Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Application of Cumulative Axle Model To Impute Missing Traffic Data in Defective AVC Stations

An automatic vehicle classification (AVC) station is typically composed of three sensors per lane. Instances of data missing from the traffic datasets collected at such stations can occur as a result of issues such as one of the sensors malfunctioning. Although various data imputation methods, such as autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), exponential smoothing, and interpolation, have been proposed to deal with this problem, they are either too complicated or have significant errors. This paper proposes a model, called the “cumulative axle model,” that minimizes such errors in traffic volume data resulting from a malfunctioning sensor at AVC stations. Evaluations conducted in which missing traffic volume data imputation was simulated using the proposed cumulative axle model indicate that our method has a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 2.92%. This is significantly more accurate than that of conventional imputation methods, which achieve a MAPE of only 10% on average.
Recovery of the effect of the third-order dispersion and Raman self-frequency shift on polarization modes of optical pulses in birefringent fibers using temporal and spectral optical phase conjugation

Nonlinear optical pulses with sub-picosecond width will exhibit the phenomena of timing jitter and pulse decay induced by the third-order dispersion and Raman self-frequency shift. The optical phase conjugation is proposed to compensate for the high-order dispersion and high-order nonlinear effect. However, the spectral phase conjugation can’t eliminate the time delay induced by Raman self-frequency shift and the temporal phase conjugation can’t avoid the pulse splitting into two pieces induced by the third order dispersion. Thus, the schemes of the combination of the spectral and temporal phase conjugation are supposed to use for recovering the distorted pulse and reducing the time delay induced by the third-order dispersion and Raman self-frequency shift. There exist the optimized schemes to deploy the relative position between the spectral phase conjugator and the temporal phase conjugator to obtain the optimization transmission qualities with the minimum penalty for timing jitter and pulse distortion. In addition, the spectral phase conjugator and temporal phase conjugator should be settled down after the midway and before the midway, respectively, in order to obtain the residual third-order dispersion to enhance the frequency red-shift trend of two polarization components after the temporal phase conjugator for reducing the time delay.
Concert hall acoustics from a player’s standpoint

Music performance, a ‘‘momentary and spatial art,’’ is finally completed in a concert hall. Even with the same elements such as a musical instrument, a piece by a composer, imagination and technique of a soloist and their co‐players, totally different music can be created according to the acoustics of a concert hall. Before a concert, players carefully grasp the acoustical nature of the hall and adapt their technique to harmonize with the hall. When players are successful in their adjustment, they, together with the audience in the hall, can truly create art. As is often said, a concert hall is the greatest musical instrument and, as such, its role in the performance of music cannot be underestimated. This fact demands attention and is worthy of far greater discussion by players, acousticians, and architects. In this paper, a consideration of concert hall acoustics is described from the standpoint of a violin soloist.
Quantum computer games: Schrödinger cat and hounds

The quantum computer game ‘Schrödinger cat and hounds’ is the quantum extension of the well-known classical game fox and hounds. Its main objective is to teach the unique concepts of quantum mechanics in a fun way. ‘Schrödinger cat and hounds’ demonstrates the effects of superposition, destructive and constructive interference, measurements and entanglement. More advanced concepts, like particle–wave duality and decoherence, can also be taught using the game as a model. The game that has an optimal solution in the classical version, can have many different solutions and a new balance of powers in the quantum world. Game-aided lectures were given to high-school students which showed that it is a valid and entertaining teaching platform.
CHAOS CONTROL AND SYNCHRONIZATION USING SYNERGETIC CONTROLLER WITH FRACTIONAL AND LINEAR EXTENDED MANIFOLD

In this manuscript, for the first time, a fractional-order manifold in a synergetic approach using a fractional order controller is introduced. Furtheremore, in the synergetic theory a macro variable is expended into a linear combination of state variables. An aim is to increase the convergence rate as well as time response of the whole closed loop system. Quality of the proposed controller is investigated to control and synchronize a nonlinear chaotic Coullet system in comparison with an integer order manifold synergetic controller. The stability of the proposed controller is proven using the Lyapunov method. In this regard stabilizing control effort is yielded. Simulation result confirm convergence of states towards zero. This is achieved through a control effort with fewer oscillations and lower amplitude of signls which confirm feasibility of the control effort in practice.KEYWORDS: synergetic control theory; fractional order system; synchronization; nonlinear chaotic Coullet system; chaos control
Hurricane Debby - An illustration of the complementary nature of VAS soundings and cloud and water vapor motion winds

