Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Robust fault diagnosis and fault‐tolerant control for non‐Gaussian uncertain stochastic distribution control systems

The purpose of fault diagnosis of stochastic distribution control systems is to use the measured input and the system output probability density function to obtain the fault estimation information. A fault diagnosis and sliding mode fault‐tolerant control algorithms are proposed for non‐Gaussian uncertain stochastic distribution control systems with probability density function approximation error. The unknown input caused by model uncertainty can be considered as an exogenous disturbance, and the augmented observation error dynamic system is constructed using the thought of unknown input observer. Stability analysis is performed for the observation error dynamic system, and the H∞ performance is guaranteed. Based on the information of fault estimation and the desired output probability density function, the sliding mode fault‐tolerant controller is designed to make the post‐fault output probability density function still track the desired distribution. This method avoids the difficulties of design of fault diagnosis observer caused by the uncertain input, and fault diagnosis and fault‐tolerant control are integrated. Two different illustrated examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Antiseizure Medications Among People With Epilepsy on Medicaid

Background and Objectives Being on a newer, second-, and third-generation antiseizure medication (ASM) may represent an important marker of quality of care for people with epilepsy. We sought to examine whether there were racial/ethnic differences in their use. Methods Using Medicaid claims data, we identified the type and number of ASMs, as well as the adherence, for people with epilepsy over a 5-year period (2010–2014). We used multilevel logistic regression models to examine the association between newer-generation ASMs and adherence. We then examined whether there were racial/ethnic differences in ASM use in models adjusted for demographics, utilization, year, and comorbidities. Results Among 78,534 adults with epilepsy, 17,729 were Black, and 9,376 were Hispanic. Overall, 25.6% were on older ASMs, and being solely on second-generation ASMs during the study period was associated with better adherence (adjusted odds ratio: 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11–1.23). Those who saw a neurologist (3.26, 95% CI: 3.13–3.41) or who were newly diagnosed (1.29, 95% CI: 1.16–1.42) had higher odds of being on newer ASMs. Importantly, Black (0.71, 95% CI: 0.68–0.75), Hispanic (0.93, 95% CI: 0.88–0.99), and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Island individuals (0.77, 95% CI: 0.67–0.88) had lower odds of being on newer ASMs when compared with White individuals. Discussion Generally, racial and ethnic minoritized people with epilepsy have lower odds of being on newer-generation ASMs. Greater adherence by people who were only on newer ASMs, their greater use among people seeing a neurologist, and the opportunity of a new diagnosis point to actionable leverage points for reducing inequities in epilepsy care.
Learning-to-Count by Learning-to-Rank

Object counting methods rely on density maps, which are heatmaps produced by placing Gaussian density over object locations. However, density maps are expensive to collect. To reduce the annotation burden, we propose a form of weak supervision that only requires object-based pairwise image rankings. These annotations can be collected rapidly with a single click per image pair and supply a weak signal for object quantity. However, a model learn to fit spurious patterns that satisfy the ranking constraint but do not rely on the objects. To encourage the network to solve the ranking constraints by localizing objects, we propose adversarial density map estimation. This method regularizes a ranking network's intermediate feature representation such that it corresponds to a plausible density map. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on several benchmark object counting datasets, and show results with a performance that approaches that of fully-supervised methods using data that can be collected with a fraction of the annotation burden. We release code for reproducibility: github.com/sfu-mial/Rank2Count
Spatio-temporal synchronization

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are filaments of extensive water vapor transport in the lower troposphere, that play a crucial role in the distribution of (cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58) fresh (cid:58) water, but can also cause natural and economical damage by facilitating heavy rainfall (cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58) precipitation. Here, we investigate the large-scale spatio-temporal synchronization patterns of heavy rainfall (cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58)(cid:58) precipitation
Climatic Niche Dynamics of the Astereae Lineage and Haplopappus Species Distribution following Amphitropical Long-Distance Dispersal

