Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Coexposure to Solvents and Noise as a Risk Factor for Hearing Loss in Agricultural Workers

Noise and solvent exposures are common in agriculture work. In 7,495 operators, noise and solvent exposure jointly increased the risk of hearing loss. Rural healthcare providers and agricultural safety and health experts should consider discussing the risks of co-exposure to noise and solvents in those at risk of hearing loss. Objective This study addressed the relationship of hearing loss and coexposure to solvents and noise among farmers and ranchers in central United States. Methods The surveillance study included surveys to stratified random samples of operations in 2018 and 2020 (n = 34,146), requesting information on injuries, illnesses, exposures, and preventive measures. Responses (n = 7495) were analyzed using hierarchical multinomial logistic regression, adjusting for personal and work characteristics. Results Nearly 60% of respondents exposed to both solvents and noise reported hearing loss. The exposures increased the adjusted odds of moderate/severe hearing loss as follows: solvents alone, (odds ratio [OR], 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.93–2.38), noise alone (OR, 4.42; 95% CI, 3.39–5.76), and coexposure to both noise and solvents (OR, 6.03; 95% CI, 4.67–7.78). Conclusions Solvent exposure, along with noise, should be considered in hearing conservation programs among farmers and ranchers.
Outcomes of Free Flap Reconstruction for Chronic Venous Ulceration in the Lower Limb

Background The mainstay of treatment for venous ulceration is conservative wound management and lifelong compression therapy. For patients with recalcitrant ulcers, free flap reconstruction has been proposed as a treatment option to reconstruct the diseased soft tissues as well as the underlying insufficient venous system. This review systematically evaluates the outcomes of free flap reconstruction for chronic venous ulcers in the lower limb. Method A protocol was developed a priori and registered on the PROSPERO database. A systematic search of literature was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), clinical trials registries, and OpenGrey from inception to April 2020 according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Studies of patients undergoing free tissue transfer reconstruction for chronic venous ulcers in the lower limb were included. Results A total of 5 noncomparative cohort studies featuring 56 patients with 62 recalcitrant venous ulcers treated with 64 free flaps who had a mean age of 50 years (range, 17–76 years) were included, and a narrative analysis undertaken. Mean defect size following ulcer debridement was 153.3 cm2 (range, 24–600 cm2). Defects were reconstructed with muscle (n = 39 [60.9%]), fasciocutaneous (n = 23 [35.9%]), and visceral (n = 2 [3.1%]) free flaps, with latissimus dorsi (n = 16, 25%) and rectus abdominis flaps (n = 16, 25%) being the most frequently used. Mean follow-up ranged from 24 to 125 months. Pooled flap survival rate was 95%. No recurrence within the territory of the flap was reported, but there were 20 instances (35.7%) of new ulcers outside of the flap boundaries. Conclusion There is currently an absence of evidence to support the use of free flap reconstruction for recalcitrant venous ulcers compared with conventional management. Although evidence suggests that it is technically feasible, there is no evidence to suggest it prevents ulceration outside the reconstructed region. Further studies are necessary to evaluate its effectiveness for venous ulcers in the lower limb.
Exogenous spermidine enhances the photosynthetic and antioxidant capacity of citrus seedlings under high temperature

ABSTRACT Studies have not fully explained the underlying mechanism of spermidine-mediated heat tolerance. This study investigated the possible role of spermidine (Spd) in regulating citrus heat tolerance. The results showed that exogenous Spd effectively alleviated the limitation of high temperature (HT) on photosynthesis. Exogenous Spd increased the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, stomatal conductance, maximum and effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, nonphotochemical quenching coefficient, and electron transport rate in citrus seedlings under HT stress, but declined the stomatal limitation value. In addition, Spd treatment promoted the dynamic balance of the citrus enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants system. Spd application significantly increased the activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, ascorbic acid, and glutathione and the expression level of corresponding genes at high temperature, while reducing the content of H2O2 and malondialdehyde. Therefore, our findings suggested exogenous Spd significantly ameliorated citrus physiological and photosynthetic adaptation under HT stress, thereby providing helpful guidance for citrus cultivation in HT events.
Gut microbiota, bile acids, and nature compounds

