Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reliability Evaluation of Distribution System Based on Dynamic Bayesian Network

The assessment of reliability in the distribution system is a crucial undertaking that plays a vital role in ensuring uninterrupted and high-quality power delivery, we propose a reliability assessment approach for the distribution system utilizing a dynamic Bayesian network. Firstly, we model the components of the distribution system and their relationships. By collecting historical data and expert knowledge, a dynamic Bayesian network model is constructed, which can describe the state evolution and fault propagation process of distribution system and take into account the interaction between different components and the conditional probability changing with time. Subsequently, we employ the dynamic Bayesian network framework to assess the reliability. By incorporating reliability indicators and operational constraints, we have the means to conduct a quantitative analysis on the dependability of the distribution system. Eventually, we verify the effectiveness of the proposed method through a case study of an actual distribution system. The findings indicate that the reliability evaluation method based on dynamic Bayesian network can accurately assess the dependability of the distribution and provide important decision support for system operation and maintenance
A national strategy for advancing climate modeling

Climate models are the foundation for understanding and projecting climate and climate-related changes and are thus critical tools for supporting climate-related decision making. This study developed a holistic strategy for improving the nationâs capability to accurately simulate climate and related Earth system changes on decadal to centennial timescales. The committeeâs report is a high level analysis, providing a strategic framework to guide progress in the nationâs climate modeling enterprise over the next 10-20 years. This study was supported by DOE, NSF, NASA, NOAA, and the intelligence community.
Seismic interferometry: Reconstructing the earth’s reflection response

In1968,JonClaerboutshowedthatthereflectionresponseofa 1Dacousticmediumcanbereconstructedbyautocorrelatingthe transmission response. Since then, several authors have derived relationships for reconstructing Green’s functions at the surface, using crosscorrelations of noise recordings that were taken at thesurfaceandthatderivedfromsubsurfacesources. Foracousticmedia,wereviewrelationsbetweenthereflection response and the transmission response in 3D inhomogeneous lossless media. These relations are derived from a one-way wavefield reciprocity theorem.We use modeling results to show howtoreconstructthereflectionresponseinthepresenceoftransientsubsurfacesourceswithdistinctexcitationtimes,aswellas inthepresenceofsimultaneouslyactingnoisesourcesinthesubsurface.Weshowthatthequalityofreconstructedreflectionsdepends on the distribution of the subsurface sources. For a situation with enough subsurface sources — that is, for a distribution that illuminates the subsurface area of interest from nearly all directions — the reconstructed reflection responses and the migrated depth image exhibit all the reflection events and the subsurface structures of interest, respectively. With only a few subsurface sources, that is, with insufficient illumination, the reconstructed reflection responses are noisy and can even become kinematically incorrect. At the same time, however, the depth image, which was obtained from their migration, still shows clearly all the illuminated subsurface structures at their correct positions. For the elastic case, we review a relationship between the reflection Green’s functions and the transmission Green’s functionsderivedfromatwo-waywavefieldreciprocitytheorem.Usingmodelingexamples,weshowhowtoreconstructthedifferent components of the particle velocity observed at the surface and resulting from a surface traction source. This reconstruciton is achievedusingcrosscorrelationsofparticlevelocitycomponents measured at the surface and resulting from separate P- and S-wavesourcesinthesubsurface.
Tracking coastal flow with surface drifters during the episodic events Great Lakes experiment

