Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of rocks by spectral infrared emission (8 to 25 microns)

Igneous rock types can be roughly determined from the wavelength position of the minima of absorption and emission, or the maxima of reflection, in their infrared spectra. Emission analysis is the method most attractive for field operations, particularly from aircraft or orbiting vehicles. The usefulness of the method is severely limited by surface roughness, small particle size (less than 50 microns), and physical discontinuities within the emitting surface.
Performance Evaluation of Block-Sized Algorithms for Majority Vote in Facial Recognition

Facial recognition (FR) is a pattern recognition problem, in which images can be considered as a matrix of pixels.There are manychallenges that affect the performance of face recognitionincluding illumination variation, occlusion, and blurring. In this paper,a few preprocessing techniques are suggested to handle the illumination variationsproblem. Also, other phases of face recognition problems like feature extraction and classification are discussed. Preprocessing techniques like Histogram Equalization (HE), Gamma Intensity Correction (GIC), and Regional Histogram Equalization (RHE) are tested inthe AT&T database. For feature extraction, methods such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Independent Component Analysis (ICA), and Local Binary Pattern (LBP) are applied. Support Vector Machine (SVM) is used as the classifier. Both holistic and block-based methods are tested using the AT&T database. For twelve different combinations of preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification methods, experiments involving various block sizes are conducted to assess the computation performance and recognition accuracy for the AT&T dataset.Using the block-based method, 100% accuracy is achieved with the combination of GIC preprocessing, LDA feature extraction,and SVM classification using 2x2 block-sizingwhile the holistic method yields the maximum accuracy of 93.5%. The block-sized algorithm performs better than the holistic approach under poor lighting conditions.SVM Radial Basis Function performs extremely well on theAT&Tdataset for both holistic and block-based approaches.
Models and Measurements Intercomparison 2

Models and Measurement Intercomparison II (MM II) summarizes the intercomparison of results from model simulations and observations of stratospheric species. Representatives from twenty-three modeling groups using twenty-nine models participated in these MM II exercises between 1996 and 1999. Twelve of the models were two- dimensional zonal-mean models while seventeen were three-dimensional models. This was an international effort as seven were from outside the United States. Six transport experiments and five chemistry experiments were designed for various models. Models participating in the transport experiments performed simulations of chemically inert tracers providing diagnostics for transport. The chemistry experiments involved simulating the distributions of chemically active trace cases including ozone. The model run conditions for dynamics and chemistry were prescribed in order to minimize the factors that caused differences in the models. The report includes a critical review of the results by the participants and a discussion of the causes of differences between modeled and measured results as well as between results from different models, A sizable effort went into preparation of the database of the observations. This included a new climatology for ozone. The report should help in evaluating the results from various predictive models for assessing humankind perturbations of the stratosphere.
Anomalous splitting of free oscillations: A reevaluation of possible interpretations

The splitting of normal modes sensitive to structure in the inner core is larger than can be explained by three-dimensional heterogeneity confined to the earth's mantle. A preferred interpretation of this anomalous splitting involves inner core anisotropy, providing a unified explanation of these data and of observed trends in the travel times of PKP waves that sample the inner core. We reexamine this interpretation, as well as a previously suggested alternative one in terms of outer core structure. Our motivation comes from recent results which indicate that simple, smooth models of inner core anisotropy are in disagreement with some PKP observations. We invert a recently assembled high quality dataset, comprising modes sensitive to mantle and outermost core structure, as well as modes sensitive to mantle, outer core and inner core structure. We compare models parametrized to include either inner core anisotropy or heterogeneity in the outer core. We show the following: (1) Outer core models, with fewer parameters, provide good overall fits to most modes with weak or strong sensitivity in the inner core, except for mode 3 S 2 , the inner core mode with the strongest splitting. (2) V s and p profiles obtained for models with outer core structure using mantle and core modes are in better agreement with those obtained using data sensitive to mantle structure alone, whereas the V p structure in D shows a stronger c 20 component when inner core anisotropy is considered. (3) Lateral heterogeneity restricted to the mantle, in particular strong heterogeneity in D, fails to account consistently for the splitting of all modes. Outer core models thus deserve further investigation and should be weighted against more complex models of inner core anisotropy to explain anomalous splitting of normal modes and PKP travel times. The outer core structure obtained, while arguably unrealistic, is consistent with concentration of light elements, either confined to the Taylor cylinder tangent to the inner core or in polar caps at the top and bottom of the outer core. A small amount of shear within such polar caps might account for the excess splitting of some core modes.
Climatology and surface impacts of atmospheric rivers on West Antarctica

