Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relation between cusp and mantle in MHD simulation

A global MHD simulation illustrates the relative contributions to magnetotail structure of two mantle models. One model is the data-based picture that Rosenbauer et al. [1975] originally put forth showing the cusp to be the source of the mantle. In this model the cusp is populated by magnetosheath particles that enter it as a consequence of magnetic reconnection on the day side magnetopause. The other model, which derives from MHD considerations, notes that since the mantle lies on open magnetic field lines, the solar wind should be able to enter it along the tail magnetopause downwind from the cusp. In the simulation results presented here, both modes of plasma entry into the mantle occur and their relative contributions are seen. The mantle, identified in the simulation as the volume of the tail occupied by a slow-mode expansion wave filled with magnetosheath plasma, lies mostly on streamlines that originate in the dayside cusp (cusp model), but the bulk of plasma inflow comes directly from the magnetosheath (magnetosheath model). The demarcation between streamlines originating in the cusp (cusp model) and streamlines originating in the solar wind (magnetosheath model) is sharp. We call this demarcation the fluopause. The fluopause is the downwind extension of the solar wind stagnation streamline. At 100 RE downtail the fluopause lies several RE inside the magnetopause identified by the peak in the electrical current that defines the magnetotail boundary. The spatial separation between the fluopause and the magnetopause defines the volume to which the magnetosheath model refers. Whereas the magnetopause clearly marks the start of the slow-mode expansion wave that defines the mantle, all MHD parameters and their slopes are continuous across the fluopause. The fluopause is only determinable by following streamlines. Streamlines in the mantle that originate in the solar wind (magnetosheath model) do not converge on the plasma sheet and, so, are not a likely source of particles for the plasma sheet. Streamlines in the mantle that originate in the cusp (cusp model) do converge on the plasma sheet and, so, are likely candidates for the particles that supply the plasma sheet. At their earthward ends, streamlines that originate in the cusp reach low altitudes and might, in nature, be populated with ionospheric plasma. An implication of the present result is that the inner portions of mantle encounters that have been identified in IMP 8 and Geotail data refer to plasma that has spent part of its life in the dayside cusp and possibly in the ionosphere. The latter possibility might account for Geotail observations that identify O+ as a common constituent of deep-mantle plasma.
The Role of Sorption in the Transport of Klebsiella oxytoca Through Saturated Silica Sand

Experiments were conducted to investigate the role of sorption during the transport of the bacterium Klebsiella oxytoca through saturated silica sand. The sorption process was visualized at the pore scale in a minicell (3 mm deep × 6.0 mm wide × 7.0 cm long) using scanning confocal laser microscopy. The sorption process was also studied by conducting column experiments at three scales (3.8, 10, and 40 cm long). Results of image analyses of the sorbed and unattached cells in pore throats and the bacterial breakthrough data from the column experiments exhibited similar trends. Breakthrough peaks were attenuated with respect to the input concentrations and well‐defined tailing was observed. Visualization suggested that the sorption process was dominated by reversible and irreversible sorption (kirr). In the case of reversible sorption, the rate of forward sorption (kf) was different from the rate for reversible sorption (kr). Visualization also showed that the bacterial coverage on the sand grains, although extensive, covered < 0.5% of the available surface area. A 1D solution for advective‐dispersive transport was used to estimate kirr, kf, and kr with appropriate values for the coefficient of hydrodynamic dispersion and average linear pore‐water velocity (determined from CI data). Simulated best fits to the bacterial peaks were good for the 3.8 cm columns but underestimated peak heights in the 10 and 40 cm columns by one order of magnitude. Best‐fit kirr values decreased with increasing scale (0.6,0.13, and 0.062 hr‐1 for the 3.8,10, and 40 cm columns, respectively) and showed that a kirr value determined at one scale cannot be used to determine concentrations of K. oxytoca with time at another scale. These results suggested that kirr was a function of to (length of column over velocity). The equivalent irreversible sorption parameter (A, where A = to· kirr) was a constant (mean value of 3.36) for the three scales investigated. This observation suggested that the use of the value A, determined at one scale of investigation, may prove effective in approximating the value of kirr predicting bacterial transport at other scales. Best‐fit determinations yielded the same kf and kr values at all three scales (0.1 and 0.02 hr‐1). This suggested that reversible sorption may be independent of column length. This study emphasized the need for more comprehensive investigations of the role of sorption in the transport of microorganisms in the subsurface.
THE EFFECTS OF HUMOROUS AND IRRITATING ADVERTISING ON BRAND PERCEPTION IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY

Date: 8th of June 2020 Level: Bachelor Thesis in Business Administration, 15 ECTS Institution: School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University Authors: Holly-Laura Myllyoja Nika Bejo Čeh Yacoub Said (98/07/23) (96/08/24) (95/01/01) Title: The effects of humorous and irritating advertising on brand perception in the food industry. Tutor: Edward Gillmore
Application of the silica geothermometer in low temperature hydrothermal areas in Iceland

Temperatures measured in drillholes indicate that the amount of dissolved SiO/sub 2/ in thermal waters at depth in the low temperature hydrothermal areas in Iceland is governed by the solubility of chalcedony at below approximately 110/sup 0/. At above approximately 180/sup 0/, the solubility of quartz governs the amount of dissolved SiO/sub 2/ in the water. The factors that determine with which of these SiO/sub 2/ minerals the dissolved SiO/sub 2/ may reach equilibrium in this temperature range were not shown. Equilibrium with chalcedony appears in some instances to be established at 20/sup 0/, but most commonly cold ground water is SiO/sub 2/ supersaturated with respect to chalcedony solubility. Provided SiO/sub 2/ is the only varying component in the system, SiO/sub 2/ temperatures are minimum temperatures and represent temperatures of last equilibrium with quartz or chalcedony. If mixing with cold ground water takes place and an originally high pH of the thermal water is lowered, the estimated SiO/sub 2/ temperatures are likely to be high compared with the temperature of the mixture. There is a clear relation between the intensity of low temperature hydrothermal activity in Iceland and the age of the rocks in which this activity is located.
Role of Panama uplift on oceanic freshwater balance

Comparison between planktic foraminiferal oxygen isotope records from the Caribbean Sea (Ocean Drilling Program [ODP] Site 999) and the equatorial east Pacific (ODP Site 851) suggests an increase in Caribbean surface-water salinity between 4.7 and 4.2 Ma. The modern Atlantic-Pacific salinity contrast of about 1‰ became fully established at 4.2 Ma as reflected by a 0.5‰ planktic foraminifera 18O enrichment in the Caribbean Sea. This is interpreted as the result of restricted surface-water exchange between the tropical Atlantic and Pacific in response to the shoaling of the Central American seaway. As a consequence, the Atlantic and Pacific surface-ocean circulation regime changed, as did the freshwater balance between the major ocean basins. Simultaneous shifts in benthic carbon isotope records in the Caribbean Sea suggest an intensification in North Atlantic thermohaline circulation. These results indicate that the Panamanian isthmus formation caused several new ocean-atmosphere feedback mechanisms that have affected climate since the early Pliocene.
Incremental Innovation versus Discontinuous Innovation: An Analysis of the Fuzzy Front End

Companies innovate to increase revenues or reduce costs. The literature identifies two types of innovation approaches: incremental innovation, when an enterprise uses and “exploits” its current competencies, and radical innovation, which points out a company’s need to develop and “explore” new competencies. In product design and development through discontinuous innovation, fuzzy front end (ffe)— the most critical stage due to the difficulty of understanding and articulating the opportunities detected—has a decisive impact. Thus, through literature analysis, this reflective article allows a deeper understanding of ffe from two dimensions: i) Degree of innovation—incremental innovation vs. discontinuous innovation— and ii) Time—a project stage. To that end, we propose a framework of reference for ffe construct. The results enable academia to reduce the gap around the ffe construct and companies involved in innovation projects to better understand the nature of a project according to the degree of innovation of a new product, as well as how to proceed in order to reduce uncertainties; insights that could ultimately increase the chances of a new product becoming successful.
Sr, Nd, C and O isotopic compositions of carbonatite and peralkaline silicate rocks from the Zhidoy complex, Russia: evidence for binary mixing, liquid immiscibility and a heterogeneous depleted mantle source region

