Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assembly of micro/nanomaterials into complex, three-dimensional architectures by compressive buckling

Popping materials and devices from 2D into 3D Curved, thin, flexible complex three-dimensional (3D) structures can be very hard to manufacture at small length scales. Xu et al. develop an ingenious design strategy for the microfabrication of complex geometric 3D mesostructures that derive from the out-of-plane buckling of an originally planar structural layout (see the Perspective by Ye and Tsukruk). Finite element analysis of the mechanics makes it possible to design the two 2D patterns, which is then attached to a previously strained substrate at a number of points. Relaxing of the substrate causes the patterned material to bend and buckle, leading to its 3D shape. Science, this issue p. 154; see also p. 130 Complex, three-dimensional shapes emerge via the geometric buckling of two-dimensional micro/nanostructures. [Also see Perspective by Ye and Tsukruk] Complex three-dimensional (3D) structures in biology (e.g., cytoskeletal webs, neural circuits, and vasculature networks) form naturally to provide essential functions in even the most basic forms of life. Compelling opportunities exist for analogous 3D architectures in human-made devices, but design options are constrained by existing capabilities in materials growth and assembly. We report routes to previously inaccessible classes of 3D constructs in advanced materials, including device-grade silicon. The schemes involve geometric transformation of 2D micro/nanostructures into extended 3D layouts by compressive buckling. Demonstrations include experimental and theoretical studies of more than 40 representative geometries, from single and multiple helices, toroids, and conical spirals to structures that resemble spherical baskets, cuboid cages, starbursts, flowers, scaffolds, fences, and frameworks, each with single- and/or multiple-level configurations.
Temperature Trends and Urban Heat Island Intensity Mapping of the Las Vegas Valley

iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . iv TABLE OF CONTENTS . v LIST OF TABLES . vii LIST OF FIGURES . viii CHAPTER 1: Introduction . 1 1.1 Background . 1 1.2 Research Motivation . 4 1.3 Research Objectives . 5 1.4 Thesis Outline . 5 CHAPTER 2: Literature Review . 6 2.1 Urban Heat Island Effect . 6 2.2 Urban Layers . 7 2.2.1 Surface Layer . 8 2.2.2 Canopy Layer . 10 2.2.3 Urban Boundary Layer . 12 2.3 Urban Energy Balance Equation . 13 2.4 Data Sources . 16 2.4. 1 Weather Stations . 16 2.4. 2 Remote Sensing . 18 2.5 Las Vegas Valley . 19 CHAPTER 3: Data and Methods . 28 3.1 Research Approach . 28 3.2 Data . 31 3.2.1 Meteorological Temperature Measurements . 31 3.2.2 Remote Sensed Images . 36 3.2.3 Zoning and Planned Land Use Boundaries . 38 3.2.4 Southern Nevada Water Authority 2006 Canopy Data. 40 3.3 Temperature Trend Analysis at Weather Station Locations . 41 3.3.1 Low-pass Filter Approach. 42 3.3.2 Sinusoidal Model Approach . 44 3.3.3 Temperature Anomaly Trend Approach . 47
Contact metamorphism and crystal size distribution studies in the Shivar aureole, NW Iran

The Shivar pluton, a large granodiorite–monzonite intrusion in NW Iran, was intruded into Cretaceous sedimentary rocks during the Oligo‐Miocene. Its thermal aureole contains a variety of pelitic, basic and calc‐silicate hornfelses. Mineral parageneses in the pelitic and calc‐silicate hornfelses are studied here and mineralogical zones are determined. The maximum pressure of contact metamorphism is estimated to have been about 2.2 kbar on the basis of mineral parageneses in the pelitic rocks, indicating that the intrusion was emplaced no deeper than 8 km in the crust. Crystal size distribution (CSD) studies in the calc‐silicate hornfelses indicate that the degree of overstepping was high near the igneous contact. Secondary solid phases (SSP) inhibited growth of calcite grains in the calc‐silicate rocks and impure marbles. Garnet had a greater inhibitory effect as a SSP than tremolite or clinopyroxene. The time required for coarsening of calcite is calculated for two samples collected at different distances from the igneous contact. The time required for calcite coarsening is about 33 000 years for the sample 800 m from the contact and about 226 000 years for the sample 120 m from the contact. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of model-based automatic target recognition on recorded and simulated infrared imagery

