Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurial Behaviour of Dairy Farmers of Jammu Region

The study was conducted in R.S. Pura and Akhnoor blocks of Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir to study the entrepreneurial behaviour of dairy farmers. The study revealed that majority of the respondents i.e., 122 (61.50 percent) possessed medium level of entrepreneurial behaviour, while 23.00 and 15.50 percent had high and low level of entrepreneurial behaviour. The respondents possessed excellent degree of total commitment and immersion followed by self confidence, economic motivation, management orientation and innovativeness. However, respondents had lowest Entrepreneurial Behaviour Index for leadership ability and high tolerance to failure/ambiguity. The overall Entrepreneurial Behaviour Index for all the categories of selected dairy farmers was 55.03. The overall Entrepreneurial Behaviour Index for small, medium and large dairy farmers was 53.66, 60.73 and 50.73, respectively. A significant difference between different groups of respondents was found with respect to their entrepreneurial behaviour.
The Future of Surfactant Therapy during ALI/ARDS

The importance of pulmonary surfactant in maintaining normal lung function, and the observations that alterations in endogenous surfactant contribute to the lung dysfunction associated with acute lung injury (ALI) and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), provide a rationale for administering exogenous surfactant in this setting. The results of clinical trials have been variable, however, in part due to the various surfactant preparations used, the different delivery and dosing methods employed, and the types of patients targeted for this therapy. Based on the insight gained from these studies, ongoing trials have modiﬁed these factors to optimize outcome, including one trial that is focusing on patients with direct lung insults such as pneumonia and aspiration. The future of surfactant therapy may well take advantage of the recently described hostdefensefunctionsofthismaterial.Basedonextensiveinvitrodataaswellasinvivoanimal studiesdemonstratingtheanti-inﬂammatoryandantibacterialfunctionsofvarioussurfactant components,administrationofsurfactantearlierinthecourseofthedisease,whenlung inﬂammationispresentbutbeforeseverelungdysfunctionoccurs,mayprovetobeoptimal. Thisreviewdiscussesboththebiophysicalandhostdefensefunctionsofsurfactant inthecontextofnoveltherapeuticapproachesforpatientswithALI/ARDS.
Differential Diagnosis of Pedal Osteomyelitis and Diabetic Neuroarthropathy: MR Imaging

Almost all diabetic foot infections originate from a foot ulcer. Decreased pain perception and structural deformities such as previous partial foot amputation, Charcot joints, and toe deformity in combination with chronic ischemia lead to a propensity for skin breakdown and subsequent infection. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is increasingly performed to evaluate for potential bone infection, but diagnosis of osteomyelitis can be complicated because signal changes from acute Charcot arthropathy, fractures, and post-operative residues may be mistaken for infection. Signal alterations of bone infection may be atypical in sclerosing osteomyelitis and gangrene. Differentiation between osteomyelitis and acute or subacute neuroarthropathy requires careful analysis of the location of bone signal alterations, their distribution, and pattern because qualitative changes are often identical. Presence of secondary signs such as adjacent ulcer, cellulitis, and sinus tract is indicative of osteomyelitis. Differentiation of noninfected neuroarthropathy from infected neuroarthropathy based on MR examinations is difﬁcult. Presence of a sinus tract, disappearance of subchondral cysts, diffuse bone marrow abnormality, and bone erosions are in favor of infection.
Innate Immune Response and Hepatic Inflammation

Inﬂammation is a pathogenic component of various types of acute and chronic liver diseases, and it contributes to progressive liver damage and ﬁbrosis. Cells of the innate immune system initiate and maintain hepatic inﬂammation though mediator production as a result of their activation by pathogen-derived products recognized by pattern recognition receptors. Innate immune cells, particularly dendritic cells, have a pivotal role in sensing pathogens and initiating adaptive immune responses by activation and regulation of T-lymphocyte responses. Although the liver provides a ‘‘tolerogenic’’ immune environment for antigen-speciﬁc T-cells, activation of Kupffer cells, recruited macrophages, and inﬂammatory cells results in production of cytokines and chemokines that can lead to prolonged inﬂammation, hepatocyte damage, and/or cholestasis. The speciﬁcity of Toll-like receptors and the mechanisms of innate immune cell activation are discussed in relation to acute and chronic liver injury including viral, alcoholic, nonalcoholic, and drug-induced hepatitis.
Clinical Aspects of Hemochromatosis