Natural compounds (NPs) have historically made a major contribution to pharmacotherapy in various diseases and drug discovery. In the past decades, studies on gut microbiota have shown that the efficacy of NPs can be affected by the interactions between gut microbiota and NPs. On one hand, gut microbiota can metabolize NPs. On the other hand, NPs can influence the metabolism and composition of gut microbiota. Among gut microbiota metabolites, bile acids (BAs) have attracted widespread attention due to their effects on the body homeostasis and the development of diseases. Studies have also confirmed that NPs can regulate the metabolism of BAs and ultimately regulate the physiological function of the body and disease progresses. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the interactions among NPs, gut microbiota, and BAs. In addition, we also discuss the role of microbial BAs metabolism in understanding the toxicity and efficacy of NPs. Furthermore, we present personal insights into the future research directions of NPs and BAs.
Nontoxic B Subunit of Cholera Toxin CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide Linked to the Novel Immunostimulatory Agent Based on

In this study, we report the development of a novel, rationally designed immunostimulatory adjuvant based on chemical conjugation of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) to the nontoxic B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB). We demonstrate that the immunostimulatory effects of CpG can be dramatically enhanced by conjugation to CTB. Thus, CpG ODN linked to CTB (CTB-CpG) was shown to be a more potent stimulator of proinﬂammatory cytokine and chemokine responses in murine splenocytes and human PBMCs than those of CpG ODN alone in vitro. The presence of CpG motif, but not modiﬁed phosphorothioate ODN backbone, was found to be critical for the enhanced immunostimulatory effects of CTB-CpG. Our mode-of-action studies, including studies on cells from speciﬁcally gene knockout mice suggest that similar to CpG, CTB-CpG exerts its immunostimulatory effects through a TLR9/MyD88- and NF- (cid:1) B-dependent pathway. Surprisingly, and as opposed to CpG ODN, CTB-CpG-induced immunity was shown to be independent of endosomal acidiﬁcation and resistant to inhibitory ODN. Furthermore, preincubation of CTB-CpG with GM1 ganglioside reduced the immunostimulatory effects of CTB-CpG to those of CpG ODN alone. Interest-ingly, conjugation of CpG ODN to CTB confers an enhanced cross-species activity to CpG ODN. Furthermore, using tetanus toxoid as a vaccine Ag for s.c. immunization, CTB-CpG markedly enhanced the Ag-speciﬁc IgG Ab response and altered the speciﬁc pattern of Ab isotypes toward a Th1 type response. To our knowledge, CTB is the ﬁrst nontoxic derivative of microbial toxins discovered that when chemically linked to CpG remarkably augments the CpG-mediated immune responses. into a potent stimulator of cytokine and chemokine responses in vitro. We also report a series of studies that analyze the mode of action of CTB-CpG. These studies suggest that similar to CpG, CTB-CpG exerts its immunostimulatory effects through a TLR9/ MYD88- and NF- (cid:1) B-dependent pathway. and as CpG
EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTS OF VIGNA UNGUICULATA SEEDS

