Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Primi risultati in prove di avviamento in un ceduo misto del Gargano

Abstract: Six plots have been drawn in an mixed aged coppice stand, 40 years after last coppicing; they represent a typical expression of Doronico-Carpinetum phytosociological association and they are characteristic of many woods of Gargano’s territory, composed by Quercus cerris L. (turkey oak), Quercus pubescens Willd. (downy oak), Acer opalus Mill. (italian maple), Carpinus betulus L. (european hornbeam), Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. (hop hornbeam). Compared treatments are: natural evolution of the coppice without thinning versus two thinning regimes with different intensity, both aimed to convert the stands into high forests. 1200 and 1600 stems per hectare were released in the conversion plots. Plots, control and treated in 2001, have been measured before and immediately after thinning and remeasured five years later. At the present time, stands are characterized by a basically monolayered structure, in which turkey oak is prevalent in term of basal area. Moreover in thinned areas, losses on the released shoots number are unimportant both in absolute and in percent terms; in control plot, instead, competition by plants of upper storey on the dominated ones means high values of mortality.
Análise fractal de textura usando um operador de Hurst em uma imagem TM/Landsat-5

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of Hurst operator to analyze image texture using Landsat TM data in an area located in Vicosa, State of Minas Gerais , Brazil. Idrisi 2.0 and Fractor 1.0 software's were used in the analyses. Results showed that the textural image generated by Hurst operator provided textural indexes with large variations and with potential use in scaling, segmentation and digital image classification. Palavras-chave: texture, Hurst operator, remote sensing, textura, operador de hurst, sensoriamento remoto. 1. Introducao
Wildlife and Landscape Ecology: Effects Of Pattern And Scale

Section 1 Underlying Concepts. - 1 Scale-Sensitive Ecological Properties: Historical Context, Current Meaning. - 2 Applications of Fractal Geometry in Wildlife Biology. - 3 Taming Chaos in the Wild: A Model-Free Technique for Wildlife Population Control. - 4 Patch Dynamics: The Transformation of Landscape Structureand Function. - 5 Disturbance and Diversity in a Landscape Context. - 6 Populations in a Landscape Context: Sources, Sinks, and Metapopulations. - 7 Hierarchy Theory: A Guide to System Structure for Wildlife Biologists. - Section 2 Landscape Metrics. - 8 Neutral Models: Useful Tools for Understanding Landscape Patterns. - 9 Understanding Measures of Landscape Pattern. - Section 3 Applications and Large-Scale Management. - 10 The Role of Moose in Landscape Process: Effects of Biogeography, Population Dynamics, and Predation. - 11 A Spatial View of Population Dynamics. - 12 The Importance of Scale in Habitat Conservation for an Endangered Species: The Capercaillie in Central Europe. - 13 Landscape Heterogeneity and Ungulate Dynamics:What Spatial Scales Are Inportant? - 14 The Influence of Landscape Scale on the Management of Desert Bighorn Sheep. - 15 The Influence of Spatial Scale and Scale-Sensitive Propertiesin Habitat Selection by American Marten. - 16 Adaptive Policy Design: Thinking at Larger Spatial Scales.
Transient Climate Response in a Two-Layer Energy-Balance Model. Part II: Representation of the Efficacy of Deep-Ocean Heat Uptake and Validation for CMIP5 AOGCMs

In this second part of a series of two articles analyzing the global thermal properties of atmosphere–ocean coupled general circulation models (AOGCMs) within the framework of a two-layer energy-balance model (EBM),theroleoftheefficacyofdeep-oceanheatuptakeisinvestigated. Takingintoaccountsuchanefficacy factor is shown to amount to representing the effect of deep-ocean heat uptake on the local strength of the radiative feedback in the transient regime. It involves an additional term in the formulation of the radiative imbalance at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), which explains the nonlinearity between radiative imbalance and the mean surface temperature observed in some AOGCMs. An analytical solution of this system is given and this simple linear EBM is calibrated for the set of 16 AOGCMs of phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) studiedin Part I. It is shownthat both the netradiativefluxesat TOA andthe global surface temperature transient response are well represented by the simple EBM over the available period of simulations. Differences between this two-layer EBM and the previous version without an efficacy factorareanalyzedandrelationshipsbetweenparametersarediscussed.Thesimplemodelcalibrationapplied to AOGCMs constitutes a new method for estimating their respective equilibrium climate sensitivity and adjusted radiative forcing amplitude from short-term step-forcing simulations and more generally a method to compute their global thermal properties.
SOIL MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES IN VEGETATIVE BUFFER STRIPS AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH HERBICIDE DEGRADATION

