Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Model Comparison of Heritability Enrichment Analysis in Livestock Population

Heritability enrichment analysis is an important means of exploring the genetic architecture of complex traits in human genetics. Heritability enrichment is typically defined as the proportion of an SNP subset explained heritability, divided by the proportion of SNPs. Heritability enrichment enables better study of underlying complex traits, such as functional variant/gene subsets, biological networks and metabolic pathways detected through integrating explosively increased omics data. This would be beneficial for genomic prediction of disease risk in humans and genetic values estimation of important economical traits in livestock and plant species. However, in livestock, factors affecting the heritability enrichment estimation of complex traits have not been examined. Previous studies on humans reported that the frequencies, effect sizes, and levels of linkage disequilibrium (LD) of underlying causal variants (CVs) would affect the heritability enrichment estimation. Therefore, the distribution of heritability across the genome should be fully considered to obtain the unbiased estimation of heritability enrichment. To explore the performance of different heritability enrichment models in livestock populations, we used the VanRaden, GCTA and α models, assuming different α values, and the LDAK model, considering LD weight. We simulated three types of phenotypes, with CVs from various minor allele frequency (MAF) ranges: genome-wide (0.005 ≤ MAF ≤ 0.5), common (0.05 ≤ MAF ≤ 0.5), and uncommon (0.01 ≤ MAF < 0.05). The performances of the models with two different subsets (one of which contained known CVs and the other consisting of randomly selected markers) were compared to verify the accuracy of heritability enrichment estimation of functional variant sets. Our results showed that models with known CV subsets provided more robust enrichment estimation. Models with different α values tended to provide stable and accurate estimates for common and genome-wide CVs (relative deviation 0.5–2.2%), while tending to underestimate the enrichment of uncommon CVs. As the α value increased, enrichments from 15.73% higher than true value (i.e., 3.00) to 48.93% lower than true value for uncommon CVs were observed. In addition, the long-range LD windows (e.g., 5000 kb) led to large bias of the enrichment estimations for both common and uncommon CVs. Overall, heritability enrichment estimations were sensitive for the α value assumption and LD weight consideration of different models. Accuracy would be greatly improved by using a suitable model. This study would be helpful in understanding the genetic architecture of complex traits and provides a reference for genetic analysis in the livestock population.
Semi-automatic road extraction from high resolution satellite images by template matching using Kullback–Leibler divergence as a similarity measure

ABSTRACT Semi-automatic extraction of roads is greatly needed to accelerate the acquisition and updating of road maps. However, road surfaces are frequently disturbed on very high spatial resolution (VHSR) remotely sensed satellite imagery, which bothers the road trackers using least-squares-based template matching. This paper presents a novel semi-automatic framework for road tracking from VHSR satellite imagery. First, a human operator inputs three seed points. Second, the computer automatically tracks the road by the template matching using Kullback–Leibler divergence as a similarity measure. At the same time, a human operator is retained in the tracking process to supervise the extracted results, to response to the program’s prompts. Once the failure or error happens, the human operator will correct the results and restart the automatic tracking. The above procedure is repeated until a whole road is tracked. Four satellite images with different complexities are used to perform experiments. The results show that our proposed road trackers is capable of automatically, accurately and fast extracting the long and high-level roads from the VHSR satellite images.
Understanding Kindness in the Russian Context

Background Kindness and acts of kindness have the potential to cause tremendously positive effects on subjective well-being, reflected in improvements in mental and physical health, and interpersonal relationships. Fostering knowledge about kindness may help in self-development and psychotherapeutic interventions aimed to improve an individual’s emotional well-being. However, existing research data and understanding of this phenomenon in Russia, as well as descriptions of acts of kindness, are presently relatively limited. Objective To study the Russian understanding of kindness, its meaning in the Russian context; to categorize a variety of identified acts of kindness; and to define kindness based on the data derived from a Russian sample. Design There were 291 Russian participants, recruited using an online recruiting platform, who filled out an online questionnaire that identified definitions of kindness with corresponding examples. Also captured in the sample were the participant’s age, gender, and religiosity. The data underwent qualitative analysis through open, axial, and focused coding. Results As a result of qualitative analysis, four theme categories emerged to define kindness: a) personal states and qualities (one’s own states and self-perception, moral values and qualities, self-regulation and emotional stability); b) openness to others (attention to others, love and positive attitude); c) emotional and cognitive understanding of others and tolerance, actions and behavior (altruistic sacrifice, help, politeness and respect, forgiveness, generosity, pleasing actions). Concrete examples of kind acts and behavior were categorized. A definition of kindness was formulated based on the data. Conclusion The research results can be used in training, counselling, and therapeutic sessions to increase subjective well-being. Directions for further research have been defined.
Linearized Model Collision Operators for Multiple Ion Species Plasmas

