Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Generation of Compartmentalized Pressure by a Nuclear Piston Governs Cell Motility in 3D Matrix

Cells use actomyosin contractility to move through three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrix. Contractility affects the type of protrusions cells use to migrate in 3D, but the mechanisms are unclear. Here we found that contractility generated high-pressure lobopodial protrusions in cells migrating in a 3D matrix. In these cells, the nucleus physically divided the cytoplasm into forward and rear compartments. Actomyosin contractility with the nucleoskeleton-intermediate filament linker protein nesprin 3 pulled the nucleus forward and pressurized the front of the cell. Reducing expression of nesprin 3 reduced and equalized the intracellular pressure. Thus, the nucleus can act as a piston that physically compartmentalizes the cytoplasm and increases the hydrostatic pressure between the nucleus and the leading edge to drive lamellipodia-independent 3D cell migration. Cells moving across a flat 2D surface or inside non-linearly elastic 3D collagen use polarized signaling to direct the formation of a dendritic actin network and extend flat, lamellipodial protrusions (1, 2). When primary human fibroblasts move within a crosslinked, linearly elastic 3D structure such as dermal or cell-derived matrix, they can switch to a lamellipodia-independent migration mechanism characterized by non-polarized signaling and blunt, cylindrical protrusions termed lobopodia (1). Actomyosin contractility via the RhoA-ROCK-myosin II signaling axis is required for cells to form and maintain lobopodia in response to the degree of matrix cross-linking. However, the mechanism by which increased contractility generates lobopodia is unclear. *This manuscript has been accepted for publication in Science. This version has not undergone final editing. Please refer to the complete version of record at http://www.sciencemag. org/. The manuscript may not be reproduced or used in any manner that does not fall within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act without the prior, written permission of AAAS. Correspondence to: petrier@mail.nih. gov (R.J.P.); kyamada@mail.nih. gov (K.M.Y.). Supplementary Materials: Materials and Methods Figures S1–S11 Refs 17–23 Movies S1 and S2 HHS Public Access Author manuscript Science. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 January 20. Published in final edited form as: Science. 2014 August 29; 345(6200): 1062–1065. doi:10.1126/science.1256965. A uhor M anscript
How Students Learn: Improving Teaching Techniques for Business Discipline Courses.

The focus of this paper is to familiarize business discipline faculty with cognitive psychology theories of how students learn together with teaching techniques to assist and improve student learning. Student learning can be defined as the outcome from the retrieval (free recall) of desired information. Student learning occurs in two processes. The first process is the transfer of information from short-term memory (STM) of sensory preceptors into longterm memory (LTM). The second process is the retrieval through free recall of that information. This manuscript identifies both the STM and LTM systems along with retrieval of information from LTM and identifies learning techniques used to enhance these processes. More importantly, this paper outlines various techniques to help instructors overcome the typical student attention span of 10 to 20 minutes, and therefore minimize the negative effect of in-class student attention span on learning. Journal of Instructional Pedagogies How students learn, Page 2 INTRODUCTION As students meander through the scope and depth of their chosen academic fields, one often wonders whether the student learnt primarily as a result of the course materials, instructor, fellow students, third parties, or some combination based on the student’s propensity and ability to learn. If we limit our discussion to the role of the instructor, it seems that four attributes contribute to student learning: knowledge, communication, interest and respect (Brain, 1998). Therefore, the quality of the teaching and hence student learning experience is managed by the instructor who must determine the learning goals, the tempo of dissemination and which elements of the material to be emphasized. AACSB Assurance of Learning Standards call for the instructor to define learning goals, assess student achievement for these goals, and utilize what is learned through assessment to continually improve his/her course. An effective instructor assesses learning accomplishments of the students to determine if they have achieved knowledge and skills needed to demonstrate competencies taught in his/her course (AACSB, 2009). Even though students may rate the ‘best’ instructor based on popularity, we must be cognizant of the distinction between in-class entertainment and in-class learning. An effective instructor facilitates student learning and hence education has taken place. Ergo, the primary in-class motivation for any instructor is to help students learn the material at hand. Specifically, what learning techniques might an instructor use to maximally ensure student learning? The authors start with a review of the relationship between sensory preceptors, shortand long-term memory and recall of data. This is followed with a discussion of various learning enhancement techniques an instructor might use together with a template to put the content into perspective.
Patterns of purifying selection in marine microbes reveal optimization in the genetic code

