Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessment of GPM high‐frequency microwave measurements with radiative transfer simulation under snowfall conditions

The Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) has four channels at 166 and 183 GHz that provide critical information on snow precipitation. Since the applications of these high‐frequency microwave channels to snowfall prediction and retrieval are still in a very early stage, it is important to evaluate the biases between observed and simulated brightness temperatures for those channels under snowfall conditions. A radiative transfer model that supports the computation of single‐scattering properties for non‐spherical snow particles is employed to simulate GMI brightness temperatures. Snow water content profiles are first derived from the CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) measurements and then used as input to the radiative transfer model. Results show that the biases of observed minus simulated brightness temperatures for GMI channels averaged over all selected pixels are generally less than 1 K under snowfall conditions, except for the 166 GHz horizontal polarization (166H) channel that has a bias of about 3 K. Larger biases are observed under snowfall conditions when the scene brightness temperatures are low. Further investigation indicates that the GMI remaining biases are often associated with shallow snow cells or deep convective clouds. We hypothesize that in shallow snow cells the errors in retrieved cloud liquid water likely contribute to the large bias for the GMI 166H channel, while in deep convective clouds the attenuation in CPR radar reflectivities and possible sampling bias likely cause the biases for GMI channels under low scene brightness temperatures. This study lays out an applicable configuration in simulating microwave brightness temperatures at high frequency under snowfall conditions, and the explanation provided for the GMI remaining biases at 166 and 183 GHz are useful for future applications of these channels.
Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium (DNRA) potential in the re-connected floodplain of the River Cole (Oxfordshire, UK).

Floodplains are recognised as an important interface for nitrate removal at the landscape scale, but there is a lack of available information on the nitrate attenuation capacity of reconnected floodplains following river restoration. Whilst numerous studies have documented the dominant role of heterotrophic denitrification for nitrate loss in these environments, DNRA, a microbial pathway that conserves N in the ecosystem, has previously been considered unimportant in aerobic floodplain soils due mainly to its anoxic nature (Tiedje, 1988). However, recent research has shown DNRA to be of importance in N-limited, redox fluctuating tropical soils (Silver et al., 2001, Huygens et al., 2007). This could potentially be important in the context of temperate intermittently saturated reconnected river floodplains designed to tackle diffuse nitrate pollution. Therefore the objectives of this research were to quantify (i) the magnitude of and; (ii) factors controlling DNRA and denitrification potential in four different land use zones (grazing grassland, buffer zone, pasture and fritillary meadow), and with depth (0 – 120 cm) in a re-connected rural floodplain of the River Cole, UK. Denitrification and DNRA potential rates were measured with a combination of NO3isotope tracer addition and combined microdiffusion hypobromite oxidation methods.
Long Short-Term Memory to edict 3D Amino ids Positions in GPCR Molecular Dynamics

G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are a big family of eukaryotic cell transmembrane proteins, responsible for numerous biological processes. From a practical viewpoint around 34% of the drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration target these receptors. They can be analyzed from their simulated molecular dynamics, including the prediction of their behavior in the presence of drugs. In this paper, the capability of Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTMs) are evaluated to learn and predict the molecular dynamic trajectories of a receptor. Several models were trained with the 3D position of the amino acids of the receptor considering different transformations on the position of the amino acid, such as their centers of mass, the geometric centers and the position of the α –carbon for each amino acid. The error of the prediction of the position was evaluated by the mean average error (MAE) and root-mean-square deviation (RMSD). The LSTM models show a robust performance, with results comparable to the state-of-the-art in non-dynamic 3D predictions. The best MAE and RMSD values were found for the mass center of the amino acids with 0.078 ˚A and 0.156 ˚A respectively. This work shows the potential of LSTM to predict the molecular dynamics of GPRCs.
Analysis of Pesticide Residues on Fruit Using Swab Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

The vast quantity and high variety of pesticides globally used in agriculture entails considerable risks for the environment and requires ensuring the safety of food products. Therefore, powerful analytical tools are needed to acquire qualitative and quantitative data for monitoring pesticide residues. The development of ambient ionization mass spectrometry methods in the past two decades has demonstrated numerous ways to generate ions under atmospheric conditions and simultaneously to reduce the need for extended sample preparation and circumvent chromatographic separation prior to mass analysis. Swab spray ionization enables the generation of ions directly from swabs via the application of high voltage and solvent flow. In this study, swab sampling of fruit surfaces and subsequent ionization directly from the swab in a modified electrospray ion source was employed for the screening and quantitation of pesticide residues. Aspects regarding sample collection, sampling efficacy on different surfaces, and swab background are discussed. The effect of solvent composition on pesticide-sodium adduct formation and the suppression of ionization by the background matrix have been investigated. Furthermore, a novel approach for the quantitation of pesticide residues based on depletion curve areas is presented. It is demonstrated that swab spray ionization is an effective and quick method for spectral library-based identification and the quantitative analysis of polar contact pesticide residues on food.
Surveillance of influenza a viruses in a live bird market, Yangon, Myanmar during 2017-2018