Introduction: Vigna unguiculata is one of the most important medicinal species. An extensive several of nutritional and medicinal uses have been attributed to its seeds. In the present study an attempt has been made gather the information related to phytochemical compositions and Pharmacological uses. They exhibit antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. They also exhibit Antibacterial activity against both the Gram positive and Gram negative organisms. So, the aim of the study was to screen its phytochemical and biological activities. Methodology: In this study crude methanol, Methanol, Ethyl acetate, Chloroform and N-hexane extracts of V.unguiculata seeds were prepared and were screened for their phytochemical properties (Total phenolic and flavonoid determination) and antioxidant properties by employing various established in-vitro methods. Such as reducing power, DPPH scavenging and total antioxidant activity were determined against three gram (+) and three gram (-) bacteria Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus Luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, E.coli, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella by disc diffusion method. Results: The antibacterial activity of crude Methanolic extract, crude chloroform extract and crude N-hexane extracts seeds of V.unguiculata showed that, it is moderately active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The range of zone of inhibition was found from 6-18mm in disc sensitivity test while 19-29mm showed by standard kanamycin (30 μg/disc). However, the highest activity was found against Bacillus cereus and E.coli with 18mm zone of inhibition where concentration per disc was 500μg/disc. The crude extracts of V.unguiculata seeds were screened for identification of phytochemical properties by Total phenolic and flavonoid contents where CEE respectively 75.14 ± 0.95 and 73.18 ± 0.95 which were higher than CME, CNE and CCE. Antioxidant properties which were employed by iron reducing power capacity and DPPH Radical Scavenging where the CEE of seeds is higher than that of their extract. Conclusion: On the basis of the results obtained in the present study it is observed that the crude ethyl acetate extract of Vigna unguiculata which contains phenolic compounds that exhibit a high antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. Methanolic extract of seeds Vigna unguiculata possesses good antibacterial activities. So, traditional medicine can be used as modern medicine to fight against different pharmacological problem as like Vigna unguiculataas a medicinal plant.
60-Kilodalton Protein Resembling the groEL Protein of Escherichia coli

A native structure containing the major 60-kilodalton common antigen polypeptide (designated TpN60) was isolated from Treponema paUlidum subsp. paUlidum (Nichols strain) through a combination of differential centrifugation and sucrose density gradient sedimentation. Gel filtration chromatography indicated that this structure is a high-molecular-weight homo-oligomer of TpN60. Antisera to TpN60 reacted with the groEL polypeptide of Escherchia coli, as determined by immunoperoxidase staining of two-dimensional electroblots. Electron microscopy of the isolated complex revealed a ringlike structure with a diameter of approximately 16
Alternating Context-Free Grammars : Old and New Versions and Their Characterizations : An Extended Abstract

The (non-alternating) pushdown automata A new type of ‘alternating $4 \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{t}$ -free grammar’, accept exactly the context-free languages, while called state-aliernating $r,onte \ovalbox{\tt\smallREJECT}$ -ﬀee grammar is in-the nondeterministic Turing machines with lin-troduced, and the generative power of it is com-ear space bounds accept exactly the context-pared to some well-known $1 _{\mathrm{f}\mathrm{f}11}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}$ classes, espe-sensitive languages. Hence, one would like ciauy to the alternating context-free grammar of to also obtain a grammatical characterization Moriya (1989) and to the altemating $ \mathrm{p}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{d}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{W}\mathrm{X}\mathrm{i}}$ for the class of languages $ \mathcal{L}(\mathrm{A}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{A})$ accepted automaton. Further various derivation strategies by the alternating pushdown automata. This are $ \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}_{\mathrm{A}}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{d}$ , and their inﬂuence on the expres-question was
The 1 helix– 13 strand spanning Leu214 to Val229 of platelet glycoprotein Ib facilitates the interaction with von Willebrand factor: evidence from characterization of the epitope of monoclonal antibody AP1

The glycoprotein Ib-IX-V (GP Ib-IX-V) complex mediates platelet binding to von Willebrand factor (VWF) through its largest polypeptide, GP Ib . Of the many GP Ib monoclonal antibodies described, AP1 is of particular interest because it blocks static VWF binding induced by 2 modulators, ristocetin and botrocetin, and platelet adhesion to VWF surfaces under flow. We mapped the AP1 binding site to a region encompassing Arg218 to Tyr228, comprising the 1 helix and 13 strand defined by the GP Ib crystal structure. AP1 binding absolutely required Arg218, Asp222, and Glu225. We evaluated the ability of cells expressing mutants of this region to bind VWF under static conditions in the presence of modulators, and to attach to and roll on a VWF matrix under flow. These data indicate that 2 regions within the sequence Arg218 to Tyr228 have important roles in VWF binding: the 1 helix has a regulatory role and the turn and 13 strand bind VWF directly. Despite this, the only effect of a synthetic peptide corresponding to Leu214 to Val229 was to slightly increase the rolling velocity of GP Ib -expressing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells on VWF. This region thus appears to be more important for maintaining the regional conformation of GP Ib , thereby facilitating the interaction with VWF. (Blood. 2004; 104:3971-3978)
DMD049577 683..688