Abstract. Atmospheric rivers (ARs) transport large amounts of moisture from the mid- to high-latitudes and they are a primary driver of the most extreme snowfall events, along with surface melting, in Antarctica. In this study, we characterize the climatology and surface impacts of ARs on West Antarctica, focusing on the Amundsen Sea Embayment and Marie Byrd Land. First, we develop a climatology of ARs in this region, using an Antarctic-specific AR detection tool combined with the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2) and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) atmospheric reanalyses. We find that while ARs are infrequent (occurring 3 % of the time), they cause intense precipitation in short periods of time and account for 11 % of the annual surface accumulation. They are driven by the coupling of a blocking high over the Antarctic Peninsula with a low-pressure system known as the Amundsen Sea Low. Next, we use observations from automatic weather stations on Thwaites Eastern Ice Shelf with the firn model SNOWPACK and interferometric reflectometry (IR) to examine a case study of three ARs that made landfall in rapid succession from 2 to 8 February 2020, known as an AR family event. While accumulation dominates the surface impacts of the event on Thwaites Eastern Ice Shelf (> 100 kg m−2 or millimeters water equivalent), we find small amounts of surface melt as well (< 5 kg m−2). The results presented here enable us to quantify the past impacts of ARs on West Antarctica's surface mass balance (SMB) and characterize their interannual variability and trends, enabling a better assessment of future AR-driven changes in the SMB.
Using Water Isotope Tracers to Develop the Hydrological Component of a Long-Term Aquatic Ecosystem Monitoring Program for a Northern Lake-Rich Landscape

Abstract Arctic lake-rich landscapes are vulnerable to climate change, but their remote locations present a challenge to develop effective approaches for monitoring hydroecological status and trends. Here, we structure the hydrological component of an aquatic ecosystem monitoring program that addresses concerns of Parks Canada (Vuntut National Park) and the Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation about changing water levels of Old Crow Flats (OCF), Yukon, Canada, a 5600-km2 thermokarst landscape recognized nationally and internationally for its ecological, historical, and cultural significance. The foundation of the monitoring program is 5 years (2007–2011) of water isotope data from 14 lakes situated in catchments that are representative of the land-cover and hydrological diversity of OCF. Isotopic compositions of input water (&dgr;I) and evaporation-to-inflow (E/I) ratios, calculated using the coupled-isotope tracer method, provide key hydrological metrics for each lake over the 5-year sampling interval. From these time series, we identify monitoring lakes that are sensitive to changes in snowmelt, rainfall, and evaporation, and demonstrate the use of the Mann-Kendall test for determining statistically significant trends in the roles of these hydrological processes on lake-water balances. These approaches will serve to identify lake hydrological responses to climate change and variability from ongoing water isotope monitoring by Parks Canada, in partnership with the Vuntut Gwitchin Government, Wilfrid Laurier University, and the University of Waterloo.
Human Hair Segmentation In The Wild Using Deep Shape Prior

Virtual human hair dying is becoming a popular Aug-mented Reality (AR) application in recent years. Human hair contains diverse color and texture information which can be signiﬁcantly varied from case to case depending on different hair styles and environmental lighting conditions. However, the publicly available hair segmentation datasets are relatively small. As a result, hair segmentation can be easily interfered by the cluttered background in practical use. In this paper, we propose to integrate a shape prior into Fully Convolutional Neural Network (FCNN) to miti-gate this issue. First, we utilize a FCNN with an Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP) module [2] to ﬁnd a human hair shape prior based on a speciﬁc distance transform. In the second stage, we combine the hair shape prior and the original image to form the input of a symmetric encoder-decoder FCNN to obtain the ﬁnal hair segmentation out-put. Both quantitative and qualitative results show that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance on the publicly available LFW-Part and Figaro1k datasets.
Seagrass dynamics and fisheries sustainability

Seagrass meadows are renowned worldwide as rich and productive nursery areas for juveniles of economically important fish and crustacean species. Australian scientists have rightly been leaders in research into seagrass as habitat for fisheries species. Australia has a large area of seagrass in all states, and a large number of species (see Chapter 1). With a relatively narrow shelf around most of Australia’s coastline, and an absence of major upwelling currents, much of the value of Australian fisheries comes from species harvested in shallow coastal waters. This chapter examines the evidence for links between seagrass and fisheries resources.
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society