The tribe Astereae (Asteraceae) displays an American Amphitropical Disjunction. To understand the eco-evolutionary dynamics associated with a long-distance dispersal event and subsequent colonization of extratropical South America, we compared the climatic and geographic distributions of South American species with their closest North American relatives, focusing on the diverse South American Astereae genus, Haplopappus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that two South American genera are closely related to seven North American genera. The climatic niche overlap (D = 0.5) between South and North America exhibits high stability (0.89), low expansion (0.12), and very low unfilling (0.04). The distribution of the North American species predicted the climatic and geographic space occupied by the South American species. In central Chile, Haplopappus showed a non-random latitudinal gradient in species richness, with Mediterranean climate variables mainly explaining the variation. Altitudinal patterns indicated peak richness at 600 m, declining at lower and higher elevations. These findings support climatic niche conservatism in shaping Haplopappus species distribution and diversity. Two major endemism zones were identified in central Chile and the southern region, with a transitional zone between Mediterranean and Temperate macro-bioclimates. Our results indicate strong niche conservatism following long-distance dispersal and slight niche expansion due to unique climatic variables in each hemisphere.
SEAMLESS IMPLEMENTATION OF A NOVEL VALVES STICTION DETECTION ALGORITHM USING SEEQ DATA LAB

Data analytic methods to identify process faults developed by researchers are a dime a dozen. Shortcomings that many of these methods have is that (1) are not robust, that is, detect faults where there are none and (2) that productization takes time. Here, we develop a new method that is tested for false positives and show how it can be productized within a very short time period as an open source add on in the Seeq Workbench environment. Thus, both shortcomings are addressed.
The Dilemma of African Development: Making Policy Choices for Sub-Saharan Africa

The economic performance of Sub-Saharan countries is determined by external influences in many ways which affect politics, trade, policies, and education, among other sectors. This article focuses on the external influence on trade and polices, showing how they are interrelated and how they influence the economic performance of Sub-Saharan countries. Where demand and supply are freely left out to adjust themselves, the economy tends to correct itself and performance is enhanced. However, governments are also said to interfere with the ‘invisible hand’ of the economy running itself without much intervention. This is said to slow down growth rather than when demand and supply justify the right and appropriate market for an economy (Collier and Gunning 1999). Based on the Theory of International Trade, the advantages of trade where a country produces what it can with ease, and sells it to others that are less efficient in production are supposed to make countries use international trade to allow economic growth for all countries since they are endowed with different natural resources. This has not been implemented with the intention of economic development, but rather it is politics. Import-export restrictions hence control what countries are exporting and importing without the consideration of efficiency. When other motives are formed in the name of trade restrictions, then countries are likely to lose the benefits of trading with each other, thus increasing the costs of production of what would have been imported easily. There are some trade restrictions that do not improve the economic performance of African countries but instead stagnate trade development (Rodrik 1998).
Analisis Indeks Kekeringan Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT)

Penelitian ini membahas tentang indeks kekeringan pada Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur berdasarkan data hujan historis dan data hujan proyeksi dengan tujuan untuk dapat mengetahui gambaran kondisi kekeringan pada Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur dan dapat memperkirakan resiko kekeringan yang terjadi di wilayah tersebut pada masa mendatang. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), dengan input data curah hujan historis selama 17 tahun (awal tahun 2004 sampai akhir tahun 2020) dan data curah hujan proyeksi selama 30 tahun terakhir abad ke-21 (awal tahun 2071 sampai akhir tahun 2100). Proses perhitungan nilai indeks SPI dilakukan secara otomatis dengan bantuan software SPI Generator v 1.7. 5. Hasil nilai SPI berdasarkan data hujan historis menggambarkan kondisi kekeringan di Provinsi NTT masih relatif normal, tetapi ada daerah seperti Kabupaten Belu yang beresiko cukup tinggi mengalami kekeringan. Dari hasil nilai SPI berdasarkan data historis pula, dapat ditentukan periode SPI prioritas yang merupakan periode yang terbaik dalam menggambarkan kondisi kekeringan di lapangan. Kemudian hasil nilai SPI berdasarkan data hujan proyeksi menggambarkan kondisi NTT pada masa mendatang, yang memiliki kondisi (indeks) yang lebih kering dibandingkan dengan indeks SPI berdasarkan data historis.
The Role of Mutual Masturbation within Relationships: Associations with Sexual Satisfaction and Sexual Self-Esteem

