Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A paternalistic state and civil society

The society consists of many different groups of people interacting with each other, civil society and the state, the paternalistic form of which is not a phenomenon of recent centuries. Although the term emerged much later, the phenomenon itself emerged in early history, essentially simultaneously with the formation of families with their patriarchal paternalism. The transfer of the household form of paternalism to the state laid the foundation for the future paternalistic state. At the same time, modern state paternalism differs, as a rule, from the patriarchal model, firstly, by the collective nature of the generation of state interests — the public choice and, secondly, by the democratisation of the very process of formation of these interests. The theoretical and historical analysis provides basis for examining the process of evolution of the paternalistic state with its inherent risks of distorting public choice. The article identifies six stages in the evolution of the state and formulates the fundamental reasons for the failure of society, the state which allows the choice of goals of the paternalistic state that do not correspond to the interests of society, and erroneous strategies for their realisation. The analysis suggests that, having failed to create a mature civil society, for most of the thirty years after socialism the country has lived in conditions of sliding down to the fourth phase of paternalistic state evolution, to its decline and uncertainty of the future.
Convective Stability of Galaxy-Cluster Plasmas

Recent studies suggest that active galactic nuclei and cosmic rays drive convection in galaxy-cluster plasmas and that convection heats cluster cores and regulates the plasma temperature profile. In this paper, we investigate the convective stability of the intracluster medium. Previous work has described how magnetic fields modify the convective stability criterion by causing heat to diffuse primarily along magnetic field lines. We extend earlier analyses by including cosmic rays and cosmic-ray diffusion. We consider an equilibrium in which the gravitational acceleration is in the --direction, the magnetic field is perpendicular to , and the magnetic pressure is much less than the thermal pressure. We use a local linear stability analysis to show that the convective stability criterion is nkBdT/dz + dpcr/dz > 0, where n, T, and pcr are the plasma particle density, temperature, and cosmic-ray pressure, respectively. We also present approximate solutions to the dispersion relation and describe the different waves and instabilities present in the plasma. Because the stability criterion differs markedly from the Schwarzschild criterion, galaxy-cluster plasmas can be convective even though the specific entropy increases outward.
CPRM: Color perception and representation model for fabric image based on color sensitivity of human visual system

As an important attribute of fabric appearance and the first element that affects vision, color plays an important part in fabric and garment design, development, production and sales. Fabrics are becoming increasingly colorful which raises the difficulty of automatic recognition. With the development of computer vision technology, it has become a mainstream research hotspot to process and recognize fabric colors through novel computer vision techniques. In this paper, a color perception and representation model (CPRM) for fabric image based on color sensitivity of the human visual system is proposed to deal with the color changes caused by the human eye’s perception of fabric appearance. Inspired by the human visual biological mechanisms, we designed a CPRM by using the color sensitive function. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed CPRM, two types of computer simulation experiments are simulated, which are color shifts and color matching. The former verifies that our proposed model can effectively simulate the human visual system in color perception actions, which is consistent with the results verified by biological experimental data; the latter shows that the proposed model’s synergy of assimilation and contrast is closer to the biological model during the color perception stage. Finally, the CPRM is applied on three different fabric image data sets, and extensive experiments are simulated by the proposed CPRM. The CPRM could not only effectively characterize the color contrasts, but also accurately express the color changes caused by the fine adjustment of dyed fibers. The experimental results show the validity of the proposed CPRM, which can effectively perceive and represent fabric color. The proposed CPRM has important application prospects in improving color matching efficiency and intelligent production level in the textile industry.
Minimum MSE based regularization for system identification in the presence of input and output noise

The corrected least squares (CLS) approach gives a consistent estimate of a system model in the presence of input and output noises. However, when the input signal is band-limited or strongly correlated, and/or a transfer function model is identified by using an overdetermined model, the CLS estimate often becomes ill-conditioned. To overcome this problem, we propose a regularized CLS estimation method by introducing multiple regularization parameters to minimize the mean squares error (MSE) of the regularized CLS estimate. The asymptotic MSE can be evaluated by considering the third and fourth cross moments of the input and output noises, and an analytical expression of the optimal regularization parameters minimizing the MSE is also clarified. Furthermore, an effective regularization algorithm is given by using only accessible input-output data. The relationship between the regularization using multiple parameters and the truncation of small eigenvalues is investigated and then it is clarified that the proposed regularization scheme is also efficient to decide the order of a transfer function model.
Coincidence Errors in a Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP) and a Cloud and Aerosol Spectrometer (CAS), and the Improved Performance of a Modified CDP