Abstract The utility of VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) temperature and moisture soundings and cloud and water vapor motion winds in defining a storm and its surroundings at subsynoptic scales has been examined using a numerical analysis and prognosis system. It is shown that the VAS temperature and moisture data, which specify temperature and moisture well in cloud-free areas, are complemented by cloud and water vapor motion data generated in the cloudy areas. The cloud and water vapor “winds” provide thermal gradient information for interpolating the soundings across cloudy regions. The loss of analysis integrity due to the reduction of VAS sounding density in the cloudy regions associated with synoptic activity is ameliorated by using cloud and water vapor motion winds. The improvement in numerical forecasts resulting from the addition of these data to the numerical analysis is recorded.
Unipolar Switching Characteristics of Nonvolatile Memory Devices Based on Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(styrene sulfonate) Thin Films

This paper describes the fabrication and electric characteristics of nonvolatile memory devices from a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) thin film sandwiched between two Al electrodes. These devices have unipolar switching behavior. The on and off voltages are about 2–3 and 0.5 V, respectively. The on/off current ratio of the device is 104–109. Also, the write–erase cycle test was operated 27 times and the retention time was up to 6 h. These characteristics were affected by several factors, such as the formation of current paths due to the redox behavior of PEDOT:PSS chain, the application of the compliance current and the existence of the native thin oxide layer, Al2O3, on top of the Al bottom electrode.
Coercivity tuning in Co/Pd multilayer based bit patterned media

In order to adjust the reversal field of high anisotropy [Co(2.8 A)/Pd(9 A)]8 bit patterned media (BPM), one may increase the individual Co thickness to change the overall anisotropy or alternatively combine the high anisotropy multilayer with a lower anisotropy material, thus creating a heterogeneous laminated system. In the current study, we find that [Co/Pd]8−N[Co/Ni]N hard-soft laminated BPM allows tuning the coercivity while maintaining a narrow normalized switching field distribution (σSFD/HC), whereas homogeneous structures with increased individual Co thickness show a more pronounced increase in σSFD/HC. Possible reasons for the different behavior, such as changes in strain and texture, are discussed.
Scintillation fluctuations of optical communication lasers in atmospheric turbulence

The purpose of this research is to evaluate scintillation fluctuations on optical communication lasers and evaluate potential system improvements to reduce scintillation effects. This research attempts to experimentally verify mathematical models developed by Andrews and Phillips [1] for scintillation fluctuations in atmospheric turbulence using two different transmitting wavelengths. Propagation range lengths and detector quantities were varied to confirm the theoretical scintillation curve. In order to confirm the range and wavelength dependent scintillation curve, intensity measurements were taken from a 904nm and 1550nm laser source for an assortment of path distances along the 1km laser range at the Townes Laser Institute. The refractive index structure parameter (Cn2) data was also taken at various ranges using two commercial scintillometers. This parameter is used to characterize the strength of atmospheric turbulence, which induces scintillation effects on the laser beam, and is a vital input parameter to the mathematical model. Data was taken and analyzed using a 4-detector board array. The material presented in this paper outlines the verification and validation of the theoretical scintillation model, and steps to improve the scintillation fluctuation effects on the laser beam through additional detectors and a longer transmitting wavelength. Experimental data was post processed and analyzed for scintillation fluctuations of the two transmitting wavelengths. The results demonstrate the benefit of additional detectors and validate a mathematical model that can be scaled for use in a variety of communications or defense applications. Scintillation is a problem faced by every free space laser communication system and the verification of an accurate mathematical model to simulate these effects has strong application across the industry.
Nanotopography of collagen thin films in correlation with fibroblast response

Abstract. Collagen thin films consisting of randomly oriented and oriented collagen fibrils/fibers are fabricated by hydrodynamic flow and spin coating, and then they are characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Fibroblasts are cultured on these films in order to correlate their morphology and alignment, which are assessed with fluorescence and AFM imaging with different film characteristics. The results showed that the formed films could be used as substrates for culturing cells. Furthermore, cells reacted to film nanocharacteristics and especially to the orientation of fibrils/fibers. The investigation of the influence that the substrate nanotopography has on cells will help to elucidate the mechanisms of cell–biomaterial interactions, and will enable the design of intelligent coatings for implants and tissue engineering purposes.
Effects of viscosity variation on the stability of film flow down heated or cooled inclined surfaces: Long‐wavelength analysis

The linear stability of liquid film flow, when the viscosity depends exponentially on temperature, is investigated here for the case of heating or cooling from below by means of an analysis valid for long waves. It is shown that cooling stabilizes the flow, while heating destabilizes it. For the case of cooling, a cutoff Prandtl number exists, above which the flow is stable with respect to long waves.
Atomic resolution with an atomic force microscope using piezoresistive detection