Linearized model collision operators for multiple ion species plasmas are presented that conserve particles, momentum, and energy and satisfy adjointness relations and Boltzmann’s H-theorem even for collisions between different particle species with unequal temperatures. The model collision operators are also written in the gyrophase-averaged form that can be applied to the gyrokinetic equation. Balance equations for the turbulent entropy density, the energy of electromagnetic fluctuations, the turbulent transport fluxes of particle and heat, and the collisional dissipation are derived from the gyrokinetic equation including the collision term and Maxwell equations. It is shown that, in the steady turbulence, the entropy produced by the turbulent transport fluxes is dissipated in part by collisions in the nonzonal-mode region and in part by those in the zonal-mode region after the nonlinear entropy transfer from nonzonal to zonal modes.
A Peek Into the Memory of T5: Investigating the Factual Knowledge Memory in a Closed-Book QA Setting and Finding Responsible Parts

Recent research shows that Transformer-based language models (LMs) store con-siderable factual knowledge from the unstructured text datasets on which they are pre-trained. The existence and amount of such knowledge have been investigated by probing pre-trained Transformers to answer questions without accessing any external context or knowledge (also called closed-book question answering (QA)). However, this factual knowledge is spread over the parameters inexplicably. The parts of the model most responsible for ﬁnding an answer only from a question are unclear. This study aims to understand which parts are responsible for the Transformer-based T5 reaching an answer in a closed-book QA setting. Furthermore, we introduce a head importance scoring method and compare it with other methods on three datasets. We investigate important parts by looking inside the attention heads in a novel manner. We also investigate why some heads are more critical than others and suggest a good identiﬁcation approach. We demonstrate that some model parts are more important than others in retaining knowledge through a series of pruning experiments. We also investigate the roles of encoder and decoder in a closed-book setting.
Design and Communication of City Brand Image Based on Big Data and Personalized Recommendation System

In order to define the positioning of the urban brand image, design the urban brand image, integrate and optimize the communication channels, improve the public participation awareness, and enhance the core competitiveness of the city. In this paper, a personalized recommendation search engine based on big data identifies keywords input by urban users. And give more accurate results based on some relevant information that can be extracted. This paper analyzes how to make better use of big data for tourism destination brand image management, and the existing shortcomings, and puts forward relevant suggestions. The industries related to cultural creative design and tourism elements constitute an intertwined cultural and tourism industry chain, and data technology plays an important role in the cultural and tourism industry chain. Through the development of tourism, tourists will produce comprehensive and diversified consumption in the city. Based on the analysis of big data, it can provide strong decision support for the government and industry managers, and realize the image design and communication of the urban brand identification system. Through the big data platform, establish the brand management strategy, improve the communication content of the city’s brand image, and timely feedback the opinions and suggestions of tourists on the tourism destination, so as to adjust the communication strategy of the tourism image according to the feedback information of tourists. The results show that the big data personalized recommendation system can achieve ideal results in urban brand value and urban tourism related factors.
A Review of Classification

The summarization of large quantities of multivariate data by clusters, undefined a priori, is increasingly practiced, often irrelevantly and unjusti fiably. This paper attempts to survey the burgeoning bibliography, restrict ing itself to published, freely available, references of known provenance. A plethora of definitions of similarity and of cluster are presented. The principles, but not details of implementation, of the many empirical classi fication techniques currently in use are discussed, and limitations and short comings in their development and practice are pointed out. Methods based on well-defined mathematical formulations of the problem are emphasized, and other ways of summarizing data are suggested as alternatives to classi fication. The growing tendency to regard numerical taxonomy as a satis factory alternative to clear thinking is condemned.
Gravitational waves in general relativity VIII

Novel polyfunctional compounds and a process for their preparation are disclosed. These compounds and their alkali metal salts are useful metal sequestrants and/or detergent builders. Selected compounds are also intermediates useful in the syntheses of aconitic acid as well as isocitric and alloisocitric acids and their lactones. The novel polyfunctional compounds are obtained from the reaction of maleic anhydride with selected active methylene or methine containing compounds.
The Exploration of Fetal Growth Restriction Based on Metabolomics: A Systematic Review

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a common complication of pregnancy and a significant cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. The adverse effects of FGR can last throughout the entire lifespan and increase the risks of various diseases in adulthood. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of FGR remain unclear. This study comprehensively reviewed metabolomics studies related with FGR in pregnancy to identify potential metabolic biomarkers and pathways. Relevant articles were searched through two online databases (PubMed and Web of Science) from January 2000 to July 2022. The reported metabolites were systematically compared. Pathway analysis was conducted through the online MetaboAnalyst 5.0 software. For humans, a total of 10 neonatal and 14 maternal studies were included in this review. Several amino acids, such as alanine, valine, and isoleucine, were high frequency metabolites in both neonatal and maternal studies. Meanwhile, several pathways were suggested to be involved in the development of FGR, such as arginine biosynthesis, arginine, and proline metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism. In addition, we also included 8 animal model studies, in which three frequently reported metabolites (glutamine, phenylalanine, and proline) were also present in human studies. In general, this study summarized several metabolites and metabolic pathways which may help us to better understand the underlying metabolic mechanisms of FGR.
A study of the aerosol radiative properties needed to compute direct aerosol forcing in the southeas

To assess the direct radiative forcing due to aerosols in southeastern United States where a mild cooling is under way, an accurate set of data describing the aerosol radiative properties are needed. We report here aerosol optical depth (AOD) and diffuse-to-direct solar irradiance ratio (DDR) at three operational wavelengths (415, 500, 673 nm) determined by using Multifilter Rotating Shadowband Radiometers (MFRSR) at two sites (a mountain top site: Mount Gibbes, 35.78°N, 82.29°W, 2006 m mean sea level (msl); a valley site: Black Mountain, 35.66°N, 82.38°W, 951 m msl), which are separated horizontally by 10 km and vertically by 1 km. The characteristics AOD and DDR were determined from the field measurements obtained during 1995. It was found that the representative total AOD values at 500 nm at the valley site for highly polluted (HP), marine (M) and continental (C) air masses were 0.68 ± 0.33, 0.29 ± 0.19, and 0.10 ± 0.04, respectively. The fact that the ratio of the mean 1 km layer optical depth to total mean optical depth at 500 nm from the valley site was 71% indicates that the major portion of the atmospheric aerosol was located in the lowest 1 km surface boundary layer (SBL). There was a significant linear correlation between the DDR and the total AOD at both sites. A simple, fast, and operative search-graph method was used to retrieve the columnar size distribution (number concentration N, effective radius r eff , and geometric standard deviation σ g ) from the optical depth observations at the three operational wavelengths. The ground albedo, single-scattering albedo, and imaginary part of the refractive index are calculated using a mathematically unique procedure involving a Mie code and a radiative transfer code in conjunction with the retrieved aerosol size distribution, AOD, and DDR. It was found that N, r eff , and σ g were in the range of 1.9 x 10 to 1.7 x 10 4 cm -3 , 0.09-0.68 μm, and 1.12-2.70, respectively. The asymmetry factor and single-scattering albedo were in the ranges of 0.63-0.75 and 0.74-0.99 respectively. The ground albedo over the forested terrain and the imaginary part of refractive index were found to be in the range of 0.08-0.29 and 0.005-0.051, respectively.
Amyloid Polypeptide Disaggregation Activity of Passion Fruit Seed-Derived Polyphenol Compounds

In an aging society, the prevalence of Alzheimer disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) has increased. It is currently hypothesized that these diseases are caused by the aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ) in the brain and human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) in the islets of Langerhans, respectively. Therefore, the disaggregation of these existing amyloid aggregates is a promising approach to the prevention and treatment of both diseases. In our previous studies, we found a remarkable Aβ and hIAPP aggregation inhibitory activity of polyphenolic compounds containing catechol moieties. Compared to previous reports on their aggregation inhibitory activity, there are few on the disaggregation activity of polyphenolic compounds. Additionally, there are few findings on the disaggregation activity of polyphenolic compounds on hIAPP. In this study, we investigated the Aβ and hIAPP disaggregation activity of scirpusin B, a polyphenolic compound found in passion fruit seeds, and related compounds. Thioflavin T (Th-T) assays and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed on these compounds to evaluate their Aβ42 and hIAPP disaggregation activities. The results showed that scirpusin B and its related compounds showed remarkable disaggregation activity. The structure–activity relationship of these compounds revealed that the presence of catechol moieties is important for this activity. This study also showed that polyphenols from passion fruit seeds have significant disaggregation activity against amyloid polypeptide aggregation.
Improving Reading Skills Using a Computerized Phonological Training Program in Early Readers with Reading Difficulties

In the last years, there has been a big effort to identify risk factors for reading difficulties and to develop new methodologies to help struggling readers. It has been shown that early intervention is more successful than late intervention, and that intensive training programs can benefit children with reading difficulties. The aim of our study is to investigate the effectiveness of an intensive computerized phonological training program designed to improve reading performance in a sample of children with reading difficulties at the early stages of their reading learning process. Thirty-two children with reading difficulties were randomly assigned to one of the two intervention groups: RDIR (children with reading difficulties following a computerized intensive remediation strategy) (n = 20) (7.01 ± 0.69 years), focused on training phonemic awareness, decoding and reading fluency through the computational training; and RDOR (children with reading difficulties following an ordinary remediation strategy) (n = 12) (6.92 ± 0.82 years), which consisted of a reinforcement of reading with a traditional training approach at school. Normal readers (NR) were assigned to the control group (n = 24) (7.32 ± 0.66 years). Our results indicate that both the RDIR and RDOR groups showed an increased reading performance after the intervention. However, children in the RDIR group showed a stronger benefit than the children in the RDOR group, whose improvement was weaker. The control group did not show significant changes in reading performance during the same period. In conclusion, results suggest that intensive early intervention based on phonics training is an effective strategy to remediate reading difficulties, and that it can be used at school as the first approach to tackle such difficulties.
Physician Gender and Its Association With Patient Satisfaction and Visit Length: An Observational Study in Telemedicine

Introduction Female physicians conduct longer visits than male physicians, with negative implications for their compensation. Yet patients often report higher satisfaction with female physicians. It is unknown whether satisfaction scores for female physicians are associated with their visit lengths. Our objective was to characterize the role of the physician and patient gender with respect to visit length and patient satisfaction. Methods We conducted an observational cohort study with patients and physicians of a nationwide telemedicine service between 2016 and 2018. Visit length was measured by the telemedicine system. Patients rated physicians on scales of one to five stars, with five considered “top box” satisfaction. We used logistic regression to estimate differences in patient satisfaction and linear regression to estimate differences in visit length by the physician and patient gender. We tested interactions between physician and patient gender and accounted for clustering by the physician. Results Among 102,664 visits with 405 physicians, the mean visit length was 5.8 minutes. Visits with male physicians were 1.11 minutes shorter than those with female physicians (95% CI:-1.58, -0.65). Controlling for visit length, male physicians were less likely than female physicians to receive top-box satisfaction scores (OR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.85). Visits between female physicians and male patients were the longest and visits between male physicians and female patients were the shortest. Female physicians had longer visits than male physicians but this did not explain their higher satisfaction scores. Conclusions To reduce inequity in compensation resulting from differences in visit length, female physicians could shorten their visits without negative consequences for their satisfaction ratings.
The Role of the Job Title and Material and Moral Incentives in Achieving Job Satisfaction, The Case of Libya's Firefighting and Rescue Teams

Police personnel, firefighters, and rescue teams were ignored in job satisfaction research. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of material and moral incentives and the difference in job title on job satisfaction among police officers, firefighters and rescue teams in Libya. Using a cross-sectional approach, 176 questionnaires were distributed to a random sample of firefighters and rescue teams in the National Safety Authority in Tripoli, Libya. The results of analysis in SPSS revealed that police officers, firefighters, and rescue teams are prone to show behaviors that lead to counterproductive results such as job dissatisfaction due to poor material and moral incentives provided to fire and rescue teams with no impact of job title. Thus, both policeman and civilian firefighting and rescue personnel can have similar perceptions and experiences of material and moral incentives. Also, both personnel are more motivated by moral incentives than material incentives. This study is one of the pioneers in expanding the discussion of job satisfaction among police officers, firefighters, and rescue teams in Libya. This study also motivates researchers and practitioners to investigate and explain the satisfaction of employees in the police sector in Libya.
Far Infrared Dielectric Dispersion in BaTiO3, SrTiO3, and TiO2

The room temperature reflectivity of BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, and Ti${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ has been measured from 5000 to 70 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. These data have been analyzed by the Kramers-Kronig method and by classical dispersion theory. All of the infrared-active fundamental vibrations allowed by crystal symmetry have been measured and characterized by their dispersion parameters. Of particular interest is the low-frequency mode which recent theories show is responsible for ferroelectricity in BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and is found at 33.8 and 87.7 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, respectively. The unusually large damping found for this mode can explain the observed microwave loss tangents. The strength of the mode accounts for the large values of the low-frequency dielectric constant. This mode, as well as the highest frequency mode, 510 and 546 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, respectively, is associated with Ti${\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ octahedra vibrations. A previously unreported mode at 183 and 178 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, respectively, has also been found and assigned to a cation-(Ti${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$) vibration. In rutile, three resonances are observed for the ordinary ray and one for the extraordinary ray, as required by theory. As with the titanates, the high dielectric constant is associated with the low-frequency mode. An analysis of the strengths of all of the resonances shows that they involve resonable effective charges for ionic crystals.