In the c();lsral regions of large lakes and oceans, the horizontal gradients of dis~()lved chernic.lls and suspended lluteriais are otten br greater in the otEhore than in the alongshore direction. Therefore, the mechanisms driving cross-isobath circulation playa critical role in maintaining the water quality in coastal regIOns. In the Laurentian Crelt Lakes the absence of any tidal currems and their smaller hasin geometry, relative to oceanic condi tions, leaves a ~~locity neld. that is dominated by wind [()fcing. rIme vanabdlty III the surface wind stress in both magnitude and" direction resuits in a relatively weak background circulation pattern (BELETSKY et al. 1999). Under conditions like these there is a greater potential impact f()r storms to be a major mechanism for the of Ish ore Hux of coastal materials. As parr of a National Science Foundationand NOAA-sponsored srudy, an extensive array of fixed current meter moorings ;lI1d satellite-reporting drifting buoys were used in the coastal region of southeastern Lake Michigan, as part of an eff()[( to determine the statistics associated with offshore and longsh~)re tr;~nsp(~rt. The observational program began 111 the fall or 1997 and ended in early summer 2000. With recent improvements in Lagrangian positioning technology, with GPS and sophisticated microprocessor-equipped drifters, they have become even more useful tools for studying coastal circulation. PAL et al. (I998) and SANDFRS()N (I987) used drifters to help describe the mixing and circulation c.haracteristi~s of Lakes Ontario and Erie, respectively. In thIS report, findings are described from a Lagrangian experiment in April 1999 on the coastal waters of Lake Michigan.
MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS — RETINOPATHY ( JK SUN , SECTION EDITOR ) Neuroprotection in Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) has been considered to be a microcirculatory disease of the retina. However, there is emerging evidence to suggest that retinal neurodegeneration is an early event in the pathogenesis of DR, which may antedate, and also participates in, the microcirculatory abnormalities that occur in DR. Therefore, the study of the underlying mechanisms that lead to neurodegeneration will be essential for identifying new therapeutic targets in the early stages of DR. Elevated levels of glutamate, oxidative stress, the overexpression of the renin-angiotensin system and the upregulation of RAGE play an essential role in the retinal neurodegeneration induced by diabetes. Finally, the balance between the neurotoxic and neuroprotective factors is crucial in determining the survival of retinal neurons. In this review we will focus on neurotrophic factors already synthesized by the retina in physiological conditions as a new therapy strategy for neuroprotection.
Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure variability is associated with total magnetic resonance imaging burden of cerebral small-vessel disease

Background Lacunae, brain atrophy, white matter hyperintensity, enlarged perivascular space and microbleed are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers of cerebral small-vessel disease (cSVD). Studies have reported that higher blood pressure variability (BPV) predicted cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients; however, the association between BPV and the total MRI burden of cSVD has not been investigated. In this study, we aimed to explore this relationship between BPV and cSVD MRI burden. Methods We prospectively recruited patients who attended our hospital for annual physical examination. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory BP monitoring was performed using an automated system. BPV was quantified by SD, weighted SD, and coefficient of variation. One point was awarded for the presence of each marker, producing a score between 0 and 5. Spearman correlation and ordinal logistic regression analyses were used to test the relationship between BPV and total cSVD MRI burden. Results A total of 251 subjects with an average age of 68 years were enrolled in this study, and 52.6% were male; 163 (64.94%) had one or more markers of cSVD. Correlation analysis indicated that higher systolic BP (SBP) levels and BPV metrics of SBP were positively related to higher cSVD burden. Ordinal logistic regression analyses demonstrated that higher SBP levels and SBP variability were independent risk factors for cSVD. There were no significant differences in 24-hour, day and night diastolic BP levels or BPV metrics of diastolic BP among the five subgroups. Conclusion Twenty-four-hour, day and night SBP levels and SBP variability were positively related to cSVD burden. Higher SBP levels and SBP variability were independent risk factors for cSVD.
Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure variability is associated with total magnetic resonance imaging burden of cerebral small-vessel disease

Background: Lacunae, brain atrophy, white matter hyperintensity, enlarged perivascular space and microbleed are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers of cerebral small-vessel disease (cSVD). Studies have reported that higher blood pressure variability (BPV) predicted cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients; however, the association between BPV and the total MRI burden of cSVD has not been investigated. In this study, we aimed to explore this relationship between BPV and cSVD MRI burden. Methods: We prospectively recruited patients who attended our hospital for annual physical examination. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory BP monitoring was performed using an automated system. BPV was quantified by SD, weighted SD, and coefficient of variation. One point was awarded for the presence of each marker, producing a score between 0 and 5. Spearman correlation and ordinal logistic regression analyses were used to test the relationship between BPV and total cSVD MRI burden. Results: A total of 251 subjects with an average age of 68 years were enrolled in this study, and 52.6% were male; 163 (64.94%) had one or more markers of cSVD. Correlation analysis indicated that higher systolic BP (SBP) levels and BPV metrics of SBP were positively related to higher cSVD burden. Ordinal logistic regression analyses demonstrated that higher SBP levels and SBP variability were independent risk factors for cSVD. There were no significant differences in 24-hour, day and night diastolic BP levels or BPV metrics of diastolic BP among the five subgroups. Conclusion: Twenty-four-hour, day and night SBP levels and SBP variability were positively related to cSVD burden. Higher SBP levels and SBP variability were independent risk factors for cSVD. of the ordinal logistic regression analysis were presented as Or per 10 mmhg increase in sBP, 5 mmhg increase in sD, or increase in CV.
Diffusion of sea ice

