Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison between 6-band and 14-band k⋅p formalisms in SiGe/Si heterostructures

We report on a comparison between a 14-band and a 6-band k . p model to describe the valence band of pseudomorphic SiGe/Si heterostructures. A strong variation between both models is observed for the description of the valence band dispersion and for the calculation of the intersubband dipolar matrix elements for in-plane wave vectors as small as 10% of the Brillouin zone size. We show that the 6-band formalism overestimates the amplitude of the intersubband absorption by a factor of 2 for light polarized in the layer plane. The origin of the polarization of the intersubband transitions is discussed and the limits of both models for the calculation of the energy band diagram and dipole matrix elements are outlined. We finally show that the usual axial approximation procedure, which is often used to build a cylindrical 4-band or 8-band Hamiltonian, cannot give a cylindrical 14-band Hamiltonian.
Exploiting Dual-Attention Networks for Explainable Recommendation in Heterogeneous Information Networks

The aim of explainable recommendation is not only to provide recommended items to users, but also to make users aware of why these items are recommended. Traditional recommendation methods infer user preferences for items using user–item rating information. However, the expressive power of latent representations of users and items is relatively limited due to the sparseness of the user–item rating matrix. Heterogeneous information networks (HIN) provide contextual information for improving recommendation performance and interpreting the interactions between users and items. However, due to the heterogeneity and complexity of context information in HIN, it is still a challenge to integrate this contextual information into explainable recommendation systems effectively. In this paper, we propose a novel framework—the dual-attention networks for explainable recommendation (DANER) in HINs. We first used multiple meta-paths to capture high-order semantic relations between users and items in HIN for generating similarity matrices, and then utilized matrix decomposition on similarity matrices to obtain low-dimensional sparse representations of users and items. Secondly, we introduced two-level attention networks, namely a local attention network and a global attention network, to integrate the representations of users and items from different meta-paths for obtaining high-quality representations. Finally, we use a standard multi-layer perceptron to model the interactions between users and items, which predict users’ ratings of items. Furthermore, the dual-attention mechanism also contributes to identifying critical meta-paths to generate relevant explanations for users. Comprehensive experiments on two real-world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of DANER on recommendation performance as compared with the state-of-the-art methods. A case study illustrates the interpretability of DANER.
Mechanisms influencing the distribution of precipitation within baroclinic disturbances

An analysis of the flow within baroclinic disturbances over and near the British Isles is made assuming that the wet bulb potential temperature (θw is a conserved property of the flow. Conservation of mass and, when the flow is dry, of mixing ratio, are also used as constraints in the analysis. A model of the flows significant for the production and distribution of precipitation is derived. It is shown that most of the precipitation reaching the surface initially forms within a single well-defined flow, labelled the ‘conveyor-belt’ which is typically a few hundred km wide and a few km deep and which flows parallel to and immediately ahead of the surface cold front. The speed of ascent above the warm frontal zone is of the order of 10 cm s−1. Ascent often begins within the warm sector so that there is no well-marked discontinuity between the precipitation within the warm sector and that in advance of the surface warm front. This flow has been identified as the most significant flow producing widespread precipitation in a variety of synoptic situations, including some which would be analysed conventionally as non-frontal. Potential instability is continually generated by differential advection in advance of the cold front as a result of over-running of the low level flow by mid-tropospheric air of lower θw. The instability is gradually released as the low-level flow ascends. The leading edge of the warm-frontal precipitation at the surface is eroded by the evaporation within a descending flow beneath the warm-frontal zone. When the melting level is low, or the air entering the system on its forward side is dry, the evaporation causes the width of the area of precipitation at the surface to be several hundred km less than that aloft. Some of the moisture which is evaporated is eventually re-precipitated farther north as the air ascends close to the surface warm front. The mesoscale variability of the airflow within the large-scale flow modifies the distribution of precipitation. Various structures which have been identified in many studies are summarized and a model of the mesoscale airflow within the conveyor belt is deduced.
On the nature of Navier-Stokes turbulence

