Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Spatial, Ionization, and Kinematic Conditions of the z = 1.39 Damped Lyα Absorber in Q0957+561A, B

We examined the kinematics, ionization conditions, and physical size of the absorption clouds in a z = 1.3911 damped Lyα absorber (DLA) in the double-image lensed quasar Q0957+561A, B (separation 135 h pc at the absorber redshift). Using HIRES/Keck spectra (FWHM ≃ 6.6 km s-1), we studied the Mg II λλ2796, 2803 doublet, Fe II multiplet, and Mg I λ2853 transition in absorption. Based on the Fe II profiles (the Mg II suffers from saturation), we defined six "clouds" in the system of sight line A and seven clouds in the system of sight line B. An examination of the N(v) profiles, using the apparent optical depth method, reveals no clear physical connection between the clouds in A and those in B. The observed column density ratios of all clouds are log N(Mg )/N(Fe ) ≃ -2 across the full ~300 km s-1 velocity range in both systems and also spatially (in both sight lines). This is a remarkable uniformity not seen in Lyman limit systems. The uniformity of the cloud properties suggests that the multiple clouds are not part of a "halo. " Based on photoionization modeling, using the N(Mg )/N(Fe ) ratio in each cloud, we constrain the ionization parameters in the range -6.2 ≤ log U ≤ -5.1, where the range brackets known abundance ratio and dust depletion patterns. The inferred cloud properties are densities of 2 ≤ nH ≤ 20 cm-3 and line-of-sight sizes of 1 ≤ D ≤ 25 pc. The masses of the clouds in system A are 10 ≤ M/M☉ ≤ 1000 and in system B are 1 ≤ M/M☉ ≤ 60 for spherical clouds. For planar clouds, the upper limits are 400 and 160 h M☉ for A and B, respectively. We favor a model of the absorber in which the DLA region itself is a single cloud in this complex, which could be a parcel of gas in a galactic interstellar medium. We cannot discern whether the H I in this DLA cloud is in a single, cold phase or in cold+warm phases. A spherical cloud of ~10 pc would be limited to one of the sight lines (A) and imply a covering factor less than 0.1 for the DLA complex. We infer that the DLA cloud properties are consistent with those of lower density, cold clouds in the Galactic interstellar medium.
Hydra Code Release

A revised version of Hydra, an adaptive particle-particle, particle-mesh plus smoothed particle hydrodynamics code developed by; Hugh Couchman, University of Western Ontario, Frazer Pearce, University of Durham, Peter Thomas, University of Sussex, is now available as a tar file from; http://coho.astro. uwo.ca/pub/hydra/hydra.html or http://star-www.maps. susx.ac. uk/~pat/hydra/hydra.html .
State feedback stabilization of a class of uncertain periodic systems

Abstract This paper deals with the robust stability and stabilization problem for a class of uncertain linear periodic discrete time system. This class is defined as the class of systems subject, at first, to LFR (Linear fractional representation)-based uncertainty and then to LFR and polytopic uncertainties together. The LFR-based uncertainty encompasses the case of norm bounded uncertainty as a special case. The use of a full block S-procedure allows to reformulate the stability LMI conditions of an uncertain system through a dual form of quadratic Lyapunov inequality in equivalent efficient LMI conditions that can be easily checked by any LMI solver. The obtained conditions are then used to propose a periodic state feedback controller ensuring the robust stabilizability of the obtained closed loop system. The use of the PDLF (parameter-dependent Lyapunov functions) technique enables one to take account in the same time of polytopic uncertainties. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the proposed results.
Effect of oxygen and temperature on pyrolytic oil production from tobacco stem waste

