Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Control of Growth Hormone Production by a Clonal Strain of Rat Pituitary Cells Stimulation by Hydrocortisone

Addition of hydrocortisone to the medium of a clonal strain of rat pituitary cells (GH 3) stimulated the rate of production of growth hormone. The stimulation had a lag period of about 24 hr, reached a maximum at 70-100 hr, and was observed at a hydrocortisone concentration as low as 5 X 10 8 M. Cells maximally stimulated with 3 X 10-s s . s hydrocortisone produced 50-160 µg growth hormone/mg cell protein/24 hr. These rates were four to eight times those observed in control cells. At maximum stimulation, intracellular levels of growth hormone in both stimulated and control cells were equal to the amount secreted into the medium in about 15 min. Removal of hydrocortisone from the medium of GH3 cells caused a return of the rate of growth hormone production to that in control cells. Addition of hydrocortisone to the medium of cells growing exponentially with a population-doubling time of 60 hr caused both an increase in the doubling time to 90 hr and a stimulation of growth hormone production . Cycloheximide (3 .6 X 10-5 M) and puromycin (3 .7 X 10-' M) suppressed incorporation of labeled amino acids into protein by 93 and 98 0/,, respectively, and suppressed growth hormone production by stimulated and control cells by at least 94 1]0 .
INFLUENCES OF MAP CONTEXT ON CIRCLE PERCEPTION

The nature of the cartographic environment within which a proportional circle is seen can influence the perceived characteristics of the map symbol. The apparent sizes of circles may be biased by: 1) the effect of size contrast between a target circle and closely adjacent circles; 2) the presence or absence on the map of internal borders; and 3) the size of the target circle itself. Statistical analyses indicate that size contrasts between a given map symbol and other symbols in the immediate area do alter the perceived size of the symbol. Target circles that were viewed within the context of smaller circles appeared to be larger (by an average of thirteen percent) than the same target circles when they were seen among large context circles. The presence of internal map borders tended to reduce the differences in estimates that resulted from size contrast between a target circle and adjacent circles.
CRyogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere - CRISTA

The distribution of trace gases in the middle atmosphere results from the interplay of photochemistry and dynamics. More and more refined 3-D models of the atmosphere as well as local soundings by balloons and rockets reveal an atmosphere which is highly structured horizonatally, vertically, and in time. The spatial dimensions of such structures span the wide range from global scale planetary waves to local turbulence. Today's remote sensing satellites generally exhibit a good spatial resolution when vertical scales are considered. In the horizontal plane, however, their resolution is limited to the distance between two adjacent orbits. In order to improve the spatial resolution and to detect and analyse small scale structures the experiment CRISTA is planned.
Social and institutional barriers to climate change mitigation in agriculture

Agriculture is one of the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions accounting for approximately 14 percent of total GHG emissions. However, unlike other sectors such as transport or energy, agriculture is potentially a significant carbon 'sink'. Moreover, because the majority of GHG emissions from agriculture originate in developing countries, early intervention could be highly cost-effective. This note examines the potential role of agriculture in climate change mitigation. It discusses: 1) the sector's current GHG emissions, 2) its potential to serve as a sink, 3) best management practices that can be adopted to mitigate climate change, and 4) social and institutional barriers to adopting agricultural mitigation measures, and ways to overcome them.
Strain offsets with monotonous damped oscillations during the 1986 Izu‐Oshima volcano eruption

The sequential process of the 1986 Izu-Oshima volcano eruption, Japan, was recorded by a volumetric strain meter near the erupted summit. The records show occasional strain offsets accompanying long-period damped oscillations, which we interpret as responses of the volcanic system to perturbations in magmatic pressure. The polarities of strain offsets were contractive for all events before the enormous ground deformation of November 21 due presumably to the intensive dike intrusion. On the contrary, all events after that had expansive polarities. The characteristic frequencies of oscillations were ∼42.6 mHz for the events before, changing abruptly to half that after the ground deformation. In our model, which is a one-dimensional magma-filled conduit, the boundary condition at the top of the conduit changed from a closed to an open end upon a void formation at the top of the magma head due to its descent immediately after the dike intrusion. Before the magma escape from the reservoir as a dike, magma was episodically supplied from the reservoir to the conduit, and thus contraction events were generated. After the magma escape, magma left in the conduit was episodically drained back to the reservoir to generate expansion events. This episodic magma supply or drainage was modeled by a prescribed pressure change at the bottom of the conduit. We solved the free oscillation problem of the conduit pipe with an elastic sidewall to calculate the resultant volumetric strain outside the pipe. Physical properties of the magma and the excitation mechanism are inferred from the application of our formulation to the observation. The conduit length and fluid acoustic velocity are estimated to be ∼10 km and 430 m/s, respectively, suggesting that the fluid is composed of a gas-liquid mixture. If the conduit radius is taken to be 40 m and if the damping of oscillation occurred by viscous dissipation, the fluid viscosity is 108–109 Pa s, a reasonable estimate for the basaltic magma. The applied pressure changes at the bottom of the conduit are in a range from 105 to 106 Pa with risetimes of the order of 4 to 100 s.
Validity of a procedure to identify patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in the Danish National Registry of Patients

