Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Universal time seasonal variations of auroral zone magnetic activity and VHF scintillations

The AL index, which is the negative component of the auroral electrojet index AE, is utilized to study the universal time seasonal variations of northern hemisphere auroral zone magnetic activity in the midnight sector on quiet days. The solstitial AL patterns are found to be consistent with the predictions of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability theory for geomagnetic activity which is based on the variation of dipole tilt angle Ψ with respect to the solar wind. Further, it is found that the best ordering of the seasonal variation is obtained by dividing the year into two broad seasons, one 6-month period centered around the June solstice, when the plane of symmetry of the plasma sheet in the magnetotail is above the solar magnetospheric equatorial plane, and the other 6-month period centered around the December solstice, when the plane of symmetry is below the solar magnetospheric equatorial plane. The observed AL patterns are thus interpreted as a seasonal modulation of low-energy particle precipitation caused by the asymmetric topology of the plasma sheet. The nature of this seasonal pattern is found to vary in different sectors of the auroral zone. Since auroral scintillations are associated with this particle precipitation, a comparative study between scintillations and AL index was undertaken. It is found that the long-term seasonal behavior of 137-MHz scintillation data from ATS 3 at an auroral station in the North Atlantic sector is consistent with the seasonal behavior of AL data in this sector.
Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice cover

Satellite data reveal unusually low Arctic sea ice coverage during the summer of 2007, caused in part by anomalously high temperatures and southerly winds. The extent and area of the ice cover reached minima on 14 September 2007 at 4.1 × 106 km2 and 3.6 × 106 km2, respectively. These are 24% and 27% lower than the previous record lows, both reached on 21 September 2005, and 37% and 38% less than the climatological averages. Acceleration in the decline is evident as the extent and area trends of the entire ice cover (seasonal and perennial ice) have shifted from about −2.2 and −3.0% per decade in 1979–1996 to about −10.1 and −10.7% per decade in the last 10 years. The latter trends are now comparable to the high negative trends of −10.2 and −11.4% per decade for the perennial ice extent and area, 1979–2007.
Pengukuran Keserupaan pada Communication Diagram menggunakan Metode Graph Edit Distance

E-learning merupakan sistem pembelajaran elektronik yang dibuat sebagai media belajar sehingga penyampaian materi pembelajaran dan penilaian jawaban soal latihan maupun ujian secara online. Pembelajaran dengan metode e-learning memberikan kesempatan bagi peserta didik untuk mengikuti pembelajaran di lokasi dan waktu yang fleksibel. Model e-learning banyak digunakan pada pembelajaran, sehingga diperlukan peningkatan kebutuhan untuk mengotomatisasi proses evaluasi pada e-learning. Dalam penerapannya, beberapa topik pembelajaran menyertakan jawaban deskriptif atau gambar dalam bentuk diagram Unified Modeling Language (UML) seperti soal ujian pada Rekayasa Kebutuhan Perangkat Lunak (RKPL). Sehingga diperlukan pengembangan metode evaluasi jawaban dalam bentuk diagram UML. Penelitian ini menggunakan pemodelan graf pada communication diagram untuk melakukan pengukuran keserupaan antara dua buah diagram dan pengukuran keserupaan antara dua communication diagram. Setelah dilakukan pemodelan graf, kemudian diukur keserupaannya dengan metode Graph Edit Distance. Dari hasil penelitian ini terbukti bahwa keserupaan communication diagram dapat diukur dengan metode Graph Edit Distance dengan memodelkan diagram kedalam bentuk graf sebelumnya.
Forms of National and European Identity: A Research Note Reviewing Literature of Cross-National Studies

In the past decades, numerous publications have been addressing questions of national and European Identity on the micro level. Only few shed light on the contents that constitute these identities in the minds of Europeans. As different meanings of national and European identity are connected to different consequences such as hostile attitudes toward immigrants or Euroskepticism, reviewing attempts to measure these contents in existing cross-national surveys seems to be promising. This research note summarizes relevant literature on whether and which different forms of national and European identity have been found empirically, which specific contents constitute them, and which determinants and consequences of them are relevant. By comparing articles relying on cross-national survey data since 1995, it will be shown that the field of forms of national and European identity involves different operationalizations and numerous methodological concerns. This leads to considerations for further research in the field.
IRplus: An Augmented Tool to Detect Inverted Repeats in Plastid Genomes

