Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The role of tourism in poverty alleviation in Tanzania

Poverty alleviation is currently a major concern for many developing countries including Tanzania. Higher economic growth rate that is pro-poor is a prerequisite in the process of poverty alleviation. During the last one and half decades of socio-economic reforms in Tanzania, rapid growth rate in the tourism sector has been recorded in terms of tourist arrivals, tourism activities (services) and earnings. With its distinct advantages tourism is postulated as another important industry for poverty alleviation. The advantages include among others, creation of job opportunities; boosting up of sales of different goods and services such as agricultural products and handcrafts, as well as cultural entertainment performed by locals the majority of whom are poor. The industry is also an important in-let for the much needed foreign exchange. As such tourism as an industry can play very important roles on economic, improved livelihoods and sociocultural development that are critical for poverty alleviation. However, tourism is a complex industry, which is driven by the private sector and often by large international companies, which may have little or no interest in ensuring that poverty is alleviated among the locals. It is also possible that with the current technological development that tourism earnings remain outside the destination country due to leakages. In addition, tourism can cause negative impacts such as environmental problems, cultural pollution and immoral behaviour including that of prostitution. The concern of the study is that while earnings from tourism may look impressive, one would like to know more about its impact on the livelihoods of the locals before concluding that this is a positive development that should be promoted. This is particularly, because, as with all modernization efforts leading to economic growth, there are costs and benefits implications. Thus, as Tanzania is rapidly becoming a major tourist destination, it is worthwhile to examine the effects of this industry on poverty alleviation through the enhancement of the nation’s economy and the improved livelihoods of the people in tourist areas.
Clastic dikes of the Columbia Basin region, Washington and Idaho

Pleistocene lake and stream deposits of southeast Washington and the adjacent portion of Idaho are cut by innumerable clastic dikes of an unusual kind. Dikes are most abundant in the Touchet beds and scabland deposits, a few are present in the earlier Clarkston deposits, and rarely, they enter the Columbia River basalt. The processes of formation were long-continued and concurrent with proglacial deposition. An analysis of the sedimentary environment indicates that ice played an important role in deposition of dike-bearing deposits. Many dikes occur in compound units of several or many individuals lying parallel in the same major fissure; they were formed by repeated filling of growing fissures. Fissures were filled from above by one or more of at least four processes; most of the sediment was swept into fissures by streams, lake currents, and waves, some collapsed from fissure walls or poured in from unconsolidated surficial deposits, a small amount was carried by underground currents, and films of clay and silt were spread upon fissure walls in several ways. Wind-borne sediments are indicated but not proven. Two or more processes generally operated together or alternately to fill each fissure; dike material, ranging from clay to fine gravel, may be sorted or unsorted, stratified or unstratified, and the stratification may be horizontal, inclined, or vertical. Any or all possible combinations of the variables may be present even in individual dikes. Five processes of fissure development are recognized: (1) uneven settling and cracking through melting of buried ice, (2) gravity sliding and faulting on inclined zones of subsurface melting, (3) formation of cavities where ice blocks and layers melted, (4) erosion by underground streams, and (5) faulting and fissuring by landslides in the Columbia River basalts.
Fusing Security Alerts Improves Cyber-Security: An Alert Normalization Framework for Heterogeneous Devices

With the rapid development of network technologies, cyberspace security is facing increasingly complex threats. To detect and respond to the rapidly growing number of network attacks, many security devices are widely adopted. However, a single security device often detects network attacks based on a single algorithm or some pre-defined features, resulting in a large number of false positives and false negatives in the security alerts it generates. Hence, many heterogeneous security devices are normally used; and fusing the alerts from these devices is an effective way to improve the quality of security alerts. As the formats or even the contents of the reported alerts are quite different, it has become a severe problem to fuse these alerts in practice. To address this problem, we propose an alert normalization framework in this paper for multi-source heterogeneous devices, which can convert different alert types reported by heterogeneous devices into a unified attack classification system automatically, making it possible to jointly analyze these alerts. Our framework extracts keywords describing each attack type by calculating the TF-IDF value, and then uses the normalized TF-IDF value as a weight to predict which attack type the alert belongs to. Experiments on 67,957 security alerts obtained from 15 security devices show that our method has good performance and is well interpretable. In addition, it can predict unseen alerts with a high accuracy of 0.65.
Exclusive Olive Oil Consumption Is Associated with Lower Likelihood of Developing Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients: The Hellenic Heart Failure Study