Background: Administrative data may be useful for epidemiological studies of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). However, the quality of the recorded diagnoses needs evaluation. Aim: We evaluated the validity in predicting chronic ITP of the International Classiﬁ cation of Diseases (ICD)-10 diagnoses of ITP in the Danish National Registry of Patients (NRP). Methods: We used the NRP to identify patients with ITP, according to code D69.3, from January 1, 1996 to December 31, 2007. We deﬁ ned chronic ITP as lasting longer than 6 months by including only patients with 2 or more hospital ITP diagnoses over longer than 6 months. We conﬁ rmed diagnoses by evaluating each candidate chronic ITP patient’s medical chart and estimating the positive predictive value (PPV) and 95% conﬁ dence interval (CI) of the recorded NRP diagnostic code. Results: We identiﬁ ed 513 patients with chronic ITP in the NRP. We were able to retrieve the charts of 439. After evaluation of the charts, 410 patients were deemed to have a valid diagnosis of chronic ITP, yielding a PPV of 0.93 (95% CI: 0.91–0.96). Conclusion: The validity of this procedure to identify chronic ITP patients was high. The NRP is valid for epidemiological studies of patients with chronic ITP.
CEACAM1 on activated NK cells inhibits NKG2D-mediated cytolytic function and signaling.

Although carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)–related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) has been viewed as a tumor suppressor, increasing clinical evidence shows that high levels of CEACAM1 expression on tumors correlates with poor prognosis and high risk of metastasis. Here, we examined the consequences of CEACAM1 expression on tumor cells. We show that tumor cell–associated CEACAM1 causes intracellular retention of various NKG2D ligands in mouse and human tumor cells. CEACAM1-silenced tumor cells expressed more cell surface NKG2D ligands and exhibited greater sensitivity to natural killer cell–mediated cytolysis in vitro and rejection in vivo. Our studies reveal a novel mechanism through which CEACAM1-bearing tumor cells may escape immune-surveillance.
Exploring the potential failure of the regulatory framework and management tools which govern the conservation of biodiversity: the case of artificial Lake Kerkini in Greece.

This paper was developed in the context of the research project entitled GEMCONBIO (Governance and Ecosystems Management for the Conservation of Biodiversity), which is a European FP6-funded project under Priority 7 — Citizens and Governance in a Knowledge-Based Society. The projects strategic objective is, through the elaboration of certain case studies, to explore the interactions between governance modes and sustainable development objectives in view of identifying which governance processes and institutions can contribute best to the conservation of biodiversity.The case study of Kerkini Lake was selected along with approximately 27 case studies across Europe, the United States and third countries because of the area's very important ecosystem. It is one of the 10 most important wetlands in Greece, a declared National Park and one of the most important wetlands for birds in Europe. There is a plethora of national, European and international laws and regulations as well as administrative decisions regarding the study area. However, problems of implementation and compliance appear to be very strong causing severe implications in the area's sustainable development.
Thermal convection in the Martian atmosphere

Formation of dust clouds observed in the Martian atmosphere can be explained by the action of dust devils larger than 100 meters in diameter. The condition for the onset of thermal convection is the existence of an unstable temperature profile. The daily variation of the atmospheric temperature profile shows that the Martian atmosphere is more favorable for the initiation of dust devils than the earth's atmosphere. The calculations indicate that dust devils on Mars produce wind velocities only slightly lower than those on earth.
Shear‐wave splitting from local earthquakes at the Geysers Geothermal Field, California

Shear-wave splitting from local microearth-quakes recorded in The Geysers geothermal field shows that seismic anisotropy is distributed in a complex geographic pattern. At stations within about 2 km of northwest-striking regional faults, the fast polarization direction is parallel to those faults. The geothermal field, lying between two such faults, has both northwest and northeast fast polarization directions, often at the same station. This pattern suggests at least two causes of splitting: (1) extensive dilatancy anisotropy (EDA) and (2) fault-produced fractures or rock fabric. The observed anisotropy may derive from the upper 1.5 km of the crust, averaging 4% there, or it may be heterogeneously distributed throughout the upper 5 km. Fast polarization directions coincide with fracture directions inferred from borehole data for one of the youngest rock types in the region, a felsite pluton of about 1 Ma, and with injectate pathways inferred from microseismicity and geochemistry. Including in reservoir models a permeability anisotropy with a pattern similar to seismic anisotropy may help in optimizing fluid injection and steam recovery.
Timing and magnitude of displacement on the Altyn Tagh fault: constraints from stratigraphic correlation of adjoining Tarim and Qaidam basins, NW China

