Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Running head : INTUITIVE PHYSICAL EXPERIMENTATION 1 Intuitive Experimentation in the Physical World

Many aspects of our physical environment are hidden. For example, it is hard to estimate how heavy an object is from visual observation alone. In this paper we examine how people actively “experiment” within the physical world to discover such latent properties. In the first part of the paper, we develop a novel framework for the quantitative analysis of the information produced by physical interactions. We then describe two experiments that present participants with moving objects in “microworlds” that operate according to continuous spatiotemporal dynamics similar to everyday physics (i.e., forces of gravity, friction, etc.). Participants were asked to interact with objects in the microworlds in order to identify their masses, or the forces of attraction/repulsion that governed their movement. Using our modeling framework, we find that learners who freely interacted with the physical system selectively produced evidence that revealed the physical property consistent with their inquiry goal. As a result, their inferences were more accurate than for passive observers and, in some contexts, for yoked participants who watched video replays of an active learner’s interactions. We characterize active learners’ actions into a range of micro-experiment strategies and discuss how these might be learned or generalized from past experience. The technical contribution of this work is the development of a novel analytic framework and methodology for the study of interactively learning about the physical world. Its empirical contribution is the demonstration of sophisticated goal directed human active learning in a naturalistic context.
Scoring Matrix Framework for Threat Factor Profiling Model

One of the important requirements in preparing for an information security risk management system is to construct a threat profiling model that can be used to identify and classify threats. The threat profiling model provides an organization with a complete set of information including pattern of threat scenarios and analysis on the threat they encounter. However, an organization must set objectives and results of a threat profiling, as well as metrics in order to measure, appreciate and counter the potential threats. The main contribution of this paper is the framework of the threat scoring which extends our previous findings on combinations of components found in referred threat models. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, threat scoring framework has not been investigated by any previous approaches. In fact, the computed threat score enables the quantification of the degree of threat severity which is an important benchmark for an organization to plan their countermeasure actions. Therefore, a scoring matrix framework for Threat Factor Profiling (TFP) model that includes identification and classification of threat is proposed. The purpose of this framework is to identify threats based on activity within an information system of an organization. The Threat Profile Report presents the collected data of threat based on the predetermined matrix.
in of MHC Class II and Dendrite Morphology Human Cytomegalovirus Alters Localization

Hemopoietic stem cell-derived mature Langerhans-type dendritic cells (LC) are susceptible to productive infection by human CMV (HCMV). To investigate the impact of infection on this cell type, we examined HLA-DR biosynthesis and trafﬁcking in mature LC cultures exposed to HCMV. We found decreased surface HLA-DR levels in viral Ag-positive as well as in Ag-negative mature LC. Inhibition of HLA-DR was independent of expression of unique short US2-US11 region gene products by HCMV. Indeed, exposure to UV-inactivated virus, but not to conditioned medium from infected cells, was sufﬁcient to reduce HLA-DR on mature LC, implicating particle binding/penetration in this effect. Reduced surface levels reﬂected an altered distribution of HLA-DR because total cellular HLA-DR was not diminished. Accumulation of HLA-DR was not explained by altered cathepsin S activity. Mature, peptide-loaded HLA-DR molecules were retained within cells, as assessed by the proportion of SDS-stable HLA-DR dimers. A block in egress was implicated, as endocytosis of surface HLA-DR was not increased. Immunoﬂuorescence microscopy corroborated the intracellular retention of HLA-DR and revealed markedly fewer HLA-DR-positive dendritic projections in infected mature LC. Unexpectedly, light microscopic analyses showed a dramatic loss of the dendrites themselves and immunoﬂuorescence revealed that cytoskeletal elements crucial for the formation and maintenance of dendrites are disrupted in viral Ag-positive cells. Consistent with these dendrite effects, HCMV-infected mature LC exhibit markedly reduced chemotaxis in response to lymphoid chemokines. Thus, HCMV impedes
Structural Characterization of a Higher Plant Calmodulin'

ABSTRACI Calmodulin is a eukaryotic calcium binding protein which has several calcium-dependent in vitro activities. Presented in this report is a structural characterization of calmodulin from spinach leaves (Spinacia okr-acea). Spinach calmodulin may be representative of higher plant calmodulins in general since calmodulin from the monocotyledon barley,(Hor-deum vulgare) is indistinguishable by a variety of physical, chemical, and functional criteria (Schleicher, Lukas, Watterson 1983 Plant Physiol 73: 6664670). Spinach calmodulin is homologous to bovine brain calmodulin with only 13 identified amino acid sequence differences, excluding a blocked NHrterminal tripeptide whose sequence has not been elucidated. Two extended regions of sequence identity are in the NHrterminal half of the molecule, while nine of the 13 identified differences are in the COOH-terminal half of the molecule. Two of the changes, a cysteine at residue 26 and a glutamine at residue 96, require a minimum of two base changes in the nucleotide codons. Both of these changes occur in the proposed calcium binding loops of the molecule. Five additional amino acid differences found in spinach calmodulin had not been observed previously in a calmodulin. As described in an accompanying report (Roberts, Burgess, Watterson 1984 Plant Physiol 75: 796-798) these limited number of amino acid sequence variations appear to result in differential effects on the activation of calmodulin-dependent enzymes by plant and vertebrate calmodulins. several
the interaction between environmental filtering and competitive exclusion competition model