During a previous technology programme, a simple landscape and complex target geometries were modelled and demonstrated in a COTS infrared (IR) simulation tool. A preliminary assessment of training-based ATR on real and synthetic imagery was performed, which was presented at SPIE D&S in 2005. The current technology programme has assessed model-based ATR on real and synthetic IR imagery for a 5-class case. Real IR imagery was recorded during a flight campaign. A complex landscape and complex targets were modelled and simulated in a wide variety of conditions in the IR simulation tool. A survey was conducted regarding the current state-of-the-art of model-based ATR approaches. Another survey concerning contour extraction methods for ATR was performed. The best ATR algorithms and contour extraction methods were selected from the survey results. These algorithms were implemented for a multi-class ATR case and adapted to work on the characteristics of IR imagery. The algorithms were benchmarked and compared on the simulated and recorded IR imagery using classical measures. A process for performance assessment of multi-class ATR methods was defined according to an ATR benchmarking concept developed by the German Fraunhofer Research Institute. The assessment was then conducted on the algorithms using a multi-class evaluation approach.
Fluid-Mineral Equilibria in Hydrothermal Systems

This text is designed to introduce you to the practical concepts and calculations involved in interpreting the chemistry of high-temperature fluids in geothermal systems and hydrothermal ore-forming environments. It is intended that the energetic reader will learn to understand chemical principles, handle routine calculations and follow specialized chemical studies involved in geothermal exploration and exploitation and in ore genesis. Although the emphasis of the text is on the interpretation of the chemistry of active geothermal systems, the principles involved are equally relevant to the interpretation of fossil hydrothermal ore-forming environments. Many gold-silver ore deposits, for example, have been shown to have formed in the near-surface region of hydrothermal systems similar in fluid chemistry and setting to those active today (White, 1981; Henley and Ellis, 1983). Combination of a knowledge of the principle processes within the active geothermal systems, the thermodynamics of complex ion formation, mineral-fluid equilibria and stable isotope systematics provide a framework which may assist in reconstruction of the hydrological regime within a fossil hydrothermal system where ore deposition occurred. This in turn may become useful in ore search. A chapter dealing with the hydrothermal chemistry of magmatic systems is included later in order to encompass a wider range of ore depositing environments and perhaps the root zones of the active geothermal systems. After a short introduction to the types of geothermal fluids and chemical calculations, successive chapters will address the interpretation of water and gas analyses from geothermal wells. When we understand the reservoir compositions of some geothermal fluids and their relations to rock chemistry and temperature, we will consider the chemical and isotopic changes that occur in the natural transport of this fluid to the surface, derive and use chemical geothermometers and mixing relations, and map the surface chemistry of a hot spring system. After these studies of natural fluids at depth and at the surface, we will study chemical changes that occur during the exploitation of geothermal fluids and how to anticipate and avoid some of the problems of scaling and corrosion.
A rapid survey of small mammals from Atewa Range Forest Reserve, Eastern Region, Ghana

