Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Olfactory system : odorant detection and classification

The architecture and dynamics of the olfactory system have evolved to solve the major problems in olfactory information processing. The problems stem from the requirement for an immense number of receptor cells in the nose needed to capture odorant molecules in low concentration and unpredictable variety. They include normalization and dynamic range compression of input; generalization of output over equivalent receptor cells; selective amplification of foreground odorants against complex chemical backgrounds; compression and storage of information that defines classes of behaviorally relevant odors; fast, unbiased access to any class on any inhalation in time frames on the order of 0.1 sec; construction of a signal for transmission into the brain to denote the presence or absence of an identified odorant; enhancement of the signal:noise ratio upon central transmission; and modification and up-dating of the selectivity to form new classes by habituation and associative learning. Operations that solve these problems are simulated in a model of olfaction derived from experimental recordings and expressed in coupled nonlinear differential equations. The model is evaluated by simulation of spatiotemporal olfactory electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns with chaotic dynamics, and by devising neural network models for pattern classification that operate in noisy, high-dimensional, rapidly time-varying environments. Reasons are given to view olfaction as giving a guide to mechanisms of perception in all sensory systems.
Architecture logicielle et outils pour systèmes d'exploitation reconfigurables

La reconfiguration dynamique est la capacite d'un systeme logiciel a permettre sa modification pendant son execution et peut etre utilisee pour mettre-a-jour une partie fautive du systeme, introduire des algorithmes specialises, autoriser des extensions faites par des tiers, adapter le systeme a un nouvel environment et ajouter des sondes de monitoring ou debugging, etc. Les systemes d'exploitation existants offrent des mecanismes de reconfiguration dynamique, neanmoins ceux-ci sont figes par l'implementation du systeme. Par consequent le compromis entre la flexibilite et l'efficacite du systeme reconfigurable est fixe et il n'est pas possible de reutiliser le systeme dans d'autres contextes operationnels (avec des mecanismes de reconfiguration differents). Nous presentons une approche architecturale pour la construction de systemes reconfigurables a la carte et la programmation de leurs reconfigurations. Notre modele de programmation est base sur le modele a composants Fractal et son implementation en C, appelee Think. Le canevas associe au modele comprend un compilateur d'architecture qui permet de construire des systemes reconfigurables et un compilateur de reconfigurations. Pour illustrer notre approche, nous avons realise plusieurs prototypes de systemes reconfigurables qui ont permis de montrer la flexibilite de notre approche ainsi qu’une evaluation quantitative et l’impact des differentes implementations de reconfiguration dynamique sur l’efficacite d’un systeme concret.
La disciplina riformatrice del paesaggio

We have been granted a new season that is much too long and devastating during which an indigestible amount has been built in a very brief period. Eventually, we will have to address this with actions of either reclamation or redevelopment and architecture will have to know how to propose itself as a guiding discipline that will reform the Italian landscape, especially the urban one. It will be necessary to conceive a critical point of view with respect to the usual logic used in redevelopment building that tends to overlook collective interests. Architecture is a collective art, in its contributions and results. Design on the other hand, is a personal art, which has become closely connected to architecture in recent years, a privileged vehicle that has allowed the designer and the products of design reach commercial gains.
Porphyroblast rotation and strain localization: Debate settled!: COMMENT

This comment addresses two inferences used by Johnson (2009) to argue for porphyroblast rotation during bulk coaxial shortening. Firstly, he interprets that porphyroblast inclusion trails that are inclined (his figure 1) became inclined because the porphyroblast rotated during growth. He used orientation data from millipede microstructures from one hand sample and concluded on the basis of the total spread of inclusion trail orientations and porphyroblast axial ratios that porphyroblasts had rotated relative to one another during ductile deformation. Secondly, he presents a numerical model that indicates that asymmetrically shaped porphyroblasts rotated during coaxial deformation. However, I will show that the porphyroblasts did not rotate after they grew, in spite of localized shearing along the developing S3 that rotated visible matrix S2 in Johnson's figure 1.
Hypsometry of ocean basin provinces

The frequency distribution of depths in ocean basins has been determined using the most recent American and Russian oceanographic charts as sources and a computer for data processing. Data have been complied for individual ocean basins and marginal seas, and also for nine different physiographic provinces, including, for example, ‘ocean basin,’ ‘rise and ridge’ and ‘continental shelf and slope. ’ The summary result differs little from a hypsometric curve drawn by Murray and Hjort in 1912. Considering both land and sea, by far the most common levels are approximately at sea level and at about 5 km, the general depth of ocean floor. The compilation by physiographic provinces leads to a new understanding of the hypsometric curve, even though it does not change the shape. The distribution of depths in the ocean basin province is singly peaked and symmetrical. The distribution in the rise and ridge province is similar, but the mean depth is about 1 km less. This can be interpreted as indicating that one province is merely the elevated equivalent of the other, a conclusion which generalizes the field observation that some localized oceanic rises and ridges are formed by ephemeral bulges in the mantle under a normal oceanic crust. Most occurrences of depths between sea level and the deep sea floor have been produced by the formation of rises and ridges rather than by the deposition of sediment derived from continents. The development and collapse of rises and ridges may have caused substantial fluctuations in sea level during geological time.
The official bulletin of the International Society for Bayesian Analysis A MESSAGE FROM THE ISBA EXECUTIVE Establishment of a Task Team for a Safe

