Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Easy interval method, an alternative approach to improve anaerobic threshold speed

This paper presents the specific training method in distance running developed by the Dutch running coach Herman Verheul and successfully applied in the 1970s, its historical background, its afterlife, and its possible applications. The Verheul method can be traced back to the Stampfl interval method used in the 1960s. It involves the use of shorter (200 and 400 meters) and longer (1000 and later 2000 meters) interval training sessions on a daily basis. The method is characterised by a low intensity of partial distances compared to traditional interval training and a relatively long active recovery period equal to the interval distance. For these reasons, the workouts remain predominantly aerobic, without significant lactic acid accumulation, allowing interval training to be used daily and avoiding over-exertion. The method allows runners to achieve high weekly volumes at high running speeds, crucial for establishing anaerobic threshold speed (vLT2) and economical running movement (RE), essential for successful distance running performance. The easy interval method offers an alternative means of improving anaerobic threshold speed. It may provide a new tool to the recently used sustained tempo runs and the anaerobic threshold intervals that are prevalent today.
Stability Criterion for the Centrifugal Instability of Surface Intensified Anticyclones

We investigate the linear stability of intense baroclinic anticyclones, with a particular focus on the centrifugal (inertial) instability. Various vertical and radial velocity profiles are studied. The vertical profiles are such that the velocity is maximum at the surface. These profiles correspond to oceanic eddies such as submesoscale mixed-layer eddies or intense mesoscale eddies in the upper thermocline. The results show that the main characteristics of the centrifugal instability (growth rate, vertical wavelength) depend weakly on the baroclinic structure of the anticyclone. The dominant azimuthal wavenumber is for small Burger number (Bu) and for higher Bu, where Bu is the square root of the ratio of the deformation radius over the characteristic eddy radius where the velocity is maximum. The marginal stability limits of the centrifugal instability for the different velocity profiles collapse approximately on a single curve in the parameter space (Ro, Bu), where is the Rossby number, with being the maximum velocity. By means of an asymptotic analysis for short vertical wavelength, an explicit prediction for the marginal stability limit is derived for a wide range of velocity profiles. We then suggest to use, for most of oceanic anticyclones, the instability criterion valid for a Gaussian eddy: where is the Ekman number, H is the eddy depth, and ν is the turbulent viscosity at the ocean surface. Some baroclinic anticyclones can remain stable even if they have a core region of negative absolute vorticity provided that they are small enough. This formula explains the few observations of intense anticyclonic eddies having a negative core vorticity around .
EXPLORING PARENTS’ KNOWLEDGE OF DARK DESIGN AND ITS IMPACT ON CHILDREN’S DIGITAL WELL-BEING

Dark design (also known as deceptive design; Colin et al., 2018 and dark patterns; Mathur et al., 2019) is evidenced by “a user interface carefully crafted to trick users into doing things they might not otherwise do” (Brignull, 2022; page 1). Much dark design is constructed with monetization as the primary goal- even in spaces without ecommerce design (e.g., free-to-play apps representing >95% of all mobile apps; Fitton et al. 2021). Many recent dark design strategies are also oriented towards collecting user information. Concerns about children’s vulnerability to inappropriate online marketing and economic fraud, and the impact of organisational data collection upon children’s privacy are increasing (European Commission, 2022; OECD, 2011; OFCOM, 2022). Regulators have begun to recognize, challenge, and fine deceptive design practices aimed at children (e.g., $245 million Epic Games settlement; FTC 2022), however, the scope and extent of dark design practices is such that regulators alone cannot safeguard children from such practices. Parents, who are widely understood to be primarily responsible for children’s online experiences, and children themselves, need to be mindful of and resistant to dark design practices in online spaces. With this in mind, this paper explores the following questions: (a) What is the influence of dark design (1) across mediums (e.g., apps, video games, social media platforms, websites) and (2) across differently-aged children? (b) To what extent are parents aware of their children’s exposure to dark design and the risks such exposure poses? (c) How effective are marketplace and regulatory controls?
Sub-6GHz hand pump shaped microstrip antenna for 5G communication

The purpose of this paper is to explore the presented design of a hand-pump shaped microstrip antenna for sub-6 GHz 5G communication. This paper will first provide a brief overview of the antenna design and its capabilities. Meaning, overall impressive dimensions of 25.25 mm x 20.75 mm x 1.55 mm, with S11 being -16.82 dB at operating frequency of 5.16 GHz. Next, the paper will discuss the design of the antenna and how it can be optimized with a sub-6 GHz operating frequency, along with requirements. To reach the required specifications, inc. E- ≥ 5 GHz ≥ E-φ; S11 ≤-10, various geometrical parameters, among others, have been tested, resulting in two slots being added (slot a and slot b), in combination with various slits. Finally, an antenna is produced, and laboratory measurements are carried out for the validation of the results. Further discussing the potential benefits and drawbacks of using this antenna design for 5G applications.
Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) Factors: Literature Review

