Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Redox Chemistry of the Subphases of α-CsPbI2Br and β-CsPbI2Br: Theory Reveals New Potential for Photostability

The logic in the design of a halide-mixed APb(I1−xBrx)3 perovskite is quite straightforward: to combine the superior photovoltaic qualities of iodine-based perovskites with the increased stability of bromine-based perovskites. However, even small amounts of Br doped into the iodine-based materials leads to some instability. In the present report, using first-principles computations, we analyzed a wide variety of α-CsPbI2Br and β-CsPbI2Br phases, compared their mixing enthalpies, explored their oxidative properties, and calculated their hole-coupled and hole-free charged Frenkel defect (CFD) formations by considering all possible channels of oxidation. Nanoinclusions of bromine-rich phases in α-CsPbI2Br were shown to destabilize the material by inducing lattice strain, making it more susceptible to oxidation. The uniformly mixed phase of α-CsPbI2Br was shown to be highly susceptible towards a phase transformation into β-CsPbI2Br when halide interstitial or halide vacancy defects were introduced into the lattice. The rotation of PbI4Br2 octahedra in α-CsPbI2Br allows it either to transform into a highly unstable apical β-CsPbI2Br, which may phase-segregate and is susceptible to CFD, or to phase-transform into equatorial β-CsPbI2Br, which is resilient against the deleterious effects of hole oxidation (energies of oxidation >0 eV) and demixing (energy of mixing <0 eV). Thus, the selective preparation of equatorial β-CsPbI2Br offers an opportunity to obtain a mixed perovskite material with enhanced photostability and an intermediate bandgap between its constituent perovskites.
A 0.24-μV-Input-Ripple 8-μV-Input-Offset 10-MHz Chopper Operational Amplifier Employing MOS-DAC-Based Offset Calibration

This letter presents a chopper-stabilized multipath operational amplifier (OPA). By utilizing a 7-bit MOS-DAC-based offset calibration along with a passive ripple reduction filter, the OPA achieves a low input ripple in a power-efficient manner. The prototype IC is implemented in a 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> standard CMOS process and draws 0.85-mA current from a 5-V supply. The chopper OPA exhibits the minimal input ripple of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.24~\mu \text{V}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (eight samples), which corresponds to an <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$80\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> reduction on the prior-art current-DAC-based offset calibration and a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.6\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> reduction on the existing ripple reduction loops. In addition, this OPA exhibits excellent input-referred offset (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$8~\mu \text{V}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), input-referred noise density (16 nV/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\surd $ </tex-math></inline-formula>Hz), and power efficiency (GBW/ISUPPLY = 11.8).
Exciton localization and quantum efficiency—A comparative cathodoluminescence study of (In,Ga)N/GaN and GaN/(Al,Ga)N quantum wells

We study the quantum efficiency (η) and transition energy (Et) as a function of excitation density and temperature in (In,Ga)N/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) fabricated by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) and metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition (MOCVD), as well as in an MBE-grown GaN/(Al,Ga)N MQW. A method based on cathodoluminescence spectroscopy is proposed to be suitable for a reproducible measurement of the power dependence of η and Et. The experimental results are fit to a recently developed model allowing for a distinction of localization and electric-field effects for η and Et, as well as for the extraction of the localization energy, density of localization centers, and radiative recombination rate of localized excitons. In the (In,Ga)N/GaN MQWs grown by MBE and MOCVD, we found a value of the localization energy of 34 and 100 meV, respectively. In the MBE-grown GaN/(Al,Ga)N MQW, the exciton recombination is dominated by quasifree excitons even at low temperatures.
The Discovery of Mg II λ4481 in the White Dwarf EG 102: Evidence for Ongoing Accretion