As many of you will be aware, over the past few days reports have come out of serious incidents of sexual harassment at ISBA events. The Executive Committee members of ISBA wish to communicate that ISBA takes reports of inappropriate behavior very seriously. We have a great Society and a proud record of including women as members and as leaders. We are in the process of establishing protocols for appropriate behaviour and support mechanisms for our members. A Task Team for a Safe ISBA has been put in place, with the task of establishing protocols for a safe and inclusive Society. The team currently comprises the following people:
Influence of Interactional Justice on the Turnover Behavioral Decision in an Organization

The research showcases the influence of interactional justice on the turnover behavioral decision in an organization. The research compares the effects of procedural, distributive and interactional justice. A subjective survey method is used to collect the data from multiple organizations. A multivariate correlation analysis and a distribution analysis are carried out to evaluate the influence of three justice system. The research concludes showcasing the effects of interactional justice on the turnover behavioral decision of an employee in an organization.
The Bovine Cornea Opacity and Permeability Test

An in vitro test for the development of corneal opacity in response ocular irritants was first proposed by Muir (1984). This test required the clamping of a bovine cornea between two chambers filled with physiologic saline and measuring the transmittance of white light through the cornea using the voltage output of a photocell. This was followed by exposure of the epithelial surface of the cornea to a surfactant and subsequent measurement of light transmittance, with a decrease in transmittance due to development of corneal opacity interpreted as a toxic effect of the surfactant on the cornea.
Best evidence topic - Thoracic non-oncologic Does the nerve of Kuntz exist?

Summary A best evidence topic was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was, in what proportion of patients is the nerve of Kuntz identifiable? A total of 55 papers were found using the reported search, of which six represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The authors, date, journal, study type, population, main outcome measures and results are tabulated. The nerve of Kuntz was originally described in 1927 as being a connection from the second intercostal nerve to the first thoracic ventral ramus. Controversy exists as to whether it is present universally and thus whether it should be identified during thoracoscopic sympathectomy. The six studies highlighted involved dissection of the upper thoracic sympathetic chain of adult cadavers with descriptions of the anatomical variations. A study by Cho et al. [Cho HM, Lee DY, Sung SW. Anatomical variations of rami communicants in the upper thoracic sympathetic trunk. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2005;27:320–324] suggested that anatomical variation was more common at T2 compared to T3 and T4, of which 60% corresponded to the original description of the nerve of Kuntz. A similar prevalence was found by Marhold and colleagues [Marhold F, Izay B, Zacherl J, Tschabitscher M, Neumayer C. Thoracos copic and anatomic landmarks of Kuntz's nerve: implications for sym pathetic surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2008;86:1653–1658], who also suggested that open dissection led to significantly easier identification of this anatomy than thoracoscopy. The same authors frequently found that the nerve of Kuntz was associated with a superior intercostal vein located parallel to it, meaning that these subpleural veins may act as an anatomical landmark. In four of the papers where cadavers where dissected bilaterally, variations in the anatomy of the sympathetic chain were not always symmetrical. We conclude that most patients will have some form of variation in the anatomy of their T2 ganglion, which often corresponds to the original description of the nerve of Kuntz. The appreciation of this variation may be more difficult during thoracoscopy as compared to open anatomic dissection.  2011 Published by European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.
Paper-supported Collaborative Work

Using ethnographic studies, we show how paper is integral to collaborative work in three very different organisational settings. Reasons for the use of paper as opposed to electronic alternatives are analysed in terms of the local aspects of interaction it supports, and also the ways in which use of paper has evolved hand-in-hand with organisational work practice. The implications of these findings for the design of collaborative tools are discussed
Tumor Necrosis Factor-a-converting Enzyme Is Required for Cleavage of erbB4/HER4*

