Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What Accounts for the Variation in Retirement Wealth among U.s. Households?

Even among households with similar socioeconomic characteristics, saving and wealth vary considerably. Life-cycle models attribute this variation to dtfferences in time preference rates, risk tolerance, exposure to uncertainty, relative tastes for work and leisure at advanced ages, and income replacement rates. These factors have testable implications concerning the relation between accumulated wealth and the shape of the consumption projile. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the Consumer Expenditure Survey, weJind little support for these implications. The data are instead consistent with "rule of thumb," "mental accounting," or hyperbolic discounting theories of wealth accumulation. (JEL Dl, D91, E21) Wealth and saving vary considerably, even among households with similar socioeconomic characteristics (Steven Venti and David Wise, 1998; Annamaria Lusardi, 1999). The interpretation of this variation is a pivotal issue. If saving reflects rational, farsighted optimization, then low saving is simply an expression of preferences-saying that someone saves "too little" is comparable to asserting that he or she doesn't listen to enough classical music (Edward Lazear, 1994). If, however, households are shortsighted, boundedly rational, dynamically inconsistent, impulsive, or prone to regret, then the adequacy of saving is a well-posed and important empirical issue (B. Douglas Bernheim, 1995). Various factors could in principle account for and Wisconsin, and two anonymous referees for very helpful comments. We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the National Institute on Aging. the observed variation in savings for retirement within the context of standard life-cycle models with rational, farsighted optimization. Households may differ with respect to patience (the rate of pure time preference), risk tolerance, exposure to uncertainty, health status, perceived life expectancy, relative tastes for goods complementary with leisure at advanced ages, levels of work-related expenses, lifetime earnings, or income replacement rates. In this paper, we test for the presence of these factors by studying data on wealth, income, and consumption drawn from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX). Explanations for the variation in wealth that are based on the life-cycle framework fall into three broad categories. Each category has a distinctive and testable empirical implication. Factors in the first category create systematic correlations between the household's wealth and its average consumption growth rate. For example, if differences in saving result from differences in patience, those who save more Should also exhibit higher consumption growth rates, F~~~~~~ in the second category create systematic between and One-time changes in consumption at …
Supersymmetric electroweak corrections to bottom squark decay into a lighter top squark and charged Higgs boson

The Yukawa corrections of order ${\cal O}(\alpha_{ew}m_{t(b)}^2/m_W^2)$, ${\cal O}(\alpha_{ew}m_{t(b)}^3/m_W^3)$ and ${\cal O}(\alpha_{ew}m_{t(b)}^4/m_W^4)$ to the width of sbottom decay into lighter stop plus charged Higgs boson are calculated in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. These corrections depend on the masses of charged Higgs boson and lighter stop, and the parameters $\tan\beta$ and $\mu$. For favorable parameter values, the corrections decrease or increase the decay widths significantly. Especially for high values of $\tan\beta$(=30) the corrections exceed at least 10% for both $\tilde b_1$ and $\tilde b_2$ decay. But for low values of $\tan\beta$(=4,10) the corrections are small and the magnitudes are less than 10%. The numerical calculations also show that using the running bottom quark mass which includes the QCD effects and resums all high order $\tan\beta$-enhanced effects can improve much the convergence of the perturbation expansion.
Test sequence generation from classification trees

The classification tree methods allows for the automated test suite generation for given test objects. The important generation of test sequence can only be done manually. In this paper, we present an approach to use classification trees for test sequence generation. We will use existing approaches, e.g. from the field of researches on state machines. First results from our work are presented in this paper, including new dependency and generation rules.
Bayesian hierarchical modelling for inferring genetic interactions in yeast

Identifying genetic interactions for a given microorganism such as yeast is difficult. Quantitative Fitness Analysis (QFA) is a high-throughput experimental and computational methodology for quantifying the fitness of microbial cultures. QFA can be used to compare between fitness observations for different genotypes and thereby infer genetic interaction strengths. Current"naive"frequentist statistical approaches used in QFA do not model between-genotype variation or difference in genotype variation under different conditions. In this thesis, a Bayesian approach is introduced to evaluate hierarchical models that better reflect the structure or design of QFA experiments. First, a two-stage approach is presented: a hierarchical logistic model is fitted to microbial culture growth curves and then a hierarchical interaction model is fitted to fitness summaries inferred for each genotype. Next, a one-stage Bayesian approach is presented: a joint hierarchical model which does not require a univariate summary of fitness, used to pass information between models. The new hierarchical approaches are then compared using a dataset examining the effect of telomere defects on yeast. By better describing the experimental structure, new evidence is found for genes and complexes which interact with the telomere cap. Various extensions of these models, including models for data transformation, batch effects, and intrinsically stochastic growth models are also considered.
Water Diffusion Changes in Wallerian Degeneration and Their Dependence on White Matter Architecture