The efficacy of vegetative buffer strips in intercepting herbicides from surface runoff is well established. A sound buffer design should also facilitate rapid degradation of deposited herbicides before they have a chance to be released to surface and subsurface flow. Experimental plots were arranged in a split-plot design with three replications and a factorial combination of three land-use treatments with five landscape positions (summit, shoulder slope, back slope, foot slope, and toe slope). Land-use treatments included a contour grass buffer watershed, a contour tree-grass agroforestry buffer watershed, and a control watershed. Watershed areas ranged from 1.65 to 4.44 ha. All land-use treatments were in a corn-soybean minimum-till production system, and the vegetative buffers were contoured strips from the summit to toe slope positions. To evaluate microbial activities and herbicide degradation potential, â-glucosidase, dehydrogenase and fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activities were measured. The results suggested that the microbial enzymatic activities were significantly higher in grass and tree-grass buffers than in the control treatment. Among the treatments, the soils collected from the grass buffers showed the highest microbial enzymatic activities and herbicide degradation potential. Topographic position did not significantly affect soil microbial activities. A growth chamber study was also conducted to investigate the microbial mineralization rates of 14 C ring labeled atrazine and the activities of FDA, dehydrogenase, and β-glucosidase in the rhizosphere of seven selected forages treatments. Preliminary results suggested that the mineralization rates of atrazine, after 100 days of incubation, were more closely correlated with activities of β-glucosidase (r = 0.857) and dehydrogenase (r = 0.763) than FDA hydrolysis rates (r = 0.494). Efforts are currently under way to correlate the microbial activity in different land use treatments with herbicide mineralization and degradation rates using 14 C-labeled herbicides, such as atrazine, bentazon, pendimethalin, s-metolachlor, and glyphosate.
Empirical synthesis of time-asymmetrical Green functions from the correlation of coda waves

[1] We demonstrate the existence of long-range field correlations in the seismic coda of regional records in Alaska. The cross correlations between the different components of coda records at two points are measured for a set of distant earthquakes. Remarkably, while individual correlations have a random character, the correlations averaged over source and time exhibit deterministic arrivals that obey the same symmetry rules as the Green tensor between the two points. In addition, the arrival times of these waves coincide with propagating surface waves between the two stations. Thus we propose to identify the averaged correlation signals with the surface wave part of the Green tensor. We observe the causal and anticausal parts of the Green function. However, we find experimentally that amplitudes at positive and negative times are not equal. We explain this observation by the long-lasting anisotropy of the diffuse field. We show that the flux of energy coming from the source can still dominate the late coda and result in nonsymmetric cross correlations when the distribution of earthquakes is not isotropic around the stations. The extraction of Green functions from coda waves allows new types of measurements with seismic waves along paths between stations that could not be obtained with the waves produced by earthquakes.
Case Studies of the Vertical Structure of the Direct Shortwave Aerosol Radiative Forcing During TARFOX

The vertical structure of aerosol-induced radiative flux changes in the Earth's troposphere affects local heating rates and thereby convective processes, the formation and lifetime of clouds, and hence the distribution of chemical constituents. We present observationally based estimates of the vertical structure of direct shortwave aerosol radiative forcing for two case studies from the Tropospheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing Observational Experiment (TARFOX) which took place on the U.S. east coast in July 1996. The aerosol radiative forcings are computed using the Fu-Liou broadband radiative transfer model. The aerosol optical properties used in the radiative transfer simulations are calculated from independent vertically resolved estimates of the complex aerosol indices of refraction in two to three distinct vertical layers, using profiles of in situ particle size distributions measured aboard the University of Washington research aircraft. Aerosol single-scattering albedos at 450 nm thus determined range from 0.9 to 0.985, while the asymmetry factor varies from 0.6 to 0.8. The instantaneous shortwave aerosol radiative forcings derived from the optical properties of the aerosols are of the order of −36 W m−2 at the top of the atmosphere and about −56 W m−2 at the surface for both case studies.
Spalling of the Earth's surface by underground nuclear explosions

Spalling of the near-surface earth layers caused by contained underground shots detonated in tuff, granite, halite, and alluvium was investigated. From the arrival-time data obtained from surface accelerometers, certain aspects of the kinematics of spalling were deduced by means of simple ballistic and plastic-diaphragm concepts. It was shown that the shape of the spall gap is conical with sides concave upward (the shape of a coolie hat) and not a dome as is commonly supposed. From the arrival-time data it was possible to estimate the radial extent of the spall and to compute the thickness of the spailed layer at ground zero. The maximum width of the spall gap at ground zero was smaller than the surface displacement at that point, indicating the existence of additional spall gaps at other depths and perhaps fluffing of the surface formation under the action of spalling forces.
Ictiofauna del Pliocè del barranc de sa Talaia (Mallorca, Illes Balears, Mediterrània Occidental). Implicacions paleoambientals