Abstract Objectives We explored mutual masturbation among women and men and investigated associations with sexual satisfaction and sexual self-esteem. Methods 117 women and 151 men (Mage = 29.7 years), mostly heterosexual, all in current relationships, completed an online survey covering experiences of solo and partnered sexual activities, feelings about mutual masturbation, sexual self-esteem, and sexual satisfaction. Results Mutual masturbation was common among both genders. Men reported significantly higher positive feelings about mutual masturbation than women. Recent mutual masturbation was positively associated with sexual satisfaction but not with sexual self-esteem. Conclusions These findings have implications for sex and couple therapy and research.
Studying the Inhibitory Effects of Some Chalcone Derivatives on Streptococcus mutans Sortase A to Prevent Dental Caries: An In Silico Approach

Background: Streptococcus mutans is one of the most important microorganisms in tooth decay. Sortase A (SrtA) of S. mutans is responsible for the attachment of bacteria to the host cell and biofilm formation. Therefore, it seems necessary to investigate the inhibitors of this enzyme to prevent dental caries. Chalcones are always of interest in the medical community due to their wide range of biological activities. Many studies have reported that chalcone can help prevent caries. The present study was conducted to identify potential SrtA inhibitors with the chalcone skeleton. Methods: The chalcone derivatives were obtained from the ZINC15, LEA3D, and PubChem databases, and then the selected compounds were optimized by HyperChem software. The affinity of these compounds to SrtA and total binding free energy (ΔGbind) were estimated by the AutoDock 4.0 program. Finally, drug-likeness screening and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties of the best ligands were obtained using online servers. Results: Compared to chalcone, four of the studied ligands, including compounds 2, 7, 8, and 9 demonstrated high affinity for binding to S. mutans SrtA, with suitable drug-likeness and ADMET properties. Ligand 9 interacted with the key residues in the active site by the most negative ΔGbind (-4.64 kcal/mol). The best conformation of this ligand had the most overlap with the chalcone. Conclusion: By complementary both in vitro and in vivo studies on the inhibitory effects of compounds 2, 7, 8, and 9, the present study can be useful in controlling tooth decay and dental diseases.
Minimal data rates and entropy in digitally networked systems

In digitally networked systems the assumption of classical control theory that information can be transmitted instantaneously, lossless and with arbitrary precision is violated. This raises the question about the smallest data rate above which a control task can be solved. For a single control loop and the problem to make a set Q of states invariant, the minimal data rate can be described by an entropy‐like quantity, the so‐called invariance entropy. Under some controllability and hyperbolicity assumptions, the invariance entropy can be expressed in terms of Lyapunov exponents. Furthermore, one can show that for making Q invariant with a data rate close to the smallest, no strategies more complicated than stabilization at periodic trajectories are necessary. For a network with n subsystems, which can all communicate with each other, there are different ways to formulate the question about the smallest data rate for the invariance problem, but also in this setting entropy‐like quantities yield important information. (© 2015 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Association between frailty status and complications in patients undergoing surgical excision of malignant esophageal neoplasms