To date, the in vitro–in vivo correlation (IVIVC) of P-glycoprotein (P-gp)–mediated drug-drug interaction (DDI) at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in rats indicated that the cutoff value to significantly affect the brain penetration of digoxin was [I,unbound/Ki] of 1, where I,unbound is the unbound plasma concentration of P-gp inhibitors. On the basis of the IVIVC in rats, we speculated that clinically used P-gp inhibitors do not cause DDI at the human BBB, because none of the compounds studied was [I,unbound/Ki]>1 at therapeutic doses. Recently, positron emission tomography studies with P-gp substrates, such as [C]verapamil, [C]N-desmethyl loperamide, and [C]loperamide, together with potent P-gp inhibitors, have indicated that increases in the influx rate constant for brain entry were observed in humans. Therefore, we aimed to retrospectively analyze the results of P-gp–mediated DDIs with in vitro P-gp inhibition assays and to confirm the appropriate cutoff value. In vitro P-gp inhibition assays using verapamil, N-desmethyl loperamide, and loperamide as P-gp probe substrates were performed in human multidrug resistance protein 1-expressing LLC-PK1 cells. The efflux ratios decreased in the presence of P-gp inhibitors, and the Ki of tariquidar was 10 nmol/L, regardless of probe substrates. Taking the in vitro Ki and unbound plasma concentrations in clinical DDI studies together, the criterion [I,unbound/Ki] of 1 was an appropriate cutoff limit to observe significant P-gp–mediated DDI at the BBB in humans. On the other hand, no significant DDI was observed in cases in which [I,unbound/Ki] was less than 0.1. This criterion was comparable to the previous IVIVC result in rats.
THE EFFECT OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES (DPPH, NO, ROS) BY BLEND ESSENTIAL OILS

The antioxidant activity of four blend oils from limonene oil, lavender oil, pepper mint oil, eucalyptus oil, and tea tree oil was measured by the inhibition of 1, 1diphenyl 2-picrylhyorazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). All the oils showed about 90% DPPH inhibitory scavenging ability. Blending oils showed a decrease of 20% and 30% NO inhibitory scavenging ability at concentrations of 0.001 and 0.01‰, respectively. Three blending oils did not show a significant decrease of LPS-induced ROS generation. Tea tree oil and eucalyptus oil had higher activity on DPPH and NO than the corresponding other oils. Tea tree oil showed the strongest ROS activity among the oil products tested. The antioxidant activity of the samples seems to be based on their free radical scavenging capacity. The inhibitory activity was higher when the complex (blend) substance was treated than the single substance.
A Systemic Review of the Risk Factors for Cervical Artery Dissection

To the Editor: We read with interest the review by Rubinstein et al1 on risk factors for cervical artery dissection. In a case-control study, we had analyzed the role of recent infection on cervical artery dissection.2 This study was referenced by the authors; however, our main findings were not correctly cited by the authors. In univariate analyses, recent infection and high-social status were significantly more common, and smoking was significantly less common in patients with cervical artery dissection (CAD) than in patients with cerebral ischemia of other origin. In conditional logistic regression analysis, infection within 1 week (odds ratio, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.18 to 7.00) and high-social status (odds ratio, 6.54; 95% CI, 1.88 to 22.7) remained significantly associated with CAD. Because coughing, sneezing, and vomiting that often occur during infection could explain the association between CAD and acute infectious disease, we systematically assessed the frequency of these mechanical factors. Recent cough, sneezing, and vomiting tended to be reported more often by CAD patients (60.5%) than by control patients (41.4%; P 0.06). In multivariate analysis, infection within 1 week, (odds ratio, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.01 to 5.8; P 0.046) but not cough, sneezing, or vomiting (odds ratio, 1.60; 95% CI, 0.67 to 3.8; P 0.29), was associated with CAD. This indicates that mechanical factors during infection do not explain the association between CAD and infections. Therefore, the data given by Rubinstein et al1 in the abstract and the text regarding infection are not correct and require revision together with conclusions in their review. From our study and the results by Guillon et al,3 so far recent infection has to be regarded as a risk factor for cervical artery dissection. Furthermore, high-socioeconomic status may be another factor that is associated with the risk of CAD, although this certainly requires additional investigations. Rubinstein et al1 mentioned the possibility of a selection bias in our study. Our case-control study 2 was not part of a population-based register; however, it was based on consecutive patients in both groups. Given the fact that almost all of the younger patients with cerebral ischemia in the catchment area are treated in the University Center, the risk of selection bias can be rated as very low. In summary, 2 well-performed case-control studies found an independent association between recent infection and CAD that was not explained by factors such as mechanical stress to cervical arteries.2,3
INCOME INEQUALITY AND POVERTY IN URBAN CHINA: EVIDENCE FROM SURVEY DATA

