadron collision accompanied by the missing transverse momentum. The kinematical reconstruction is made by assuming variables sufficient to define the kinematics, and the likelihood of the assumption is evaluated by using the structure functions, the differential cross sections for intermediate states and the decay rate for final state configurations. The capability of the method is examined for simplified models of events including one- and two-missing massless particles. It is shown that (a) when events are well identified, dynamical parameters involved in the process canbe determined, and (b) in new particle searches, narrow mass spectrums are obtained.
3D display for enhanced tele-operation and other applications

In this paper, we report on the use of a 3D vision field upgrade kit for TALON robot consisting of a replacement flat panel stereoscopic display, and multiple stereo camera systems. An assessment of the system's use for robotic driving, manipulation, and surveillance operations was conducted. A replacement display, replacement mast camera with zoom, auto-focus, and variable convergence, and a replacement gripper camera with fixed focus and zoom comprise the upgrade kit. The stereo mast camera allows for improved driving and situational awareness as well as scene survey. The stereo gripper camera allows for improved manipulation in typical TALON missions.
Simulating cyber warfare and cyber defenses: information value considerations

Simulating cyber warfare is critical to the preparation of decision-makers for the challenges posed by cyber attacks. Simulation is the only means we have to prepare decision-makers for the inevitable cyber attacks upon the information they will need for decision-making and to develop cyber warfare strategies and tactics. Currently, there is no theory regarding the strategies that should be used to achieve objectives in offensive or defensive cyber warfare, and cyber warfare occurs too rarely to use real-world experience to develop effective strategies. To simulate cyber warfare by affecting the information used for decision-making, we modify the information content of the rings that are compromised during in a decision-making context. The number of rings affected and value of the information that is altered (i.e., the closeness of the ring to the center) is determined by the expertise of the decision-maker and the learning outcome(s) for the simulation exercise. We determine which information rings are compromised using the probability that the simulated cyber defenses that protect each ring can be compromised. These probabilities are based upon prior cyber attack activity in the simulation exercise as well as similar real-world cyber attacks. To determine which information in a compromised "ring" to alter, the simulation environment maintains a record of the cyber attacks that have succeeded in the simulation environment as well as the decision-making context. These two pieces of information are used to compute an estimate of the likelihood that the cyber attack can alter, destroy, or falsify each piece of information in a compromised ring. The unpredictability of information alteration in our approach adds greater realism to the cyber event. This paper suggests a new technique that can be used for cyber warfare simulation, the ring approach for modeling context-dependent information value, and our means for considering information value when assigning cyber resources to information protection tasks. The first section of the paper introduces the cyber warfare simulation challenge and the reasons for its importance. The second section contains background information related to our research. The third section contains a discussion of the information ring technique and its use for simulating cyber attacks. The fourth section contains a summary and suggestions for research.
Enhanced substrate-induced coupling in two-dimensional gold nanoparticle arrays

The influence of substrate induced coupling on plasmon excitations is probed by means of visible and near-infrared extinction microspectroscopy on various arrays of gold oblate spheroidal particles deposited onto a 20-nm-thick gold film. At zero incidence angle and for an interparticle spacing smaller than 250 nm, the spectra exhibit two bands instead of the single one observed for similar particles but deposited on indium tin oxide coated glass. We suggest that the short-wavelength band proceeds from two simultaneous mechanisms: (i) Excitation of a surface-plasmon resonance localized on the particles. (ii) Generation at the gold-glass interface of a propagating surface-plasmon wave due to the fact that the gold particles can act as a grating coupler. Surface-enhanced Raman-scattering experiments performed on oblate spheroid arrays give arguments in favor of the attribution of the long-wavelength band to surface-plasmon resonance of an ensemble of strongly coupled particles. When increasing the spacing between particles of the array beyond 250 nm, extinction spectra display the emergence of a new band. Calculations suggest that this new band proceeds from the excitation of a surface-plasmon standing wave on the film due to Bragg scattering. This assignment to Bragg scattering is supported by the investigation of the effect of varying the incidence angle under both transverse magnetic and transverse electric polarizations.
Voltage bias influence on the converse magnetoelectric effect of PZT/terfenol-D/PZT laminates

