Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Demand information acquisition strategy in a dual channel supply chain

This article examines the information acquisition strategy of a dual‐channel supply chain, in which a manufacturer sells a product both through a retailer and through its own direct channel. Either the manufacturer or the retailer can acquire demand information from a third‐party marketing research company. The manufacturer first decides whether or not to acquire such information, and then the retailer decides whether or not to acquire information. This setup implies a signaling game (either the manufacturer or the retailer may have private demand information) with an endogenous information structure. We identify conditions under which neither of the firms will acquire demand information, even when the cost of implementation is negligible. We also show that information acquisition can have a negative impact on the retailer, the supply chain, customers, and society. The manufacturer who acquires information always prefers to share information with the retailer, which benefits the retailer. The retailer who acquires information, however, may not want to share information with the manufacturer. The managerial insight of our paper is that firms that have more accurate demand data must develop strategies for the appropriate use of that information, both in their own planning and within the context of their dual‐channel supply chain.
Face Recognition Based on a Fast Kernel Discriminant Analysis Approach

The computational cost of kernel discrimination is usually higher than linear discrimination, making many kernel methods impractically slow. To overcome this disadvantage, several accelerated algorithms have been presented, which express kernel discriminant vectors using a part of mapped training samples that are selected by some criterions. However, they still need to calculate a large kernel matrix using all training samples, so they only save rather limited computing time. In this paper, we propose the fast and effective kernel discriminations based on the mapped mean samples (MMS). It calculates a small kernel matrix by constructing a few mean samples in input space, then expresses the kernel discriminant vectors using MMS. The proposed kernel approach is tested on the public AR and FERET face databases. Experimental results show that this approach is effective in both saving computing time and acquiring favorable recognition results.
Faraday waves: rolls versus squares

Weakly nonlinear capillary—gravity waves of frequency ω and wavenumber k that are induced on the surface of a liquid in a square cylinder that is subjected to the vertical displacement a0 cos 2ωt are studied on the assumptions that: 0 < δ < ka0, where δ is the linear damping ratio; the dominant modes are cos kx and cos ky, where x and y are Cartesian coordinates in a horizontal plane. The formulation extends those of Simonelli & Gollub (1989), Feng & Sethna (1989), Nagata (1989, 1991) and Umeki (1991) by incorporating capillarity, cubic forcing and cubic damping. The results are also applicable to a laterally unbounded fluid, but the basic symmetry then is hypothetical rather than imposed by the boundaries. Canonical evolution equations for the modal amplitudes are determined from an average Lagrangian. The fixed points of the evolution equations comprise: (i) the null solution; (ii) an orthogonal pair of rolls described by either cos kx or cos ky; (iii) an orthogonal pair of squares described by either cos kx + cos ky or cos kx – cos ky; (iv) coupled-mode solutions for which both modes are active and neither in phase nor in antiphase. The solutions for squares are isomorphic to those for rolls through a linear transformation of the coefficients in the Hamiltonian. The fixed points for rolls and squares lie on separate loci in an energy–frequency plane that intersect the null solution at a pair of pitchfork bifurcations, one of which is definitely supercritical and the other of which may be either subcritical or supercritical. The parametric domain of the various solutions includes subdomains in which squares/rolls are stable/unstable and conversely. In the limiting case of deep-water capillary waves in the threshold domain 0 < ka0 — δ < 8δ3/9 all of the rolls and coupled-mode solutions are unstable, while squares are stable except for fixed points between the subcritical bifurcation (if it exists) and the corresponding turning point.
The Electrical Characteristics of Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors Fabricated on Cubic Silicon Carbide

The n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) were fabricated on cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC) epitaxial layers grown on 3C-SiC substrates. The gate oxide of the MOSFETs was formed using pyrogenic oxidation at 1100 °C. The 3C-SiC MOSFETs showed enhancement type behaviors after annealing at 200 °C for 30 min in argon atmosphere. The maximum value of the effective channel mobility of the 3C-SiC MOSFETs was 260 cm2/V·s. The leakage current of gate oxide was of a few tens of nA/cm2 at an electric field range below 8.5 MV/cm, and breakdown began around 8.5 MV/cm.
An elementary counterexample to the open mapping principle for bilinear maps

ABSTrRACT. In [21, Rudin asked whether a continuous bilinear map from the product of two Banach spaces onto a Banach space must be open at the origin; i.e., whether under such a map the image of every neighborhood of zero must contain a neighborhood of zero. Recently, Cohen [I] showed that the answer to the general question was in the negative. Ilowever, his counterexample was somewhat involved and left the issue unresolved for bilinear maps on hlilbert spaces. The purpose of this note is to show that the open mapping principle for bilinear maps, as described above, fails even in the finite dimensional case.
Room‐temperature electroluminescence from Er‐doped crystalline Si