Background/Aims: The aim of the present work was to evaluate the association between exclusive olive oil consumption and the development of left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) in patients with a previous acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods: From 2006 to 2007, 651 consecutive ACS patients were enrolled. In 288 males (64 ± 13 years) and 75 females (71 ± 11 years), LVSD (ejection fraction <40%) developed after the cardiac event, and 221 males (62 ± 11 years) and 69 females (66 ± 11 years) were without LVSD (ejection fraction >50%). Detailed information regarding their clinical characteristics, anthropometric data, physical activity, smoking and dietary habits (including lipids use) were recorded. Results: 70% of the LVSD patients and 76% of the non-LVSD patients reported exclusive olive oil consumption. Multi-adjusted analysis revealed that exclusive olive oil consumption in post-ACS patients with a first cardiac episode was associated with a 65% (95% confidence interval 0.14–0.87) lower likelihood of developing LVSD after adjusting for various confounders. No significant association was observed among participants with a previous history of ACS. Conclusions: Exclusive, long-term olive oil consumption seems to offer significant protection against the development of LVSD in post-ACS patients.
The Origin of the Electromagnetic Vibration of Induction Motors Operating in Modern Industry: Practical Experience—Analysis and Diagnostics

Different kinds of anomalies in industrial power lines create a number of problems for normal operation of induction motors. One of them is an excessive amount of motor vibration. The industry today widely uses different kinds of nonlinear systems operating in the power lines, for example, adjustable speed drives, which cause voltage distortion in the power lines. Single-phase load in three-phase power systems may cause voltage imbalance. Induction motors operating under voltage distortion or voltage imbalance usually have experienced significant vibration of an electromagnetic nature. Vibration of an electromagnetic nature may also be a result of an internal fault in the motor. Motor vibration data contain substantial analytical information about stator and rotor winding and core condition, air gap eccentricity, current/voltage imbalance, and voltage distortions in the power line, etc. Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of induction motors based on the vibration analysis technique are widely used in the modern industry. Accuracy of the machinery diagnosis made using vibration analysis depends on the ability to correctly analyze vibration data. The aim of this paper is to clarify the origin of the motor vibration of an electromagnetic nature at line frequency, twice line frequency, harmonics of line frequency, and at twice slip frequency. This opinion is based on the author's many years of experience in the field of vibration diagnostics on electrical machines from different industries.
Comparison of the ectosymbionts and parasites of an introduced crab, Charybdis japonica, with sympatric and allopatric populations of a native New Zealand crab, Ovalipes catharus (Brachyura: Portunidae)

Abstract The success of biological invaders is often attributed to escape from specialist enemies in their natural range, such as predators and parasites. For enemy escape to have direct consequences in competitive interactions, invaders need to be less vulnerable to enemies than native competitors in the region they invade, but first the presence of these enemies must be established. We investigated the macroparasite and ectosymbiont fauna of the recently introduced portunid crab Charybdis japonica, and compared it with sympatric and allopatric populations of the native New Zealand portunid, Ovalipes catharus. A total of 468 crabs (350 O. catharus and 118 C. japonica) were collected from six harbours throughout New Zealand (Whangarei, Waitemata, Nelson, Lyttelton, Dunedin, and Bluff) and the identity, incidence and prevalence of ectosymbionts and parasites were compared among the different populations. Charybdis japonica and O. catharus harboured different ectosymbionts. Serpulid polychaete tubes occurred on the exoskeleton of 85.4% of C. japonica examined, but were absent from O. catharus. The bryozoan, Triticella capsularis occurred on 97.4% of O. catharus but was not found on C. japonica. Few endoparasites were present in either species. An unidentified juvenile ascaridoid nematode occurred in the hindgut of 5.9% of C. japonica, but was not found in sympatric populations of O. catharus. A second, unidentified species of ascaridoid nematode occurred in 7.1% of O. catharus from Nelson, but was not present in specimens from the five other harbours sampled. Melanised lesions were observed in the muscle tissue of almost half (46.6%) of the C. japonica examined. Histological examination showed these to be of two types: (1) spherical bodies resembling melanised trematode metacercariae; and (2) lesions consistent with wound repair. Lesions were not observed in O. catharus. Although the identity of parasites and epibionts carried by each species differed, both C. japonica and O. catharus had relatively low parasite species richness. We could not test whether the introduced portunid, C. japonica, is any less vulnerable to parasite enemies than the New Zealand portunid, O. catharus.
Parent-of-Origin-Dependent Gene Expression in Male and Female Schistosome Parasites

