Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Clay‐clast aggregates: A new textural evidence for seismic fault sliding?

To determine the processes responsible for slip‐weakening in clayey gouge zones, rotary‐shear experiments were conducted at seismic slip rates (equivalent to 0.9 and 1.3 m/s) at 0.6 MPa normal stress on a natural clayey gouge for saturated and non‐saturated initial conditions. The mechanical behavior of the simulated faults shows a reproducible slip‐weakening behavior, whatever initial moisture conditions. Examination of gouge obtained at the residual friction stage in saturated and non‐saturated initial conditions allows the definition of two types of microstructures: a foliated type reflecting strain localization, and a non‐foliated type composed of spherical aggregates. Friction experiments demonstrate that liquid‐vapor transition of water within gouge due to frictional heating has a high capacity to explain the formation of spherical aggregates in the first meters of displacement. This result suggests that the occurrence of spherical aggregates in natural clayey fault gouges can constitute a new textural evidence for shallow depth pore water phase transition at seismic slip velocity and consequently for past seismic fault sliding.
Source Parameters of Picoseismicity Recorded at Mponeng Deep Gold Mine, South Africa: Implications for Scaling Relations

Abstract We investigate the source parameters of picoseismic and nanoseismic events ( M w >-4.1) recorded with a high-sensitivity seismic network at the Mponeng gold mine in South Africa to gain new insights into the scaling of small seismic events. The Japanese–German Underground Acoustic Emission Research in South Africa (JAGUARS) network, composed of one three-component (3C) accelerometer (sensitivity 50 Hz to 25 kHz) and 8 acoustic emission (AE) sensors, (sensitivity 1 kHz to 180 kHz) is located at a depth of 3268 m and covers the limited volume of approximately 300×300×300 m. The AE sensors are calibrated with respect to the 3C accelerometer in the frequency band 400 Hz–17 kHz. The waveform data of two datasets are analyzed; (1) the aftershock sequence of an M w 1.9 event that occurred approximately 30 m from our network, and (2) the postblasting activity recorded during working days, located at a distance >90 m from the network at the exploitation level. For the analysis we applied spectral fitting and spectral ratio methods. The calculated values of M w range from -0.8 down to -4.1 with corner frequencies 0.8 kHz–13.6 kHz (source sizes from 8 cm to 1.3 m). We observe static stress drops ranging from 1 MPa to 10.0 MPa with apparent stresses of 0.01 MPa–1.00 MPa. Stress drops are independent of the moment, suggesting self-similar behavior in the analyzed magnitude range -4.1 M w
Contemporary deformation of the Wasatch Fault, Utah, from GPS measurements with implications for interseismic fault behavior and earthquake hazard: Observations and kinematic analysis