AbstractCentral to the aerosol indirect effect on climate is the relationship between cloud droplet concentrations Nd and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations. There are valid reasons to expect a sublinear relationship between measured Nd and CCN, and such relationships have been observed for clouds in a variety of locations. However, a measurement artifact known as “coincidence” can also produce a sublinear trend. The current paper shows that two commonly used instruments, the cloud droplet probe (CDP) and the cloud and aerosol spectrometer (CAS), can be subject to significantly greater coincidence errors than are typically recognized, with an undercounting bias of at least 27% and an oversizing bias of 20%–30% on average at Nd = 500 cm−3, and with an undercounting bias of as much as 44% at Nd = 1000 cm−3. This type of systematic error may have serious implications for interpretation of in situ cloud observations. It is shown that a simple optical modification of the CDP dramatically reduces ov.
Applied Tracking Control for Kite Power Systems

This paper presents a tracking controller applicable to tethered flying objects, such as kites for power generation or towing purposes. A kinematic framework is introduced, employing definitions and terminology known from aerospace engineering, and is used for both modeling and control design. Derived from measurement data, an empirical steering-law correlation is presented, establishing a highly reliable connection between the steering inputs and the kite’s yaw rate, and thus providing an essential part of the cascaded controller. The target trajectory is projected onto a unit sphere centered at the tether anchor point, and based on geometrical considerations on curved surfaces, a tracking-control law is derived, with the objective to reduce the kite’s spacial displacement smoothly to zero. The cascaded controller is implemented and integrated into the software and hardware framework of a 20 kW technology demonstrator. Because of the lack of a suitable simulation environment, its performance is assessed .
Performance of Snow Flakes, Suns, and Factorial Suns in the Graphical Representation of Multivariate Data

The representation of multivariate data by icons has recently become more popular. The icon used most frequently is the snow flake which is available in most computer packages. This icon, however, has a number of drawbacks that are likely to lead to wrong interpretations. Similarity judgments on snow flakes can be dominated, in particular, by their size, a feature that varies depending on the arbitrary assignment of variables to rays. Another icon, the sun, reduces this problem by simply leaving the rays unconnected, but it too assigns the measurement variables to rays in an arbitrary way. A different type of icon, the factorial sun, is suggested here. It not only represents the values of the different variables, but also their correlational structure as much as possible through a 2-dimensional principal component plot of the variables' intercorrelations. Two experiments show that factorial suns do indeed lead to better interpretations by naive subjects than either snow flakes or (traditional) suns.
Fourier–Feynman transforms and Wiener integrals over paths in abstract Wiener spaces

We establish some relationships between L p -analytic Fourier–Feynman transforms and Wiener integrals over paths on C 0(B), the space of abstract Wiener space valued continuous functions on [0, T], for certain cylinder-type functions of the form where f ∈ L p (R mn ), 1 ≤ p ≤ 2 and 0 = s 0 ≤ s 1 ≤ ··· ≤ s n = T is a partition of [0, T].
RHYTHMIC SIMILARITY: A THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL APPROACH

This paper introduces a novel form of representing musical durations (which we will call chronota) of melodies in from of chains based on atomic beats. This is, a melody consisting of quarter, eighth and sixteenth notes fetches the sixteenth as its atomic beat, where all other durations are represented as multiples of the sixteenth notes. This form of representation makes it possible to depicted musical durations geometrically in a 2dimensional space. Depicting two rhythms (sequences of durations called chains here) in this representational system, rhythmic similarity (called chronotonic similarity here) is seen as being correlated to how much two rhythms deviate in shape via a transformation mechanism. A similarity model based on this form of representation predicts specifically the following scenarios. (A) a quarter note compared to two eighths notes (split ratio 1:1) fetches smaller similarity ratings than a quarter note compared to a dotted eighth note and a sixteenth note (split ratio 1:3), (b) reversing two sequences produces the same similarity rating as the original sequences (c) longer sequences fetch higher similarity ratings, (d) tempo change affects similarity ratings, (e) comparison order has no effect, and (f) complex sequences compared with simple sequences fetch low similarity ratings. The model was put to its test within an experiment. It was found that the model appears to be supported by the results as obtained in this experiment. In fact inputting all data of the experiment into the model, produced a high correlation. Moreover, all predictions of the model were supported by the experiment except of one trial (comparison order) which fetched small negative significance.
Orbital-dependent density functionals: Theory and applications

This review provides a perspective on the use of orbital-dependent functionals, which is currently considered one of the most promising avenues in modern density-functional theory. The focus here is on four major themes: the motivation for orbital-dependent functionals in terms of limitations of semilocal functionals; the optimized effective potential as a rigorous approach to incorporating orbital-dependent functionals within the Kohn-Sham framework; the rationale behind and advantages and limitations of four popular classes of orbital-dependent functionals; and the use of orbital-dependent functionals for predicting excited-state properties. For each of these issues, both formal and practical aspects are assessed.
Linking rhizosphere soil microbial activity and plant resource acquisition strategy