Recent optical spectra of the DA3 white dwarf EG 102 clearly show a feature due to Mg II λ4481. This is the first spectroscopic detection of Mg in a DA star at a temperature of 20,000 K. The presence of this ion in the stellar photosphere poses a severe dilemma for the theory of radiative levitation, which predicts a vanishingly small equilibrium abundance of Mg in a star such as EG 102. Ongoing accretion must to be the source of this ion. An accretion rate of 1.6 × 10-16 M☉ yr-1 is implied by the short timescale (3.3 days) for the diffusive loss of Mg from the photosphere. Such a rate could be supplied by the interstellar medium, if EG 102 is embedded in a diffuse interstellar cloud. Alternately, EG 102 may possess a very low mass companion, which is transferring material onto the white dwarf. Finally, we use an IUE echelle spectrum to demonstrate the presence of photospheric Si in this star. We find respective abundances of log (Mg/H) = -5.3 and log (Si/H) = -7.0 for EG 102.
Millimeter-Wave Phased Array Antenna Integrated With the Industry Design in 5G/B5G Smartphones

In this communication, a dual-polarized millimeter-wave (mmWave) phased array antenna is proposed for the fifth-generation (5G)/B5G smartphones. The configuration of the antenna array is highly integrated with the up-to-date industry design (ID) of ultranarrow side frame, 3-D curved display, and covers, which are widely adopted in flagship smartphones and popular among consumers. The proposed antenna contains a minor portion of slotted metal frame and a cavity-backed antenna module. The air cavity and the multiple slots are employed to enhance the bandwidth. A strip bump is established on the metal frame to meet the ID requirement, which also improves the impedance matching simultaneously. A prototype of the proposed $1\times $ 4 phased array assembled in a smartphone’s metal frame is fabricated and measured. The antenna array achieves a −10 dB impedance bandwidth from 23.2 to 29.7 GHz. At 27.0 GHz, the measured peak gain is greater than 11.2 dBi and the 3 dB scanning angle is larger than 77° for the two polarizations. Finally, the blockage issue of the curved cover is studied. In virtue of high integration with ID, compact size, wide bandwidth, good spatial coverage, and easy assembling, the proposed antenna scheme is promising for 5G/B5G smartphone designs.
Visible-Light-Enhanced Antibacterial Activity of Silver and Copper Co-Doped Titania Formed on Titanium via Chemical and Thermal Treatments

Dental implants made of titanium (Ti) are used in dentistry, but peri-implantitis is a serious associated problem. Antibacterial and osteoconductive Ti dental implants may decrease the risk of peri-implantitis. In this study, titania (TiO2) co-doped with silver (Ag) at 2.5 at. % and copper (Cu) at 4.9 at. % was formed on Ti substrates via chemical and thermal treatments. The Ag and Cu co-doped TiO2 formed apatite in a simulated body fluid, which suggests osteoconductivity. It also showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, which was enhanced by visible-light irradiation. This enhancement might be caused by the synergistic effect of the release of Ag and Cu and the generation of •OH from the sample. Dental implants with such a Ag and Cu co-doped TiO2 formed on their surface may reduce the risk of peri-implantitis.
THE ROLE OF OPEN-BUILT SPACE MORPHOLOGY IN RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENT QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF CLUSTER HOUSING

Urbanization is causing the expansion of existing cities, leading to an increase in the built-up density concerning worldwide available land (Figure 1). Housing constitutes a large part of the built density. Planners advocate high-density development as a solution for the optimum use of available land and resources, leading to haphazard large-scale development, especially in the housing sector, to meet the population’s ever-growing needs (Sofi et al., 2017). This haphazard development is causing a decrease in the quality of residential built environments. Residential environment quality (REQ) is a subjective terminology mainly related to inhabitants’ quality of life. Aspects such as nature, open space, infrastructure, built environment, and natural environment all affect human needs and desires. It also affects users’ health, safety, welfare, and satisfaction. Although determining the quality of any residential space is complex and widely includes sociocultural and economic environments, it associates with the built environment that depends primarily on spatial patterns (Gavrilidis et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2020).
The Spatial Durbin Model and the Common Factor Tests

