Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The traveling salesman problem: new polynomial approximation algorithms and domination analysis

For the traveling salesman problem (TSP) on n nodes, we show that a tour which is better than ω((n/2)! ) alternative tours can be identified in O(n 3) time. Also we provide another algorithm of complexity O n 3) which is guaranteed to produce a solution which is better than ω(n/(k+1))! (k! ) n/(k+1) alternative tours, whenever k is fixed. Further we show that by using an O(n 4) algorithm, a TSP tour which dominates ω((n/2)! n) alternative tours can be identified. We also suggest an O(n 5) algorithm with improved domination number.
Achievable Minimally-Contrastive Counterfactual Explanations

Decision support systems based on machine learning models should be able to help users identify opportunities and threats. Popular model-agnostic explanation models can identify factors that support various predictions, answering questions such as “What factors affect sales? ” or “Why did sales decline? ”, but do not highlight what a person should or could do to get a more desirable outcome. Counterfactual explanation approaches address intervention, and some even consider feasibility, but none consider their suitability for real-time applications, such as question answering. Here, we address this gap by introducing a novel model-agnostic method that provides specific, feasible changes that would impact the outcomes of a complex Black Box AI model for a given instance and assess its real-world utility by measuring its real-time performance and ability to find achievable changes. The method uses the instance of concern to generate high-precision explanations and then applies a secondary method to find achievable minimally-contrastive counterfactual explanations (AMCC) while limiting the search to modifications that satisfy domain-specific constraints. Using a widely recognized dataset, we evaluated the classification task to ascertain the frequency and time required to identify successful counterfactuals. For a 90% accurate classifier, our algorithm identified AMCC explanations in 47% of cases (38 of 81), with an average discovery time of 80 ms. These findings verify the algorithm’s efficiency in swiftly producing AMCC explanations, suitable for real-time systems. The AMCC method enhances the transparency of Black Box AI models, aiding individuals in evaluating remedial strategies or assessing potential outcomes.
The decline of infant and child mortality. The European experience: 1750-1990.

Introduction: Recent Advances and Some Open Questions in the Long-Term Study of Infant and Child Mortality C.A. Corsini, P.P. Viazzo. 1. Infant Health and Infant Mortality in Europe: Lessons from the Past and Challenges for the Future G. Masuy-Stroobant. 2. Assessing Change in Historical Contexts: Childhood Mortality Patterns in Spain During the Demographic Transition D.S. Reher, et al 3. Differential Mortality Patterns among Infants and Other Young Children: The Experience of England and Wales in the Nineteenth Century R. Woods, et al. 4. Gender Mortality Differences from Birth to Puberty, 1887-1940 A. Pinnelli, P. Mancini. 5. Infant Mortality in French Cities in the Mid-Nineteenth Century P. Bourdelais, M. Demonet. 6. Urbanization, Infant Mortality and Public Health in Imperial Germany J. Vogele. 7. Locality or Class? Spatial and Social Differentials in Infant and Child Mortality in England and Wales, 1895-1911 A. Reid. 8. Infant Mortality in Greece, 1859-1959: Problems and Research Perspectives V. Hionidou. 9. Life Histories of Lone Parents and Illegitimate Children in Nineteenth-Century Sweden A. Brandstom. 10. Mortality among Illegitimate Children in Mid-Nineteenth Century The Hague J. Kok, et al. 11. Childhood Mortality in High-Risk Groups: Some Methodological Reflections Based on French Experience C. Rollet. 12. A Special Case of Decline: Levels and Trends of Infant Mortality at Florence's Foundling Hospital, 1750-1950 P.P. Viazzo, et al. Index.
The Dead Sea: The Lake and Its Setting

