Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of strength anisotropy on the behaviour of embankments on soft ground

The need to build embankments on soft clay deposits is widespread, including flood defences, rail and motorway embankments. The difficulties in constructing embankments on these deposits are well known. The permeability of the ground is usually low, so that construction is generally performed under undrained conditions and, as a consequence of the low undrained shear strength of the clay, these structures are of a limited height, usually only 3–4 m. The classical design of an embankment is often based on a limit equilibrium approach, in which the soil is considered as an isotropic material. However, soft clays are almost always anisotropic, having both stiffness and strength dependent on the orientation of principal stresses. This complicates any design analysis, and as sufficient data are not usually available to define the magnitude of anisotropy, empirical factors are introduced into conventional design procedures. This paper attempts to demonstrate the effect of soil strength anisotropy on the behavio.
A Comparative Evaluation of Various Additives Used in the Stabilization of Expansive Soils

This paper looks at the effectiveness of using cement by-pass dust, copper slag, granulated blast furnace slag, and slag-cement in reducing the swelling potential and plasticity of expansive soils. The soil used was brought from a location where structural damage was observed. The experimental program first dealt with determination of the chemical, mineralogical, and geotechnical characteristics of the untreated soil. The soil was then mixed with stabilizers at 3, 6, and 9% of the dry weight of the soil. The treated samples were subjected to liquid limit, plastic limit, swell percent, and swell pressure tests. Furthermore, the cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cations, and pH of the treated samples were also measured. This work showed that copper slag caused a significant increase in the swelling potential of the treated samples. Other stabilizers reduced the swelling potential and plasticity to varying degrees. The research further indicated that cation exchange capacity and the amount of sodium and calcium cations are good indicators of the effectiveness of chemical stabilizers used in soil stabilization.
The affinities of ‘Steneosaurus barettoni’ (Crocodylomorpha, Thalattosuchia), from the Jurassic of Northern Italy, and implications for cranial evolution among geosaurine metriorhynchids

In 1787, a fragmentary fossil skull of a crocodylian was discovered in the Altopiano dei Sette Comuni (Veneto, Northern Italy). In 1883, the specimen was referred to a new species of the teleosauroid Steneosaurus, S. barettoni. In this study, the specimen is redescribed and its taxonomic status reviewed. S. barettoni fails to conform to Article 12 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and is considered as a nomen nudum. The specimen lacks synapomorphies of both Teleosauroidea and Steneosaurus, whereas it is referred to Metriorhynchidae based on the presence of an elongate median depression between the dorsal surface of nasals, and a large teardrop-shaped prefrontal that is expanded laterally. The combination of cranial and dental features present in this specimen supports its referral to Neptunidraco, an interpretation that adds new information on the morphology of the Italian metriorhynchid. Although total evidence analysis placed Neptunidraco as a basal divergence among Geosaurinae, it independently evolved some craniomandibular features previously considered exclusive of the macrophagous Geosaurini. This specimen is historically relevant because it may represent the first metriorhynchoid found worldwide.
Comparison of LIMS temperatures and geostrophic winds with Berlin radiosonde temperature and wind measurements

The compatibility of radiosonde (RAOB) and satellite temperature and wind data in the lower–middle stratosphere is evaluated via comparison of daily measurements from the Berlin (Tempelhof) RAOB station and colocated synoptically mapped temperature retrievals and geostrophic winds obtained from the Nimbus 7 Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) experiment for November 1978 to May 1979. Both on a slowly varying (seasonal) time scale and during large-amplitude sudden warming episodes, RAOB and LIMS are found to agree quite closely in terms of the local tendency of temperature and horizontal wind speed and direction. The overall similarity between RAOB winds and the LIMS-derived geostrophic values suggests that the horizontal wind flow in the lower-middle stratosphere over Berlin is essentially in thermal wind balance. This finding implies that ageostrophic wind motions in this region are rather small in magnitude, approaching the estimated level of uncertainty in the measurement/derivation of RAOB and LIMS winds. Low-frequency fluctuations are found to dominate the RAOB and LIMS time series. Nevertheless, on occasion, high-frequency structure in altitude and time appears in the RAOB data. These small-scale features, which generally possess small amplitudes, are either attenuated or virtually absent from the LIMS time series, consistent with the comparative sampling properties of the two observing systems. The results demonstrate that the LIMS-mapped temperature and wind analyses represent a valuable resource for investigating large-scale dynamics and transport.
Pre-A.D. 1931 tectonic subsidence of Ahuriri Lagoon, Napier, Hawke's Bay, New Zealand

