Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analyse multi-instrumentale de l'influence de la variabilité de la hauteur de couche limite sur la distribution verticale des oxydes d'azote en région parisienne

Les villes concentrent les activites humaines, par la-meme des sources de pollution importantes. Elles jouent un role majeur en matiere de qualite de l'air et de changement climatique. Quantifier l'impact des emissions urbaines aux echelles regionale et globale necessite de caracteriser l'export des polluants anthropiques urbains. Dans le cadre de ce travail de these, nous nous sommes interesses a la distribution des oxydes d'azote (NOx) en region parisienne, en particulier a l'influence de la variabilite de l'epaisseur de la couche limite sur leur distribution verticale. Pour ce faire, nous avons analyse, compare et confronte les mesures d'instruments deployes au sol et dans l'espace : mesures in-situ de NO2 du reseau AIRPARIF, colonnes integrees de NO2 du spectrometre UV-visible SAOZ de la station Qualair et des instruments spatiaux SCIAMACHY et GOME-2, hauteur de couche limite du microlidar retrodiffusion de la station Qualair. La construction de cette base de donnees a necessite de nombreux developpement algorithmiques, qu'il s'agisse de determiner la hauteur de couche limite a partir des observations lidar, ou de filtrer les observations du SAOZ en presence de nuages. L'etude combinee de la variabilite de la hauteur de couche limite et de la distribution des NOx a permis de preciser les relations entre concentrations au sol et contenus integres selon la verticale, et a souligne l'interet de disposer d'une mesure integree depuis le sol, et en centre ville, pour estimer les emissions urbaines de NOx. Par ailleurs, ce travail a mis en evidence l'existence de gradients verticaux de NO2 prononces dans la couche limite urbaine, l'hypothese d'un profil vertical uniforme, souvent utilise lors des inversions satellite, n'etant pas pertinente. A partir des observations disponibles, nous avons enfin etabli, analyse et discute les conditions de validite d'une relation empirique permettant de relier directement le contenu integre de NO2 dans la couche limite a sa concentration de fond en surface.
Gypsy Identities 1500-2000: From Egipcyans and Moon-men to the Ethnic Romany

1. The forming of Gypsy Identities 2. Gypsy Studies and Socially Constructed Identities 3. Egyptians, Land-Pirates, Moon-men and Vagabonds : the Gypsy in Early Modern England 4. Race: the evolution of an idea 5. Constructing the true Romany: Gypsy racial identity from the late eighteenth to the twentieth century 6. The Origins of the Real Romany Gypsy: from Heinrich Grellmann to the Gypsy Lorists 7. Ethnicity: the concept 8. Constructing the Ethnic Gypsy 9. Nuisances, Dead Dogs And Gypsies 10. So, who are the Gypsies?
Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures

Based on ﬁ rst-principles calculations, we study systematically the ideal tensile stress-strain relations of three monoatomic group-V monolayer two dimensional (2D) materials with buckled honeycomb lattices: blue phosphorene, β -arsenene, and β -antimonene. The ideal strengths and critical strains for these 2D materials are investigated under uniaxial and equibiaxial strains. It is found that the ideal strengths decrease signi ﬁ cantly as the atomic number increases, while the critical strains change not so much. In particular, the ideal strength of antimonene along armchair direction is found to exceed Gri ﬃ th strength limit. The distributions of charge density, buckling heights, bond lengths and bond angles are also studied under di ﬀ erent types of strains. It can be concluded that the critical strain is determined by the stretch and rotation of bonds simultaneously. Furthermore, the phonon dispersions, phonon instabilities, and failure mechanism of these materials under three types of strains are also calculated and explored.
Sensex-a GARCH Volatility Analysis

: Investors need volatility estimation for almost every kind of investment in order to maximize their returns. GARCH family models have been a major helper for the investor in this area. Present study investigates the capabilities of GARCH (1,1), under various error distributions, in effectively modelling volatility in the Indian market index Sensex.
LANGUAGE LEARNING STRATEGIES: DOES THE WHOLE EQUAL THE SUM OF THE PARTS?

Two fundamentally different strategies may be employed by very young children learning their first language. The basic assumptions underlying the study of children's language development, however, have provided means for dealing with only one of these strategies: that which proceeds from the parts to the whole (Analytic). This paper reports on a child who evidently proceeded from the whole to the parts (Gestalt) in producing much of his early language. Since further evidence for a Gestalt strategy exists in the literature, albeit implicitly, such a strategy is probably quite widespread, and any theory of language or language acquisition needs to be able to account for it. It is also speculated that there may be neurological bases for the different language learning strategies. *
Question 3 : Quelles sont la nature et les modalités de l ’ évaluation d ’ une réhabilitation respiratoire chez un patient atteint de BPCO ?

