Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimal L ∞ ( L 2 ) error analysis of a direct discontinuous Galerkin method for a time-fractional reaction-diffusion problem

A reaction-diffusion problem with a Caputo time derivative of order α ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) is considered. The solution of such a problem has in general a weak singularity near the initial time t = 0. Some new pointwise bounds on certain derivatives of this solution are derived. The numerical method of the paper uses the well-known L1 discretisation in time on a graded mesh and a direct discontinuous Galerkin (DDG) ﬁnite element method in space on a uniform mesh. Discrete stability of the computed solution is proved. The error analysis is based on a non-trivial projection into the ﬁnite element space, which for the ﬁrst time extends the analysis of the DDG method to non-periodic boundary conditions. The ﬁnal convergence result implies how an optimal grading of the temporal mesh should be chosen. Numerical results show that our analysis is sharp.
Direct numerical simulation of turbulent open channel flows at moderately high Reynolds numbers

Abstract Well-resolved direct numerical simulations of turbulent open channel flows (OCFs) are performed for friction Reynolds numbers up to $Re_\tau =2000$. Various turbulent statistics are documented and compared with the closed channel flows (CCFs). As expected, the mean velocity profiles of the OCFs match well with the CCFs in the near-wall region but diverge notably in the outer region. Interestingly, a logarithmic layer with Kárman constant $\kappa =0.363$ occurs for OCF at $Re_\tau =2000$, distinctly different from CCF. Except for a very thin layer near the free surface, most of the velocity and vorticity variances match between OCFs and CCFs. The one-dimensional energy spectra reveal that the very-large-scale motions (VLSMs) with streamwise wavelength $\lambda _x>3 h$ or spanwise wavelength $\lambda _z>0.5 h$ contribute the most to turbulence intensity and Reynolds shear stress in the overlap and outer layers (where h is the water depth). Furthermore, the VLSMs in OCFs are stronger than those in CCFs, resulting in a slightly higher streamwise velocity variance in the former. Due to the footprint effect, these structures also have significant contributions to the mean wall shear stress, and the difference between OCF and CCF enlarges with increasing $Re_\tau$. In summary, the free surface in OCFs plays an essential role in various flow phenomena, including the formation of stronger VLSMs and turbulent kinetic energy redistribution.
Complete Genome Sequences of Two Apple Stem Grooving Viruses in Cnidium officinale in Korea

We determined the whole-genome sequences of two apple stem grooving viruses (ASGV) detected in infected Cnidium officinale plants. The analyzed ASGV genomes were 6,494 nucleotides long and encoded two overlapping open reading frames. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the two ASGV isolates to be most closely related to the ASGV isolate Xinjiang-3. ABSTRACT We determined the whole-genome sequences of two apple stem grooving viruses (ASGV) detected in infected Cnidium officinale plants. The analyzed ASGV genomes were 6,494 nucleotides long and encoded two overlapping open reading frames. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the two ASGV isolates to be most closely related to the ASGV isolate Xinjiang-3.
Mutations in troABCD against Copper Overload in a copA Mutant of Streptococcus suis

