Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Kinetic Energy Analysis of an Eddy Resolving, Primitive Equation Model of the North Atlantic

primitive equation model of the North Atlantic Ocean has been implemented with a resolution high enough to allow the generation of eddies. In the present paper, the kinetic energy of the model ocean circulation is analyzed. The eddy kinetic energy distribution in the model shows a good agreement with data in the western Atlantic but a deficit in the eastern Atlantic, especially at periods of about 100 days. Kinetic energy balances are computed to allow comparison between the primitive equation model and previous quasi-geostrophic eddy resolving models. Essential instability mechanisms are present in both cases, but they are not efficient enough in the primitive equation model, which is too viscous and lacks the inertial character of quasi-geostrophic solutions. Our study therefore emphasizes the need for even higher resolution models. The availability of more powerful computers in the recent years has made possible the implementation of basin-scMe, eddy resolving primitive equation models. "Eddy resolving" in this context means that the spatial resolution of the model is high enough to allow some variability ("eddies") to be generated spontaneously through nonlinear instability mechanisms, even when the forcing is steady. The first eddyresolving global circulation models (EGCMs) introduced in the seventies used small domains and/or quasi-geostrophic equations. They have provided a valuable insight in the dynamics of mesoscale eddies (see Holland [1985] for a review). However, they have been run mainly with idealized wind forcing in simple geometries and without active thermodynamics. They have not answered important questions such as the influence of eddies on the global thermohaline circulation and heat transport, the origin of the eddy activity in relatively quiet oceanic regions like the northeastern Atlantic, or the. generation and life cycle of important mesoscale features like "meddies" (Mediterranean eddies). Eddy-resolving primitive equation models begin to address those issues. Such a model has been implemented for the North Atlantic at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) by Bryan and Holland [1989]. The two experiments discussed here (hereinafter CME1 and CME2) were run in the context of the WOCE (World Ocean Circulation Experiment) community modelling effort. The model was initialized with climatological data and integrated for 25 years with the observed annual cycle of the wind stress forcing and surface heat fluxes over the North Atlantic. Large friction coefficients were thought necessary in the first experiment (CME1), but because some current velocities were underestimated in the equatoriM regions, 5 more years were run with less horizontal and vertical mixing (CME2). The model resolution allows the generation of eddy activity, for example Gulf Stream meanders and rings. However, the mesh of 1/3 o in latitude and 2/5 o in longitude is
Origin and Relationship of the Late Ordovician Red River-Stony Mountain and Richmond Solitary Rugose Coral Provinces in North America

It has long been recognized that the Late Ordovician (pre-Gamachian) fauna within the eastern United States and southeastern Canada differs from that elsewhere in cratonic North America (see Nelson, 1959). Recently, biogeographic provinces reflecting these differences have been delineated through detailed studies of solitary rugose corals (Elias, 1981, 1982, 1983a), conodonts (Sweet and Bergstrom, 1984), and bryozoans (Anstey, 1986). The solitary coral provinces have been named Red River-Stony Mountain and Richmond (Fig. 1). This faunal provinciality has been attributed to factors such as paleolatitude, paleogeography, bathymetry, lithofacies, and water circulation. In this paper, I examine patterns in the dispersion of solitary corals, and relate them to major transgressive-regressive cycles and paleoceanographic parameters. This contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the origin, development, and relationship of the Red River-Stony Mountain and Richmond provinces, and the influence of environmental change on these organisms. The present study is based on a synthesis of previous work and new data from British Columbia and Wisconsin.
Dealing with uncertainty in governance outcomes: illegal fishing and conservation in the southeast arm fishery of Lake Malawi