In the community phylogenetics literature, patterns of clustering and overdispersion are taken to be signs of environmental filtering and competitive exclusion, respectively, when phylogeny is a good proxy for ecological similarity. Competitive exclusion of ecologically similar species is often assumed to be an expectation of classic theory on limiting similarity, where ecological similarity refers to niche separation. Critics of community phylogenetics have recently pointed out that coexistence theory shows that ecological similarity can also lead to similarity in species’ relative competitive ability (or fitnesses), which will actually promote coexistence. This means that the expected effect of competition on ecological similarity is ambiguous. To fully understand the implications of this issue for community phylogenetics and related fields, however, requires incorporating a concept of environmental filtering, which is expected to promote coexistence of ecologically similar species by only allowing the inclusion of species with suitable traits for an environment, into a model of competition, allowing a full exploration of how these factors interact to determine coexistence. Here, I present a continuous version of a three trophic level competition model – allowing species to compete both through shared resources and shared predators – which incorporates indirect biotic environmental filtering. An analysis of a simplified two species version of the model, suggests that coexistence is maximized at intermediate levels of ecological similarity, and that the strength of environmental filtering affects the position and dispersion of the ideal niche separation. I discuss how the model presented here can serve as an abstract phenomenological model that expresses many of the general characteristics of modern niche concepts.
COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF STRESSFUL FACTORS ON GROWTH AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF BROAD BEAN PLANTS

The effects of heat, UV-irradiation and salinity on growth and metabolism of broad bean plants were investigated. Exposure of bean plants to these stressful factors induced variable significant decreases in the levels of growth parameters throughout the experimental period, as compared with control plants. In relation to controls, direct exposure of broad bean plants to heat, UV-irradiation and salinity stresses, induced significant variable changes in the soluble carbohydrate components. Concurrently with carbohydrate changes, significant variable increases in the activities of both invertase and α-amylase of broad bean plants were maintained throughout the entire period of the experiment.
Eosinophilic esophagitis incidence in New Zealand: high but not increasing

Background and aim: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an immune-mediated in ﬂ ammatory condition of the esophagus. Recent literature has shown an increasing incidence of the disease. However, no epidemiological data exist regarding New Zealand rates of EoE. The disease is associated with atopy, and New Zealand ’ s high rate of atopic disease means the disease may be important in our population. We carried out a retrospective study to describe the incidence of EoE in the Wellington region of New Zealand, as well as key histological and clinical factors associated with the disease. Method: A search was made of laboratory and endoscopic databases in the Wellington region to identify all diagnosed cases in the ﬁ ve years between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2015. Case notes were examined to determine the key demographic and clinical parameters in the cases. Incidence rates were calculated for each year, and the effects of age group and sex on the incidence rates were analyzed. Result: We found 152 cases of EoE in the Wellington region with an annual incidence of 6.95 per 100,000 person/years. We found no evidence of a signi ﬁ cant difference in incidence rates by year in our study population. There was a signi ﬁ cantly lower incidence rate in those aged <16 compared to those aged ≥ 16 (RR=0.26). Males had a higher incidence rate than females with an estimated rate ratio of 2.45 ( p <0.05). Conclusion: Our results are in contrast to previous reports of increasing incidence rates and may re ﬂ ect a leveling off of incidence. Further research is needed to determine whether the low incidence in our pediatric age group is due to ascertainment bias or due to a real difference in the epidemiology of EoE in NZ compared to other countries. prospectively examining the incidence of EoE in this group would be useful in determining whether this is due to ascertainment bias or is a real difference in the epidemiology of EoE in NZ compared to other countries. of medical terms providing codes, terms, synonyms and de ﬁ nitions used in clinical documentation and reporting; inhibitor responsive
Cranial anatomy of Besanosaurus

