Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Secondary organic aerosol model intercomparison based on secondary organic aerosol to odd oxygen ratio in Tokyo

Improvement of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) models is critical for accurate understanding of the behavior and sources of atmospheric aerosols. Over the last decade, a number of SOA production pathways were discovered, and several new SOA models have been developed. However, few comparative studies of the performances of the various SOA models have been conducted. In this study, simulation data obtained with five SOA models (two yield models, a volatility basis set (VBS) model, a mechanistic model, and a near‐explicit model) were compared. The performances of the models were evaluated by comparison of the simulated data with observed ratios of the SOA concentration to odd oxygen concentration ([SOA]/[Ox], where [Ox] = [O3] + [NO2]) in the Tokyo metropolitan area. In Tokyo, SOA concentrations have been shown to correlate well with Ox concentrations; thus, Tokyo is an appropriate location for this intercomparison study. All five models showed similar results for the concentrations of gaseous species, including ozone, reactive nitrogen, hydroxy radicals, and volatile organic compounds. In contrast, the simulated SOA concentrations varied substantially among the five models. The VBS model reproduced the observed [SOA]/[Ox] ratio well, whereas the other four models substantially underestimated the ratio. The sensitivity of the ratio to various input parameters differed substantially among the models, as did the volatility distribution of SOA and the source contributions of SOA, suggesting that the choice of SOA model is critical for accurate assessment of the atmospheric behavior and sources of SOA.
Mid- to late-Holocene land-use change and lake development at Dallund Sø, Denmark: trends in lake primary production as reflected by algal and macrophyte remains

Diatom, macrofossil, pollen, Pediastrum and biogenic silica analyses were carried out on an 11-m sediment sequence from the Danish lake Dallund Sø, demonstrating major changes in the aquatic ecosystem over the last 7000 years. A diatom-phosphorus calibration model was applied to the fossil diatom record to reconstruct in-lake total phosphorus (TP) concentrations over this period. Prior to the introduction of agriculture to the region, c. 6000 years ago, the lake was relatively deep and had low diatom-inferred TP concentrations (c. 20 υg TP/L), with limited macrophyte growth. Moderate nutrient enrichment of the lake was inferred during the Bronze Age (1700-500 Bc) and Iron Age (500 BC-AD 1050) periods and evidence for water-level lowering was observed. Marked eutrophication of the lake (reconstructed TP levels consistently > 100 υg/L) was associated with major changes in agriculture during the Mediaeval period (AD 1050-1536) and continued to the present day. These data document the long-term anthropogenic impact on Dallund Sø, a lake in an area with a long history of human activity.
Upstream Open Reading Frames Cause Widespread Reduction of Protein Expression and Are Polymorphic among Humans Accessed Terms of Use Detailed Terms

" Upstream open reading frames cause widespread reduction of protein expression and are polymorphic among humans. " Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters.
The Gordon Warwick Award 2002

Andrew Nicholas graduated with a First Class Honours Geography BSc degree from the University of Leeds in 1991 and was awarded the degree of PhD at the University of Exeter in September 1994 for a thesis entitled ‘Modelling overbank deposition on floodplains’. He returned to Leeds for a one-year postdoctoral post working within the ‘superslugs’ group led by Professor Kirkby. Andrew obtained a prestigious NERC Research Fellowship to continue his work at Leeds on ‘Numerical modelling of braided river network dynamics’, but after a year was tempted back to the University of Exeter and has been a lecturer there since 1996. Although only 32, Andrew has made a remarkable and powerful contribution to the hydrological and geomorphological community. His early work on the modelling of overbank alluvial sedimentation (Nicholas and Walling, 1995, 1996, 1997a,b, 1998; Walling et al., 1996) stressed the role of floodplain microtopography and particle aggregation on local deposition rates and showed how it was possible to use numerical models in natural situations where boundary conditions are extremely complex. Recent work has advanced these modelling approaches and applied them to construct fine sediment budgets at the catchment scale (Sweet et al., in press). Andrew was one of the first people in the geomorphological community to use Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to model 2D and 3D channel and floodplain flows (Nicholas and McLelland, 1999; Nicholas and Sambrook Smith, 1999; Nicholas, 2002; Nicholas and Mitchell, in press). He has developed new approaches to parameterizing roughness in CFD models (Nicholas, 2001) and has taken special care to analyse critically the applicability of CFD approaches in fluvial geomorphology. Andrew was a major contributor to the BGRG sponsored Fixed-Term Working Group on CFD, attending all meetings, organizing a weekend workshop in Exeter and stimulating the debate on benchmarking of CFD models. Andrew has developed a strong interest in applying 1D–3D hydraulic models and cellular automata modelling techniques to simulate braided river dynamics, bedload transport and channel change (Nicholas, 2000; Thomas and Nicholas, 2002; Thomas et al., 2002; Nicholas, in press). His novel approach using (relatively)
Impaired hypertrophy in myoblasts is improved with testosterone 1 administration 2 3