The term hemochromatosis is commonly used as synonymous with HFE-associated genetic iron overload but several rarer causes of an identical clinicopathological syndrome have been described in recent years. The most common symptoms are lethargy and arthralgia, and the major complications of end-stage disease are cirrhosis, diabetes, and cardiac and endocrine manifestations. However, with the development of cascade screening for family members of affected probands as well as screening for common diseases at health checks, hemochromatosis is being detected at increasingly early stages, often when there are only biochemical abnormalities. The available evidence from screening studies strongly suggests that (cid:1) 75% of C282Y homozygous subjects have biochemical expression. Hepatic iron overload is present in (cid:1) 56% and 34% of men and women, respectively, advanced hepatic ﬁbrosis in 18.7% and 5.4%, respectively, and cirrhosis in 5.8% and 1.9%, respectively. In subjects with severe expression of the disease, additional modifying genetic mutations have been described including those in hepcidin and hemojuvelin. Treatment is by regular phlebotomy which, if instituted before the development of cirrhosis, results in normal life expectancy.
The Role of Collaborative Self-Management in Pulmonary Rehabilitation

Self-management’s key feature is to increase patients’ involvement and control in their disease and improve their well-being. Self-management is not intended to replace components of patient health care such as medication and pulmonary rehabilitation. We may be enthusiastic about recent results of self-management programs in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients showing a reduction in hospital admissions. However, being interested only in patients’ hospital admissions is overly narrow. The pivotal objective of self-management programs is to change patients’ behavior. The success should correspond to the goals of self-management (e.g., acquiring key self-management skills such as problem solving, decision making, early symptom recognition, and taking action) and self-health behaviors (maintaining comfortable breathing, implementing an action plan in the event of an exacerbation, and facilitating exercise maintenance). Pulmonary rehabilitation is increasingly becoming a realistic component of COPD patient management, but it should not stand as an isolated intervention. Pulmonary rehabilitation should be part of an integrated care process and include self-management support (i.e., aiming to achieve a shift from management by the health care provider to management by the patients themselves, which implies structural behavior change). Changing patient behavior and ensuring maintenance are complex processes and require time.
Retrieving Risk-Neutral Densities Embedded in VIX Options: a Non-Structural Approach

We propose a non-structural pricing method to retrieve the risk-neutral density implied by options contracts on the CBOE VIX. The method is based on orthogonal polynomial expansions around a kernel density and yields the risk-neutral density of the underlying asset without the need for modeling its dynamics. The method imposes only mild regularity conditions on shape of the density. The approach can be thought of as an alternative to Hermite expansions where the kernel has positive support. e family of Laguerre kernels is extended to include the GIG and the generalized Weibull densities, which, due to their flexible rate of decay, are better suited at modeling the density of the VIX. Based on this technique, we propose a simple and robust way to estimate the expansion coefficients by means of a principal components analysis. We show that the proposed methodology yields an accurate approximation of the risk-neutral density also when the no-arbitrage and efficient option prices are contaminated by measurement errors. A number of numerical illustrations support the adequacy and the flexibility of the proposed expansions in a large variety of cases.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Liver Injury

