Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Open Knee: Open Source Modeling and Simulation in Knee Biomechanics

Abstract Virtual representations of the knee joint can provide clinicians, scientists, and engineers the tools to explore mechanical functions of the knee and its tissue structures in health and disease. Modeling and simulation approaches such as finite element analysis also provide the possibility to understand the influence of surgical procedures and implants on joint stresses and tissue deformations. A large number of knee joint models are described in the biomechanics literature. However, freely accessible, customizable, and easy-to-use models are scarce. Availability of such models can accelerate clinical translation of simulations, where labor-intensive reproduction of model development steps can be avoided. Interested parties can immediately utilize readily available models for scientific discovery and clinical care. Motivated by this gap, this study aims to describe an open source and freely available finite element representation of the tibiofemoral joint, namely Open Knee, which includes the detailed anatomical representation of the joint's major tissue structures and their nonlinear mechanical properties and interactions. Three use cases illustrate customization potential of the model, its predictive capacity, and its scientific and clinical utility: prediction of joint movements during passive flexion, examining the role of meniscectomy on contact mechanics and joint movements, and understanding anterior cruciate ligament mechanics. A summary of scientific and clinically directed studies conducted by other investigators are also provided. The utilization of this open source model by groups other than its developers emphasizes the premise of model sharing as an accelerator of simulation-based medicine. Finally, the imminent need to develop next-generation knee models is noted. These are anticipated to incorporate individualized anatomy and tissue properties supported by specimen-specific joint mechanics data for evaluation, all acquired in vitro from varying age groups and pathological states.
Hybrid Features for Neural Network-Based Bangla ASR Incorporrating Velocity Coefficients (?)

This paper presents a Neural Network-based Bangla phoneme recognition method for Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR). The method consists of three stages: at first stage, a multilayer neural network (MLN) converts acoustic features, mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs), into phoneme probabilities, where the second stage computes velocity (? ) coefficients from the phoneme probabilities by using three point linear regression (LR). Finally, the phoneme probabilities, velocity (? ) coefficients and the input MFCCs, combined as hybrid features, are fed into a hidden Markov model (HMM) based classifier to obtain more accurate phoneme strings. From the experiments on Bangla speech corpus prepared by us, it is observed that the proposed method provides higher phoneme recognition performance than the existing method. Moreover, it requires a fewer mixture components in the HMMs.
The Great Tradition in Education: Transmitting Moral Values.

America's public schools should restore proper emphasis on what has been the dominant concern of education throughout the ages. W ithin the recent past, Ameri can education substantially disassociated itself from what may be called the great tradition in education: the deliberate transmission of moral values to students. Despite this separation, many education re forms are being considered or are under way to increase the academic demands made on students These re forms can be generally helpful; how ever, unless they are sensitive to the implications of our break with the great tradition, their effect on student conduct and morality may be transi tory or even harmful To understand the significance of the great tradition, we must engage in a form of con sciousness-raising by enriching our understanding of the past and by un derstanding the misperceptions that pervade contemporary education. The transmission of moral values has been the dominant educational concern of most cultures throughout history Most educational systems have been simultaneously concerned with the transmission of cognitive knowl edge skills, information, and tech niques of intellectual analysis but these admittedly important education al aims, have rarely been given priority over moral education. The current policies in American education that give secondary priority to transmitting morality represent a sharp fracture with the great tradition Our break with the past is especially significant in view of the increase since the early 1950s of youth disor der: suicide, homicide, and out-ofwedlock births Patterns revealed by statistics coincide with popular con ceptions about these behaviors For instance, in 16 of the past 17 Gallup Polls on education, pupil discipline has been the most frequent criticism leveled against public schcxjls. One may wonder if better discipline codes and more homework are adequate remedies for our current school prob lems, or whether these dysfunctions are more profound and should be treated with more sensitive and com plex remedies Although literacy and student diligence are unquestionably worthy of pursuit, they are only a part of the process of communicating seri ous morality If we want to improve the ways we are now transmitting mo rality, it makes sense to recall the way morality was transmitted before youth disorder became such a distressing
Herpes Esophagitis in Healthy Adults and Adolescents: Report of 3 Cases and Review of the Literature