To reveal the characteristics of pyrolytic oil production from the thermal cracking of tobacco stem waste at different temperatures and oxygen concentrations, experimental studies of tobacco stem thermal cracking at 300-800°C and oxygen concentrations of 0-8% were carried out using a fixed-bed reactor, and the pyrolytic oil composition was analyzed by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the ultraviolet fluorescence spectroscopy (UV-F). The results showed that: 1. thermal cracking of tobacco stem could produce about 23.25-39.50 wt% of pyrolytic oil, and the oil yield reached the highest at 500°C; 2. increasing oxygen concentration could promote the oxidative consumption of volatiles, leading to the decrease of pyrolytic oil yield; 3. nicotine yield reached the highest value at 500°C when oxygen concentration was 0% and 4%, 7.0 mg and 9.5 mg (per g of tobacco), respectively. When the oxygen concentration was 8%, the nicotine yield reached the highest value of 7.8 mg (per g of tobacco) at 400°C. 4. under an inert atmosphere, high temperature inhibited the production of acids, ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, and heterocyclic substances and promoted the production of phenols, while oxidizing atmosphere helped to produce phenols, heterocyclic substances, and aromatic substances. 5. High temperature and oxidizing atmosphere significantly promoted the production of macrocyclic aromatic compounds. The results of this paper clarify the effects of reaction temperature and oxygen concentration on the generation characteristics of pyrolytic oil in the thermal cracking process of tobacco stem and provide theoretical guidance for the pyrolysis utilization of tobacco stem waste
Dewetting, partial wetting, and spreading of a two-dimensional monolayer on solid surface

We study the behavior of a semi-infinite monolayer, which is placed initially on a half of an infinite in both directions, ideal crystalline surface, and then evolves in time due to random motion of the monolayer particles. Particles dynamics is modeled as the Kawasaki particle-vacancy exchange process in the presence of long-range attractive particle-particle interactions. In terms of an analytically solvable mean-field-type approximation we calculate the mean displacement X(t) of the monolayer edge and discuss the conditions under which such a monolayer spreads (X(t) > 0), partially wets (X(t) = 0) or dewets from the solid surface (X(t) < 0).
Physical properties of near-Earth asteroids with a low delta-v: Survey of target candidates for the Hayabusa2 mission

Sample return from the near-Earth asteroid known as 25143 Itokawa was conducted as part of the Hayabusa mission, with a large number of scientific findings being derived from the returned samples. Following the Hayabusa mission, Hayabusa2 was planned, targeting sample return from a primitive asteroid. The primary target body of Hayabusa2 was asteroid 162173 Ryugu; however, it was also necessary to gather physical information for backup target selection. Therefore, we examined five asteroids spectroscopically, 43 asteroids spectrophotometrically, and 41 asteroids through periodic analysis. Hence, the physical properties of 74 near-Earth asteroids were obtained, which helped the Hayabusa2 backup target search and, also, furthered understanding of the physical properties of individual asteroids and their origins.
Spatial cross-correlations between local electron-electron interaction effects and local superconducting energy gap in moderately-disordered NbN ultrathin films

We have studied by scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) at very-low temperature the local electronic properties of a superconducting NbN disordered ultrathin film grown \emph{ex situ}. The NbN film has a $T_c = 3.8$~K about $0.25$ $T_{C-bulk}$. The STS measurements performed in ultrahigh vacuum at 300~mK show that an inhomogeneous spatial distribution of the superconducting energy gap $\Delta$ has developped in the material. Concomitantly there exists a large depression in the local density-of-states, associated to Altshuler-Aronov effect, which presents strong spatial variations. Our analysis shows that the local Altshuler-Aronov effect is strongly correlated with the local energy gap value. Our results show that a local Finkelstein mechanism is at play and reduces $\Delta$ in moderately disordered NbN superconducting films.
On the modified Niederreiter cryptosystem

In the classical Niederreiter cryptosystem a public key is the r/spl times/N matrix H/sub cr/=SH=S[z/sub j/x/sup i//sub j/], where S is a scrambling r/spl times/r matrix, distinct x/sub j//spl isin/GF(q)U(/spl infin/), and z/sub j//spl isin/GF(q)(0). Anyone who wants to send a secret message chooses a plaintext m, /spl omega//sub H/(m)/spl les/t=[(d-1)/2]=[r/2], and calculates the cyphertext as the syndrome c of the code with the parity check matrix H/sub cr/: c=mH/sup T//sub cr/. Upon receiving the ciphertext c, the legal user multiplies it by (S/sup T/)/sup -1/ and applies a fast decoding algorithm to obtain the plaintext m.
Mixing and the Cloud Droplet Size Spectrum: Generalizations from the CCOPE Data