We report on the results of a small mammal survey in the Atewa Range Forest Reserve. A total of 12 bat species were recorded. Composition of bat species clearly reflects a forest assemblage, with no savanna species being observed. Two rarely recorded bat species (Hypsugo [crassulus] bellieri and Pipistrellus aff. grandidieri) are reported for the first time for Ghana, raising the total number of species for this country to 86. Together with specimens from five localities in West Africa, Pipistrellus aff. grandidieri from Atewa might represent an undescribed species. Hypsugo (crassulus) bellieri is endemic to the Upper Guinean forests. Zenker’s fruit bat Scotonycteris zenkeri is ranked on the Red List as Near Threatened (IUCN 2006). The three terrestrial small mammal species recorded during the survey are likewise forest-dependent and include two West African endemics: Edward’s swamp rat Malacomys edwardsi and the shrew Crocidura grandiceps. The latter is ranked as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List and had not been recorded from Ghana since its description. The overall species composition of small mammals indicates high habitat integrity of the Atewa Range Forest Reserve, which constitutes the most significant block of Upland Evergreen Forest in Ghana. The integral protection of Atewa is an outstanding priority for the preservation of (sub-) montane forests in West Africa, both for the conservation of small mammals and of biodiversity in general. In accordance with international conservation principles on mining and biodiversity (Dudley and Stolton 2002, Miranda et al. 2005), we recommend that exploration concessions for Atewa are cancelled, that its legal protection status is upgraded, that no development is allowed within the forest reserve, and that effective management measures are implemented.
Towards 3‐D fabric in the continental lithosphere and asthenosphere: The Tien Shan

As shown by previous observations of shear wave splitting of the SKS phase, the fast direction of azimuthal anisotropy beneath the Tien Shan tends to be aligned with the strike of the belt. This direction implies that the anisotropy is related to the current orogenesis. Now we describe an attempt to constrain the distribution of the anisotropy with depth by combining observations of SKS and P receiver functions. The data are inverted for the parameters of anisotropy with the aid of a genetic algorithm. The results of the joint inversion suggest that the actual distribution of anisotropy with depth can be more complicated than usually thought. The deformed mantle layer can be a few hundred kilometres thick. In the most reliable models fast direction of anisotropy in the shallow mantle is significantly different from that inferred from the observations of SKS. At some stations the data require anisotropy in the crust.
Arctic late Paleocene-early Eocene paleoenvironments with special emphasis on the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (Lomonosov Ridge, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 302)

We reconstruct the latest Paleocene and early Eocene (∼57-50 Ma) environmental trends in the Arctic Ocean and focus on the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) (∼55 Ma), using strata recovered from the Lomonosov Ridge by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 302. The Lomonosov Ridge was still partially subaerial during the latest Paleocene and earliest Eocene and gradually subsided during the early Eocene. Organic dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) assemblages point to brackish and productive surface waters throughout the latest Paleocene and early Eocene. Dinocyst assemblages are cosmopolitan during this time interval, suggesting warm conditions, which is corroborated by TEX86′-reconstructed temperatures of 15°-18°C. Inorganic geochemistry generally reflects reducing conditions within the sediment and euxinic conditions during the upper lower Eocene. Spectral analysis reveals that the cyclicity, recorded in X-ray fluorescence scanning Fe data from close to Eocene thermal maximum 2 (∼53 Ma, presence confirmed by dinocyst stratigraphy), is related to precession. Within the lower part of the PETM, proxy records indicate enhanced weathering, runoff, anoxia, and productivity along with sea level rise. On the basis of total organic carbon content and variations in sediment accumulation rates, excess organic carbon burial in the Arctic Ocean appears to have contributed significantly to the sequestration of injected carbon during the PETM.
Introduction: Restoring Lowland Rain Forests in Indonesia

Degraded and secondary tropical forests supply a diversity of ecosystem services and their value for biodiversity conservation is increasingly recognised. Moreover, restoration of such forests can enhance ecosystem service provisioning and their value to conservation [1]. However, degraded forests are vulnerable to deforestation through conversion to plantations or small holder encroachment because, as a consequence their depleted resources, their capacity to generate income is limited. Nowhere is this problem more evident than in Indonesia, which has approximately 25 million hectares of exhausted former logging concessions without current management [2] and some of the highest deforestation rates globally [3].
Combined thresholding and neural network approach for vein pattern extraction from leaf images

