Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Carbonatites and Fenitization Associated with a Lamprophyric Dike-Swarm Intrusive into Schists of the New Zealand Geosyncline

At Haast River, South Westland, a lamprophyric dike swarm with carbonatitic affinities intrudes schists of the New Zealand Geosyncline. The dike swarm comprises a series of consanguineous members ranging in composition from ultramafic hornblende-mica peridotite, through camptonitic lamprophyre and mafic sodalite-nepheline microsyenite, to sodalite-tinguaite, potassic trachyte, and carbonatite. One carbonatite dike, 1.25 m thick, consists predominantly of the Ba-Mg carbonate, norsethite (Ba 0.96 Mg 0.79 Fe 0.14 Sr 0.02 Mn 0.03 Ca 0.01 (CO 3 ) 2.02 ) with subordinate magnesian siderite, aegirine, albite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, and monazite. Other carbonatites contain siderite, norsethite-ankerite, and calcite-dolomite-barite assemblages. Metasomatic alteration of the country-rock schist, likened to fenitization, is most pronounced at the margins of alkalic and carbonatite dikes. It involves the introduction of Na 2 O, CO 2 , S, Nb, and Th into the country rock, with possible depletion in K 2 O. A progressive fenitization sequence from quartzofeldspathic schist to aegirine-crossite-albite schist is petrographically described and illustrated. An analysisis presented of crossite, typical of the strongly pleochroic blue amphibole produced during fenitization. The Haast River dike swarm intruded a geosynclinal terrain in immediately postorogenic times, postdating widespread metamorphism and intensive deformation of the Rangitata orogeny by at most about 10 m.y. Similarities between the Haast River occurrence and other carbonatite complexes from geosynclinal areas are briefly discussed.
ESTRATÉGIAS DE POSICIONAMENTO NO MERCADO INTERNACIONAL DAS EMPRESAS BRASILEIRAS DE PAPEL E CELULOSE

This work shows the Brazilian paper and pulp export companies position in relation of their outside competitors. The marketing strategies are related to product, price, promotion, distribution and other strategic variables, for the past and future periods. On the basis of the produced volume, exported volume and exported participation in the production, the companies were classified in two groups: EGI (companies with large interest in the external market) and EPI (companies with small interest in the external market). The results show an increase of the positioning importance of the strategies proposed for the future period, in the two groups opinion (EGI and EPI). Three other points are evidenced by the results as well: first, the main importance conferred to the positioning of the strategies by EGI; second, the importance conferred to the product strategies by EGI and EPI; and finally the importance conferred to the price strategies by EPI for the two periods. The marketing strategies are in an intermediate level. In general way this strategies can be considered less important than the price and product strategies and more important than the promotion and distribution strategies. The EGI companies believe the product strategies were the first more important and the marketing strategies the second one for the future period.
Identification of coherent links between interannual sedimentary structures and daily meteorological observations in Arctic proglacial lacustrine varves: potentials and limitations

Proglacial lacustrine sediments from High Arctic Lake R (76°17.9 ’ N, 90°59.3 ’ W, unofficial name) are shown to be annually laminated (varved) and contain a variety of subannual structures. The formation of the subannual structures (and overall varve) was controlled by a combination of meteorologic (temperature and rainfall) and geomorphic factors. Using a training set of the ten thickest varves in the 38-year sedimentary record, a heuristic model was developed to link subannual structures with regional meteorological conditions. Within the training set, significant correlations were shown between subannual structure thickness and the magnitude of the corresponding melt event, defined as a period of continuously positive temperature. However, these correlations deteriorated as the varves progressively thinned, and several varves exhibited no relationship between their subannual structures and respective meteorological conditions. Grain size analyses showed that the thin varves were significantly finer than the thick varves and are inferred to reflect changed sediment inflow patterns that altered deposition and reduced the fidelity of the model. Despite these complexities, this study identified the potential to produce long-term, subannual reconstructions of weather conditions. Model results revealed the limitations of simple varve–meteorology relationships, as well as identified necessary environmental and sampling conditions required to produce a more robust model for future applications.
Satellite image segmentation using graph representation and morphological processing

The segmentation process of satellite imagery becomes currently a significant step in remote sensing with the arrival of very high spatial resolution images. Indeed, the arrival of these images enables a new capability to study a range of non-observable objects until now. Using high-resolution imagery should make it possible to detect man made features (such as buildings and roads) or detailed components of vegetation (such as trees or heterogeneous woodlands) in an easier way than conventional data. In this paper, we present a brief review of segmentation techniques, the principal advances in earth observation technology, and the evolution of the high-resolution technology. Also, we present a self-adapting method of segmentation of very high-resolution satellite images. This approach is based on a description of the image using graphs of adjacency and morphological processing to obtain suitable and significant computed components by the growth of regions. Finally we present some examples of the segmentation and the feature extraction done in some high-resolution images.
Total Quality Management in the Public Sector: A Comparison between the USA and France