Live bird markets play a significant role in highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus spread and transmission. In Myanmar, the first HPAI-H5N1 outbreak was reported in 2006. Since 2014, routine influenza A virus surveillance in LBMs�have been conducted in Myanmar by the Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department in cooperation with FAO. However, there is limited information on virus characterization and evolution of influenza viruses in Myanmar. The objectives of this thesis were to detect influenza virus subtypes circulating in different poultry species from Mingalar-Taung-Nyunt live bird market (MTN-LBM) and to determine genetic characteristics and genetic diversity of influenza A viruses in the MTN-LBM. During December 2017 - December 2018, 455 swab samples were collected from broiler, layer, backyard chicken and ducks from the MTN-LBM. �Screening of all 91 pooled samples for IAVs by real-time RT-PCR showed that 12 samples were positive for influenza A virus (M gene). � In this study, 7 samples were identified as HPAI-H5N1. Among them, 4 IAVs were successfully isolated and characterized. Whole-genome sequence of 4 HPAI-H5N1 was�revealed with highly pathogenic avian influenza characteristics. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the Myanmar HPAI-H5N1 viruses were clustered with HPAI-H5N1 clade 2.3. 2.1c from China and Vietnam. In conclusion, this study suggests that MTN-LBM can contribute a significant risk of HPAI-H5N1 spread and transmission to poultry and human.
Advancements in the Application of Nanomedicine in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Therapeutic Perspective

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects most people worldwide. AD is a complex central nervous system disorder. Several drugs have been designed to cure AD, but with low success rates. Because the blood–brain and blood–cerebrospinal fluid barriers are two barriers that protect the central nervous system, their presence has severely restricted the efficacy of many treatments that have been studied for AD diagnosis and/or therapy. The use of nanoparticles for the diagnosis and treatment of AD is the focus of an established and rapidly developing field of nanomedicine. Recent developments in nanomedicine have made it possible to effectively transport drugs to the brain. However, numerous obstacles remain to the successful use of nanomedicines in clinical settings for AD treatment. Furthermore, given the rapid advancement in nanomedicine therapeutics, better outcomes for patients with AD can be anticipated. This article provides an overview of recent developments in nanomedicine using different types of nanoparticles for the management and treatment of AD.
SUPG Approximation for the Oseen Viscoelastic Fluid Flow with Stabilized Lowest-Equal Order Mixed Finite Element Method

In this article, a stabilized mixed finite element (FE) method for the Oseen viscoelastic fluid flow (OVFF) obeying an Oldroyd-B type constitutive law is proposed and investigated by using the Streamline Upwind Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG) method. To find the approximate solution of velocity, pressure and stress tensor, we choose lowest-equal order FE triples P 1 - P 1 - P 1 , respectively. However, it is well known that these elements do not fulfill the i n f - s u p condition. Due to the violation of the main stability condition for mixed FE method, the system becomes unstable. To overcome this difficulty, a standard stabilization term is added in finite element variational formulation. The technique is applied herein possesses attractive features, such as parameter-free, flexible in computation and does not require any higher-order derivatives. The stability analysis and optimal error estimates are obtained. Three benchmark numerical tests are carried out to assess the stability and accuracy of the stabilized lowest-equal order feature of the OVFF.
Parameter estimation in a growth model for a biological population

The motivating problem concerns the estimation of the growth curve of solitary corals that follow the nonlinear Von Bertalanffy Growth Function (VBGF). The most common parameterization of the VBGF for corals is based on two parameters: the ultimate length L∞ and the growth rate k. One aim was to find a more reliable method for estimating these parameters, which can capture the influence of environmental covariates. The main issue with current methods is that they force the linearization of VBGF and neglect intra-individual variability. The idea was to use the hierarchical nonlinear model which has the appealing features of taking into account the influence of collection sites, possible intra-site measurement correlation and variance heterogeneity, and that can handle the influence of environmental factors and all the reliable information that might influence coral growth. This method was used on two databases of different solitary corals i.e. Balanophyllia europaea and Leptopsammia pruvoti, collected in six different sites in different environmental conditions, which introduced a decisive improvement in the results. Nevertheless, the theory of the energy balance in growth ascertains the linear correlation of the two parameters and the independence of the ultimate length L∞ from the influence of environmental covariates, so a further aim of the thesis was to propose a new parameterization based on the ultimate length and parameter c which explicitly describes the part of growth ascribable to site-specific conditions such as environmental factors. We explored the possibility of estimating these parameters characterizing the VBGF new parameterization via the nonlinear hierarchical model. Again there was a general improvement with respect to traditional methods. The results of the two parameterizations were similar, although a very slight improvement was observed in the new one. This is, nevertheless, more suitable from a theoretical point of view when considering environmental covariates.
Phosphorylation mediated regulation of RNA splicing in plants

