Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Accountability in managing waqf properties : the case of two State Religious Councils in Malaysia

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS . 5 LIST OF FIGURES . 10 LIST OF TABLES . 11 CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION. 13 1.0 Introduction . 13 1.1 Background and motivation.13 1.2 Research problem.15 1.3 Aim and objectives.17 1.4 Research design.18 1.5 Contribution . 18 1.6 Structure of the thesis.20 CHAPTER 2 : UNDERSTANDING WAQF AND WAQF MANAGEMENT . 24 2.0 Introduction . 24 2.1 An introduction to waqf . 25 2.1.1 Definition of waqf . 26 2.1.2 Characteristics of Waqf.27 2.1.2a Perpetuity . 27 2.1.2b Irrevocability . 29 2.1.2c Inalienability . 30 2.1.3 Classification of waqf in waqf literature.31 2.1.4 Participants in a Waqf relationship . 32 2.1.4a The donor.32 2.1.4b The beneficiaries.33 2.1.4c The manager.34 2.2 Significance of waqf in Islamic societies. 36 2.2.1 Importance of waqf in history.36 2.2.2 Previous research emphasis in waqf studies . 39 2.2.2a First period: Islamic law and Islamic studies.40 2.2.2b Second period: Case study on historical waqf establ ishment.40 2.2.2c Third period: Management studies.42 2.3 Management of waqf properties in Muslim countries.45 2.3. 1 The form of waqf entities managing waqf properties: the trend.45 2.3. 1a Non-profit identity . 46 2.3. 1b The government sector identity.46 2.3. 1c The private corporation identity . 49 2.3. 2 Reverting to nonprofit with community involvement.51 2.4 Waqf in Malaysia: Contextual information . 55 2.4. 1 The legal framework within which waqf operates.55 2.4. 2 Management of waqf properties in Malaysia.57 2.4. 3 The process involved in the management of waqf prop erties.61 2.5 Conclusions.6 4 CHAPTER 3 : ACCOUNTABILITY IN ACADEMIC LITERATURE . 65
Behavioral Economics, Happiness Surveys, and Public Policy1

Two important developments in recent policy analysis are behavioral economics and subjective-well-being (SWB) surveys. What is the connection between them? Some have suggested that behavioral economics strengthens the case for SWB surveys as a central policy tool, e.g., in the form of SWB-based cost-benefit analysis. This article reaches a different conclusion. Behavioral economics shows that individuals in their day-to-day, “System 1” behavior are not expected utility (EU-) rational – that they often fail to comply with the norms of rationality set forth by EU theory. Consider now that the standard preference-based view of individual well-being looks to individuals’ rational preferences. If the findings of behavioral economics are correct, an individual’s answer to a question such as “How satisfied are you with your life? ” is not going to tell us much about her rational (EU-compliant) preferences. Behavioral economics, by highlighting widespread failures of EU rationality, might actually argue for an objective-good (non-preference-based) view of well-being. However (except in the limiting case of an objective-good view positing a single mentalistic good, happiness), SWB surveys will not be strong evidence of well-being in the objective-good sense. In short, SWB surveys are no “magic cure” for the genuine difficulties in inferring rational preferences and measuring well-being underscored by behavioral economics.
Labour’s declining share of national income in Ireland and Denmark: similar trends, different dynamics

There can be few questions more fundamental to political economy than the share of national income that goes to capital and labour. The central organising concept of a division of factor shares between capital, labour and rent has long featured as an axiom of classical political economy in its derivations of essential heuristics of productive activity. Cross-national studies of income inequality, and of domestic labour market and macro-structural change have failed to adaquately account for the variable distribution of national product between labour and capital however, as an essential intermediary between personal income, and national economic activity. Labour’s share of income has declined almost universally among advanced capitalist economies under the apparent combined influences of globalisation, sectoral shifts in national employment, and the entrenchment of neoliberal policy regimes. Existing research into factor share distributions has failed to capture crucial differences in variability between countries however, differences which challenge existing stylised narratives emphasising stable compensation rates, which call for a case-sensitive orientation to the manner in which heterogeneous configurations of state and labour market institutions mediate the distribution of returns to labour and capital. This paper presents a contextualised, case-centered approach to the comparative analysis of the dynamics of labours’ share of national income, based on parallel time series analyses of institutional and structural covariates in Ireland and Denmark – cases examplary of the influential ‘varieties of capitalism’ and ‘worlds of welfare capitalism’ heuristics. The results of a set of time series models show that the institutional configurations defined by the interaction of national economic composition, levels of unionisation, globalisation, labour market change and financialisation, construct evolving national contexts of institutional complementarity and conflict, which in turn mediate the dynamics of the distribution of returns to labour and capital. Consequently, oberved cross-European declines in aggregate labour shares must be understood both in terms of an historical complexity which transcends the limitations of the conventional typologies of comparative political economy, and in a manner which confronts the heuristics of macro-economics, which empahsise constant returns to scale.
An Embryonic Staging Table for In Ovo Development of Eublepharis macularius, the Leopard Gecko