Abstract Schistosomes are the causative agents of schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease affecting over 230 million people worldwide. Additionally to their major impact on human health, they are also models of choice in evolutionary biology. These parasitic flatworms are unique among the common hermaphroditic trematodes as they have separate sexes. This so-called “evolutionary scandal” displays a female heterogametic genetic sex-determination system (ZZ males and ZW females), as well as a pronounced adult sexual dimorphism. These phenotypic differences are determined by a shared set of genes in both sexes, potentially leading to intralocus sexual conflicts. To resolve these conflicts in sexually selected traits, molecular mechanisms such as sex-biased gene expression could occur, but parent-of-origin gene expression also provides an alternative. In this work we investigated the latter mechanism, that is, genes expressed preferentially from either the maternal or the paternal allele, in Schistosoma mansoni species. To this end, transcriptomes from male and female hybrid adults obtained by strain crosses were sequenced. Strain-specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers allowed us to discriminate the parental origin, while reciprocal crosses helped to differentiate parental expression from strain-specific expression. We identified genes containing SNPs expressed in a parent-of-origin manner consistent with paternal and maternal imprints. Although the majority of the SNPs was identified in mitochondrial and Z-specific loci, the remaining SNPs found in male and female transcriptomes were situated in genes that have the potential to explain sexual differences in schistosome parasites. Furthermore, we identified and validated four new Z-specific scaffolds.
Regular Expression Acceleration at Multiple Tens of Gb / s

The frequency of network attacks increases every year, and at the same time the attack methods are becoming more sophisticated. To keep up with these trends, signature-based NIDSs such as Snort [1] apply more powerful and flexible content-filtering rules, often involving pattern conditions defined by regular expressions. This has triggered a substantial amount of research and product development in the area of hardware-based accelerators for pattern matching, as this seems to be the only viable approach for scanning network data against the increasingly complex patterns at wire-speed processing rates of multiple tens of gigabits per second. Although pattern-matching schemes have been studied for a long time and have been covered by many publications, the majority of these, and in particular those schemes intended for hardware implementation, have been limited to simple patterns comprised of strings and basic regular expressions [2]-[10]. More complex regular expressions are addressed by recent work in the field of FPGA-based pattern matching, however, most of this work is based on the automatic generation of dedicated match functions in hardware for a given set of patterns [11]-[15]. For NIDS applications, this has the inherent shortcoming that the hardware has to be regenerated for each pattern update. Another drawback is that several of these schemes rely on large numbers of smaller engines (e.g., NFAs) that each handle only a few patterns as part of a “divide and conquer” approach. The resulting large aggregate state of all these engines makes it impossible to provide efficient multi-session support for handling many streams in an interleaved fashion, where at any given time the number of open sessions can be on the order of millions for typical networking environments. What seems to be lacking are hardware-based patternmatching schemes that (1) efficiently support advanced regular expression features (2) do this by only applying a limited amount of parallelism to keep a small session state, (3) are programmable through modification of a data structure in an SRAM, and (4) provide wire-speed match performance of multiple tens of gigabits per second. At the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, we are trying to fill this gap by investigating novel concepts for accelerating a wider range of regular-expression features in hardware. The key focus is on improving the storage efficiency, as this will allow larger portions of the data structure to be fit into fast on-chip caches, with the resulting increases in hit rate directly translating into higher scan rates. Our approach is based on a novel type of programmable state machine in hardware, called BaRT-based Finite State Machine (B-FSM), with BaRT being the name of the underlying search algorithm [16]. The B-FSM-based patternmatching scheme, introduced in [17], is one of the most storage-efficient schemes reported in literature, capable of achieving deterministic processing rates of multiple tens of gigabits per second in ASIC technology, while scanning input streams against tens of thousands of patterns in parallel.
Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Cell Wall Related Genes in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, a Food, Fodder, and Biofuel Crop