1. Dead Sea Research - an Introduction PART I: STRUCTURE AND TECTONICS OF THE DEAD SEA BASIN 2. Topography and bathymetry of the Dead Sea depression 3. Geophysical framework of the Dead Sea: structure and tectonics 4. The history and formation of the Dead Sea basin 5. Hydrocarbon exploration in the southern Dead Sea basin 6. Active tectonics in the Dead Sea basin 7. On the Seismicity of the Dead Sea basin PART II: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE DEAD SEA 8. The hydrography of a hypersaline lake 9. Surface currents and seiches in the Dead Sea 10. Wind waves on the Dead Sea 11. Evaporation estimates from the Dead Sea: essential considerations for saline lakes 12. Brines of the Dead Sea: genetic aspects 13. Ion interaction approach to geochemical aspects of the Dead Sea 14. Halite deposition in the Dead Sea: 1960-1993 15. Halite precipitation and sediment deposition as measured in "sediment traps" deployed in the Dead Sea: 1981-1983 16. Carbon dynamics in the Dead Sea 17. The radiocarbon content of the Dead Sea 18. Minor (Mn, Fe) and trace elements (Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu) in the Dead Sea 19. Microbiological studies in the Dead Sea: 1892-1992 PART III: QUATERNARY HISTORY OF THE LAKE AND ITS ENVIRONMENT 20. Geomorphology of the Dead Sea western margin 21. Fluctuations of Late Pleistocene Lak Lisan in the Dead Sea rift 22. The Holocene history of Dead Sea levels 23. The Dead Sea region in archaeological perspective 24. Geochemical and hydrological processes in the coastal environment of the Dead Sea 25. Groundwater along the western Dead Sea shore 26. The botanical conquest of the newly exposed shores of the Dead Sea 27. Dead Sea research: synopsis and future
The effect of sampling scale on actualistic sandstone petrofacies

Empirical correlations between plate tectonic setting and sand/sandstone composition have been the basis for large scale petrological models. These models do not explicitly treat sampling scale. Four areas from the western USA with diverse tectonic settings and rock types provide a natural laboratory for sampling sand at three different scales: talus piles to small drainages (first order), streams and rivers draining mountain ranges (second order), and large rivers and marine environments (third order). Existing plate tectonic petrofacies models should only be applied to third order settings because the data were derived from studies of such settings. This is especially true in tectonic settings with diverse source rocks (e.g. continental rifts and transform settings). On the other hand, some settings, such as active magmatic arcs and foreland fold-thrust belts, provide uniform results at any sampling scale because of homogeneity of source rocks. The Rio Grande drainage area is especially complex, with diverse igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary source areas. Some components (e.g. basalt) are destroyed with minimal transport, whereas others (e.g. quartz) are relatively enriched with greater transport. In this complex continental rift setting, first and second order sand is diverse and heterogeneous due to input from tributaries. The Santa Clara River of southern California also has heterogeneous sand due to diverse source rocks in this transform setting. It is only after considerable homogenization and stabilization due to weathering and mixing with more stable components, and/or considerable transport, that homogeneous compositions are produced in these two settings. In contrast, the Cascade magmatic arc and the Canadian Rocky Mountain fold-thrust belt have uniform source rocks (dominantly volcanic in the former and dominantly sedimentary in the latter). Uniform sand composition that is unique to each of these tectonic settings results at any sampling scale in these two cases. Uniformity of data collection and analysis is essential for reproducible results. Use of the Gazzi-Dickinson point counting method allows direct comparison among source rocks (zero order samples), modern sand of any order and ancient sandstone of unknown provenance. Lack of recognition of the effect of sampling scale in the development of actualistic petrofacies models has led to incorrect rejection of many existing models. Third order sands are excellent predictors of plate tectonic setting, but first and second order sands can provide ambiguous plate tectonic interpretations in many settings. More complex actualistic petrofacies models based on diverse sampling scales are needed.
Benefits of the induced polarization geoelectric method to hydrocarbon exploration

Delineation of hydrocarbon prospective areas is an important issue in petroleum exploration. The geoelectric method helps to identify attractive areas and reduces the overall drilling risk. For this purpose, induced polarization (IP) effects are mapped caused by the presence of epigenetic pyrite microcrystals in sedimentary rocks. These crystals occur in a shallow halo-shaped mineralogical alteration zone, often overlying a deeper-seated hydrocarbon accumulation. Local enrichment in pyrite results from reducing geochemical conditions below an impermeable layer. The imperfect top seal of the accumulation permits minor amounts of hydrocarbons to escape and migrate through the overlying rocks to shallower levels. During migration, hydro-carbons encounter an impermeable barrier, forming an altera-tion zone. Induced polarization logging and coring in wells confirm this working model. Geoelectric surveying visual-izes anomalies in electric potential difference measured be-tween receiver electrodes. The differen.
Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems

I. AN INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIZATIONS 1. The Subject Is Organization. II. THREE PERSPECTIVES ON ORGANIZATIONS. 2. Organizations as Rational Systems. 3. Organizations as Natural Systems. 4. Organizations as Open Systems. 5. Combining the Perspectives. III. ENVIRONMENTS, STRATEGIES, AND STRUCTURES. 6. Conceptions of Environments. 7. Creating Organizations. 8. Boundary Setting and Boundary Spanning. 9. Sources of Structural Complexity: The Technical Core. 10. Sources of Structural Complexity: The Peripheral Components. 11. Goals, Power, and Control. IV. ORGANIZATIONS AND SOCIETY. 12. Organizational Pathologies. 13. Organizational Effectiveness. References. Name Index. Subject Index.
The role of hybridization in the origin and spread of asexuality in Daphnia