Squamates constitute a major vertebrate radiation, representing almost one‐third of all known amniotes. Although speciose and morphologically diverse, they remain poorly represented in developmental studies. Here, we present an embryonic staging table of in ovo development for the basal gekkotan Eublepharis macularius (the leopard gecko) and advocate this species as a laboratory‐appropriate developmental model. E. macularius, is a hardy and tractable species of relatively large body size (with concomitantly relatively large eggs and embryos), that is widely available and easy to maintain and propagate. Additionally, E. macularius displays a body plan appropriate to the study of the plesiomorphic quadrupedal condition of early pentadactylous terrestrial amniotes. Although not unexpected, it is worth noting that the morphological events characterizing limb development in E. macularius are comparable with those described for the avian Gallus gallus. Therefore, E. macularius holds great promise as a model for developmental studies focusing on pentadactyly and the formation of digits. Furthermore, it is also attractive as a developmental model because it demonstrates temperature‐dependent sex determination. The staging table presented herein is based on an all‐female series and represents the entire 52 day in ovo period. Overall, embryogenesis of E. macularius is similar to that of other squamates in terms of developmental stage attained at the time of oviposition, patterns of limb and pharyngeal arch development, and features of the appearance of scalation and pigmentation, indicative of a conserved developmental program. Anat Rec, 292:1198–1212, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Method for Routing Packets Across Multiple Paths in NoCs with In-Order Delivery and Fault-Tolerance Gaurantees

Networks on Chips (NoCs) are required to tackle the increasing delay and poor scalability issues of bus-based communication architectures. Many of today's NoC designs are based on single path routing. By utilizing multiple paths for routing, congestion in the network is reduced significantly, which translates to improved network performance or reduced network bandwidth requirements and power consumption. Multiple paths can also be utilized to achieve spatial redundancy, which helps in achieving tolerance against faults or errors in the NoC. A major problem with multipath routing is that packets can reach the destination in an out-of-order fashion, while many applications require in-order packet delivery. In this work, we present a multipath routing strategy that guarantees in-order packet delivery for NoCs. It is based on the idea of routing packets on partially nonintersecting paths and rebuilding packet order at path reconvergent nodes. We present a design methodology that uses the routing strategy to optimally spread the traffic in the NoC to minimize the network bandwidth needs and power consumption. We also integrate support for tolerance against transient and permanent failures in the NoC links in the methodology by utilizing spatial and temporal redundancy for transporting packets. Our experimental studies show large reduction in network bandwidth requirements (36.86% on average) and power consumption (30.51% on average) compared to single-path systems. The area overhead of the proposed scheme is small (a modest 5% increase in network area). Hence, it is practical to be used in the on-chip domain.
Gestion de métadonnées utilisant tissage et transformation de modèles

L'interaction et l'interoperabilite entre differentes sources de donnees sont une preoccupation majeure dans plusieurs organisations. Ce probleme devient plus important encore avec la multitude de formats de donnees, APIs et architectures existants. L'ingenierie dirigee par modeles (IDM) est un paradigme relativement nouveau qui permet de diminuer ces problemes d'interoperabilite. L'IDM considere toutes les entites d'un systeme comme un modele. Les plateformes IDM sont composees par des types de modeles differents. Les modeles de transformation sont des acteurs majeurs de cette approche. Ils sont utilises pour definir des operations entre modeles. Par contre, il y existe d'autres types d'interactions qui sont definies sur la base des liens. Une solution d'IDM complete doit supporter des differents types de liens. Les recherches en IDM se sont centrees dans l'etude des transformations de modeles. Par consequence, il y a beaucoup de travail concernant differents types des liens, ainsi que leurs implications dans une plateforme IDM. Cette these etudie des formes differentes de liens entre les elements de modeles differents. Je montre, a partir d'une etude des nombreux travaux existants, que le point le plus critique de ces solutions est le manque de genericite, extensibilite et adaptabilite. Ensuite, je presente une solution d'IDM generique pour la gestion des liens entre les elements de modeles. La solution s'appelle le tissage de modeles. Le tissage de modeles propose l'utilisation de modeles de tissage pour capturer des types differents de liens. Un modele de tissage est conforme a un metamodele noyau de tissage. J'introduis un ensemble des definitions pour les modeles de tissage et concepts lies. Ensuite, je montre comment les modeles de tissage et modeles de transformations sont une solution generique pour differents problemes d'interoperabilite des donnees. Les modeles de tissage sont utilises pour generer des modeles de transformations. Ensuite, je presente un outil adaptive et generique pour la creation de modeles de tissage. L'approche sera validee en implementant un outil de tissage appele
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate (IP3) Receptor Up-regulation in Hypertension Is Associated with Sensitization of Ca2+ Release and Vascular Smooth Muscle Contractility*