This thesis employs a multi-level governability approach to explore ways of alleviating uncertainty in fisheries governance outcomes, with particular attention to conservation measures. A system perspective that provides a holistic and comprehensive view of a fisheries system is accompanied by an analysis situated at the people-level which accounts for individual viewpoints. At the system-level, the governability assessment was undertaken to investigate system complexity that confounds governance outcomes. At the individual-level, the study uncovered conservation awareness and inclination of fishery stakeholders to discuss how, their conservation principle relates to illegal fishing practices. The results highlight several areas of governance challenges in the Southeast Arm fishery of Lake Malawi that may limit the success of governance measures, including those aimed at mitigating illegal fishing. Hence, acknowledging and navigating around the limitations would be a step towards achieving a more reliable governance function. Further, potential for achieving fisheries conservation among stakeholders was shown, suggesting individual principle's relevance in achieving conservation governance outcomes.
The use of different nutritional strategies and mathematical models to improve production efficiency, profitability, and carcass quality of feedlot cattle

The Use of Different Nutritional Strategies and Mathematical Models to Improve Production Efficiency, Profitability, and Carcass Quality of Feedlot Cattle. (December 2006) Judson Tadeu de Vasconcelos, D.V.M., Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul; M.S., West Texas A&M University Co-Chairs of Advisory Committee: Dr. Jason E. Sawyer Dr. Luis O. Tedeschi Forty eight crossbred steers (BW = 296 ± 16.7 kg) were fed four dietary treatments for 56 d: AL-LS (low starch diet fed ad libitum for a rate of gain of 1 kg/d), AL-HS (high starch diet fed ad libitum), LF-HS (a limit fed high starch diet designed to be isocaloric with AL-LS), and AL-IS (a diet fed ad libitum for the midpoint daily energy intake between AL-LS and AL-HS). On d 57 all steers were placed on AL-HS for finishing until d 140. Steers that consumed more total energy (AL-HS and AL-IS) throughout production achieved greater carcass fatness in the end of the 140 d period, although these responses were difficult to evaluate via real-time ultrasound measurements. No differences in insulin and glucose kinetics were observed. Data suggested that energy source may influence energy partitioning during the growing period, but these effects may be overcome by differences in energy intake. Higher marbling scores (AL-HS and AL-IS) rewarded higher grid values and greater premiums, which increased profitability. This data set was also used for a model evaluation that
QRS detection in single-lead, telehealth electrocardiogram signals: benchmarking open-source algorithms

Background and Objectives: A key step in electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis is the detection of QRS complexes, particularly for arrhythmia detection. Telehealth ECGs present a new challenge for automated analysis as they are noisier than traditional clinical ECGs. The aim of this study was to identify the best-performing open-source QRS detector for use with telehealth ECGs. Methods: The performance of 16 open-source QRS detectors was assessed on six datasets. These included four datasets of ECGs collected under supervision, and two datasets of telehealth ECGs collected without clinical supervision. The telehealth ECGs, consisting of single-lead ECGs recorded between the hands, included a novel dataset of 479 ECGs collected in the SAFER study of screening for atrial fibrillation (AF). Performance was assessed against manual annotations. Results: A total of 12 QRS detectors performed well on ECGs collected under clinical supervision (F1 score >= 0.96). However, fewer performed well on telehealth ECGs: five performed well on the TELE ECG Database (F1 of >= 0.99); four performed well on high-quality SAFER data (F1 of >= 0.96); and performance was poorer on low-quality SAFER data (three QRS detectors achieved F1 of 0.85-0.88). The presence of AF had little impact on performance. Conclusions: The Neurokit, `two average', and University of New South Wales QRS detectors performed best in this study. These performed sufficiently well on high-quality telehealth ECGs, but not on low-quality ECGs. This demonstrates the need to handle low-quality ECGs appropriately to ensure only ECGs which can be accurately analysed are used for clinical decision making.
Water Fluoridation : A Bibliometric Study from 1950 to 2020