Ocean microbes are responsible for about 50% of primary production on Earth, but selective forces governing their evolution are not well understood. We studied evolutionary conservation by examining single-nucleotide variants in the marine environment, and discovered strong purifying selection exerted across marine microbial genes. We show evidence demonstrating that this selection is driven by the environment, and especially by nitrogen availability. We further corroborate that nutrient availability drives this 'resource-driven' selection by showing stronger selection on highly expressed and extracellular genes, that are more resource-consuming. Finally, we show that the standard genetic code, along with amino acid abundances, facilitate nutrient conservation through robustness to mutations that increase nitrogen and carbon consumption. Notably, this optimization also applies to multiple taxa across all domains of Life, including the Human genome, and it manifests in code structure. Overall, we uncover overwhelmingly strong purifying selective pressure across marine microbial life that may have contributed to the structure of our genetic code.
Slab penetration into the lower mantle

To investigate whether or not lithospheric slabs descending along subducting margins penetrate below the 670-km seismic discontinuity, we have analyzed 4040 P and PKIKP travel times from 14 intermediate- and deep-focus earthquakes in the northwestern Pacific and obtained estimates of the near-source anomaly as a function of position on the lower focal hemisphere. Station and ellipticity corrections are applied, and any component of the anomaly explicable by hypocenter mislocation is removed by orthogonalization of the residual vector with respect to the location parameters; the resulting residual sphere is smoothed and interpolated by a stochastic filtering scheme to average out observational errors and the effects of small-scale heterogeneities far from the source. The smoothed residual spheres for six Sea of Okhotsk earthquakes deeper than 500 km are dominated by NE-SW trending troughs of negative anomalies having strikes and dips similar to the seismic zone at these depths; the troughs are bounded on the NW and SE by parallel ridges of positive anomalies, with peak-to-trough amplitudes averaging about 1.5 s. As the focal depth decreases, the pattern translates to the NW, so that for hypocenters near 200 km the negative trough has been replaced by a positive ridge. The axis of the anomaly pattern for two Sea of Japan deep-focus earthquakes is rotated counterclockwise from Okhotsk, consistent with the nearly N-S strike of the Japan seismic zone. These correlations, and the fact that one nearby earthquake not within a subduction zone shows very little anomaly, suggest that the residual sphere anomalies are caused primarily by slab heterogeneity. Forward modeling experiments corroborate this conclusion. The thermal disturbance of the mantle is calculated for an assumed flow field by a finite difference algorithm, and from it a model of P velocity heterogeneity is constructed; theoretical travel time residuals are computed by tracing rays through this three-dimensional structure, and the event is relocated and the residual sphere smoothed using the same station set and by the same algorithm applied to the observations. To obtain a good fit to the deep-focus Okhotsk data requires penetration by the Kuril-Kamchatka slab to depths of at least 900–1000 km. Penetration to much greater depths is consistent with the data. This conclusion agrees with the S wave results of Jordan (1977); it implies the circulation of at least some upper mantle material into the deep mantle and argues against a rigorously stratified upper mantle/lower mantle convective system.
Hillslope Form and Process