Background: The role of the vascular IP3 receptor (IP3R) in hypertension is unknown. Results: IP3R are up-regulated in vascular smooth muscle (VSM) in hypertension through the calcineurin-NFAT pathway. Conclusion: Up-regulated IP3R in VSM sensitize Ca2+ release and enhance contraction. Significance: Up-regulated vascular IP3R may contribute to vascular resistance in hypertension. Resistance arteries show accentuated responsiveness to vasoconstrictor agonists in hypertension, and this abnormality relies partly on enhanced Ca2+ signaling in vascular smooth muscle (VSM). Although inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) are abundant in VSM, their role in the molecular remodeling of the Ca2+ signaling machinery during hypertension has not been addressed. Therefore, we compared IP3R expression and function between mesenteric arteries of normotensive and hypertensive animals. Levels of IP3R transcript and protein were significantly increased in mesenteric arteries of hypertensive animals, and pharmacological inhibition of the IP3R revealed a higher contribution of IP3-dependent Ca2+ release to vascular contraction in these arteries. Subsequently, we established cultured aortic VSM A7r5 cells as a cellular model that replicates IP3R up-regulation during hypertension by depolarizing the VSM cell membrane. IP3R up-regulation requires Ca2+ influx through L-type Ca2+ channels, followed by activation of the calcineurin-NFAT axis, resulting in IP3R transcription. Functionally, IP3R up-regulation in VSM is associated with enhancement and sensitization of IP3-dependent Ca2+ release, resulting in increased VSM contraction in response to agonist stimulation.
Uterine contractile effects of the aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of Newbouldia Laevis ( Bignoniaceae ) in vitro

Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 120 March April 2009 Gels are formed by aggregation of polymers with minimum two components; the gelling agent and the fluid component. Gellan gum, carrageenan, pectin, sodium alginate and gelatin are widely used gelling agents in pharmaceutical industries. Gellan gum was selected as a gelling agent in the present investigation to prepare easy to swallow oral medicated ready to use soft gel. Gellan gum is a high molecular weight water-soluble linear anionic polysaccharide produced by the fermentation of the organism Sphingomonas elodea[1]. The native form of gellan gum contains two acyl substituents, namely acetate and glycerate. Acylated gellan gum gives soft, very elastic and nonbrittle gels whereas deacylated gellan gum gives hard, non-elastic and brittle gels under optimum gelling conditions. As deacylated gellan gum forms brittle gels with weak gel network, they crumble in mouth to cleverly mimic the ‘melt in mouth’ sensation with release of water and associated flavors, which helps in easy release of water soluble drug from the gel dosage form. Free carboxylate groups are present in the structure of gellan gum; therefore gellan gum is anionic in nature and thus it would undergo ionic gelation in the presence of cations such as Ca++, Mg++, K+, Na+ and H+ from acid[2]. The mechanism of gelation involves the formation of double helical junction zones from random coil chains (coil-to-helix transition) followed by aggregation of double helical segments to form a three-dimensional network by complexation with cations and hydrogen bonding with water[3]. Aggregation behavior is affected by the pH of the solution[4]. By varying the concentration of gellan gum and cation, gels with different gel strength and gel texture can be manufactured.
Contention management for distributed data replication