Abstract Excavations for drainage of Ahuriri Lagoon near Poraiti has exposed a sequence, up to 8 m thick, of peat containing remains of two separate human skeletons, overlying primary airfall Waimihia Lapilli, and overlain by estuarine sediments. Stratigraphy together with radiocarbon dating of peat, wood, human bone, and shell samples is interpreted to indicate tectonic subsidence of 8 m in the last 3500 years at the pre-A.D. 1931 western margin of Ahuriri Lagoon. Most of this subsidence occurred between 3500 years B.P. and 1750 years B.P. at an average rate of 4.6 m/1000 years and was probably matched by the similar rate of peat accumulation. A hiatus in peat growth between c. 1800 years B.P. and c. 500 years B.P. was possibly the result of tectonic uplift. Maori human bones were buried in the upper 0.5 m of the peat 480–550 years B.P. and their burial was followed immediately by inundation by Ahuriri Lagoon as a result of either further tectonic subsidence or the breaching of a barrier at the western m.
Pressure wave generated by the Mount St. Helens eruption

Histories of the air pressure wave radiated from the eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980, were calculated for two models of the eruption cloud expansion. The first considered the wave radiated from an accelerated plane surface, while the second examined the wave radiated from an expanding hemisphere. Two histories of eruption cloud motion based on photographs were used. Peak positive overpressures were about the same for these cloud motion histories of expansion into a hemisphere was assumed. If an accelerated planar source model was used, the peak positive pressures have again about the same value in east and west direction, but values are about half in the north and south direction. Observed peak overpressures at microbarograph stations are somewhat higher than the calculated with the most marked departures at the greater surface ranges. These observed overpressures may have been about half the correct values, however. Microbarograph records show a weaker rarefaction than calculated histories or none at all. This can be explained, in part, by a lack of areal motion coherence in the slowing eruption cloud. It is also possible the net ash cloud volume increased considerably after its vertical growth ceased and weakened the negative phase as well as lengthening the positive phase.
Case Report: Possible Vertical Transmission of Bartonella bacilliformis in Peru

A 22-day-old male was admitted with a 2-day history of irritability, dyspnea, jaundice, fever, and gastroin- testinal bleeding. A thin blood smear was performed, which showed the presence of intraerythrocyte bacteria identified as Bartonella bacilliformis , and subsequently, the child was diagnosed with Carrion’s disease. The diagnosis was con- firmed by specific polymerase chain reaction. The child was born in a non-endemic B. bacilliformis area and had not traveled to such an area before hospitalization. However, the mother was from an endemic B. bacilliformis area, and posterior physical examination showed the presence of a wart compatible with B. bacilliformis in semi-immune subjects. These data support vertical transmission of B. bacilliformis . from 3,000 above level (masl), presentation has phases. The first phase (acute phase)
Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)

NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH U.S. Department of Health and Human Services The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) was a major multicenter clinical research study aimed at discovering whether modest weight loss through dietary changes and increased physical activity or treatment with the oral diabetes drug metformin (Glucophage) could prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes in study participants. At the beginning of the DPP, participants were all overweight and had blood glucose, also called blood sugar, levels higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes—a condition called prediabetes.
Liquefaction and flow failure during earthquakes.

Two aspects of seismically-induced liquefaction are discussed which are of vital engineering significance: the triggering condition and the consequences of liquefaction. The triggering condition is examined with respect to liquefaction analysis, note being taken of the onset condition which is governed by cyclic strength. Consequences of liquefaction are discussed with respect to post-seismic stability analysis, in which the residual strength plays a major role. Procedures used for liquefaction analysis based on the results of in situ sounding tests are introduced, and the applicability of this method for estimating associated ground settlements is discussed. The evaluation of residual strength requires a better understanding of undrained sand behaviour. Results of extensive laboratory rests on Japanese standard sand are examined and new index parameters are proposed to quantify undrained sand behaviour better. The results of laboratory tests on silty sands are examined in the same way. AH the results are.
Beetroot juice lowers blood pressure and improves endothelial function in pregnant eNOS

Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden;
Super‐deep low‐velocity layer beneath the Arabian plate

S and P receiver functions reveal indications of a low S velocity layer at 350–410 km depths beneath the Arabian plate. A similar layer was previously found beneath the Kaapvaal craton in southern Africa and Tunguska basin of the Siberian platform. We hypothesize, that the boundary at 350 km depth may separate dry mantle root of the Arabian plate from the underlying wet mantle layer. This boundary is not found beneath the Gulf of Aden, where the root is destroyed by sea‐floor spreading.
Handbook of dialects and language variation