[1] Contemporary strain accumulation rates of the 350-km-long Wasatch fault, Utah, have been determined by GPS measurements and provide key data for evaluating normal fault behavior and related earthquake hazard assessment. This paper presents a complete description of the Wasatch GPS network, data archiving and processing, and the measured ground deformation. The network spans the Wasatch fault in an area ∼300-km long and ∼200-km wide in north and central Utah and consists of 43 GPS sites surveyed in 1992, 1993, 1994,1995, 1999, 2001, and 2003, plus 8 permanent GPS stations operating continuously beginning 1997. Observations across a 65-km wide area centered on the Wasatch fault indicate the principal horizontal extension rate of 24 ± 6 nstrain/yr with the direction nearly perpendicular to the fault. This strain rate corresponds to a horizontal displacement rate of 1.6 ± 0.4 mm/yr, accommodating ∼50% of the crustal deformation across the ∼200 km-wide eastern Basin-Range. Analysis of the spatial variation of the strain-rate field reveals that the strain accumulation is concentrated near the Wasatch fault, which suggests an abrupt transition in the horizontal deformation at the fault between the eastern Basin-Range and the Rocky Mountains. We employed a finite-strain model that accounts for simple-shear deformation of the hanging-wall to compare horizontal extension rates measured by GPS with vertical fault-displacement rates determined by geologic data. Our results suggest that the average Holocene strain-release rate is higher than the contemporary strain-loading rate for the Wasatch fault if the fault dips less than 30°W, but these two rates are consistent if the fault dips more steeply.
Influence of scar age, laser type and laser treatment intervals on adult burn scars: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Aim The study aims to identify whether factors such as time to initiation of laser therapy following scar formation, type of laser used, laser treatment interval and presence of complications influence burn scar outcomes in adults, by meta-analysis of previous studies. Methods A literature search was conducted in May 2022 in seven databases to select studies on the effects of laser therapy in adult hypertrophic burn scars. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022347836). Results Eleven studies were included in the meta-analysis, with a total of 491 patients. Laser therapy significantly improved overall VSS/POSAS, vascularity, pliability, pigmentation and scar height of burn scars. Vascularity improvement was greater when laser therapy was performed >12 months (-1.50 [95%CI = -2.58;-0.42], p = 0.01) compared to <12 months after injury (-0.39 [95%CI = -0.68; -0.10], p = 0.01), the same was true for scar height ((-1.36 [95%CI = -2.07; -0.66], p<0.001) vs (-0.56 [95%CI = -0.70; -0.42], p<0.001)). Pulse dye laser (-4.35 [95%CI = -6.83; -1.86], p<0.001) gave a greater reduction in VSS/POSAS scores compared to non-ablative (-1.52 [95%CI = -2.24; -0.83], p<0.001) and ablative lasers (-0.95 [95%CI = -1.31; -0.59], p<0.001). Conclusion Efficacy of laser therapy is influenced by the time lapse after injury, the type of laser used and the interval between laser treatments. Significant heterogeneity was observed among studies, suggesting the need to explore other factors that may affect scar outcomes.
Observations of the plasmapause from OGO 5

The data from the ion spectrometer aboard the OGO 5 vehicle have been analyzed for the early orbits. The profiles of O+, H+ and H+ ion concentrations have been obtained as a function of the geomagnetic parameter L. The detailed character of the plasmapause has been observed. It is found that the concentration change at the plasmapause location is highly variable being at times gradual and at other times very abrupt. The diameter of the plasmasphere is found to depend upon the magnetic activity, showing a significant decrease when the magnetic activity is high. The plasmapause is found to occur independently in all ion species at precisely the same location. An interesting ‘wavelike’ structure in the ion concentration is observed in the vicinity of L = 6.
Newport-Inglewood Trend, California--An Example of Wrenching Style of Deformation

The structure of the Newport-Inglewood producing trend of the Los Angeles basin, California, is a subsurface structural-style example of a relatively small-displacement wrench zone. A variety of data substantiates strike-slip displacements and, together with the similarities to experimentally produced deformation patterns, supports the use of this feature as a wrench model. The structural style consists of a single alignment of anticlinal culminations, arranged in a right-handed en echelon pattern, which are offset along the trend's median line by right-lateral en echelon strike-slip faults. Fold axes and other structural elements are displaced laterally 600-2,500 ft. In this deformation the operation of both extension and compression, and the overlap pattern of the en ec elon strike-slip faults caused complex secondary faulting. Terminal horsting, en echelon thrusts, en echelon normal faults, steeply dipping horst and graben slices, and coexisting normal- and reverse-separation faults augment the basic style. These structural patterns are proposed as a model to depict and interpret wrench-related structuring in other areas with similar deformation.
A Regional Climate Simulation Study Using WRF-ARW Model over Europe and Evaluation for Extreme Temperature Weather Events

In this study regional climate simulations of Europe over the 60-year period (1950–2010) made using a 25 km resolution WRF model with NCEP 2.5 degree analysis for initial/boundary conditions are presented for air temperature and extreme events of heat and cold waves. The E-OBS 25 km analysis data sets are used for model validation. Results suggest that WRF could simulate the temperature trends (mean, maximum, minimum, seasonal maximum, and minimum) over most parts of Europe except over Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean, and coastal regions. Model could simulate the slight fall of temperatures from 1950 to 1970 as well as steady rise in temperatures from 1970 to 2010 over Europe. Simulations show occurrence of about 80% of the total heat waves in the period 1970–2010 with maximum number of heat/cold wave episodes over Eastern and Central Europe in good agreement with observations. Relatively poor correlations and high bias are found for heat/cold wave episodes over the complex topographic areas of Iberia and Mediterranean regions where land surface processes play important role in local climate. The poor simulation of temperatures over the above regions could be due to deficiencies in representation of topography and surface physics which need further sensitivity studies.
Soil Aggregate‐ and Particle‐Associated Organic Carbon under Different Land Uses in Nepal