The field of motion of sea ice is such that a Lagrangian element will be progressively deformed. The deformation can be resolved into a smooth part analogous to the distortion of a highly viscous fluid plus a random and discontinuous part having some similarity to the random motion of a turbulent fluid and the discontinuous motions of plate tectonics. The Lagrangian element spreads out at a rate determined by the mean field and by the random field, but the mean field usually is more important. The importance of the random field is that it gradually mixes the Lagrangian element with the surrounding ice. A mechanism for this mixing is discussed. The simplest mode of deformation for sea ice may be a finite shear displacement along a single crack. If the ice deforms in this way, first along one crack, then along another, and eventually along a sequence of randomly oriented cracks, the result will be a complete reshuffling of the ice pack. Nearby points disperse. Compact regions become fragmented. This model can be tested against observations of ice motion. In terms of the relative diffusion of pairs of points, the model predictions have a weak resemblance to actual ice behavior.
Wind profile in the atmospheric boundary layer

In the lowest 50-80 meters of the atmospheric boundary layer the wind profile can, under the assumption of neutral conditions, be described as a logarithmic growing function. New data from the National Test Site for wind turbines at Hovsore (Denmark) suggest that this common model is not adequate in the heights from 100-200 meters as the wind gradient is bigger in these heights than recently assumed. Therefore a new model based on measurements from an eastern sector (30°-90°) has been proposed by scientists from the Riso National Laboratory. In this report the mean wind profile from a western sector (270°-300°) from the same test site is investigated in order to try to validate the model proposed by the Riso scientists. The raw dataset has been sorted and processed in MATLAB and the mean wind profile and the mean profile of the friction velocity has been calculated. Both profiles show a clear difference between the two sectors. In the upstream area of the eastern sector the landscape is rather flat and homogenous, directly opposite of the western sector where the upstream area is complicated by a roughness change as the wind blows from sea to land surface. The results show that the wind profile is logarithmic up to the top of the internal boundary layer found in approximately 80 meters. This result is confirmed by an analysis of the wind profile in the same sector during neutral, stable, and unstable conditions. The height of the internal boundary layer resulting from the sea can not be estimated due to a lack of measurements from higher altitudes. It is concluded that the proposed model from Riso can not be used directly to describe the western sector as the wind profile differs too much from the conditions in the eastern sector due the change in the roughness length as the air blows from the sea to the land surface.
A Study on the Non –Awareness and Impact of Right to Information Act among People in Tamil Nadu region using Neutrosophic Cognitive Maps (Ncms)

In this paper we analyzed the impact of Right to Information Act among public people using Neutrosophic Cognitive Map (NCM) which is the generalization of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs). This paper has five sections. First section gives the information about the development of FCM and NCM. Second section gives the preliminaries of FCM’s, NCM’s and methods of determining the hidden pattern of NCM’s. In section three, we give the description of the social issues regarding the non-awareness and impact of RTI. Section four gives adaption of NCM’s to the problem and the final section gives the conclusion based on our study.
Effect of ventricular relaxation performance on blood flow profiles in fontancirculation.

Flow profiles in the pulmonary veins (PVs) and arteries (PAs), Fontan conduit (conduit), and superior vena cava (SVC) were examined using phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging. The relationship of the ratio of systolic forward flow volume and diastolic forward flow volume (FV-S/D) with ventricular relaxation time constant (tau) was then investigated. According to the flow profiles in the PVs, the forward flow volumes in diastole were dominant over those in systole. The FV-S/D was significantly negatively correlated with tau, not only in the PVs but also in the PAs and conduit. Moreover, tau was positively correlated with pulmonary wedge pressures, while pulmonary wedge pressures were significantly negatively correlated with FV-S/D in the PVs. In contrast, the FV-S/D in the SVC was also negatively correlated with tau, but the correlation coefficient of this relationship was lower than that of the other relationships. Lastly, the FV-S/D in the SVC correlated more significantly with the ejection fraction of the ventricle rather than with tau. On the basis of our findings, we believe that the flow profiles in the PVs are influenced by the ventricular relaxation performance. Moreover, the ventricular relaxation performance influences the flow profiles in the PAs and conduit, both of which are located upstream of pulmonary circulation. On the contrary, the flow profiles in the SVC seem to be influenced by ventricular contraction rather than ventricular relaxation.
Simulations of Optical Properties of Dust and Sea Salt for Use in Global Climate Models