The Altyn Tagh fault plays an important role in growth of the north‐western Tibetan plateau, but the timing of its inception and magnitude of left‐lateral displacement are not well constrained. This study provides new independent constraints by correlating stratigraphic development and spatial distribution of the neighbouring Tarim and Qaidam basins. It is shown that the Tarim and Qaidam basins experienced quite similar stratigraphic and sedimentary evolution from late Sinian to early Palaeogene times. This fact indicates that the Tarim and Qaidam basins were a single block, at least until Oligocene time, which was then offset by the Altyn Tagh fault. Early Palaeozoic and Late Triassic suture zones within the East and West Kunlun and pinch‐outs of Mesozoic strata are chosen as piercing lines. Restoration of these lines gives total offset estimates of ˜ 350–400 km across the south‐western and central segments of the Altyn Tagh fault.
Free-running ground-based photometric array imaging of transient luminous events

[1] We present observations of transient luminous events (TLEs) recorded during a summer TLE observation campaign in 2008 at Langmuir Laboratory near Socorro, New Mexico. The campaign featured observations made by a free-running, ground-based multianode photometric array called the Photometric Imager of Precipitated Electron Radiation (PIPER). As a photometric array, PIPER has high (40 μs) temporal resolution and enough spatial resolution (16 anodes per photometer) to make it particularly useful in the study of fast TLEs like elves and halos. As a free-running instrument, there are no missed detections and no unwanted sampling bias introduced by triggering. As a ground-based instrument, it can follow individual storms over the course of their lifetime rather than randomly sampling over large numbers of storms as required by space-based instruments. During the campaign, 143 sprites, 803 elves, and 166 halos were observed over six storms, resulting in averaged elve-to-sprite and halo-to-sprite occurrence ratios of 5.6:1 and 1.2:1, respectively. There was considerable variability in the elve-to-sprite occurrence ratio from storm to storm, ranging from a low of 3.7:1 to a high of 13.4:1. Overall, 78.2% of the elves and 55.4% of the halos were associated with negative cloud-to-ground lightning strikes (−CGs); no sprites associated with −CGs were observed. Additionally, 40 events in which pairs of elves occur in rapid succession, events we refer to as elve doublets, were observed in several storms. The duration between elves in the elve doublet events was typically 120 μs. The causative mechanism for these events is still under deliberation.
Human Hla-a0201-restricted Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Recognition of Influenza a Is Dominated by T Cells Bearing the V/317 Gene Segment

The major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is important in the clearance of viral infections in humans. After influenza A infection, a peptide from the matrix protein, M58-66, is presented in the context of the MHC allele HLA-A0201 and the resulting CTL response is detectable in most HLA-A0201 subjects. An initial study suggested that M58-66-specific CTL clones show conserved T cell receptor (TCR) c~ and gene segments. We have addressed the significance of this observation by determining the expression of V317 during the development of M58-66-specific CTL lines in 21 unrelated HLA-A0201 subjects, and analyzing TCR usage by M58-66-specific CTL clones. TCR V317 was the dominant V3 segment used and CD8 V~17 expansion correlated with M58-66-specific lysis. Limiting dilution analysis from five subjects showed the M58-66 CTL precursor frequency to vary between 1/54,000 and less than 1/250,000, and that up to 85% of the matrix peptide (M58-66)-specific CTL used the V317 gene segment. The M58-66 specific CTL response was dependent on previous viral exposure and specific V317 expansion, as it was not found in cord blood, despite a readily expandable V317 + CD8 + T cell subpopulation. Sequence analysis of 38 M58-66-specific V317 transcripts from 13 subjects revealed extensive conservation in the CDR3 region including conservation of an arginine-serine motif. To test the dependence of this CTL response on the V[317 gene segment, peripheral blood lymphocytes were depleted of CD8 + TCR V317 + cells, before the generation of M58-66-specific CTL. In most cases such depletion blocked or severely reduced the generation of the M58-66-specific response, and under limiting dilution conditions could abolish M58-66-specific CTL precursors. These studies reveal the dependence of this natural human immune response on a particular TCR gene segment. V irus-specific CTL play a role in viral clearance after both acute and persistent virus infections in humans (1, 2) and experimental infections (3, 4). Viral proteins are processed to peptides and translocated via peptide transporters to the endoplasmic reticulum where they access class I molecules (5-7). The diverse array of peptides, presented by the six potential class I molecules, is balanced by the specificity of the T cell response encoded within the TCR-ot/3. While the host may benefit from a broad antigen-selected T cell repertoire, decreasing the chance that a rapidly mutating organism will evade immune detection, TCR diversity will be limited by a number of factors, including positive and negative selection …
Independent component analysis for nonminimum phase systems using stable dynamic model inversion