LJMU has developed LJMU Research Online for users to access the research output of the University more effectively. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LJMU Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain.
Understanding the most commonly billed diagnoses in primary care : Abdominal pai

The Nurse Practitioner • January 2021 13 his is the 8th article in a 12-part series on the most commonly billed diagnoses in primary care outpatient settings. The top 12 billed diagnoses were retrieved from compiling information obtained from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the CDC. Abdominal pain is common, affecting nearly every person at some point in their lifetime. It has a high disease burden, both in incidence and cost. There are approximately 6 million ED visits for abdominal pain in the US annually, and the incidence continues to rise. Abdominal pain is one of the most expensive gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in the US, costing $10.2 billion annually in associated healthcare expenditures. An abdominal pain evaluation can be challenging for primary care practitioners. Abdominal pain symptoms may be vague or referred, often making the diagnosis elusive. Many different body system pathologies By Julia Rogers, DNP, RN, CNS, FNP-BC and Marianne Schallmo, DNP, APRN, ANP-BC
Influence of large‐scale climate modes on daily synoptic weather types over New Zealand

This article examines the influence of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) on the synoptic weather types over New Zealand. The effects of ENSO (indicated by the Southern Oscillation Index, SOI), SAM and IPO on the occurrence of synoptic types are estimated in a holistic framework using the maximum likelihood method via applications of generalized linear models, both annually and by seasons. The average within‐class variations in the intensity and air‐mass characteristics (as expressed in the Auckland Airport meteorological variables) of synoptic systems were examined for individual types at the annual level. The results show that ENSO, SAM and IPO have significant effects on the probability of occurrence and to lesser degree the intensity and air‐mass characteristics of some synoptic types. The effects vary considerably with seasons, synoptic types and phases of SOI, SAM and IPO and it is the confounding effects of different large‐scale modes that lead to the observed changes in the type frequencies. The findings, with respect to ENSO and SAM in all cases and for IPO at the seasonal level, are in good agreement with the literature. However, the annual changes in type frequencies associated with the 1976/1977 IPO phase shift do not support the observed changes in the strength of anomalous southwesterly windflows over New Zealand, and the influence of the recent negative IPO phase also appears different from what we expect based on the existing research. It appears that the interaction between IPO and ENSO is important for understanding the observed climatic effects of IPO on New Zealand's weather and climate. This aspect deserves further attention in future studies. The findings from this work have important methodological and practical implications for New Zealand climate research. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Derivation of State Factor Equations of Soils and Ecosystems

The ecosystem is a piece of landscape having artificial boundaries. Changes in ecosystem properties are viewed as gains minus losses or influxes minus outfluxes of matter and energy. The fluxes are expressed as products of gradients and permeation. The outside potentials of the flux gradients are identified with the environmental soil-forming factors, particularly climate and biotic factor. Pedogenic functions as now rewritten offer psychological and typographical advantages.
What determines the cloud-to-ground lightning fraction in thunderstorms?