A new detection scheme for atomic force microscopy (AFM) is shown to yield atomic resolution images of conducting and nonconducting layered materials. This detection scheme uses a piezoresistive strain sensor embedded in the AFM cantilever. The cantilever is batch fabricated using standard silicon micromachining techniques. The deflection of the cantilever is measured directly from the resistance of the piezoresistive strain sensor without the need for external deflection sensing elements. Using this cantilever we achieved 0.1 Arms vertical resolution in a 10 Hz–1 kHz bandwidth.
Selection of the “ best ” seismic upgrading solution for a RC building by MCDM

Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) is made of stepwise procedures useful for complex problems allowing to rank the overall performances of a finite set of alternatives in respect to certain criteria of interest. They help the Decision Maker (DM) to identify the ‘best’ feasible solution which is defined as the one which more closely matches all the relevant goals. MCDM is common in several fields such as resources allocation planning, medical treatment choices, natural resources’ management. This paper presents an application of this methodological framework to the seismic retrofit of an underdesigned RC structure. In fact, several traditional, as well as innovative, upgrade strategies are available for the achievement of the retrofitting goals, each of those scoring different points in respect of different criteria such as installation and maintenance costs, required application time, performances, durability and invasivity. The selection of the most suitable solution depends on the peculiarities of the case under exam and is, often, not straightforward. Due to the several noncommensurable and conflicting criteria, generally there is no solution satisfying all of them simultaneously [1] calling for MCDM. The TOPSIS method [2] is considered being one of the most widely adopted. The eigenvalue approach [3] is used, instead, to express the relative importance (weights) of the criteria. The application is described in detail; it refers to a three-storeys, irregular, pre-code RC structure built and tested at the European Laboratory for Structural Assessment (ELSA) of the Joint Research Center (JRC) in Ispra, Italy, for the EU project SPEAR [4]. The building is assumed to be located in Pomigliano d’Arco (Naples, Italy) which has been classified as a seismic zone only in 2003 (peak ground acceleration 0.25g) and hence the upgrading needs are actually strongly felt. For this structure three different retrofitting alternatives, improving the seismic capacity by three different structural performance objectives, were designed: (a) columns’ confinement by Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics (GFRP); (b) steel bracing; (c) concrete jacketing of columns. The considered criteria are technical and social/economical. The destination of the building is chosen to be residential and the DM is assumed to be the owner.
FLIM ‐ A Variant of FEM based on Line Integration

A variant of the finite element method (FEM) for modelling and solving partial differential equations based on triangular and tetrahedral meshes is proposed. While FEM is based on integration over finite elements, the new approach ‐ briefly denoted as FLIM hereafter ‐ uses integration along edges (finite lines). The stiffness matrix, which ‐ for linear triangles and tetrahedra ‐ is identical with the one obtained with FEM, as well as the load vector can solely be obtained by summing up the edge contributions. This new variant requires much lower storage than FEM, especially for three‐dimensional problems, but yields the same approximation error and convergence rate as the finite element method. It is shown that its performance, when applied to linear problems, is in close agreement with the performance of the finite element method. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An observer of systems with delays in state variables

The paper is concerned with the design of an observer of systems with delays in state variables and control. It is shown, on the basis of the finite spectrum assignment theory, that if the system is spectrally observable, there exists an observer which can estimate the state variables of the system as fast as desired. A systematic design procedure of the observer is presented. The advantage of the proposed method is that the observer is constructed without preliminary knowledge of the open-loop spectrum in contrast with the design method based on the spectral decomposition.
Incentives and regulations in bike-sharing systems with stations of finite capacity

As of 2011, more than 200 cities around the world have a bike sharing system. In such a system, users arrive at a station, use the bike for a while and return the bike to another station. This paper presents a model taking account of the finite number of bike locations at the stations. In case of symmetry, as the system gets large, the mean field limit provides an insight of the system behavior. Convergence of the invariant measures is proved and closed form results are obtained. The influence of the parameters and of various load balancing strategies on the performance, measured by the proportion of so called problematic stations, is discussed. Even in this symmetry case, the system exhibits a poor performance. We show that simple incentives, such as suggesting users to return to the least loaded station among two, improve dramatically the situation. An asymmetric scenario is also investigated. In that case, simple incentives are not enough and regulation mechanisms, such as redistribution of the bikes by trucks, are needed.
Über die Automorphismengruppe des Fermatkörpers