Plants live in association with a diversity of soil microorganisms, which are extremely important in affecting plant growth and soil biogeochemical cycling. By adopting plant trait‐based approaches, we explored the linkages between rhizosphere soil microbial activity and plant resource acquisition strategy of above‐ and below‐ground across a range of tree species in a subtropical evergreen mixed forest. The microbial activities were represented by diverse extracellular enzymes relevant to carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling and soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization. At the species level, leaf and root traits were mainly represented by two leading dimensions, that is, the ‘fast‐slow’ economics spectrum on which leaf and root traits were well aligned and the orthogonal collaboration gradient in the root. Both extracellular enzymes and SOC mineralization in the rhizosphere varied greatly across plant species. We found that diverse rhizosphere soil microbial activities positively correlated with the classical ‘fast‐slow’ conservation gradient of plant resource acquisition (especially above‐ground), that is, the rhizosphere soil microbes associated with fast‐growing plant species feature higher metabolism than that of slow‐growing plant species. In comparison, rhizosphere soil microbial activities were independent of the plant collaboration gradient in the root, and it might be an alternative exploitative strategy in foraging soil nutrients for plants. Synthesis. Our study strengthens the multivariate nature of plant resource acquisition in adapting to above‐ and below‐ground stresses. The findings on the linkages between rhizosphere soil microbial activity and plant resource acquisition strategy have the potential to improve our understanding and prediction of plant species turnover impacts on soil biogeochemical cycles.
Conclusive evidence for internal dielectric charging anomalies on geosynchronous communications spacecraft

When the ANIK El and £2 communications spacecraft suffered serious failures of their momentum wheel control systems, it was postulated that the satellites were subjected to bulk (internal dielectric) charging followed by discharge that disabled key circuitry. This paper effectively confirms the hypothesis by linking the events to a well-established pattern of operational anomalies on another spacecraft. Since March 1991, a commercial geosynchronous satellite has experienced over 50 specific, but relatively trivial, mode switches. These are analyzed in relation to energetic electron fluences measured at GOES-7 and METEOSAT-3; without exception they coincide with periods of relatively high flux. Combining the measurements, the critical directed energy fluence is calculated to be 1 x 10 MeV cm". This figure is consistent with the theoretical breakdown threshold and CRRES data characterizing the discharge process; it fits with an effective shielding thickness of less than 0.2 mm of aluminum. Three switches in the days preceding the ANIK failures strongly argue for a common explanation, although it may be impossible to even identify actual discharge sites. Modern communications spacecraft employ tried and tested techniques for electrostatic discharge protection, but it is clear that the recognized hazard of internal dielectric charging has often been underestimated and shielding guidelines overlooked.
Schottky barrier height measurements of epitaxial NiSi2 on Si

Photoresponse measurements of the Schottky barrier heights of epitaxial NiSi2 layers on nondegenerate n‐(111) Si, for type‐A and type‐B orientations, have been performed. The type‐A and type‐B cases are consistently observed to differ in barrier height by greater than 0.1 eV. We obtain measured values for φB0 (at T=300 K) of 0.62±0.01 eV and 0.77±0.05 eV for type A and B, respectively.
Analysis and design of flat-top arrayed waveguide gratings

The theoretical analysis of a flat-top AWG with multimode interference (MMI) power splitter at the input end is done. Several corrections to the former papers are made. For example, the field coupled into the arrayed waveguides is not treated with approximation, and domain of integration for coupling coefficient of an arbitrary waveguide in the array is chosen to be the waveguide spacing, which is coincident with the real optical propagation in AWG. Expressions for spatial distribution of field are obtained at the interfaces between waveguides, while an analytic expression for each channel response of AWG is derived. All of the expressions obtained are the functions of AWG configuration parameters. The output response of each channel is obtained by the analytic method much more quickly than by beam propagation method (BPM), and the period of optimization design of AWG is shortened greatly. Finally, a design example of flat-top AWG with good performance is presented, and its important specifications are calculated.
The influence of the gas phase on liquid imbibition in capillary tubes

The imbibition of liquid into a capillary tube is studied both theoretically and experimentally for sufficiently long tubes where viscous resistance from the gas phase ahead of the moving front is significant. At early times, and as the length of the tube is increased, we observe a systematic deviation from classical theory that cannot be attributed to the inertia of the liquid nor entrance effects. Instead, this behaviour is rationalized by considering the viscous resistance from the gas as it is displaced by the liquid. An explicit analytical solution for a one-dimensional description of the flow is given that accounts for viscous resistance from the displaced fluid. Excellent agreement between experiment and theory is obtained.
Improving Cryptocurrency Crime Detection: CoinJoin Community Detection Approach

