Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modifiable temporal unit problem

In spatial thinking (thus, in solving many geographic tasks), time is a fundamental element. This has been broadly acknowledged and demonstrated in geographic information science literature for decades (Hagerstrand 1970; Thrift 1977, Pequet 1988; Miller and Bridwell 2009). For example, when studying human activities in physical space, or when assessing the environmental impact of geographic processes, temporal aspect is critically important (Meentemeyer 1989; Kraak 2000; Ott & Swiaczny 2001). But how do people decide whether a temporal resolution is appropriate or not to perform the spatio-temporal analysis of a geographic process? This is essentially a question of scale in temporal dimension. In this position paper we treat this question at a conceptual level, drawing a parallel with the well known Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP), and introducing the term Modifiable Temporal Unit Problem (MTUP).
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE VALUE-ADDED AGRICULTURE INDICATORS FOR POLOND AND TURKEY

The agricultural sector creates added value for the country's economy by supplying raw materials to the industry, as well as the supply of foodstuffs necessary for nutrition. Value added refers to the difference between the monetary value of goods and services produced and the inputs used in production. In this study, the determinants of agricultural value added in Poland and Turkey for the period 1995-2018 were analyzed. In the study, while value added agriculture constituted the dependent variable, individual GDP, gross capital formation, ratio of agricultural land constituted the independent variables. An 1% change in agricultural land and GDP per capita changed value added agriculture in the same direction by 0.0643% and 2.8223% for Poland, respectively. On the other hand, an 1% change in gross capital formation changed value added agriculture by 0.0498% in the opposite direction. When the findings obtained for Turkey were evaluated, the agricultural land and gross capital formation coefficients were negative and statistically significant. GDP per capita coefficient was positive but statistically it was not significant. Accordingly, an 1% change in agricultural land and gross capital formation was expected to change value added agriculture per employee by 0.0365% and 0.0367% in the opposite direction for Turkey, respectively.
Comptes Rendus Mécanique

After giving my personal recollections of my collaboration in the early 90’s with Yves Couder on the subject of vortex ﬁlaments in classical turbulence I argue that current insights in quantum turbulence can be used to shed some light on the problem of classical ﬁlaments blowup. Résumé. Après avoir donné mes souvenirs personnels de ma collaboration au début des années 90 avec Yves Couder sur le sujet des ﬁlaments vortex dans la turbulence classique, je soutiens que les connaissances actuelles sur la turbulence quantique peuvent être utilisées pour éclairer le problème de l’explosion des ﬁlaments classiques.
Platform for Testing Robotic Vehicles on Simulated Terrain

The variable terrain tilt platform (VTTP) is a means of providing simulated terrain for mobility testing of engineering models of the Mars Exploration Rovers. The VTTP could also be used for testing the ability of other robotic land vehicles (and small vehicles in general) to move across terrain under diverse conditions of slope and surface texture, and in the presence of obstacles of various sizes and shapes. The VTTP consists mostly of a 16-ft-(4.88-m)-square tilt table. The tilt can be adjusted to any angle between 0 (horizontal) and 25 . The test surface of the table can be left bare; can be covered with hard, high-friction material; or can be covered with sand, gravel, and/or other ground-simulating material or combination of materials to a thickness of as much as 6 in. (approx. 15 cm). Models of rocks, trenches, and other obstacles can be placed on the simulated terrain. For example, for one of the Mars- Rover tests, a high-friction mat was attached to the platform, then a 6-in. - ( 15 cm) deep layer of dry, loose beach sand was deposited on the mat. The choice of these two driving surface materials was meant to bound the range of variability of terrain that the rover was expected to encounter on the Martian surface. At each of the different angles at which tests were performed, for some of the tests, rocklike concrete obstacles ranging in height from 10 to 25 cm were placed in the path of the rover (see figure). The development of the VTTP was accompanied by development of a methodology of testing to characterize the performance and modes of failure of a vehicle under test. In addition to variations in slope, ground material, and obstacles, testing typically includes driving up-slope, down-slope, cross-slope, and at intermediate angles relative to slope. Testing includes recording of drive-motor currents, wheel speeds, articulation of suspension mechanisms, and the actual path of the vehicle over the simulated terrain. The collected data can be used to compute curves that summarize torque, speed, power-demand, and slip characteristics of wheels during the traverse.
Expanding the Chemistry of Molecular U(2+) Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of the {[C5 H3 (SiMe3 )2 ]3 U}(-) Anion.