La réhabilitation est un ensemble de moyens proposés au patient atteint d’une maladie respiratoire chronique pour réduire le handicap et améliorer la qualité de vie. La réhabilitation a pour objectif principal de maintenir dans la durée un niveau d’activités physiques quotidiennes jugé nécessaire à la santé physique et psychique du patient, de façon à diminuer les conséquences systémiques de la maladie et les coûts de santé. Les composants de la réhabilitation, dispensés par divers intervenants de santé, sont prescrits et coordonnés par le pneumologue en fonction des besoins et des souhaits du patient, de la sévérité de la maladie, et de l’environnement familial, social, et médical. Ces composants sont basés sur le réentraînement à l’exercice individualisé, l’éducation thérapeutique répondant aux besoins éducatifs spéci ques, la kinésithérapie respiratoire, ainsi que le sevrage tabagique, et des prises en charge nutritionnelle et psychosociale adaptées à chaque situation clinique. La réhabilitation d’un patient peut nécessiter de faire appel à une équipe transdisciplinaire au cours de stage(s) d’initiation ou de suivi.
Evaluation of the Efficiency of the AL-Mauany Hospital Sewage Treatment Plant in Basrah City

This study focuses on assessing the sewage characteristics and performance of the Hospital Wastewater Treat - ment Plant for AL-Mauany hospital in Basrah Governorate. Samples were taken from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) waste and tested for pollutants using (APHA) procedures and compared to standard criteria. COD, BOD, temperature, EC, TSS, and TDS were all tested in the laboratory. DO, NH 3, and NO 3 were chosen as effluent quality indicators. Identical to the standard limits in Iraqi Standard Specification, despite some of them experiencing a mi - nor modification during the treatment stages. But for COD and BOD, which exceeded the permissible limit despite the high removal efficiency, because the values at the entrance were high because they came from hospital waste, where the values at the influent were for COD 665.4 mg/l and 504.6 mg/l, while the BOD values were 283.6 mg/l and 171.2 mg/l in summer and winter, respectively, while the effluent values were 129.7 and 102.8 for COD and 73.4 and 53.8 for BOD. As well as for the NO 3 -N results for the effluent, which was unstable inflow and effluent, but in no way did it exceed the Iraqi effluent which was 50 mg/l.
SnAKe: Bayesian Optimization with Pathwise Exploration

Bayesian Optimization is a very effective tool for optimizing expensive black-box functions. Inspired by applications developing and characterizing reaction chemistry using droplet microfluidic reactors, we consider a novel setting where the expense of evaluating the function can increase significantly when making large input changes between iterations. We further assume we are working asynchronously, meaning we have to decide on new queries before we finish evaluating previous experiments. This paper investigates the problem and introduces ‘Sequential Bayesian Optimization via Adaptive Connecting Samples’ (SnAKe), which provides a solution by considering future queries and preemptively building optimization paths that minimize input costs. We investigate some convergence properties and empirically show that the algorithm is able to achieve regret similar to classical Bayesian Optimization algorithms in both the synchronous and asynchronous settings, while reducing the input costs significantly.
Problèmes Statistiques pour les EDS et les EDS Rétrogrades

Nous considerons deux problemes. Le premier est la construction des tests d’ajustement (goodness-of-fit) pour les modeles de processus de diffusion ergodique. Nous considerons d’abord le cas ou le processus sous l’hypothese nulle appartient a une famille parametrique. Nous etudions les tests de type Cramer-von Mises et Kolmogorov- Smirnov. Le parametre inconnu est estime par l’estimateur de maximum de vraisemblance ou l’estimateur de distance minimale. Nous construisons alors les tests bases sur l’estimateur du temps local de la densite invariante, et sur la fonction de repartition empirique. Nous montrons alors que les statistiques de ces deux types de test convergent tous vers des limites qui ne dependent pas du parametre inconnu. Par consequent, ces tests sont appeles asymptotically parameter free. Ensuite, nous considerons l’hypothese simple. Nous etudions donc le test du khi-deux. Nous montrons que la limite de la statistique ne depend pas de la derive, ainsi on dit que le test est asymptotically distribution free. Par ailleurs, nous etudions egalement la puissance du test du khi-deux. En outre, ces tests sont consistants. Nous traitons ensuite le deuxieme probleme : l’approximation des equations differentielles stochastiques retrogrades. Supposons que l’on observe un processus de diffusion satisfaisant a une equation differentielle stochastique, ou la derive depend du parametre inconnu. Nous estimons premierement le parametre inconnu et apres nous construisons un couple de processus tel que la valeur finale de l’un est une fonction de la valeur finale du processus de diffusion donne. Par la suite, nous montrons que, lorsque le coefficient de diffusion est petit, le couple de processus se rapproche de la solution d’une equations differentielles stochastiques retrograde. A la fin, nous prouvons que cette approximation est asymptotiquement efficace.
The future of the European Union