Sr, Nd, C and O isotopic compositions were determined for carbonatite and associated peralkaline silicate rocks from the Zhidoy complex in the East Sayan province, Russia. The complex consists predominantly of alkali pyroxenite with a small amount of ijolite, nepheline syenite and carbonatite. Rb-Sr isotopic data for two carbonatite samples, ijolite, and nepheline syenite give a whole rock isochron age of 569 Ma with initial eSr and eNd values of about −6.1 and 1.1, respectively. This indicates that the rocks were derived from a single parental magma by magmatic differentiation. Judging from the mode of occurrence, it is presumed that the carbonatites were produced by carbonate-silicate liquid immiscibility. Another two carbonatite samples have eSr and eNd values of −9.3 and −11.8, 2.3 and 3.4, respectively. They show a wide range of variation in initial eSr and eNd values. The concentration of Sr in the rock varies from 4660 to 13600 ppm. The chemical and isotopic variations in the carbonatite are not due to crustal contamination but are the result of the mixing of two different carbonatitic components. It is concluded that alkaline magmatism occurred at least twice in the Zhidoy area: (1) the first magmatism produced the alkali pyroxenite cumulate and the carbonatite with low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio; (2) the second one produced the ijolite, nepheline syenite and high-eSr carbonatite. The generation of magmas with different 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd ratios may reflect an isotopic heterogeneity of the mantle source region.
The Effect of Cloud Type on Earth's Energy Balance: Global Analysis

Abstract The role of fractional area coverage by cloud types in the energy balance of the earth is investigated through joint use of International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) C1 cloud data and Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) broadband energy flux data for the one-year period March 1985 through February 1986. Multiple linear regression is used to relate the radiation budget data to the cloud data. Comparing cloud forcing estimates obtained from the ISCCP-ERBE regression with those derived from the ERBE scene identification shows generally good agreement except over snow, in tropical convective regions, and in regions that are either nearly cloudless or always overcast. It is suggested that a substantial fraction of the disagreement in longwave cloud forcing in tropical convective regions is associated with the fact that the ERBE scene identification does not take into account variations in upper-tropospheric water vapor. On a global average basis, low clouds make the largest contri.
Relative motion of the Nazca (Farallon) and South American Plates since Late Cretaceous time

By combining reconstructions of the South American and African plates, the African and Antarctic plates, the Antarctic and Pacific plates, and the Pacific and Nazca plates, we calculated the relative positions and history of convergence of the Nazca and South American plates. Despite variations in convergence rates along the Andes, periods of rapid convergence (averaging more than 100 mm/a) between the times of anomalies 21 (49.5 Ma) and 18 (42 Ma) and since anomaly 7 (26 Ma) coincide with two phases of relatively intense tectonic activity in the Peruvian Andes, known as the late Eocene Incaic and Mio-Pliocene Quechua phases. The periods of relatively slow convergence (50 to 55 ± 30 mm/a at the latitude of Peru and less farther south) between the times of anomalies 30–31 (68.5 Ma) and 21 and between those of anomalies 13 (36 Ma) and 7 correlate with periods during which tectonic activity was relatively quiescent. Thus these reconstructions provide quantitative evidence for a correlation of the intensity of tectonic activity in the overriding plate at subduction zones with variations in the convergence rate.
A Radiative–Convective Equilibrium Perspective of Weakening of the Tropical Walker Circulation in Response to Global Warming