Assessments of radiation impact by atmospheric aerosols rely on a precise description of aerosol optical properties and an accurate representation of temporal and spatial variations of aerosol distributions. Parts of our earlier studies have been aimed at developing an understanding of global aerosol abundances as well as developing parameterizations for use in global climate models to treat the spectral optical properties of sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols (Liousse et al. 1996; Chuang et al. 1997; Penner et al. 1998; Grant et al. 1999). In this study, we extended our treatment to dust and sea salt in order to compute their contribution to the total aerosol optical thickness in a global scale. This new development will allow us to examine the forcing and response of the climate system to changes of all important aerosol types.
Defining the Multiscalar Index Timescale—Soil Water Depth Continuum for the Southwestern United States

The lack of long‐term reliable in‐situ soil moisture data sets creates unique drought monitoring challenges for the semi‐arid Southwestern United States (“Southwest”). Land managers use multiscalar meteorological drought indices, like the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation‐Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), as proxies for soil water availability; however, objectively identifying the index and timescale that best represents soil water availability in semi‐arid environments remains a significant gap for applying available climate information to land management action. Here, we couple site‐specific soil modeling with high resolution, spatially continuous meteorological data sets to define the relationship between index timescale length and soil water availability of different depths. By creating new matric potential indices (MPI) from 0 to 200 cm, we correlate MPI time series with the SPI and SPEI at different timescale lengths to identify the best index‐timescale combination for each depth. Results indicate the general relationship between highest correlating index‐timescale and MPI‐depth operates roughly on a 1‐month:5 cm step progression at shallow depths (<80 cm). Analysis by soil texture class shows that soils with higher clay content produce shallower sloped relationships (>1‐month:5 cm) than sandy soils (<1‐month:5 cm). Overall, the SPI produced higher correlations and less error with the MPI compared to the SPEI across all texture classes and depths. Thus, the SPI is a good indicator of soil water availability at shallow depths (<80 cm) and should be considered for soil drought monitoring on Southwestern drylands. However, land managers should consult local soils information, if available, given the impacts of texture class on timescale‐depth relationships.
Limiting Ecological Factors Evaluation of High-Quality Apple at Wangdonggou Watershed in Loess Gully Region

Objective) Ecological factors have very important effects on apple qualities. So it is very important to find out the ecological factors limiting the quality of apple in apple production. (Method)Taking Wangdonggou Watershed in Loess Gully Region as a case, the ecological factors of apple were evaluated by using principal component analysis and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. (Result) In the study area, the ecological suitability was at the level of basically well, with the integrated ecological indices (IEI) being 0.74. It was also quantified that the Loess Gully Region is a good region for growing apple in China. Soil total nitrogen TN, organic matter (OM) and annual precipitation were the ecological factors limiting the quality of apple in Loess Gully Region, and their membership degrees were 0.34, 0.35, and 0.62, respectively. However, the annual mean temperature, the ≥10℃ accumulated temperature, the mean temperature in mid-January, the daily range of temperature in summer, the available P and the available K all reached the extremely well level. (Conclusion)According to the above results, a new way was raised for improvement of the quality of apple.
Inner Workings: John Lydgate's Kalendare at the Nexus of Time, Craft, and Devotion

Abstract:This article proposes that fifteenth-century English poet John Lydgate transforms the medieval tradition of calendrical verse from a mnemonic aid to a site for readers to practice interpretive agency. Building on studies of the metrical calendar genre by Michael Lapidge and Jessica Brantley, I show how Lydgate's solutions to representing time in poetic meter in fact open up new possibilities for interpretive practice within late medieval penitential devotion. Lydgate's Kalendare is a poetic prayer composed for, and received on, the material page, yet whose proper reading works on, in, and through the reader's "answere," an unfolding process of discovery drawing on a blend of interior assent and commitment to mutual aid. Rather than shutting down readers' personal agency or threatening isolation, the working parts of Lydgate's Kalendare—diction, syntax, meter, and calendar frame—construct and invite an open-ended, socially connective exploration of meaning over time.
Challenges in Generating True Random Numbers Considering the Variety of Corners, Aging, and Intentional Attacks

True Random Number Generators (TRNGs) are sensitive Intellectual Property (IP) blocks involved in the creation of cryptographic keys, initialization vectors, nonces, etc. They must behave properly within a large environmental spectrum, including multiple corners, in case of aging-induced change of device characteristics over time, and also under intentional attacks aiming at lowering the TRNGs entropy. In this paper, we review normative and technical landscapes in this respect, and propose a pre-silicon verification methodology to assess the resilience of TRNGs. In particular, we qualify the unitary free running oscillator (FRO) entropy source analytically, and then extend the study to a full FRO-based IP module. Our results encompass analytical characterizations in terms of jitter measurements and certification-based characterizations in terms of tests.