Abstract High-throughput sequencing methods have increased the accessibility of plastid genomes, which are crucial for clarifying phylogenetic relationships. Current large sequencing efforts require software tools for routine display of their distinctive quadripartite structure, which is denoted by four junction sites. By concentrating on these junctions and their close vicinity, IRscope has emerged as the standard tool for detection of this structure and creating simplified comparative graphical maps of plastid genomes. Here, we provide an augmented version (IRplus) that encompasses a novel set of functions such as integrated error detection, flexible color schemes, and an upgraded method to detect inverted repeats in genomic sequences. Spanning across the plant tree of life, IRplus allows the quick visualization of various sets of plastid genomes and features, next to smooth interoperability with other widely used annotation file formats and platforms. The IRplus can be accessed at https://irscope.shinyapps. io/IRplus/, and source codes are freely available at https://github.com/AmiryousefiLab/IRplus.
An Agent-Based Simulation Approach for Urban Road Pricing Considering the Integration of Autonomous Vehicles With Public Transport

The way in which autonomous transport will be adopted is likely to determine the net social benefits delivered by the technology and the sustainability of the transport system. Autonomous vehicles (AVs) will change travel behavior due to reduction in the effort needed for humans to drive a vehicle, the need for them to find a parking space, and the costs related to vehicle operation. The AVs’ benefits are likely to increase their adoption compared to conventional human-driven vehicles, possibly leading to more vehicle kilometers travelled (VKT) and consequently weakening their benefits in large cities particularly if they are used in competition with public transport (PT). This paper evaluates the interplay between AVs and PT, and how road network pricing can be used to influence behavioral changes when personal autonomous vehicles (PAVs) are highly available. An agent-based demand model framework is proposed to estimate the mode share of PAVs and PT based on their perceived travelling costs on a real transport network in Melbourne, Australia. The modelling results suggest that convenient and affordable PAVs could compete with traditional PT and reduce overall PT patronage by up to 10%. However, through considering road network pricing schemes, the role of PAVs could be shifted from competing with PT to a complementary first-and-last-mile service that increases PT share by almost 17%. The results also show that road pricing policies can be used as effective interventions to manage PAV operations by reducing empty vehicle trips by 20%.
Novel Anthropometric Indices as Screening Tools for Obesity: A Study on Healthy Iranians

Background and Aims Upper body fat distribution is more related to cardiometabolic diseases than central obesity. Neck circumference (NC) and neck-to-height ratio (NHtR) are two indicators of upper body obesity that are affordable, easy to obtain, highly reproducible, and more practical in the crowded health centers than the classic anthropometric indices. Methods 18–65-year-old individuals with no past medical history were included. After obtaining written informed consent, they were screened for hypertension, high blood glucose, and other abnormal laboratory results. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Mann–Whitney U test, Chi square test, Spearman's correlation coefficient, and ROC curve. Results In our 2,812 participants, NC had the lowest area under the curve (AUC) in both male and female obese and overweight subjects. NHtR and hip circumference (HC) had the highest AUC in men and women with obesity, respectively. The highest sensitivity for overweight men and women belonged to waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), respectively, and for both males and females with obesity, NHtR had the highest sensitivity. The cutoff point of NHtR had the same value for males and females. HC and NHtR had the highest positive likelihood ratio (PLR) for obesity in men. In addition, HC and WC had the highest PLR for obesity in women. Conclusion In this study, we revealed that NC had the lowest and NHtR and HC had the highest predictive value for obesity. Furthermore, for both males and females with obesity, NHtR had the highest sensitivity. HC had the highest PLR for obesity in both genders. Our results warrant prospective studies to evaluate the role of NHtR and other novel anthropometric indices in the risk of cardiometabolic diseases.
Unsupervised Domain Adaptation Method Based on Domain-Invariant Features Evaluation and Knowledge Distillation for Bearing Fault Diagnosis

Numerous unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) methods for bearing fault diagnosis rely on extracting domain-invariant features to mitigate the impact of domain shift interference. However, the lack of evaluation criteria results in limited interpretability of domain-invariant features. Additionally, current pseudo-label prediction methods heavily rely on label information or computational resources, and the traditional Softmax function fails to capture valuable information. To address these problems, this article proposes a UDA method based on domain-invariant features evaluation and knowledge distillation (KD) for bearing fault diagnosis. First, mutual information and soft attention mechanism are integrated into the extraction of multivariate features to access the quality of domain-invariant features and enhance interpretability. Then, the concept of KD is introduced to predict pseudo-labels in the target domain without relying on label information or computational resources. Furthermore, an asynchronous feature metric adaptive strategy is developed to adjust the feature alignment metric, considering the maturity and precision of pseudo-labels. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method are demonstrated through comparative experiments and ablation studies on two bearing datasets.
Evolution of the caldera‐forming eruption at Crater Lake, Oregon, indicated by component analysis of lithic fragments

Crater Lake caldera (8 × 10 km), formed 6845 years B. P. (14C age) during the climactic eruption of the volcanic edifice known as Mount Mazama, is intermediate in size between small calderas associated with central vent eruptions and large calderas that have ring fracture vent systems. Our quantitative study of lithic fragments in the ejecta confirms the existing model of changes in vent configuration during the climactic eruption of Mount Mazama. Initial activity was from a single vent that produced a rhyodacite pumice fall from a Plinian column. Altered preexisting volcanic rocks are the predominant lithic type in the Plinian deposit, and their extensive hydrothermal alteration is considered as evidence of their relatively deep origin. The Wineglass Welded Tuff lies atop the Plinian deposit and contains a higher proportion of fresh volcanic rocks, suggesting enlargement of the single vent by slumping of its walls. This same vent enlargement caused the Plinian eruption column to collapse and feed valley-hugging pyroclastic flows that deposited the Wineglass Welded Tuff. When enough material was erupted from the shallow magma chamber that its roof was no longer adequately supported, Mount Mazama collapsed to form the caldera, while highly energetic pyroclastic flows produced the climactic ignimbrite. A lag breccia that represents the proximal facies of the compositionally zoned climactic ignimbrite lies atop the Wineglass Welded Tuff and contains predominantly altered volcanic rocks of deeper origin, accompanied by minor granitoids from the magma chamber walls. Azimuthal differences in lithic component proportions in the lag breccia correlate well with the geology of the caldera walls, indicating that the climactic ignimbrite was ejected by multiple vents along a ring fracture system. Systematic lithic component changes within the lag breccia suggest different quarrying levels that reflect waxing and waning of the discharge rate during the caldera collapse phase of the climactic eruption. Our lithic component analysis demonstrates that calderas that may be too small to experience structural resurgence, such as Crater Lake, nevertheless may form by syneruptive subsidence along ring fractures.
A Multi-Context Aware Human Mobility Prediction Model Based on Motif-Preserving Travel Preference Learning

Accurately predicting human mobility is crucial for various applications, e.g., transportation services, epidemic control, and advertisement recommendation. Although numerous sequential modeling based methods (e.g., recurrent neural networks) have been proposed for human mobility prediction, accurately modeling individuals’ high-order travel preferences and the influence of social neighbors on their travel decisions remains challenging. In this paper, we construct a novel multi-context aware model for next location prediction, which aggregates multi-dimensional contextual features, including individual preferences, social relations, and activity-location associations. First, we define activity prediction as an auxiliary task and propose an activity-location association pruning method to mitigate the impact of data sparsity on model prediction. Second, we present a novel motif-preserving individual travel preference learning method that leverages a motif-induced hypergraph convolutional network to capture high-order travel preference features explicitly. Third, we identify virtual social neighbors with similar preferences based on individual travel preference learning results, and design a new social gated fusion structure to model the influence of social neighbors on individual travel choices. Finally, experimental results on two real-world travel datasets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed model over baseline models. Our proposed universal method can be seamlessly integrated with other sequential prediction models to improve the accuracy and stability of human mobility prediction.
Comparison of intense nightside shock‐induced precipitation and substorm activity

[1] Sudden variations of the solar wind dynamic pressure frequently induce dayside enhancements of auroral activity with features such as high-latitude arcs, low-latitude proton flashes, and enhancement of auroral precipitation propagating dawnward and duskward from noon to the night sector. In some cases, these shocks also induce enhanced activity during which the power precipitated into the night sector may reach values as high as observed during substorms. Several studies have shown that the triggering of nightside-enhanced precipitation is more likely during periods of southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) components. Early works showed that substorm-like activity is not frequent after a shock and suggested that shocks may not be considered as substorm triggers. We examine up to what point substorm-like nightside activity triggered by a shock is comparable to an isolated substorm. For this purpose, we analyze three events morphologically similar to substorms and occurring within less than 20 min after the arrival of a pressure pulse on the front of the magnetosphere. Different features of these events such as the mean energy of precipitated electrons, the latitudinal motion of boundaries before and after onset, and the power precipitated into the nightside sector are compared with isolated substorms. We conclude that the characteristics of shock-induced substorms appear very similar to those of isolated substorms. Shocks are able to trigger substorms when they hit an unstable magnetosphere. The interpretation is that the perturbation due to the shock induces a substorm by closure of the plasma sheet magnetic field. For the events presented in this study, the instability result from a period of southward IMF or stretching of the magnetic tail induced by a previous shock.
A STABLE AND FLEXIBLE PROCEDURE FOR THE INVERSE MODELLING OF SEISMIC FIRST ARRIVALS1

Multiple coverage reflection seismic data provide an important source of information concerning the subsurface. However, due to the stacking and migration techniques used in the processing, the first arrivals are muted and details about the upper part of the sections are generally lost. This paper describes a computerized method for the inverse modelling of laterally varying velocities and shallow depths which are not sufficiently resolved in the reflection seismic processing. The method minimizes, in a least-squares manner, the difference between the observed first arrivals, picked from the reflection traces, and a set of synthetic traveltimes, calculated by ray tracing in a cell model. An initial model, e.g. from a priori knowledge or the application of a conventional interpretation method, is refined iteratively until no further essential improvement can be achieved. Traditional first-arrival inversion methods cannot, in general, provide such flexible modelling. The technique is successfully tested on synthetic data as well as on first arrivals picked automatically from the records of a reflection seismic survey in North Jutland, Denmark.
Advances in Diagnostics and Drug Discovery against Resistant and Latent Tuberculosis Infection

Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) represents a subclinical, asymptomatic mycobacterial state affecting approximately 25% of the global population. The substantial prevalence of LTBI, combined with the risk of progressing to active tuberculosis, underscores its central role in the increasing incidence of tuberculosis (TB). Accurate identification and timely treatment are vital to contain and reduce the spread of the disease, forming a critical component of the global strategy known as “End TB. ” This review aims to examine and highlight the most recent scientific evidence related to new diagnostic approaches and emerging therapeutic treatments for LTBI. While prevalent diagnostic methods include the tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon gamma release assay (IGRA), WHO’s approval of two specific IGRAs for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) marked a significant advancement. However, the need for a specific test with global application viability has propelled research into diagnostic tests based on molecular diagnostics, pulmonary immunity, epigenetics, metabolomics, and a current focus on next-generation MTB antigen-based skin test (TBST). It is within these emerging methods that the potential for accurate distinction between LTBI and active TB has been demonstrated. Therapeutically, in addition to traditional first-line therapies, anti-LTBI drugs, anti-resistant TB drugs, and innovative candidates in preclinical and clinical stages are being explored. Although the advancements are promising, it is crucial to recognize that further research and clinical evidence are needed to solidify the effectiveness and safety of these new approaches, in addition to ensuring access to new drugs and diagnostic methods across all health centers. The fight against TB is evolving with the development of more precise diagnostic tools that differentiate the various stages of the infection and with more effective and targeted treatments. Once consolidated, current advancements have the potential to transform the prevention and treatment landscape of TB, reinforcing the global mission to eradicate this disease.
The outer islands of Vanuatu: is there a synergy between tourists and locals?

The complex nature of destination development, particularly in remote regions have a number of associated issues that include cultural differences, infrastructure and an apparent confusion on the part of government on the implementation of proactive tourism development policies, has generated an anormous literature base and has identified many areas of study. This paper explores the residents of Espiritu Santo and Tangoa Island ideas on tourism and examines the type of tourist visiting these remote Vanuatu islands.
SUSTAINABLE LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT: PERSPECTIVE ON COSMO CITY, JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA

The rapid growth in housing demand since 1994 represents a mammoth task for both the present and future housing policy in South Africa. The new Developmental Local Government in an effort to address this challenge has placed high premium to informal settlement formalization and mixed income housing development. The rationale behind these two approaches is to address urban poverty, segregation and redevelopment. The goal of this paper is to appraise mixed income housing development as it relates to sustainable land use with the objective towards integration along racial and social grounds. The problem associated with South African housing policy in creating separate residential development based on income group has reached a crisis point in addressing housing challenge facing the country. The poor remain located on the peripheries of the cities where the land is cheap and far from their places of work and have to travel long hours to and from work. The City of Johannesburg is characterized by fragmented housing development that lack harmonious integration and this impact on infrastructural provision and access to job opportunities. Hence, this investigation tends to appraise the development of mixed income housing development in addressing these challenges. This investigation will be based on an exploratory research and will reviewing the success and challenges of mixed income housing development. Both published and unpublished literatures were equally use in this study as well as focus group discussion and interview with the beneficiaries as well as the principal developers and City of Johannesburg representatives. Integration of the poor into the urban system is achievable with effective and efficient Public