Endoplasmic reticulum stress, initiated by protein overload or malfolding, activates a complex network of interacting and parallel responses that dampen the stress. However, when the protective response is insufﬁcient, a set of responses leads to apoptosis. Coupled with the latter are promotion of lipid synthesis and proinﬂammatory responses. Evidence has been mounting for an important role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response in the pathogenesis of chronic viral hepatitis, insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, ischemia-reperfusion injury, genetic disorders of protein malfolding, and alcoholic liver disease. In the latter, a key candidate for inducing ER stress is hyperhomocysteinemia. Betaine treatment promotes removal of homocysteine and prevents ER stress, fatty liver, and apoptosis in a mouse model of alcohol-induced liver disease. With increasing interest in the potential role of ER stress in liver disease, greater understanding of pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of liver disease is anticipated.
Inflammation and the Activated Protein C Anticoagulant Pathway

After a coagulation stimulus, the blood clotting cascade ampliﬁes largely un-checked until very high levels of thrombin are generated. Natural anticoagulant mechanisms (for example, the protein C anticoagulant pathway) are ampliﬁed to prevent excessive thrombin generation. Thrombin binds to thrombomodulin (TM) and this complex and then activates protein C (cid:1) 1000 times faster than free thrombin. Protein C activation is enhanced (cid:1) 20-fold further by the endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR). Activated protein C proteolytically inactivates factor Va (FVa) and FVIIIa, thereby blocking the ampliﬁcation of the coagulation system, a process that is accelerated by protein S. TM not only accelerates protein C activation, but also decreases endothelial cell activation by blocking high-mobility group protein-B1 inﬂammatory functions and suppressing both nuclear factor-kappa B nuclear translocation and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. The thrombin-TM complex also activates thrombin-activatable ﬁbrinolysis inhibitor, a procarboxypeptidase that renders ﬁbrin resistant to clot lysis and neutralizes vasoactive molecules such as complement C5a. Activated protein C has a variety of antiinﬂammatory activities. It suppresses inﬂammatory cytokine elevation in animal models of severe sepsis, inhibits leukocyte adhesion, decreases leukocyte chemotaxis, reduces endothelial cell apoptosis, helps maintain endothelial cell barrier function through activation of the sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor, and minimizes the decrease in blood pressure associated with severe sepsis. Most of these functions are dependent on binding to EPCR. Overall this pathway is critical to both regulation of the blood coagulation process, and control of the innate inﬂammatory response and some of its associated downstream pathologies.
Inhibins as Biomarkers for Reproductive Cancers

Inhibin is a dimeric ( a and either b A or b B subunit) protein involved in the regulation of fertility. Inhibin A and B or its free a subunit monomer are elevated in various gonadal and prostate cancers and thus serve as useful diagnostic tools for certain ovarian tumors either as a serum marker or as an immunocytochemical marker for tissue sections. Serum inhibin levels are of value in the initial diagnosis and subsequent follow-up of sex cord stromal tumors, in particular granulosa cell tumors, and mucinous epithelial adeno-carcinomas primarily after menopause. Immunocytochemistry using inhibin a subunit antisera can aid in the classiﬁcation of sex cord stromal tumors and their differentiation from other cancers. Although serum inhibins are elevated in prostatic and testicular cancers, this is of little diagnostic value at the present time.
On the 8-rank of narrow class groups of ℚ(−4pq), ℚ(−8pq), and ℚ(8pq)

Let [Formula: see text]. We study the [Formula: see text]-part of the narrow class group in thin families of quadratic number fields of the form [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] are prime numbers, and we prove new lower bounds for the proportion of narrow class groups in these families that have an element of order [Formula: see text]. In the course of our proof, we prove a general double-oscillation estimate for the quadratic residue symbol in quadratic number fields.
Inhibins, Activins, and Follistatin in the Aging Female and Male