Dialect Theory: C.M. Carver, English Dialectology and the Linguistic Atlas. J.K. Chambers, The Domain of Sociolinguistics. W. Labov, The Three Dialects of English. Regional Dialects: R.I. McDavid, Jr., V.G. McDavid, W.A. Kretzschmar, Jr., T.K. Lerud, and M. Ratliff, Inside a Linguistic Atlas. H. Kurath, The Sociocultural Background of Dialect Areas in American English. H.B. Allen, The Primary Dialect Areas of the Upper Midwest. L.M. Davis and C.L. Houck, What Determines a Dialect Area? W.A. Kretzschmar, Jr., Isoglosses and Predictive Modeling. T.S. Donahue, On Inland Northern and the Factors for Dialect Spread and Shift. R.R. Butters, Unstressed Vowels in Appalachian English. P.C. Nichols, Creoles of the USA. Social and Gender Dialects: W. Labov, The Social Stratification of (r) in New York City Department Stores. A.S. Kroch, Toward a Theory of Social Dialect Variation. J.K. Chambers, The Variable as a Structural Unit. W. Wolfram, Identifying and Interpreting Variables. P. Trudgill, Accommodation between Dialects. D.R. Preston, Two Heartland Perceptions of Language Variety. R.P. Gaudio, Sounding Gay: Pitch Properties in the Speech of Gay and Straight Men. J. Cheshire, The Relationship between Language and Sex in English. D. Tannen, The Relativity of Linguistic Strategies: Rethinking Power and Solidarity in Gender and Dominance. Ethnic Dialects, Education, and Social Issues: J. Rodby, A Polyphony of Voices: The Dialectics of Linguistic Diversity and Unity in the Twentieth-Century United States. R.W. Fasold, The Relation between Black and White Speech in the South. J. Baugh, Hypocorrection: Mistakes in Production of Vernacular African American English as a Second Dialect. M.D. Linn, Stylistic Variation in Vernacular Black English and the Teaching of College Composition. J. Penfield and J.L. Ornstein-Galicia, Speech Aspects of Chicano English. M. Hidalgo, On the Question of 'Standard' versus 'Dialect'. B. Craig, American Indian English. Historical Development and Language Change: W. Labov, Regular Sound Change in English Dialect Geography. J. Milroy, Social and Historical Linguistics. J.R. Rickford, Contemporary Source Comparison as a Critical Window on the Afro-American Linguistic Past. Index.
Air target detection via bistatic radar based on LEOs communication signals

The paper discusses the bistatic radar parameters for the case when the transmitter is a satellite emitting communication signals. The model utilises signals from an Iridium-like low earth orbiting satellite system. The maximum detection range, when thermal noise-limited, is discussed at the theoretical level and these results are compared with experimentation. Satellite-radar signal levels and the power of ground reflections are evaluated.
Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score: Using disability and disease duration to rate disease severity

Background:There is no consensus method for determining progression of disability in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) when each patient has had only a single assessment in the course of the disease. Methods:Using data from two large longitudinal databases, the authors tested whether cross-sectional disability assessments are representative of disease severity as a whole. An algorithm, the Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS), which relates scores on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) to the distribution of disability in patients with comparable disease durations, was devised and then applied to a collection of 9,892 patients from 11 countries to create the Global MSSS. In order to compare different methods of detecting such effects the authors simulated the effects of a genetic factor on disability. Results:Cross-sectional EDSS measurements made after the first year were representative of overall disease severity. The MSSS was more powerful than the other methods the authors tested for detecting different rates of disease progression. Conclusion:The Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS) is a powerful method for comparing disease progression using single assessment data. The Global MSSS can be used as a reference table for future disability comparisons. While useful for comparing groups of patients, disease fluctuation precludes its use as a predictor of future disability in an individual.
The Effects of Spike Frequency Adaptation and Negative Feedback on the Synchronization of Neural Oscillators

There are several different biophysical mechanisms for spike frequency adaptation observed in recordings from cortical neurons. The two most commonly used in modeling studies are a calcium-dependen t potassium current I ahp and a slow voltage-depe ndent potassium current, I m. We show that both of these have strong effects on the synchronization properties of excitatorily coupled neurons. Furthermore, we show that the reasons for these effects are different. We show through an analysis of some standard models, that the M-current adaptation alters the mechanism for repetitive ring, while the afterhyperpolarization adaptation works via shunting the incoming synapses. This latter mechanism applies with a network that has recurrent inhibition. The shunting behavior is captured in a simple two-variable reduced model that arises near certain types of bifurcations. A one-dimensional map is derived from the simplied model.
Meteorological atmospheric boundary layer measurements and ECMWF analyses during summer at Dome C, Antarctica