Abstract The spatial Durbin model occupies an interesting position in the field of spatial econometrics. It is the reduced form of a model with cross-sectional dependence in the errors and it may be used as the nesting equation in a more general approach of model selection. Specifically, in this equation we obtain the common factor tests (of which the likelihood ratio is the best known) whose objective is to discriminate between substantive and residual dependence in an apparently misspecified equation. Our paper tries to delve deeper into the role of the spatial Durbin model in the problem of specifying a spatial econometric model. We include a Monte Carlo study related to the performance of the common factor tests presented in the paper in small sample sizes.
Towards a unified formulation of dynamics and thermodynamics. I. From microscopic to macroscopic time scales

We go a step further on the path opened in the mid-1950s by Prigogine and his collaborators towards a unified description of dynamics and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. Here, the theory is developed from concepts and methods originating in the quantum theory of resonances. The Liouville-von Neumann equation is solved by means of effective Liouvillians, which are similar to the effective Hamiltonians used in quantum mechanics. Hierarchies of effective Liouvillians allow us to determine the long macroscopic time scales from short microscopic characteristic times. For that purpose, standard perturbation theory is used in the complex plane. Damped and oscillating irreversible decays of a fluctuation are described by means of a two-dimensional matrix representation of the Liouvillian. Finally, we derive a kinetic equation for a simple model of a chemical reaction proceeding towards equilibrium. The model implies a transition state assimilated to a short-lived resonance
Comparison of Terahertz Transceiver Array Topologies in Multiobject Imaging

We investigate the effect of side lobe level and multipath propagation in millimeter-wave and terahertz imaging systems for various transceiver array topologies. This work considers practical limitations in high-resolution active imaging systems and focuses on electrically large, planar antenna array topologies. As such, we investigate the imaging performance of sparse transmitting/receiving (Tx/Rx) array topologies that enable high angular/spatial resolution imaging with minimum hardware complexity. We show that properly tapering the sparse array excitation can mitigate image clutter caused by high side lobes and sparse arrays are more vulnerable to multipath reflections and clutter in dense scenes with highly reflective surfaces. We present both full-wave numerical analysis and laboratory experiments (250–300 GHz) to verify and compare the imaging array performance for several exemplary scenes.
Individual Testing of Independent Items in Optimal Group Testing

We consider the group testing problem for a set of independent items I = [I1,… In] where Ii, has probability pi, of being defective and probability qi = 1 – pi of being good. The problem is to classify all items as good or defective with a minimum expected number of group tests where a group test is a test on a subset S of I with two possible outcomes: either S is pure (contains no defective) or S is contaminated (contains at least one defective, with no information provided about which or how many). No polynomial-time algorithm is known for the group testing problem even for the special case pi = p for all i. Hence, any method that reduces the size of the problem is very helpful. In this paper, we give such a method by providing a simple condition to screen items that should be tested (only) individually. This condition leads to a necessary and sufficient condition for the individual testing algorithm to be optimal, generalizing a result of Unger [1] for the special case of identical pi.
Auto-Zoning Newspaper Articles for the Purpose of Corpus Development for Training OCR

Obituaries can provide a lot of information regarding the deceased and their relatives and acquaintances. FamilySearch has recently received an influx of obituaries through donation or contracts for ingestion into the digital storage and/or to make the information searchable through the FamilySearch website. Currently information extraction is being completed using volunteer help by missionaries and through FamilySearch Indexing. This is a time consuming process and thus, only limited information is gleaned from these images. By automating the information extraction process using computers, obituaries have the potential of being processed faster and extracting a larger amount of the total information available. Automatic information extraction, or “robo-keying”, is a project currently being researched by the FamilySearch, Research Team.
Comparison of Framingham Risk Scores (FRS), Joint British Society (JBS3), and American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Cardiovascular Risk Scores Among Adults With First Myocardial Infarction