This paper examines the development and applications of TQM in the public sector, in particular in the USA and in France. Issues related to the implementation process and the content of TQM in the public sector are discussed. Two cases provide data on actual implementations of TQM in the public sector. Both cases are local government agencies, one located in the State of Wisconsin, USA, and the other one in the Eastern region of France. Using Hofstede's model (1997), similarities and differences between the cases are discussed in light of cross-cultural characteristics.
A Frequency-domain Seismic Modeling Engine for 3D Visco-acoustic VTI Full Waveform Inversion of Fixed-spread Data

Frequency-domain full waveform inversion (FWI) of fixed-spread data can be limited to a few discrete frequencies thanks to the redundant control of frequency and scattering angle on the wavenumber coverage. In this framework, 3D finite-difference frequency-domain seismic modeling can be efficiently performed for multiple sources in the visco-acoustic approximation with sparse direct solver. We extend the so-called mixed-grid finite-difference stencil to account for vertical transverse isotropy in visco-acoustic frequency-domain seismic modeling without extra computational cost. The VTI acoustic wave equation is recast as a fourth-order wave equation, which can be decomposed into an elliptic wave equation and an anelliptic term. The discretization of this equation only requires a straightforward adaptation of the existing isotropic stencil. A discretization rule of 4 grid points per minimum wavelength, which is suitable for FWI applications, is used for frequency-domain seismic modeling. We validate our finite-difference frequency-domain method against a finite-difference time-domain method using a smooth VTI acoustic model of the Valhall oil field. Comparison between the real and modeled data for the 7-Hz frequency suggests that our method can provide a suitable modeling engine to perform multi-parameter FWI of fixed-spread data in visco-acoustic VTI media.
Spatial variability and uncertainty in groundwater flow parameters: A geostatistical approach

A geostatistical approach is proposed for characterizing the uncertainty about the transmissivity field of an aquifer and analyzing its effect on predicted head values. A new methodology is developed, which couples conditional simulation and groundwater flow modeling. Conditional simulation is used for generating different two-dimensional transmissivity fields that all have the same spatial variability as the true field and are consistent with the measured T values at well locations. Two case studies are presented in order to illustrate the method, and conclusions are drawn for future investigation.
Applied climatology

Applied climatology has long been a niche domain, straddling the intersection between the social and natural sciences and populated largely by geographers explicitly interested in reframing human activities around climate. As human-atmospheric relations become increasingly embedded within institutions of governance, new narratives of and for applied climatology are emerging to champion particular atmospheric objects, orientations, practices and institutions into positions of policy relevance and investment priority. This paper attempts to understand these intersecting politics of ‘climate and society’ research by situating their emergence through three lenses of inquiry. First, we explore the historical disciplinary work of ‘application’ in geographical climatology, paying particular attention to how ‘relevance’ has been understood and practised. Second, we reassemble a missed disciplinary conversation about ideology in applied geography, and link this to definitions and rationales for applied climatology. Third, we explore five recent thematic engagements in applied climatology, to generate thinking about the institutions and practices of assembling climate in new circles of ‘application’, policy and elsewhere. The ‘applications’ that climatologists choose to pursue – and the ways in which they pursue them – are deeply political questions that reproduce decision-making logics, funding rationalities, notions of expertise and problem framings. In conclusion, we argue that, rather than understanding ‘climate’ and ‘society’ as stable entities with standard (e.g. quantitative) practices or modes of association, we might instead concern ourselves with the practices of assembling human-atmospheric relations.
Experimental study of air bubbles and turbulence characteristics in the surf zone

[1] A set of laboratory experiments of free-surface elevation, water velocity, void fraction, and bubble distribution was conducted simultaneously for regular wave breaking on a plane slope. The data were collected by using a measurement array of wave gages, a dual-tip resistivity void fraction probe, and an acoustic Doppler velocimeter. The measurements were conducted in two different wave flumes to check the scale effects of air entrainment into the water on the wave breaking. The power law scaling of bubble size distribution was measured, and it was found that the bubble size has a power law of d−1.5∼−1.7 independent of the location and water depth. The relationship between void fraction and turbulent intensity shows a linear relationship between the void fraction and turbulent intensity.
Comparing Newly Built Wetlands in the Atchafalaya Bay, Louisiana and Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California