Water fluoridation (WF) is considered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)to be one of the top ten public health achievements of the 20th century. However, discussions about WF have been ongoing. The purpose of this study is to collect and analyze the scientific literature for WF and understand the keyword network of the entire field, important articles, high-yield countries, institutions and authors, and the mutual cooperation between them. The data of this research are extracted from the Web of Science (WoS) from 1950 to 2020. In total, 1,011 articles were published. The United States published the largest number of papers. Australias University of Adelaide ranks first among the top 20 institutions. Seven scholars, including AJ Spencer, constitute the largest author collaboration network. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology had the most publications, with 107 articles. Keywords density map found that the main keywords were dental caries, fluoride, children, drinking water, prevalence, and dental fluorosis. Keywords clusters mainly related to dental caries, fluoride, epidemiology research, and dental fluorosis. In the highly cited literature, we found that the research also focused on the relationship between stopping WF and caries and the systemic effects of WF.
Time to market access in Italia: durata del processo di P&R per i farmaci per le malattie rare

Time to market access in Italy: duration of the P&R process for rare disease drugs Objective: This paper aims to investigate the duration of the pricing & reimbursement (P&R) procedures submitted in Italy by pharmaceutical marketing authorization holders (MAH) for drugs indicated for rare diseases. Methods: All the data used in this analysis were publicly available on different sources of the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA) and other official websites. The information was systematically collected to investigate the timeline (days) needed to complete the P&R process. The process was divided into 6 simplified steps and the median and range of days needed for each phase were estimated based on data reported in official/published documents. The analysis was stratified considering every single step of the assessment phase and included segmentation of drugs into indications for rare diseases, Orphan designation, Innovation assessment and Managed entry agreements (MEAs). Results: Overall, 181 first indication procedures were submitted to AIFA in the period considered and, of these, 167 (92.3%) were completed and 129 procedures were considered for the final analysis and the median duration of the entire process (MAH submission to final Gazette publication) was 434 days (range 176.0-918.0). The duration of procedures for rare diseases (n = 53) was longer than those for non-rare-disease procedures (n = 76) (463.0 days vs 407.5 days respectively). Among rare disease procedures, orphan designation and MEAs represent predictors for time prolongation while innovation is associated with a shorter assessment time. Conclusion: The study describes the time spent in each phase of the assessment and the appraisal process and demonstrates that uncertainty represents the main driver for the increment in the overall time.
Cerebellar pathology in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: current status and future directions

Recent decades have witnessed significant progress in understanding mechanisms driving neurodegeneration and disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS), but with a focus on the cerebrum. In contrast, there have been limited studies of cerebellar disease, despite the common occurrence of cerebellar symptoms in this disorder. These rare studies, however, highlight the early cerebellar involvement in disease development and an association between the early occurrence of cerebellar lesions and risk of worse prognosis. In parallel developments, it has become evident that far from being a region specialized in movement control, the cerebellum plays a crucial role in cognitive function, via circuitry connecting the cerebellum to association areas of the cerebrum. This complexity, coupled with challenges in imaging of the cerebellum have been major obstacles in the appreciation of the spatio-temporal evolution of cerebellar damage in MS and correlation with disability and progression. MS studies based on animal models have relied on an induced neuroinflammatory disease known as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), in rodents and non-human primates (NHP). EAE has played a critical role in elucidating mechanisms underpinning tissue damage and been validated for the generation of proof-of-concept for cerebellar pathological processes relevant to MS. Additionally, rodent and NHP studies have formed the cornerstone of current knowledge of functional anatomy and cognitive processes. Here, we propose that improved insight into consequences of cerebellar damage in MS at the functional, cellular and molecular levels would be gained by more extensive characterization of EAE cerebellar pathology combined with the power of experimental paradigms in the field of cognition. Such combinatorial approaches would lead to improved potential for the development of MS sensitive markers and evaluation of candidate therapeutics.
A Δ-learning strategy for interpretation of spectroscopic observables