S’estudien les restes fossils de peixos, trobades al Plioce del barranc de sa Talaia, situat al NW de la conca sedimentaria de Palma (Mallorca). A partir de les caracteristiques paleontologiques, actualisme biologic i entorn geologic, es realitza una aproximacio paleoecologica que ens indica l’existencia d’un paleoambient de plataforma litoral, desenvolupat sota un clima de caire temperat durant el Plioce mitja.
Soil temperature at ECMWF: An assessment using ground‐based observations

Soil temperature is an important variable for the representation of many physical processes in numerical weather prediction (NWP). It is the key driver for all surface emissions of energy, carbon dioxide, and water and forward operator for all satellite sensors sensitive to land. Yet the forecast quality of this variable in NWP is largely unknown. In this study, in situ soil temperature measurements from nearly 700 stations belonging to four networks across the United States and Europe are used to assess the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) forecasts of soil temperature during 2012. Evaluation of the time series shows a good performance of the short‐range forecasts (day one) in capturing both soil temperature annual and diurnal cycles with very high level of correlation (0.92 and over), averaged root‐mean‐square differences ranging from 2.54°C to 3.89°C and averaged biases ranging from −0.52°C to 0.94°C. The orography data set used in the forecast system was found to have a strong impact on the outcomes of the evaluation. The difference between elevation of a station and that of the corresponding grid cell in the ECMWF model may lead to large temperature differences linked to linear processes resulting in a constant bias, as well as nonlinear processes (e.g., to snow melt in spring). This verification study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the near‐surface forecasts performance highlighting land‐atmosphere processes that need to be better represented in future model development such as snow pack melting and heat diffusion in the soil.
Penggulungan daun pada tanaman monokotil saat kekurangan air (Leaf rolling in monocotyledon plants under water deficit)

Abstrak Penggulungan daun merupakan salah satu bentuk resistensi terhadap kekeringan atau lebih tepatnya mekanisme menghindari kekeringan pada tumbuhan monokotil. Mekanisme ini terjadi dengan cara menurunkan laju evapotranspirasi atau dengan meningkatkan absorpsi air pada tanah kering untuk mempertahankan potensial air daun tetap tinggi. Proses penggulungan daun ini berkaitan erat dengan peranan sel kipas. Pada saat kekurangan air, jumlah dan ukuran sel kipas meningkat, sehingga daun akan menggulung. Tingkat penggulungan daun dapat ditentukan secara visual berdasarkan sistem standar evaluasi untuk tanaman padi dengan memberi skor 1-9. Rendahnya tingkat penggulungan daun berkorelasi positif dengan meningkatnya potensial air daun. Kata k unci: menghindari kekeringan, penggulungan daun Abstract Leaf rolling is one mechanism of drought resistance, i.e. drought avoidance. This mechanism was resulted from decreasing evapotranspiration rate or increasing water absorption in the dry soil to maintain high leaf water potential. The process of leaf rolling in monocotyledon was closely related to the activity of bulliform cells. The number and size of bulliform cells were increased under water deficit, so that leaf rolling occurred. Leaf rolling score (1-9) could be visually determined based on the system of standard evaluation in rice. The low leaf rolling score was positively correlated with high leaf water potential. Keywords: drought avoidance, leaf rolling
Impact dust not the cause of the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction

Most of the 3-mm-thick globally distributed Chicxulub ejecta layer found at the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary was deposited as condensation droplets from the impact vapor plume. A small fraction of this layer ( 14 g) was submicrometer-size dust. The global mass and grain-size distribution of the clastic debris indicate that stratospheric winds spread the debris from North America, over the Pacific Ocean, to Europe, and little debris reached high southern latitudes. These findings indicate that the original K-T impact extinction hypothesis—the shutdown of photosynthesis by submicrometer-size dust—is not valid, because it requires more than two orders of magnitude more fine dust than is estimated here. Furthermore, estimates of future impact hazards, which rely upon inaccurate impact-dust loadings, are greatly overstated.
Environmental archaeologies of Neolithisation: Old World case studies