We have obtained room‐temperature electroluminescence (EL) at ∼1.54 μm from Er and O co‐doped crystalline p‐n Si diodes fabricated by ion implantation, under both forward and reverse bias conditions. Under forward bias, the EL intensity decreases by a factor of ∼15 on going from 110 to 300 K, where a weak peak is still visible. In contrast, we report the first sharp luminescence peak obtained under reverse bias conditions in the breakdown regime. In this case the EL intensity decreases only by a factor of 4 on going from 110 to 300 K and the room‐temperature yield is more than one order of magnitude higher than under forward bias. The data suggest that Er excitation occurs through electron‐hole mediated processes under forward bias and through impact excitation under reverse bias.
The dwarf low surface brightness galaxy population of the Virgo cluster - III. Comparisons with different environments

We have previously described the results of a search for low surface brightness (LSB) objects in data drawn from an east–west strip of the Virgo cluster and have compared this to a large-area strip outside the cluster. In this paper, we compare the cluster east–west data with new data along a cluster north–south strip and with data obtained for the Ursa Major (UMa) cluster and fields around the spiral galaxy M101. Our intention is to look for differences in the nature of the dwarf galaxy population with location in the cluster and within other environments. These uniform data sets reach central surface brightness values of ∼26 Bμ, and an apparent B magnitude of 21 (M(B)=−10 for a Virgo cluster distance of 16 Mpc). Over a north–south strip area of ∼15 deg(2), we find ∼22 LSB objects per square degree. This compares with ∼4 deg(−2) in both the UMa and the M101 fields. These results are very similar to what we have previously found for the east–west cluster strip and for other fields outside the cluster. There are far more small LSB features detected in Virgo cluster fields and we associate them with an extensive cluster dwarf galaxy population. In the cluster north–south strip there is an average dwarf-to-giant number ratio of 31 ± 9, which is much higher than would be expected from observations of galaxies in the Local Group, but significantly less than that required by Λ cold dark matter galaxy formation models. The dwarf-to-giant ratios in UMa and M101 are consistent with those in the Local Group. Comparing the cluster east–west and north–south data, we find clear differences in the way the number density of dwarfs decreases with cluster radius and the distributions of galaxy magnitudes and sizes. The north–south strip covers a region of the cluster that contains not only the main cluster region associated with M87, but also two more distant infalling clouds. Additionally, the north–south strip lies approximately along the extended filamentary structure associated with Virgo while the east–west strip is perpendicular to it. We interpret the differences between the two strips as being due to these different environments. We suggest that the Virgo cluster is assembling itself out of subclusters and clouds that are already rich in dwarf galaxies compared to the environment of the general field. There is no evidence for any systematic difference in dwarf galaxy (B−I) colour between dwarf galaxies of different magnitudes or in different parts of the Virgo cluster. A typical value of (B−I)= 1.8 is consistent with the colours of a wide range of stellar systems including the globular clusters of the central elliptical galaxy M87, but is bluer than is typical for giant ellipticals. We discuss and interpret our results in the context of various physical processes that are thought to act on galaxies as they form and evolve. Additionally, we give images and positions of possible new dwarf galaxy companions of M101.
Chemical enrichment of the ISM by stellar ejecta

Abstract The family of unidentified infrared emission features, consisting of discrete and plateau features in the mid-infrared, are now observed in distant galaxies. A significant fraction of the total energy output of some infrared galaxies is emitted in these features. Comparisons of these features with those observed in the circumstellar and interstellar media suggest that these organic species are synthesized and ejected by evolved stars. Models of possible chemical structures of the carrier of these features are discussed.
Determination of pressure balance distortion coefficient and zero-pressure effective area uncertainties

The behaviour of piston-cylinder operated pressure balances is characterized by the distortion coefficient λ and zero-pressure effective area A0 which model the variation of a pressure balance's area in terms of the applied pressure. This paper determines the uncertainties in λ and A0 when utilizing the method of cross-floating with another pressure balance standard whose parameters and associated uncertainties are known. A limitation that is frequently encountered in many attempts of the uncertainty analysis for a pressure balance is that no readily accessible uncertainty quantification framework for the distortion coefficient is present. As a result the uncertainty in a pressure balance's area at elevated applied pressures is typically underestimated in the absence of this uncertainty information. We firstly review the uncertainty formulation for a pressure balance generated pressure involving correlation effects in terms of an implicit multivariate matrix equation approach and then utilizing the resulting solution present the methodology to consistently perform the uncertainty analysis for λ and A0.
Selective observation of photo-induced electric fields inside different material components in bulk-heterojunction organic solar cell