This article develops an assessment of the present-day European crisis management, referring to Wolfgang Streeck’s recent interpretation of the European ‘consolidation state’ as an attempt to install a ‘Hayekian’ regime of liberalized transnational markets. This article arrives at a diagnosis different from Streeck’s: if there has been a ‘Hayekian’ regime, it had already developed after the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1973 and the subsequent dismantling of capital controls in the USA and Europe. As it appeared in the financial crisis of 2007–2008, the ultimate practical test of the Hayekian vision was dramatically negative. European crisis management, as it is still largely occupied with the imperative to maintain the solvency of troubled Euro states vis-à-vis the capital markets, is not following a Hayekian script. Rather, it is confronted with the challenge of removing the debris of the collapse of the former Hayekian regime, taking the form of zombie banks and large uncovered capital claims. To master this challenge, not only intact European institutions and transnational cooperation in Europe would be required, but also much more democratic pressure from below.
CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL THEORY AND COMPUTER SCIENCES

Annotation: In this research work, we examine the impact of inflation/exchange rate on Nigeria's economic growth. With data obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics from 1990 to 2020, using SPSS version 23for the analysis. Utilizing the Multiple Linear Regression method, it suggested a model which is fitted as YGDP=β_0+β_1 INFL+β_2 EXR+U. Where YGDP is the real gross domestic product and U is the stochastic variable. From the results, it shows that since the Fstatistic (10.268) is greater than the F critical value (0.000). we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that both inflation and exchange rates have a negative impact on economic growth. That is, high inflation/exchange rate are inimical or a pandemic to output growth. The research work also pointed out some causes of inflation including; increase in wages, monopolistic market, disruption of productive factors by civil war, removal of oil subsidy etc. These findings are essential for monetary policy formulation as they provide a guide for the policymakers to choose an optimal target for inflation, which is consistent with the long-term sustainable economic growth goals of the country. A R T I C L E I N F O
Boning up on Wolff's Law: Mechanical Regulation of the Cells That Make and Maintain Bone

Bone tissue forms and is remodeled in response to the mechanical forces that it experiences, a phenomenon described by Wolff's Law. Mechanically induced formation and adaptation of bone tissue is mediated by bone cells that sense and respond to local mechanical cues. In this review, the forces experienced by bone cells, the mechanotransduction pathways involved, and the responses elicited are considered. Particular attention is given to two cell types that have emerged as key players in bone mechanobiology: osteocytes, the putative primary mechanosensors in intact bone; and osteoprogeni-tors, the cells responsible for bone formation and recently implicated in ectopic calcification of cardiovascular tissues. Mechanoregulation of bone involves a complex interplay between these cells, their microenvironments, and other cell types. Thus, dissection of the role of mechanics in regulating bone cell fate and function, and translation of that knowledge to improved therapies, requires identification of relevant cues, multifactorial experimental approaches, and advanced model systems that mimic the mechanobiological environment. Bone is a dynamic tissue that is normally renewed through balanced bone resorption and formation processes that are choreographed in space and time. Tight coupling of these processes is required to maintain the skeleton, and loss of coupling results in skeletal pathologies that represent some of the most significant public health threats faced by the growing and aging population. Bone is remodeled to meet its mechanical demands, suggesting that mechanical forces are among the most potent factors that influence bone formation and resorption. Beginning with the pioneering work of Julius Wolff (translated to English in Wolff (1986)) and Wilhem Roux in the 19th century, much of our understanding of bone mechanobiology has been limited to functional adaptation of the structure and mass of bone at the tissue level. But bone tissue remodeling is ultimately mediated by the cells in bone: osteocytes, the putative mechanosensors; osteoblasts that deposit bone matrix; osteoclasts that resorb bone; and their progenitors. Definition and predictive control of bone mechanobiological responses therefore requires an improved understanding of the cellular and molecular bases of bone functional adaptation. In this review, we summarize recent advances and outstanding issues in bone cell mechanobiology, with focus on osteoprogenitor cells and osteocytes. Osteocytes are of particular interest because increasing evidence supports the idea that they are the primary mechanosensors that regulate other cells to choreograph mechanical load-induced bone remodeling. Osteoprogenitor cells are of interest not only because of their vital role in bone (patho)phy-siology, …
A palynological investigation into palaeoenvironmental changes in the early Cenozoic sediments of Seymour Island, Antarctica