Biomass based alternative fuels offer a solution to the world's ever-increasing energy demand. With the ability to produce high biomass in marginal lands with low inputs, sorghum has a great potential to meet second-generation biofuel needs. Despite the sorghum crop importance in biofuel and fodder industry, there is no comprehensive information available on the cell wall related genes and gene families (biosynthetic and modification). It is important to identify the cell wall related genes to understand the cell wall biosynthetic process as well as to facilitate biomass manipulation. Genome-wide analysis using gene family specific Hidden Markov Model of conserved domains identified 520 genes distributed among 20 gene families related to biosynthesis/modification of various cell wall polymers such as cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin. Chromosomal localization analysis of these genes revealed that about 65% of cell wall related genes were confined to four chromosomes (Chr. 1–4). Further, 56 tandem duplication events involving 169 genes were identified in these gene families which could be associated with expansion of genes within families in sorghum. Additionally, we also identified 137 Simple Sequence Repeats related to 112 genes and target sites for 10 miRNAs in some important families such as cellulose synthase, cellulose synthase-like, and laccases, etc. To gain further insight into potential functional roles, expression analysis of these gene families was performed using publically available data sets in various tissues and under abiotic stress conditions. Expression analysis showed tissue specificity as well as differential expression under abiotic stress conditions. Overall, our study provides a comprehensive information on cell wall related genes families in sorghum which offers a valuable resource to develop strategies for altering biomass composition by plant breeding and genetic engineering approaches.
Analysis and Performance Enhancement to Achieve Recursive (c, l) Diversity Anonymization in Social Networks

Protecting the identities of the actors along with their sensitive information has become a matter of concern for the organizations which are publishing huge amounts of data every day for the purpose of research. Recent studies have shown that simply removing the sensitive labels associated with the actors do not guarantee their privacy protection. The structural property of the graph associated with the network or the information about the degree of the nodes in it can also be used by an adversary to identify a particular actor. Anonymization algorithms available for social networks are relatively less in number as compared to those for micro-data. The reasons being that the process of anonymizing social networks is much more complex and also as the structural property of the original graph should be taken care and more or less to be retained in the anonymized graph to minimize the loss of information. In recent studies, the original micro-data anonymization concepts of k-anonymity and l-diversity have been extended to the social network environment. The ldiversity model can protect the identity of the users as well as the sensitive labels associated with them. Out of the three different versions of l-diversity available, the recursive (c, l) diversity is much more complex than the mostly handled distinct l-diversity. M.Yuan et al (2013) have developed a recursive (c, l) diversity algorithm using the noise node approach. In this paper, we point out some drawbacks in this algorithm and propose an improved algorithm, which removes these drawbacks and generates the anonymized graph with minimal number of noise nodes. In our approach, we use the noise node addition concept as it retains the structural property of the original graph and also preserves the data utility of the anonymized graph. We have tested our algorithm against several real datasets to justify its efficiency. Also, we have established two theorems in order to establish some characteristics which have been used in support of our claims.
Innovative geometric pose reconstruction for marker-based single camera tracking

Mobile augmented reality applications are in need of tracking systems which can be wearable and do not cause a high processing load, while still offering reasonable performance, robustness and accuracy. The motivation to develop yet another tracking algorithm is two-fold. Most of the existing approaches use classical optimization techniques such as the Gauss-Newton method. However, since those algorithms were developed to address general optimization problems, they do not fully exploit the structure of the pose estimation problem with its geometric constraint targets. Also, mixed reality applications demand that pose estimation be not only accurate but also robust and computationally efficient. Hence there is a need for algorithms that are as accurate as classical algorithms, yet are also globally convergent and fast enough for real-time applications. In this paper we introduce a new iterative geometric method for pose estimation from four co-planar points and we present the current status of PTrack, an infrared marker-based single camera tracking system benefiting from this approach. Our novel pose estimation algorithm identifies possible labels composed of retro-reflective markers in a 2D post-processing using a divide-and-conquer strategy to segment the camera's image space and attempts an iterative geometric 3D reconstruction of position and orientation in camera space. Tracking results are made available to applications through OpenTracker [OpenTracker 2006] framework. To analyse tracking accuracy and precision, we built a generic test-bed and compared PTrack to ARToolKit [Kato and Billinghurst 1999; Kato et al. 2000], one of the most wide-spread low-cost tracking solutions. Results show that our tracking system achieves competitive accuracy levels better than ARToolKit and close to commercial systems, while being highly stable and affordable.