Abstract Droplet size distributions have been examined in continental convective clouds observed on 9 days during the Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment (CCOPE). Typically, the size at the large droplet peak in the condensation spectrum is insensitive to major variations in droplet concentration along horizontal cloud penetrations. The data are 100 or 40 m averages, and they cover a wide range of cloud conditions, vertical velocities and turbulence intensifies. The observations are explained by postulating the existence of major nonuniformities in droplet concentration on scales not resolved.
Barriers and facilitators to adherence for antiretroviral therapy: the perspectives of patients from a wellness center in the Mpumalanga Province, South Africa

Introduction Patients' non-adherence to antiretroviral treatment remains a public health concern in many developing countries, especially in South Africa. Objectives The objective of the study was to explore the barriers and facilitators of patients' ART adherence in one health care facility in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Methods A qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive design was employed to collect data using a semi-structured interview guide through individual in-depth interviews among twenty (20) purposively selected patients. The thematic analysis approach was used to generate themes from the data. Results A majority of the participants were female (n=12, 60%), married (n=13, 65%), and employed (n=12, 60%). Barriers to ART adherence include insufficient medical staff at the health center and waiting time being too long. Facilitators included service providers' positive attitude, clear instructions for taking medication, benefits of adhering to ART, and dangers of defaulting treatment. Conclusion Barriers and facilitators for adherence included several factors related to the health system, health care workers, and the patients. Achievement of optimal adherence to ART requires the commitment of both patients and providers.
Front dynamics and entanglement in the XXZ chain with a gradient

We consider the XXZ spin chain with a magnetic field gradient and study the profiles of the magnetization as well as the entanglement entropy. For a slowly varying field it is shown that, by means of a local density approximation, the ground-state magnetization profile can be obtained with standard Bethe ansatz techniques. Furthermore, it is argued that the low-energy description of the theory is given by a Luttinger liquid with slowly varying parameters. This allows us to obtain a very good approximation of the entanglement profile using a recently introduced technique of conformal field theory in curved spacetime. Finally, the front dynamics is also studied after the gradient field has been switched off, following arguments of generalized hydrodynamics for integrable systems. While for the XX chain the hydrodynamic solution can be found analytically, the XXZ case appears to be more complicated and the magnetization profiles are recovered only around the edge of the front via an approximate numerical solution.
Gaussian and Mean Field Approximations for Reduced 4D Supersymmetric Yang-Mills Integral

In this paper, we consider a reduced supersymmetric Yang-Mills integral with four supercharges by using a Gaussian approximation scheme and its improved version. We calculate the free energy and the expectation values of Polyakov loop and Wilson loop operators by extending the method employed in the bosonic case in the previous paper. Our results nicely match to the exact and the numerical results obtained before. The loop amplitudes exhibit good scaling behaviors similarly as in the bosonic case. The 't Hooft like large $N$ limit leads simple formulas for the case of the loop length smaller. Also, the Polyakov loop and the Wilson loop are computed for the case of the loop length sufficiently large, where we see that the behavior of the Wilson loop reproduces the result simulated for a few smaller values of $N$ at least qualitatively.
The Most Massive Stars in the Local Group: Measuring Accurate Masses of Stars in Eclipsing Binaries

Accurate masses and, in general, all fundamental parameters of distant stars can only be measured in eclipsing binaries. Several massive star candidates with masses near 200 Mo exist, however they have large uncertainties associated with them. The most massive binary ever measured accurately is WR 20a, for which we present the light curve. Measuring the period and inclination, we derive masses greater than 80 Mo for each component. Massive binaries are bound to exist in Local Group galaxies, such as M31 and M33. These can be selected from their light curves, obtained by variability studies, such as the DIRECT project. We present photometry and spectroscopy of the detached system M33A, for which we are obtaining a direct distance determination. The DIRECT project has detected several candidate massive binaries which are brighter but non-detached systems, perhaps similar to WR 20a. We plan to obtain spectra for them and measure their masses.
TWO-LOOP APPROACH TO THE EFFECTIVE ACTION IN QUANTUM GRAVITY