The synthesis of new molecular complexes of U(2+) has been pursued to make comparisons in structure, physical properties, and reactivity with the first U(2+) complex, [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][Cp'3 U], 1 (Cp'=C5 H4 SiMe3 ). Reduction of Cp''3 U [Cp''=C5 H3 (SiMe3 )2 ] with KC8 in the presence of 2.2.2-cryptand or 18-crown-6 generates [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][Cp''3 U], 2-K(crypt), or [K(18-crown-6)(THF)2 ][Cp''3 U], 2-K(18c6), respectively. The UV/Vis spectra of 2-K and 1 are similar, and they are much more intense than those of U(3+) analogues. Variable temperature magnetic susceptibility data for 1 and 2-K(crypt) reveal lower room temperature χM T values relative to the experimental values for the 5f(3) U(3+) precursors. Stability studies monitored by UV/Vis spectroscopy show that 2-K(crypt) and 2-K(18c6) have t1/2 values of 20 and 15 h at room temperature, respectively, vs. 1.5 h for 1. Complex 2-K(18c6) reacts with H2 or PhSiH3 to form the uranium hydride, [K(18-crown-6)(THF)2 ][Cp''3 UH], 3. Complexes 1 and 2-K(18c6) both reduce cyclooctatetraene to form uranocene, (C8 H8 )2 U, as well as the U(3+) byproducts [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][Cp'4 U], 4, and Cp''3 U, respectively.
Modeling the transport of heavy metals in soils. Monograph report

Retention reactions in soils are important processes that govern the fate of chemical contaminants such as heavy metals in groundwaters. The ability to predict the mobility of heavy metals in the soil and the potential contamination of groundwater supplies is a prerequisite in any program aimed at protecting groundwater quality. Mathematical models that describe the potential mobility of heavy metals must include description of the retention processes in the soil matrix. Extensive research has been carried out to describe the retention-release behavior of several heavy metals in soils. Fuller, Alesii et al., Dowdy and Volk, Ellis et al., and Kabata-Pendias and Pendias, among others, have presented overviews of retention-release and leaching investigations for several heavy metals in soils. The publications also describe soil physical and chemical properties that influence the fate of heavy metals in the soil environment and their potential leaching to groundwater supplies. Over the last two decades, however, only a limited number of investigations have attempted to quantify the heavy metals in laboratory soil columns or in soil profiles under field conditions have only recently appeared in the literature.
Investigation of aerobic and anaerobic microflora and volatile fatty acids in the jejunum, ileum, and cecum of the weanling pig