[1] Six levels of meteorological sensors have been deployed along a 45 m tower at the French-Italian Concordia station, Dome C, Antarctic. We present measurements of vertical profiles, the diurnal cycle, and interdiurnal variability of temperature, humidity, and wind speed and direction for 3 weeks during the southern summer of 2008. These measurements are compared to 6-hourly European Center for Medium-Range Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses and daily radiosoundings. The ECMWF analyses show a 3–4°C warm bias relative to the tower observations. They reproduce the diurnal cycle of temperature with slightly weaker amplitude and weaker vertical gradients. The amplitude of the diurnal cycle of relative humidity is overestimated by ECMWF because the amplitude of the absolute humidity diurnal cycle is too small. The nighttime surface-based wind shear and Ekman spiral is also not reproduced in the ECMWF analyses. Radiosonde temperatures are biased low relative to the tower observations in the lowest 30 m but approach agreement at the top of the tower. Prior to bias correction for age-related contamination, radiosonde relative humidities are biased low relative to the tower observations in the lowest 10 m but agree with tower observations above this height. After correction for the age-related bias, the radiosonde relative humidity agrees with tower observations below 10 m but is biased high above this height. Tower temperature observations may also be biased by solar heating, despite radiation shielding and natural ventilation.
Effects of Coal Pile Runoff on Stream Quality and Macroinvertebrate Communities

Samples of coal pile runoff, Georges Creek water, and macrobenthos above and below two coal storage areas along Georges Creek, Allegany County, Maryland, were collected in July, August, and September 1982, and February and July 1983. Coal pile runoff was collected under high- and low-flow conditions. Water samples were analyzed for Hg, Zn, As, Fe, Mn, Al, SO/sub 4//sup -2/, pH, filterable and nonfilterable residue, conductivity and acidity. Leachate from coal piles along Georges Creek contained high concentrations of heavy metals, particularly manganese, aluminum and zinc. Iron and sulfate were very high and the pH ranged from 1.4 to 3.1. Georges Creek water had much lower concentrations of metals, iron and sulfate and a pH of about 7.0. The distribution of macrobenthos in Georges Creek showed the effects of both runoff from coal storage piles and periodic drought. Brillouin's diversity index values were low even in areas which did not dry. Densities of tubificid worms and chironomid larvae were very high above the coal storage areas where organic inputs were high. At all the rest of the sampling stations, macroinvertebrate densities were very low. Where coal pile runoff enters Georges Creek, it compounds the effects of periodic drought and furthermore » stresses the aquatic community. « less
Detection of cirrus based on refractive index using MODIS data

Cirrus is important in the energy balance of the earth-atmosphere system. Previous studies are based on the forward models using the single scattering in the cirrus. In this study, we provide a unique method to detect the cirrus using the polarized reflectivities, single-scattering, and optical properties of water and ice with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) observations. Consequently, the polarized reflectivities at MODIS 1.375 μm channel show the reasonable characteristics of the cirrus. The effective refractive indexes are retrieved approximately from 1.1 to 1.4. This investigation provides an effective inversion procedure for detecting the cirrus using the physical characteristics in the cirrus on the basis of the polarization and refractive index.
A review of operations research methods applicable to wildfire management

Across the globe, wildfire-related destruction appears to be worsening despite increased fire suppression expenditure. At the same time, wildfire management is becoming increasingly complicated owing to factors such as an expanding wildland–urban interface, interagency resource sharing and the recognition of the beneficial effects of fire on ecosystems. Operations research is the use of analytical techniques such as mathematical modelling to analyse interactions between people, resources and the environment to aid decision-making in complex systems. Fire managers operate in a highly challenging decision environment characterised by complexity, multiple conflicting objectives and uncertainty. We assert that some of these difficulties can be resolved with the use of operations research methods. We present a range of operations research methods and discuss their applicability to wildfire management with illustrative examples drawn from the wildfire and disaster operations research literature.
Fast and accurate global multiphase arrival tracking: the irregular shortest-path method in a 3-D spherical earth model

S U M M A R Y The traditional grid/cell-based wavefront expansion algorithms, such as the shortest path algorithm, can only find the first arrivals or multiply reflected (or mode converted) waves transmitted from subsurface interfaces, but cannot calculate the other later reflections/conversions having a minimax time path. In order to overcome the above limitations, we introduce the concept of a stationary minimax time path of Fermat’s Principle into the multistage irregular shortest path method. Here we extend it from Cartesian coordinates for a flat earth model to global ray tracing of multiple phases in a 3-D complex spherical earth model. The ray tracing results for 49 different kinds of crustal, mantle and core phases show that the maximum absolute traveltime error is less than 0.12 s and the average absolute traveltime error is within 0.09 s when compared with the AK135 theoretical traveltime tables for a 1-D reference model. Numerical tests in terms of computational accuracy and CPU time consumption indicate that the new scheme is an accurate, efficient and a practical way to perform 3-D multiphase arrival tracking in regional or global traveltime tomography.