Dimeric inhibins, activins, and follistatin (FS) were all initially characterized as reproductive endocrine hormones that regulate follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion. This model, however, has expanded under the weight of current medical evidence. Activin appears to play a central auto/paracrine role in reproductive and nonreproductive tissues. Inhibin and FS each have important counterregulatory functions in activin signaling. With reproductive aging, inhibin B declines along with the follicular pool and disturbs the dynamics of the normal menstrual cycle of midreproductive age. The loss of inhibin restraint of FSH secretion appears to be the initiating endocrine event that leads to menstrual cycle shortening and some of the hormonal unpredictability of the late reproductive years. It may also be related to the decline in fertility that occurs in reproductive aging. In men, inhibin B is an excellent marker for gonadal competence, and the decline of inhibin B with age reﬂects decreased gonadal reserve in both sexes. Circulating activin increases with aging, but its effect on reproduction in women and men is not clear. FS does not appear to change greatly with aging in men or women. The age-related ﬂuctuations in this delicately balanced regulatory triad inﬂuence reproductive capacity and the sequelae of chronological aging. Elucidation of the molecular pathways responsible for the action of these hormones may allow closer integration with their current conceptual roles in aging.
Promoting Ethical Research Practices: Perspectives from Pediatric Populations

Engaging in research activities can be an enriching aspect of one’s professional career. Research serves to advance the knowledge base from which clinical decisions are founded and is the responsibility of all who provide clinical services. That is, developing and advancing this knowledge base is everyone’s responsibility, whether as consumers of research or as direct contributors of research. Understanding the ethical issues that embrace the research enterprise is a complementary responsibility of professionals. Conducting research within an ethical framework is essential to maintaining integrity and credibility in science. Opportunities to promote scientiﬁc integrity are particularly relevant when conducting or examining research involving children. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the role of research in clinical practice, particularly in an environment with pediatric populations. The article will unfold with three major themes: (1) understanding the value of research in the clinical environment, (2) describing factors that contribute to sound ethical practices, and (3) promoting integrity in research conducted with pediatric populations.
Functional (“Psychogenic”) Amnesia

Patients who present with severely impaired memory functioning without a discernable neurological cause typically have experienced one or more severely stressful life events. These patients, who are described as having ‘‘psychogenic’’ or ‘‘dissociative’’ amnesia, typically differ from patients with the neurologic amnestic syndrome in that memory for their personal life histories is much more severely affected than is their ability to learn and retain new information; that is, they have isolated retrograde amnesia. Recent cognitive and brain imaging research has begun to reveal some of the cerebral mechanisms underlying functional amnesia, but this disorder remains best conceptualized as a relatively rare form of illness-simulating behavior rather than a disease. Neuropsychological assessment is often useful in revealing the circumscribed nature of the patient’s performance deﬁcits, the spared functions that can be brought to bear in rehabilitation, and the emotional disorders requiring psychiatric treatment. Controlled treatment trials are nonexistent, but case reports suggest that supportive psychotherapy, systematic relaxation training, hypnosis, and sedative/anxiolytic medications are useful in facilitating recovery. These treatments are often combined with a psychoeducational approach that essentially reteaches the patient his or her life story.
Portable Monitoring in the Diagnosis of the Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Portable monitors are classiﬁed into three levels (Level II, III, and IV) with decreasing measurements of sleep and respiratory variables. A full overnight sleep study with respiratory measurements and sleep staging (polysomnography) unattended by a sleep technician is Level II, three or more respiratory channels and heart rate generally without sleep staging either attended or unattended is Level III, and one or two channels attended or unattended, usually including oximetry, is Level IV. To date, some Level III portable monitors appear to have sufﬁcient speciﬁcity to diagnose the obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome but are not sufﬁciently sensitive to exclude OSA. Attended portable monitoring appears to provide better sensitivity and speciﬁcity than unattended portable monitoring and is an option for diagnosis of OSA. The role of portable monitoring is evolving but at this time cannot substitute for attended polysomnography as a standalone approach. The exact place of portable monitoring and the cost-beneﬁt depends on local circumstances and cannot be generalized at this time.
Deliberate shot trajectories of highly skilled golfers: Associated changes and diversity in ground reaction forces