Soil aggregation is an important process of C sequestration and hence a useful strategy to mitigate the increase in concentration of atmospheric CO 2 . We studied water stability of soil aggregates (WSA) and soil organic carbon (SOC) associated with aggregates and primary particles in surface (0-10 cm) and subsurface (10-20 cm) layers of cultivated (khet, irrigated lowland, and bari, rainfed upland) and forest lands (dense Shorea forest, degraded forest and shrub land, pine-/Shorea forest, Shorea-pine-Schima forest, and Schima-Castanopsis forest) in a mountain watershed of Nepal. Macroaggregates (>2 mm) were abundant in forest soils (41-70%) while microaggregates (<0.5 mm) were abundant (56-63%) in cultivated lands. Pine mixed forest contained more macroaggregates in both layers. Mean WSA in the surface soil was highest in Shorea-pine-Schima forest (96%) and lowest in khet (74%). Macroaggregates in the surface layers contained 14.9 to 24.8 and 5.5 to 20.7 g kg -1 SOC in cultivated and forest soils, respectively, while microaggregates contained 12.5 to 30.8 and 11.9 to 25.4 g kg -1 SOC, respectively. The forest soils contained more sand (639-834 g kg -1 ) and fewer clay particles (49-95 g kg -1 ) than the cultivated soils. Soils under natural forest, however, were characterized by higher SOC associated with all primary particles. Cultivated soils contained higher amounts of clay but less clay-associated SOC than forest soils. The relation between clay content and clay-associated SOC was explained by a quadratic function (R 2 = 0.45, P = 0.002).
Inferring Ground Water Flow in Fractured Rock from Dissolved Radon

Ground water radon concentrations have been measured in nested piezometers and an open borehole in fractured, metasedimentary aquifers in the Clare Valley, South Australia. The vertical radon concentration profile within the undisturbed, open borehole appears to indicate the locations of hydraulically active fractures. If radon concentrations within the aquifer are uniform, then the highest radon concentration within the borehole will indicate the location of the highest flow rate into the bore. In relatively short screened piezometers, radon concentrations have been measured both before and after purging. The ratio of radon concentration before to after purging normalizes for variations in aquifer mineralogy, and can be used to quantify the ground water flow rate.
Determinants of the adoption of conservation practices by farmers in the Northwest Wheat and Range Region

A survey of over 1,500 farmers located in northern Idaho and eastern Washington was conducted to examine conservation practices, attitudes, and perceptions. As part of this survey, farmers were asked to identify their adoption of gully plugs and buffer strips. Buffer strips were used by just over half of the farmers. Between 39% and 28% of respondents, depending on land slope, used gully plugs. An ordered logit model was used to predict the probability of adoption of each conservation practice and to identify key variables affecting farmers' decisions to invest in those practices. The perceived effectiveness of the conservation practice had the greatest impact on adoption, while levels of education, years managing farms, and whether or not the respondent was farming full-time had little impact on these conservation decisions. The larger the acreage being farmed, the more likely the respondent was to invest in gully plugs. Almost half of the farmland was leased, which proved more of a deterrent to the adoption of gully plugs than buffer strips. The financial stress of the respondent and the cost of structure implementation were less important factors in the implementation of gully plugs and buffer strips. Conversely, the maintenance of these conservation practices, particularly buffer strips, was an important consideration in their adoption. Results of this survey and comments made by respondents indicate a keen interest by farmers in conservation issues. The importance of changing farmer's perceptions of the effectiveness of conservation practices was clearly identified in this study. Maintaining observation sites for several years may be a valuable asset in changing perceptions as farmers are able to witness the dynamic impact of conservation practices. Educational programs and materials focusing on conservation should likewise target off-farm landowners given the large percentage of the farmland that is leased in this region.
Volcano monitoring using short wavelength infrared data from satellites