This study investigates water diffusion changes in Wallerian degeneration. We measured indices derived from the diffusion tensor (DT) and T2-weighted signal intensities in the descending motor pathways of patients with small chronic lacunar infarcts of the posterior limb of the internal capsule on one side. We compared these measurements in the healthy and lesioned sides at different levels in the brainstem caudal to the primary lesion. We found that secondary white matter degeneration is revealed by a large reduction in diffusion anisotropy only in regions where fibers are arranged in isolated bundles of parallel fibers, such as in the cerebral peduncle. In regions where the degenerated pathway crosses other tracts, such as in the rostral pons, paradoxically there is almost no change in diffusion anisotropy, but a significant change in the measured orientation of fibers. The trace of the diffusion tensor is moderately increased in all affected regions. This allows one to differentiate secondary and primary fiber loss where the increase in trace is considerably higher. We show that DT-MRI is more sensitive than T2-weighted MRI in detecting Wallerian degeneration. Significant diffusion abnormalities are observed over the entire trajectory of the affected pathway in each patient. This finding suggests that mapping degenerated pathways noninvasively with DT-MRI is feasible. However, the interpretation of water diffusion data is complex and requires a priori information about anatomy and architecture of the pathway under investigation. In particular, our study shows that in regions where fibers cross, existing DT-MRI-based fiber tractography algorithms may lead to erroneous conclusion about brain connectivity.
Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus

The term “primary HIV infection” refers to the period from initial infection with the human immunodeficiency virus to complete seroconversion. It is a period of extreme infectiousness. The occurrence and severity of symptoms during primary HIV infection correlate with the rapidity of clinical and immunologic decline. Treatment of patients during primary infection may improve immune preservation and reconstitution. In this review article, we present information that will help clinicians understand, recognize, and diagnose primary HIV infection. The current approach to management of primary HIV infection is based more on expert opinion than clinical trial results, though ongoing clinical trials should provide more information about this syndrome.
Preliminary report of a large theropod dinosaur trackway in Clarens Formation sandstone (Early Jurassic) in the Paul Roux district, northeastern Free State, South Africa

INTRODUCTION Unmistakable footprints preserved on a large detached block of sandstone on the farm Uniondale, about nine kilometres southeast of the small northeastern Free State town of Paul Roux (approximate locality coordinates 28°21’47”S, 28°00’05”E), have long been known as a local curiosity. The farmers and townsfolk of the area have long recognized that these markings are the fossilized ‘spoor’ or tracks of an ancient animal, most accepting the local folklore that the track-maker was ‘a dinosaurus’. Although the trackway is well known as a local curiosity and tourist attraction, we are unaware of any formal report or description of these tracks in the scientific literature. The sandstone block on which the tracks occur (Fig. 1) has come to rest on its side near the base of the adjacent hill from which it has evidently tumbled. It appears to have broken off from a thick, relatively coarse massive sandstone which outcrops near the top of the hill. This sandstone horizon is high in the succession of ‘Stormberg’ rocks in the area. It is underlain by many metres of coarse, massive sandstone and there can be no doubt that the trackway horizon belongs to the Clarens Formation (Early Jurassic), a conclusion shared by the late James W. Kitching, in whose memory this volume is presented, who visited the site on many occasions over the years. Dinosaur tracks are known from many localities in ‘Stormberg’ exposures in Lesotho (Ellenberger 1970) and adjacent areas of South Africa (see e.g. van Dijk 1978; Olsen & Galton 1984; Raath et al. 1990; Gow & Latimer 1999), mainly in mudrocks of the Elliot Formation, although Ellenberger (1970) recorded quite a few Lesotho tracksites in what he identified as ‘Cave Sandstone’, an old name for the Clarens Formation. During a brief field excursion by staff and students of the Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research in June 2003 it was decided to take advantage of a stop on Uniondale farm to measure and photograph the tracks (Fig. 2) and formally place them on record. Because of the way the block has come to rest, the original surface along which the track-maker moved is now
The role of mTOR in SAF-1-mediated VEGF expression and breast cancer progression

