Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF pH AND TEMPERATURE ON THE BINDING INTERACTIONS OF CAFFEINE AND CHLOROGENIC ACID WITH SODIUM CASEINATE

Coffee is a popular and well-loved beverage consumed worldwide by millions of people every day. While most patrons of coffee do so because of its unique and satisfying taste, consumers may be unaware of the potential beneficial health effects it also imparts. The antioxidants found in green coffee beans collectively known as chlorogenic acids (CGA) and caffeine are two of the most abundant bioactive compounds present in coffee. Both these bioactive compounds have been implicated in many studies to impart a wide range of health benefits, from reducing the risk of Type 2 diabetes, to their use as aides in weight management. Indeed, epidemiological studies on people who consume moderate amounts of coffee on a regular basis have unanimously shown benefits to overall health. While caffeine and CGA are naturally occurring compounds in coffee, their potential in conferring beneficial health effects warrant research into other potential food matrixes that can be used to bind and deliver these bioactive compounds into foods that do not naturally contain them. Milk proteins, specifically caseins, have been shown to be excellent vehicles to both bind and deliver sensitive bioactive compounds of various chemical and physical properties. Caseins have been shown in numerous studies to successfully bind to Page v molecules such as vitamin D 2 , ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (DHA), and iron to name a few. Because caseins exhibit high versatility in binding a variety of molecules, caseins were the milk protein of choice for the experiments in this thesis. Polyphenols have been the subject of many studies on its binding capacity with milk proteins, but research on the binding capacity of caffeine with caseins is limited. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis are threefold: 1) develop, optimize and validate an HPLC method for the accurate and simultaneous determination of caffeine and CGA, 2) establish a procedure by which caffeine and CGA bind to sodium caseinate, and 3) determine the optimal treatment conditions of pH and temperature to increase binding interactions and speculate on the mechanism of binding for each bioactive compound. A reversed phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) method was developed and subjected to validation studies with good results in linearity (caffeine R 2 = 0.9992, CGA R 2 = 0.9995) and precision (RSD of caffeine <1%, RSD of CGA <2%). The developed method also demonstrated selectivity for caffeine and CGA. This method was then used to analyze sodium caseinate samples containing caffeine and …
Flight Patterns of Bats

The time of the evening emergence and return of Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana is correlated with light conditions. The average emergence time was 11 minutes after sunset. Emergence was earlier on cloudy evenings. A literature search revealed three annual emergence patterns in bats: (1) species without seasonal differences in emergence time in relation to sunset, (2) species which leave relatively later in the spring and fall and (3) species which emerge relatively earlier in the spring and fall. Feeding flights of Tadarida were either diffuse where there was little group integrity or serpentine where the bats flew in a column. Serpentine flights occurred earlier in relation to sunset than did diffuse. The average time away from the cave was 3 hours 48 minutes. Calculations based on measured flow rate and flight duration indicate that all bats in a large population cannot leave the cave each night.
PROGRESS ON THE DISEASE OF SOYBEAN MOSAIC VIRUS

Soybean mosaic virus(SMV) disease is a worldwide disease,resulting in yield reduction and seed coat mottling. The classification of SMV strains is different in the world up to now. Nine strains (G1-G7, G7A and C14) have been identified in U.S., five strains(A-E) have been identified in Japan. The classification system of SMV strains in China is also different in different areas. SMV No.1, 2, 3 has been identified in Northeast China, S A-S H has been identified in Jiangsu Province. Some soybean accessions resistant to SMV have been identified and some new resistant soybean varieties have been released. Three resistant genes (Rsv1, Rsv2 and Rsv3) have been designated in U.S. The genetic of resistant gene to SMV strains in Northeast China is different. The resistance is controlled by one or two dominant or recessive genes. Biochemical changes of soybean varieties after infected with SMV have been studied and biochemical resistance mechanism has been discussed. Molecular markers such as SSR,RFLP and RAPD linked to resistance genes have been identified. The CP gene of SMV have been cloned and transferred to soybean.
Steepening of magnetosonic waves in the inner coma of comet
67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Abstract. We present a statistical survey of large amplitude, asymmetric plasma, and magnetic field enhancements at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from December 2014 to June 2016. The aim is to provide a general overview of these structures' properties over the mission duration. At comets, nonlinear wave evolution plays an integral part in the development of turbulence and in particular facilitates the transfer of energy and momentum. As the first mission of its kind, the ESA Rosetta mission was able to study the plasma properties of the inner coma for a prolonged time and during different stages of activity. This enables us to study the temporal evolution of steepened waves and their characteristics. In total, we identified ~70000 events in the magnetic field data by means of machine learning. We observe that the occurrence of wave events is linked to the activity of the comet, where events are primarily observed at high outgassing rates. No clear indications of a relationship between the occurrence rate and solar wind conditions were found. The waves are found to propagate predominantly perpendicular to the background magnetic field, which indicates their compressive nature. Characteristics like amplitude, skewness, and width of the waves were extracted by fitting a skew normal distribution to the magnetic field magnitude of individual events. With increasing massloading the average amplitude of steepened waves decreases while the skewness increases. Using a modified 1D MHD model it was possible to show that such solitary structures can be described by the combination of nonlinear, dispersive, and dissipative effects. By combining the model with observations of amplitude, width, and skewness we obtain an estimate of the effective plasma viscosity in the comet-solar wind interaction region. At 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko steepened waves are of particular importance as they dominate the innermost interaction region for intermediate to high activity.
Response to Referee 1