HER4 is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family and has an essential function in heart and neural development. Identification of two HER4 isoforms, HER4 JM-a and JM-b, which differ in their extracellular juxtamembrane region and in their susceptibility to cleavage after phorbol ester stimulation, showed that the juxtamembrane region of the receptor is critical for proteolysis. We now demonstrate that phorbol ester and pervanadate are effective stimuli for HER4 JM-a processing and that the HER4 JM-b isoform does not undergo cleavage in response to any of the stimuli studied. We also show that HER4 JM-a is not cleaved in cells lacking the metalloprotease tumor necrosis factor-aconverting enzyme (TACE) and that reexpression of TACE in these cells restores constitutive and regulated processing of HER4 JM-a. Moreover, we show that the sequence specific to the HER4 JM-a juxtamembrane region is sufficient to confer susceptibility to phorbol 12myristate 13-acetate-induced cleavage of the HER2 receptor. In conclusion, we provide evidence that TACE is essential for the regulated shedding of the HER4 JM-a receptor.
Spatial vision within egocentric and exocentric frames of reference

It is remarkable that we are able to perceive a stable visual world and judge the directions, orientations, and movements of visual objects given that images move on the retina, the eyes move in the head, the head moves on the body, and the body moves in space. An understanding of the mechanisms underlying perceptual stability and spatial judgements requires precise definitions of relevant coordinate systems. An egocentric frame of reference is defined with respect to some part of the observer. There are four principal egocentric frames of reference, a station-point frame associated with the nodal point of the eye, an retinocentric frame associated with the retina, a headcentric frame associated with the head, and a bodycentric frame (torsocentric) associated with the torso. Additional egocentric frames can be identified with respect to any segment of the body. An egocentric task is one in which the position, orientation, or motion of an object is judged with respect to an egocentric frame of reference. A proprioceptive is a special kind of egocentric task in which the object being judged is also part of the body. An example of a proprioceptive task is that of directing the gaze toward the seen or unseen toe. An exocentric frame of reference is external to the observer. Geographical coordinates and the direction of gravity are examples of exocentric frames of reference. These various frames are listed in tabular form, together with examples of judgements of each type.
The Present Climatic Fluctuation

The present climatic fluctuation has been discussed since the iQ2o's almost exclusively in scientific circles,x although recently it has become a subject of more than academic interest.2 The reason for this is the increasingly obvious consequences of this climatic phenomenon on both physical and biological conditions, in Europe and elsewhere. Ordinary people are beginning to realize that something has happened and is happening which is of great interest to themselves. The last dry summer, which transformed large parts of Western Europe into a virtual steppe, increased this interest and also caused anxiety, though this drought cannot be said with any certainty to belong to the present climatic fluctuation. One generally differentiates between climatic variation and climatic fluctuation, meaning by the former a change of climate maintained over a long period of time, by the latter a change over a shorter period. 3 Climatic variations of primary importance are exemplified by the Ice Age glaciations with inter-glacial epochs. Transitional between variations of primary importance and fluctuations we have the climatic changes which have taken place since the last pleistocene glaciation, in post-glacial and historical times. As regards these latter climatic variations I need only say that results obtained by paleobotanical examination of Scandinavian peat bogs have taught us that throughout the Bronze Age, the Iron Age and our so-called historical times the climatic curve has risen and fallen between eras unfavour-
Analytical expressions for the permeability of random two-dimensional Poisson fracture networks based on regular lattice percolation and equivalent media theories

The permeability of random two-dimensional Poisson fracture networks can be studied using a model based on percolation theory and equivalent media theory. Such theories are usually applied on regular lattices where the lattice elements are present with probability p. In order to apply these theories to random systems, we (1) define the equivalent to the case where p = 1, (2) define p in terms of the statistical parameters of the random network, and (3) define the equivalent of the coordination number z. An upper bound for permeability equivalent to the case of p = 1 is found by calculating the permeability of the fracture network with the same linear fracture frequency and infinitely long fractures. The permeability of networks with the same linear fracture frequency and finite fractures can be normalized by this maximum. An equivalent for p is found as a function of the connectivity ζ, which is defined as the average number of intersections per fracture. This number can be calculated from the fracture density and distributions of fracture length and orientation. Then the equivalent p is defined by equating the average run length for a random network as a function of ζ to the average run length for a lattice as a function of p. The average run length in a random system is the average number of segments that a fracture is divided into by intersections with other fractures. In a lattice, it is the average number of bonds contiguous to a given bond. Also, an average coordination number can be calculated for the random systems as a function of ζ. Given these definitions of p and z, expressions for permeability are found based on percolation theory and equivalent media theory on regular lattices. When the expression for p is used to calculate the correlation length from percolation theory, an empirical formula for the size of the REV can be developed. To apply the models to random length systems, the expression for ζ must be modified to remove short fractures which do not contribute to flow. This leads to a quantitative prediction of how permeability decreases as one removes shorter fractures from a network. Numerical studies provide strong support for these models. These results also apply to the analogous electrical conduction problem.
High-resolution seismic array imaging based on an SEM-FK hybrid method