Herpes esophagitis (HE) is common in immunosuppressed patients, but has rarely been reported in immunocompetent individuals, in whom it appears to be a self-limited illness. We describe 3 new cases of HE in otherwise healthy patients seen in our hospital within the last 5 years. We performed a comprehensive review of the previously reported cases of HE in immunocompetent adults and adolescents in the English and Spanish literature. We analyzed the clinical features, treatment, and outcome of this entity. A total of 56 patients were included (39 men and 17 women), with a mean age of 35 years. The most common clinical manifestations were odynophagia (60.7%), fever (51.8%), and retrosternal chest pain (46.4%). A prodrome of upper respiratory symptoms and concurrent orolabial herpetic lesions were present in 26.8% and 25% of cases, respectively. Gastrointestinal bleeding was a rare complication (5.3%). Endoscopy revealed multiple ulcers in most cases (58.9%), typically involving the distal or mid-esophagus (83%). The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathologic examination in 40 cases (71.4%), by tissue viral culture in 21 (37.5%), and by detection of viral genome in esophageal samples in 4 cases (7.1%). Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) was identified in 27 cases and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) only in 1 case. Serology was consistent with a primary infection in 11 of the 25 evaluable cases (44%). Acyclovir therapy was used in 45.4% of patients. The outcome was favorable in all cases, although an esophageal perforation occurred in 1 patient. HE is a rare but well-defined entity in healthy adults and adolescents, and is probably underdiagnosed. A high degree of suspicion and a prompt endoscopic examination are required for the diagnosis. It is usually a self-limited infection, but early treatment with acyclovir may hasten the resolution of symptoms. Nevertheless, the benefit of antiviral therapy remains unknown. Abbreviations: HE = herpes esophagitis, HSV = herpes simplex virus, HSV-1 = herpes simplex virus type 1, HSV-2 = herpes simplex virus type 2, HIV = human immunodeficiency virus, PCR = polymerase chain reaction.
The status of polycyclic group-based cryptography: A survey and open problems

Abstract Polycyclic groups are natural generalizations of cyclic groups but with more complicated algorithmic properties. They are finitely presented and the word, conjugacy, and isomorphism decision problems are all solvable in these groups. Moreover, the non-virtually nilpotent ones exhibit an exponential growth rate. These properties make them suitable for use in group-based cryptography, which was proposed in 2004 by Eick and Kahrobaei [10]. Since then, many cryptosystems have been created that employ polycyclic groups. These include key exchanges such as non-commutative ElGamal, authentication schemes based on the twisted conjugacy problem, and secret sharing via the word problem. In response, heuristic and deterministic methods of cryptanalysis have been developed, including the length-based and linear decomposition attacks. Despite these efforts, there are classes of infinite polycyclic groups that remain suitable for cryptography. The analysis of algorithms for search and decision problems in polycyclic groups has also been developed. In addition to results for the aforementioned problems we present those concerning polycyclic representations, group morphisms, and orbit decidability. Though much progress has been made, many algorithmic and complexity problems remain unsolved; we conclude with a number of them. Of particular interest is to show that cryptosystems using infinite polycyclic groups are resistant to cryptanalysis on a quantum computer.
Evaluative Conditioning 2.0: Direct and Indirect Attachment of Affect to Brands

EXTENDED ABSTRACT When initially neutral stimuli such as new brands co-occur repeatedly with positively valenced stimuli (such as beautiful pictures, nice music, celebrity-endorsers etc.), we observe that as a result the brand becomes more positively evaluated itself. This repeated-pairings procedure is referred to as “evaluative condition-ing” in the literature (for a review, see De Houwer et al. 2001). According to the established theory by De Houwer et al., positive affect only becomes indirectly attached to the brand. The brand becomes more positively evaluated through mediating memory links to the affective stimuli it co-occurred with in the past. Thus, after a sufficient number of co-occurences, the brand starts to evoke (un)conscious memories to the affective stimulus it co-occurred with in the past. Positive affect experienced towards the brand is caused by the triggering of such memories. In this article, we introduce a new theory, in which we show that–only in specific circumstances–affect can also become directly attached to the brand. In this case, it is the brand itself that acquires the positive affect, without the necessity for further intermediating memories to the affective stimuli. We show when direct versus indirect affect transfer occurs, which is critically dependent on the way the brands and affective stimuli are presented together. We also show that direct transfer of affect (compared to indirect affect transfer) results in much more stable brand attitudes which are uniquely resistant to retroactive interference from new learning (e.g., advertising clutter) and uniquely resistant to post-conditioning devaluations of the affective stimuli (e.g., celebrity endorsers
Monism and Pluralism about Value