For the past two decades, the study of alternative splicing (AS) and its involvement in plant development and stress response has grown in popularity. Only recently however, has the focus shifted to the study of how AS regulation (or lack-thereof) affects downstream mRNA and protein landscapes and how these AS regulatory events impact plant development and stress tolerance. In humans, protein phosphorylation represents one of the predominant mechanisms by which AS is regulated and thus the protein kinases governing these phosphorylation events are of interest for further study. Large-scale phosphoproteomic studies in plants have consistently found that RNA splicing-related proteins are extensively phosphorylated, however, the signaling pathways involved in AS regulation have not been resolved. In this mini-review, we summarize our current knowledge of the three major splicing-related protein kinase families in plants that are suggested to mediate AS phospho-regulation and draw comparisons to their metazoan orthologs. We also summarize and contextualize the phosphorylation events identified as occurring on splicing-related protein families to illustrate the high degree to which splicing-related proteins are modified, placing a new focus on elucidating the impacts of AS at the protein and PTM-level.
Language Development of Autistic Children on Syntactic Acquisition in Indonesia through Story Stimulus

Purpose: This study shows that children with Autism Spectrum Disorder experience difficulties in communicating. Theoretical framework: This difficulty is in the form of limited syntactic complexity which has an impact on the low ability of autistic children to produce language, so that it will also have an impact on social life and the sustainability of autistic children's learning. This study investigates the language development of autistic children related to the provision of storytelling stimuli which are calculated using Mean Length of Utteranc. Design/Methodology/Approach: Study uses a descriptive qualitative research form with a case study approach. Findings: These findings indicate that based on observations of the syntactic production abilities of autistic children through Mean Length of Utterance, it can be seen that there are differences in children's language development, especially in the field of syntax before and after being given a fairy tale stimulus. Syntactic production of autistic children in 12 calculations showed a fluctuating graph, in contrast to the developmental conditions after being given a fairy tale stimulus, the subject experienced an increase which tended to be stable. Research, Practical & Social implications: Based on the fairy tale stimulus given, this type of fable is very appropriate and in great demand by children with mild category autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Originality/Value: The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and publication of this article.
IKT ja Eesti koolikultuur

Tiigrihuppe programmiga loodi enamikus Eesti koolides eeldused infoja kommunikatsioonitehnoloogia (IKT) rakendamiseks oppetoos. Samas naitavad uurimuse Tiiger Luubis tulemused (Toots, 2001) ja mitmete koolituste jargne tagasiside koolidest, et IKT kasutamine on paljudes koolides jaanud suhteliselt marginaalseks nahtuseks – hoolimata arvutite olemasolust ja opetajate oskusest neid kasutada. Kui esimene Tiigrihuppe programm aastateks 1996-2000 (Rahvuslik sihtprogramm., 1996) seadis sihiks oppeprotsessi kaasajastamise eelkoige koolide infotehnoloogilise infrastruktuuri parandamise abil, siis 2001. aastal alanud jatkuprogrammi eesmargid on oluliselt ambitsioonikamad. Eesti koolide IKT arengukava aastateks 2001-2005 , koodnimega Tiigrihupe Pluss, peaeesmargiks on kvalitatiivsete muutuste saavutamine Eesti uldhariduses IKT vahendite efektiivse kasutamise abil (Tiigrihupe Pluss programm, 2001). Uksikute entusiastlike koolide ja opetajate toetamise asemel soovitakse Tiigrihuppe Pluss programmiga saavutada innovatsiooni joudmine massidesse, sest prioriteetidena nahakse IKT padevuste miinimumtaseme saavutamist koigi opetajate ja koolilopetajate puhul ning IKT loimimist koikidesse oppekavadesse. See eeldab riiklike investeeringute juhtimist just nendesse arendustegevuse valdkondadesse, kus sellest koige enam kasu on.
The meandering behaviour of large-scale structures in turbulent boundary layers