Living plant recognition based on images of leaf, flower and fruit is a very challenging task in the field of pattern recognition and computer vision. There has been little work reported on flower and fruit image processing and recognition. In recent years, several researchers have dedicated their work to leaf characterisation. As an inherent trait, leaf vein definitely contains the important information for plant species recognition despite its complex modality. A new approach that combines a thresholding method and an artificial neural network (ANN) classifier is proposed to extract leaf veins. A preliminary segmentation based on the intensity histogram of leaf images is first carried out to coarsely determine vein regions. This is followed by a fine segmentation using a trained ANN classifier with ten features extracted from a window centred on the object pixel as its inputs. Compared with other methods, experimental results show that this combined approach is capable of extracting more accurate venation modality of the leaf for the subsequent vein pattern classification. The approach can also reduce the computing time compared with a direct neural network approach.
Statistical Mechanics of Two-Dimensional Shuffled Foams , part II : Geometry-Topology Correlation in Small or Large Disorder Limits

Marc Durand, Andrew M. Kraynik, Frank van Swol, 4 Jos Käfer, Catherine Quilliet, Simon Cox, Shirin Ataei Talebi, and François Graner Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France. ∗ Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185 Chemical and Nuclear Engineering Department, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France. † Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, BP 87, 38402 Martin d’Hères Cedex, France. ‡ Departments of Mathematics and Physics, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3BZ, UK. (Dated: June 4, 2014)
Biología molecular del virus sincitial respiratorio y desarrollo de estrategias profilácticas

Resumen El virus sincitial respiratorio es uno de los patogenos con la mas alta prevalencia en infecciones del tracto respiratorio superior e inferior. Este virus desencadena cuadros tan severos como bronquiolitis en los lactantes y neumonias en los ancianos. El desarrollo de vacunas se ha visto afectado por la falta de conocimiento respecto a cual es el mecanismo inmunitario adecuado para prevenir la infec- cion, ademas de la capacidad del virus para interferir con el desarrollo de la respuesta inmunitaria. El objetivo es revisar la biologia molecular del virus, como este puede interferir con la respuesta inmunitaria y como este conocimiento previo ha servido para desarrollar estrategias profilacticas tipo vacunas que aunque todavia estan en escala del laboratorio lucen prometedoras. La fuente de informacion para esta revision fueron los articulos publicados desde 1990 hasta la fecha en las revistas indexadas en ISI y PUBMED. Palabras claves: Virus sincitial respiratorio, profilaxis, biologia molecular, ciclo de infeccion/ SALUD UNINORTE. Barranquilla (Col.) 2006; 22 (2): 135-153 Abstract Respiratory syncytial virus is one of the pathogens with the highest prevalence in infections of upper and lower respiratory tracts. This virus triggers clinical phenotypes as severe as bronchiolytis in infants and pneumonia in the elderly. The development of vaccines has been hampered by the lack of knowledge regarding the adequate immune mechanism able to address the infection as well as the ability of the virus to interfere with the development of a complete immune response. The aim of this paper is to review the molecular biology aspects of the virus; how the virus is able to interfere with the immune response; and how this previous knowledge has helped us to develop prophylactic strategies as vaccines, which they look promising even though they are still at bench scale. The source for this review came from articles published from 1990 until today in journal indexed in ISI and PUBMED. Key words: Respiratory syncytial virus, prophylaxis, molecular biology, infection csycle
Tortugas continentales (Pleurodira: Chelidae) en la Formación Roca (Daniano), provincia de Río Negro, Argentina

Roca Formation is a stratigraphic succession of marine and continental sediments that belongs to Malargue Group, which was deposited from the Late Campanian to the Danian in the Neuquen Basin, western Argentina. Fossil vertebrates recovered at different outcroppings of this lithostratigraphic unit correspond to marine taxa. The turtle material studied here was collected from the lower section of Roca Formation (Maastrichtian? -Danian) in northeastern Lago Pelegrini (38o 40’ 06’’S, 67o 52’ 02’’ O), Rio Negro Province. Remains of carapace and plastron of continental turtles were assigned to indeterminate chelid pleurodires and to Yaminuechelys cf. maior (Staesche, 1929). This record of chelid turtles in Roca Formation confirms the existence of marine paleoenvironments with continental influence and represents the first record of Danian continental vertebrates in the Neuquen Basin
Putting research knowledge into Action: The missing link for sustainability of Lake Tana Ecosystem, Ethiopia.