Preface Introduction 1. Geomorphic systems and models 2. Starting points: systems of reference Part I. Force and Resistance: 3. Force: sources of energy for debris transport 4. Resistance Part II. Process: The Interaction of Force and Resistance: 5. Process: introduction 6. Instability processes in rock masses 7. Instability in soil masses 8. Surface water erosion 9. Sub-surface water erosion 10. Soil creep part III. Form: comparison of Real Forms with Process-Response Models: 11. Humid temperate areas 12. The periglacial landscape 13. Semi-arid and arid landscapes 14. Tropical landforms Part IV. Synthesis: 15. Slope profiles 16. Slopes in drainage basins Appendices.
Fifty Shades of SUMO: its role in immunity and at the fulcrum of growth-defense balance

Publisher's copyright statement: This is the accepted version of the following article: Verma, Vivek, Croley, Fenella Sadanandom, Ari (2018). Fifty shades of SUMO: its role in immunity and at the fulcrum of the growth-defence balance. Molecular Plant Pathology 19(6): 1537-1544, which has been published in nal form at https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12625. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance With Wiley Terms and Conditions for self-archiving.
Layered convection induced by phase transitions

We report a systematic study on the conditions under which an endothermic phase transition can enforce layered convection. Two-dimensional numerical calculations of convection in a domain containing a divariant phase change were performed in the framework of the “extended Boussinesq approximation,” i.e., considering the effects of adiabatic gradient, latent heat, and frictional heating in the energy equation. We find that the critical value of the negative Clapeyron slope, which must be surpassed in order to induce layered convection, decreases in magnitude with increasing Rayleigh number Ra in the range 104 ≤ Ra ≤ 2×106. Near the critical Clapeyron slope, vacillations between double- and single-layer convection or strongly leaking double-layer convection are possible. The breakdown into layers is influenced very little by the latent heat release but depends solely on the phase boundary deflection caused by lateral temperature differences. The value of the critical Clapeyron slope also seems little affected by the width of the transition zone or by its depth. A possible superplastic rheology within the transition zone would tend to favor layered convection. Scaling the model results to the 670-km discontinuity in the earth's mantle as a possible endothermic phase boundary, we estimate the critical Clapeyron slope to be in the range of −4 to −8 MPa/K (−40 to −80 bar/K). The possibility that the spinel → perovskite + periclase transition is within this range appears to be remote but certainly cannot be neglected.
The Influence of Changing Orbital Parameters and Surface Boundary Conditions on Climate Simulations for the Past 18 000 Years

Abstract General circulation model experiments at 3000-year intervals for the past 18 000 years were made to estimate the magnitude, timing, and pattern of the climatic response to prescribed changes of orbital parameters (date of perihelion, axial tilt, eccentricity) and glacial-age lower boundary conditions (ice sheets, land albedo, sea ice and sea surface temperature). The experiments used the Community Climate Model (CCM) of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). The response of monsoon circulations and tropical precipitation to the orbitally produced solar radiation changes was much larger than the response to changes of glacial-age boundary conditions. The continental interior of Eurasia was 2–4 K warmer in summer, and summer monsoon precipitation of North Africa-South Asia was increased by 10–20% between 12 000 and 6000 yr BP (before present) when perihelion occurred during northern summer (rather than in winter as now) and the earth's axial tilt was larger than now. Southern Hemisphe.
Fritz Müller’s legacy on Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, Canada*

Abstract Fritz Müller (1926–80) was the leader of the Jacobsen-McGill Arctic Research Expeditions to Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, Canada. He was a faculty member at McGill University, Montreal, Canada, from 1959 to 1970. Thereafter, he was Chair of Geography at Eidgenossische Techmsche Hochschule, Zürich, Switzerland. He conducted research on Axel Heiberg Island, mainly in the vicinity of Expedition Fiord, from 1959 until his death in 1980. This paper is a personal account of Müller’s work by one of his students, with a commentary on his contributions to Arctic science. The personal account focuses on the early years of the expeditions. The commentary includes discussion of glacier mass-balance records and lake-ice break-up from 1959 to the present, glacier-terminus records from 1948 to the present and other research focused on the region.
EFFECT OF LATERAL CONFINEMENT ON INITIAL DILUTION OF VERTICAL ROUND BUOYANT JET