Metal homeostasis plays a critical role during the process of bacterial infection. We identified three important potential candidate genes involved in maintenance of intracellular copper homeostasis. ABSTRACT Streptococcus suis is a major swine pathogen that is increasingly recognized as a porcine zoonotic pathogen that threatens the health of both pigs and humans. Metal homeostasis plays a critical role during the process of bacterial infection. In this study, RNA sequencing was used to identify potential candidate genes involved in the maintenance of intracellular copper homeostasis. CopA was identified as the primary copper exporter in S. suis. The copA deletion mutant strain was found to be more sensitive to copper and accumulated more intracellular copper than the wild-type (WT) parent strain. In addition, adding manganese increased the ability of S. suis to resist copper, and the manganese transporter, TroABCD, was involved in tolerance to copper. The copA deletion mutant strain accumulated less copper when supplemented with manganese. Furthermore, when cultured with copper, the double deletion mutant (ΔcopAΔtroA) exhibited improved growth compared to the copA deletion mutant strain. In addition, the double deletion mutant (ΔcopAΔtroA) accumulated less copper than the copA deletion mutant strain. These data were consistent with a model wherein defective TroABCD resulted in decreased cellular copper accumulation and protected the strain against copper poisoning. IMPORTANCE Metal homeostasis plays a critical role during the process of bacterial infection. We identified three important potential candidate genes involved in maintenance of intracellular copper homeostasis. CopA was demonstrated to be the main copper exporter in Streptococcus suis, and manganese increased the tolerance of S. suis to copper. The double deletion mutant (ΔcopAΔtroA) improved growth ability over the copA deletion mutant strain in the presence of high concentrations of copper and accumulated less copper. These findings are consistent with a model wherein defective TroABCD resulted in decreased cellular accumulation of copper and protected the strain against copper poisoning.
Towards High Performance One-Stage Human Pose Estimation

Making top-down human pose estimation method present both good performance and high efficiency is appealing. Mask RCNN can largely improve the efficiency by conducting person detection and pose estimation in a single framework, as the features provided by the backbone are able to be shared by the two tasks. However, the performance is not as good as traditional two-stage methods. In this paper, we aim to largely advance the human pose estimation results of Mask-RCNN and still keep the efficiency. Specifically, we make improvements on the whole process of pose estimation, which contains feature extraction and keypoint detection. The part of feature extraction is ensured to get enough and valuable information of pose. Then, we introduce a Global Context Module into the keypoints detection branch to enlarge the receptive field, as it is crucial to successful human pose estimation. On the COCO val2017 set, our model using the ResNet-50 backbone achieves an AP of 68.1, which is 2.6 higher than Mask RCNN (AP of 65.5). Compared to the classic two-stage top-down method SimpleBaseline, our model largely narrows the performance gap (68.1 APkp vs. 68.9 APkp) with a much faster inference speed (77 ms vs. 168 ms), demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method. Code is available at: https://github.com/lingl_space/maskrcnn_keypoint_refined.
Singing Voice Detection via Similarity-Based Semi-Supervised Learning

Data-driven methods play an important role in Singing Voice Detection (SVD). However, datasets with precise annotations are scarce. In this paper, we propose an SVD method via similarity-based semi-supervised learning (SSSL_SVD). For one thing, we propose to enrich the diversity of training data using the self-training semi-supervised method (SSL). In SSL, pseudo labels of the unlabeled data are first generated by a pre-trained teacher model and are then used to train a student model. For another thing, we propose to measure the audio frame from a similarity-based perspective. Taking it into consideration, we could provide more appropriate learning targets. Finally, experiment results indicate that the proposed method achieved comparable results with state-of-the-art (SOTA) algorithms.
The Monetary and Fiscal Implicatons of A Three-Gap Model

Economic crises have both internal and external origins. Internally, frequent government interventions, inward looking industrial, trade and exchange rate policies apply tremendous pressures on the economy and result in mounting fiscal and trade deficits, deficit and double digit inflation rates. From the external side, several shocks like the oil price hikes of 1973, 1979 and 1990, Gulf War, etc., compound the domestic situation leading to economic problems of crisis proportions. To reverse the economic decline and bring about macroeconomic stabilisation and structural adjustments in the economies, governments generally seek help from the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. As part of the conditionalities, the economic recovery programmes are administered both on the demand and supply sides. For instituting and sequencing successful reforms, the binding constraints of the growth process needs to be identified first.
Demand for Money in Bangladesh: An Econometric Investigation into Some Basic Issues

The empirical investigation of the demand for money in Bangladesh has received little attention. A small number of studies were conducted on the demand for money in Bangladesh. Most of these studies included traditional explanatory variables such as GNP, interest rate and the price level in a regression model purported to explaining variations in demand for money. But no efforts were made to include exchange rate and degree of monetisation as explanatory variables and test their significance. A very few of these studies conducted tests regarding stability of the money demand function. Most of the researchers specified the model in such a way that they could utilise the available data.
Finite-Amplitude Baroclinic Wave Packets