For the first time we present the general formalism and results of calculation of the two-loop effective action in Einstein quantum gravity on the background MN × Tk, where MN is Minkowski space and Tk is a k-dimensional torus. We discuss the case of a zero cosmological constant as well as of a nonzero one. The method of calculating variations of the action on a metric tensor and the technique of calculating momentum integrals in dimensional regularization are presented. Some applications to spontaneous compactification are discussed, as well as some prospects.
Rescaling nonsmooth optimization using BFGS and Shor updates

The BFGS quasi-Newton methodology, popular for smooth minimization, has also proved surprisingly effective in nonsmooth optimization. Through a variety of simple examples and computational experiments, we explore how the BFGS matrix update improves the local metric associated with a convex function even in the absence of smoothness and without using a line search. We compare the behavior of the BFGS and Shor r-algorithm updates.
PYTHIA 6.4 Physics and Manual

The Pythia program can be used to generate high-energy-physics ''events'', i.e. sets of outgoing particles produced in the interactions between two incoming particles. The objective is to provide as accurate as possible a representation of event properties in a wide range of reactions, within and beyond the Standard Model, with emphasis on those where strong interactions play a role, directly or indirectly, and therefore multihadronic final states are produced. The physics is then not understood well enough to give an exact description; instead the program has to be based on a combination of analytical results and various QCD-based models. This physics input is summarized here, for areas such as hard subprocesses, initial- and final-state parton showers, underlying events and beam remnants, fragmentation and decays, and much more. Furthermore, extensive information is provided on all program elements: subroutines and functions, switches and parameters, and particle and process data. This should allow the user to tailor the generation task to the topics of interest.
The Properties of the Galactic Hot Gaseous Halo from X-Ray Emission

The extended hot X-ray emitting gaseous halo of the Milky Way has an optical depth ∼1 for the dominant emission lines of O vii and O viii, which are used to infer the halo properties. To improve on halo gas properties, we treat optical depth effects with a Monte Carlo radiative transfer model, which leads to slightly steeper density profiles ( β ≈ 0.5 ) than if optical depths effects were ignored. For the preferred model where the halo is rotating on cylinders at 180 km s−1, independent fits to both lines lead to identical results, where the core radius is 2.5 kpc and the turbulent component of the Doppler-b parameter is 100–120 km s−1; the turbulent pressure is 20% of the thermal pressure. The fit is improved when emission from a disk is included, with a radial scale length of 3 kpc (assumed) and a fitted vertical scale height of approximately 1.3 kpc. The disk component is a minor mass constituent and has low optical depth, except at low latitudes. The gaseous mass is 3 – 4 × 10 10 M ⊙ within 250 kpc , similar to our previous determinations and significantly lower than the mass of the missing baryons, which is 1.7 × 10 11 M ⊙ .
VLBI observations of a radio flare of Circinus X-1

VLBI 2.3 GHz observations of a strong radio flare of the binary star system Circinus X-1 indicate a radio source flaring component angular size of 0.0015-0.015 arcsec. This is equivalent to a linear size of 15-150 AU at the 10 kpc distance of Circinus X-1, although interstellar medium scattering may have enlarged the apparent angular source size. Since the radio source quiescent component, observed prior to the flare, had an angular size greater than 0.2 arcsec (equivalent to more than 2000 AU at 10 kpc), the quiescent radio emission comes from a region much larger than that proposed in recent models for Circinus X-1. The quiescent component appears to be variable on a time scale of years, and is probably fueled by the Circinus X-1 binary system.
Weak ferromagnetism and glassy state in 
κ−(BEDT−TTF)2Hg(SCN)2Br

Since the first observation of weak ferromagnetism in the charge-transfer salt kappa-(BEDT-TTF)2-Cu[N(CN)2]Cl [U. Welp et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 840 (1992)], no further evidence of ferromagnetism in this class of organic materials has been reported. Here we present static and dynamic spin susceptibility measurements on kappa-(BEDT-TTF)2Hg(SCN)2Br revealing weak ferromagnetism below about TWF = 20 K. We suggest that frustrated spins in the molecular dimers suppress long-range order, forming a spin-glass ground state in the insulating phase.
SZNAJD SOCIOPHYSICS MODEL ON A TRIANGULAR LATTICE: FERRO AND ANTIFERROMAGNETIC OPINIONS