By using electric-field-induced optical second-harmonic generation (EFISHG) measurement at two laser wavelengths of 1000 nm and 860 nm, we investigated carrier behavior inside the pentacene and C60 component of co-deposited pentacene:C60 bulk-heterojunctions (BHJs) organic solar cells (OSCs). The EFISHG experiments verified the presence of two carrier paths for electrons and holes in BHJs OSCs. That is, two kinds of electric fields pointing in opposite directions are identified as a result of the selectively probing of SHG activation from C60 and pentacene. Also, under open-circuit conditions, the transient process of the establishment of open-circuit voltage inside the co-deposited layer has been directly probed, in terms of photovoltaic effect. The EFISHG provides an additional promising method to study carrier path of electrons and holes as well as dissociation of excitons in BHJ OSCs.
Conservation laws for a consistent plate theory

Within the framework of a consistent second‐order plate theory, three material conservation laws are established, which are useful to describe the energy‐release rates and the material forces connected with the change of configuration of inhomogeneities or defects within the plate. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cospectral similarity in the atmospheric surface layer

There are two asymptotic cases where the four parameters which determine surface layer turbulence structure reduce to three. In the unstable limit, which we call local free convection, the surface stress is no longer important. In the stable limit z no longer enters; we propose the name ‘local z-less stratification’ for this state. In both cases explicit predictions result for various properties of the cospectra of stress and heat flux. Although the predictions are based on asymptotic arguments and therefore might be expected to hold only at large ∣z/L∣ values, data from the 1968 Kansas experiments show that most predictions are valid fairly close to neutral.
IRRATIONALITY OF LAMBERT SERIES ASSOCIATED WITH A PERIODIC SEQUENCE

Let q be an integer with |q| > 1 and {an}n≥1 be an eventually periodic sequence of rational numbers, not identically zero from some point on. Then the number is irrational. In particular, if the periodic sequences of rational numbers are linearly independent over ℚ, then so are the following m + 1 numbers: This generalizes a result of Erdős who treated the case of m = 1 and . The method of proof is based on the original approaches of Chowla and Erdős, together with some results about primes in arithmetic progressions with large moduli of Ahlford, Granville and Pomerance.
Field-induced quantum criticality in low-dimensional Heisenberg spin systems

We study the quantum critical behavior in the antiferromagnetic Heisenberg chain and two-leg Heisenberg ladder resulting from the application of an external magnetic field. In each of these systems a finite-temperature crossover line between two different ferromagnetic phases ends with a quantum critical point at zero temperature. Using the bond-mean-field theory, we calculate the field dependence of the magnetization and the mean-field spin bond parameters in both systems. For the Heisenberg chain, we recover the existing exact results and show in addition that the saturation of the zero-temperature magnetization at the field ${h}_{c}=2J$ is accompanied by a quantum phase transition, where the bond parameter vanishes. Here $J$ is the exchange coupling constant along the chain. For the two-leg ladder, we also recover the known results, like the two magnetization plateaus, and show that at the upper critical field, which corresponds to the appearance of the saturation magnetization plateau, the chain and rung spin bond parameters vanish. The identification of the order parameters that govern the field-induced quantum criticality in the systems we study here constitutes an original contribution. Because no long-range order, which breaks symmetry, characterizes the bond order, the latter could be a proposal for the so-called hidden order. We calculate analytically the bond parameters in both systems as functions of the field in the low- and high-field limits at zero temperature. At nonzero temperatures, the calculation of the magnetization and bond parameters is carried out by solving the mean-field equations numerically.
1.4 GHz continuum sources in the Hercules cluster

On a effectue un balayage en continuum proche de 1,4 Ghz avec la configuration D du VLA centree sur l'amas Hercules de galaxies (A 2151). On donne les positions et les flux pour 65 sources 21-25 sources sont associees a des galaxies (principalement des galaxies brillantes) et la separation entre les positions radio et optique est ≤S 11 dans la plupart des cas
A Narrative Literature Review About the Role of Microsaccades in Sports.

In many daily and sport situations, people have to simultaneously perceive and process multiple objects and scenes in a short amount of time. A wrong decision may lead to a disadvantage for a team or for a single athlete, and during daily life (i.e., driving, surgery), it could have more dangerous consequences. Considering the results of different studies, the ability to distribute visual attention depends on different levels of expertise and environment-related constraints. This article is a narrative review of the current scientific evidence in the field of eye movements in sports, focusing on the role of microsaccades in sporting task situations. Over the past 10 years, microsaccades have become one of the most increasing areas of research in visual and oculomotor studies and even in the area of sport science. Here, we review the latest findings and discuss the relationships between microsaccades and attention, perception, and action in sports.
Direct recovery of fluctuation spectra from tomographic shear spectra