Besanosaurus leptorhynchus Dal Sasso Pinna, 1996 was described on the basis of a single fossil excavated near Besano (Italy) nearly three decades ago. Here, we re-examine its cranial osteology and assign five additional specimens to B. leptorhynchus, four of which were so far undescribed. All of the referred specimens were collected from the Middle Triassic outcrops of the Monte San Giorgio area (Italy/Switzerland) and are housed in various museum collections in Europe. The revised diagnosis of the taxon includes the following combination of cranial characters: extreme longirostry; an elongate frontal not participating in the supratemporal fenestra; a prominent ‘triangular process’ of the quadrate; a caudoventral exposure of the postorbital on the skull roof; a prominent coronoid (preglenoid) process of the surangular; tiny conical teeth with coarsely-striated crown surfaces and deeply-grooved roots; mesial maxillary teeth set in sockets; distal maxillary teeth set in a short groove. All these characters are shared with the holotype of Mikadocephalus gracilirostris Maisch Matzke, 1997, which we consider as a junior synonym of B. leptorhynchus. An updated phylogenetic analysis, which includes revised scores for B. leptorhynchus and several other shastasaurids, recovers B. leptorhynchus as a basal merriamosaurian, but it is unclear if Shastasauridae form a clade, or represent a paraphyletic group. The inferred body length of the examined specimens ranges from 1 m to about 8 m. The extreme longirostry suggests that B. leptorhynchus primarily fed on small and elusive prey, feeding lower in the food web than an apex predator: a novel ecological specialisation never reported before the Anisian in a large diapsid. This specialization might have triggered an increase of body size and helped to maintain low competition among the diverse ichthyosaur fauna of the Besano Formation. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11179 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-204247 Journal Article Published Version The following work is licensed under a Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. Originally published at: Bindellini, Gabriele; Wolniewicz, Andrzej S; Miedema, Feiko; Scheyer, Torsten M; Dal Sasso, Cristiano (2021). Cranial anatomy of Besanosaurus leptorhynchus Dal Sasso Pinna, 1996 (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic Besano Formation of Monte San Giorgio, Italy/Switzerland: taxonomic and palaeobiological implications. PeerJ, 9:e11179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11179
Business, Management and Economics Intrapreneurship Dynamics and Small-Scale Businesses’ Growth: A Meta-Analysis

The small-scale businesses found in Abakaliki and and wholesale and retailing, transportation, manufacturing, building and construction and education. The thrust of the Abstract: The objective of the paper is to provide an in depth analysis of the concept of intrapreneurship and how it is a leeway to the success of small-scale businesses in South East Nigeria. Extant literature were reviewed and the theoretical framework is anchored on the psychological innovation entrepreneurship theory propounded by Schumpeter in1938 in which he describes the entrepreneur as one forsaking well-trodden paths to open up new territory and as turning dreams into reality. A structured questionnaire that gauged the structure; size, control, organizational and communications levels of Small Scale Businesses, in relation with intrapreneurship was developed and administered to small scale businesses. Data collected were analysed using the Pearson‟s product moment correlation, t-test and three (3) simple regression models. Also to show that the data satisfies the conditions for parametric analysis, the F-Statistic linearity test and Shapiro-Wilk‟s test of normality was also conducted using the SPSS version 20.0. However, from the data analysis, it was found that small-scale business growth is enhanced through intrapreneurship activities. Consequently it is recommended that small-scale owners should engage people with entrepreneurship orientations. internal that stimulate intrapreneurship in large corporations. a study on intrapreneurship in organizations of different sizes and identifies two indicators of intrapreneurship. A first to measure the perception of the organizational conditions, and the second for intrapreneurial behaviour. The instrument of data collection on 711 firms with 156 of the firms positively. of the study with an management for intrapreneurship higher levels of intrapreneurship perceived as well as that the organizational conditions are favourable. Higher budgets for R&D do have an effect on the organizational conditions but not on intrapreneurial in other perceived better conditions do not higher levels more intrapreneurship.
Perspective on practical aspects of truck routing and scheduling

Truck routing and scheduling problems are differentiated from other vehicle routing and scheduling problems and a classification scheme for the former ones is outlined. Many characteristics of practical truck routing and scheduling problems are listed and several aspects are discussed, among them are: soft constraints, demand variability, multiple objectives, complex cost functions, and alternate solution approaches and their potential for solving practical problems. It is suggested that cost-based interactive heuristics coupled with graphical presentation of solutions may be the right method to deal with the more complex practical problems. Some basic generic heuristics are suggested and important software design and acquisition considerations are presented.
Global environmental consequences of 21st century ice sheet melt

Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections.
Effect of Utilization of Organic Waste as Agricultural Amendment on Soil Microbial Biomass