The potential of Bitcoin for money laundering and terrorist financing represents a significant challenge in law enforcement. In recent years, the use of privacy-improving CoinJoin transactions has grown significantly and helped criminal actors obfuscate Bitcoin money flows. In this study, we use unsupervised machine learning to analyze the complete Bitcoin user graph in order to identify suspicious actors potentially involved in illegal activities. In contrast to the existing studies, we introduce a novel set of features that we use to identify potential criminal activity more accurately. Furthermore, we apply our clustering algorithm to a CoinJoin-adjusted variant of the Bitcoin user graph, which enables us to analyze the network at a more detailed, user-centric level while still offering opportunities to address advanced privacy-enhancing techniques at a later stage. By comparing the results with our ground truth data set, we find that our improved clustering method is able to capture significantly more illicit activity within the most suspicious clusters. Finally, we find that users associated with illegal activities commonly have significant short paths to CoinJoin wallets and show tendencies toward outlier behavior. Our results have potential contributions to anti-money laundering efforts and combating the financing of terrorism and other illegal activities.
Poole–Frenkel (PF)-MOS: A Proposal for the Ultimate Scale of an MOS Transistor

This work reports, for the first time, the phenomenon of lateral Poole–Frenkel current conduction along the dielectric/Si interface of a silicon nanowire metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistor. This discovery has a great impact on the study of device characteristic modeling and device reliability, leading to a new kind of electronic device with a distinct operation mechanism for replacing the existing MOS transistor structure. By measuring the current–voltage characteristics of silicon nanowire MOS transistors with different nanowire widths and at elevated temperatures up to 450 K, we found that the current level in the conventional ohmic region of MOS transistors, especially for the transistors with a nanowire width of 10 nm, was significantly enhanced and the characteristics are no longer linear or in an ohmic relationship. The enhancement strongly depended on the applied drain voltage and strictly followed the Poole–Frenkel emission characteristics. Based on this discovery, we proposed a new type of MOS device: a Poole–Frenkel emission MOS transistor, or PF-MOS. The PF-MOS uses the high defect state Si/dielectric interface layer as the conduction channel and is expected to possess several unique features that have never been reported. PF-MOS could be considered as the ultimate MOS structure from a technological point of view. In particular, it eliminates the requirement of a subnanometer gate dielectric equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) and eradicates the server mobility degradation issue in the sub-decananometer nanowires.
Polarization- and wavelength-sensitive sub-wavelength structures fabricated in the metal layers of deep submicron CMOS processes

Sub-wavelength structures in metal films have interesting optical properties that can be implemented for sensing applications: gratings act as wire grid polarizer, hole arrays with enhanced transmission can be used as spectral filters. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of these nanostructures using 180 nm and 90 nm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) processes. The metal layers of the process can be used for optical nanostructures with feature sizes down to 100 nm. We describe the design and simulation of these metal structures using the finite-difference timedomain (FDTD) method. The spectral response of the test structures was measured for different polarizations, where the gratings showed typical features of wire grid polarizers. Using a 180 nm CMOS image sensor process, an image sensor with 6 μm pixel size was designed and fabricated with different polarization selective structures allowing for polarization imaging. A polarization camera using this image sensor is demonstrated, visualizing stress birefringence as an application example. Finally, first results on the fabrication of hole arrays with a period of 320 nm are presented, showing color filters with enhanced transmission.
Characterization of the Biophysical Properties and Cell Adhesion Interactions of Marine Invertebrate Collagen from Rhizostoma pulmo

Collagen is the most ubiquitous biomacromolecule found in the animal kingdom and is commonly used as a biomaterial in regenerative medicine therapies and biomedical research. The collagens used in these applications are typically derived from mammalian sources which poses sociological issues due to widespread religious constraints, rising ethical concern over animal rights and the continuous risk of zoonotic disease transmission. These issues have led to increasing research into alternative collagen sources, of which marine collagens, in particular from jellyfish, have emerged as a promising resource. This study provides a characterization of the biophysical properties and cell adhesion interactions of collagen derived from the jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo (JCol). Circular dichroism spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to observe the triple-helical conformation and fibrillar morphology of JCol. Heparin-affinity chromatography was also used to demonstrate the ability of JCol to bind to immobilized heparin. Cell adhesion assays using integrin blocking antibodies and HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma cells revealed that adhesion to JCol is primarily performed via β1 integrins, with the exception of α2β1 integrin. It was also shown that heparan sulfate binding plays a much greater role in fibroblast and mesenchymal stromal cell adhesion to JCol than for type I mammalian collagen (rat tail collagen). Overall, this study highlights the similarities and differences between collagens from mammalian and jellyfish origins, which should be considered when utilizing alternative collagen sources for biomedical research.