Zusammenfassung In this paper the full group of automorphisms of the curve x n + y n = z n over an algebraically closed field of arbitrary characteristic p ⩾0 is determined. It turns out that in general the group is of order 6 n 2 and of the structure known from characteristic 0. However there are exceptional cases, namely characteristic p >0 and exponent n =1+ p h >3. In this case the automorphism group is the projective unitary group PGU (3, q ) (with q = p h ) of order ( q 3 +1) q 3 ( q 2 −1). The proof involves a detailed study of Weierstras points in characteristic p >0. —A characterization of the Fermat function fields in terms of their genus and their automorphism group is given.
A generalization of solomon’s algebra for hyperoctahedral groups and other wreath products

In this paper we give a combinatorial rule to compute the composition of two convolution products of endomorphisms of a free associative algebra and deduce the construction of a subalgebra of QB n (the group algebra of Hyperoctahedral group) which contains the descent algebra X#„. We also deduce a proof of the multiplication rule in the algebra ∑QB n- Finally, we generalize this construction to other wreath products of symmetric groups by abelian groups.
Christian climate care: Slow change, modesty and eco‐theo‐citizenship

This qualitative study draws on in ‐ depth interviews and documentary analysis conducted between 2014 and 2016 to investigate the nature of pro ‐ environmental behaviour of members within the Eco ‐ Congregation Scotland network. We argue for an integrative analytical frame, that we call “ eco ‐ theo ‐ citizenship, ” which synthesises strengths of values ‐ , practice ‐ and citizenship ‐ based approaches to the study of pro ‐ environmental behaviour within the specific context of religious environmental groups. This study finds the Eco ‐ Congregation groups studied are not primarily issue driven, and instead have an emphasis on “ community ‐ building ” activities and a concept of environmental citizenship which spans multiple political scales from local to international. Primary values emphasised included “ environmental justice ” and “ stewardship. ” Analysis of the data indicated that groups in this network are distinctive in two particular ways: (1) group focus on mobilising values and environmental concern towards “ community building ” can produce what looks like a more conservative approach to climate change mobilisation, pre-serving and working slowly within institutional structures, with a primary focus not on climate change mitigation per se but on the consolidation and development of the community and broader network; and (2) these groups can often under ‐ report their accomplishments and the footprint of their work on the basis of a common religious conviction which we have termed a “ culture of modesty. ”
A comparison of the gas sensing properties of solid state metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors produced by atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition and screen printing

The reaction of metal chloride, MCln (where M = Ga, Sb or Sn) and ethyl acetate under atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition (APCVD) conditions leads to the production of metal oxide thin films on a variety of gas sensor substrates. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that an island growth mechanism predominated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed binding energy shifts similar to previous literature values. Energy dispersive x-ray analysis, wavelength dispersive x-ray analysis and electron probe microanalysis gave coherent elemental compositions indicating that single-phase materials were made, with negligible impurity levels. The films showed little optical reflectance (∼10%) and 65–75% total transmission from 400–800 nm. Gas sensing experiments indicated that the APCVD produced films responded best to a reducing gas at 450 °C, whereas the corresponding screen-printed metal oxide sensors were generally more responsive and responded best to a reducing gas at 500 °C.
Determining the shape of spectra in extended radio sources

We present an innovative technique for determining the shape of the synchrotron spectra in extended radio sources. This method involves a three-frequency color-color diagram that emphasizes differences in the shapes of various theoretical models. The advantages of this technique over standard multifrequency mapping are that (1) it is easy to collect the necessary data (only three frequencies required), (2) it highlights the curvature changes in the spectrum, and (3) it puts data from all regions of the source onto one plane; and if a global spectrum exists, (4) it allows for effectively continuous sampling in frequency, (5) it provides sampling over a much larger range of electron energies, and (6) both the shape of the spectrum and the injection index, if it exists, can be determined by three-frequency data
A convex 3-complex not simplicially isomorphic to a strictly convex complex

A set X in euclidean space is convex if the line segment joining any two points of X is in X. If X is convex, every boundary point is on an (n − 1)-plane which contains X in one of its two closed half-spaces. Such a plane is called a support plane for X. A simplicial complex K in is called strictly convex if |K| (the underlying space of K) is convex and if, for every simplex σ in ∂K (the boundary of K) there is a support plane for |K| whose intersection with |K| is precisely σ In this case |K| is often called a simplicial polytope.
Cohesion in ball lightning

The phenomenon of ball lightning has been observed for a long time, but the nature of these luminous balls has been unknown. It is proposed here that they consist of highly excited Rydberg atoms with large polarizabilities. Thus, the cohesion of the balls comes from photon exchange forces (London dispersion forces) rather than the more usual electron exchange (chemical) forces. The cohesion in plasmas generated at the back faces of detonating explosives (Cook’s plasmas) has a similar basis. Numerical estimates are given to justify this interpretation.