Experiment 1. The purpose of this experiment was to characterize aerobic and anaerobic microflora, volatile fatty acids (VFA) , pH, dry matter, and lactate (L+ and D-) concentrations in the jejunum, ileum, and cecum of pigs weaned at 17 or 24 d of age. Pigs were surgically fitted with T-cannulas in either the jejunum, ileum, or cecum at approximately 14 d of age. After a 3 d recovery period, pigs were randomly assigned a weaning age and intestinal and fecal contents were sampled at 17, 20, 24, 27, 31 , and 34 d of age. Noncannulated littermates were also sacrificed at weaning with intestinal, fecal, and blood samples taken to determine effects of cannulation. No differences (P > .05) were noted in serum cortisol or microbial populations between cannulated and noncannulated pigs. Dry matter percentage and pH levels were higher (P < .05) in the cecum than in the ileum or jejunum. Unweaned pigs maintained higher (P < .05) lactobacilli populations than weaned pigs; however, populations declined (P < .05) in both groups postweaning. Fecal populations of E. coli and lactobacilli declined (P < .05) postweaning; whereas, fecal bifidobacteria populations increased (P < .05) regardless of weaning age. VF A levels were higher (P < .05) in the cecum versus the jejunum or ileum and lactate (L+) tended (P < .07) to be higher in the jejunum and ileum versus the cecum. Weaning and weaning age were determined to have significant effects on microflora and VF A concentrations. Experiment 2. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of dietary galactose on aerobic and anaerobic microflora, volatile fatty acids (VFA), pH, dry matter, and lactate (L+ and D-) concentrations in the ileum and cecum of weanling pigs. Pigs were surgically fitted with T-cannulas in either the ileum or cecum at approximately 14 d of age. After a 4 d recovery period, pigs were weaned at 18 d of age and randomly assigned either a control or treatment diet. i ii The control diet was a phase starter diet based on com starch and the treatment diet was similar except for galactose replacing a portion (13%) of the com starch. The diets were mixed with water and offered twice daily. Intestinal and fecal samples were obtained at 18, 21 , 25, 28, 32, and 35 d of age. Digesta pH increased (P < .05) following weaning regardless of collection site. Dry matter percentage was higher (P < .01) in cecal contents compared to ileal contents. Galactose did not affect populations of microflora or VF A concentrations, except for a tendency (P < .08) to prolong E. coli populations postweaning and to decrease acetate production. Lactate (L+) concentrations were greater (P < .05) in ileal versus cecal contents. Results indicate that galactose fed at this level incurs only minimal changes in microflora and VF A concentrations in the ileum and cecum of weanling pigs.
The effect of genetic predisposition to Alzheimer's disease and related traits on recruitment bias in study of cognitive ageing

The recruitment of participants for research studies may be subject to bias due to an overrepresentation of those more willing to participate voluntarily. No study has analysed the effect of genetic predisposition to Alzheimers disease (AD) on study participation. The Prospective Imaging Study of Ageing (PISA), aims to characterise the phenotype and natural history of healthy adult Australians at high future risk of AD. PISA participants were recruited from existing cohort studies with available genome-wide genetic data for both successfully and unsuccessfully recruited participants, allowing us to investigate the genetic contribution to voluntary recruitment. From a recruitment pool of 13,432 individuals (age 40-80), 64% of participants were successfully recruited into the study. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) were computed in order to test to what extent the genetic risk for AD, and related risk factors (including educational attainment, household income and IQ), predicted participation in PISA. We examined the associations between PRS and APOE {varepsilon}4 with recruitment using logistic regression models. We found significant associations of age and sex with study participation, where older and female participants were more likely to complete the core module. We did not identify a significant association of genetic risk for AD with study participation. Nonetheless, we identified significant associations with genetic scores for key causal risk factors for AD, such as IQ, household income and years of education. Our findings highlight the importance of considering bias in key risk factors for AD in the recruitment of individuals for cohort studies.
Cenozoic megafossils of northern Alaska

Marine invertebrates have been obtained from late Tertiary beds (late Miocene or Pliocene or both) and Quaternary beds on the Arctic coastal plain. The supposed Miocene fauna is closely related to north Atlantic and European middle Tertiary faunas but considerably less closely related to Pacific middle Tertiary faunas. This may indicate that during the Miocene, Atlantic elements entered the polar sea but that there was no communication between the polar sea and the Pacific at that time. Conversely the Quaternary faunas show relationships with both the Atlantic and Pacific, and some nearly identical mollusks found living in boreal waters on both sides of North America but not living in the Arctic are found in them. This suggests that there was a migration of indigenous Pacific types to the Atlantic, and of indigenous Atlantic types to the Pacific along the Arctic coast during the Pleistocene and possibly late Pliocene. Several characteristic faunules are found in the Quaternary (Gubik formation), each distinguished by a different species of Neptunea. The explanation favored for this situation is that the Gubik formation contains several nonsynchronous and isolated zones of near shore facies, deposited during a period of oscillating strand, and that different faunas migrated along these different strands at different times. A similar situation has been demonstrated in the Nome area, where there is a series of strand lines on bedrock and strand line deposits in beds above the bedrock. Two new pelecypods are described: Nuculana morrisi and Chlamys nuwoTcensis.
Insomnia Severity of Academicians Working in Health Sciences in Coronavirus Pandemic Koronavirüs Pandemisinde Sağlık Bilimleri Alanında Çalışan Akademisyenlerin Uykusuzluk Şiddeti

: Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the severity of insomnia of acade-micians working in the field of health sciences in the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: This research in descriptive design was conducted between 20 March - 31 May 2020 with 114 academic staff working in the field of Health Sciences of a university in the Black Sea Region. "Questionnaire form" and "Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)" were used to collect the data. Number, percentage distribution, mean, standard deviation, one way anova and unpaired t test were used to evaluate the data. Results: In the study, the average score of ISI of academicians was 10.40±5.50, female had 11.24±5.44, male had 9.77±5.50, research assistants had 13.46±3.92 and those with any ailments had an average score of 10.72±6.01. No statistically significant differences were found between gender, academic title, and having any ailment and ISI (p>0.05). When evaluated according to the breakpoints of the scale, it was found that 44.7% of the academicians had the lower threshold of insomnia, 22.8% had moderate clinical insomnia, and 0.9% had severe clinical insomnia. Conclusion and Suggestions: In the study, it was found that female acade-micians, research assistants and academicians with any ailments were exposed to insomnia at a higher rate. In addition, it was determined that almost half of the academicians were at the lower threshold of insomnia.
Large­scale remote fear conditioning: demonstration of associations with anxiety using the FLARe smartphone app demonstration of

Objectives We aimed to examine differences in fear conditioning between anxious and non-anxious participants in a single large sample. Materials and methods We employed a remote fear conditioning task (‘FLARe’) to collect data from participants from the Twins Early Development Study (n=1,146; 41% anxious vs. 59% non-anxious). Differences between groups were estimated for their expectancy of an aversive outcome towards a reinforced conditional stimulus (CS+) and an unreinforced conditional stimulus (CS–) during acquisition and extinction phases. Results During acquisition, the anxious group (vs. non-anxious group) showed greater expectancy towards the CS–. During extinction, the anxious group (vs. non-anxious group) showed greater expectancy to both CSs. These comparisons yielded effect size estimates ( d =0.26 – 0.34) similar to those identified in previous meta-analyses. Conclusion The current study demonstrates that remote fear conditioning can be used to detect differences between groups of anxious and non-anxious individuals, which appear to be consistent with previous meta-analyses including in-person studies.
Estimating differential penetration of green (532 nm) laser light over sea ice with NASA’s Airborne Topographic Mapper: observations and models

10 Differential penetration of green laser light into snow and ice has long been considered a possible cause of range and thus elevation bias in laser altimeters. Over snow, ice, and water, green photons can penetrate the surface and experience multiple scattering events in the subsurface volume before being scattered back to the surface and subsequently the instrument’s detector, therefore biasing the range of the measurement. Newly formed sea ice adjacent to open water leads provides an opportunity to identify differential penetration without the need for an absolute reference surface or dual color lidar data. We 15 use co-located, coincident high-resolution natural color imagery and airborne lidar data to identify surface and ice types and evaluate elevation differences between those surfaces. The lidar data reveal that apparent elevations of thin ice and finger-rafted thin ice can be several tens of cm below the water surface of surrounding leads. These lower elevations coincide with broadening of the laser pulse suggesting that subsurface volume scattering is causing the pulse broadening and elevation shift. To complement our analysis of pulse shapes and help interpret the physical mechanism behind the observed elevation biases, 20 we match the waveform shapes with a model of scattering of light in snow and ice that predicts the shape of lidar waveforms reflecting from snow and ice surfaces based on the shape of the transmitted pulse, the surface roughness, and the optical scattering properties of the medium. We parameterize the scattering in our model based on the scattering length L scat , the mean distance a photon travels between isotropic scattering events. The largest scattering lengths are found for thin ice that exhibits the largest negative elevation biases, where scattering lengths of several cm allow photons to build up considerable range 25 biases over multiple scattering events, indicating that biased elevations exist in lower-level Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) data products. Preliminary analysis of ICESat-2 ATL10 data shows that a similar relationship between subsurface elevations (restored negative freeboard) and “pulse width” is present in ICESat-2 data over sea ice, suggesting that biased elevations caused by differential penetration likely also exist in lower-level ICESat-2 data products. The spatial correlation of observed differential penetration in ATM data with surface and ice type suggests that elevation biases could also have a 30 seasonal component, increasing the challenge of applying a simple bias correction.
Design and Performance Evaluation of a Step-Up DC–DC Converter with Dual Loop Controllers for Two Stages Grid Connected PV Inverter