Background: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB) is the biggest problem in preventing and eradicating TB in the world. MDR-TB occurs if the tuberculosis germs are resistant to various first-line OAT, at least two drugs, namely isoniazid and rifampicin. The emergence of MDR-TB cases presents new obstacles and challenges to the effectiveness of TB control programs due to difficult diagnosis, high rates of therapy failure, and death. This literature review aims to determine the factors that cause multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Methods: The method used in this article is a literature review using journal databases from Pubmed and Google Scholar in the 2020-2023 time period with the keywords "drug MDR TB," "multi-drug TB MDR factors," "TB MDR," and " resistant TB medicine" found in 1,990 articles, 304 from Pubmed, and 1,960 from Google Scholar). Articles were selected according to the criteria, and the result was 20 articles ready to be reviewed Results: The results of this study show that risk factors have been proven to show that there is a significant relationship between history of diabetes mellitus, history of TB treatment, patient motivation, adherence to taking medication, duration of TB treatment, status of drug side effects, employment, marital status, economic level, history of contact with patients. MDR TB, stress level, and family support are related to the incidence of MDR TB Conclusion: The conclusion of the 20 articles reviewed shows that age, gender, compliance with taking medication, diabetes mellitus, and a history of contact with MDR TB patients are the factors that most influence the occurrence of MDR TB
Impact of Social Media on Fashion Trends and Consumer Behavior in Kenya

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of social media on fashion trends and consumer behavior. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Social media democratizes fashion by offering diverse content, shaping trends and consumer behavior. Platforms like Instagram and TikTok facilitate trend dissemination and peer-to-peer recommendations. They also integrate commerce, transforming the shopping experience. Ultimately, social media is pivotal in driving real-time fashion trends and shaping consumer preferences. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social identity theory, diffusion of innovation theory & social learning theory may be used to anchor future studies on the impact of social media on fashion trends and consumer behavior. Fashion brands and marketers should leverage social media platforms to engage with consumers in meaningful ways, fostering community-building and co-creation of content. Policymakers should consider regulating the transparency and authenticity of sponsored content on social media platforms to mitigate the potential for deceptive marketing practices and protect consumers from misinformation.
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL ATTENTION ON SUBREDDIT COMMUNITY PRACTICES: THE CASE OF /R/HONGKONG

What happens to internet communities after a global media event puts them in the public spotlight? Does the flood of new members change a given community's practices, structures, and discussions? Do things go back to normal? These questions lie at the heart of our research project, which examines how a local subcommunity on the popular website Reddit changed as its matter of focus became a global discussion subject. Specifically, this study analyses changing posting practices on /r/hongkong, a local subreddit whose popularity skyrocketed in 2019, with the Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill Movement garnering worldwide media coverage. Now, with global attention shifting away from the protests and the 2020 Hong Kong National Security law, the subreddit no longer exhibits the same level of activity. But what can be learnt beyond simply looking at the numbers? Can a qualitative change be observed on /r/hongkong? In this extended abstract, we examine the existing research on subreddits as a community, consider the potential significance of media events and subsequent influxes of new users for community practice, outline our methodological approach, and highlight some preliminary findings.
Floodplain Trapping and Cycling Compared to Streambank Erosion of Sediment and Nutrients in an Agricultural Watershed

Floodplains and streambanks can positively and negatively influence downstream water quality through interacting geomorphic and biogeochemical processes. Few studies have measured those processes in agricultural watersheds. We measured inputs (floodplain sedimentation and dissolved inorganic loading), cycling (floodplain soil nitrogen [N] and phosphorus [P] mineralization), and losses (bank erosion) of sediment, N, and P longitudinally in stream reaches of Smith Creek, an agricultural watershed in the Valley and Ridge physiographic province. All study reaches were net depositional (floodplain deposition > bank erosion), had high N and P sedimentation and loading rates to the floodplain, high soil concentrations of N and P, and high rates of floodplain soil N and P mineralization. High sediment, N, and P inputs to floodplains are attributed to agricultural activity in the region. Rates of P mineralization were much greater than those measured in other studies of nontidal floodplains that used the same method. Floodplain connectivity and sediment deposition decreased longitudinally, contrary to patterns in most watersheds. The net trapping function of Smith Creek floodplains indicates a benefit to water quality. Further research is needed to determine if future decreases in floodplain deposition, continued bank erosion, and the potential for nitrate leaching from nutrient‐enriched floodplain soils could pose a long‐term source of sediment and nutrients to downstream rivers.
Measuring the Transition Window in Conditional Automation