In relatively shallow coastal waters, a submarine outfall pipeline is often laid in a dredged trench and the wastewater jet discharges inside a concentric enclosure (a protective riser tube) before release at the seabed. The effect of such lateral confinement over a finite vertical length on the mixing of a buoyant jet is studied experimentally for a wide range of geometries. A confinement index β=Hr/(Dr−D) is proposed to categorize the confined buoyant jet, where Hr and Dr are the height and diameter of the confinement, respectively, and D is the jet diameter. Compared to the dilution of the corresponding free buoyant jet, it is found that mixing is impaired for β≥ 3. For β>> 1, the jet is highly confined and there is virtually no dilution within the riser. For β≤ 1.5, the confinement has no effect. For 1.5 ≤β≤ 3, a wall-attached swirling plume with enhanced dilution is observed, and the mixing behavior is complex. Simple relations for predicting the initial dilution of a laterally confined plume are pre.
An improved composite surface model for the radar backscattering cross section of the ocean surface: 2. Model response to surface roughness variations and the radar imaging of underwater bottom topography

In the companion paper we have presented an improved composite surface model for the calculation of normalized radar backscattering cross sections (NRCS) of the ocean surface. The proposed model accounts for the impact of the full two-dimensional ocean wave spectrum on the radar backscatter and was shown to reproduce measured absolute NRCS values for a variety of radar configurations and wind speeds satisfactorily after some reasonable tuning of the input ocean wave spectrum. This paper focuses on the modulation of the NRCS in the presence of spatially varying surface currents. First, the sensitivity of the NRCS to intensity variations of different ocean wave spectral components is investigated. Then the hydrodynamic modulation of the wave spectrum over underwater bottom topography in tidal waters is computed in different ways, and the resulting radar signatures are discussed. The composite surface model yields comparable radar signatures at high (10 GHz, X band) and low (1 GHz, L band) radar frequencies, which is in much better agreement with experimental results than the predictions of a first-order Bragg scattering model. On the other hand, measured variations of the NRCS at high radar frequencies appear to be still underestimated in some cases, which may be due to shortcomings of our description of the wave-current interaction by conventional weak hydrodynamic interaction theory. Possible improvements of the theory are discussed, and requirements for future experiments are formulated.
Circulating miR-31-5p may be a potential diagnostic biomarker in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Aberrant expression of miR-31-5p has been detected in various cancers and plays a significant role in tumourigenesis. Low miR-31-5p expression was present in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tissues and cell lines and acted as a tumour suppressive miRNA. Currently, circulating miRNAs are emerging as novel biomarkers for the early diagnosis of cancers using a non-invasive method. However, circulating miR-31-5p has rarely been reported in NPC. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore peripheral blood miR-31-5p levels as a noninvasive biomarker and evaluate its clinical value for the early diagnosis of patients with NPC. A total of 110 participants were recruited, including 55 NPC patients and 55 healthy controls. Peripheral blood samples were collected from these participants, and total RNA was extracted to quantify the relative expression of miR-31-5p by RT-qPCR. We found a significantly lower expression of miR-31-5p in the NPC patients than in the healthy controls. Furthermore, low expression of miR-31-5p was highly correlated with tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage (I+II vs III+IV, p=0.001), T classification (T1 vs T2+T3+T4，p=0.036) and local lymph node metastasis (N1-N3 vs N0, p=0.002), but not distant metastasis (p=0.288). Moreover, miR-31-5p showed a moderate diagnostic performance (AUC=0.866, sensitivity=0.782, specificity=0.818). Thus, we concluded that circulating miR-31-5p can be a potentially novel and non-invasive biomarker for the early diagnosis of NPC and an attractive therapeutic target in NPC patients.
Optimal Peak Systolic Velocity Threshold at Duplex US for Determining the Need for Carotid Endarterectomy : A Decision Analytic Approach 1