This paper proposes an independent component analysis method using stable dynamic model inversion for nonminimum phase systems. First, a stable inverse filter is constructed based on a Kalman filter in order to estimate the input sequence of the given plant. Second, the learning algorithm is derived by minimizing the Kullback-Leibler divergence. Furthermore, a numerical simulation demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Assembly of Productive T Cell Receptor (cid:100) Variable Region Genes Exhibits Allelic Inclusion

Summary The generation of a productive “in-frame” T cell receptor (cid:98) (TCR (cid:98) ), immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) or Ig light (L) chain variable region gene can result in the cessation of rearrangement of the alternate allele, a process referred to as allelic exclusion. This process ensures that most (cid:97)(cid:98) T cells express a single TCR (cid:98) chain and most B cells express single IgH and IgL chains. Assembly of TCR (cid:97) and TCR (cid:103) chain variable region genes exhibit allelic inclusion and (cid:97)(cid:98) and (cid:103)(cid:100) T cells can express two TCR (cid:97) or TCR (cid:103) chains, respectively. However, it was not known whether assembly of TCR (cid:100) variable regions genes is regulated in the context of allelic exclusion. To address this issue, we have analyzed TCR (cid:100) rearrangements in a panel of mouse splenic (cid:103)(cid:100) T cell hybridomas. We find that, similar to TCR (cid:97) and (cid:103) variable region genes, assembly of TCR (cid:100) variable region genes exhibits properties of allelic inclusion. These findings are discussed in the context of (cid:103)(cid:100) T cell development and regulation of rearrangement of TCR (cid:100) genes.
An ER-Mitochondria Tethering Complex Revealed by a Synthetic Biology Screen

Making Connections Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–mitochondria connections have been implicated in many physiological processes, including calcium homeostasis, signaling, membrane biogenesis, and apoptosis. Kornmann et al. (p. 477, published online 25 June; see the Perspective by Wiedemann et al.) looked for a proteinaceous link between the ER and mitochondria and, using combinations of synthetic biology and classical yeast genetics, found a protein complex that tethers the two organelles. A large-scale genetic interaction map suggests that these ER-mitochondria connections are important for interorganellar phospholipid exchange. A protein complex zippers mitochondria to endoplasmic reticulum for phospholipid transfer. Communication between organelles is an important feature of all eukaryotic cells. To uncover components involved in mitochondria/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) junctions, we screened for mutants that could be complemented by a synthetic protein designed to artificially tether the two organelles. We identified the Mmm1/Mdm10/Mdm12/Mdm34 complex as a molecular tether between ER and mitochondria. The tethering complex was composed of proteins resident of both ER and mitochondria. With the use of genome-wide mapping of genetic interactions, we showed that the components of the tethering complex were functionally connected to phospholipid biosynthesis and calcium-signaling genes. In mutant cells, phospholipid biosynthesis was impaired. The tethering complex localized to discrete foci, suggesting that discrete sites of close apposition between ER and mitochondria facilitate interorganelle calcium and phospholipid exchange.
Impact of the atmospheric sink and vertical mixing on nitrous oxide fluxes estimated using inversion methods

[1] This study investigates some of the principal errors arising in atmospheric inversion estimates of N2O surface fluxes. Using a synthetic data set of model-generated atmospheric N2O mixing ratio data, representative of the current observation network, we investigate the influence of errors in the stratospheric N2O sink and in vertical transport. Our inversion framework uses a variational formulation of the Bayesian problem, and atmospheric transport is modeled using the global circulation model LMDz. When only optimizing the surface fluxes (with a prescribed sink), bias errors in the sink magnitude translate into substantial bias errors in the retrieved global total surface fluxes. Conversely, we find that errors only in the temporal and horizontal distribution of the N2O sink (nonbiased magnitude) have a very small impact on tropospheric mixing ratios and thus on the retrieved surface fluxes. Bias errors in the modeled vertical transport, however, lead to notable changes in tropospheric N2O and, in particular, in the phase of the seasonal cycle. This also leads to bias errors in the spatial distribution of the derived surface fluxes, although not in the global total. Last, the simultaneous optimization of the surface fluxes and the sink magnitude was tested as a means to avoid biasing the fluxes by incorrect prior assumptions about the N2O lifetime. With this approach, a significant reduction in the error of the sink magnitude was achieved and biases in the surface fluxes were largely avoided, and this result was further enhanced when aircraft data were included in the inversion.