The Paleocene and Eocene sediments outcropping on Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula have been investigated for their dinoflagellate cyst and sporomorph content. The data have been quantitatively analysed to provide a high resolution study of palaeoenvironmental change with an emphasis on integrating the marine and continental records, as well as to update the biostratigraphical potential of the palynomorphs. Samples were collected from 10 sites across Seymour Island and the specimens were analysed to produce absolute abundance data and ratio curves of sporomorph/dinoflagellate cysts, Peridinioid/Gonyaulacoid dinoflagellate cyst and species richness and absolute abundance. The count data were also analysed statistically by Correspondence Analysis to provide further details of species abundance and composition within assemblages in order to highlight palaeoenvironmental change and its impact. The evidence suggests widespread dramatic changes in marine conditions in the earliest Danian, before more stable conditions developed which may be related to climate warming in the Late Paleocene. Marine conditions also varied widely in the Eocene, but these appear to have been more localised changes relating to regional tectonic activity, while the climate seems to have undergone small-scale warming and cooling events. Evidence exists for the existence of a cooling trend in the lowermost Paleocene. Following a mid-Paleocene sedimentary hiatus, both marine and terrestrial palynomorph data suggest the location of the Eocene Climatic Optimum within the lower La Meseta Formation. Climatic cooling, presumably linked to the development of the cryospherc as the continent became isolated, is also observed.
Fiscal Policies to Counter Climate Change and Economic Depression in the Post Covid-19 European Union 1

The Covid-19 health crisis will eventually fade out, but the consequential economic crisis is right ahead of us, along with the ongoing climate crisis. The European Union’s policies and institutions seem to hinder the green transition, in favor of fiscal balance and debt repayment among its member states. This paper proposes some fiscal policies, such as an EU “Employer of Last Resort” (ELR) program, which could successfully counter the upcoming depression and climate change, to finally bring economic and social prosperity to the EU’s citizens.
39th Rankine Lecture: Natural slopes and cuts: movement and failure mechanisms

Movements and failure of cuts and natural slopes constitute an important geotechnical problem that involves a variety of geomaterials in a variety of geological and climatic contexts, and which has a major socio-economic impact in many countries. The paper reviews the state of knowledge in this domain, examining the basic aspects of soil mechanics that are relevant to the context of slopes, the importance of water on slope behaviour, and then the different stages of slope movements: pre-failure, failure, post-failure and reactivation. Finally it is shown how the geotechnical characterisation of slope movements can be used, in particular for assessing risk associated with such movements. Emphasis is put on for the brittleness of soils and its practical implications for the progressive failure developing at the pre-failure stage and on the characteristics of post-failure movements. The influence of other factors such as creep, fatigue, destructuration, partial saturation and infiltration is also considered.
Is Mars Sample Return Required Prior to Sending Humans to Mars

Prior to potentially sending humans to the surface of Mars, it is fundamentally important to return samples from Mars. Analysis in Earth's extensive scientific laboratories would significantly reduce the risk of human Mars exploration and would also support the science and engineering decisions relating to the Mars human flight architecture. The importance of measurements of any returned Mars samples range from critical to desirable, and in all cases these samples will would enhance our understanding of the Martian environment before potentially sending humans to that alien locale. For example, Mars sample return (MSR) could yield information that would enable human exploration related to 1) enabling forward and back planetary protection, 2) characterizing properties of Martian materials relevant for in situ resource utilization (ISRU), 3) assessing any toxicity of Martian materials with respect to human health and performance, and 4) identifying information related to engineering surface hazards such as the corrosive effect of the Martian environment. In addition, MSR would be engineering 'proof of concept' for a potential round trip human mission to the planet, and a potential model for international Mars exploration.
Direct observation of negative cooperativity in a detoxification enzyme at the atomic level by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectroscopy and simulation

The catalytic activity of human glutathione S‐transferase A1‐1 (hGSTA1‐1), a homodimeric detoxification enzyme, is dependent on the conformational dynamics of a key C‐terminal helix α9 in each monomer. However, the structural details of how the two monomers interact upon binding of substrates is not well understood and the structure of the ligand‐free state of the hGSTA1‐1 homodimer has not been resolved. Here, we used a combination of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) distance measurements and weighted ensemble (WE) simulations to characterize the conformational ensemble of the ligand‐free state at the atomic level. EPR measurements reveal a broad distance distribution between a pair of Cu(II) labels in the ligand‐free state that gradually shifts and narrows as a function of increasing ligand concentration. These shifts suggest changes in the relative positioning of the two α9 helices upon ligand binding. WE simulations generated unbiased pathways for the seconds‐timescale transition between alternate states of the enzyme, leading to the generation of atomically detailed structures of the ligand‐free state. Notably, the simulations provide direct observations of negative cooperativity between the monomers of hGSTA1‐1, which involve the mutually exclusive docking of α9 in each monomer as a lid over the active site. We identify key interactions between residues that lead to this negative cooperativity. Negative cooperativity may be essential for interaction of hGSTA1‐1 with a wide variety of toxic substrates and their subsequent neutralization. More broadly, this work demonstrates the power of integrating EPR distances with WE rare‐events sampling strategy to gain mechanistic information on protein function at the atomic level.