We demonstrate the feasibility of high-resolution seismic array imaging based on teleseismic recordings using full numerical wave simulations. We develop a hybrid method that interfaces a frequency–wavenumber (FK) calculation, which provides analytical solutions to 1-D layered background models with a spectral-element (SEM) numerical solver to calculate synthetic responses of local media to plane-wave incidence.This hybrid method accurately deals with local heterogeneities and discontinuity undulations, and represents an efficient tool for the forward modelling of teleseismic coda (including converted and scattered) waves. We benchmark the accuracy of the SEM-FK hybrid method against FK solutions for 1-D media. We then compute sensitivity kernels for teleseismic coda waves by interacting the forward teleseismic waves with an adjoint wavefield, produced by injecting coda waves as adjoint sources, based on adjoint techniques. These sensitivity kernels provide the basis for mapping variations in subsurface discontinuities, density and velocity structures through non-linear conjugate-gradient methods. We illustrate various synthetic imaging experiments, including discontinuity characterization, volumetric structural inversion for the crust or subduction zones. These tests show that using pre-conditioners based upon the scaled product of sensitivity kernels for different phases, combining finite-frequency traveltime and waveform inversion, and/or adopting hierarchical inversions from longto short-period waveforms could reduce the non-linearity of the seismic inverse problem and speed up its convergence. The encouraging results of these synthetic examples suggest that inversion of teleseismic coda phases based on the SEM-FK hybrid method and adjoint techniques is a promising tool for structural imaging beneath dense seismic arrays.
The integrated effects of projected climate change on cotton growth and physiology.

ii Table of contents . vi List of figures . xi List of tables . xvi Abbreviations . xvii Acknowledgements . xix Chapter 1: General introduction . 1 Central research question . 4 Objectives. 4 Chapter 2: Review of literature. 6 2.
DIRECT MEASUREMENT AND SIMULATION OF APPARENT SLIP VELOCITIES IN SUBMICRON-SCALE FLOWS

The possible existence of slip of liquids in close proximity to a smooth surface is studied experimentally and numerically via the dynamics of small particles suspened in a shear flow. Sub-micron fluorescent particles suspended in water and imaged using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRFM) and a PTV algorithm. The measurements are in excellent agreement with Monte Carlo simulations of particle dynamics, and show that the observed “apparent slip velocity” is a direct consequence of the small, but finite, measurement volume, and that slip, if present, is minimal at the low shear rates tested (< 2500 s). Issues associated with the experimental and simulation techniques and the interpretation of results are also discussed.
Qu'est-ce que l’Investissement Socialement Responsable (ISR) ? (What is Socially Responsible Investment (SRI)?)

Cet article etudie l’evolution des formes et des objectifs de l’Investissement socialement responsable (ISR) aux Etats-Unis et en Europe des annees 1920 jusqu’a nos jours. En s’interessant a la fois aux fondements theoriques et aux caracteristiques des fonds ISR au cours du temps, il dresse un panorama des differents types de fonds en fonction de leur appartenance a un referentiel societal ou economique. En montrant la complexite et la diversite de l’ISR d’hier et d’aujourd’hui, cet article permet de mieux apprehender les enjeux de definition et de legitimation rencontres actuellement par les professionnels du secteur de la gestion d’actifs. This article studies the Socially Responsible Investment (SRI)’s forms and purposes from the 1920s until today in the United States and Europe. Studying both SRI Funds’ theoretical background and features, it provides an overview of the different types of SRI funds according to their societal or economic background. In doing so, the article offers a better understanding of the complexity and the diversity of SRI and of the problems faced today by the asset management sector.
The small GTPase Arl8b regulates assembly of the mammalian HOPS complex on lysosomes

The homotypic fusion and protein sorting (HOPS) complex is a multi‐subunit complex conserved from yeast to mammals that regulates late endosome and lysosome fusion. However, little is known about how the HOPS complex is recruited to lysosomes in mammalian cells. Here, we report that the small GTPase Arl8b, but not Rab7 (also known as RAB7A), is essential for membrane localization of the human (h)Vps41 subunit of the HOPS complex. Assembly of the core HOPS subunits to Arl8b‐ and hVps41‐positive lysosomes is guided by their subunit–subunit interactions. RNA interference (RNAi)‐mediated depletion of hVps41 resulted in the impaired degradation of EGFR that was rescued upon expression of wild‐type but not an Arl8b‐binding‐defective mutant of hVps41, suggesting that Arl8b‐dependent lysosomal localization of hVps41 is required for its endocytic function. Furthermore, we have also identified that the Arl8b effector SKIP (also known as PLEKHM2) interacts with and recruits HOPS subunits to Arl8b and kinesin‐positive peripheral lysosomes. Accordingly, RNAi‐mediated depletion of SKIP impaired lysosomal trafficking and degradation of EGFR. These findings reveal that Arl8b regulates the association of the human HOPS complex with lysosomal membranes, which is crucial for the function of this tethering complex in endocytic degradation.