Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ISLAM IN CHINA

Unlike other Muslim minorities in the world, the one in China is : a. Divided between two large ethnic groups: Hui in China Proper, who are concentrated in major urban agglomerations; and Uighurs, of Turkish stock, who used to make up the majority in North-Western China, but are now outnumbered by Han Chinese, via a policy of settlement and dilution of the minority. b. Except for Xinjiang, the Muslims of China are not attached to any particular territory (like the Mongols in Mongolia or the Tibetans in Tibet), but are spread all over the country, something which dilutes them into an insignificant minority (1-2%) in spite of their large absolute numbers (25-30 million). The vast distribution of the Muslims all over that vast country has made for a huge diversification in their creed and customs, beyond the division between Hui and Uighurs. This great variety has created many sects and sub-sects, some of which are very special to China.
The Restoration of a Local Energy Regime Amid Trends of Power Liberalization in East Asia

Since the mid-1980s, power sector liberalization has been embraced at different levels in the East Asian countries of China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. The dominant rationale underlying power liberalization has been a quest for efficiency improvements, to be achieved by substituting private market activity for public regulations and by opening a country's electricity system to the global economy and management techniques. However, as the power system is increasingly liberalized, the possibility of establishing a local energy system, which has the great potential to restore sustainable environment-society relations, has been diminished. As an alternative to the power liberalization strategy, this paper proposes a restoration of local energy regimes based on the model of an energy commons and a decentralization paradigm. The innovative energy-policy model of the Sustainable Energy Utility, as applied in the case of Seoul, Korea, is explored as a possible option for a local energy strategy for East Asian countries.
Multidisciplinary Ophthalmic Imaging Magic Angle – Enhanced MRI of Fibrous Microstructures in Sclera and Cornea With and Without Intraocular Pressure Loading

NeuroImaging Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States Medical Robotics Lab, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea Departments of Biological Science and Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
Mitochondrial COI and 16sRNA Evidence for a Single Species Hypothesis of E. vitis, J. formosana and E. onukii in East Asia

Tea green leafhopper is one of the most damaging tea pests in main tea production regions of East Asia. For lack of recognized morphological characters, the dominant species of tea green leafhoppers in Mainland China, Taiwan and Japan have always been named as Empoasca vitis Göthe, Jacobiasca formosana Paoli and Empoasca onukii MATSUDA, respectively. Furthermore, nothing is known about the genetic relationships among them. In this study, we collected six populations from Mainland China, four populations from Japan and one population from Taiwan, and examined the genetic distances in the COI and 16sRNA regions of mtDNA among them. The results showed that the genetic distances based on single gene or the combined sequences among eleven leafhopper populations were 0.3–1.2%, which were all less than the species boundary of 2%. Moreover, there were at least two haplotypes shared by two distinct populations from different regions. The phylogenetic analysis based on single gene or combined sets also supported that tea green leafhoppers from Mainland China, Taiwan and Japan were closely related to each other, and there were at least two specimens from different regions clustered ahead of those from the same region. Therefore, we propose that the view of recognizing the dominant species of tea green leafhoppers in three adjacent tea production regions of East Asia as different species is unreliable or questionable and suggest that they are a single species.
Underdevelopment and the Structural Origins of Antigonish Movement Co-operatives in Eastern Nova Scotia

Directed from the Extension Department of St. Francis Xavier University, the Antigonish Movement involved large numbers of farmers, fishermen and coal miners in the organization of numerous forms of co-operative enterprise during the 1920s and 1930s. It achieved its greatest success in the seven eastern Nova Scotian counties of Pictou, Antigonish, Guysborough, Richmond, Inverness, Victoria, and Cape Breton, the geographic boundaries of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Antigonish. Besides pointing to such external factors as the growth of adult education movements and consumer cooperation in Britain, the United States and Scandinavia, the existence of the credit union movement in Quebec and the United States, and the development of an anti-communist Catholic social philosophy through papal encyclicals, early accounts of the Antigonish Movement usually assumed that it was the existence of local conditions of distress and malaise in eastern Nova Scotia which accounted for its success. Impoverishment, rural de-
Problem-based learning in clinical education: the next generation