Accurate computations of experimental observables are essential for interpreting the high information content held within x-ray spectra. However, for complicated systems this can be difficult, a challenge compounded when dynamics becomes important owing to the large number of calculations required to capture the time-evolving observable. While machine learning architectures have been shown to represent a promising approach for rapidly predicting spectral lineshapes, achieving simultaneously accurate and sufficiently comprehensive training data is challenging. Herein, we introduce Δ-learning for x-ray spectroscopy. Instead of directly learning the structure-spectrum relationship, the Δ-model learns the structure dependent difference between a higher and lower level of theory. Consequently, once developed these models can be used to translate spectral shapes obtained from lower levels of theory to mimic those corresponding to higher levels of theory. Ultimately, this achieves accurate simulations with a much reduced computational burden as only the lower level of theory is computed, while the model can instantaneously transform this to a spectrum equivalent to a higher level of theory. Our present model, demonstrated herein, learns the difference between TDDFT(BLYP) and TDDFT(B3LYP) spectra. Its effectiveness is illustrated using simulations of Rh L3-edge spectra tracking the C–H activation of octane by a cyclopentadienyl rhodium carbonyl complex.
TGF‐β/Smads signaling pathway, Hippo‐YAP/TAZ signaling pathway, and VEGF: Their mechanisms and roles in vascular remodeling related diseases

Vascular remodeling is a basic pathological process in various diseases characterized by abnormal changes in the morphology, structure, and function of vascular cells, such as migration, proliferation, hypertrophy, and apoptosis. Various growth factors and pathways are involved in the process of vascular remodeling. The transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) signaling pathway, which is mainly mediated by TGF‐β1, is an important factor in vascular wall enhancement during vascular development and regulates the vascular response to injury by promoting the accumulation of intimal tissue. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has an important effect on initiating the formation of blood vessels. The Hippo‐YAP/TAZ signaling pathway also plays an important role in angiogenesis. In addition, studies have shown that there is a certain interaction between the TGF‐β/Smads signaling pathway, Hippo‐YAP/TAZ signaling pathway, and VEGF. Many studies have shown that in the development of atherosclerosis, hypertension, aneurysm, vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia, pulmonary hypertension, restenosis after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, and other diseases, various inflammatory reactions lead to changes in vascular structure and vascular microenvironment, which leads to vascular remodeling. The occurrence of vascular remodeling changes the morphology of blood vessels and thus changes the hemodynamics, which is the cause of further development of the disease process. Vascular remodeling can cause vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction and vascular homeostasis regulation. This review aims to explore the mechanisms of the TGF‐β/Smads signaling pathway, Hippo‐YAP/TAZ signaling pathway, and vascular endothelial growth factor in vascular remodeling and related diseases. This paper is expected to provide new ideas for research on the occurrence and development of related diseases and provide a new direction for research on the treatment of related diseases.
Rheumatoid arthritis disease activity and adverse events in patients receiving tofacitinib or tumor necrosis factor inhibitors: a post hoc analysis of ORAL Surveillance

Background: In patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), persistent inflammation and increasing disease activity are associated with increased risk of adverse events (AEs). Objectives: To assess relationships between RA disease activity and AEs of interest in patients treated with tofacitinib or tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi). Design: This was a post hoc analysis of a long-term, postauthorization safety endpoint trial of tofacitinib versus TNFi. Methods: In ORAL Surveillance, 4362 patients aged ⩾50 years with active RA despite methotrexate, and ⩾1 additional cardiovascular (CV) risk factor, were randomized 1:1:1 to tofacitinib 5 or 10 mg twice daily or TNFi for up to 72 months. Post hoc time-dependent multivariable Cox analysis evaluated the relationships between disease activity [Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI)], inflammation [C-reactive protein (CRP)], and AEs of interest. The AEs included major adverse CV events (MACE), malignancies excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), venous thromboembolism (VTE), serious infections, herpes zoster (HZ), nonserious infections excluding HZ (NSI), and death. Results: Across treatments, risk for NSI was higher when patients had CDAI-defined active disease versus remission; MACE and VTE risks trended higher, but did not reach significance. Hazard ratios for MACE, malignancies excluding NMSC, VTE, infections, and death rose by 2–9% for each 5-mg/L increment in serum CRP. The interaction terms evaluating the impact of treatment assignment on the relationship between disease activity and AEs were all p > 0.05. Conclusion: In ORAL Surveillance, higher NSI risk was observed in the presence of active RA versus remission. The risk of MACE and VTE directionally increased in active disease versus remission, although statistical power was limited due to small event numbers in these categories. The relationship between active disease and AEs was not impacted by treatment with tofacitinib versus TNFi. Registration: NCT02092467.
Assessment of Quality and Readability of Online Patient-Centered Arabic Web-Based Knowledge About Apicoectomy