Previous research suggests that children’s information search remains largely inefficient until age 4. Here, we investigate the early emergence of children’s information-search competence using a simplified version of Lindow’s (2021) finding-presents game. Children (n = 86, 25-to 59-months old) had to find a present hidden in one of three closed boxes. All boxes were identical but for one feature (e.g., all boxes were blue and had a flower icon on top, but one box was round, one heart-shaped, and one squared). To identify the target box, children received three information cards revealing one feature of the target box (i.e., its color, shape, or icon). As the boxes differed in only one feature (e.g., their shape), only one information card contained the relevant information to the decision (i.e., the information card indicating the correct shape). Children could flip one information card to learn about one particular feature before deciding which box to open. This was our dependent measure. Our findings indicate that children as young as 2 years can efficiently search for information to guide their decisions and underline the importance of using age-appropriate paradigms.
Multimodally Grounded Translation. Session 7 - Directions for Research

In most cases computer systems processing symbols or language do not have access to the phenomena being referred to. In contrast, human beings can readily associate expressions with their non-linguistic experiences. As a direct consequence, the present day computational systems can only reason about the symbols themselves rather than about the inherent meaning or external references of those symbols. This problem can be addressed in various ways. A traditional solution is to formalize the domain, such that the symbols used are defined in relation to each other to allow algorithmic analysis. However, multimodal contexts are more naturally represented as patterns and signals which differ considerably from the discrete representation of symbols and expressions of symbolic languages. This finding has some important consequences on how theories of linguistic semantics and pragmatics should be formulated, and what is the methodology that is needed in the computational modeling of high quality language processing and translation. In this paper, contextuality, multimodality and subjectivity are discussed as foundations for high quality translation and future scenarios for language technology and machine translation are provided with suggestions on how to divide translation tasks between human translators and machine translation systems. Special emphasis is given on underlying philosophical assumptions that may often have decisive role in determining whether a technological solution is functional and effective or not.
Salt body detection from seismic data via sparse representation

In seismic interpretation and seismic data analysis, it is of critical importance to effectively identify certain geologic formations from very large seismic data sets. In particular, the problem of salt characterization from seismic data can lead to important savings in time during the interpretation process if solved efficiently and in an automatic manner. In this work, we present a novel numerical approach that is able to automatically segmenting or identifying salt structures from a post‐stack seismic data set with a minimum intervention from the interpreter. The proposed methodology is based on the recent theory of sparse representation and consists in three major steps: first, a supervised learning assisted by the user which is performed only once, second a segmentation process via unconstrained ℓ1 optimization, and finally a post‐processing step based on signal separation. Furthermore, since the second step only depends upon local information at each time, the whole process greatly benefits from parallel computing platforms. We conduct numerical experiments in a synthetic 3D seismic data set demonstrating the viability of our method. More specifically, we found that the proposed approach matches up to 98.53% with respect to the corresponding 3D velocity model available in advance. Finally, in appendixes A and B, we present a convergence analysis providing theoretical guarantees for the proposed method.
A Critical Review of the Aerial and Ground Surveys of Breeding Waterfowl in North America.

Abstract : The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Canadian Wildlife Service in cooperation with others have conducted an annual survey of breeding waterfowl throughout central Canada, the north-central United States, and Alaska since 1955. The area comprises more than 50 strata of habitats. Ducks are counted from aerial transects, and the counts are adjusted upward to account for birds that are not observed by aerial crews. These adjustments, called visibility correction factors, are developed from counts on the ground during which all waterfowl are assumed to have been detected. Counts on the ground are made of a subsample of the aerial survey. Visibility correction factors are calculated for each species and for each aerial crew. The total number of ducks by species and by strata is then calculated as the product of the observed density, the visibility correction factor, and the area of the strata.
Special Issue on Hybrid Systems: Theory and Applications

The invention comprises a one piece, concrete, bell type grave liner or protector to be lowered into a grave to enclose a casket. The protector has notches cast in its lower corners, corner edges, or bottom edges to receive a hoisting cable, thereby making handling easy. The protector has a top designed to resist vertical loads, cave-in of the side walls, and a sluffing-off of earth when an excavation is made next to it. The top is also designed to receive saddles for supporting a second protector for double interment. The protector is useful in conjunction with a base for either single or double interment. All side walls are tapered, i.e., inclined downwardly and outwardly to keep the protector from being raised, or "floating" to the surface, when unstable soils become saturated through sprinkling, rain, or exceedingly high water table.
COMPACTIFYING THE RELATIVE JACOBIAN OVER FAMILIES OF REDUCED CURVES