The molecular mechanisms leading to asexuality remain little understood despite their substantial bearing on why sexual reproduction is dominant in nature. Here, we examine the role of hybridization in the origin and spread of obligate asexuality in Daphnia pulex, arguably the best‐documented case of contagious asexuality. Obligately parthenogenetic (OP) clones of D. pulex have traditionally been separated into ‘hybrid’ (Ldh SF) and ‘nonhybrid’ (Ldh SS) forms because the lactase dehydrogenase (Ldh) locus distinguishes the cyclically parthenogenetic (CP) lake dwelling Daphnia pulicaria (Ldh FF) from its ephemeral pond dwelling sister species D. pulex (Ldh SS). The results of our population genetic analyses based on microsatellite loci suggest that both Ldh SS and SF OP individuals can originate from the crossing of CP female F1 (D. pulex × D. pulicaria) and backcross with males from OP lineages carrying genes that suppress meiosis specifically in female offspring. In previous studies, a suite of diagnostic markers was found to be associated with OP in Ldh SS D. pulex lineages. Our association mapping supports a similar genetic mechanism for the spread of obligate parthenogenesis in Ldh SF OP individuals. Interestingly, our study shows that CP D. pulicaria carry many of the diagnostic microsatellite alleles associated with obligate parthenogenesis. We argue that the assemblage of mutations that suppress meiosis and underlie obligate parthenogenesis in D. pulex originated due to a unique historical hybridization and introgression event between D. pulex and D. pulicaria.
Carbon Fiber Reinforcing Polymers as Negative Moment Reinforcing in Repair of Composite Steel Parking Deck

A two level parking facility formed the base of an apartment complex. The structural system incorporated a composite-steel deck for the upper level which provides bottom reinforcing for the structural slab. Other than Welded Wire Fabric (WWF), no top reinforcing was provided over the beams or girders. An inappropriate choice of construction for a parking deck due to the potential for corrosion from chloride contamination. The problem was compounded by inadequate reinforcing, poor drainage and no waterproofing. The result was a severely deteriorated deck. Slab cuts would allow the installation of top reinforcing as required to develop the negative moment based on continuity were not feasible because the electrical conduit for the building was buried in the slab. Therefore, CFRP was used to save the existing structural system and minimize repair costs. Design included stress, shear strength and membrane integrity. Field testing was successfully conducted. The result was an innovative use of the material which decreased the severity and cost of repairs.
Quality of Experience: What End-Users Say about Web Services?

Web service composition enables seamless and dynamic integration of web services. The behavior of participant web services determines the overall performance of a composition. Therefore, it is important to choose the high quality participants for service composition. The state of the art in service discovery and selection rely on non-functional aspects also known as quality of service (QoS) e.g., response time and availability. Though these parameters are crucial for selecting web services, they do not reflect the end-user's perspective on quality. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of adopting the perceived quality from end-user's perspective for service selection and composition. We name such quality parameters as quality of experience (QoE). First, we propose a solution that automatically mines and identifies QoE parameters from the web. Second, we study the application of such dynamically extracted QoE attributes for service selection. For the evaluation purpose, we collected more than 24,000 reviews from 22 different services from four domains. Our result shows the automated approach identifies QoE attributes with an average precision and recall 90% and 79% respectively. Our study shows that there is a strong positive correlation between QoS and QoE. Hence QoE can be used during service selection especially when QoS data are not available.
Intercalibration of SUMER and CDS on SOHO. II. SUMER Detectors A and B and CDS NIS.