This paper quantifies the instantaneous form of large-scale turbulent structures in canonical smooth-wall boundary layers, demonstrating that they adhere to a form that is consistent with the self-sustaining streak instability model suggested by Flores & Jiménez (Phys. Fluids, vol. 22, 2010, 071704) and Hwang & Cossu (Phys. Fluids, vol. 23, 2011, 061702). Our motivation for this study stems from previous observations of large-scale streaks that have been spatially locked in position within spanwise-heterogeneous boundary layers. Here, using similar tools, we demonstrate that the randomly occurring large-scale structures in canonical layers show similar behaviour. Statistically, we show that the signature of large-scale coherent structures exhibits increasing meandering behaviour with distance from the wall. At the upper edge of the boundary layer, where these structures are severely misaligned from the main-flow direction, the induced velocities associated with the strongly yawed vortex packets/clusters yield a significant spanwise-velocity component leading to an apparent oblique coherence of spanwise-velocity fluctuations. This pronounced meandering behaviour also gives rise to a dominant streamwise periodicity at a wavelength of approximately $6\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$ . We further statistically show that the quasi-streamwise roll-modes formed adjacent to these very large wavy motions are often one-sided (spanwise asymmetric), in stark contrast to the counter-rotating form suggested by conventional conditionally averaged representations. To summarise, we sketch a representative picture of the typical large-scale structures based on the evidence gathered in this study.
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES GLOBALIZATION AND FACTOR INCOME TAXATION

How has globalization affected the relative taxation of labor and capital, and why? To address this question we build and analyze a new database of effective macroeconomic tax rates covering 150 countries since 1965, constructed by combining national accounts data with government revenue statistics. We obtain four main findings: (1) The effective tax rates on labor and capital converged globally since the 1960s, due to a 10 percentage-point increase in labor taxation and a 5 percentage-point decline in capital taxation. (2) The decline in capital taxation is concentrated in high-income countries. By contrast, capital taxation increased in developing countries since the 1990s, albeit from a low base. (3) Consistently across a variety of research designs, we find that the rise in capital taxation in developing countries can be explained by a tax-capacity effect of international trade: Trade openness leads to a concentration of economic activity in formal corporate structures, where capital taxes are easier to impose. (4) At the same time, international economic integration reduces statutory tax rates, due to increased tax competition. In highincome countries, this negative tax competition effect of trade has dominated, while in developing countries the positive tax-capacity effect of international trade appears to have prevailed. Pierre Bachas The World Bank 1818 H Street N.W. Washington, DC 20433 pbachas@worldbank.org Matthew H. Fisher-Post Paris School of Economics 48 Boulevard Jourdan Paris 75014 France mfp@psemail.eu Anders Jensen Harvard Kennedy School 79 JFK Street Cambridge, MA 02138 and NBER anders_jensen@hks.harvard. edu Gabriel Zucman Department of Economics University of California, Berkeley 530 Evans Hall, #3880 Berkeley, CA 94720 and NBER zucman@berkeley.edu Appendices are available at http://www.nber. org/data-appendix/w29819
Maximum-Entropy Satisficing Linear Quadratic Regulator

This letter formalizes a constrained maximum-entropy Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) problem and provides a computationally-efficient solution for it. The traditional LQR cost is penalized with an additional entropy cost, and a cumulative safety constraint is also imposed. This formulation will not only promote randomness to achieve exploration or unpredictability but also ensure that the performance is deemed satisfactory despite randomness. A stochastic controller is designed, and it is first shown that the resulting optimization problem for finding the control gain and covariance is non-convex. By employing Lagrange duality formalism, the non-convex optimization problem is then transformed into a convex one. More specifically, the constrained entropy-regularized LQR problem is reformulated as a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), facilitating the determination of the control gain and covariance. A simulation example is provided to verify the effectiveness of the presented results.
JOINT ATTENTION AND THE IMAGO TRINITATIS

This article incorporates into Christian theological anthropology some recent findings of a school of scientific researchers in the fields of comparative and developmental psychology. These researchers—namely, Michael Tomasello, Malinda Carpenter, and others affiliated with the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology—have advanced a theologically significant hypothesis about a basic difference between the social‐cognitive capacities of human beings and those of other animals. Their hypothesis is that human beings are distinguished from other animals, in part, because of an ability to share attention with conspecifics in a unique way, namely, by means of a capacity called joint attention. In keeping with the procedures of modern science, they have tested and verified their hypothesis through laboratory experiments on nonhuman primates (chimpanzees in particular) and on human beings (infants and toddlers). In their capacity as scientists, however, they do not attempt show the relevance of their hypothesis for Christian theological anthropology. This article shows how joint attention sheds new light upon the Christian doctrine that human beings are created in the image of the Trinity (imago Trinitatis).
Food waste matters - The policy implications and sustainability of food waste practices

Food waste has grown in the last couple of years and is recognized by the general public, governments, education, companies, and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) to cause greenhouse emissions and resource reduction. In the food supply chain, food waste is generated at all levels. The purpose of this article is to use information from various scholarly articles to analyze the determinants of consumer food waste and the key elements that facilitate or hinder food waste activities. Furthermore, we briefly discuss the contributions of various theories in understanding food wastage. This analysis shows that food waste needs to be understood and tackled with the views of different disciplines because it is quite complex. Understanding the reasons behind food waste production would aid in the creation of food waste preventive measures and sustainability.