The Sznajd sociophysics model is generalized on the triangular lattice with pure antiferromagnetic opinion and also with both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic opinions. The slogan of the trade union "united we stand, divided we fall" can be realized via the propagation of ferromagnetic opinion of adjacent people in the union, but the propagation of antiferromagnetic opinion can be observed among the third countries between two big super powers or among the family members of conflicting parents. Fixed points are found in both models. The distributions of relaxation time of the mixed model are dispersed and become closer to log–normal as the initial concentration of down spins approaches 0.5, whereas for pure antiferromagnetic spins, they are collapsed into one master curve, which is roughly log–normal. We do not see the phase transition in the model.
MODEL OF VEHICLE ROUTING PROBLEM WITH SPLIT DELIVERY, MULTI TRIPS, MULTI PRODUCTS AND COMPARTMENTS FOR DETERMINING FUEL DISTRIBUTION ROUTES

The industrial development in Indonesia encourages companies to have high sensitivity in competing to meet consumer demands promptly by considering minimum distribution costs. One of the factors that can affect distribution costs is route determination. Determining the distribution route is the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP). The purpose of VRP is to arrange the order of distribution routes to produce a minimum total distance. This study aims to determine the fuel distribution route at TBBM Rewulu in one delivery period to obtain the optimal distribution route and minimize the vehicle mileage. Delivery is carried out using three types of tanker trucks with heterogeneous capacities. This study uses a mathematical model of Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) by considering split delivery, multi trips, multi-products, and compartments.The branch and bound method in the LINGO solver has been used to solve this problem. This model was tested on a simple case using data of 8 customers with different distances and demand shipped by truck. The results obtained indicate that no boundaries are violated, and all consumers are served. The mathematical model built is still general, so it can solve similar cases. A model can be developed for further research by adding VRP variants such as time windows and adding the product types to represent the entire existing system.
Enhancement of Silicon Solar Cell’s Performance using Plasmonic Ag Nps

- In this paper, Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were prepared by laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) technique for different laser energy in water. Then the Ag NPs were deposited on the surface of Si solar cells to enhance their plasmonic absorption. The UV-VIS, FTIR spectrometer, and the Atomic force microscope were used to study the optical properties, composition, and the surface morphology of the NPs, respectively. The atomic absorption spectroscopy was also used to find the amount of ablated material. It is found that after the thermal deposition of the water drops containing Ag NPs on the surface of Silicon solar cells, the short circuit current and the overall conversion efficiency (η) have been improved. The short circuit current density (Jsc) has been increased by 14% after the drop overcasting of Ag NPs (about 92 nm in size) on the surface of silicon solar cells. The relative increase in Jsc may be attributed to the enhance plasmonic absorption for the incident light due to the forward scattering of Ag NP s.
A true real-time success story: the case of collecting beauty-ful data at the LHCb experiment

The LHCb experiment at CERN is currently completing its first big data taking campaign at the LHC started in 2009. It has been collecting data at more than 2.5 times its nominal design luminosity value and with a global efficiency of ~92%. Even more striking, the efficiency between online and offline recorded luminosity, obtained by comparing the data quality output, is close to 99%, which highlights how well the detector, its data acquisition system and its control system have been performing despite much harsher and more variable conditions than initially foreseen. In this paper, the excellent performance of the LHCb experiment will be described, by transversally tying together the timing and data acquisition system, the software trigger, the real-time calibration and the shifters interaction with the control system. Particular attention will be given to their real-time aspects, which allow performing an online reconstruction that is at the same performance level as the offline one through a real-time calibration and alignment of the full detector. In addition, the various solutions that have been chosen to operate the experiment safely and synchronously with the various phases of the LHC operations will also be shown. In fact, the quasi-autonomous control system of the LHCb experiment is the key to explain how such a large detector can be operated successfully around the clock by a pool of ~300 non-expert shifters. Finally, a critical review of the experiment will be presented in order to justify the reasons for a major upgrade of the detector.