In this work, a non-isolated DC–DC converter is presented that combines a voltage doubler circuit and switch inductor cell with the single ended primary inductor converter to achieve a high voltage gain at a low duty cycle and with reduced component count. The converter utilizes a single switch that makes its control very simple. The voltage stress across the semiconductor components is less than the output voltage, which makes it possible to use the diodes with reduced voltage rating and a switch with low turn-on resistance. In particular, performance principle of the proposed converter along with the steady state analysis such as voltage gain, voltage stress on semiconductor components, and design of inductors and capacitors, etc., are carried out and discussed in detail. Moreover, to regulate a constant voltage at a DC-link capacitor, back propagation algorithm-based adaptive control schemes are designed. These adaptive schemes enhance the system performance by dynamically updating the control law parameters in case of PV intermittency. Furthermore, a proportional resonant controller based on Naslin polynomial method is designed for the current control loop. The method describes a systematic procedure to calculate proportional gain, resonant gain, and all the coefficients for the resonant path. Finally, the proposed system is simulated in MATLAB and Simulink software to validate the analytical and theoretical concepts along with the efficacy of the proposed model.
Communication Patterns During Routine 1 Patient Care in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: 2 The Behavioral Impact of In Situ Simulation

37 Objectives: Effective communication minimizes medical errors and leads to improved team-38 performance while treating critically ill patients. Closed loop communication (CLC) is 39 routinely applied in high-risk industries but remains underutilized in healthcare. Simulation 40 serves as an educational tool to introduce, practice and appreciate the efficacy of CLC. 41 Methods: This observational before-and-after study investigates behavioral changes in 42 communication among nurses brought on by simulation team training in a pediatric intensive 43 care unit (PICU). The communication patterns of PICU nurses, who had no prior simulation 44 experience, were observed during routine bed-side care before and after undergoing in-situ 45 simulation. 46 One month before and 1and 3 months after simulation (intervention), 2 trained raters recorded 47 nurse communications relative to call-outs, uttered by the sender, and call-backs, reciprocated 48 by the recipient. The impact of simulation on communication patterns was analyzed 49 quantitatively. 50 Results: Among the fifteen PICU nurses included in this study significant changes in 51 communication behavior were observed during patient care following communication focused 52 in-situ simulation. PICU nurses were significantly less likely to let a call-out go unanswered 53 during clinical routine. The effect prevailed both 1 month (p = 0.039) and 3 months (p = 0.033) 54 after the educational exposure.
La modelización de la propagación de epidemias

La globalización de la actividad humana tiene consecuencias que van más allá de los movimientos de capital, Internet, o la deslocalización industrial. La aparición de enfermedades como el brote en seres humanos de gripe aviar (H5N1) de 1997 en Hong Kong, el SARS en China en noviembre de 2002 y su propagación hacia otros países en 2003, o la actual gripe A (H1N1) surgida en Méjico, en marzo de 2009, ha puesto de manifiesto un hecho conocido desde hace tiempo pero al que sólo recientemente se le empieza a dar la importancia que se merece, a saber, que la propagación de las epidemias ya no sólo se limita a una escala local, o incluso continental, sino que ya ha alcanzado la escala planetaria. El planeta se nos ha quedado pequeño, y cualquier epidemia tiene muchos números para llegar a ser global. Éste es pues otro aspecto de lo que se ha denominado la aldea global.