Bridges, McGrath and Whitehill, from The University of Hong Kong, are the editors of this eighth volume in the Springer ‘Innovation and Change in Professional Education’ series. The book contains articles from practitioners and researchers in the problembased learning (PBL) field and contains contributions from research conducted in Australia, Canada, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, Sweden and the USA. The research reported is from traditional PBL areas such as biology, dentistry, medicine, pharmacology and speech/language pathology; it also includes several interdisciplinary approaches to PBL such as Howe and Schnabel’s dentistry/architecture collaboration in Chapter 8. The editors assert that this book provides research-driven new methodologies to enable teachers and practitioners to support student learning and PBL program development. By providing empirical research that reflects studies on ‘how to do PBL’, the editors claim they have positioned the book away from the stance of other publications, which feature articles on ‘why PBL’. Taking this slant, the chapters in the book have been organised into three research themes: student learning outcomes in PBL, new technologies for PBL curriculum design and exploring ‘inside’ the PBL process. I was fascinated by Jin’s study, which takes ‘a sociocultural and critical perspective in examining the roles of silence within the interactional dynamics of PBL tutorials’ (p. 173). In many contexts, silence can be taken to mean inaction or misunderstanding. However, many communication theorists believe that silence is actually an aspect of effective communication (Grice, 1989). Jin’s work provides an in-depth qualitative analysis on students’ silence in PBL tutorials in English-as-a-second-language settings, with the specific research question ‘What are the roles of silence in spoken English interaction in PBL tutorials? ’ Jin reports that, from the students’ perspective, silence in PBL tutorials can be categorised into five themes:
Determinants of Nonadherence to a Single-Dose Nevirapine Regimen for the Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission in Rwanda

Objectives:To describe experiences, and identify factors associated with nonadherence to a single-dose nevirapine (SD-NVP) regimen for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in Rwanda. Methods:In April to May 2006, using a case-control design at 12 PMTCT sites, we interviewed HIV-infected women who did not adhere (n = 111) and who adhered (n = 125) to the PMTCT prophylaxis regimen. Nonadherence was defined as mother and/or infant not ingesting SD-NVP at the recommended time or not at all and adherence as mother-infant pairs who ingested it as recommended. Results:Only 61% of nonadherent women had received SD-NVP during pregnancy or delivery. Among nonadherent women who received SD-NVP, 80% ingested it at the recommended time, representing 49% of all nonadherent women. Only 7% of their newborns ingested SD-NVP. Multivariate logistic regression showed that unmarried women, less educated women, women who made 2 or less antenatal care visits, and those offered HIV testing after their first antenatal care visit were more likely to be nonadherent to PMTCT prophylaxis. Not disclosing one's HIV status to someone aside from a partner was also associated with nonadherence in mother-infant pairs. Conclusions:Sociodemographic factors, health services delivery factors, and a lack of communication and social support contributed to nonadherence to PMTCT prophylaxis in Rwanda.
Introduction: Student Progress toward Graduation: An International Topic of Concern

Aggregate levels of higher education access are no longer the major concern in the industrial democracies. Of the age relevant population (age 18-24) in the United States, 35% are now enrolled as undergraduates. In Sweden the figure is 24%; in Korea it is 48% (Measuring Up: National Report Card on Higher Education, 2012). The major concern today is the quality of what is learned once entry has been obtained, and the degree to which, once entered, a student progresses efficiently to graduation. This special issue concerns the latter. Graduation rates differ dramatically from one country to another. Turkey and Slovenia report graduation rates of 20%; Australia is not much better at 25%; but New Zealand reports a rate of 48% and Finland a rate of 63% (Heuser, Drake, & Owens, Table 3 in this volume). What is clear is that a very high percentage of those who enroll in higher education programs do not continue to completion. Many would interpret this as inefficiency. From a human capital perspective, it is possible to suggest that the returns on the public investment in higher education should be reduced by as much as 50%. But would this be a fair assumption? There are three reasons why the assumption would be precipitous. Structures of higher education differ. In Italy and the Czech Republic, higher education is unitary; all institutions are expected to serve the same purpose. In France, Germany, Russia, and the Netherlands, higher education is binary. Some institutions serve academic purposes, others technical purposes. In Korea, Taiwan, Sweden, the United States, Japan, and Israel, higher education is diversified. Institutional missions differ substantially. Different categories of higher education structures elicit different higher education results. In general, the countries with diversified systems have greater participation of low income students and greater equity. In addition, the systems characterized by a diversity of income sources have a higher level of equity
Evaluation of Prolonged vs Short Courses of Antibiotic Prophylaxis Following Ear, Nose, Throat, and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Importance Antibiotic prophylaxis is widely used after surgical procedures operating on the mucosal tissues of the aerodigestive tract, but the optimal duration of these prophylactic therapies is often unclear. Objective To compare short-course antibiotic prophylaxis (≤24 hours) vs extended-course antibiotic prophylaxis (≥72 hours) after ear, nose, throat, and oral and maxillofacial surgery. Data Sources and Study Selection Literature searches of PubMed were completed in October 2017 and included prospective trials that compared antibiotic prophylaxis courses of 24 hours or less vs 72 hours or more after ear, nose, throat, and oral and maxillofacial surgery. Some studies were also handpicked from reference lists of studies found with the initial search terms. All analysis was performed between September 2017 and October 2018. Data Extraction and Synthesis All review stages were conducted in consensus by 2 reviewers. Data extraction and study quality assessment were performed with the Cochrane data extraction form and the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were used for reporting. The fixed-effects Mantel-Haenszel method was used for meta-analysis. Main Outcomes and Measures Relative risk (RR) of surgical site infections, microbial origins of surgical site infections, adverse events, duration of hospital stay, and treatment costs. Results Included in the meta-analysis were 21 articles with a cumulative 1974 patients. In patients receiving 24 hours or shorter vs 72 hours or longer antibiotic prophylaxis regimens, no significant difference was found in the occurrence of postoperative infections in the pooled population (RR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.67-1.19), or in the ear, nose, throat (RR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.54-1.45), and oral and maxillofacial populations (RR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.63-1.21), separately. No heterogeneity was observed overall or in the subgroups. Patients receiving extended-course antibiotic prophylaxis were significantly more likely to develop adverse events unrelated to the surgical site (RR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.20-3.54). Conclusions and Relevance No difference was found in the occurrence of postoperative infections between short-course and extended-course antibiotic prophylaxis after ear, nose, throat, and oral and maxillofacial surgery. Therefore, a short course of antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended unless documented conditions are present that would be best treated with an extended course. Using short-course antibiotics could avoid additional adverse events, antibiotic resistance development, and higher hospital costs. Future research should focus on identifying risk groups that might benefit from prolonged prophylaxis.
Prevalence of colorectal neoplasm among patients with newly diagnosed coronary artery disease.

