Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sickleweed on the Fort Pierre National Grasslands: An emerging threat

We report the first detailed field survey of sickleweed (Falcaria vulgaris L.) in the United States. Sickleweed is native to Europe, the Mediterranean, Asia Minor, and Iran and was first reported in the United States in 1922. It is listed by the Nebraska Invasive Species Council as a Category II invasive plant species. In recent years, abundance and distribution of sickleweed has increased dramatically in and around the Fort Pierre National Grassland (FPNG), South Dakota. Management of such a rapidly expanding population is hampered by a general lack of baseline information on the biology and ecology of sickleweed. We used an environmental gradient approach to describe the abundance and distribution of sickleweed on the FPNG and found that sickleweed colonization and expansion may be largely driven by small and large scale disturbances that create gaps in ground cover (bare soil and total vegetative cover plus litter), reduced diversity (H'), and altered competitive relationships with western wheatgrass. Minimizing disturbances that create gaps in litter and vegetative cover, decrease diversity, increase bare soil, and alter the dominance of western wheatgrass may reduce the colonization and expansion of sickleweed.
The Global Phosphorus Cycle: Past, Present, and Future

The cycling of phosphorus, a biocritical element in short supply in nature, is an important Earth system process. Variations in the phosphorus cycle have occurred in the past. For example, the rapid uplift of the Himalayan-Tibet Plateau increased chemical weathering, which led to enhanced input of phosphorus to the oceans. This drove the late Miocene “biogenic bloom. ” Additionally, phosphorus is redistributed on glacial timescales, resulting from the loss of the substantial continental margin sink for reactive P during glacial sea-level lowstands. The modern terrestrial phosphorus cycle is dominated by agriculture and human activity. The natural riverine load of phosphorus has doubled due to increased use of fertilizers, deforestation and soil loss, and sewage sources. This has led to eutrophication of lakes and coastal areas, and will continue to have an impact for several thousand years based on forward modeling of human activities.
Optimum UAV Trajectory Design for Data Harvesting From Distributed Nodes

This paper designs energy-efficient trajectories for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) harvesting data sequentially from distributed ground nodes. We propose a novel optimization framework for path planning, based on dynamic programming. We develop an optimum backward-forward algorithm that jointly optimizes the hovering locations for each ground node, and the visiting order to those locations. Our algorithm minimizes the total energy consumption of the UAV over its trajectory. Our framework is compatible with various probabilistic wireless communication channel models, and can also be applied to different cost functions, including minimising the total flying time, and allowing for bi-directional communications. We also develop a lower complexity algorithm that approximates the optimum UAV trajectory by decomposing the original problem into two sub-problems, and iterating back and forth between the two. This alternating algorithm has polynomial time complexity, and we show that it produces a near-optimum UAV trajectory, with as little deviation as 5% to 15% from the average energy consumption of the optimum algorithm.
Greenland ice-sheet mass-balance distribution: a variance analysis of existing field data

A large number of mass-balance measurements have been carried out on the Greenland ice sheet, but few of the series obtained are well suited for statistical studies. Rather than looking at the global mass-balance value, this paper deals with the spatial and temporal mass-balance variability on the ice sheet. Two sorts of analysis are possible: direct comparisons of the series measured at a given site, or a broader approach involving comparisons between different sites using variance analysis. For glaciers in the southwest ablation area, a significant interannual variability (around 1.0 m w.e.) is found. This variability is spatially consistent. In the accumulation area, the results are more complex. For example, there is consistent evidence of year-to-year variations on the west-east Expeditions Glaciologiques Internationales au Groenland (EGIG) profile, but other closer sites are weakly correlated. These results emphasize the need for a better coverage of measurements over the entire ice sheet, as well as longer and more continuous measurement series.
Analyzing and Extending Cellular Automaton Simulations of Dynamic Recrystallization

A polycrystalline system corroborating experimentally observed microstructure is developed in this paper by employing cellular automata techniques. Moreover, through appropriate transition functions, microstructural changes accompanying dynamic recrystallization, a manufacturing technique associated with the production of a wide range of components, is simulated. The grain growth that characterizes this change is analyzed to explicate the trend in the temporal evolution of mean grain size and its kinetics. As opposed to a progressive increase in mean grain size, which generally typifies a conventional grain growth, in dynamic recrystallization it is observed that the mean grain size increases and decreases sequentially, thereby rendering an oscillating pattern. A perceptive investigation of the fluctuating trend unravels individual growth events, characterized by monotonic increase in mean grain size, whose kinetics follows the third-order power law. Additionally, the existing approach of modeling dynamic recrystallization is extended to facilitate unrestricted yet energetically favored growth of defect-free nuclei across their neighboring grains.
Additively Manufactured Wideband Low-Profile Bidirectional 2-D Beam-Scanning Antenna Using Double Folded Transmitarrays With Curved Polarizers