Conditional (SAE driving automation level 3) automation is projected to see broader deployment by several manufacturers in multiple countries. Level 3 Automated Driving Systems (ADS) target performing the entire dynamic driving task (DDT) within an operational design domain (ODD), allowing the user to disengage while the system is active, but expect that the driver remains “takeover ready. ” In practice, one expectation of conditional automation is that the system will issue a request to intervene (RTI) prior to exiting its ODD, with a “sufficient” time window for the user to reengage in manual driving. To date, research has yet to provide an understanding of what a sufficient transition window will be in the context of near-production systems, specifically in those designed to operate in low-speed traffic jams. This study used an adaptive approach to adjust the timing of the request to intervene during transitions of control in a high-fidelity driving simulator. The transition adjusted from transition event to event based on whether participants were able to successfully take control in the previous event. Success was defined in reference to a baseline group who drove with expectations of being fully engaged in driving (i.e., SAE driving automation level 2). The results show that most participants were able to successfully make transitions with transition windows in the range of 4.5 to 5 seconds. However, some participants took several seconds longer to make successful transitions and for the subset of participants looking away from the forward road at the onset of the RTI, transition windows in the range of 7-7.5 seconds led to more successful transitions. This study provides a starting point for developing an objective definition of a “sufficient” transition window in the context of low-speed conditional Automated Driving Systems.
Chill or Warmth: Exploring Temperature’s Impact on Interpersonal Boundaries in VR

This position paper outlines a study on the influence of avatars displaying warmth or coldness cues on interpersonal space in virtual reality. Participants will engage in a comfort-distance task, approaching avatars exhibiting thermoregulatory behaviors. Anticipated findings include a reduction in interpersonal distance with warm cues and an increase with cold cues. The study will offer insights into the complex interplay between temperature, social perception, and interpersonal space.
Home advantage and the influence of officiating decisions

Even after decades of research, it is largely unclear how the various factors that cause the home advantage act and interact with one another. This paper provides an updated narrative review of the home advantage in sports, with a particular interest in the impact of refereeing. We used multiple sources for data collection and limited our search to peer-reviewed journals. Detailed information was extracted and documented from each of the retrieved articles. Bibliometric data were also calculated and assessed to evaluate the evolution of research in this field. The findings of this review show that home advantage is elevated in certain type of sports and due to properties of the crowd. In particular, the social pressure of the home crowds has direct and indirect effects on both home advantage and referee bias. Studies on games played in empty stadiums provided significant evidence for a reduced referee bias, and a decline in athlete-related variables. Several potential directions for future research emerged from this review. More research on the home advantage in women's sports, in individual sports, and at lower levels of play is warranted. These efforts will contribute to further extend our understanding of this fascinating phenomenon.
DESIGNING ETHICAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) SYSTEMS WITH MEANINGFUL YOUTH PARTICIPATION: IMPLICATIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS

While artificial intelligence (AI) enabled systems have shown impressive accuracy in detecting harmful content online, they are still not perfect and do not take into account the perspective of children in their design. The development of AI systems heavily relies on large datasets for training, and creating such datasets involves annotating vast amounts of data. Studies that involve children in dataset development also have their challenges, such as the possibility of re-traumatisation. Therefore, ethical considerations must be taken into account, such as obtaining informed consent, conducting design sessions with children and young people, and addressing implicit and explicit biases in AI filtering, profiling, and surveillance systems. It is crucial to involve children and young people in the design of AI systems that filter content to ensure ethical considerations are met. In this article we discuss the ethical concerns in AI development with children and young people, and also possible techniques that help mitigate such concerns.
Superensemble seasonal forecasting of soil moisture by NMME