The ratio of intracloud lightning (IC) to cloud-to-ground lightning (CG) in thunderstorms is observed to vary with latitude. The reason frequently given for this behaviour is that the height of the freezing level, and hence the negative charge center in thunderstorms, varies with latitude, resulting in higher ratios in the tropics compared with those in midlatitudes. This study shows that this hypothesis could well be incorrect. Analysis of cloud and lightning data indicates that the IC/CG ratio is linked to the thickness of the cold cloud region in thunderstorms (0°C to cloud top), rather than to the freezing level height.
Influence of Planting Soil Mix Characteristics on Bioretention Cell Design and Performance

Municipalities are increasingly interested in using rain gardens, or bioretention cells, as a “best management practice” (BMP) for storm-water management and as a component of low impact development. However, improved technical reference materials are needed to determine the influence of planting soil mix design on the hydrologic and water quality performance of bioretention cells. This article describes three investigations undertaken to determine the influence of planting soil mix characteristics. The first was to identify the bioretention cell design characteristics and methodologies used by different agencies. The second was a laboratory investigation on the soil characteristics that influence performance including field capacity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil moisture content, organic content, dry bulk density, porosity, and sediment grain size distribution. The third was to quantify the effectiveness of bioretention cells as a storm-water BMP by designing, constructing, and monitoring two f.
On the reality of climatic changes in wind over the Pacific

It is important to be aware of systematic errors when using data from ship observations to infer climatic changes. The development of our understanding of systematic errors in sea and air temperatures and cloudiness is reviewed. Many reasons for suspecting similar errors in wind data are noted. Wind data for the tropical Pacific for 1920–1979 are then analysed. Trends to stronger trade winds in both the north and south Pacific, and also large anomalies in the winds in these areas during the Second World War, are found in the data. Quantitative comparisons are made with the associated pressure gradients, and qualitative comparisons with rainfall at Pacific island stations. These series provide no support for the suggestion that the wind changes were real.
Machine Learning for Protein Engineering

Directed evolution of proteins has been the most effective method for protein engineering. However, a new paradigm is emerging, fusing the library generation and screening approaches of traditional directed evolution with computation through the training of machine learning models on protein sequence fitness data. This chapter highlights successful applications of machine learning to protein engineering and directed evolution, organized by the improvements that have been made with respect to each step of the directed evolution cycle. Additionally, we provide an outlook for the future based on the current direction of the field, namely in the development of calibrated models and in incorporating other modalities, such as protein structure.
Nature and origin of upper crustal seismic velocity fluctuations and associated scaling properties: Combined stochastic analyses of KTB velocity and lithology logs

The main borehole of the German Continental Deep Drilling Program (KTB) extends over 9000 m into a crystalline upper crust consisting primarily of interlayered gneiss and metabasite. We present a joint analysis of the velocity and lithology logs in an effort to extract the lithology component of the velocity log. Covariance analysis of lithology log, approximated as a binary series, indicates that it may originate from the superposition of two Brownian stochastic processes (fractal dimension 1.5) with characteristic scales of ∼2800 m and ∼150 m, respectively. Covariance analysis of the velocity fluctuations provides evidence for the superposition of four stochastic process with distinct characteristic scales. The largest two scales are identical to those derived from the lithology, confirming that these scales of velocity heterogeneity are caused by lithology variations. The third characteristic scale, ∼20 m, also a Brownian process, is probably related to fracturing based on correlation with the resistivity log. The superposition of these three Brownian processes closely mimics the commonly observed 1/k decay (fractal dimension 2.0) of the velocity power spectrum. The smallest scale process (characteristic scale ∼1.7 m) requires a low fractal dimension, ∼1.0, and accounts for ∼60% of the total rms velocity variation. A comparison of successive logs from 6900–7140 m depth indicates that such variations are not repeatable and thus probably do not represent true velocity variations in the crust. The results of this study resolve disparity between the differing published estimates of seismic heterogeneity based on the KTB sonic logs, and bridge the gap between estimates of crustal heterogeneity from geologic maps and borehole logs.
Unrest at Campi Flegrei: A contribution to the magmatic versus hydrothermal debate from inverse and finite element modeling