It is shown that Landsat TM and MSS data provide useful and sometimes unique information on magmatic and fumarolic events at poorly monitored active volcanoes. The digital number data recorded in each spectral band by TM and MSS can be converted into spectral radiance, measured in W/sq m per micron per sr, using calibration data such as those provided by Markham and Barker (1986) and can provide temperature information on the lava fountain, lava lakes, pahoehoe flows, blocky lava, pyroclastic flow, and fumarole. The examples of Landsat data documenting otherwise unobserved precursors and/or activity include the September 1986 eruption of Lascar volcano, Chile; the continued presence of lava lakes at Erta 'Ale, Ethiopia (in the absence of any ground-based observations); and minor eruptions at Mount Erebus, Antarctica.
Downlink MIMO-OFDM system with adaptive resource allocation over Rayleigh fading space channel

In this paper, we investigate adaptive resource allocation strategy for downlink multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. We design a transmit scheme as a concatenation of dynamic sub-carriers and bit assignment, adaptive modulation and beam-forming. Our adaptive goal is margin adaptive optimization, which minimize the total transmission power subject to a target BER performance constraint on each sub-carrier, while meeting a constant bit rate. By use of Rayleigh fading model assumption, we introduce a new concept: the channel feedback coefficient, so as to compensate the error inducted by feedback channel. Simulation results show that the proposed resource allocation scheme outperforms the multi-user MIMO-OFDM with static allocation technique, and can lessen the performance loss caused by channel state information feedback error.
Upper Cretaceous calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy OPD Leg 198 (Shatsky Rise, northwest Pacific Ocean)

Eight sites were drilled on Shatsky Rise during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 198. All sites (1207-1214) recovered Cretaceous sediments ranging in age from Maastrichtian to Berriasian. In the Upper Cretaceous, Maastrichtian-Campanian nannofossil oozes were recovered at Sites 1207-1212. At Sites 1207 and 1212 Santonian-Cenomanian oozes were also recovered from chert-dominated sequences, but this interval contains multiple hiatuses. Sites 1209-1211 terminated in chert. Calcareous nannofossil assemblages are abundant, diverse, and relatively well preserved throughout, but biostratigraphy is problematic in places due to missing or rare and sporadically distributed marker species. In the upper Maastrichtian, the first occurrences (FOs) of Micula murus and Lithraphidites quadratus appear to be reversed in most sections, and in the Campanian, Reinhardtites levis, Misceomarginatus pleniporus, and Eiffellithus parallelus are absent or virtually absent, probably due to biogeographic limitations. However, a number of previously unused bioevents were recognized that may prove to be useful Pacific-wide, including the FO of Ceratolithoides ultimus (in Subzone UC20d TP) and the last occurrence (LO) of Tegumentum stradneri (in Subzone UC20b TP) in the upper Maastrichtian; the FOs of Micula praemurus and consistent Cribrocorona gallica, the LOs of Zeugrhabdotus bicrescenticus and Cribrocorona echinus, and the FO of C. echinus lower in the Maastrichtian; and the LO of Rucinolithus? magnus (in Zone UC16), FO of R. magnus (in Subzone UC15b TP), FO of Perchnielsenella stradneri (in Subzone UC15a/b TP), and FO of Ceratolithoides indiensis (Subzone UC14d-UC15d TP) in the Campanian. The assemblages are distinctly different in composition from those of the Atlantic Ocean and its marginal basins but show similarities with some Indian Ocean nannofloras, and so these sections will provide important insights into the paleobiogeography and paleoecology of Late Cretaceous nannoplankton. The assemblages are broadly dominated by cosmopolitan taxa such as Prediscosphaera, Watznaueria, and Retecapsa, but abundance data together with key occurrences and absences reveal a distinct paleobiogeographic character. High-latitude species such as Seribiscutum primitivum, Repagulum parvidentatum, and Nephrolithus frequens are completely absent from the Shatsky sites. The common presence of Ceratolithoides, Uniplanarius, Micula, and Cylindralithus/Perchnielsenella are indicative of tropical to subtropical paleolatitudes and reflect an open-ocean setting.
CHI3L1 signaling impairs hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive function in autoimmune-mediated neuroinflammation