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with a huge impact on the community evident from its high indices of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In recent years, research has been extensively directed toward unravelling the molecular basis of the pathogenesis in different molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Better understanding of the different breast cancer cells and the subsequent improvement of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities of the disease resulted in a promising decline in its morbidity and mortality. In addition to surgery, radiotherapy, and conventional chemotherapy, treatment of breast cancer, nowadays, involves more targeted therapeutic options. Treatment options of breast cancer are determined mainly by the tumor stage and molecular subtypes of the tumor cells. Invasive potentials of a tumor involve also its ability to recruit blood supply through a process known as angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is an intricate process mediated by the interaction of many players including the tumor cells and stroma as well as the endothelial cells in adjacent blood vessels. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the main proangiogenic molecules secreted by breast cancer cells to promote angiogenesis through binding to the
18th International Conference on Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes

Currently, no adequate methodology exists to assess the NO2 health impacts at an EU-wide level. To a large extent this is attributed to the level of detail required in the NO2 concentration assessment at EU-level due to the strong spatial gradients for NO2 around roads. In this contribution we present a sensitivity analysis of the major sources of uncertainty in such an EU-wide health impact assessment for NO2. We do this by means of a number of bottom-up NO2 assessment maps contributed through the FAIRMODE composite mapping platform. We investigate the impact of the spatial resolution of the NO2 assessment, the available dose response curves and a number of ancillary datasets such as gridded population. We find that the largest source of uncertainty is found in the divergence between the different CRF’s available, in particular the choice of a ‘cut-off’ or ‘threshold’. For some cities, such as London, the difference is relatively small. However, the difference for smaller cities, such as Klagenfurt can go up to a factor of 6. Spatial resolution of the air quality maps and population maps is an important factor and depending on the concentration response function, the sensitivity is stronger. This work has been performed in the framework of the DG-ENV service contract 070201/2015/SER/717473/C.3, the conclusions of which contributed to the development of an EU-wide high resolution NO2 exposure assessment methodology.
The management of Lake Maggiore water levels: a study of low water episodes

Lake Maggiore, due to the elevation, morphology and precipitation regime of its drainage basin, is subjected to floods and long-lasting low water episodes. Based on the lake water levels recorded at Pallanza from 1952 to 2005, 30 flood and 41 low water episodes were identified. In the last 15 years, the frequency of floods has decreased, and since the end of 2004, no floods have occurred. In light of this, the cause-effect relationship between each low water episode and the precipitation, the management of the weir, and the mountain reservoir is analysed. The data presented shows that the altered rainfall regime characteristic of the 1980s onwards, although of great relevance, is not the only factor influencing low water episodes. In fact, the management of the outflow at the Miorina weir and of the mountain reservoirs has a great impact on the onset and evolution of low water events.
More Haste Less Speed: A Meta-Analysis of Thinking Latencies During Planning in People 2 with Psychosis

19 Cognitive impairment is a core feature of psychosis, with slowed processing speed thought to be a 20 prominent impairment in schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis. However, findings from the 21 Stockings of Cambridge (SOC) planning task suggest changes in processing speed associated with the 22 illness may include faster responses in early stages of planning, though findings are inconsistent. This 23 review uses meta-analytic methods to assess thinking times in psychosis across the available 24 literature. Studies were identified by searching PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar. 25 Eligibility criteria: 1) included a sample of people with non-affective psychosis according to DSM III, 26 DSM IV, DSM V or ICD-10 criteria; 2) employed the SOC task; 3) included a healthy control group; 27 and 4) published in English. We identified 11 studies that employed the SOC task. Results show that 28 people with psychosis have significantly faster initial thinking times than non-clinical participants, but 29 significantly slower subsequent thinking times during problem execution. These findings indicate that 30 differences in processing speed are not limited to slower responses in people with psychosis but may 31 reflect a preference for step-by-step processing rather than planning before task execution. We 32 suggest this style of responding is adopted to compensate for working memory impairment. 33 These data indicate very little evidence of
A Hybrid Model of Integer Programming and Variable Neighbourhood Search for Highly-constrained Nurse Rostering Problems

