Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A REGIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF UNREGULATED STREAM FLOWS: SPATIAL RESOLUTION AND HIERARCHICAL FRAMEWORKS

River regulation has resulted in substantial losses in habitat connectivity, biodiversity and ecosystem services. River managers are faced with a growing need to protect the key aspects of the natural flow regime. A practical approach to providing environmental flow standards is to create a regional framework by classifying unregulated streams into groups of similar hydrologic properties, which represent natural flow regime targets. Because spatial resolution can influence the structure of regional datasets, it may be advantageous to relate datasets created at different scales in order to establish hierarchical structure and to understand how the relative importance of variables change with regard to scale. The purpose of this study was to classify unregulated streams within an eight‐state region into groups in order to provide environmental flow standards for managers and to relate that dataset to frameworks created at larger scales. Using USGS daily stream gauge information, we used 66 hydrologic statistics to classify 292 streams in groups of similar hydrologic properties. We isolated six flow classes in a sub‐region of the Southeastern US that ranged from extremely stable to highly variable to intermittent. We developed classification trees to reduce the number of hydrologic variables for future classifications. By comparing flow classes in our study to those of the entire US, we found that hierarchical structure did exist and that the divergence of flow classes will largely depend on the spatial resolution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early phase of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐positive diffuse large B cell lymphoma of the elderly mimicking EBV‐positive reactive follicular hyperplasia

LRP1 regulates cancer cell survival and metastasis development. Cancer Res. 2007; 67; 9817–9824. 3. Song H, Li Y, Lee J, Schwartz AL, Bu G. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 promotes cancer cell migration and invasion by inducing the expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9. Cancer Res. 2009; 69; 879–886. 4. Fayard B, Bianchi F, Dey J et al. The serine protease inhibitor protease nexin-1 controls mammary cancer metastasis through LRP-1-mediated MMP-9 expression. Cancer Res. 2009; 69; 5690– 5698. 5. Catasus L, Gallardo A, Llorente-Cortes V et al. Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) is associated with proliferation and invasiveness in Her-2 ⁄ neu and triple negative breast carcinomas. Hum. Pathol. 2011: [E-pub ahead of print] DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath. 2011.01. 011. 6. Dedieu S, Langlois B. LRP-1: a new modulator of cytoskeleton dynamics and adhesive complex turnover in cancer cells. Cell Adh. Migr. 2008; 2; 77–80. 7. Langlois B, Perrot G, Schneider C et al. LRP-1 promotes cancer cell invasion by supporting ERK and inhibiting JNK signaling pathways. PLoS ONE 2010; 5; e11584. 8. Dedieu S, Langlois B, Devy J et al. LRP-1 silencing prevents malignant cell invasion despite increased pericellular proteolytic activities. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2008; 28; 2980–2995.
Politics and Society in the South

I. The Changing South 1. Old Politics, New People 2. Industrialization and Urbanization 3. The Rise of Middle-Class Society II. The Transformation of Southern Race Relations 4. The Old Order 5. Penetrating the Outer Color Line 6. The Limited Leverage of a Franchised Minority 7. Confronting the Intermediate Color Line III. The Southern Electorate 8. The Changing Electorate 9. Contemporary Racial Attitudes 10. The Conservative Advantage in Public Opinion 11. The Decline of Southern "Democracy" IV. The Revival of Party Competition 12. The Republican Advantage in Presidential Politics 13. Partisan Competition for Senator and Governor 14. The Reshaping of Southern Politics Notes Index
Cryomilling of Aluminum-based and Magnesium-based Metal Powders

Ball milling has been shown to produce nanostructures in metal powders through severe repetitive deformation. Ball milling at cryogenic temperatures (cryomilling) is more effective in this capacity due to the low temperature by slowing recovery and minimizing diffusion distances between different components. Nanostructured metals are of interest because of their unique physical and mechanical properties. The result of cryomilling is powder consisting of crystallites on the order of 30 – 50 nm. In order to characterize the properties of this material, it is often necessary to consolidate the powder, which is often difficult without causing significant grain growth. In this work, aluminum-rich and magnesium-rich alloys of varying composition are produced by cryomilling and characterized by x-ray diffraction. A novel consolidation process called high shear powder consolidation (HSPC) is used to densify as-received and as-milled powders with minimal growth. The construction of a cryomill, along with a modification for improving process yield, has provided a platform for the study of nanocrystalline metals. It has been shown that bulk nanocrystalline materials are attainable and that alloy composition influences mechanical properties.
Illness trajectories and palliative care

When people with life threatening illnesses and their carers ask about prognosis (“How long have I got? ”), they are often doing more than simply inquiring about life expectancy. Within this question is another, often unspoken, question about likely patterns of decline (“What will happen? ”). One aid to answering both questions may be through the use of typical illness trajectories. Thinking in terms of these trajectories provides a broad timeframe and patterns of probable needs and interactions with health and social services that can, conceptually at least, be mapped out towards death. Such frameworks may help clinicians plan and deliver appropriate care that integrates active and palliative management. If patients and their carers gain a better understanding by considering illness trajectories this may help them feel in greater control of their situation and empower them to cope with its demands. An important implication for service planners is that different models of care will be appropriate for people with different illness trajectories. We review the main currently described illness trajectories at the end of life and draw out key clinical implications. We searched our own database of papers, conducted a Medline search, and approached experts for additional published references (further details available from SAM). We also re-examined primary data relating to illness trajectories from our previous studies investigating the palliative care needs of people with advanced lung cancer and heart failure.1 ### Different trajectories for different diseases A century ago, death was typically quite sudden, and the leading causes were infections, accidents, and childbirth. Today sudden death is less common, particularly in Western, economically developed, societies. Towards the end of life, most people acquire a serious progressive illness—cardiovascular disease, cancer, and respiratory disorders are the three leading causes—that increasingly interferes with their usual activities until death. Three distinct illness trajectories have been described so far for people …
An Emerging Role of Sonic Hedgehog Shedding as a Modulator of Heparan Sulfate Interactions*

Background: Sonic hedgehog is released from expressing cells by proteolytic cleavage (shedding) of lipidated N-terminal peptides. Results: The heparan sulfate (HS) binding Cardin-Weintraub motif represents one N-terminal protease cleavage site in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: This results in impaired HS binding of solubilized proteins. Significance: Shedding may facilitate Sonic hedgehog diffusion through the HS-rich extracellular matrix. Major developmental morphogens of the Hedgehog (Hh) family act at short range and long range to direct cell fate decisions in vertebrate and invertebrate tissues. To this end, Hhs are released from local sources and act at a distance on target cells that express the Hh receptor Patched. However, morphogen secretion and spreading are not passive processes because all Hhs are synthesized as dually (N- and C-terminal) lipidated proteins that firmly tether to the surface of producing cells. On the cell surface, Hhs associate with each other and with heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans. This raises the question of how Hh solubilization and spreading is achieved. We recently discovered that Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is solubilized by proteolytic processing (shedding) of lipidated peptide termini in vitro. Because unprocessed N termini block Patched receptor binding sites in the cluster, we further suggested that their proteolytic removal is required for simultaneous Shh activation. In this work we confirm inactivity of unprocessed protein clusters and demonstrate restored biological Shh function upon distortion or removal of N-terminal amino acids and peptides. We further show that N-terminal Shh processing targets and inactivates the HS binding Cardin-Weintraub (CW) motif, resulting in soluble Shh clusters with their HS binding capacities strongly reduced. This may explain the ability of Shh to diffuse through the HS-containing extracellular matrix, whereas other HS-binding proteins are quickly immobilized. Our in vitro findings are supported by the presence of CW-processed Shh in murine brain samples, providing the first in vivo evidence for Shh shedding and subsequent solubilization of N-terminal-truncated proteins.
The Impact of CME on Physician Performance and Patient Health Outcomes: An Updated Synthesis of Systematic Reviews

Introduction: Since 1977, many systematic reviews have asked 2 fundamental questions: (1) Does CME improve physician performance and patient health outcomes? and (2) What are the mechanisms of action that lead to positive changes in these outcomes? The article's purpose is to synthesize the systematic review literature about CME effectiveness published since 2003. Methods: We identified 8 systematic reviews of CME effectiveness published since 2003 in which primary research studies in CME were reviewed and physicians’ performance and/or patient health outcomes were included as outcome measures. Results: Five systematic reviews addressed the question of “Is CME Effective? ” using primary studies employing randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or experimental design methods and concluded: (1) CME does improve physician performance and patient health outcomes, and (2) CME has a more reliably positive impact on physician performance than on patient health outcomes. The 8 systematic reviews support previous research showing CME activities that are more interactive, use more methods, involve multiple exposures, are longer, and are focused on outcomes that are considered important by physicians lead to more positive outcomes. Discussion: Future research on CME effectiveness must take account of the wider social, political, and organizational factors that play a role in physician performance and patient health outcomes. We now have 39 systematic reviews that present an evidence‐based approach to designing CME that is more likely to improve physician performance and patient health outcomes. These insights from the scientific study of CME effectiveness should be incorporated in ongoing efforts to reform systems of CME and health care delivery.
Pain and quality of life among long‐term gynecological cancer survivors: a population‐based case‐control study

Background. The population of gynecological cancer survivors is growing, yet little is known about the effects of cancer and treatment on pain and quality of life well beyond the completion of therapy. The aims of this study were to investigate quality of life and the prevalence, intensity and presentation of pain in long‐term survivors of gynecological cancer compared to a representative group of women from the general population. Methods. The study comprised women aged 32–75, residing in a central part of Norway. Cases were gynecological cancer survivors treated at University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway, between 1987 and 1996, and age‐matched women selected at random from the general population served as controls. After 1 reminder, the response rate was 55% (176/319) and 41% (521/1,276) for survivors and controls, respectively. A total of 160 gynecological cancer survivors and 493 controls were eligible for final analyses. Pain was measured by the item ‘How often do you have pain? ’ and marks on a body chart indicating pain sites. Ferrans and Powers’ Quality of Life Index (QLI) measured quality of life. The level of statistical significance was set at p≤0.05. A φ2 test for categorical variables, unpaired t‐test for continuous variables, and logistic regression were applied. Results. On average, the long‐term gynecological cancer survivors had a complete recurrence‐free period of 12 years (range: 7–18). The prevalence of pain was 26%. The results revealed no difference in the prevalence of pain between women who survived gynecological cancer and women without a gynecological cancer history. Women suffering from musculoskeletal disorders or living in households with low income are more likely to suffer pain. The small group of women with a previous history of gynecological cancer and living in a low income household experience more pain, particular if they suffer from edema. Pain shows a clear negative effect on quality of life, especially on the health and functioning domain. There was no difference in the quality of life between cancer survivors and controls. Conclusion. Long‐term gynecological cancer survivors do not differ from other women in terms of pain and quality of life. Pain is associated with musculoskeletal disorders and low income.
OCM - An Optimized Model to Eliminate Invalid Data in Complex Event Processing

Complex Event Processing (CEP) is a branch of stream data mining, which is usually used to discover event patterns. Generally, a complex event processing engine uses nonprocedural declaration language and state machine to define event patterns. It generates synopses of universe data by sliding window model, therefore could identify event patterns which users care about from rapidly changing and potentially infinite event stream in a relatively short time. Among all the data streams, monitoring data flow is easy to describe by events, so CEP is suitable for supervision or decision control for business system. However, CEP does not support backtracking to eliminate invalid data, which limits CEP in supervision or decision control applications. The traditional complex event processing try to solve this problem by defining more complicated event patterns to avoid invalid results, the side effect of which would be heavier workload onto the engine. For this problem, we propose an optimized complex-event-processing model OCM. OCM will decompose complicated event patterns into small ones according to their relations, and distribute these patterns to more than one CEP engines to hierarchically filter invalid data. It can eliminate invalid data with better performance than the traditional approaches. We have also implemented the prototype and designed experiments to test the effectiveness of OCM. We have applied this model into Aviation Application in EU FP6 project Bridge.
Expression of HERC4 in lung cancer and its correlation with clinicopathological parameters.

BACKGROUND Growing evidence suggests that the members of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) are important for tumorigenesis. HERC4, one component, is a recently identified ubiqutin ligase. However, the expression level and function role of HERC4 in lung cancer remain unknown. Our objective was to investigate any correlation between HERC4 and development of lung cancer and its clinical significance. MATERIALS AND METHODS To determine HERC4 expression in lung cancer, an immunohistochemistry analysis of a tissue microarray containing samples of 10 lung normal tissues, 15 pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas, 45 squamous epithelial cancers and 50 adenocarcinomas was conducted. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was applied to obtain a cut-off point of 52.5%, above which the expression of HERC4 was regarded as "positive". RESULTS On the basis of ROC curve analysis, positive expression of HERC4 was detected in 0/10 (0.0%) of lung normal tissues, in 4/15 (26.7%) of pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas, in 13/45 (28.9%) of squamous epithelial cancers and in 19/50 (38.0%) of adenocarcinomas. It showed that lung tumors expressed more HERC4 protein than adjacent normal tissues (χ2=4.675, p=0.031). Furthermore, HERC4 positive expression had positive correlation with pT status (χ2=44.894, p=0.000), pN status (χ2=43.628, p=0.000), histological grade (χ2=7.083, p=0.029) and clinical stage (χ2=72.484, p=0.000), but not age (χ2=0.910, p=0.340). CONCLUSIONS Our analysis suggested that HERC4 is likely to be a diagnostic biomarker for lung cancer.
Consistency of response and image recognition, pulmonary nodules.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of recognition of a previously encountered radiograph on consistency of response in localized pulmonary nodules. METHODS 13 radiologists interpreted 40 radiographs each to locate pulmonary nodules. A few days later, they again interpreted 40 radiographs. Half of the images in the second set were new. We asked the radiologists whether each image had been in the first set. We used Fisher's exact test and Kruskal-Wallis test to evaluate the correlation between recognition of an image and consistency in its interpretation. We evaluated the data using all possible recognition levels-definitely, probably or possibly included vs definitely, probably or possibly not included by collapsing the recognition levels into two and by eliminating the "possibly included" and "possibly not included" scores. RESULTS With all but one of six methods of looking at the data, there was no significant correlation between consistency in interpretation and recognition of the image. When the possibly included and possibly not included scores were eliminated, there was a borderline statistical significance (p = 0.04) with slightly greater consistency in interpretation of recognized than that of non-recognized images. CONCLUSION We found no convincing evidence that radiologists' recognition of images in an observer performance study affects their interpretation on a second encounter. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE Conscious recognition of chest radiographs did not result in a greater degree of consistency in the tested interpretation than that in the interpretation of images that were not recognized.
Monitoring Water Sources for Environmental Reservoirs of Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1, Haiti

To the Editor: In the March 2014 issue of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Alam et al. reported a survey of water sources in Haiti conducted to isolate Vibrio cholerae (1). Each month from April 2012 through March 2013, they sampled 15 sites at 3 rivers and 1 estuary in West Department. From 179 water samples and 144 aquatic animals and plants, they obtained 7 V. cholerae O1 isolates, including 3 ctx-positive toxigenic strains. Unfortunately, the results for all 7 V. cholerae O1 isolates were aggregated, and no details were provided about the exact time and location of collection of samples corresponding to the 3 ctx-positive strains. The authors posed the question of whether V. cholerae O1 has become established in environmental reservoirs in Haiti, subsequently warning that “as long as the causative microorganism is present in the environment, eradication of the disease will not be possible. ” However, after challenging their results with more accurate epidemiologic data, we found that these 3 ctx-positive toxigenic strains could more likely have been present in the sampled rivers as a result of recent fecal contamination (Figure). Indeed, many cholera cases were reported in the corresponding communal sections (i.e., the smallest Haitian administrative unit, average 25 km2) when the samples containing the 7 V. cholerae O1 isolates were collected. In this context of an ongoing cholera epidemic associated with persisting rainfall (Figure), generalized open-air defecation inevitably leads to contamination of water sources. It is therefore impossible to determine whether V. cholerae–positive rivers constitute perennial reservoirs of the bacteria or whether they act only as transient vectors of the pathogens. Figure Weekly cholera incidence in communal sections of Haiti in which water samples were positive for Vibrio cholerae O1; accumulated precipitation in the studied area by week during April 2012–March 2013; and number of environmental sites from which . The recent dramatic decrease in cholera transmission may provide a good opportunity to address this issue (2). We thus encourage Alam et al. to continue the search for ctx-positive toxigenic V. cholerae O1 strains in surface waters, especially during cholera-free periods.
The availability of inspected systems subject to shocks and graceful degradation

This paper studies maintained systems with nonself-announcing ("hidden") failures that deteriorate due to both shocks and graceful degradation. Shocks occur according to a Poisson process, shock magnitudes are i.d. d. random variables, and between shocks, deterioration occurs at a constant rate. Inspections are performed periodically. Using regenerative arguments, an expression is derived for limiting average availability. This expression provides insight into the effect of system life distribution on availability, and suggests opportunities for more effective inspection strategies.
The rare bacterial biosphere.

All communities are dominated by a few species that account for most of the biomass and carbon cycling. On the other hand, a large number of species are represented by only a few individuals. In the case of bacteria, these rare species were until recently invisible. Owing to their low numbers, conventional molecular techniques could not retrieve them. Isolation in pure culture was the only way to identify some of them, but current culturing techniques are unable to isolate most of the bacteria in nature. The recent development of fast and cheap high-throughput sequencing has begun to allow access to the rare species. In the case of bacteria, the exploration of this rare biosphere has several points of interest. First, it will eventually produce a reasonable estimate of the total number of bacterial taxa in the oceans; right now, we do not even know the right order of magnitude. Second, it will answer the question of whether "everything is everywhere. " Third, it will require hypothesizing and testing the ecological mechanisms that allow subsistence of many species in low numbers. And fourth, it will open an avenue of research into the immense reserve of genes with potential applications hidden in the rare biosphere.