Forthcoming experiments will enable us to determine high precision tomographic shear spectra. Matter density fluctuation spectra, at various z, should then be recovered from them, in order to constrain the model and determine the DE state equation. Available analytical expressions, however, do the opposite, enabling us to derive shear spectra from fluctuation spectra. Here we find the inverse expression, yielding density fluctuation spectra from observational tomographic shear spectra. The procedure involves SVD techniques for matrix inversion. We show in detail how the approach works and provide a few examples.
HST Spectra of the Jovian Ultraviolet Aurora: Search for Heavy Ion Precipitation

Ultraviolet spectra using Hubble Space Telescope sampled between 1250 and 1680 Å at spectral resolution ≤0.57 Å are reported for characteristically bright regions of Jupiter's morning and afternoon northern aurora. Several observed spectra exhibit sharply enhanced resolution. We interpret this as bright auroral emission foreshortened on the morning limb with a maximum intensity at least as high as 2000 kR. We have searched for evidence that the primary precipitating particles exciting the aurora include the heavy ions known to exist in Jupiter's plasma torus and magnetosphere. We have also searched for such ambient heavy ions and neutrals at rest in the auroral ionosphere, the end products of previous precipitation, excited by the auroral cascade. We argue that primary emission would be characterized by a dramatically Doppler-broadened (~10-15 Å) and redshifted line profile resulting from the cascade process and the angle between the line of sight and the magnetic field lines in the atmosphere. In contrast, ambient emission would be distinguished by narrow emission lines. We have modeled the theoretical sulfur and oxygen line shapes for ion precipitation and conclude that electron precipitation is responsible for most of the H2 emissions. O ions contributed <13% of the precipitating energy flux, and S ions contributed <50%. This dominance suggests that field-aligned magnetospheric currents are more important than energetization of energetic ions and subsequent scattering by plasma waves as a mechanism for generating the Jovian aurora. We set an upper limit over our spectra of 35-43 R to the emission from ambient oxygen and sulfur ions and their neutrals, except that for the S II 1256 triplet, the upper limit for the nominally brightest line, at 1260 Å, is 74 R. Hence, we find no evidence for the accumulation of sulfur in the auroral ionosphere. A single narrow emission line from an unidentified ambient specie near 1254 Å may be detected at the 4 σ level, introducing the possibility of complex auroral aeronomy. Differences were observed in the auroral spectral hydrocarbon absorption at different locations, which cannot be interpreted without ambiguity between auroral and atmospheric structural causes. We have found that the brighter emission in an auroral sector consistently shows more spectral hydrocarbon absorption than the dimmer emission. We suggest two alternative physical explanations for this phenomenon.
Disentangled Representation for Diversified Recommendations

Accuracy and diversity have long been considered to be two conflicting goals for recommendations. We point out, however, that as the diversity is typically measured by certain pre-selected item attributes, e.g., category as the most popularly employed one, improved diversity can be achieved without sacrificing recommendation accuracy, as long as the diversification respects the user's preference about the pre-selected attributes. This calls for a fine-grained understanding of a user's preferences over items, where one needs to recognize the user's choice is driven by the quality of the item itself, or the pre-selected attributes of the item. In this work, we focus on diversity defined on item categories. We propose a general diversification framework agnostic to the choice of recommendation algorithm. Our solution disentangles the learnt user representation in the recommendation module into category- independent and category-dependent components to differentiate a user's preference over items from two orthogonal perspectives. Experimental results on three benchmark datasets and online A/B test demonstrate the effectiveness of our solution in improving both recommendation accuracy and diversity. In-depth analysis suggests that the improvement is due to our improved modeling of users' categorical preferences and refined ranking within item categories.
Oscillations in the magnetothermal conductivity of 
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: Evidence of transition anomalies

The 2D layered insulator $\alpha$-RuCl$_3$ is a candidate material for a quantum spin-liquid state, which may be realized when a magnetic field suppresses the antiferromagnetic order present at low temperature. Oscillations in the field dependence of the thermal conductivity, observed for an in-plane magnetic field $B$ up to a critical field $B^{\star}$, have been attributed to exotic charge-neutral fermions, viewed as evidence of a quantum spin-liquid state between the critical field $B_{c}$ $\simeq 7$ T at which the antiferromagnetic phase ends and $B^{\star}$. Here we report measurements of the thermal conductivity of $\alpha$-RuCl$_3$ as a function of magnetic field up to 15 T applied in two distinct in-plane directions: parallel and perpendicular to the Ru-Ru bond. We find that the number of oscillations between $B_{c}$ and $B^{\star}$ is the same for the two field directions even though the field interval between $B_{c}$ and $B^{\star}$ is different. In other words, the period of the oscillations is controlled by the transition fields $B_{c}$ and $B^{\star}$. We conclude that these are not true oscillations -- coming from putative fermions in a spin-liquid state -- but anomalies associated with a sequence of magnetic transitions.