Several turbulent and nonturbulent solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations are obtained. The unaveraged equations are used numerically in conjunction with tools and concepts from nonlinear dynamics, including time series, phase portraits, Poincare sections, largest Liapunov exponents, power spectra, and strange attractors. Initially neighboring solutions for a low-Reynolds-number fully developed turbulence are compared. The solutions, separate exponentially with time, having a positive Liapunov exponent. Thus the turbulence is characterized as chaotic. In a search for solutions which contrast with the turbulent ones, the Reynolds number is reduced. Several qualitatively different flows are noted. These are, fully chaotic, complex period, weakly chaotic, simple periodic, and fixed-point. Of these, only the fully chaotic flows are classified as turbulent. Those flows have both a positive Liapunov exponent and Poincare sections without pattern. By contrast, the weakly chaotic flows have some pattern in their Poincare sections. The fixed-point and periodic flows are nonturbulent, since turbulence, is both time-dependent and aperiodic. Turbulent solutions are obtained in which energy cascades from large to small-scale motions. In general, the spectral energy transfer takes place between wavenumber bands that are considerably separated. The special transfer can occur either as a result of nonlinear turbulence self-interaction or by interaction of turbulence with mean gradients. Turbulent systems are compared with those studied in kinetic theory. The two types of systems are fundamentally different (continuous and dissipative as opposed to discrete and conservative), but there are similarities. For instance, both are nonlinear and show sensitive dependence on initial conditions. Also, the turbulent and molecular stress tensors are identical if the macroscopic velocities for the turbulent stress are replaced by molecular velocities.
Contributions to the theory of the specific heat of crystals II—On the vibrational spectrum of cubical lattices and its application to the specific heat of crystals

1—An investigation of the features of the vibrational spectrum of a cubical crystal has been made by means of a geometrical method described below; the two-dimensional case has been treated in detail, the three-dimensional case in outline. The main result has been the discovery of a number of maxima of the density of the vibrations. The significance of the results is discussed especially in relation to the Debye Theory of specific heats. 2—One-Dimensional Theory The density of the vibrations for a linear lattice containing two types of particles has been worked out in Part I. The density curves are shown in fig. 1, the mass difference causing the appearance of two additional maxima; it is as well to emphasize here that it is really the number of vibrations in the immediate neighbourhood of the maximum—what one might term the "weight" of the maximum—which is important, rather than the fact that the density becomes infinite. For instance, one obtains the first two maxima for very small mass differences, where one can hardly expect a perceptible difference in any physical property as compared with the case of equal masses.
Nonseparable 2D orthogonal wavelets with vanishing moments

We investigate a general subset of 2D, orthogonal, compactly supported wavelets. This subset, which has a simple parameterization, includes all wavelets with a corresponding wavelet (polyphase) matrix, that can be factored as a product of factors of degree--1, in one variable. In this paper we consider a particular wavelets with vanishing moments. The number of vanishing moments that can be achieved increases with the increase of the McMillan degrees of the wavelet matrix. We design wavelets with the maximal number of vanishing moments for given McMillan degrees, by solving a set of nonlinear constraints, and discuss their relation to regular, smooth wavelets. Design examples are given for two fundamental sampling schemes, the quincunx and the four-band separable sampling.
Design, construction, and performance of a large-volume magnetic shield

A cubic magnetically shielded room has been constructed. The room consists of three concentric cubic shields, and the side length of the smallest shell is 2A5 m. It utilizes ferromagnetic and eddy current shielding, active noise compensation, and shaking to achieve a shielding factor of about 400 000 between 1 Hz and 100 Hz. At lower frequencies, the shielding drops gradually and is about 16 000 for a 0.1-Hz disturbance. The residual magnetic induction in the room is less than 5 nT, and the magnetic noise above 0.5 Hz is lower than that of the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer used in the measurements. When the room was completed, its performance in shielding was better than that of any other room made before.
Is this the end of dark energy

In this paper we investigate the limits imposed by thermodynamics to a dark energy fluid. We obtain the heat capacities and the compressibilities for a dark energy fluid. These thermodynamical variables are easily accessible experimentally for any terrestrial fluid. The thermal and mechanical stabilities require these quantities to be positive. We show that such requirements forbid the existence of a cosmic fluid with negative constant EoS parameter which excludes vacuum energy as a candidate to explain the cosmic acceleration. We also show that the current observational data from SN Ia, BAO and $H(z)$ are in conflict with the physical constraints that a general dark energy fluid with a time-dependent EoS parameter must obey which can be interpreted as an evidence against the dark energy hypothesis. Although our result excludes the vacuum energy, a geometrical cosmological term as originally introduced by Einstein in the field equations remains untouched.
A Strategic Vector In Digital Transformation Of Industry

The paper concerns issues in digital transformation of industry, which is a priority growth area of the Russian economy that provides high adaptability in formation of business models and operation of production processes by means of cross -cutting digital technologies. Implementation of digital technologies in industry is based upon a drive to complex increase in efficiency and creation of conditions for successful cooperation of various branches. The authors note that in order to provide efficiency of the digital transformation, it is necessary to continuously and consistently take measures at all the levels of authority, from federal to regional and municipal one, as well as at a level of separate branches of industry. Physical state of digital maturity in processing industry serves as a catalyst for development of this strategic planning-related document. Digital transformation of industry that assumes transition of production processes to a new technological paradigm will become a catalyst for socio -economic development of the Russian economy and will allow it to come into the global market with competitive products that meed all the modern process requirements, thus prospectively becoming a highly profitable economic sector in the Russian Federation, a sector that is capable of fast regrouping in order to provide the government with necessary products.
Logic and Probability

This paper argues that Ramsey's view of the calculus of subjective probabilities as, in effect, logical axioms is the correct view, with powerful heuristic value. This heuristic value is seen particularly in the analysis of the role of conditionalization in the Bayesian theory, where a semantic criterion of synchronic coherence is employed as the test of soundness, which the traditional formulation of conditionalization fails. On the other hand, there is a generally sound rule which supports conditionalization in appropriate contexts, though these contexts are not universal. This sound Bayesian rule is seen to be analogous in certain respects to the deductive rule of modus ponens.
Emotionsverben im Estnischen: Konstruktionsvarianz und Kausalstruktur

This paper deals with the constructional variation of emotion predicates in Estonian. It gives an overview on the constructional types, including information of their quantitative distribution. It is shown that one characteristic of Estonian is the formation of pairs of converses, i.e. pairs of emotion verbs, which have the same emotion semantics but different argument realisation patterns. These converses are based on derivational morphology such as the causative morphem –ta ‘CAUS’. Causative derivation has been adduced in the theoretical literature as support for the assumption that the cross-linguistically wide-spread constructional variation in emotion predicates has its origin in a difference of the causal structure in the verbal semantics. This paper shows that the data of Estonian contradicts this assumption.
An Examination of US COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York

COVID-19 quickly spread across the United States (US) while communications and policies at all government levels suffered from inconsistency, misinformation, and lack of coordination. In order to explain the discrepancy between availability and population uptake, a case study was conducted analyzing vaccine rollout plans, social media, and Health Officer/Other Key Informant interviews in New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. Key research questions included, “What were the barriers and facilitators of early COVID vaccine distribution? ” and “What mechanisms in the community emerged to alleviate strains in early vaccination? ” Findings from this study revealed that pre-existing emergency preparedness infrastructures and plans developed since the 9/11 tragedy were seemingly abandoned. This caused health departments at all levels of government to make impromptu, non-uniform decisions leading to confusion, vaccine hesitancy, and ultimately low uptake. The results indicate that future vaccine rollout best practices must include evidence-based decision-making, coordinated communications, and outreach to high-priority and vulnerable communities.
Multiple Imputation Using SAS Software

Multiple imputation provides a useful strategy for dealing with data sets that have missing values. Instead of filling in a single value for each missing value, a multiple imputation procedure replaces each missing value with a set of plausible values that represent the uncertainty about the right value to impute. These multiply imputed data sets are then analyzed by using standard procedures for complete data and combining the results from these analyses. No matter which complete-data analysis is used, the process of combining results of parameter estimates and their associated standard errors from different imputed data sets is essentially the same. This process results in valid statistical inferences that properly reflect the uncertainty due to missing values. This paper reviews methods for analyzing missing data and applications of multiple imputation techniques. This paper presents the SAS/STAT MI and MIANALYZE procedures, which perform inference by multiple imputation under numerous settings. PROC MI implements popular methods for creating imputations under monotone and nonmonotone (arbitrary) patterns of missing data, and PROC MIANALYZE analyzes results from multiply imputed data sets.
The Acoustic Strain Gauge

This paper describes the acoustic strain gauge and its application to the measurement of surface strains produced both by static and dynamic loading. The apparatus consists of a test gauge, a reference gauge and a control set. The note from a vibrating wire in the test gauge is matched against the note from a similar wire vibrating in the reference gauge. The method of measurement is very sensitive and under normal conditions strains of the order of 1 × 10-6 can be recorded. The test gauge may be used in remote positions and controlled from a distance.
Generation of generators of holomorphic semigroups

Abstract We construct a functional calculus, g → g(A), for functions, g, that are the sum of a Stieltjes function and a nonnegative operator monotone function, and unbounded linear operators, A, whose resolvent set contains (−∞, 0), with {‖r(r + A)−1‖ ¦ r > 0} bounded. For such functions g, we show that –g(A) generates a bounded holomorphic strongly continuous semigroup of angle θ, whenever –A does. We show that, for any Bernstein function f, − f(A) generates a bounded holomorphic strongly continuous semigroup of angle π/2, whenever − A does. We also prove some new results about the Bochner-Phillips functional calculus. We discuss the relationship between fractional powers and our construction.
The gas environment of the young stellar object GL 2591 studied by infrared spectroscopy

High-resolution M band (4.6 microns) spectroscopy of GL 2591 is presented. Physical structures noted include an absorption feature with an outflow velocity of about 17 km/s, cold gas (identified with the core of the molecular cloud within which the object is embedded), and very broad C-12O lines formed in a neutral wind. The detection of hot low-velocity gas together with warm high-velocity gas suggests the scenario of a warm neutral wind accelerating from an accretion disk. 32 refs.
THE ARIZONA RADIO OBSERVATORY CO MAPPING SURVEY OF GALACTIC MOLECULAR CLOUDS. I. THE W51 REGION IN CO AND 13CO J = 2–1 EMISSION

We present 38″ resolution maps of the CO and 13CO J = 2–1 lines in the molecular clouds toward the H ii region complex W51. The maps cover a 1. °25 × 1° section of the galactic plane and span +30 to +85 km s−1 (LSR) in velocity. The spectral resolution is ∼1.3 km s−1. The velocity range of the images includes all the gas in the Sagittarius spiral arm. Color figures display the peak line brightness temperature, the velocity-integrated intensity, and 2 km s−1 channel-averaged maps for both isotopologs, and also the CO/13CO J = 2–1 line intensity ratio as a function of velocity. The CO and 13CO line intensity image cubes are made available in standard FITS format as electronically readable tables. We compare our molecular line maps with the 1.1 mm continuum image from the BOLOCAM Galactic Plane Survey. From our 13CO image cube, we derive kinematic information for the 99 BGPS sources in the mapped field in the form of Gaussian component fits. The integrated 13CO line intensity and the 1.1 mm source flux density show only a modest degree of correlation for the 99 sources, likely due to a range of dust and gas physical conditions within the sources. However, the 1.1 mm continuum surface brightness and the integrated 13CO line intensity for small regions containing single BGPS sources and molecular clouds show very good correlations in many cases. Differences in the shapes of these correlations from one spatial region to another probably result from different physical conditions or structure in the clouds.
A Machine Learning Approach for Early Diagnosis of Cognitive Impairment Using Population-Based Data

Background: The major mechanisms of dementia and cognitive impairment are vascular and neurodegenerative processes. Early diagnosis of cognitive impairment can facilitate timely interventions to mitigate progression. Objective: This study aims to develop a reliable machine learning (ML) model using socio-demographics, vascular risk factors, and structural neuroimaging markers for early diagnosis of cognitive impairment in a multi-ethnic Asian population. Methods: The study consisted of 911 participants from the Epidemiology of Dementia in Singapore study (aged 60– 88 years, 49.6% male). Three ML classifiers, logistic regression, support vector machine, and gradient boosting machine, were developed. Prediction results of independent classifiers were combined in a final ensemble model. Model performances were evaluated on test data using F1 score and area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) methods. Post modelling, SHapely Additive exPlanation (SHAP) was applied on the prediction results to identify the predictors that contribute most to the cognitive impairment prediction. Findings: The final ensemble model achieved a F1 score and AUC of 0.87 and 0.80 respectively. Accuracy (0.83), sensitivity (0.86), specificity (0.74) and predictive values (positive 0.88 negative 0.72) of the ensemble model were higher compared to the independent classifiers. Age, ethnicity, highest education attainment and neuroimaging markers were identified as important predictors of cognitive impairment. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the feasibility of using ML tools to integrate multiple domains of data for reliable diagnosis of early cognitive impairment. The ML model uses easy-to-obtain variables and is scalable for screening individuals with a high risk of developing dementia in a population-based setting.
IUE observations of amorphous hot galaxies

Blue amorphous galaxies are star-forming, irregularlike systems which lack the spatially distinct OB stellar groups that are characteristic of most late-type galaxies. In order to better understand the nature of star-formation processes in these unusual galaxies, short-wavelength IUE spectra of the amorphous galaxies NGC 1705 and NGC 1800 have been obtained. It is found that NGC 1705 contains a normal mix of OB stars, which is consistent with the nearly constant recent star-formation rate inferred from new optical data. NGC 1800 is likely to have similar properties, and blue galaxies with amorphous structures thus do not show evidence for anomalies in stellar populations. The UV spectra of these galaxies and a variety of other hot extragalactic stellar systems in fact have similar characteristics, which suggests OB stellar populations are often homogeneous in their properties.