This article presents a wideband low-profile bidirectional 2-D beam-scanning antenna for millimeter-wave applications. It achieves independently controlled bidirectional beams by two orthogonally mirrored folded transmitarrays (TAs) overlapping in space, significantly reducing the antenna profile. The folded TA consists of a feed source, a curved polarizer, and a receive–transmit (R-T) array. The feed source is realized by an all-metal wideband miniaturized magnetoelectric (ME) dipole based on the metal 3-D-printing technique. The curved metal grating acts as a polarizer, which achieves reflection and transmission for <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${y}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-polarized and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${x}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-polarized waves, respectively. Using the additively manufactured electronics (AME) technique, the R-T array element is realized by two wideband tightly coupled bow-tie dipole antennas connected by a pair of differential microstrip-line phase shifters with true-time delay and continuous 360° tuning range. Finally, 2-D beam scanning with constant beam direction across the operation band is achieved by adjusting the polarizer along the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${x}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>- and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${y}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-directions. The height diameter ratio (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${H}/{D}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) is 0.5, while the measured 2-D bidirectional beam scanning range covers ±10° in both the E- and H-planes within 27–39 GHz, with a maximum scan loss of 1.9 dB. The measured peak gain is 27.1 dBi, and the maximum aperture efficiency is 53.4%. The measured 1- and 3-dB overlapped gain bandwidths for 0° and 180° beams are 30–36.2 (18.7%) and 27–40 GHz (38.8%), respectively.
Frictional constraints on crustal faulting

We consider how variations in fault frictional properties affect the phenomenology of earthquake faulting. In particular, we propose that lateral variations in fault friction produce the marked heterogeneity of slip observed in large earthquakes. We model these variations using a rate- and state-dependent friction law, where we differentiate velocity-weakening behavior into two fields: the strong seismic field is very velocity weakening and the weak seismic field is slightly velocity weakening. Similarly, we differentiate velocity-strengthening behavior into two fields: the compliant field is slightly velocity strengthening and the viscous field is very velocity strengthening. The strong seismic field comprises the seismic slip concentrations, or asperities. The two “intermediate” fields, weak seismic and compliant, have frictional velocity dependences that are close to velocity neutral: these fields modulate both the tectonic loading and the dynamic rupture process. During the interseismic period, the weak seismic and compliant regions slip aseismically, while the strong seismic regions remain locked, evolving into stress concentrations that fail only in main shocks. The weak seismic areas exhibit most of the interseismic activity and aftershocks but can also creep seismically. This “mixed” frictional behavior can be obtained from a sufficiently heterogeneous distribution of the critical slip distance. The model also provides a mechanism for rupture arrest: dynamic rupture fronts decelerate as they penetrate into unloaded complaint or weak seismic areas, producing broad areas of accelerated afterslip. Aftershocks occur on both the weak seismic and compliant areas around a fault, but most of the stress is diffused through aseismic slip. Rapid afterslip on these peripheral areas can also produce aftershocks within the main shock rupture area by reloading weak fault areas that slipped in the main shock and then healed. We test this frictional model by comparing the seismicity and the coseismic slip for the 1966 Parkfield, 1979 Coyote Lake, and 1984 Morgan Hill earthquakes. The interevent seismicity and aftershocks appear to occur on fault areas outside the regions of significant slip: these regions are interpreted as either weak seismic or compliant, depending on whether or not they manifest interevent seismicity.
Application of the Glossifungites ichnofacies to the recognition of sequence stratigraphic boundaries: Examples from the Cretaceous of the Western Canada sedimentary basin, Alberta, Canada

The Glossifungites ichnofacies is a substrate-controlled assemblage of trace fossils, characterized by sharp-walled, unlined, passively filled, vertical to subvertical domichnia, excavated into semiconsolidated (firmground) substrates. In Cretaceous siliciclastic rocks of the Western Canada sedimentary basin, the assemblage is dominated by the ichnogenera Diplocraterion, Skolithos, Arenicolites, Thalassinoides, and Rhizocorallium. The Glossifungites assemblage demarcates discontinuity surfaces that reflect pauses in sedimentation accompanied by erosion. Colonization of erosionally exhumed substrates and excavation of domiciles occur predominantly within marine to marginal marine settings. In the subsurface of Alberta, several of these discontinuity surfaces correspond to important sequence stratigraphic boundaries. Caution must be employed when applying these discontinuity surfaces to regional stratigraphic problems. These surfaces can also develop in response to autocyclic processes including tidal channel migration and episodic storm erosion. Consequently, the sequence stratigraphic significance of Glossifungites-demarcated discontinuity surfaces can only be resolved through detailed regional mapping.
Programas de controle da erosão hídrica no âmbito rural: um breve panorama brasileiro Programs of water erosion control in rural context: a brief overview Brazilian

A erosao e um fenomeno complexo que nao causa somente prejuizos no interior das propriedades rurais ( on-site ). Os processos erosivos tambem causam efeitos externos ( off-site ) quando as aguas da chuva nao infiltram e escoam. Transportam particulas de solo em suspensao e elementos em dissolucao ate os cursos d’agua causando turbidez e reducao da qualidade d’agua. Como a agua e recurso natural limitado, o mecanismo utilizado para sua conservacao e a dotacao de valor economico. Nesse mecanismo de valoracao sempre imperou a politica punitiva com o principio do usuario-pagador ou poluidor pagador. No entanto, apenas essa politica punitiva nao foi suficiente para a manutencao em qualidade e quantidade desse recurso natural limitado. Surge entao a politica preventiva com o principio do protetor-recebedor para a conservacao dos recursos hidricos pelo controle da erosao hidrica rural. O nosso objetivo foi descrever o panorama dos Programas e Projetos brasileiros de conservacao de solo contra a erosao hidrica no meio rural. Observamos que os referidos Programas e Projetos buscam a implementacao de tecnicas de desenvolvimento sustentavel e se fundamentam basicamente em tres aspectos: a educacao, a punicao e a compensacao financeira. E, mesmo diante de varias leis, projetos e programas brasileiros, tambem observamos que os processos erosivos no Brasil ainda sao considerados um problema d e ordem social, economica e ambiental. Abstract Erosion is a complex phenomenon that not only causes damage within the rural (on-site) properties. The erosion also cause external effects (off-site) when rainwater does not seep and flow. Carry soil particles in suspension and dissolved elements to the watercourses causing turbidity and reduced water quality. As water is limited natural resource, the mechanism used for its conservation is the appropriation of economic value. In this valuation, mechanism always prevailed punitive policy with the principle of user pays or polluter pays. However, just this punitive policy was not sufficient to maintain quality and quantity of this limited natural resource. Then comes the preventive policy with the principle Guardreceiver for the conservation of water resources for control of rural water erosion. Our objective was to describe the panorama of Brazilian Programs and Projects conservation of soil against erosion in rural areas. We note that such programs and projects seeking to implement sustainable development techniques and are based mainly on three aspects: education, punishment and compensation. And, even in the face of several laws, projects and Brazilian programs, we also noted that the erosion processes in Brazil are still considered a problem of social, economic and environmental order.
How valid is the commercially available tennis match analysis mobile application? Is it good enough?

ABSTRACT The present study examines the validity of the SwingVision application by comparing SwingVision’s data to criterion data. Also, we investigated the difference in recording angles of SwingVision (optimal and suboptimal). Six college students played four matches, and every match was recorded from two different angles. After the data collection, recorded videos were analysed by SwingVision and human analysts (criterion). A total of 1065 strokes were analysed in the agreement of SwingVision and human analysts. Cross-tabulation with a column proportion test, Cochran’s Q test, and Kappa statistics were utilised to demonstrate the association of categorical variables (stroke, hit depth, hit zone, bounce depth, bounce zone, spin, result) between the three data (i.e. optimal, suboptimal, and criterion). Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson correlation were used to compare speed data. SwingVision data in most variables showed high proportional similarity and percent agreement with criterion data. Additionally, the optimal angle data had much more similar results to the criterion data than the suboptimal data. Therefore, this present study documented that SwingVision is trustworthy, and users should be aware of possible errors derived from angle differences.
Perceived car dependence and multimodality in urban areas in Flanders (Belgium)

In this study, we test the extent to which people who reside in hypothetically car-independent neighbourhoods travel multimodally and perceive themselves as car dependent. We used the Flemish region as our study case, and defined a car-independent neighbourhood as an area with a high node and a high place value. A cluster analysis with four constituent variables – car use frequency, bicycle use frequency, vehicle kilometers travelled (VKT) and the need for a car to carry out daily activities - led to defining four heterogeneous groups of car owners. We labelled the groups as car-dependent motorists - long distance, car-dependent motorists - short distance, car-independent cyclists and car-dependent cyclists. We found all clusters to be to some extent multimodal. For our selected study area, car ownership does not necessarily induce perceived car-dependence among people who can easily get around by bicycle. Nevertheless, even in an urban setting and when exhibiting multimodal travel patterns, people can perceive their car as indispensable. Perceived car dependence is not necessarily correlated with high VKT or high frequency of car use, neither can we conclude that multimodal behaviour necessarily leads to less VKT.
The Comparative Analysis of Single Plating Versus Double Plating in the Treatment of Unstable Bicondylar Proximal Tibial Plateau Fractures

Introduction In the present study, we aimed to compare the clinical and radiological results of the single lateral locking plate fixation method to the dual plate (DP) fixation method in cases of unstable bicondylar proximal tibial plateau fractures. Materials and methods Fifty-six patients managed surgically with internal fixation for unstable bicondylar tibial plateau fractures (UBTF) (Schatzker type V and type VI or Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen/Orthopaedic Trauma Association {AO/OTA} type 41-C) over 36 months from January 2017 to December 2020 were included in this prospective study. All the fractures were fixed surgically either using dual locking plates through double incisions (DP group) or with a single lateral locking plate (single plate {SP} group). All intraoperative and postoperative complications were assessed and recorded. Oxford Knee Score (OKS), Rasmussen's functional grading system, and Rasmussen's radiological scoring system were used to evaluate the functional and radiological outcomes. Result All of the patients were followed for at least 12 months. Twenty-six patients were fixed with a single lateral locking plate, and 30 patients were fixed with a double-incision dual locking plate. The mean Oxford Knee Score (OKS) was 43.24 ± 4.46 in the DP group and 42.7 ± 2.57 in the SP group (P = 0.544). The mean Rasmussen's functional score (RFS) score in the present study was 26.6 ± 2.21 in the DP group and 24.97 ± 3.92 in the SP group (P = 0.056). At the final follow-up, the mean Rasmussen's radiological score (RRS) was 9.06 ± 1.01 in the DP group and 8.1 ± 0.81 in the SP group (P = 0.0003). Conclusion There are no statistically significant differences in the functional outcomes between the two groups, but higher benefits were found in the radiological outcomes in the dual plating group as compared to single lateral locking plate group.
Recent current observations in the eastern Yellow Sea

Observations of current velocity, pressure, and temperature in the eastern Yellow Sea from January 10 through April 12, 1986, together with geostrophic winds calculated from surface atmospheric pressure distributions, are analyzed for a study of the synoptic band response of the Yellow Sea to the wintertime winds. North wind pulses in the winter monsoon are found to give rise to northward flow bursts in the Yellow Sea trough, which appear to peak just as the wind relaxes and to be driven by a synoptic band north-to-south rise in bottom pressure, synchronous with the north-wind pulses. The existence of a similar rise in coastal sea level indicates that the observed southward pressure rise is but an offshore extension of a setup along the west coast of South Korea forced by the north wind pulses. The advection, by northward flow bursts, of warm water from the south apparently causes the measured temperature to be substantially higher in the trough than in coastal waters at the same latitude and the observed rate of cooling in the trough to be less than half of that in coastal waters to the east. A winter-to-spring transition is also found in the bottom pressure records obtained in the trough, in which the mean north-to-south gradient in winter reverses suddenly in early March. A similar reversal also appears in sea level records along the west coast of South Korea. The reversal appears to be triggered by the weakening of the north winds at the arrival of spring.
Croissance et compétitivité de l'industrie manufacturière au Sénégal

Ce document analyse le role de la productivite globale des facteurs comme determinant de la competitivite des industries manufacturieres senegalaises. Il porte sur un panel de dix groupes d’industries manufacturieres et couvre la periode 1974-94. Apres avoir estime la fonction de production des industries manufacturieres, le document identifie le role de l’investissement public, de la protection commerciale et du niveau de qualification de la main-d’œuvre utilisee par les differents secteurs dans l’evolution de la productivite globale des facteurs dans l’industrie. Une attention particuliere est portee sur les economies externes comme source de gains de productivite et sur le role de l’investissement public comme facteur pouvant favoriser leur emergence. Les resultats montrent d’importantes disparites entre les industries manufacturieres senegalaises en ce qui concerne la progression de la productivite globale des facteurs. Les insuffisances de l’investissement public en . This paper analyses the role of total factor productivity as a determinant of competitivity in Senegalese manufacturing industries. It is based upon a panel of ten industrial manufacturing groups and covers the period 1974-94. Following an estimation of the production function of manufacturing industry, the paper identifies the roles of public investment, protectionist measures, and the level of qualification of the workforce used by the different sectors in the evolution of industrial total factor productivity. Particular attention is given to external economies as a source of improved productivity and the role of public investment as a factor in favour of such gains. The results show major differences between Senegalese manufacturing industries as far as the growth of total factor productivity is concerned. Insufficient public investment in infrastructure and the high level of protectionism appear to plan an important role in the unfavourable evolution of productivity and .