There is always a trade-off between environmental protection and development in most dynamic and complex ecosystems. Therefore, understanding the big picture of the human environment nexus, with its complex interactions is essential. Despite the positive impact on the country’s drive towards food security and poverty alleviation, development activities that have been taking place around Lake Tana catchment are casting doubt on the sustainability of the region. Unless timely, protective policy intervention measures put in place, there might be a serious environmental degradation which ultimately ends up with a complete collapse of the whole ecosystem. The paper tries to analyze the importance of integrating different knowledge systems and transferring research knowledge into policy framework and immediate intervention in the Lake Tana ecosystems by which researchers, policy makers at governmental level and user groups at community level can achieve desired outcomes through the sustainable resource use, development and application of innovative approaches.
A review of transport and attenuation of dissolved-phase volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the unsaturated zone

This report is concerned with transport and attenuation of dissolved-phase volatile organic compound (VOC) plumes in the unsaturated zone. The report reviews the international literature in this subject area, but emphasis is placed upon UK context and relevance. The review makes reference to, but does not critically evaluate how current understanding of VOC migration in the unsaturated zone is translated into practical risk-based assessment frameworks. It does, however, make observations as to the critical migration processes that should be considered in such frameworks to allow more effective knowledge-based decision making for the development of conceptual site models and the implementation of remedial actions appropriate to contaminated sites. The key drivers for this review are the cost-effective management of VOC sources and associated contaminant plumes and the protection of groundwater. This requires an understanding and quantification of the processes by which the unsaturated zone offers protection to underlying groundwater resources from chemical releases at ground surface. Times taken for water to infiltrate and recharge the underlying water table may be long, possibly several decades where zones are thick. Furthermore, dissolved-phase chemical contaminants within infiltrating water may undergo attenuation and potentially be prevented from reaching the water table or delayed in arrival with much reduced concentrations present. A combination of processes including dispersion, sorption, volatilisation, chemical reaction and biodegradation may contribute to contaminant attenuation and protection of underlying aquifers. The review is structured in eight sections, which comprise:  Section 1, where the context, aims and objectives of the review study are described. In assessing VOC plumes in the unsaturated zone leached from shallow source zones it is important that: (i) understanding of transport and attenuation of chemical contaminants in the unsaturated zone is sufficient to both recognise and quantify the critical controlling processes; and, (ii) that understanding is translated into practical risk-based assessment frameworks to allow contaminated land problem holders, investigators and regulators alike to make effective knowledge-based decisions on remedial actions appropriate to contaminated sites.
Intrusion Detection Systems

Take firewalls, for instance. They are built to keep people out of the system but they do nothing for people who bypass them (because they cannot detect them) and they use standard ways of restricting access, ones which an imaginative technocratic person can circumvent with mostly very little trouble, given time. Nor do they protect the network from the people inside it who may want to do things the company/organization’s policy does not allow them to do.
U.S. Forest Carbon Calculation Tool: Forest-Land Carbon Stocks and Net Annual Stock Change

The Carbon Calculation Tool 2007, CCT2007.exe , is a computer application that reads publicly available forest inventory data collected by the USDA Forest Service’s Forest Inventory and Analysis Program (FIA) and generates state-level annualized estimates of carbon stocks on forest land based on FORCARB2 estimators. Estimates can be recalculated as new inventory data become available. The input set of FIA data files available on the Internet (as well as some older inventory files used to fill in gaps) are summarized by the application, converted to carbon stocks, and saved as part of a state or substate level “survey summary” file. This is used to produce state-level and national tables with annualized carbon stocks and flux (or net stock change) beginning with the year 1990. This user’s guide includes instructions for use, example data sets, and a discussion of methods and assumptions.