Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Taking goal models downstream: A systematic roadmap

Creating and reasoning with goal models is useful for capturing, understanding, and communicating about requirements in the early stages of information system (re)development. However, the utility of goal models is greatly enhanced when an awareness of system intentions can feed into other stages in the requirements analysis process (e.g. requirements elaboration, validation, planning), and can be used as part of the entire system life cycle (e.g., architecture, process design, coding, testing, monitoring, adaptation, and evolution). In order to understand the progress that has been made in integrating goal models with downstream system development, we ask: what approaches exist which map/integrate/transform goal-oriented languages to other software artifacts or languages? To answer this question, we conduct a systematic survey, producing a roadmap of work summarizing 174 publications. Results include a categorization of the “why? ” and “how? ” for each approach. Findings show that there are a wide variety of proposals with many proposed sources and targets, covering multiple paradigms, motivated by a variety of purposes. We conclude that although much work has been done in this area, the work is fragmented and is often still in a proposal stage.
PRODUCTION OF ELASTASE AND PROTEINASE BY PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

Morihara, Kazuyuki (Shionogi Research Laboratory, Osaka, Japan). Production of elastase and proteinase by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Bacteriol. 88:745–757. 1964. —Some strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa produced elastase, but the others did not. The elastase-positive strains produced two proteinases (fractions II and III), and the elastase-negative strains produced one proteinase (fraction III). Moreover, one proteinase (fraction I) was produced by both elastase-positive and elastase-negative strains, but the activity was small and negligible. The three proteinases were separated by column chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, and elastolytic activity corresponded to fraction II. The effect of components of the medium was slight for production of fraction II; fraction III was produced only in synthetic medium containing Ca ion and not in natural medium. The optimal pH of fractions I, II, and III for casein was 6.5, 8.0, and 10.0, respectively; that of fraction II for elastin was 7.5 to 8.0. The other characters of the three proteinases also differed. Both the proteolytic and the elastolytic activities of fraction II showed a similar behavior for various treatments, except the inhibition test by NaCl and serum. Fraction III proteinases from various strains were identical in their enzymatic or other characters, showing that various strains were related regardless of the difference of their elastolytic activity. The reason that the elastolytic activity of P. aeruginosa differed according to the origin of the strain is discussed on the basis of a taxonomic study; results indicate that the ability to produce elastolytic activity (fraction II) may be a dissociative character of the species.
Plurals in SLI: Prosodic Deficit or Morphological Deficit?

Two accounts for the segmental and prosodic anomalies observed in plurals pro duced by 5 adults with specific language impairment (SLI), one prosodic and one morphological, are compared. The prosodic account proposed is that the grammars of these individuals do not tolerate extraprosodicity: indirect licensing by the pro sodic word. Although this account can capture a range of facts, it is rejected for several reasons, the most significant of which is that it cannot discriminate between anomalous outputs such as [dDg.s] and natural-sounding outputs such as [dngz], both of which are produced by impaired speakers. In view of this, a morphological account is proposed: The grammars of these impaired individuals lack certain sublexical features, in particular [? plural]; the notion of plurality is expressed at the level of conceptual structure. Consequently, plurals must be built through com pensatory means. They may involve the concatenation of stems and thereby struc turally resemble compounds, both morphologically and prosodically (yields [dog.s]). They may be stored as morphologically unanalyzed chunks (yields [dDgz]). Evidence in support of both options is provided.
Global opportunities and constraints for regional development: A review of interdisciplinary simulation research toward a world model as a framework of studies of regional development*

This report concerns a Working Seminar held at Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. , USA, from 18 to 22 February, 1976. The seminar embodied the common interest of three research institutions, which cosponsored the meeting and its topics. First of all, it represents another in a series of meetings held under the sponsorship of the Research Committee on Quantitative and Mathematical Approaches to Politics of the International Political Science Association (IPSA),
Antibiotic residues in milk and eggs of commercial and local farms at Chittagong, Bangladesh

Aim: The study was conducted to detection and determination of concentration or level of antibiotic residues in milk and egg of local and commercial farms at Chittagong during December 2011 to June 2012. Materials and Methods: A total of 400 (200 milk and 200 egg) samples were collected from local and commercial dairy cows and local scavenging and commercial poultry farms, respectively. Microbial inhibition test and thin layer chromatography were used for screening and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography was used to estimate the concentrations of antibiotic residues in samples. Results: Tetracycline, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin residues were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in commercial farms than local. The boiling insignificantly (p>0.05) reduced residues level in milk and egg. The average concentrations of amoxicillin residue in local milk, commercial milk, local egg, and commercial egg were 9.84 µg/ml, 56.16 µg/ml, 10.46 µg/g and 48.82 µg/g, respectively, in raw samples and were reduced to 9.81 µg/ml, 55.54 µg/ml, 10.29 µg/g, and 48.38 µg/g, respectively, after boiling. Conclusions: Proper maintaining of the withdrawal period and development of active surveillance system are highly recommended for public health security.
Scurvy in the Great Irish Famine: Evidence of Vitamin C Deficiency From a Mid-19th Century Skeletal Population

Scurvy has increasingly been recognized in archaeological populations since the 1980s but this study represents the first examination of the paleopathological findings of scurvy in a known famine population. The Great Famine (1845–1852) was a watershed in Irish history and resulted in the death of one million people and the mass emigration of just as many. It was initiated by a blight which completely wiped out the potato—virtually the only source of food for the poor of Ireland. This led to mass starvation and a widespread occurrence of infectious and metabolic diseases. A recent discovery of 970 human skeletons from mass burials dating to the height of the famine in Kilkenny City (1847–1851) provided an opportunity to study the skeletal manifestations of scurvy—a disease that became widespread at this time due to the sudden lack of Vitamin C which had previously almost exclusively been provided by the potato. A three-scale diagnostic reliance approach has been employed as a statistical aid for diagnosing the disease in the population. A biocultural approach was adopted to enable the findings to be contextualized and the etiology and impact of the disease explored. The results indicate that scurvy indirectly influenced famine-induced mortality. A sex and stature bias is evident among adults in which males and taller individuals displayed statistically significantly higher levels of scorbutic lesions. The findings have also suggested that new bone formation at the foramen rotundum is a diagnostic criterion for the paleopathological identification of scurvy, particularly among juveniles. Am J Phys Anthropol, 148:512–524, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Skin Transcriptome Profiles Associated with Skin Color in Chickens

Nutritional and medicinal benefits have been attributed to the consumption of tissues from the black-boned chickens in oriental countries. Lueyang black-boned chicken is one of the native chicken breeds. However, some birds may instead have white or lighter skin, which directly causes economic losses every year. Previous studies of pigmentation have focused on a number of genes that may play important roles in coat color regulation. Illumina2000 sequencing technology was used to catalog the global gene expression profiles in the skin of the Lueyang chicken with white versus black skin. A total of 18,608 unigenes were assembled from the reads obtained from the skin of the white and black chickens. A total of 649 known genes were differentially expressed in the black versus white chickens, with 314 genes that were up regulated and 335 genes that were down-regulated, and a total of 162 novel genes were differentially expressed in the black versus white chickens, consisting of 73 genes that were up-regulated (including 4 highly expressed genes that were expressed exclusively in the skin of the black chickens) and 89 genes that were down-regulated. There were also a total of 8 known coat-color genes expressed in previous studies (ASIP, TYR, KIT, TYRP1, OCA2, KITLG, MITF and MC1R). In this study, 4 of which showed greater expression in the black chickens, and several were up-regulated, such as KIT, ASIP, TYR and OCA2. To our surprise, KITLG, MITF and MC1R showed no significant difference in expression between the black- and white-skinned chickens, and the expression of TYRP1 was not detected in either skin color. The expression of ASIP, TYR, KIT, TYRP1, OCA2, KITLG, MITF and MC1R was validated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and the results of the qPCR were consistent with the RNA-seq. This study provides several candidate genes that may be associated with the development of black versus white skin. More importantly, the fact that the MC1R gene showed no significant difference in expression between the black and white chickens is of particular interest for future studies that aim to elucidate its functional role in the regulation of skin color.
Peer instruction: do students really learn from peer discussion in computing?

Peer Instruction (PI) is an instructional approach that engages students in constructing their own understanding of concepts. Students individually respond to a question, discuss with peers, and respond to the same question again. In general, the peer discussion portion of PI leads to an increase in the number of students answering a question correctly. But are these students really learning, or are they just "copying" the right answer from someone in their group? In an article in the journal Science, Smith et al. affirm that genetics students individually learn from discussion: having discussed a first question with their peers, students are better able to correctly, individually answer a second, conceptually-related question. We replicate their study, finding that students in upper-division computing courses (architecture and theory of computation) also learn from peer discussions, and explore differences between our results and those of Smith et al. Our work reveals that using raw percentage gains between paired questions may not fully illuminate the value of peer discussion. We define a new metric, Weighted Learning Gain, which better reflects the learning value of discussion. By applying this metric to both genetics and computing courses, we consistently find that 85-89% of "potential learners" benefit from peer discussion.
Toward Efficient Multi-Keyword Fuzzy Search Over Encrypted Outsourced Data With Accuracy Improvement

Keyword-based search over encrypted outsourced data has become an important tool in the current cloud computing scenario. The majority of the existing techniques are focusing on multi-keyword exact match or single keyword fuzzy search. However, those existing techniques find less practical significance in real-world applications compared with the multi-keyword fuzzy search technique over encrypted data. The first attempt to construct such a multi-keyword fuzzy search scheme was reported by Wang et al., who used locality-sensitive hashing functions and Bloom filtering to meet the goal of multi-keyword fuzzy search. Nevertheless, Wang's scheme was only effective for a one letter mistake in keyword but was not effective for other common spelling mistakes. Moreover, Wang's scheme was vulnerable to server out-of-order problems during the ranking process and did not consider the keyword weight. In this paper, based on Wang et al.'s scheme, we propose an efficient multi-keyword fuzzy ranked search scheme based on Wang et al.'s scheme that is able to address the aforementioned problems. First, we develop a new method of keyword transformation based on the uni-gram, which will simultaneously improve the accuracy and creates the ability to handle other spelling mistakes. In addition, keywords with the same root can be queried using the stemming algorithm. Furthermore, we consider the keyword weight when selecting an adequate matching file set. Experiments using real-world data show that our scheme is practically efficient and achieve high accuracy.
The Perception of Gifted Students' Parents about the Term of Giftedness.

The purpose of this research is to present the definition of ‘giftedness’ made by the parents who have gifted children.The study is of importance for presenting the term of giftedness from parents of gifted students as a result of their experiences. Also, this study has a great importance as it allows us to have more information about gifted children, to organize educational programs according to these children, to emphasize the outstanding characteristics in gifted children and to get suitable data that can be used during the selection process of gifted children. The content analysis was used from qualitative data analysis approaches in this study. The study group of the research is consisted of 50 parents who havea gifted children. Within the scope of this research, the answers of an open–ended question ‘Can you make a definition for ‘gifted children’ by considering your own child? ’ were analyzed. The answers given by parents were grouped under 3 themes. These are: Academic features, Personal features and Creativity. The term ‘giftedness’ was defined through the eyes of parents who have gifted children and it was defined precisely with the expressions of parents who closely experience gifted children. Key words: giftedness, perceptionof parents.
Will the Real 1950S Please Stand Up?

Speaking at the Conservative Party Conference in Blackpool on 8 October 1993, John Major famously (or infamously) insisted that his party stood for ‘self-reliance, decency and respect for others’ and claimed ‘we must go back to basics and the Conservative Party will lead the country back to those basics right across the board’. These ‘basics’ included ‘sound money, free trade, traditional teaching, respect for the family and the law’. 1 The next day, under the headline ‘Another Golden Age That Never Was’, the Guardian observed: ‘one is increasingly stuck to know which era Mr Major really hankers after. The images are those of some dowdy Ealing comedy from the fifties, all loveable coppers and middle-class English actors putting on funny voices to play working class. Gawd bless yer, guv’nor! ’2 As decades go the 1950s have something of an image problem and, if it is possible to apply such a term to a decade, have been suffering from an identity crisis for some time. The 1950s have been presented in popular and academic texts as well as by politicians in highly contradictory ways, with some buying into one or other of the contradictory views, and others seeing the contradictions as interesting in themselves. As Abigail Wills insists, ‘in both popular memory and academic scholarship, a clear division is made between 1950s affluence, tradition and stability on the one hand, and 1960s rebellion, sexual revolution and social upheaval on the other’. 3 Yet even in Major’s ‘Back to Basics’ speech he complained that ‘in housing in the fifties in Britain and the sixties, we pulled down the terraces – destroyed whole communities and replaced them with tower blocks and we built walkways that became rat-runs for muggers. That was the fashionable opinion. But it was wrong. ’ The 1950s have become synonymous with growing prosperity and ‘having it so good’, shared values, respect for authority, social cohesion, community, consensus, meat and two veg suburbanism and, above all, happy families; an TH O M A S W ill th e R ea l1 95 0s P le as e S ta nd U p?
Bypassing the Combinatorial Explosion: Using Similarity to Generate and Prioritize T-Wise Test Configurations for Software Product Lines

Large Software Product Lines (SPLs) are common in industry, thus introducing the need of practical solutions to test them. To this end, t-wise can help to drastically reduce the number of product configurations to test. Current t-wise approaches for SPLs are restricted to small values of t. In addition, these techniques fail at providing means to finely control the configuration process. In view of this, means for automatically generating and prioritizing product configurations for large SPLs are required. This paper proposes (a) a search-based approach capable of generating product configurations for large SPLs, forming a scalable and flexible alternative to current techniques and (b) prioritization algorithms for any set of product configurations. Both these techniques employ a similarity heuristic. The ability of the proposed techniques is assessed in an empirical study through a comparison with state of the art tools. The comparison focuses on both the product configuration generation and the prioritization aspects. The results demonstrate that existing t-wise tools and prioritization techniques fail to handle large SPLs. On the contrary, the proposed techniques are both effective and scalable. Additionally, the experiments show that the similarity heuristic can be used as a viable alternative to t-wise.
Rational Partisan Theory: Evidence for Seven OECD Economies

According to the Rational Partisan Theory of business cycles ("RPT"), ex ante uncertainty about the outcome of elections will generate post-election output growth fluctuations. This paper employs vote prediction equations and opinion polls to compute election win probability estimates for 62 elections in seven OECD economies. The probability estimates are used to calibrate partisan intervention terms entered in output growth regressions. For the UK and, to some extent, Canada and Australia, our results are supportive of the RPT. For the US, the calibrated intervention terms are dominated by a partisan dummy variable turned on after each election. Copyright 1999 Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Getting the Gist Across Is Enough for Informed Consent for Acute Stroke Thrombolytics.

Acute stroke thrombolytics greatly reduce poststroke disability, both in clinical trials and in clinical practice. Too few patients, however, take advantage of these life-improving and cost-saving treatments. In fact, in the United States, up to 7.5% of tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) eligible patients refuse this time limited stroke treatment, and even among stroke patients who receive tPA, up to 20% experience delayed treatment due to patient and family consent. Currently in the United States, a recommended approach to tPA consent is shared decision-making, which involves deliberative consideration of options, risks, benefits, and patient values. Although shared decision-making is highly valuable and appropriate in many medical decision-making situations, we think that full shared decision-making is not well suited for the acute stroke scenario due to the lack of clinical equipoise regarding tPA administration, the time-sensitive nature of this acute stroke treatment, and an inappropriate setting for in-depth discussions. tPA is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Union, albeit with more restrictive eligibility criteria than the current guideline recommendations. Current United States professional societies’ recommendations on tPA administration vary in strength by specialty. For example, in the United States, Neurology and Neurosurgical societies strongly recommend tPA treatment, whereas Emergency Medicine societies are more tepid in their recommendations. The American Heart Association, with endorsements from American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons, gives tPA administration in the 3-hour window its strongest recommendation. However, in 2015 the American College of Emergency Physicians’ recommendation to administer tPA in the 3-hour window was downgraded to a level B recommendation, and a consent processes grounded in shared decision was recommended. Similarly in their recent focused update, the American Academy of Emergency Medicine recommends discussions on benefit and harm and advocates use of a decision aid, Ischemic Stroke Predictive Risk Score (IScore; http:// www.sorcan.ca/iscore/) to facilitate the tPA consent discussion. We also note that reconciliation of recommendations across specialties might alone facilitate greater tPA administration by itself by reducing uncertainty.
Population aging and the generational economy: key findings

The goal of this study is to improve our understanding of how changes in population age structure are influencing national economies. Until recently changes in age structure were favorable for most countries as populations became increasingly concentrated in the working ages. For some countries in Asia and most in Africa, this trend continues today. But elsewhere—in the West, East Asia, and Latin America—the share of the working-age population is in decline or soon will be, as the share of the elderly population grows. Many concerns have been raised: bankruptcy for publicly funded health care and pensions systems, slower economic growth and possibly decline, unfair treatment of children vis-a-vis the elderly, the collapse of financial markets, and the burdening of future generations, to name a few. Effectively addressing the economic challenges of population aging is especially difficult, for two reasons. The first is that countries cannot rely exclusively on their own experience because in any given country changes in population age structure are occurring for the first time. Hence it is essential to learn from societies that have been the first to experience the age transition. The second problem is that many issues are addressed in piecemeal fashion, relying on partial and incomplete data. This study addresses this problem by relying on a newly developed system of accounts, National Transfer Accounts. Of course, there are many outstanding studies of these issues, and we draw upon them; but many questions remain, and myths and misunderstandings persist about the economic implications of changes in population age structure. The global age transition
On the Reality of Gainey Points

ABSTRACT Eren, Meltzer, and Andrews (2018. “Is Clovis Technology Unique to Clovis? ” PaleoAmerica 4: 201–218) repeat claims made elsewhere that deny the existence of a Gainey fluted point type/complex in the Great Lakes-Northeast region of North America and its distinctiveness from Clovis. The literature they cite that purports to refute the existence of Gainey does not do so. In fact, that literature is irrelevant to the question, and they ignore the 50+ years of published work that demonstrates in increasing detail how the Gainey point type differs from generally accepted characterizations of Clovis points and strongly suggests they post-date western Clovis forms. Treating all large, relatively parallel-sided points in the Great Lakes-Northeast as Clovis, despite evidence suggesting use and changes over hundreds of years, results in excessive time averaging and raises real doubts about conclusions based on that faulty assumption.