Background Endodontic microsurgery (apicectomy) can be considered in cases of persistent infection that is resistant to conventional root canal treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality and readability of the available online information regarding the apicectomy procedure in Arabic. Methods Online search on the three most commonly used websites (Google, Yahoo, and Bing) using one keyword. The first 100 websites from each search were analyzed for quality and readability using DISCERN instrument scores, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmarks, the Health On the Net (HON) seal, Flesch Reading Ease Scores (FRES), Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), and the Simplified Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) Index. Results Searching using the Arabic translation for "root end resection surgery" revealed 349,900 websites. Following the inclusion criteria, 31 websites were selected and evaluated in this study. The selected websites belonged to either non-profit organizations or commercial websites. The quality of most of the selected websites received a moderate score (83.9%) using the DISCERN tool. None of the selected websites obtained the HON seal. Quality evaluation using the JAMA benchmarks revealed that currency was the most achieved item (45.2%), followed by authorship (22.6%). Evaluation of the readability of the selected websites using the FRES, FKGL, and SMOG showed that the included websites were considered readable. Conclusion Although the included websites were readable, the quality of the websites was moderate. There is an urgent need to create more trustworthy and readable websites explaining the different endodontic treatments.
Effect of activating cancer-associated fibroblasts biomarker TNC on immune cell infiltration and prognosis in breast cancer

Abstract Background Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the most important components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). CAFs are heterogeneous and involved in tumor tumorigenesis and drug resistance, contributing to TME remodeling and predicting clinical outcomes as prognostic factors. However, the effect of CAFs the TME and the prognosis of patients with breast cancer (BC) is not fully understood. This study investigated the correlation between CAFs-activating biomarkers immune cell infiltration and survival in patients with breast cancer. Methods RNA sequencing data and survival information for patients with breast cancer were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) using R software. We then analyzed the correlation between CAFs-expressing biomarkers and immune cells using the clusterProfiler package, and evaluated the prognostic role of appealing genes using the Survminer package. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was used to determine the expression levels of TNC in 160 breast cancer samples pathologically diagnosed as invasive ductal carcinoma that were not otherwise specified (IDC-NOS). Results Data analysis showed that CAFs-expressing genes was higher than in normal tissues (p < 0.05). Pathway enrichment revealed that the overexpression of CAFs-related genes was mainly enriched in the focal adhesion and phosphoinositol-3 kinase-serine/threonine kinase (PI3K-AKT) signaling pathways. Immune infiltration analysis suggested that high expression of CAFs-related genes was significantly positively correlated with the infiltration of naive B cells and resting dendritic cells and inversely correlated with macrophages cell infiltration. In addition, high TNC expression in tumor cells was associated with the most adverse clinicopathological features and reduced metastasis-free survival (MFS) (hazard ratio (HR) 0.574, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.404-0.815, p = 0.035). Conclusions This study found that CAFs may participate in immunosuppression and regulate tumor cell proliferation and invasion. High TNC expression is associated with several adverse clinicopathological features, and high TNC expression in tumor cells has been identified as an independent prognostic factor for IDC-NOS.