Majanka H. Heijenbrok-Kal, PhD Erik Buskens, MD, PhD Paul J. Nederkoorn, MD, PhD Yolanda van der Graaf, MD, PhD M. G. Myriam Hunink, MD, PhD Purpose: To determine the optimal peak systolic velocity (PSV) threshold at duplex ultrasonography (US) required to establish the need for carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients on the basis of the long-term cost-effectiveness outcomes of diagnostic testing and subsequent treatment.
Innovations for conservation and development

This paper examines attempts to integrate the objectives of biodiversity conservation and social and economic development through a variety of approaches associated with different forms of protected areas and generally labelled as ‘integrated conservation and development’. It examines how the linkages between conservation and development are conceptualized, and the types of policy prescriptions and associated models and practice of integrating conservation and development. It identifies misconceptions about four key aspects that are common in conventional integrated conservation and development approaches. These difficulties involve the conceptualization of community, participation, empowerment and sustainability. Integrated conservation and development projects have often floundered as a result of over-simplification of these factors. It assesses attempts made to overcome these common misconceptions through examining the experiences of two innovative approaches to integrating conservation and development in the Caribbean and in Amazonia. It concludes that fundamental changes are necessary to institutions and management and decision-making strategies to address these issues and to effectively meet conservation and development objectives.
Tourist Intensity in Capital Cities in Central Europe: Comparative Analysis of Tourism in Prague, Vienna and Budapest

Abstract Urban tourism has become a significant phenomenon of tourism over the last decade. the importance of urban tourism has grown mainly due to the development of transport and information technologies. rapid advancement of low cost airlines and reduction of administrative barriers owing to the expansion of the schengen area caused not only the development of a number of urban destinations, including Prague, but also the growth of new source markets. this paper compares the development of urban tourism in Prague with the situation in Vienna and Budapest in the last decade. the aim of the paper is to describe the main trends of tourism development and the geographic distribution of tourism in Prague in comparison with culturally and historically similar cities - Vienna and Budapest. the analysis shows high load of tourism in Prague and its strong concentration in the old city. this causes congestion in the city centre and an extrusion of residential functions by the functions of tourism. As a result, a tourism ghetto has been formed in the centre of Prague and the urban society has been increasingly dualized.
Distinct modes of promoter recognition by two iron starvation  factors with 1 overlapping promoter specificities

19 OrbS and PvdS are extracytoplasmic function (ECF)  factors that regulate transcription of 20 operons required for the biosynthesis of the siderophores ornibactin and pyoverdine in the B. 21 cepacia complex and Pseudomonas spp. , respectively. Here we show that promoter recognition 22 by OrbS requires specific tetrameric -35 and -10 element sequences that are strikingly similar to 23 those of the consensus PvdS-dependent promoter. However, whereas P. aeruginosa PvdS can 24 serve OrbS-dependent promoters, OrbS cannot utilise PvdS-dependent promoters. To identify 25 features present at OrbS-dependent promoters that facilitate recognition by OrbS, we carried out 26 a detailed analysis of the nucleotide sequence requirements for promoter recognition by both 27 OrbS and PvdS. This revealed that DNA sequence features located outside of the sigma binding 28 elements are required for efficient promoter utilisation by OrbS. In particular, the presence of an 29 A-tract extending downstream from the -35 element at OrbS-dependent promoters was shown to 30 be an important contributor to OrbS specificity. Our observations demonstrate that the nature of 31 the spacer sequence can have a major impact on promoter recognition by some ECF sigma 32 factors through modulation of the local DNA architecture. architecture of A-tract DNA imposes conformational features on the -35 element that facilitates 41 efficient recognition by OrbS. Our results show that sequences located between the core 42 promoter elements can make major contributions to promoter recognition by some ECF sigma 43 factors. 44 45