CONTEXT Colorectal neoplasm and coronary artery disease (CAD) share similar risk factors, and their co-occurrence may be associated. OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of colorectal neoplasm in patients with CAD in a cross-sectional study and to identify the predisposing factors for the association of the 2 diseases. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Patients in Hong Kong, China, were recruited for screening colonoscopy after undergoing coronary angiography for suspected CAD during November 2004 to June 2006. Presence of CAD (n = 206) was defined as at least 50% diameter stenosis in any 1 of the major coronary arteries; otherwise, patients were considered CAD-negative (n = 208). An age- and sex-matched control group was recruited from the general population (n = 207). Patients were excluded for use of aspirin or statins, personal history of colonic disease, or colonoscopy in the past 10 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The prevalence of colorectal neoplasm in CAD-positive, CAD-negative, and general population participants was determined. Bivariate logistic regression was performed to study the association between colorectal neoplasm and CAD and to identify risk factors for the association of the 2 diseases after adjusting for age and sex. RESULTS The prevalence of colorectal neoplasm in the CAD-positive, CAD-negative, and general population groups was 34.0%, 18.8%, and 20.8% (P < .001 by chi2 test), prevalence of advanced lesions was 18.4%, 8.7%, and 5.8% (P < .001), and prevalence of cancer was 4.4%, 0.5%, and 1.4% (P = .02), respectively. Fifty percent of the cancers in CAD-positive participants were early stage. After adjusting for age and sex, an association still existed between colorectal neoplasm and presence of CAD (odds ratio [OR], 1.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25-2.70; P = .002) and between advanced lesions and presence of CAD (OR, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.43-4.35; P = .001). The metabolic syndrome (OR, 5.99; 95% CI, 1.43-27.94; P = .02) and history of smoking (OR, 4.74; 95% CI, 1.38-18.92; P = .02) were independent factors for the association of advanced colonic lesions and CAD. CONCLUSIONS In this study population undergoing coronary angiography, the prevalence of colorectal neoplasm was greater in patients with CAD. The association between the presence of advanced colonic lesions and CAD was stronger in persons with the metabolic syndrome and a history of smoking.
Etiologies of nongonococcal urethritis: bacteria, viruses, and the association with orogenital exposure.