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Impact of Artificial Reservoir Size and Land Use/Land Cover Patterns on Probable Maximum Precipitation and Flood: Case of Folsom Dam on the American River

AbstractThe design of the dams usually considers available historical data for analysis of the flood frequency. The limitation of this approach is the potential shift in flood frequency due to physically plausible factors that cannot be foreseen during design. For example, future flood extremes may change, among other factors, due to strong local atmospheric feedbacks from the reservoir and surrounding land use and land cover (LULC). Probable maximum flood (PMF), which is the key design parameter for hydraulic features of a dam, is estimated from probable maximum precipitation (PMP) and the hydrology of the watershed. Given the nonlinearity of the rainfall-runoff process, a key question that needs to be answered is How do reservoir size and/or LULC modify extreme flood patterns, specifically probable maximum flood via climatic modification of PMP? Using the American River Watershed (ARW) as a representative example of an impounded watershed with a large artificial reservoir (i.e., Folsom Dam), this study .
Formulation and evaluation of diclofenac sodium effervescent tablet

Ten different formulations were prepared (F1-F10) that contain citric acid, sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate, PVP K 30, PEG 6000, different flavors by wet granulation method with an objective to minimize the side effects of diclofenac sodium on gastric mucosa by preparing the diclofenac tablet using effervescent techniques. The prepared tablets were evaluated for various pre and post compression characteristics as per official and nonofficials procedures. Among all the formulations, batch F10 showed that maximum drug release upto 94.86 % within 3 min. Selected as optimized batch kept for accelerated stability study for 90 days. The result of stability study indicates no significant difference between the parameters tested before and after stability studies. FTIR Spectroscopy of formulation F10 did not show any additional peaks for new functional groups indicating no chemical interaction between drug and excipient used in formulation.
The use of a geographic information system to investigate the effect of land-use change on wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus breeding productivity in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

The Wattled Crane, Bugeranus carunculatus Gmelin, is presently classified as being 'Critically Endangered' within South Africa according to the Eskom Red Data book of Birds of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland, with a population of a meagre 235 individuals. Of this, 85% occur within KwaZulu-Natal and live predominantly on privately owned agricultural land. As a result thereof, Wattled Cranes and agriculture compete for the same resources. Up until now, the loss of viable habitat, as a result of agricultural development and afforestation, has been mooted as being the primary reason for the decline in numbers of the species. The advancements in the Geographical Information Systems field have enabled conservationists to acquire data, especially pertaining to habitat requirements, which were previously unattainable. This improved data acquisition is enabling for more informed decision making and better allocation of resources. The study therefore attempts to make use of a Geographical Information System to determine whether or not differences exist within the home ranges of active and historical Wattled Crane nesting sites, utilising the National Land cover database. The updated Land cover data for South Africa, although not completed at the time the present study took place, allowed for the interrogation of the various Land cover classes within an estimated home range. Natural Grassland was the predominant Land cover type within both active and historical home ranges, whilst both active and historical home ranges were subject to some degree of transformation. The potential impact of management practices in and around nesting sites warrants further investigation because this could not be determined through the analysis of land cover.
The Sedimentary Record of Mantle Plume Uplift Preceding Eruption of the Neoproterozoic Natkusiak Flood Basalt

Strata of the Neoproterozoic Shaler Group on Victoria Island in NW Canada reveal stratigraphic and sedimentological features that are interpreted to be a response to differential crustal uplift immediately preceding emplacement of the 723 Ma Franklin gabbro sills and their extrusive equivalents, the Natkusiak Formation flood basalts. Volcanism was coeval with sedimentation, as indicated by loading features developed on the Kuujjua Formation, a fluvial braidplain quartzarenite that underlies the lowermost basalt flow of the Natkusiak Formation in the SW part of Minto Inlier. The Kuujjua Formation represents the top of an emergent cycle that began with deposition of intertidal carbonates followed by supratidal sabkha carbonates and sulphate evaporites of the underlying Kilian Formation. The Kuujjua Formation thins and pinches out toward the northeast, and there is erosional beveling of the upper Kilian beneath it. In the NE part of Minto Inlier, the Kuujjua and upper Kilian are absent and the Natkusiak Formation unconformably overlies block-faulted carbonates of the middle Kilian. These relationships imply that uplift, which was progressively greater toward the NE, began in upper Kilian time, estimated to be no more than 20 Ma before the voluminous magmatic events. Uplift may have been initiated by mantle plume-generated asthenospheric upwelling, which ultimately resulted in basaltic magma generation. Block faults beneath the Natkusiak in the NE are consistent with pre-eruptive crustal doming. Diabase dikes that crosscut the basalts are more common in the NE than in the SW, implying that crustal attenuation was greatest in the northeast and that it postdated the main phase of volcanism. These data support the plume initiation model for generation of flood basalts.
Evaluation of Microbiological and Physico-Chemical Quality of Raw Milk from Sibiu Dairy Farm Province of Romania