Introduction: The prevalence of myocardial infarction (MI) among young Indian adults is on the rise with reports suggesting 32.7% of all deaths in men and 32.6% of all deaths in women between 2010-13 were due to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Though various long-term cohort studies have established risk assessment scores none of them are specific to the Indian population. In this study, we look to establish which scoring system among the American College of Cardiology (ACC), Joint British Society (JBS3) and Framingham Risk Scores (FRS) would be reliable for the Indian population. A timely intervention based on the most reliable score can help mitigate cardiovascular diseases. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, we included Indian adults, aged more than 40 years, with first MI. Patients previously on lipid lowering drugs were excluded. Demographic data, history, clinical information, laboratory data and other investigations were noted. Subsequently the predicted cardiovascular risk scores based on JBS3, ACC, and FRS were calculated and divided into low risk, intermediate and high risk based on the categorization of the risk scores individually. Results: There were 102 (79.1%) males and 23 (17.8%) females with a mean age of 51.01 years (standard deviation [SD]=12.82, p value <0.001). There was considerable prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus with 56 (47.1%) of the subjects being known diabetics. The mean 10-year risk of MI based on ACC was 12.42% (SD=10.45), mean JBS3 score was 14.45% (SD=12.67) and mean FRS score was 15.75% (SD=14.71). FRS scores when categorized, 48 (40.3%) patients had low risk, 30 (23.3%) had medium risk and 43 (33.3%) had high risk. As for ACC score, 39 (35.8%) patients were in low risk and 29 (26.6%) in intermediate risk, borderline in 18 (16.5%) and high risk in 23 (21.1%). In JBS3 scores, 53 (46.5%) patients were in low risk, 32 (28.1%) were in moderate risk and 29 (25.4%) in high risk. Conclusion: The absolute value of 10-year risk scores was highest for FRS scores. The proportion of patients whose scores were under the category of high risk was highest for FRS.
On semi-cylinders, splinters, and bounded-truth-table reducibility

In Part I of this paper we construct a bounded-truth-table-complete set which is not creative, and in Part II we construct an infinite and coinfinite recursively enumerable (r.e.) splinter which is not a cylinder. Although these results appear unrelated, the proofs given here are similar and so have been included in a single paper. The two parts may be read independently of one another. Each of these results yields as corollary the existence of pseudo-creative sets which are not cylinders. In fact, in Part II we construct a pseudo-creative set S for which there is no total recursive function f such that x C S implies f (x) C S-{ x } and x C S' implies f (x) C S'-{ x } .
Path-integral analysis of an arbitrarily tapered, multimode, graded-index waveguide; the inverse-square-law and parabolic tapers

The method of path integration is used to study tapered, graded-index waveguides in the context of paraxial, scalar wave optics. Closed form analytic results are obtained for the propagator, or Green's function, and coupling efficiencies of such structures. The results of this general theory are applied to tapers of parabolic and inverse-square-law shapes to derive closed form expressions for the lowest-order mode-coupling efficiency of these tapers. The results are compared with those obtained for the linear taper (discussed in a previous paper) in order to establish the suitability of each taper geometry for use in practical optical components. The inverse-square-law taper is found to be the least suitable one for single-mode devices.
X-RAY EMISSION-LINE RATIOS IN MG-XI AS ELECTRON-TEMPERATURE DIAGNOSTICS FOR SOLAR-FLARES AND ACTIVE REGIONS

Electron impact excitation rates for transitions in helium-like Mg XI, calculated with the R-matrix code, are used to derive the electron temperature-sensitive emission-line ratios G = [I(1s2 1S-1s2s 3S) + I(1s2 1S-1s2p 3P1,2)]/I(1s2 1S-1s2p 1P) = [I(9.314 angstrom) + I(9.232 angstrom)]/I(9.169 angstrom), R1 = I(1s2 1S-1s3p 1P)/I(1s2 1S-1s2p 1P) = I(7.850 angstrom)/I(9.169 angstrom), and R2 = I(1s2 1S-1s4p 1P)/I(1s2 1S-1s2p 1P) = I(7.472 angstrom)/I(9.169 angstrom). These are found to be significantly different from the earlier diagnostic calculations of Keenan, Tayal, & Kingston, and Keenan, Kingston, & McKenzie, and will lead to electron temperature estimates up to a factor of approximately 1.6 larger. Values of T(e) deduced from R1 and R2 ratios measured from solar flare and active region spectra obtained with the Flat Crystal Spectrometer (FCS) on board the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) satellite are consistent, and furthermore are in good agreement with temperatures estimated from the observed G ratios for these solar features. This provides support both for the validity of the theoretical R1 and R2 diagnostics, and for the FCS calibration curve in the wavelength region covering the Mg XI transitions, 7.472-9.314 angstrom.
Baumslag-Solitar group C*-algebras from interval maps