Soil moisture affects hydro‐climate processes by altering water and energy exchanges between land surface and atmosphere. Understanding of the predictability of soil moisture is not only important for a skillful forecasting of seasonal hydro‐climate, but also for agricultural drought early warning. This paper assesses seasonal forecast skill and potential predictability of soil moisture directly produced by climate models, and investigates an optimal combination of different models over China. A set of 29‐year hindcasts for soil moisture from six North American Multi‐model Ensemble (NMME) models are verified against ERA Interim reanalysis. Results show that soil moisture predictability, which is defined by anomaly correlation under a perfect model assumption, is higher than forecast skill in all models, suggesting that soil moisture prediction may have a room for improvement. Except the CESM model, NMME climate forecast models with higher predictability also have higher forecast skill, where predictability is positively correlated with forecast skill with p < 0.01 across different lead times. Soil moisture forecast skill from NMME simple arithmetic mean is higher than any individual models, and the skill is further improved through an optimization of model weights with a cross validation procedure. As compared with simple ensemble mean, the optimized superensemble mean reduces root mean squared error by 19 and 7% for seasonal mean soil moisture forecast during winter and summer seasons, respectively, and increases correlation by about 10%. This study suggests that soil moisture forecasts directly produced by climate models, when combined appropriately, can provide useful information for climate service.
Active management of distribution systems with distributed energy resources

Over the last decade, the world has witnessed a widespread adoption of distributed energy resources (DERs) in the distribution networks (DNs) due to the rapid advances in renewable DER technologies. This trend may bring about lot of economic and environmental benefits. However, it also introduces adverse impacts on the DN operations because of the uncertainty and intermittency of renewable DERs. These impacts include but are not limited to the severe voltage variations and significant load ramps. In order to mitigate these e ects, the potential of DERs has been explored to provide ancillary services, e.g. voltage regulation and frequency control. On the other hand, since DERs are geographically dispersed over the entire DN, it is considerably challenging in coordinating them. Therefore, this thesis focuses on addressing these concerns by developing advanced management approaches. To overcome the complexity in coordinating various devices and promote a competitive energy trading environment, a novel transactive energy trading framework is proposed with detailed designs for the end-use customers. Particularly, the author innovatively integrates a novel Nash bargaining based bilateral energy trading mechanism with an e cient distributed optimal power flow (OPF) technique to maximize the benefit of customers and to enhance the system reliability and security. With some rigorous analysis, the proposed model is converted into a two-stage problem, where the first stage determines the optimal energy trading and dispatch decisions, and the second stage settles the optimal payments. To implement this framework in a decentralized manner, an advanced distributed algorithm is developed. Numerical results demonstrate the economic and technical advantages of this framework. To address the severe voltage variations caused by the intermittent photovoltaic (PV) output, a distributed online voltage control algorithm is developed based on
Adaptive structures proliferated in the rabbit shoulder after 8 weeks from the insertion of a titanium implant

Aim A special place in the research related to implantology is held by those who study the process of osseointegration of implants. The proper development of the osseointegration process is crucial for the survival rate of the implant. The chances of long-term survival are related to the structure of the bone in which the implant is inserted. Materials and methods In three 10-month-old male rabbits, self-tapping titanium implants with a diameter of 2 mm were inserted in the femoral shaft. After 8 weeks, the rabbits were stuk and the fragment of the femur containing the implant was collected. The collected pieces were fixed in Stieve mixture, embedded in paraffin, and the 5 µm sections obtained were stained with the Goldner trichrome method. Results The microscopic examination revealed that the bone proliferated around the implant had two starting points, the periosteum and the endosteum. The newly proliferated bone from the periosteal level gradually extends to the middle area of the interface, outward over a certain distance and subperiosteal over another distance. The proliferated bone at the endosteal level extends to the middle area of the interface, towards the medullary canal to a certain depth, but also subendosteal to a certain distance. Moreover, the newly proliferated bone shows a clear tendency to reshape into Haversian bone, at a clearly higher level above the existing structure in the bone distant from the implantation area. This aspect shows the tendency of a bone with greater strength than the rest of the bone to form around the implant. Conclusions The increase of the contact surface at the bone-implant interface as well as the proliferation of a bone with high resistance are the result of an adaptive reaction to restore the resistance of the area, weakened following the trauma caused by the insertion of the implant.
A Survey on Mixed Trafﬁc Flow Characteristics in Connected Vehicle Environments

: Intelligent transportation has become a hot research ﬁeld in recent years The development direction of road trafﬁc construction in the future, the relevant technologies and methods in the process of gradual promotion and application of intelligent connected vehicles continue to attract the attention of scholars and engineers. There are more and more relevant theories, methods and systems. This paper summarizes the current state of microscopic and macroscopic trafﬁc models, characteristic analysis methods of mixed trafﬁc ﬂow, and lane management methods in connected vehicle environments. At the end of this paper, the conclusions of this work are presented, and possible future directions for safety warning research under connected vehicle environments are discussed. This paper represents the current research status of trafﬁc ﬂow characteristics under connected vehicle environments to some extent, which can provide references for future trafﬁc ﬂow characteristic research in terms of framework, methods and technologies, etc.