Results of an intercalibration between the extreme-ultraviolet spectrometers Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer (CDS) and Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation (SUMER) on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) are reported. The results of the joint observing program Intercal_01 are described, and intercalibration results up to July 2000 of both SUMER detectors A and B and of the CDS Normal Incidence Spectrometer (NIS) are presented. The instruments simultaneously observed radiance of emission lines at the center of the Sun, and three lines have been chosen for intercomparison: He i 584 A, Mg x 609 A, and Mg x 624 A. Initially the same area was observed by both instruments, but, after restrictions were imposed by the scanning mechanism of SUMER in November 1996, the instruments viewed areas of different sizes. Nevertheless, the temporal correlation between the two instruments remained good through June 1998, when contact with the SOHO spacecraft was lost. Until then the CDS instrument measured (33 ? 5)% and (38 ? 7)% (? 1varsigma) higher intensity than SUMER in the He i 584-A line on average for detectors A and B, respectively. Data from SUMER detector B agreed well for Mg x 609 A and Mg x 624 A with the CDS intensities, showing offsets of (2 ? 10)% and (9 ? 15)%, much less than the data of detector A with offsets of (7 ? 8)% and (16 ? 7)% for the two lines, respectively, relative to CDS. Finally, the intercalibration measurements after the loss and recovery of the SOHO spacecraft are analyzed. The data for observations from November 1998 to July 2000 are compared, and it is shown that, although the responses of the instruments have changed, the CDS and the SUMER still perform well, and their temporal correlation is good.
Empirical Co-occurrence Rate Networks for Sequence Labeling

Structured prediction has wide applications in many areas. Powerful and popular models for structured prediction have been developed. Despite the successes, they suffer from some known problems: (i) Hidden Markov models are generative models which suffer from the mismatch problem. Also it is difficult to incorporate overlapping, non-independent features into a hidden Markov model explicitly. (ii) Conditional Markov models suffer from the label bias problem. (iii) Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) overcome the label bias problem by global normalization. But the global normalization of CRFs can be expensive which prevents CRFs from applying to big data. In this paper, we propose the Empirical Co-occurrence Rate Networks (ECRNs) for sequence labeling. ECRNs are discriminative models, so ECRNs overcome the problems of HMMs. ECRNs are also immune to the label bias problem even though they are locally normalized. To make the estimation of ECRNs as fast as possible, we simply use the empirical distributions as the estimation of parameters. Experiments on two real-world NLP tasks show that ECRNs reduce the training time radically while obtain competitive accuracy to the state-of-the-art models.
Adaptation and Preadaptation of Salmonella enterica to Bile

Bile possesses antibacterial activity because bile salts disrupt membranes, denature proteins, and damage DNA. This study describes mechanisms employed by the bacterium Salmonella enterica to survive bile. Sublethal concentrations of the bile salt sodium deoxycholate (DOC) adapt Salmonella to survive lethal concentrations of bile. Adaptation seems to be associated to multiple changes in gene expression, which include upregulation of the RpoS-dependent general stress response and other stress responses. The crucial role of the general stress response in adaptation to bile is supported by the observation that RpoS(-) mutants are bile-sensitive. While adaptation to bile involves a response by the bacterial population, individual cells can become bile-resistant without adaptation: plating of a non-adapted S. enterica culture on medium containing a lethal concentration of bile yields bile-resistant colonies at frequencies between 10(-6) and 10(-7) per cell and generation. Fluctuation analysis indicates that such colonies derive from bile-resistant cells present in the previous culture. A fraction of such isolates are stable, indicating that bile resistance can be acquired by mutation. Full genome sequencing of bile-resistant mutants shows that alteration of the lipopolysaccharide transport machinery is a frequent cause of mutational bile resistance. However, selection on lethal concentrations of bile also provides bile-resistant isolates that are not mutants. We propose that such isolates derive from rare cells whose physiological state permitted survival upon encountering bile. This view is supported by single cell analysis of gene expression using a microscope fluidic system: batch cultures of Salmonella contain cells that activate stress response genes in the absence of DOC. This phenomenon underscores the existence of phenotypic heterogeneity in clonal populations of bacteria and may illustrate the adaptive value of gene expression fluctuations.
PENGARUH KOMPENSASI, DISIPLIN KERJA DAN LINGKUNGAN KERJA TERHADAP PRESTASI KERJA KARYAWAN PADA PT. KARYA CITRA TANINDANG BENGKULU

Penelitian ini dilakukan di lingkungan PT. Karya Citra Tanindang Bengkulu, dengan judul yang diangkat yaitu “ Pengaruh Kompensasi, Disiplin Kerja Dan Lingkungan Kerja Terhadap Prestasi Kerja Karyawan PT. Karya Citra Tanindang Bengkulu “. Adapun tujuan dari penelitan ini adalah untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh kompensasi, disiplin kerja dan lingkungan kerja terhadap prestasi kerja karyawan, serta untuk mengatahui variabel yang paling dominan yang mempengaruhi prestasi kerja pegawai di lingkungan PT Karya Citra Tanindang Bengkulu. Untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian membuktikan hipotesis, penulis mengumpulkan data primer dan data sekunder. Daa yang dikumpulkan kemudian dianalisa dengan alat analisa : Regresi linier berganda, determinasi berganda, serta dilakukan pengujian dengan menggunakan uji F dan uji t. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisa regresi linier beganda diketahui bahwa koefisien variabel X1 = 0,336, koefisien variabel X2 = 0,404, koefisien variabel X3 = 0,389, berarti peningkatan ketiga variabel pengaruh dapat meningkatkan prestasi kerja. Sumbangan ketiga variabel pengaruh diketahui berdasarkan hasil analisa determinasi berganda dengan nilai R² = 0,630 sehingga secara bersama-sama ketiga variabel pengaruh tersebut memberikan sumbangan sebesar 63 % terhadap prestasi kerja. Dari ketiga variabel yang diteliti disiplin kerja merupakan variabel yang paling besar pengaruhnya terhadap prestasi kerja karyawan di PT. Karya Citra Tanindang Bengkulu. Pengujian hipotesis dengan menggunakan uji F memperoleh hasil bahwa F hitung > F tabel, artinya secara bersama-sama ketiga variabel yaitu variabel X1, variabel X2 dan variabel X3 mempunyai pengaruh tehadap prestasi kerja. Uji hipotesis dengan uji t memperoleh hasil t hitung variabel X1, variabel X2 dan variabel X3 > t tabel, berarti secara parsial kompensasi, disiplin kerja dan lingkungan kerja mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap prestasi kerja karyawan di PT. Karya Citra Tanindang Bengkulu.
Psychological Foundations of Sport

Preface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. I. THE EVOLUTION OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY. 1. John M. Silva: The Evolution of Sport Psychology. II. PERSONALITY AND PERFORMANCE. 2. Stacey Rosenfeld: Psychology of Personality. 3. Heather Deaner & John M. Silva: The Relationship Between Personality and Sport Performance. III. MOTIVATION AND SPORT. 4. Laura Finch: Understanding Individual Motivation in Sport. 5. Jonathan Metzler: Applying Motivational Principles to Individual Athletes. IV. EMOTION AND SPORT PERFORMANCE. 6. Peter R. E. Crocker, Kent C. Kowalski, Thomas R. Graham, & Nanette P. Kowalski: Emotion in Sport. 7. Sarah Naylor, Damon Burton, & Peter R. E. Crocker: Competitive Anxiety and Sport Performance. 8. Peter R. E. Crocker, Kent C. Kowalski, & Thomas R. Graham: Emotional Control and Intervention. V. INTERVENTION AND PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT. 9. Allen Cornelius: Introduction of Sport Psychology Interventions. 10. Allen Cornelius: Intervention Techniques in Sport Psychology. 11. Allen Cornelius: Psychological Intervention for the Injured Athlete. 12. Luis Manzo: Enhancing Sport Performance: The Role of Confidence and Concentration. VI. GROUP DYNAMICS. 13. Julie Partridge & Diane E. Stevens: Group Dynamics: The Influence of the Team in Sport. 14. Diane E. Stevens: The Science of Team Cohesion. 15. Diane E. Stevens: Building the Effective Team. VII. AGGRESSION IN SPORT. 16. W. Neil Widmeyer, Kim D. Dorsch, Steven R. Bray, & E. J. McGuire: The Nature, Prevalence, and Consequences of Aggression in Sport. 17. W. Neil Widmeyer, Steven R. Bray, Kim D. Dorsch, & E. J. McGuire: Explanations for the Occurrence of Aggression: Theories and Research. 18. W. Neil Widmeyer: Reducing Aggression in Sport. VIII. GENDER ISSUES IN SPORT. 19. Barbara Bickford: The Revolution of Women in Sport. 20. Diane E. Stevens, Barbara Bickford, & Jamie Robbins: Psycho-social Issues and the Female Athlete. 21. Barbara Bickford: Coaching the Female Athlete. IX. PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF COACHING. 22. Gordon Bloom: Coaching Demands and Responsibilities of Expert Coaches. 23. Gordon Bloom: The Role of the Coach in Talent Development. X. PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF YOUTH SPORT. 24. Jean Cote & John Hay: Children's Involvement in Sport: A Developmental Perspective. 25. Jean Cote & John Hay: Family Influences on Youth Sport Performance and Participation. 26. Jean Cote: Coach and Peer Influences on Children's Development through Sport.