Research aims at benchmarking the quality of raw milk supplied by four private farms in the county of Sibiu at a distance of about 25 km each for a period of three months (April, May, June 2010). Samples were subject to particularly microbiological measurements (total number of germ and somatic cells), physico-chemical (acidity, fat density, non-fat dry matter, protein and freezing point titre) by international standard methods. The results of the four farms show different variations of the parameters analyzed as follows: 55.5% of the samples fall in physico-chemical parameters of standard quality and 79% of the samples fall within the parameters of microbiological quality standard and within the limits provided by law
Heat flow inside the Island Arcs of the northwestern Pacific

A large region of high heat flow has recently been discovered in the northwest Pacific. The area extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the Philippine Sea in the south and may continue as far as the Fiji plateau. Two possible sources of the extra heat are volcanic intrusion into the crust and dissipative shear heating in the mantle. There are fundamental objections to both explanations, and, therefore, the origin of the high regional heat flow remains unknown. The high temperature gradient is of geological importance, since the crustal temperatures are sufficiently high to cause metamorphism.
Strength and water weakening of mantle minerals, olivine, wadsleyite and ringwoodite

Rheological properties of olivine and its high pressure polymorphs, both dry and hydrous, have been studied by monitoring x‐ray diffraction peak broadening as a function of pressure, temperature and time. The measurements were carried out up to a pressure of 10 GPa and a temperature of 600°C for olivine and wadsleyite, and a pressure of 20 GPa and a temperature of 1000°C for ringwoodite. The observations indicate that olivine is much weaker than the other two minerals for this range of conditions, and furthermore, water weakens olivine dramatically but only slightly weakens wadsleyite and ringwoodite. When the temperature increases from 25°C to 400°C the yield strength in the olivine drops by 39% without water and 62% with water, however there is hardly any change in strength for wet or dry wadsleyite and ringwoodite.
Estimation of clear‐sky effective erythema radiation from broadband solar radiation (300–3000 nm) data in an arid climate

This study reports the first observations of effective erythema radiation (EER) from an arid region of Iran. The hourly and daily measured clear‐sky global solar radiation (G) and biologically important EER incident on a horizontal surface at Esfahan, Iran, during 2002–2004 are used. The EER irradiation was recorded by a spectrophotometer Brewer type MK IV mounted on the roof of the Esfahan site. The total daily broadband radiation was measured using an Eppley Pyranometer (Kipp & Zonen CM) at the same site. Using the mentioned experimental data, a linear relationship (EER = β × G + α) is established between daily integrated totals of EER and the daily totals of broadband global solar radiation (300–3000 nm). At statistically significant levels (p < 0.05 and R2 > 0.92) a good linear correlation between the daily G and EER was found. The observed (G) data is a routine meteorological measurement at many meteorological stations and such a relationship would enable estimates of the daily EER to be made from accessible records. The seasonal variability of EER/G is also discussed. The effect of the annual cycles of solar zenith angle (SZA) and total column ozone (TCO) on the ratios (EER/G) is presented and the correction factors are determined for the inclusion of the ozone cycle. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Strong crustal heterogeneity in the Bolivian Altiplano as suggested by attenuation of Lg waves

Using the seismological data of four temporary networks installed across the Andes of Bolivia and Chile between 1990 and 1995, we study the amplitudes of the Lg phase for 45 regional events located at crustal depths. This analysis reveals that Lg is strongly attenuated for most of the ray paths crossing the Altiplano independent of the azimuth of propagation. To map the anomalies and evaluate their frequency dependence, we conduct a regionalization of the crustal average Qs factor using a damped least squares inversion technique in the frequency range 0.6–5 Hz. The resulting maps delineate regions with contrasting values of apparent attenuation. The Altiplano is characterized by strong attenuation with an average Qs of 100 at 1 Hz, whereas the Cordilleras are regions of weaker attenuation. The frequency dependence of Qs is investigated in an attempt to separate the source of the apparent attenuation into scattering and anelastic absorption. Within the hypothesis of a weak frequency dependence of the intrinsic Q, we show that at 1 Hz, scattering plays a major part in the attenuation of Lg waves whereas at 4 Hz, both mechanisms are of equal importance. These results indicate that the attenuation of Lg waves in the Altiplano is due more to scattering by small-scale heterogeneities than to a high percentage (>1%) of partial melt involving a large part of the crust.