Chitinase-3–like protein 1 (CHI3L1) is primarily secreted by activated astrocytes in the brain and is known as a reliable biomarker for inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) conditions such as neurodegeneration and autoimmune disorders like neuromyelitis optica (NMO). NMO is an astrocyte disease caused by autoantibodies targeting the astroglial protein aquaporin 4 (AQP4) and leads to vision loss, motor deficits, and cognitive decline. In this study examining CHI3L1’s biological function in neuroinflammation, we found that CHI3L1 expression correlates with cognitive impairment in our NMO patient cohort. Activated astrocytes secrete CHI3L1 in response to AQP4 autoantibodies, and this inhibits the proliferation and neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells. Mouse models showed decreased hippocampal neurogenesis and impaired learning behaviors, which could be rescued by depleting CHI3L1 in astrocytes. The molecular mechanism involves CHI3L1 engaging the CRTH2 receptor and dampening β-catenin signaling for neurogenesis. Blocking this CHI3L1/CRTH2/β-catenin cascade restores neurogenesis and improves cognitive deficits, suggesting the potential for therapeutic development in neuroinflammatory disorders.
A Modeling Study of the Relative Roles of Tropical and Extratropical SST Anomalies in the Variability of the Global Atmosphere-Ocean System

Abstract In three parallel experiments, an atmospheric general circulation model has been subjected to observed, monthly varying sea surface temperature (SSI) conditions in each of the following domains: near-global ocean (GOGA run), tropical Pacific (TOGA run), and midlatitude North Pacific (MOGA run). Four independent realizations were obtained for the model response to the sequence of SST anomalies during the 1946–88 period in each of the above regions. The principal modes of coupling between the imposed SST forcing and the simulated Northern Hemisphere wintertime 5 1 5-mb height field in various experiments have been identified using a singular value decomposition (SVD) procedure. The leading SVD mode for the GOGA experiment is Qualitatively similar to that based on observational data, although the amplitudes of the simulated height anomalies are notably lower than the observed value. The SST pattern of this mode resembles that associated with El Nino events. The accompanying 5 1 5-mb height anomaly i.
Martian dust devil electron avalanche process and associated electrochemistry

[1] Mars' dynamic atmosphere displays localized dust devils and larger, global dust storms. Based on terrestrial analog studies, electrostatic modeling, and laboratory work, these features will contain large electrostatic fields formed via triboelectric processes. In the low-pressure Martian atmosphere, these fields may create an electron avalanche and collisional plasma due to an increase in electron density driven by the internal electrical forces. To test the hypothesis that an electron avalanche is sustained under these conditions, a self-consistent atmospheric process model is created including electron impact ionization sources and electron losses via dust absorption, electron dissociation attachment, and electron/ion recombination. This new model is called the Dust Devil Electron Avalanche Model (DDEAM). This model solves simultaneously nine continuity equations describing the evolution of the primary gaseous chemical species involved in the electrochemistry. DDEAM monitors the evolution of the electrons and primary gas constituents, including electron/water interactions. We especially focus on electron dynamics and follow the electrons as they evolve in the E field driven collisional gas. When sources and losses are self-consistently included in the electron continuity equation, the electron density grows exponentially with increasing electric field, reaching an equilibrium that forms a sustained time-stable collisional plasma. However, the character of this plasma differs depending upon the assumed growth rate saturation process (chemical saturation versus space charge). DDEAM also shows the possibility of the loss of atmospheric methane as a function of electric field due to electron dissociative attachment of the hydrocarbon. The methane destruction rates are presented and can be included in other larger atmospheric models.
The Effect of Magnetic and Hydrodynamic Control on the Susceptibility Anisotropy of Redeposited Silt

Results are described of susceptibility anisotropy measurements made on natural medium to coarse silt that has been redeposited from flowing water in a laboratory flume. It is shown that the orientation of the axis of maximum susceptibility is controlled principally by the shear produced by the current flow tangential to the surface of the deposit. For sediment within this size range, the aligning effect of the earth's magnetic field on the magnetization induced in the particles is only apparent at the smaller values of applied fluid stress.