The converse magnetoelectric effect (CME) of a 2-mm-thick Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT)/Tb0.30Dy0. 7Fe2 (Terfenol-D)/PZT laminate subjected to an applied dc voltage bias has been investigated. Experimental data demonstrate that the CME coefficient αCME (B/Vac)is highly dependent on the applied voltage bias. In the present work, the voltage bias is shown to increase the magnitude of magnetostriction in the Terfenol-D, which results in an increase in the magnitude and range of piezomagnetic coefficient and αCME values. It is shown that αCME can range from a minimum of 0.4 G/V at a voltage bias of −200 V to a value of 1.65 G/V at a voltage bias of 700 V. This range represents a greater than 400% change in the αCME at a fixed magnetic field bias, the largest change in αCME due to voltage bias yet reported. The expanded range is primarily caused by giant shifts in the piezomagnetic coefficient and not by nonlinearities in the piezoelectric coefficient.
Understanding the ultra-low intersubband saturation intensity in InGaAs-AlAsSb quantum wells

We report a novel intersubband material system based on strained InGaAs-AlAs-AlAsSb quantum wells that exhibits a very low, 3 fJ//spl mu/m/sup 2/, saturation intensity and about 2-ps carrier-relaxation time at 1.68 /spl mu/m. We performed a density matrix calculation to estimate the saturation intensity by simulating the pulsed excitation conditions of the experiment. These studies indicate slow dephasing time and reduced inhomogeneity as the possible mechanisms for the observed large nonlinearity. A detailed dephasing time calculation shows that rather than the reduction in the electron effective mass in these strained quantum wells (QWs), the effect of enhanced concentration of doped carriers in these QWs with reduced inhomogeneity could be the origin of slow dephasing and the observed large nonlinearity.
One‐ and two‐dimensional simulations of electron beam instability: Generation of electrostatic and electromagnetic 2f p waves

We have performed computer simulations of the self-consistent nonlinear evolution of electrostatic and electromagnetic 2f p waves excited by electron beams with electromagnetic particle code. In both one- and two-dimensional periodic systems an electrostatic 2f p wave is generated at twice the wave number of forward propagating Langmuir waves by wave-wave coupling. This wave grows with the forward propagating Langmuir wave in the nonlinear stage of the simulations. The electrostatic 2f p wave in the simulations is saturated at about -20 ∼ -30 dB of that of the Langmuir waves. It is larger than the value expected from observations in the terrestrial electron foreshock. The electromagnetic 2f p wave is only excited in two-dimensional systems. The magnitude of the electromagnetic 2f p wave is correlated with the backward propagating Langmuir wave, not with the electrostatic 2f p wave. This result suggests that the electromagnetic 2f p wave is excited by the wave-wave coupling of forward and backward propagating Langmuir waves. The typical power density estimated from a reasonable amplitude of Langmuir wave is of the same order or much weaker than the value typically observed around the electron foreshock.
Nonlinear stability and structure of compressible reacting mixing layers

The parabolized stability equations (PSE) are used to investigate issues of nonlinear flow development and mixing in compressible reacting shear layers, which are modelled with an infinitely fast-chemistry assumption. Particular emphasis is placed on investigating the change in flow structure that occurs when compressibility and heat release are added to the flow. These conditions allow the ‘outer’ instability modes – one associated with each of the fast and slow streams – to dominate over the ‘central’, Kelvin–Helmholtz mode that exists unaccompanied in incompressible non-reacting mixing layers. Analysis of scalar probability density functions in flows with dominant outer modes demonstrates the ineffective, one-sided nature of mixing that accompanies these flow structures. Colayer conditions, where two modes have equal growth rate and the mixing layer is formed by two sets of vortices, offer some opportunity for mixing enhancement. Their extent, however, is found to be limited in the mixing layer's parameter space. Extensive validation of the PSE technique also provides a unique perspective on central-mode vortex pairing, further supporting the view that pairing is primarily governed by instability growth rates; mutual induction appears to be a secondary process. This perspective sheds light on how linear stability theory is able to provide such an accurate prediction of experimentally observed, fully nonlinear flow phenomenon.
Minimax Purposive Survey Sampling Design