[ 1] We present results from the modeling of ground deformation and microgravimetric data recorded at Campi Flegrei in order to assess the causative phenomena of caldera unrest between 1981 and 2001. We find that residual gravity changes during ground uplift ( 1982 - 1984) are indicative of mass changes in a hybrid of magmatic and hydrothermal sources. During deflation between 1985 and 2001, the inversion of gravity residuals for a single source does not provide convincing results. We then performed the joint inversion of gravity and deformation data for multiple spherical sources and refined source parameters by finite element modeling in order to mitigate against limitations of the analytical solutions. The data recorded during inflation and rapid deflation may be best explained by mass and pressure changes in a deep magmatic source at about 5 km depth and a shallow ( 2 km deep) hydrothermal source. Both sources contribute equally to the gravity changes observed between 1982 and 1984; the contemporary uplift appears to be mainly caused by the shallow source. The subsequent deflation is dominated by a pressure decrease in the hydrothermal source; the magmatic source contributes chiefly to the observed gravity changes. Pressure and density variations within multiple shallow-seated hydrothermal sources provide acceptable fits to the deflation and accompanying gravity changes recorded since 1988. These shallow level dynamics also appear to trigger spatially and temporarily random short-term reversals of the overall mode of ground subsidence since 1985. Our analysis does not support the idea of magmatic contributions to these short-lived periods of inflation.
Human recombinant activated protein C for severe sepsis.

BACKGROUND Sepsis is a common, expensive and frequently fatal condition. There is an urgent need for developing new therapies to further reduce severe sepsis-induced mortality. One of those approaches is the use of human recombinant activated protein C (APC). OBJECTIVES We assessed the clinical effectiveness of APC for the treatment of patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2005, Issue 2); MEDLINE (1966 to 2005); EMBASE (1980 to 2005) and LILACS (1982 to 2005). We contacted researchers and organizations working in the field. We did not have any language restriction. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of APC for severe sepsis in adults and children. We excluded neonates. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We independently performed study selection, quality assessment and data extraction. We estimated relative risks (RR) for dichotomous outcomes. We measured statistical heterogeneity using I-squared (I(2)). We used a random-effects model. MAIN RESULTS We included four studies involving 4911 participants (4434 adults and 477 paediatric patients). For 28-day mortality, APC did not reduce the risk of death in adult participants with severe sepsis (pooled RR 0.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72 to 1.18; P = 0.50, I(2) = 72%). The effectiveness of APC did not seem to be associated with the degree of severity of sepsis (two studies): for an APACHE II score less than 25 the RR was 1.04 (95% CI 0.89 to 1.21; P = 0.70), and in participants with an APACHE II score of 25 or more the RR was 0.90 (95% CI 0.54 to 1.49; P = 0.68). APC use was, however, associated with a higher risk of bleeding (RR 1.48 (95% CI 1.07 to 2.06; P = 0.02, I(2) = 8%). Two studies were stopped early because there was little chance of reaching the efficacy endpoint by completion of the trial. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This review suggests that APC should not be used in sepsis with an APACHE II score of less than 25 or, in paediatric patients. There is very weak evidence supporting APC use in patients with severe sepsis and at high-risk of death. As a result, policy-makers, clinicians and academics should be cautious when promoting the use of APC to patients with severe sepsis and an APACHE II score of 25 or greater. There is a need for further RCTs to answer with certainty what the role of APC is for patients with severe sepsis and an APACHE II score of at least 25. Those RCTs should be designed and conducted by non-profit organizations.
Correlated lightning mapping array and radar observations of the initial stages of three sequentially triggered Florida lightning discharges

Correlated Lightning Mapping Array and vertical‐scan radar images are presented for three rocket‐and‐wire triggered lightning flashes that occurred sequentially within 17 min in the presence of a decaying multicellular convective storm system over north‐central Florida. The initial stage (IS) of each flash propagated generally vertically to the altitude of the 0°C melting level, about 5 km, and then subsequently propagated for many kilometers horizontally along the melting level contour. Radar images suggest that the propagation paths of the IS channels below and above the melting level were heavily influenced by precipitation gradients. Flash UF 11‐24 exhibited a 12.6 km unbranched IS channel, the longest unbranched channel observed in the study by a factor of three. During flash UF 11‐25 (119 ms following the cessation of the measured IS current at ground and prior to the first return stroke), a natural cloud‐to‐ground discharge, perhaps induced by the IS, initiated between 2.5 and 4 km altitude and struck ground 5 to 7 km from the launching facility. The IS of flash UF 11‐26 propagated upward through a descending precipitation packet and apparently induced a naturally appearing bi‐level intracloud discharge via an upward‐negative leader that initiated within the IS breakdown region 3.5 km from the launching facility. The upward‐negative leader propagated from 5.6 to 9.3 km altitude in a time of 11 ms. The electrical current measured at ground during the IS of flash UF 11‐26 exhibited a 57 ms polarity reversal, transferring 19 C of positive charge to ground.
The Amery Ice Shelf and its hinterland

During the thirty years since the Amery Ice Shelf was first sighted there has been a steady accumulation of information, first on the ice shelf itself and later on the interesting mountains and glacier systems which lie to its south. The ice shelf occupies the head of a large embayment consisting of Prydz Bay and Mackenzie Bay, which deeply indents the coastline of the Antarctic mainland near the borders of MacRobertson Land and Princess Elizabeth Land. An associated valley runs south from the bay, between the Prince Charles Mountains and the Mawson Escarpment, and it is occupied by one of the world's largest valley glaciers, the Lambert Glacier. (In fact, recent findings by Soviet parties suggest that the Lambert Glacier is considerably longer than the Beardmore Glacier.) The exploration, survey and subsequent mapping of the ice shelf, and the mountains and glaciers of its hinterland, by Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions in recent years has been a major contribution to Antarctic geography.
Comparison of production traits of Large White and White Meaty pig breeds for 1996 to 2001 in Slovakia Porovnanie produkčných ukazovateľov materských plemien ošípaných biele ušľachtilé a biele mäsové za roky 1996 až 2001 na Slovensku

Fattening performance and carcass value traits of Large White (LW) and White Meaty (WM) breeds were evaluated from data obtained at progeny testing stations (PTS) in Slovakia in the years 1996-2001. We recorded the following results: average daily gain (ADG) during fattening from 30 to 100 kg live weight 811.5 ± 1.31 g in LW breed and 803.9 ± 2.38 g in WM breed, feed consumption per 1 kg gain during fattening (FC) 2.95 ± 0.005 kg and/or 3.10 ± 0.010 kg, backfat thickness (BF) 19.2 ± 0.0006 mm in LW breed and 19.8 ± 0.001 mm in WM breed, proportion of lean cuts (PLC) 52.13 ± 0.04% in LW breed and 51.61 ± 0.07% in WM breed, proportion of meat from thigh (PMT) 21.12 ± 0.02% in LW breed and 20.86 ± 0.04% in WM breed and area of musculus longissimus thoracis (AMLT) 45.36 ± 0.07 cm 2 in LW breed and 44.73 ± 0.12 cm 2 in breed WM. e carcass traits, except backfat thickness, were improved under the influence of selection in both breeds compared with previous years. e analyses of variance of analyzed traits showed statistically significant differences between the years in ADG, PLC, PMT and AMLT. ere were also statistically highly significant differences in all traits, except for ADG, between the LW and WM breeds. e difference was only statistically significant in ADG. e year x breed interactions were also highly significant in all traits.