Optimistic replication schemes provide distributed applications with access to shared data at lower latencies and greater availability. This is achieved by allowing clients to replicate shared data and execute actions locally. A consequence of this scheme raises issues regarding shared data consistency. Sometimes an action executed by a client may result in shared data that may conflict and, as a consequence, may conflict with subsequent actions that are caused by the conflicting action. This requires a client to rollback to the action that caused the conflicting data, and to execute some exception handling. This can be achieved by relying on the application layer to either ignore or handle shared data inconsistencies when they are discovered during the reconciliation phase of an optimistic protocol. Inconsistency of shared data has an impact on the causality relationship across client actions. In protocol design, it is desirable to preserve the property of causality between different actions occurring across a distributed application. Without application level knowledge, we assume an action causes all the subsequent actions at the same client. With application knowledge, we can significantly ease the protocol burden of provisioning causal ordering, as we can identify which actions do not cause other actions (even if they precede them). This, in turn, makes possible the client’s ability to rollback to past actions and to change them, without having to alter subsequent actions. Unfortunately, increased instances of application level causal relations between actions lead to a significant overhead in protocol. Therefore, minimizing the rollback associated with conflicting actions, while preserving causality, is seen as desirable for lower exception handling in the application layer. In this thesis, we present a framework that utilizes causality to create a scheduler that can inform a contention management scheme to reduce the rollback associated with the conflicting access of shared data. Our framework uses a backoff contention management scheme to provide causality preserving for those optimistic replication systems with high causality requirements, without the need for application layer knowledge. We present experiments which demonstrate that our framework reduces clients’ rollback and, more importantly, that the overall throughput of the system is improved when the contention management is used with applications that require causality to be preserved across all actions.
Topic indexing and retrieval for open domain factoid question answering

Factoid Question Answering is an exciting area of Natural Language Engineering that has the potential to replace one major use of search engines today. In this dissertation, I introduce a new method of handling factoid questions whose answers are proper names. The method, Topic Indexing and Retrieval, addresses two issues that prevent current factoid QA system from realising this potential: They can’t satisfy users’ demand for almost immediate answers, and they can’t produce answers based on evidence distributed across a corpus. The first issue arises because the architecture common to QA systems is not easily scaled to heavy use because so much of the work is done on-line: Text retrieved by information retrieval (IR) undergoes expensive and time-consuming answer extraction while the user awaits an answer. If QA systems are to become as heavily used as popular web search engines, this massive process bottle-neck must be overcome. The second issue of how to make use of the distributed evidence in a corpus is relevant when no single passage in the corpus provides sufficient evidence for an answer to a given question. QA systems commonly look for a text span that contains sufficient evidence to both locate and justify an answer. But this will fail in the case of questions that require evidence from more than one passage in the corpus. Topic Indexing and Retrieval method developed in this thesis addresses both these issues for factoid questions with proper name answers by restructuring the corpus in such a way that it enables direct retrieval of answers using off-the-shelf IR. The method has been evaluated on 377 TREC questions with proper name answers and 41 questions that require multiple pieces of evidence from different parts of the TREC AQUAINT corpus. With regards to the first evaluation, scores of 0.340 in Accuracy and 0.395 in Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR) show that the Topic Indexing and Retrieval performs well for this type of questions. A second evaluation compares performance on a corpus of 41 multi-evidence questions by a question-factoring baseline method that can be used with the standard QA architecture and by my Topic Indexing and Retrieval method. The superior performance of the latter (MRR of 0.454 against 0.341) demonstrates its value in answering such questions.
Mutations in NGLY1 gene linked with new genetic disorder

Rehm adds. Currently, at least four U.S.based labs, including hers, offer hearing loss panel tests. However, the guidelines also point to drawbacks with panel tests. Those tests that use disease-targeted exon capture focused on specific genes may only sequence a subset of the genes known to cause hearing loss, and there is limited knowledge of which genes are involved in hearing loss. Richard J.H. Smith, MD, Director of the Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories at the Iowa Institute of Human Genetics at University of Iowa in Iowa City, is a proponent of panel testing for hearing loss. His lab offers a test that covers 90 genes known to cause hearing loss, which he suggests over any initial single-gene test. Dr. Smith says because panel tests offer more depth of coverage in genes associated with hearing loss, they are superior to WES, which looks at 20,000 genes and may miss parts of them. “Each gene gets read more times with a panel [test],” says Dr. Smith. “There are no blank spots. There are always some blank spots with exome sequencing. ” Also new in the guidelines is a broader focus on diagnosing all causes of hearing loss, including pathogens and environmental factors, plus hearing loss with onset at all ages, says first author Raye Alford, PhD, Associate Professor in the Bobby R. Alford Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. Among these causes are noise exposure, congenital cytomegalovirus and rubella infections, premature birth, and mothers’ use of certain drugs during pregnancy. “Given the challenges that can exist in distinguishing between syndromic and nonsyndromic forms of hearing loss, all children and adolescents showing hearing loss without a known etiology, e.g., confirmed GJB2 mutations or documented congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, should be evaluated for syndromic conditions by a clinical geneticist,” the guidelines say.