The use of organic wastes, from municipal and industrial activities, as source of plant nutrients and soil conditioners increased worldwide. However, there is a concern with the environmental pollution. Currently, these organic wastes are disposed in open dump in developing countries or in landfills in the developed ones. The main soil indicator used to evaluate the effect of organic wastes on soil is soil microbial biomass. Soil microbial biomass is very sensitive to environmental impact and there are already several studies evaluating the effect of organic wastes on soil microbial properties. Nowadays, the studies are focusing soil microbial diversity as the use of molecular biology tools. The current review addresses the effects of use of organic waste, from municipal and industrial sources, in agriculture and their effects on soil microbial biomass.
Variable-length limited feedback beamforming in multiple-antenna fading channels

—We study a multiple-input single-output fading channel where we would like to minimize the channel outage probability or the symbol error rate (SER) by employing beamforming via quantized channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT). We consider a variable-length limited feed- back scheme where the quantized CSIT is acquired through feedback binary codewords of possibly different lengths. We design and analyze the performance of the associated variable-length quantizers (VLQs) and compare their performance with the previously-studied ﬁxed-length quantizers (FLQs). For the outage probability performance measure, we construct VLQs that can achieve the full-CSIT performance with ﬁnite rate. Moreover, as the signal-to-noise ratio P tends to inﬁnity, we show that VLQs can achieve the full-CSIT outage probability performance with asymptotically zero feedback rate. For the SER performance measure, we show that while the SER with full-CSIT is not achievable at any ﬁnite feedback rate, the diversity and array gains with full-CSIT can be achieved using VLQs with asymptotically zero feedback rate as P → ∞ . Our results show that VLQs can signiﬁcantly improve upon the traditional FLQs that require inﬁnite feedback rate to achieve the outage probability or the diversity and array gains with full-CSIT.
A dual‐band class‐E power amplifier with concurrent matching network in 0.18‐μm CMOS

In this letter, a dual‐band class‐E CMOS power amplifier (PA) in 0.18‐μm CMOS process is presented. By using concurrent dual‐band impedance matching network, the proposed dual‐band PA can achieve high efficiency in a compact chip area. This dual‐band class‐E PA demonstrates the power gain ≥ 8.4 dB, Psat ≥ 21.4 dBm with power added efficiency ≥ 31% in a compact chip size of 0.5 mm2. This dual‐band class‐E PA achieves comparable power area density of 284.5 (mW/mm2) with other state‐of‐the‐art class‐E PAs at higher frequency.
ATTITUDE OF TEACHERS TOWARD SELECTION PROCESS (A case study of Gomal University TEACHERS)

The employee selection process is one of the more critical aspects of an organization, which is an on-going process designed to develop a cadre of qualified candidates. There are two key takeaways from this approach, i.e. search for new employees within organization and through fresh applications. There are several ‘factors’ that determine the attitude of teachers toward the selection process. This research study is aimed at measuring the attitude of teachers of Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan towards selection process. It was hypothesized that all the predictors determine the teachers ‘attitude towards the selection process. The results of this study contribute significantly to the identification of the difference in proper selection of the human resource in an organization which enables an organization to achieve it desired goals in an effective manner. Lack of an effective selection process could be said to be the main obstruction in any organizations’ development. The aim of the study was to measure the attitudes of Gomal university teachers toward different aspects of the selection process. Likewise, the study is an effort to provide enough information to university authorities in Pakistan for their guidance in designing and developing an effective selection program. To achieve the study objectives, eight hypotheses were developed. The results show that there is no between the views of teachers from arts and science departments about pre-service training, in-service training and faculty development programs arranged by the HEC. This difference may be due to the differences in educational backgrounds of the respondents
BENEFITS OF INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL NETWORKING IN A CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION

Inter-organizational networking is said to be one of the most important tendencies of recent time. The numerous benefits provided by cooperation of independent organizations help them to meet the challenges of globalization and improve country’s competitiveness. Moreover, globalization and advances in IT enable to network with remote partners. One of the success factors of inter-organizational networking is actors’ motivation to cooperate. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to reveal the benefits of inter-organizational networking from perspectives of different network actors in the context of globalization. In order to reach this aim, literature analysis was applied as a research method.
Automatic Segmentation of Satellite Image using Self Organizing Feature Map (SOFM)An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Approach

: Satellite Image Processing is one of the key areasof computer science which is used for various important applications of remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS). Image segmentation is one of the key research areas in the field of image processing and analysis. Image segmentation is needed for various intermediate as well as final processes for various analyses. There are various algorithms available for image segmentation. Self Organizing Feature Map (SOFM), an Artificial Neural Network, is one of such algorithms. Based on the dataset, SOFM performs the training of the neural network and then segment the input satellite image into various homogenous clusters. Later the similar regions are merged and results are refined. This paper presents detailed working of SOFM together with the experiment conducted for satellite image segmentation.