At the start of Plato’s Philebus, Socrates sums up the two views that he and Protarchus will be discussing: Philebus says that the good for all animate beings consists in enjoyment, pleasure, delight, and whatever can be classed as consonant therewith, whereas our contention is that the good is not that, but . thought, intelligence, memory, and things akin to these, right opinion and true reasoning . (Plato, Philebus, 11b) Philebus holds, in a word, that “pleasure is the good,” Socrates that “knowledge is the good. ”1 On each of these views, there is just one kind of good. Each is thus a form of monism about the good. A more ecumenical approach would allow
DEM GENERATION FROM HIGH RESOLUTION MULTIVIEW DATA PRODUCT

High resolution space-borne remote sensing image data show a high level of detail and provide many opportunities to be integrated into remote sensing applications. In particular, surface mapping from multi-view and stereo data sets becomes feasible with height accuracy in the meter range. Cartosat-1 and Cartosat-2 are the two Indian satellites which provide the high resolution images. Cartosat-1 is a unique satellite having along track stereo imaging capability with 2.5 m resolution. Cartosat-2 is the second satellite in the Cartosat series which was launched during January 2007 by PSLV. Cartosat-2 is a high agility advanced satellite with a high spatial resolution of better than 1m in panchromatic band with an operational life of 5 years. Cartosat-2 provides standard multiple scene product called as Multi-view with an overlap of more than 80 percent. Stereo image viewing has been the most common method of elevation modelling used by the mapping, photogrammetry, and remote sensing communities. Multi-view Image contains radiometrically corrected images with rational polynomial coefficients. Maximum three multi-view images are possible in a single pass of the satellite. In this study Multi-view Images have been treated as stereo image pairs to obtain stereoscopy. Generating DEMs from stereo data normally requires the use of a geometric model and ground control points (GCPs). The collection of GCPs presents a significant problem in many practical applications due to non availability of GCPs. A DEM generation method which requires no GCPs would therefore be of significant interest to users of stereo data. The RPC model was computed for each image. A pair of quasi-epipolar image is generated from the stereo images to retain elevation parallax in the X-direction. An automated image matching procedure is then used to produce the DEM. In this study, automatic DEM extraction of Cartosat-2 multi-View data without the use of GCPs has been evaluated, as well as the improvement of extracted DEM quality by applying horizontal shift on reference DEMs from the available Global DEMs or other source DEMs. High quality DEM has been generated at 2 m grid spacing which will be of immense use for producing digital city model (DCMs).
Probing High-Redshift Radiation Fields with Gamma-Ray Absorption

The next generation of gamma-ray telescopes may be able to observe gamma-ray blazars at high redshift, possibly out to the epoch of reionization. The spectrum of such sources should exhibit an absorption edge due to pair production against UV photons along the line of sight. One expects a sharp drop in the number density of UV photons at the Lyman edge ϵL. This implies that the universe becomes transparent after gamma-ray photons redshift below E ~ (mec2)2/ϵL ~ 18 GeV. Thus, there is only a limited redshift interval over which GeV photons can pair produce. This implies that any observed absorption will probe radiation fields in the very early universe, regardless of the subsequent star formation history of the universe. Furthermore, measurements of differential absorption between blazars at different redshifts can cleanly isolate the opacity due to UV emissivity at high redshift. An observable absorption edge should be present for most reasonable radiation fields with sufficient energy to reionize the universe. Lyα photons may provide an important component of the pair production opacity. Observations of a number of blazars at different redshifts will thus allow us to probe the rise in comoving UV emissivity with time.
Health risk perception and shale development in the UK and US

In this paper, we examine discourse in public deliberations in pre-development locales in the UK and US about advantages and disadvantages of future shale development (‘fracking’). We aimed to understand how people anticipate potential health effects, broadly construed, of environmental toxicity and disturbance in the context of planned, but not yet implemented, energy development. In day-long deliberations with small, diverse groups in two cities in each country (London, Cardiff in the UK; Los Angeles, Santa Barbara in the US), participants discussed impacts on health and well-being using three main rubrics: ‘It’s money or health’, ‘Why take chances? ’ and ‘Beyond the tipping point’. Throughout, participants framed health as an intrinsically moral issue, with collective responsibility as a dominant normative frame. We identify the concept of compound risk to underscore effects of multiple risks and hazards on people’s sensibilities about anticipated future health and environmental harm. The findings demonstrate how and why diverse publics in pre-impact sites in both countries saw shale extraction as high stakes development that poses significant, often unacceptable, risks to human and environmental health and well-being. Risks extended beyond toxicity to broad threats to health, including, for some, the end of life as we know it on the planet. Overall, participants’ discussions of health were more connected to social categories and their underlying moral principles than to technological details. This work contributes evidence of blurred boundaries between environment and health as well as the importance people place on social risks in the context of proposed energy system change.
Active hot hands investors , support quality and allocation of control rights in entrepreneurial nance ∗