Abstract The linear regression superpopulation model for survey sampling allows a formulation of the survey design problem which is close to optimum experimental design theory. This article introduces an alternative criterion to that of Royall (1970). A sampling design can be chosen to minimize the maximum mean squared error (mse) of “prediction” over the unsampled units. An upper bound for this maximum mse is derived and an algorithm given for obtaining samples satisfying the bound. The efficiency of these minimax designs for estimation of the population total is compared with the best designs in this case—namely the balanced designs of Royall.
The elastic shear moduli of a cubic crystal

The variation of the shear modulus in a cubic crystal is examined and the extreme values are identified. Connections with other elastic moduli are made. All the shear moduli of a textured aggregate of cubic crystals fall within the range available to the single crystal. An invariant notation is used in place of the traditional coordinate transformations.
Observational Constraints on Late Heavy Bombardment Episodes around Young Solar Analogs

Thermal emission from dust is investigated around 36 nearby G and K stars selected as analogs to the young Sun during the period of late heavy bombardment on the Moon (prior to 3.8 Ga). Measurements or upper limits at 12, 25, and 60 μm wavelengths were obtained from observations by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), and photosphere contributions were subtracted using the models of Kurucz and ground-based optical and near-infrared data. A single star, HD 128400, has circumstellar emission that is consistent with a 490 K blackbody with an effective area ~7 × 103 times that of the present solar system zodiacal cloud. Emission from 260 K dust at a mean level exceeding 900 times the present zodiacal cloud can be ruled out for the remaining 35 stars. A model of dust production by cometary impactors scaled to the lunar cratering record shows that dust from late heavy bombardment episodes around these stars would fall below IRAS detection levels after 500 Myr (4.1 Ga). The emission from HD 128400 is broadly consistent with the model at the star's 300 Myr age.
An Improved PBIL Algorithm for the Machine-Part Cell Formation

The machine-part cell formation is a NP- complete combinational optimization problem. Past research has shown that although the genetic algorithm (GA) can get high quality solutions, special selection strategy, crossover and mutation operators as well as the parameters must be defined previously to solve the problem efficiently and flexibly. In this paper, an improved permutation code PBIL is adopted to solve the machine-part cell formation problem. Simulation results on five well known problems show that the PBIL can get satisfied solutions more simply and efficiently.
Models for Approximating Basilar Membrane Displacement. II: Effects of Middle-Ear Transmission

At the last meeting of the Society I described three analytical models for approximating the displacement response of the basilar membrane to a known sound pressure at the eardrum. The models were valid for points lying roughly in the apical half of the membrane or for a frequency range up to about 1000 cps. It is over this range that the stapes displacement is essentially proportional to, and in phase with, the displacement of the eardrum. At higher frequencies the middle‐ear transmission is less simple and influences membrane displacement in a more complex way. By use of data given by Bekesy and by Zwislocki, a functional approximation to the middle ear transmission is derived. The approximation is used to take account of gross middle‐ear effects and to extend the range of applicability of the original models to include points lying in the basal half of the membrane. Displacement responses, to an impulse of sound pressure applied at the eardrum, are calculated. Responses are compared for points in the b.
Complex unltrahigh resolution Fourier domain optical coherence tomography

Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (FDOCT) is a high speed imaging technique with high axial resolution in the micro-meter-scale range combined with a high sensitivity allowing to probe 3D volumes of weakly back-scattering biological tissues in-vivo. Phase shifting techniques allow the reconstruction of the full complex sample signal which results in an additional suppression of unwanted auto-correlated distortion as well as an extended depth range. Current complex FDOCT realizations introduce the phase shift via reference path length modulation causing chromatic phase errors especially if broad bandwidth light sources are employed. Broad optical bandwidth is necessary for ultrahigh resolution OCT systems. By frequency shifting the light fields with acousto-optic frequency shifters in the reference and sample arm respectively, a phase-resolved signal at high speed can be registered. Therefore the reference arm does not rely on arm length changes or delays. The beating signal generated this way shows high phase stability. The phase of this beating signal is not wavelength-dependent, as the frequency shift applied is the same for all wavelengths. With a Ti:Sapphire laser at 800nm and a spectral width of 130nm a high speed complex FDOCT system is realized with an axial resolution of 4μm.
Modelling of high-contrast grating mirrors. The impact of imperfections on their performance in VCSELs

The article presents numerical investigations of high-contrast grating mirrors. First, it shows the basis of a new numerical method for computing the parameters of the grating and next it describes the results of the analysis of the manufacturing imperfections impact on the reflection coefficient. Finally, it shows the considerations on the performance of high-contrast gratings in typical designs of VCSELs.
Observation of two-dimensional hole gas with mobility and carrier density exceeding those of two-dimensional electron gas at room temperature in the SiGe heterostructures

Very high two-dimensional hole gas (2DHG) drift mobility of 3100cm2∕Vs is obtained at extremely high density of 41×1011cm−2 in the modulation doped, 20nm thick, strained Ge quantum well (QW) of SiGe heterostructure at room temperature. Very high 2DHG density is achieved by increasing the boron modulation doping, reducing the spacer layer thickness located between it and Ge QW, and increasing the valence-band offset of Ge QW, which also results in the enhancement of mobility. The obtained 2DHG mobility and carrier density exceed those reported for two-dimensional electron gas in the strained Si QW of SiGe heterostructures.
Wide band gap ferromagnetic semiconductors and oxides

Recent advances in the theory and experimental realization of ferromagnetic semiconductors give hope that a new generation of microelectronic devices based on the spin degree of freedom of the electron can be developed. This review focuses primarily on promising candidate materials (such as GaN, GaP and ZnO) in which there is already a technology base and a fairly good understanding of the basic electrical and optical properties. The introduction of Mn into these and other materials under the right conditions is found to produce ferromagnetism near or above room temperature. There are a number of other potential dopant ions that could be employed (such as Fe, Ni, Co, Cr) as suggested by theory [see, for example, Sato and Katayama-Yoshida, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 2 39, L555 (2000)]. Growth of these ferromagnetic materials by thin film techniques, such as molecular beam epitaxy or pulsed laser deposition, provides excellent control of the dopant concentration and the ability to grow single-phase layers. T.
Topological pumping of magnetic flux by three-dimensional convection

Attention is drawn to a principal difference between the transfer of a horizontal magnetic field by turbulence and by three-dimensional cell convection. If the motion of the conducting medium in the cells is such that the heated material ascends at the centre while descending along the sides of the cells, then the magnetic tubes of force will be carried downwards by peripheral flows. Discrete ascending flows separated from one another by descending material carry only closed magnetic field loops. Such loops do not transfer net magnetic flux. As a result, the magnetic flux becomes blocked at the base of the convective layer.
Variability and Type Calculation for Equation of Modelica model

Differential algebraic equations (DAEs), translated from Modelica model, is usually represented by bipartite graph. One of basic premises of creating bipartite graph is to determine types of variables and equations. Type calculation of Modelica equation has been researched and a serial of rules for variability and type calculation has been concluded in this paper. Equation type is the type of variable that equation can solve. Equation type is calculated in symbolic by both variability and basic type of its sub-expressions. Generally, type calculation is a bottom-up way as expression is represented in form of tree. But, there are kinds of particular expressions, such as integer(), noEvent(), multi-output function call expression, etc, which may cause type and variability incompatible problem. The issue is discussed in the paper, and several rules for variability and type calculation are present. These rules will helps to debug out obscure errors, and several typical examples are present to show how the rules work. Keyword: equation type; equation variability; compatibility of variability and type; model debug