Background Research within the last decade highlights the patients’ frailty status as an important predictor of esophageal cancer outcomes, but the literature evaluating frailty’s role in these patients remains limited. We evaluated the role of frailty in patients undergoing resection of malignant esophageal neoplasms. Methods We used the Nationwide Readmissions Database from 2016 and 2017 to identify patients who underwent excision of a malignant esophageal neoplasm. Patient frailty was queried using the Johns Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Groups frailty-defining diagnosis indicator. Propensity score matching identified 289 frail patients and 281 non-frail patients. Mann-Whitney U testing was performed and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were created, following the creation of logistic regression models for predicting discharge disposition. The area under the curve (AUC) served as a proxy for model performance. Results Frail patients had significantly more nonroutine discharges, longer inpatient lengths of stay, higher costs, more acute infections, posthemorrhagic anemia and deep vein thrombosis, and greater mortality (P<0.05). No significant differences were found between the 2 cohorts with respect to readmission rates, pulmonary embolism or dysphagia. Predictive models for patient discharge disposition demonstrated that frailty status in combination with age resulted in better ROC curves (AUC: 0.652) compared to models using age alone (AUC: 0.601). Conclusions Frailty was found to be significantly correlated with higher rates of inpatient medical complications following esophagectomy. The inclusion of patient frailty status in predictive models for discharge disposition resulted in a better predictive capacity compared to those using age alone.
Magnetic Influences on the Solar Wind

The steady, supersonic outflow from the Sun we call the solar wind was first posited in the 1950s and initial theories rightly linked the acceleration of the wind to the existence of the million-degree solar corona. Still today, the wind acceleration mechanisms and the coronal heating processes remain unsolved challenges in solar physics. In this work, I seek to answer a portion of the mystery by focusing on a particular acceleration process: Alfvén waves launched by the motion of magnetic field footpoints in the photosphere. The entire corona is threaded with magnetic loops and flux tubes that open up into the heliosphere. I have sought a better understanding of the role these magnetic fields play in determining solar wind properties in open flux tubes. After an introduction of relevant material, I discuss my parameter study of magnetic field profiles and the statistical understanding we can draw from the resulting steadystate wind. In the chapter following, I describe how I extended this work to consider time dependence in the turbulent heating by Alfvén waves in three dimensional simulations. The bursty nature of this heating led to a natural next step that expands my work to include not only the theoretical, but also a project to analyze observations of small network jets in the chromosphere and transition region, and the underlying photospheric magnetic field that forms thresholds in jet production. In summary, this work takes a broad look at the extent to which Alfvén-wave-driven turbulent heating can explain measured solar wind properties and other observed phenomena.
Bismuth-induced Raman modes in GaP1−xBix

Dilute bismide semiconductor alloys are a promising material platform for optoelectronic devices due to drastic impacts of bismuth on the electronic structure of the alloy. At the same time, the details of bismuth incorporation in the lattice are not fully understood. In this work, we conduct Raman scattering spectroscopy on GaP1−xBix epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and identify several bismuth-related Raman features including gap vibration modes at 296, 303, and 314 cm−1. This study paves the way for more detailed analysis of the local symmetry at bismuth incorporation sites in the dilute bismide alloy regime.
RANDOM DOT PRODUCT GRAPHS A MODEL FOR SOCIAL NETWORKS