We yield operators U and V on Hilbert spaces that are parame- terized by the orbits of certain interval maps that exhibit chaotic behavior and obey the (deformed) Baumslag-Solitar relation UV = e 2i V U n , 2 R, n 2 N. We then prove that the scalar e 2i can be removed whilst retaining the isomor- phism class of the C -algebra generated by U and V. Finally, we simultane- ously unitarize U and V by gluing pairs of orbits of the underlying noninvertible dynamical system and investigate these unitary representations under distinct pairs of orbits.
A Transient Inflammatory Response Induced by Lipopolysaccharide Infusion Lowers Markers of Endogenous Cholesterol and Bile Acid Synthesis in Healthy Normocholesterolemic Young Men

Inflammation is associated with changes in plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC). It is unknown if the changes in lipids and lipoproteins during inflammation are related to changes in cholesterol absorption, synthesis, and bile acid synthesis. We, therefore, examined the effects of acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced transient systemic inflammation on lipids, lipoproteins, CEC, and markers of cholesterol metabolism. We also evaluated whether markers for cholesterol metabolism at baseline predict the intensity of the inflammatory response. Eight healthy young subjects received LPS infusion, and blood was sampled for the following 24 h. In addition to lipids, lipoproteins, and CEC, we also measured markers for cholesterol absorption and synthesis, bile acid synthesis, and inflammation. Compared with baseline, plasma total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and CEC decreased, while triglycerides increased in the 24 h following LPS infusion. TC-standardized levels of cholesterol synthesis markers (lathosterol, lanosterol, and desmosterol) and a bile acid synthesis marker (7α-OH-cholesterol) also decreased, with no changes in cholesterol absorption markers (campesterol, sitosterol, and cholestanol). Baseline TC-standardized levels of desmosterol and 7α-OH-cholesterol were positively correlated with concentrations of various inflammatory markers. Changes in TC-standardized desmosterol and 7α-OH-cholesterol were negatively correlated with concentrations of inflammatory markers. LPS infusion reduced endogenous cholesterol synthesis and bile acid synthesis in healthy young men.
Laplace Residual Power Series Method for Solving Three-Dimensional Fractional Helmholtz Equations

In the present study, the exact solutions of the fractional three-dimensional (3D) Helmholtz equation (FHE) are obtained using the Laplace residual power series method (LRPSM). The fractional derivative is calculated using the Caputo operator. First, we introduce a novel method that combines the Laplace transform tool and the residual power series approach. We specifically give the specifics of how to apply the suggested approach to solve time-fractional nonlinear equations. Second, we use the FHE to evaluate the method’s efficacy and validity. Using 2D and 3D plots of the solutions, the derived and precise solutions are compared, confirming the suggested method’s improved accuracy. The results for nonfractional approximate and accurate solutions, as well as fractional approximation solutions for various fractional orders, are indicated in the tables. The relationship between the derived solutions and the actual solutions to each problem is examined, showing that the solution converges to the actual solution as the number of terms in the series solution of the problems increases. Two examples are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the suggested approach in solving various categories of fractional partial differential equations. It is evident from the estimated values that the procedure is precise and simple and that it can therefore be further extended to linear and nonlinear issues.
Red photoluminescence of gold island films

We comparatively study photoluminescence and morphology of gold films prepared with a sputtering method. The ultrathin films (⩽10 nm) efficiently emit light above 600 nm, which dramatically differs from the known emission of thick gold films. The absorption mechanism in ultrathin gold films is presumably contributed by their island structure promoting interacting plasmons. The collective plasmon states of island films decay radiatively, producing the extraordinary red emission observed under excitation at 488.0, 514.5, and 632.8 nm. The red photoluminescence of ultrathin films is substrate dependent, and correlates with the surface morphology analyzed by using atomic force microscopy and resistance measurements.