This paper presents a hybrid multi-objective model that combines Integer Programming (IP) and Variable Neighbourhood Search (VNS) to deal with highly constrained nurse rostering problems in modern hospital environments. An IP is first used to solve the subproblem which includes the full set of hard constraints and a subset of soft constrains. A basic VNS then follows as a postprocessing procedure to further improve the IP's resulting solutions, and the satisfaction of the excluded constraints from the preceding IP model is the VNS's major concern in its search. Very promising results are reported compared with a commercial genetic algorithm and a hybrid VNS approach on real instances arising in a Dutch hospital. The comparison results demonstrate that our hybrid approach does combine advantages of both the IP and the VNS to beat pure metaheuristics in solving this type of problems. We also believe that the proposed approach can be applied to other resource allocation problems with a large number of constraints.
EVALUATION OF NEURAL NETWORK BASED CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS FOR CLINICAL CANCER DATA CLASSIFICATION

The two important tasks of Data mining are clustering and classification. Breast cancer represents the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women today. Cancer cells are to be classified as either malignant or benign. This paper aims at the study of suitable machine learning technique for multidimensional, clinical cancer data classification. In this paper, three kinds of neural network based classification systems are evaluated for the proposed cancer data classification problem. The evaluated models are: 1.Adaptive Resonance Theory Based Neural Network (ART), 2.Self Organizing Map Based Neural Network (SOM) and 3.Back Propagation Neural network (BPN).
Stress-induced variation in evolution: from behavioural plasticity to genetic assimilation

Extreme environments are closely associated with phenotypic evolution, yet the mechanisms behind this relationship are poorly understood. Several themes and approaches in recent studies significantly further our understanding of the importance that stress-induced variation plays in evolution. First, stressful environments modify (and often reduce) the integration of neuroendocrinological, morphological and behavioural regulatory systems. Second, such reduced integration and subsequent accommodation of stress-induced variation by developmental systems enables organismal ‘memory’ of a stressful event as well as phenotypic and genetic assimilation of the response to a stressor. Third, in complex functional systems, a stress-induced increase in phenotypic and genetic variance is often directional, channelled by existing ontogenetic pathways. This accounts for similarity among individuals in stress-induced changes and thus significantly facilitates the rate of adaptive evolution. Fourth, accumulation of phenotypically neutral genetic variation might be a common property of locally adapted and complex organismal systems, and extreme environments facilitate the phenotypic expression of this variance. Finally, stress-induced effects and stress-resistance strategies often persist for several generations through maternal, ecological and cultural inheritance. These transgenerational effects, along with both the complexity of developmental systems and stressor recurrence, might facilitate genetic assimilation of stress-induced effects. Accumulation of phenotypically neutral genetic variance by developmental systems and phenotypic accommodation of stress-induced effects, together with the inheritance of stress-induced modifications, ensure the evolutionary persistence of stress–response strategies and provide a link between individual adaptability and evolutionary adaptation.
3D MAPPING OF DARK AND COMPLICATED OBJECTS BY RASTERSTEREOGRAPHY

Rasterstereography is a photogrammetric method, based on a single photograph of raster lines that are projected on an object. The photograph and the raster diapositive in the projector form together a photogrammetric model of the projected raster lines. Using this technique, people that are not experts in photogrammetry, can perform by themselves, a non-contact 3D mapping of smooth, bright and monotonous objects like small statues. The equipment which is needed for that purpose is a digital camera, a projector, a laptop and a suitable control device. The method is suitable also when the object surface is dark but in this case the raster lines should be wider and the spaces between them bigger. Since only points on the projected raster lines can be measured, it reduced the density of the measured points. The paper presents a method in which the process of projection and photography is repeated from the same angles. The position and direction of the projected raster strip, which are controlled by the computer, are changed slightly each time. This ensure both, the ability to measure and mape dark objects and also the proper density of reference points upon the object's surface.
Advance reservation for virtual overlay network services

Network advance reservation is an area of growing interest and focus today. However most proposed solutions in this field have only focused on the scheduling of point-to-point client connections. Now as applications and user communities continue to expand, there is a growing need to extend advance reservation support for multipoint services. To address this concern, a heuristic solution is presented for virtual overlay network scheduling. The scheme uses graph-theoretic schemes and is analyzed in detail using network simulation.