The approach shot is critical to golf performance, demanding precise control of distance, direction, and trajectory. Despite real‐world importance, three‐dimensional kinetic assessment of approach skill is lacking. We evaluated ground reaction forces (GRFs) of 6‐iron approach shots of normal/stock (ST), high‐draw (HD), and low‐fade (LF) trajectories struck by 31 tournament professional and plus‐handicap amateur golfers. A priori hypotheses were: HD would involve greater and earlier peak lead foot vertical GRF in the downswing (DS); and/or greater peak differences in DS anterior‐posterior (AP) GRF, compared to ST and LF. Analysis of variance and post hoc testing supported our hypotheses. Peak lead foot vertical GRFs were 100.4%, 101.1%, and 103.8% of body‐weight for ST, LF, and HD, respectively (P < 0.001). Peak vertical GRF occurred later in the DS when executing LF (P < 0.05). The peak difference in AP GRF was greater when executing HD (P < 0.001). Timing and magnitudes of GRF peaks varied widely between golfers. Even among accomplished golfers executing ST (their most reliable trajectory), standard deviations ranged from 18.7% to 72.7% of mean values. Between‐golfer differences accounted for 89.9%‐93.6% of the total variance. These data may encourage researchers and coaches to avoid rigid standards or generalized recommendations for GRF parameters as relates to performance.
Analysis of Cortical Bone Fracture in Human Thigh Segment Through Finite Element

Stress intensity factor, K, and von mises stress have been obtained by using three-point bending test in twodimensional (2D) model of cortical bone in human thigh segment. This test has been done in finite element analysis (K) with respect to the continuum mechanic approach. The K values obtained from the Ansys simulation is almost similar to the K values of the equation. The differences values between them were in between 0.02% to 6.64%. The values obtained in von mises stress increases whenever the crack length decreases, while the maximum value obtained when the crack length is 1mm. The values of K is directly proportional to the ratio of crack length, where whenever the ratio of the crack length over width increases, the K values also increases.
Non-classical correlation of two-mode squeezed light in asymmetric optical-loss conditions

Quantum illumination is an attractive scheme for target detection utilizing quantum entanglement to improve error probability of discrimination for target presence or absence even in a lossy and noisy environment. In the quantum illumination with two-mode squeezed vacuum states, one of the entangled beams, a signal beam is transmitted towards a lossy optical medium. And the other beam, a reference beam is directly sent to receiver with a lossless channel. So, the entangled light beams are affected by the asymmetric optical loss. In this work we calculate the correlation variance of quadrature phase amplitudes of two-mode squeezed light under the asymmetric optical-loss conditions and discuss its non-classical correlation based on Duan’s and Simon’s inseparability criterion. The asymmetric optical loss sensitively increases the correlation variance and violates the inseparability criterion. In this work we consider asymmetric two-mode squeezed light as an initial state where the signal beam has larger quadrature phase amplitudes than the reference beam. After exposition to the asymmetric optical loss only the quadrature phase amplitudes of the signal beam is attenuated and become comparable to those of the reference beam. As a result it is expected that the asymmetric two-mode squeezed light has an ability to compensate the effect of the asymmetric optical loss and can maintain the inseparability criterion in the sense of Duan and Simon.
High-energy solitons generation with a nonlinear multimode interference-based saturable absorber

We demonstrate a mode-locked all-fiber Er-doped fiber laser using the structure of a step-index multimode fiber and a graded index fiber as a new saturable absorber (SA) based on nonlinear multimode interference. By bending the SA to a certain state, stable soliton pulses are obtained at a pump threshold of 65 mW. The oscillator generates soliton pulses at 1598 nm with a spectral bandwidth of 3.4 nm, 960 fs duration and a fundamental repetition rate of 9.789 MHz. The output power of 24 mW is achieved at the maximum pump power of 700 mW, corresponding to a single pulse energy of 2.44 nJ. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time anyone has achieved the highest single pulse energy in a fiber laser with the SA at 1.5 µm to date. Moreover, the impact of diverse mode field diameters of graded index fiber on mode-locking behavior will also be discussed.