Abstract A theory is presented for the propagation of wave packets in a slightly unstable baroclinic shear flow in a quasi-geostrophic two-layer model on the beta plane. The theory for inviscid motions is considered and packet solutions resembling solitary waves are found. It is shown that the propagation speed of the packet, which is a function of its amplitude, exceeds the most naturally defined group velocity. A physical explanation is presented and it is suggested that the enhancement of the signal velocity above the group velocity is a general property of systems possessing linear instability and nonlinear stability.
Algorithms for quasiconvex minimization

In this article we propose two algorithms for minimization of quasiconvex functions. The first one is of type subgradient. In the second one, we consider the steepest descent method with Armijo's rule. In both, we use elements from Plastria's lower subdifferential. Under certain conditions, we prove that the sequence generated by these algorithms globally converges to a solution. We provide a counter-example showing that the choice of the minus gradient direction does not assure the global convergence of the descent method to a solution. This counter-example is related to a mistake in the proof of the Theorem 3.1 of J.P. Dussault, [Convergence of implementable descent algorithms for unconstrained optimization (technical note), J. Optim. Theory Appl. 104 (2000), pp. 739–745]. We also point out the mistake in the proof of that theorem.
Farm Earning, ‘Allocative’ and ‘Direct’ Effects of Human Capital: Some Evidence from the Disadvantaged Groups

Human capital has always been considered as one of the important variables having considerable impact on the quality of population and economic growth. The concept, however, gained grater popularity after the path breaking theoretical and empirical contributions of Becker (1964, 1991), Becker and Lewis (1973) and Schulz (1961, 1963, 1964, 1975, 1979) These and many other studies have conclusively proved that human capital influences the economic well being of the individuals and the nations through an improvement in the quality of human resources. In fact, an improvement in the human capital has been found to have greatly facilitated the most efficacious use of physical and capital resources. Influenced by the inherent logic and great appeal of the concept, nations, by and large, have invested a good amount of resources for improving the level of literacy among their citizens. However, given the fact that the rural areas in developing countries, have largely remained poor in terms of the availability and quality of the infrastructure conducive to the human resource development (Singh and Santiago, 1997), it appears that either the resource constraints or the misplaced priorities or both have, to a great extent, governed the investment decisions. The situation appears to be more gloomy when it comes to the aboriginal ethnic groups which are grossly illiterate and form the poorest of the poor without any significant political clout
The Effect of Financial Market Activities on Money Demand: A Case Study of India

Recent years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the flow of investible funds from the mature financial markets of the West to the emerging stock markets1 of Asia, Latin America, Eastern Europe and Africa. Such a massive outflow of funds from the West has been prompted by tremendous growth potentials of the emerging markets arising out of their market oriented economic reform movement. The present study is an attempt to empirically analyze the impact of growing financial market trading in the emerging nations on their money demand with special focus on India.
Kinks in the Empirical Money Demand Function for India

In the theory of consumer demand, the influence of habit formation on the shape of the demand curve was recognised long ago by Marshall (1927). This habit formation leads to a kink in the demand curve because consumers’ response to price falls may be relatively more inelastic than their response to price rises. A similar parallel can also be present in the macro-money demand function for several reasons. Changes in inflation or interest rates can produce some ratchet effects in the money demand function. For instance, during a period of relatively persistent high inflation, economic agents would be prompted to develop techniques of managing money and money substitutes. If interest rates follow a random walk it also implies a higher level of interest rate in future than in the past. This would lead to investment in money management techniques that will have permanent effect on money demand because these techniques will not be discarded even after interest rates decline below the previous peaks (Simpson and Porter, 1980). The primary objective ofthis study is to econometrically explore the presence of ratchet effects of inflation and interest rates in the money demand functions for India. The other important objective is to draw some important policy implications of these effects for the balance of payments interrelationship with budget deficits. Rest of the paper is organised as follows: Section 2 briefly discusses the nature and factors causing ratchet effects in the money demand function; Section 3 formulates, estimates and discusses the regression results. While Section 4 draws some policy implications, Section 5 ends the study with some concluding remarks.
A novel energy efficient routing technique for SDN-enabled underwater WSNs using free-space optical communication