The origins and spread of Neolithic life-ways represent a pivotal change in human ecology and society. Communities transformed their relationships with the world around them, shifting away from reliance upon hunted and collected wild resources, to the management and domestication of plants and animals, alongside a pattern of increasing sedentism. These processes were played out at differing temporal and spatial scales; from the life-cycle of a single organism of a population on the path to domestication, to the dissemination of ‘new’ farming economies around the world. The varied fields within environmental archaeology are providing an increasingly detailed understanding of the agencies, processes and pathways in these transformations. These include work in the established fields of geoarchaeology, zooarchaeology and archaeobotany (Bendrey et al. 2013). In recent decades advances in archaeological science have opened up exciting and fruitful new avenues of research. Techniques such as stable isotope analysis, for example, are allowing understanding of life histories of individual animals and their interactions with their environments (Balasse et al. 2012). On a broader scale, genetic studies and geometric morphometrics give greater understanding of changes at the population level and can inform on the diffusion of farming economies (Larson et al. 2007; Ottoni et al. 2012). It is the inter-disciplinary applications of environmental archaeology that are significantly contributing to our understanding of processes of Neolithisation. The papers brought together in this volume were presented at the Association for Environmental Archaeology, Autumn Conference 2012, held at the University of Reading, UK. This meeting brought together a rich and diverse set of papers on the applications of environmental archaeology to the study of the origins and development of Neolithic life-ways, from the core areas of the origins of the Neolithic in the Near East out to more distant parts of the Old World where the transition to the first farmers happened millennia later. The papers are being published in two volumes. The first considers a regional sequence which in a global view is relatively well understood: the dissemination of farming economies across Europe (Bendrey et al. 2014). These papers explore detailed case studies along this trajectory, starting from south-east Europe around 6000 BC and finishing in northwest Europe some three millennia later, and
Pakistan's water economy : running dry

Pakistan is one of the world's most arid countries, with an average rainfall of under 240 mm a year. The population and the economy are heavily dependent on an annual influx into the Indus river system (including the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers) of about 180 billion cubic meters of water, that emanates from the neighboring countries and is mostly derived from snow-melt in the Himalayas. Throughout history, people have adapted to the low and poorly distributed rainfall by either living along river banks or by careful husbanding and management of local water resources. One of the greatest of human civilizations-the Indus Valley Civilization (Harappa and Mohenjodaro) flourished along the banks of the Indus. This precarious, low-level balance between man and water was decisively shifted with the advent of large-scale irrigation technology in the nineteenth century. The Indus irrigation system became the largest contiguous irrigation system in the world. The water economy of Pakistan depends fundamentally on a gigantic and complex hydraulic infrastructure system. Pakistan has overcome major water challenges in the past. Pakistan has a remarkable history of successfully confronting major water challenges. There are now a set of related challenges which have to be addressed how to maintain what has been built, what major new system-wide infrastructure needs to be built, what infrastructure needs to be built for populations who have not been served and for environmental protection, and how to build institutions that will manage the resource effectively in the looming era of scarcity. Pakistan needs to develop its indigenous capacity and make a major push to establish and nurture a new set of institutions that will provide the scientific, technical, and policy support for the management of increasingly scarce water. Experience in other countries shows that if this is not done there will be serious economic, social, and environmental consequences.
Age of the Whittaker Formation, Northwest Territories

ABSTRACT Detailed lithologic description of the Whittaker formation in two sections on the Whittaker and Manetoe Ranges is given. Graptolite faunas from the upper unit range in age from late Lower Silurian (Monograptus spiralis Zone) through early Upper Silurian (Monograptus nilssoni Zone).
A matched filter based synthetic aperture radar (SAR) algorithm for stepped frequency ground penetrating radar

We apply a matched filter based SAR algorithm to process ground penetrating radar data. The algorithm discussed is for a stepped frequency type radar although it can be applied to other types with few modifications. The selection of the synthetic aperture length considering the ground attenuation, antenna beam pattern and the scattering pattern of the object being imaged is also discussed.
Die Innere Medizin

Carola Horn · Rosanne Sprute · Alina Chloé Kretschmer · Carolin Do · Oliver A. Cornely · Norma Jung · Clara Lehmann · Julia Fischer Medizinische Fakultät und Uniklinik Köln, Klinik 1 für Innere Medizin, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Deutschland; Medizinische Fakultät und Uniklinik Köln, Lehrstuhl für Translationale Forschung, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Universität zu Köln, Köln, Deutschland; 3 Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Köln, Köln, Deutschland; Medizinische Fakultät und Uniklinik Köln, Zentrum für klinische Studien (ZKS Köln), Universität zu Köln, Köln, Deutschland; Medizinische Fakultät und Uniklinik Köln, Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin (ZMMK), Universität zu Köln, Köln, Deutschland; Medizinische Fakultät und Uniklinik Köln, Klinik 1 für Innere Medizin, Köln, Excellenz ZentrumMedizinische Mykologie (ECMM), Universität zu Köln, Köln, Deutschland; 7 Klinik 1 für Innere Medizin, Uniklinik Köln, Köln, Deutschland