AbstractBoth observational analysis and GCM simulations indicate that the tropical Walker circulation is becoming weaker and may continue to weaken as a consequence of climate change. Here, the authors use a conceptual radiative–convective equilibrium (RCE) framework to interpret the weakening of the Walker circulation as simulated by the GFDL coupled GCM. Based on the modeled lapse rate and clear-sky cooling rate profiles, the RCE framework can directly compute the change of vertical velocity in the descending branch of the Walker circulation, which agrees with the counterpart simulated by the GFDL model. The results show that the vertical structure of clear-sky radiative cooling rate QR will change in response to the increased water vapor as the globe warms. The authors explain why the change of QR is positive in the uppermost part of the troposphere (<300 hPa) and is negative for the rest of the troposphere. As a result, both the change of clear-sky cooling rate and the change of tropospheric lapse rat.
Assessment of Scaling Behavior of Regional Floods

This paper examines the scaling behavior and the nature of variability of regional flood series in Quebec and Ontario, Canada. The scaling behavior and nature of variability were investigated using both the conventional statistical moments and the probability weighted moments of the flood series. The probability weighted moments were used to avoid the influences of the large observations in the determination of higher-order conventional statistical moments. Based upon the behavior of conventional statistical moments, it is found that regional annual flood series are simple scaling. However, examination of the scaling behavior of the probability weighted moments shows that the regional annual flood series are multiscaling. Further, the variability of the regional annual flood series decreases with the increase in the basin area, and there is no critical basin area where the behavior of flood series changes.
Cliffed coasts of New Zealand: Perspectives and future directions

Abstract About one‐quarter of New Zealand's shoreline is composed of cliffs. In some areas erosion rates are sufficiently rapid to be of concern to planners, whereas other cliffs have eroded imperceptibly slowly over human timescales. This paper reviews work conducted on New Zealand's cliffed coasts, from the pioneering studies of Sir Charles Cotton, who used Davisian theoretical methods to elucidate the evolution of hard‐rock coasts, to Jeremy Gibb's nationwide benchmark measurements of historical erosion rates. This review is augmented with a description of state‐of‐the art methods in use globally for investigating processes of cliff evolution. Key methods identified include detailed measurements using the micro‐erosion meter as well as novel geophysical methods of studying cliff movement under wave loading. Such process‐based studies build on previous research that has been largely confined to explanatory description and observation. It is recognised that the combined impact of such studies has been relatively muted, owing particularly to the difficulty of unravelling ambiguous process‐form interactions. However, the increasingly widespread availability of terrestrial and aerial remote laser scanning systems now provides an opportunity to re‐invigorate such studies by extending the scale from local to regional. The paper concludes by outlining prospects within New Zealand for further research. In particular, the development and use of numerical models is seen as an important avenue both for clarifying some basic behaviours observed on cliffed coasts, and for studying the likely response of eroding cliffs to future climate change.
How stratified is mantle convection

We quantify the flow stratification in the Earth's mid-mantle (600-1500 km) in terms of a stratification index for the vertical mass flux, S f (z) = 1 - f(z) / f ref (z), in which the reference value f ref (z) approximates the local flux at depth z expected for unstratified convection (S f = 0). Although this flux stratification index cannot be directly constrained by observations, we show from a series of two-dimensional convection simulations that its value can be related to a thermal stratification index S T (z) defined in terms of the radial correlation length of the temperature-perturbation field δT(z,Ω). S T is a good proxy for S f at low stratifications (S f < 0.2), where it rises with stratification strength much more rapidly than S f . Assuming that the shear-speed variations δβ(z,Ω) imaged by seismic tomography are primarily due to convective temperature fluctuations, we can approximate S T by S β , the analogous index for the radial correlation length of δβ, and thereby construct bounds on S f . We discuss several key issues regarding the implementation of this strategy, including finite resolution of the seismic data, biases due to the parameterization of the tomographic models, and the bias and variance due to noise. From the comparison of the numerical simulations with recent tomographic structures, we conclude that it is unlikely that convection in the Earth's mantle has S f ? 0.15. We consider the possibility that this estimate is biased because mantle convection is intermittent and therefore that the present-day tomographic snapshot may differ from its time average. Although this possibility cannot be dismissed completely, we argue that values of S f ? 0.2 can be discounted under a weak version of the Uniformitarian Principle. The bound obtained here from global tomography is consistent with local seismological evidence for slab flux into the lower mantle; however, the total material flux has to be significantly greater (by a factor of 2-3) than that due to slabs alone. A stratification index, S f ? 0.2, is sufficient to exclude many stratified convection models still under active consideration, including most forms of chemical layering between the upper and lower mantle, as well as the more extreme versions of avalanching convection governed by a strong endothermic phase change.
Structure of the malaria vaccine candidate antigen CyRPA and its complex with a parasite invasion inhibitory antibody