This thesis investigates income inequality and poverty in urban China using survey data from 2002. It shows that in urban China, income in the coastal region is less equally distributed than in the interior region, although social welfare is higher. Developed cities have more inequality than less developed cities, but they also have a higher level of social welfare. Further decomposition analysis indicates that intragroup inequality accounts for the dominant part of overall inequality no matter how groups are categorized — by region, by city level, by gender, or by education. There is a significant difference in the incidence of poverty between interior regions and coastal regions, with the interior region having a higher headcount ratio and a greater poverty gap ratio. It is also found that developed cities have lower poverty than less developed cities.
THE USE OF NEURAL NETWORKS TO PREDICT THREATS TO INFORMATION SECURITY BY THE EXAMPLE OF DDOS ATTACKS

Аннотация: Одной из основных тенденций совершенствования современных систем обнаружения атак является применение различных методов искусственного интеллекта, среди которых особую популярность получили методы теории искусственных нейронных сетей. Хотя эффективность нейросетевых средств обнаружения и считается доказанной, однако сфера их применения определена недостаточно четко. Особенно актуальным является вопрос определения распределенных DoS-кибератак, для выявления которых целесообразно применять нейросетевые средства. В работе предлагается определении возможности регистрации эксплуатационных параметров, которые соотносятся с входными параметрами нейронной сети. Ключевые слова: кибератака, система обнаружения атак, нейронная сеть, DDos-атака
How Gradient Affects the Foraging Decisions of Leaf Cutting Ants at the Food Source

The eusocial insects have long held the fascination of scientists for their co-operative behaviour, which can range from a small group of workers, to millions strong colonies, such as those found in the leaf cutting ant, Atta cephalotes. Though decades of research have allowed us some insight into their organisation and methods, there are many things that have gone unexplained. One of these is the mystery of why Atta consistently takes leaf loads back to the nest that are significantly smaller than would be optimal, when they should in theory optimise leaf transport rate. While compelling evidence has been presented to suggest that it is at least in part to do with how the leaves are processed inside the nest, here I present evidence to suggest that gradient is another key factor. This is a factor which has been explored only very cursorily up until now in leaf cutting ants, with experiments investigating it being extremely limited in scope, suffer from potential methodological errors or deal with grass cutting ants, which share many traits with leaf cutting ants, but have adapted to face different challenges. Upon a thorough examination of the effects of gradient, it was discovered that A. cephalotes favour a cautious, but more reliable method of transport. At almost every point, their behaviour shows the importance of maintaining grip on steep and vertical gradients to the point where it is prioritised over everything else, including speed and load size. While it may seem paradoxical to suggest that smaller loads, carried slower might result in a higher overall rate of leaf collection, a fast, but reckless approach might result in a high proportion of unsuccessful foraging trips, each of which costs energy and time. As a result, by increasing their success, rather than speed, they minimise wasted effort, loss of workers and potentially, have a higher rate of leaf collection over time. This aspect of leaf cutting ant behaviour shows that leaf cutting ants can change their priorities at the feeding site to best maximise transport success at an individual level, which demonstrates previously unappreciated plasticity and a new lens through which to view future investigations into ant foraging behaviour.