We focus on trading o the bene ts and disadvantages of active hot hands and passive investors. We set up a two staged model where an innovative entrepreneurial venture requires external equity for start-up and expansion nancing. The entrepreneur can select among two types of nancial ressources: from passive long term or active hot hands investors. The active hot hands investor provides a higher quality of support but has a shorter investment horizon than the long term investor. He does not want to or cannot provide the expansion capital and rather exits at the interim state. We search the NPV maximizing contract for the entrepreneur taking into account that the active hot hands investor might have a moral hazard. He would try selling his claim after the seed phase to an uninformed outside investor as a claim in a successful venture even if it is a failure and rather should be abandoned. The likelihood for being successful depends on the entrepreneur's e ort which is boosted by the support quality of the investor while the decision to abandon can be taken either by the nancier or the entrepreneur, contingent on who holds the controlling majority. There exist several equilibria in this game and we show that entrepreneurs can trade-o several parameters when seeking external nancing. Contingent on the allocation of the control rights, on the investor's support quality and investment horizon, on the success by chance, and on the venture's expected liquidation value either investor is the more appropriate. JEL classi cation: D81; G21; G24; G32
Detection and Avoidance of Pedestrians : Review of Existing Literature

In the United States in 2006 a total of 4,784 pedestrians were killed in traffic accidents. Because a larger percentage of Americans use private vehicles than walk, or use public transportation, compared to people in many countries in the European Union and around the world, less attention is given in the U.S. to pedestrian safety than in these more pedestrian-friendly countries. In addition, though numerous efforts have been made to improve vehicle passenger safety (air bags, crumple zones, etc.), little has been done to protect pedestrians. A few luxury vehicles boast infrared cameras to help the driver detect deer and pedestrians on dark roads, but these cameras do nothing to actively avoid a collision. Sensors such as rear view cameras and ultrasound devices may alert a driver to a pedestrian behind the vehicle, but the vast majority of pedestrian collisions occur when the vehicle is moving forward, so such improvements do little to improve pedestrian safety. While pedestrians were involved in just over 1% of all traffic accidents in 2006, these vulnerable road users accounted for over 12% of all traffic fatalities. Most of the accidents in which pedestrians were involved took place at night in urban areas under normal weather conditions. In almost half of all fatal pedestrian crashes alcohol was involved, usually on the part of the pedestrian. [1] Motor vehicle collisions are the leading cause of fatal accidents and one of the leading causes of non-fatal (but still damage or injury causing) accidents in the Army. Although the Army is making a decided effort to decrease the number of fatalities from traffic mishaps, 65% of accident-related Army fatalities were still from driving accidents in 2006. Under the assumption that the same percentage of these accidents involves pedestrians as in civilian statistics, increased pedestrian safety would greatly benefit the Army and save the lives of many soldiers. [2] A much larger percentage of traffic accidents in Europe and other nations involve pedestrians than in the United States. This is unsurprising given the greater percentage of pedestrians in many other countries, especially low income countries, compared to most of the US. The World Bank reports that globally, more than 0.76 million pedestrians are killed in traffic accidents each year, 35% of which are children. [3]-5-These statistics show the dire need to increase pedestrian safety, but also point to the specific scenarios (e.g. at night in urban areas) where targeted …
Identifying Key Factors and Developing a New Method for Classifying Imbalanced Sentiment Data

—Bloggers’ opinions related to commercial products/services might have a significant influence on consumers’ purchasing decisions. Some negative comments could reduce consumers’ purchase intentions and bring a great damage to enterprises. But, the comments in blogs are often unstructured, subjective, and hard to comprehend in short time. In some cases, the negative comments are usually fewer than the positive opinions. These fewer negative comments spread very fast and are much harmful. According to a consumer reviews and research online report, 62% of online customers will change their mind about buying a product or service after reading 1~3 negative reviews. But, when dealing with such imbalanced sentiment data, researchers didn’t consider the class imbalance problem. A classifier induced from an imbalanced data set has high classification accuracy for the majority class, but an unacceptable error rate for the minority class. Therefore, to identify consumers’ negative sentiments effectively from a large number of online comments had become one of serious issues. So, this study aims to identify the key factors of imbalanced sentiment classification by using Taguchi method. Then, according to the discovered key factors, we’ll propose a new feature selection method to improve the performance of imbalanced sentiment classification . Moreover, support vector machines (SVM) have been employed to construct classifiers for identifying bloggers’ negative sentiments. Finally, one case study from real world blogs will be provided to illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach.