Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Cycle of Toxicity: Exploring Relationships between Personality and Player Roles in Toxic Behavior in Multiplayer Online Battle Arena Games

Toxic behavior remains a salient challenge for online gaming environments, such as multiplayer online battle arena video games (MOBAs). In this study, we sought to understand player roles and settings in which toxicity occurs using a mixed-methods approach. First, we conducted ethnographic observations and interviews with players of the most popular contemporary MOBA, League of Legends (Study 1). During the qualitative analysis three main themes emerged: (1) the fluidity of roles, (2) the subjectivity of the toxic experience, and (3) cascading effects and changing modalities of toxicity. Based on the themes, we formulated hypotheses regarding players’ experience with toxicity. To test these hypotheses, we gathered cross-sectional data from MOBA players (n = 216), which we analyzed with co-variance-based statistics (Study 2). Our quantitative findings showcase the complexity of toxicity as well as players’ ambivalence toward the topic. We found indicators of substantial influences of personality and a cycle of retaliation toxicity spread as victims retaliated against the perpetrator.
Isotope geochemistry and origin of illite-smectite and kaolinite from the Seilitz and Kemmlitz kaolin deposits, Saxony, Germany

Abstract Residual clays that developed on Permian and Carboniferous glass-rich silicic volcanic rocks (pitchstones, ignimbrites) at the Seilitz and Kemmlitz kaolin deposits, Saxony, Eastern Germany, contain locally abundant lath-shaped illite-rich illite-smectite mixed-layer minerals (I-S). Analyses by XRD and TEM-AES reveal a large illite percentage (>~90%) and R3 ordering in I-S from Seilitz (>~90%) and smaller illite percentage (~70%) and R1 ordering in I-S from Kemmlitz. The clays never suffered a deep burial and there is no geological, petrographic or fluid inclusion evidence for aeolian input or hydrothermal origin of I-S at either deposit. The I-S formed exclusively at the expense of volcanic glass and not from K-feldspar. Residual quartz phenocrysts in the clays still preserve primary glassy silicate melt inclusions and lack secondary aqueous fluid inclusion trails. The δD and δ18O values of kaolinite and I-S are suggestive of low formation temperatures (<40ºC). Rb-Sr and K-Ar dating of I-S-bearing clay separates yield Lower Cretaceous ages at Seilitz and indicates the presence of excess or inherited 40Ar in illite-rich I-S. In contrast, Triassic to Jurassic Rb-Sr ages are obtained for I-S from the Kemmlitz kaolin deposit.
Molecular and spatial profiling of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus

The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) is known to regulate various cognitive and behavioral processes. However, while functional diversity among PVT circuits has often been linked to cellular differences, the molecular identity and spatial distribution of PVT cell types remains unclear. To address this gap, here we used single nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) and identified five molecularly distinct PVT neuronal subtypes. Additionally, multiplex fluorescent in situ hybridization of top marker genes revealed that PVT subtypes are organized by a combination of previously unidentified molecular gradients. Lastly, comparing our dataset with a recently published single-cell sequencing atlas of thalamus yielded novel insight into the PVT’s connectivity with cortex, including unexpected innervation of auditory and visual areas. This comparison also revealed that our data contains a largely non-overlapping transcriptomic map of multiple midline thalamic nuclei. Collectively, our findings uncover previously unknown features of the molecular diversity and anatomical organization of the PVT and provide a valuable resource for future investigations.
Wind-Stress Simulations and Equatorial Dynamics in an Agcm: Part 1; Basic Results from a 1979-1999 Forced Sst Experiment

This is the first of a two part study examining the connection of the equatorial momentum budget in an AGCM (Atmospheric General Circulation Model), with simulated equatorial surface wind stresses over the Pacific. The AGCM used in this study forms part of a newly developed coupled forecasting system used at NASA's Seasonal- to-Interannual Prediction Project. Here we describe the model and present results from a 20-year (1979-1999) AMIP-type experiment forced with observed SSTs (Sea Surface Temperatures). Model results are compared them with available observational data sets. The climatological pattern of extra-tropical planetary waves as well as their ENSO-related variability is found to agree quite well with re-analysis estimates. The model's surface wind stress is examined in detail, and reveals a reasonable overall simulation of seasonal interannual variability, as well as seasonal mean distributions. However, an excessive annual oscillation in wind stress over the equatorial central Pacific is found. We examine the model's divergent circulation over the tropical Pacific and compare it with estimates based on re-analysis data. These comparisons are generally good, but reveal excessive upper-level convergence in the central Pacific. In Part II of this study a direct examination of individual terms in the AGCM's momentum budget is presented. We relate the results of this analysis to the model's simulation of surface wind stress.
Thermal and mechanical behaviour of the orogenic middle crust during the syn‐ to late‐orogenic evolution of the Variscan root zone, Bohemian Massif

We combine structural observations, petrological data and 40Ar–39Ar ages for a stack of amphibolite facies metasedimentary units that rims high‐P (HP) granulite facies felsic bodies exposed in the southern Bohemian Massif. The partly migmatitic Varied and Monotonous units, and the underlying Kaplice unit, show a continuity of structures that are also observed in the adjacent Blanský les HP granulite body. They all exhibit an earlier NE−SW striking and steeply NW‐dipping foliation (S3), which is transposed into a moderately NW‐dipping foliation (S4). In both the Varied and Monotonous units, the S3 and S4 foliations are characterized by a Sil–Bt–Pl–Kfs–Qtz–Ilm±Grt assemblage, with occurrences of post‐D4 andalusite, cordierite and muscovite. In the Monotonous unit, minute inclusions of garnet, kyanite, sillimanite and biotite are additionally found in plagioclase from a probable leucosome parallel to S3. The Kaplice unit shows rare staurolite and kyanite relicts, a Sil–Ms–Bt–Pl–Qtz±Grt assemblage associated with S3, retrogressed garnet−staurolite aggregates during the development of S4, and post‐D4 andalusite, cordierite and secondary muscovite. Mineral equilibria modelling for representative samples indicates that the Varied unit records conditions higher than ~7 kbar at 725 °C during the transition from S3 to S4, followed by a P−T decrease from ~5.5 kbar/750 °C to ~4.5 kbar/700 °C. The Monotonous unit shows evidence of partial melting in the S3 fabric at P−T above ~8 kbar at 740–830 °C and a subsequent P−T decrease to 4.5–5 kbar/700 °C. The Kaplice unit preserves an initial medium‐P prograde path associated with the development of S3 reaching peak P−T of ~6.5 kbar/640 °C. The subsequent retrograde path records 4.5 kbar/660 °C during the development of S4. 40Ar–39Ar geochronology shows that amphibole and biotite ages cluster at c. 340 Ma close to the HP granulite, whereas adjacent metasedimentary rocks preserve c. 340 Ma amphibole ages, but biotite and muscovite ages range between c. 318 and c. 300 Ma. The P−T conditions associated with S3 imply an overturned section of the orogenic middle crust. The shared structural evolution indicates that all mid‐crustal units are involved in the large‐scale folding cored by HP granulites. The retrograde P–T paths associated with S4 are interpreted as a result of a ductile thinning of the orogenic crust at a mid‐crustal level. The 40Ar–39Ar ages overlap with U–Pb zircon ages in and around the HP granulite bodies, suggesting a short duration for the ductile thinning event. The post‐ductile thinning late‐orogenic emplacement of the South Bohemian plutonic complex is responsible for a re‐heating of the stacked units, reopening of argon system in mica and a tilting of the S4 foliation to its present‐day orientation.
Burrows of desert-adapted frogs, Neobatrachus aquilonius and Notaden nichollsi

The non-cocooning frogs, Notaden nichollsi and Uperoleia micromeles, and the cocoon-forming frog, Neobatrachus aquilonius, burrow underground to survive in the hot, dehydrating arid interior of Australia. By four to six months after these frogs had burrowed, the only surface evidence that a frog had dug a vertical burrow was either a small raised-side crater ranging from 50 – 60 mm in diameter or a shallow depression the same size with a less compacted centre. Notaden nichollsi and U. micromeles were dug from poorly-defined, sand-filled burrows in sandy soil (1.4 – 4.1% clay and silt, 95.9 – 98.4% sand) at 600 to 2400 mm below the surface. Multiple N. nichollsi and U. micromeles were located in single burrows. In contrast, N. aquilonius were found in clay soil (12.5 – 17.9% clay and silt, 82.1 – 87.5% sand) in burrows 280 to 1200 mm deep. At a clay pan site only a single N. aquilonius was found in each well-defined, loosely filled burrow that we excavated. From a swale site, on one occasion we found two N. aquilonius in one burrow, and on another occasion we found a N. aquilonius and a N. nichollsi in the same burrow.
Rapid Deterioration of a Salt Marsh in Venice Lagoon, Italy

From March 1993 until June 1995, various aspects of sediment dynamics and geomorphological change were measured in an eroding salt marsh in Venice Lagoon. Marsh edge retreat and changes in interior pond size were measured in relation to permanent stakes placed in the marsh. Short term sedimentation and vertical accretion on the marsh surface were measured as the deposition of material on filter papers and the accumulation of material over feldspar clay marker horizons, respectively. A sedimentation-erosion table was used to measure elevation change of the surface of the marsh and the eroding mudflat in front of the marsh. High wave energy caused by strong winds and a long fetch is leading to marsh edge retreat of 1.2-2.2 m yr -1 and the formation of new tidal channels which are cutting rapidly into the marsh. Short-term sedimentation was highly variable, ranging from 2.9 to 72.3 g m -2 d -1 , with the highest values occurring during strong storms. Vertical accretion on the marsh surface was high, averaging 2.3 cm yr -1 . This was reflected in high increases in marsh surface elevation which averaged 1.54 cm yr -1 . By contrast, the eroding marsh front lost elevation at 4.12 cm yr -1 . The high rate of accretion in the marsh is supported by material eroded from the marsh front and the lagoon bottom. Wave energy and the tidal prism in the lagoon have increased due to increased depth and fetch. Thus, this marsh is likely to deteriorate rapidly despite the high sediment input because of the high rates of lateral erosion. The most practible solution to this deterioration is reduction of wave energy by permeable barriers.
PUBLIC HEALTH GOALS FOR CHEMICALS IN DRINKING WATER URANIUM

Health Goal (PHG) technical support on health effects from contaminants in drinking water. PHGs are developed for chemical contaminants based on the best available toxicological data in the scientific literature. These documents and the analyses contained in them provide estimates of the levels of contaminants in drinking water that would pose no significant health risk to individuals consuming the water on a daily basis over a lifetime. also seen at the same exposure level in the liver including nuclear anisokaryosis and vesiculation. Effects on biochemical indicators of kidney function were seen in urine of humans exposed to low levels of uranium in drinking water for periods up to 33 years. These effects, such as increased urinary glucose, β 2-microglobulin, and γ -glutamyl transferase, are indicative of potential kidney injury rather than toxicity per se. Uranium is an emitter of ionizing radiation, and ionizing radiation is carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic. A level of 0.5 ppb (0.43 pCi/L) is considered protective for both carcinogenicity and kidney toxicity and is therefore established as the PHG for natural uranium in California drinking water. the kidney, where changes in the renal tubules were characteristic of uranium toxicity. The authors identified a study a lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level (LOAEL) of 0.96 mg UN/L in drinking water, equivalent to an average dose in males of 0.05 mg U/kg-d. The reversibility of uranium kidney toxicity was also investigated by Gilman et al. (1998c). Specific-pathogen free (SPF) male NZW rabbits were exposed to 24 or 600 mg UN/L in drinking water for 91 days. Recovery periods were 0, 8, 14, 45, or 91 days. Renal tubular injury with degenerative nuclear changes, cytoplasmic vacuolation, and tubular dilation was seen in the high dose group, without consistent resolution even after 91 days recovery.
The Evolution of Auditory Dispersion in Bidirectional Constraint Grammars