Abstract Free-space optical (FSO) wireless sensor network is rapidly growing for underwater communication applications. However, the high-energy loss and propagation distance are the key concerns during data transmission in SDN-enabled underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). In addition, long-distance free-space data transmission in UWSNs relies heavily on FSO communication. Thus, FSO communication is integrated with SDN-enabled UWSNs to maximizing the network lifespan called SDN-enabled free-space optical underwater wireless sensor networks (FSO-UWSNs). Furthermore, clustering and routing can effectively balance the network load for energy-efficient data delivery in SDN-enabled FSO-UWSNs. However, choosing the optimal control nodes (CNs) in clustering is considered as an NP-hard problem. Accordingly, self-adaptive genetic approach-based particle swarm optimization (SAGA-PSO) is proposed as a cluster-based routing to optimize the CNs in heterogeneous SDN-enabled FSO-UWSNs. The proposed hybrid model of metaheuristics and genetic mutation, in which the native PSO is amended with the self-adaptive inertia weights and genetic mutation operation to identify the CNs based on genetic diversity dynamically. In addition, a novel fitness function is proposed to balance the cluster size by considering the most significant parameters like energy and distance of network devices. The SAGA-PSO is simulated using the ns-3 simulator, and SDN policies are controlled via the ONOS controller. Moreover, the proposed nature-inspired SAGA-PSO approach outperforms the existing state of arts by considering the performance metrics such as; alive nodes, stability period, average residual energy, the packet transmitted to CS, average delay, and fitness value.
Characterization of lyotropic nematics in cylindrical capillaries

Abstract Procedures for characterization of lyotropic nematics in cylindrical capillaries by optical microscopy in orthoscopic geometry are presented. Typical textures due to surface alignment allow unambiguous characterization of Nc (cylindrical micelles) and Nd (discotic micelles) phases. Typical textures due to the compromise between surface and magnetic alignment allow unambiguous definition of the sign of the diamagnetic anisotropy susceptibility δχ. The textures allow also estimates of anisotropies of elastic constants for Nd lyomesophases.
Phytochemical analysis of Ziziphus jujube leaf at different foliar ages based on widely targeted metabolomics

Abstract Based on metabolomics, the metabolites of Jujube leaves LS1 (one bud and two leaves), LS2 (one bud and three leaves), and LS3 (one bud and four leaves) were taken and examined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. There were 22 substance categories that were identified. Principal component analysis was also utilized to distinguish the metabolomics at the three different foliar ages, and the results suggested that the samples at different foliar ages were clearly separated, demonstrating that the metabolites in the three foliar ages were significantly different. Through the screening of differential metabolites and hierarchical clustering analysis, our results suggested that the composition and the content distribution of the differential metabolites at three different foliar ages were significantly different. In the LS1, delphinidin, N-hydroxy tryptamine, serotonin, methylquercetin O-hexoside, tricin 7-O-hexoside, and eriodictyol C-hexoside were identified as the distinctive compounds. In the LS2, N-caffeoyl agmatine, lysoPC 18:3 (2n isomer), N-(4′-O-glycosyl)-p-coumaroyl-agmatine, dihydromyricetin, and hydroxy-methoxycinnamate were identified as the distinctive compounds. Similarly, the 3-O-p-coumaroyl-quinic acid, O-feruloyl 4-hydroxylcoumarin, isorhamnetin 3-O-neohesperidoside, cyanidin 3-O-galactoside, quercetin O-acetylhexoside, and DIMBOA glucoside were identified as the distinctive compounds in LS3. These characteristic compounds could provide a strong theoretical basis for rapid identification of jujube leaves at different foliar ages.
Spatiotemporal Distribution of Vector Mosquito Species and Areas at Risk for Arbovirus Transmission in Maricopa County, Arizona

Mosquito-borne diseases are a major global public health concern and mosquito surveillance systems are essential for the implementation of effective mosquito control strategies. The objective of our study is to determine the spatiotemporal distribution of vector mosquito species in Maricopa County, AZ from 2011 to 2021, and to identify the hotspot areas for West Nile virus (WNV) and St. Louis Encephalitis virus (SLEV) transmission in 2021. The Maricopa County Mosquito Control surveillance system utilizes BG-Sentinel and EVS-CDC traps throughout the entire urban and suburban areas of the county. We estimated specific mosquito species relative abundance per unit area using the Kernel density estimator in ArcGIS 10.2. We calculated the distance between all traps in the surveillance system and created a 4 km buffer radius around each trap to calculate the extent to which each trap deviated from the mean number of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. tarsalis collected in 2021. Our results show that vector mosquito species are widely distributed and abundant in the urban areas of Maricopa County. A total of 691,170 Culex quinquefasciatus, 542,733 Culex tarsalis, and 292,305 Aedes aegypti were collected from 2011 to 2022. The relative abundance of Ae. aegypti was highly seasonal peaking in the third and fourth quarters of the year. Culex quinquefasciatus, on the other hand, was abundant throughout the year with several regions consistently yielding high numbers of mosquitoes. Culex tarsalis was abundant but it only reached high numbers in well-defined areas bordering natural and rural areas. We also detected high levels of heterogeneity in the risk of WNV and SLEV transmission to humans disregarding traps geographical proximity. The well-defined species-specific spatiotemporal and geographical patterns found in this study can be used to inform vector control operations.
Sharing Massive Biomedical Data at Magnitudes Lower Bandwidth Using Implicit Neural Function

Efficient storage and sharing of massive biomedical data would open up their wide accessibility to different institutions and disciplines. However, compressors tailored for natural photos/videos are rapidly limited for biomedical data, while emerging deep learning based methods demand huge training data and are difficult to generalize. Here we propose to conduct Biomedical data compRession with Implicit nEural Function (BRIEF) by representing the original data with compact neural networks, which are data specific and thus have no generalization issues. Benefiting from the strong representation capability of implicit neural function, BRIEF achieves 2 ∼ 3 orders of magnitude compression on diverse biomedical data at significantly higher fidelity than existing techniques. Besides, BRIEF is of consistent performance across the whole data volume, supports customized spatially-varying fidelity. BRIEF’s multi-fold advantageous features also serve reliable downstream tasks at low bandwidth. Our approach will facilitate low-bandwidth data sharing, and promote collaboration and progress in the biomedical field.
Near-critical tuning of cooperativity revealed by spontaneous switching in a protein signalling array

Dynamic properties of allosteric complexes are crucial for cellular information processing. However, direct observations of allosteric switches have been limited to compact molecular assemblies. Here, we report in vivo FRET measurements of spontaneous discrete-level fluctuations in the activity of the Escherichia coli chemosensory array — an extensive membrane-associated assembly comprising thousands of molecules. Finite-size scaling analysis of the temporal statistics by a two-dimensional conformational spread model revealed nearest-neighbor coupling strengths within 3% of the Ising second-order phase transition, indicating that chemosensory arrays are poised at criticality. Our analysis yields estimates for the intrinsic timescale of conformational changes (~ 10 ms) of allosteric units, and identifies near-critical tuning as a design principle for balancing the inherent tradeoff between response amplitude and response speed in higher-order signaling assemblies. One-setence summary In vivo measurements of protein signaling array fluctuations reveal an allosteric system poised at criticality.