BACKGROUND The purpose of the present study was to determine pathogens and behaviors associated with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) and the usefulness of the urethral smear in predicting the presence of pathogens. METHODS We conducted a case-control study of men with and without symptoms of NGU. Sexual practices were measured by questionnaire. First-stream urine was tested for Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma parvum, U. urealyticum, herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, HSV-2, adenoviruses, and Gardnerella vaginalis by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS C. trachomatis (20%), M. genitalium (9%), adenoviruses (4%), and HSV-1 (2%) were more common in cases with NGU (n = 329) after age and sexual risk were adjusted for (P< or =.01); U. urealyticum, U. parvum, and G. vaginalis were not. Infection with adenoviruses or HSV-1 was associated with distinct clinical features, oral sex, and male partners, whereas infection with M. genitalium or C. trachomatis was associated with unprotected vaginal sex. Oral sex was associated with NGU in which no pathogen was detected (P < or = .001). Fewer than 5 polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) per high-power field (HPF) on urethral smear were present in 32%, 37%, 38%, and 44% of cases with C. trachomatis, M. genitalium, adenoviruses, and HSV, respectively. CONCLUSION We identified adenoviruses and HSV-1 as significant causes of NGU with distinct clinical and behavioral characteristics and highlighted the association between insertive oral sex and NGU. A urethral PMNL count of > or =5 PMNLs/HPF is not sufficiently sensitive to exclude pathogens in men with urethral symptoms.
The role of foreign capital in domestic manufacturing productivity: empirical evidence from Asian economies

The paper empirically examines the relative contribution of foreign and domestic machinery and equipment on manufacturing productivity in seven Asian economies. A Cobb-Douglas production function is used to test whether foreign machinery is more productive than domestic machinery. The study is based on a pooled cross-sectional time-series model, including seven countries - Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and India - for the years 1975 to 1990. The results support the hypothesis that a country's stage of development, skill-level of its labour force, and the technology embodied in capital play a crucial role in determining the relative impact of foreign and domestic capital on manufacturing productivity.
Cultural influences on total quality management adoption in Chinese enterprises: An empirical study

Many quality experts have asserted that the development of a quality culture is the prerequisite for an effective organization. Some recent studies have also advocated that an organization could achieve better performance and higher efficiency through establishing right quality culture. This paper reviews the key concepts underlying corporate culture and the total quality management (TQM) philosophy, and discusses the relationship between cultural values and TQM practices in Chinese enterprises. Key findings of an empirical study are presented, addressing the cultural influences on employee involvement (EI) and TQM practices in firms in Hong Kong and China. The results suggested that there was no strong evidence to verify the influences of Chinese culture values on the determination of TQM adoption in the organizations studied. The EI/TQM efforts would facilitate organizational change and performance improvement, but the results are not relied on whether separate or co-ordinated/integrated programme(s) are being used. Successful adoption of EI/TQM practices lies largely on the management of cultural dynamics and organizational complexities in Chinese enterprises. Finally, the paper advocates a pressing need for organizations to manage cultural influences and encourage TQM initiatives in order to maintain a competitive edge over their rivals.
The Rise and Fall of Chinese Immigration to Canada: Newcomers from Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China1 and Mainland China, 1980–20002

An emerging perspective in the study of global diasporas stresses the effect of economic globalization and migration shifts in reshaping the population and identifying the formation of diaspora communities. This paper analyses the immigration patterns from Hong Kong and mainland China to Canada between the 1980s and 1990s and shows that the migration shifts have been influenced by political and economic forces in Hong Kong and China as well as changes in Canadas immigration policy. The imminent return of Hong Kong to China in 1997 and its uncertain political future in the 1990s were often cited as the main reasons for Hong Kongs large emigration in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In reality the rising volume of Hong Kong emigration was prompted by the 1989 Tiananmen Square incident in China and its aftermath and by the booming economy of Hong Kong in the early 1990s that created the means for many middle-class Chinese to emigrate. At the same time Canadas expansion of the Business Immigration Program in the mid-1980s also benefited immigrant entrepreneurs from Hong Kong. In contrast the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997 did not deter the economic growth of China. Immigration from China rose after 1989 when Canada allowed Chinese students studying in Canada to immigrate but it was after the mid-1990s that immigration from China expanded due to Canadas greater emphasis on admitting economic immigrants and to Chinas growing middle class. The continuous arrival of well-educated and urban-based immigrants from China is likely to change the population composition and identity complexity of the Chinese community in Canada. (authors)
Panel Report on EC–IT Products

Abstract At the heart of the dispute on EC–IT Products1 is the definition of information-technology (IT) products and the question of how to treat increasingly multifunctional high-tech goods. The dispute was triggered by various measures introduced by the European Union, resulting in the imposition of duties of up to 14% pertaining to the tariff treatment of certain multifunctional IT products. The complaining parties (the United States, along with Japan and Taiwan) argued that, by introducing these duties, the EU had violated the 1996 Information Technology Agreement (ITA). The WTO Panel Report, circulated on 16 August 2010, ruled in favor of the complaining parties, and ordered the EU to repeal the measures leading to the dutiable treatment of the products at stake. We argue that the Panel's ruling enhances the credibility of trade-policy liberalization in the high-tech sector, fostering the development of new technologies.