This paper reconciles the standpoint that language users do not aim at improving their sound systems with the observation that languages seem to improve their sound systems. Computer simulations of sibilant inventories show that constraint-based learners who optimize their perception grammars automatically introduce a so-called prototype effect, i.e. the phenomenon that the learner's preferred auditory realization of a certain phonological category is more peripheral than the average auditory realization of this category in her language environment. In production, however, this prototype effect is counteracted by an articulatory effect that limits the auditory form to something that is not too difficult to pronounce. If the prototype effect and the articulatory effect are of a different size, the learner must end up with an auditorily different sound system from that of her language environment. The computer simulations show that, independently of the initial auditory sound system, a stable equilibrium is reached within a small number of generations. In this stable state, the dispersion of the sibilants of the language strikes an optimal balance between articulatory ease and auditory contrast. The important point is that this is derived within a model without any goal-oriented elements such as dispersion constraints.
Fish or Fowl: a Wizard of Oz Evaluation of Dialogue Strategies in the Restaurant Domain

Recent work on evaluation of spoken dialogue systems suggests that the information presentation phase of complex dialogues is often the primary contributor to dialogue duration. This indicates that better algorithms are needed for the presentation of complex information in speech. Currently however we lack data about the tasks and dialogue strategies on which to base such algorithms. In this paper, we describe a Wizard of Oz tool and a study which applies user models based on multi-attribute decision theory to the problem of generating tailored and concise system responses for a spoken dialogue system. The resulting Wizard corpus will be distributed by the LDC as part of our work on the ISLE project.
Did Private Election Administration Funding Advantage Democrats in 2020?

Private donors contributed more than $350 million to local election officials to support the administration of the 2020 election. Supporters argue these grants were neutral and necessary to maintain normal election operations during the pandemic, while critics worry these grants mostly went to Democratic strongholds and tilted election outcomes. These concerns have led twenty-four states to restrict private election grants. How much did these grants shape the 2020 presidential election? To answer this question, we collect administrative data on private election administration grants and election outcomes. We then use new advances in synthetic control methods to compare presidential election results and turnout in counties that received grants to counties with identical average presidential election results and turnout before 2020. While counties that favor Democrats were much more likely to apply for a grant, we find that the grants did not have a noticeable effect on the presidential election. Our estimates of the average effect of receiving a grant on Democratic vote share range from 0.02 percentage points to 0.36 percentage points. Our estimates of the average effect of receiving a grant on turnout range from -0.03 percentage points to 0.13 percentage points. Across specifications, our 95% confidence intervals typically include negative effects, and our confidence intervals from all specifications fail to include effects on Democratic vote share larger than 0.58 percentage points and effects on turnout larger than 0.40 percentage points. We characterize the magnitude of our effects by asking how large they are compared to the margin by which Biden won the 2020 election. In simple bench-marking exercises, we find that the effects of the grants were likely too small to have changed the outcome of the 2020 presidential election.
Ultra‐high pressure (P > 6 GPa) garnet peridotites in Western Norway: exhumation of mantle rocks from > 185 km depth

We report here for the first time the occurrence of relics of majoritic garnet within orogenic garnet peridotites from Otrøy, Western Gneiss Region, Norway. The microstructural evidence consists of two‐pyroxene exsolution from garnet. Majoritic garnets are only stable at depths greater than 150 km. Estimates of the initial composition of the majoritic garnets imply pressures of 6–6.5 GPa indicating that the Otrøy peridotites were derived from depths > 185 km.
High-dimensional causal discovery under non-Gaussianity

We consider graphical models based on a recursive system of linear structural equations. This implies that there is an ordering, $\sigma$, of the variables such that each observed variable $Y_v$ is a linear function of a variable-specific error term and the other observed variables $Y_u$ with $\sigma(u) < \sigma (v)$. The causal relationships, i.e., which other variables the linear functions depend on, can be described using a directed graph. It has previously been shown that when the variable-specific error terms are non-Gaussian, the exact causal graph, as opposed to a Markov equivalence class, can be consistently estimated from observational data. We propose an algorithm that yields consistent estimates of the graph also in high-dimensional settings in which the number of variables may grow at a faster rate than the number of observations, but in which the underlying causal structure features suitable sparsity; specifically, the maximum in-degree of the graph is controlled. Our theoretical analysis is couched in the setting of log-concave error distributions.
A hybrid procedure for classifying synoptic weather types for Louisiana, USA