0.1. Motivation and Goal. The problem of finding a natural relative compactification of the relative Jacobian over a family of curves has drawn a lot of attention since Igusa’s pioneering work [18] in the fifties. (In Subsect. 0.2 the reader will find a slightly more detailed account of this history, with references.) In the case where the curves in the family are geometrically integral, a very satisfactory solution has been found by Altman and Kleiman [4]: their relative compactification is a fine moduli space; that is, it admits a universal object, after an étale base change. However, reducible curves (especially nodal ones) show up quite often in applications. For instance, Deligne-Mumford stable curves are used in the compactification, Mg, of the moduli space of non-singular curves of genus g. Recently, Caporaso [10] and Pandharipande [25] produced a relative compactification of the relative Jacobian over Mg. Their construction is strongly based on Gieseker’s construction [15] of Mg, and does not seem to be adaptable to different situations. The main disadvantages of the constructions found so far for reducible curves are the lack of a universal object and the restricted range of applicability. Apart from the study of Mg, the relatively compactified Jacobian has been most recently employed by Beauville [8] in counting the number of rational curves on K3 surfaces. In his article, Beauville made the simplifying assumption [8, 1.2] that all curves belonging to a certain linear system on the K3 surface are integral. The assumption was used in order to guarantee the existence of a fine relative
Quality of students’ explanations in describing multiplication algorithms: the case of Napier bones

We describe a didactic cycle involving the Napier bones algorithm, included in a wider research whose aim is to investigate whether and how the use of different kinds of artifacts can affect students’ explanations, supporting the understanding of some aspects of the multiplication. We present and discuss some data regarding group and individual tasks that allowed us to investigate how students’ explanations were and what semiotic representations they chose when using Napier bones.
Initial incorporation of phytoplankton into young ice in Saroma Ko lagoon, Hokkaido, Japan

The initial incorporation of phytoplankton into young ice was examined on February 25-28, 1998 in Saroma KO lagoon, Hokkaido, Japan to test our hypothesis that some physical selection would occur to establish the ice algal assemblages during the formation of young sea ice and the development of fast sea ice. An open pool (2 X 2m) was employed for the experiment. Young sea ice was collected for a 24 hr experiment. Relative brine volume in the young sea ice might be related to air temperature. Incorporated contents of chlorophyll a, biogenic silica, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen were directly related to the relative brine volume. The larger than 2pm fractions of chlorophyll a and biogenic silica were 95% and 78%, respectively. The most abundant species incorporated into the young sea ice were Navicula transitans (33%) and Achnanthes taeniata (12%). Those species were originated from a water column where they were released from the bottom surface of seasonal sea ice in the vicinity of the experimental pool. Cell density of the incorpo- rated phytoplankton ranged from 46 to 154 cells ml' into the young sea ice and 17k 5 cells ml' in the sea water under the young sea ice. Those microscopic observations suggested the selective incorporation of phytoplankton into the young sea ice at the beginning of ice formation and it might accelerate selective development to establish the ice algal assemblages with the growth of fast sea ice.
Sustainabilitas Kebijakan Inisiasi Dividen pada Perusahaan-Perusahaan Go-Public di Indonesia

This research aims at examining the influence of some variables i.e. current performance, after initiation performance, maturity, capital structure, and ownership structure, on sustainability of dividend initiation policy, and also the influence of sustainability of dividend initiation policy itself on its consequence variable i.e. stock performance. This research was conducted to sample firms consisting of 180 going public firms listed at Jakarta Stock Exchange and involving financial data which all belongs to kind of secondary data. Using Structural Equation Model (SEM) for data analysis and hypothesis testing, this research has found significant influence from after initiation performance, the only variable among four antecedent variables being examined, to sustainability of dividend initiation policy, and there is also found significant influence from sustainability of dividend initiation policy to its consequence variable i.e. stock performance. In a whole, findings of this research indicate that while signaling model of dividend is proven to be credible in explaining dividend initiation policy behavior among Indonesian going-public firms, agency cost model is not, particularly pertaining to monitoring rationale proposition (Easterbrook, 1984) and maturity proposition (Grullon, 2001). Finally, the existence of difference between finding of this research and those of ones conducted in advanced market context, basically provides supporting evidence on Frankfutter & Wood’s argument stating that dividend policy is contextual in nature. Keywords : Inisiasi Dividen, Sustainabilitas Dividen, Signaling Model, Agency Cost Model