We develop a new set of random graph models. The motivation for these models comes from social networks and is based on the idea of common interest. We represent a social network as a graph, in which vertices correspond to individuals. In the general model, an interest vector xv, drawn from a specific distribution, is associated with corresponding vertex v. The edge between vertices u and v exists with some probability P (xi, xj) = f(xu · xv); that is, it is equal to a function of the dot product of the vectors. The probability of a graph H is given by PX[H] = [∏ uv∈E(H) u<v f(xu · xv) ] [∏ uv/ ∈E(H) u<v (1− f(xu · xv)) ] and is dependent upon the distribution from which the vectors are drawn. We examine three versions of the Random Dot Product Graph on n vertices. In the dense model, the vectors are drawn from Ua[0, 1], the a power (a > 1) of the uniform distribution on [0, 1], and f is the identity function. In this case, with probability approaching one as n approaches infinity, all fixed graphs appear as subgraphs. In the sparse model, the vectors are again drawn from Ua[0, 1], however the probability function is f(s) = s nb (b ∈ (0,∞)). With this change, subgraphs appear at certain ii thresholds and we examine the sequence of their appearance. In both cases, we show that the models obey a power law degree distribution, exhibit clustering, and have a low diameter; these are all characteristics found in social networks. The third version is a discrete model. Here the vectors are drawn from {0, 1}t (t ∈ Z+)) and f(s) = st . Each coordinate of xv is independently assigned the value 1 with probability p and 0 otherwise (p ∈ [0, 1]). We define the probability order polynomial, or POP, of a graph H as a function that is asymptotic to P≥[H], the probability of H appearing as a (not necessarily induced) subgraph, and present geometric techniques for studying POP asymptotics. We give a general method for calculating the POP of H. We present formuals for the POPs and first moment results for trees, cycles, and complete graphs. We also prove a threshold result for K3 and describe a general method for proving threshold results when all the required POPs are known. Advisor: Edward R. Scheinerman Second Reader: Carey E. Priebe
Re doping induced 2H-1T phase transformation and ferromagnetism in MoS2 nanosheets

In this paper, Re-doped MoS2 nanosheets were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal reaction and an annealing process. Through structural characterization, it was observed that the doping of Re could lead to 2H-1T transformation in both the Re and Mo coordinating structures, and the 1T ratios of Mo and Re atoms increased with the Re-doping concentration. Hysteresis loops demonstrated intrinsic room temperature ferromagnetism in the Re-doped MoS2 nanosheets, and the value of saturated magnetization reached 8 memu/g when the doping concentration of Re was 17.12 at. %. The magnetic properties resulted from the increasing net magnetic moments of Re atoms and 1T-coordinated Mo atoms. Additionally, the 1T-incorporated 2H structure and magnetism were thermally stable in these samples. These results explored a new path for MoS2 nanosheets to be applied in spintronic devices in the future.In this paper, Re-doped MoS2 nanosheets were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal reaction and an annealing process. Through structural characterization, it was observed that the doping of Re could lead to 2H-1T transformation in both the Re and Mo coordinating structures, and the 1T ratios of Mo and Re atoms increased with the Re-doping concentration. Hysteresis loops demonstrated intrinsic room temperature ferromagnetism in the Re-doped MoS2 nanosheets, and the value of saturated magnetization reached 8 memu/g when the doping concentration of Re was 17.12 at. %. The magnetic properties resulted from the increasing net magnetic moments of Re atoms and 1T-coordinated Mo atoms. Additionally, the 1T-incorporated 2H structure and magnetism were thermally stable in these samples. These results explored a new path for MoS2 nanosheets to be applied in spintronic devices in the future.
Bioactive compounds, pharmacological activity and food application of Biancaea sappan (Indian red wood): A critical review

Abstract Sappanwood is a resourceful, flowering tree belongs to the family Leguminosae with its origin mainly reported from Southeast Asia. It has been used for ages to cure human ailments including heart diseases, jaundice, respiratory problems, coughs, wounds, and allergies. The different parts of sappanwood including wood, heartwood, seeds, leaves, and bark are reported with bioactive constituents, which deliver essential assistance to the human body. Beyond contribution to health status, they also have encouraging benefits for food industries. The brazilin extracted from the heartwood part of sappanwood has been used as a food preservative and as an ingredient for functional foods. The studies prescribed in the given manuscript defined the role of sappanwood and its parts (wood, bark, seeds, leaves, and heartwood) in nutritional, food, and pharmacological area. Recent studies have shown several promising activities, particularly relaxant, digestive, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, anticancer, and antagonistic effects. The popularity of sappanwood because of its medicinal and industrial importance specifies comprehensive references for its nutritional benefits. The existent work stated the recent research conveyed till date for valuation of nutritional eminence, phytochemicals constituents, industrial applications, and pharmacological significance of sappanwood.