Invasion of erythrocytes by Plasmodial merozoites is a composite process involving the interplay of several proteins. Among them, the Plasmodium falciparum Cysteine-Rich Protective Antigen (PfCyRPA) is a crucial component of a ternary complex, including Reticulocyte binding-like Homologous protein 5 (PfRH5) and the RH5-interacting protein (PfRipr), essential for erythrocyte invasion. Here, we present the crystal structures of PfCyRPA and its complex with the antigen-binding fragment of a parasite growth inhibitory antibody. PfCyRPA adopts a 6-bladed β-propeller structure with similarity to the classic sialidase fold, but it has no sialidase activity and fulfills a purely non-enzymatic function. Characterization of the epitope recognized by protective antibodies may facilitate design of peptidomimetics to focus vaccine responses on protective epitopes. Both in vitro and in vivo anti-PfCyRPA and anti-PfRH5 antibodies showed more potent parasite growth inhibitory activity in combination than on their own, supporting a combined delivery of PfCyRPA and PfRH5 in vaccines. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.20383. 001
The boundary currents east and north of Madagascar: 1. Geostrophic currents and transports

Geostrophic currents and transports in the boundary currents near Madagascar are described for a section at 23°S off the east coast and at 12°S to the northeast of Cape Amber. These results are based on conductivity-temperature-depth and expendable bathythermograph sections made during cruises of the Marion Dufresne in 1984, 1985, and 1986, supplemented by those historical data that were sufficiently deep. The reference levels used are 1100 dbar at 12°S and 1170 dbar at 23°S, based on the results from 11 months of current meter records obtained in 1984–1985. Comparisons are made between the geostrophic current profiles and direct observations, both from moored current meters and from acoustic Doppler profiling in the Upper 200 m. The mean geostrophic transports above the chosen reference levels are 29.6 Sv northwestward off Cape Amber out to 115 km offshore and 20.6 Sv southward at 23°S out to 110 km offshore. The directly recorded currents show no detectable seasonal signal below 200 m: above that level other historical data suggest a seasonal amplitude in transport of approximately ±2 Sv at 12°S and ±0.3 Sv at 23°S.
Exact expressions for electric and magnetic fields from a propagating lightning channel with arbitrary orientation

Exact expressions for the electric and magnetic fields are derived for the case of a filamentary lightning current that flows in an extending channel. The treatment differs from those in the existing literature in that the expressions are found from fundamental principles applied to the appropriate bounded current rather than from the addition of an extra term in the radiation fields to account for the channel-tip discontinuity, the “turn-on” term. A different analytical form is obtained for the electrostatic field component, but this is found to be equivalent to existing relations. The radiation component of the magnetic field and a far-field expression for the electric field can each be expressed as a single expression in which the turn-on term from the channel tip is an integral part. However, the far-field expression for E can only be represented in this simple way if a term that arises from the induction field, the component that varies as l/R2, is included with the remaining radiation terms, so that it is not a true radiation field. The Lorentz condition is shown to be equivalent to the continuity equation expressed in terms of the delayed time t-R/c. For a transmission line model with channel-tip speed v and current pulse propagation speed w, the same far-field expression is found for v = w as for v>w. The latter condition includes the case of a transmission-line current on a preexisting channel.