A hybrid synoptic classification procedure for classifying Louisiana weather types based on the manual Muller system is presented. This procedure produces a synoptic classification system for Louisiana that harnesses the strengths of both manual and automated classifications, while eliminating the weaknesses. The Muller weather types archive from 1981 to 2001 is used in conjunction with the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)/National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Reanalysis dataset to develop sea level pressure composites for each Muller weather type. The composites are used as seeds in an automated correlation‐based algorithm to generate weather types from 1981 to 2001. Results of the automated procedure are compared to the Muller weather type catalog. Despite systematic differences between the two classifications, including the inability of the hybrid procedure to identify frontal placement, the hybrid classification correctly matched the Muller weather type for 52% of the seed days. In addition, the automated catalog captured the seasonal distribution and interannual variability of the Muller types remarkably well. The hybrid synoptic weather classification system applied to weather properties at Shreveport and New Orleans showed significant differences between weather types. The automated procedure does not replicate the Muller weather type classification exactly; however, it is homogenous within itself and has value for describing the variability of surface weather in Louisiana. In fact, it is arguably advantageous for some applications, owing to its objectivity, speed, and reproducibility.
Tidal currents in the Adriatic as measured by surface drifters

[1] Velocities of surface drifters are analyzed to study tidal currents throughout the Adriatic Sea. Spectral and harmonic analyses indicate that the M2, S2, and K1 constituents dominate. Maps of tidal characteristics show that M2 and S2 are rectilinear currents (reversing tides) aligned with the main axis of the Adriatic basin with maximum amplitude (~7 cm/s for M2 and ~4 cm/s for S2) in the northern area off the Istrian Peninsula. Near the northern coast, semidiurnal tidal currents decrease in amplitude and rotate in the counterclockwise sense. Near the Po River delta, M2 (S2) motions rotate in the counterclockwise (clockwise) sense. S2 rotation is also counterclockwise near the northeastern coast. M2 phases increase from about 130° on the eastern Croatian coast to 190° on the western Italian side. S2 phases range from 150° to 200°. In the middle and southern Adriatic, the semidiurnal tides are small (~1 cm/s). The diurnal tidal currents (K1) are strong across the basin at the levels of Monte Conero and the Gargano Peninsula with speed larger than 5 cm/s and mainly clockwise rotation, and also in coastal areas (e.g., on the Albanian shelf and close to the Otranto Channel). Phases increase from the east to the west coasts (by as much as 150°). These new results compare satisfactorily with previous observations and numerical simulations, although tidal amplitudes are under-estimated with respect to mooring measurements. They extend for the first time the description of the Adriatic tidal currents to the entire basin based on direct velocity observations.
Leg length change after opening wedge and closing wedge high tibial osteotomy: A meta-analysis

Background Theoretical considerations suggest that leg length increases after opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO) and decreases after closing wedge HTO; however, in vivo studies have yielded conflicting results. This meta-analysis therefore assessed changes in leg length after opening wedge and closing wedge HTO. Methods All studies comparing pre- and postoperative leg length in patients who underwent opening and/or closing wedge HTO were included. Two reviewers independently recorded data from each study in terms of sample size as well as preoperative and postoperative leg length of open wedge and/or closed wedge HTO groups. Results Four studies were included in the meta-analysis. Although pooled results showed leg length changes from before to after surgery were –6.93 mm (95% confidence interval [CI]: –17.53 to 3.67 mm; P = 0.20) in opening wedge HTO and 1.97 mm (95% CI: –7.13 to 11.07 mm; P = 0.67) in closing wedge HTO, respectively, these values were statistically not significant. However, the difference in the pooled mean leg length change from before to after surgery between opening wedge and closing wedge HTO was 8 mm, a difference that was significant (95% CI: 6.53 to 9.46 mm; P<0.001). Conclusion The change in leg length was not statistically significant for either opening or closing wedge HTO. However, leg length change from before to after surgery was 8 mm greater for opening wedge HTO than for closing wedge HTO.