and elsewhere: The authors claim that the Northwest Corner is a source of vorticity through the non-linear terms for driving the subpolar gyre in the North Atlantic. But I do not see how this is possible dynamically. The problem is that information propagates westwards along potential vorticity contours – either lines of latitude, as in the formulation of the barotropic vorticity balance given by equation (1), or along f/H contours as in the formulation used by Wang et al. (2017) (see comment 10. below). In either case, it is not possible for a vorticity forcing applied at the northwest corner to influence the gyre interior. It seems to me, therefore, that it is the eastern boundary regions that are important for driving the gyre and not the Northwest corner. Unfortunately, one cannot appeal to non-linear advection to get around this problem. To be influential, the non-linear term must be important in the eastern part of the gyre or in the gyre interior itself. We thank the reviewer for this comment. The confusion comes from our definition of the gyre interior with the 3000-m isobath and the -3-Sv barotropic streamfunction contour (along the South Eastern edge). Due to baroclinicity, this region includes the Northwestern Corner (NWC) which can also be viewed as part of the subtropical gyre. It is true there is no vorticity flux from the NWC to the subpolar gyre interior (excepted maybe by a small eddy component). However the vorticity balance of the region we have defined as subpolar (based on the barotropic streamfunction) is influenced by the NWC. This is now made clear in (l.387-390) : « Barotropic vorticity is also provided through a mean-baroclinic signal located in the NWC. Our definition of the subpolar gyre, based on a barotropic streamfunction contour, includes a part of the NWC which is a complex transition region between the subtropical and the subpolar gyre. »
Rainbow scarab Phaneaus vindex Macleay (Insecta: Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A&M University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Nick T. Place , Dean Introduction Rainbow scarabs, Phanaeus vindex MacLeay, are members of the beetle family Scarabaeidae, which along with the family Geotrupidae, are commonly known as dung beetles (Bertone et al. 2004). Scarab beetles were the objects of worship in Ancient Egypt and the more spectacular varieties are made into jewelry (Woodruff 1973). The African dung-rolling beetle utilizes the sun, moon and stars as guides for walking in a straight line (Dacke et al. 2013). The genus Phanaeus MacLeay is distributed primarily in Neotropical habitats with 100 species, but also in the Neartic region with nine species and the West Indies with one. Dung beetles serve an important role in pasture ecosystems, which has resulted in their introduction around the world. The rainbow scarab, Phanaeus vindex MacLeay, has a bright exterior of metallic green, blue, and red interspersed with golden reflections (Figures 1 and 2).
EFFECT OF CIRCULAR OPENINGS ON WEB CRIPPLING OF UNLIPPED CHANNEL SECTIONS UNDER END-TWO-FLANGE LOAD CASE

Cold-formed steel unlipped channels with web openings increasingly employed as bearers and joists in the floor systems to embed the building services to maintain adequate clear storey-height and aesthetic appearance. The use of thin-unlipped channels is limited in the past due to flange buckling and mostly web crippling behaviour of lipped channels with web openings was investigated. However, with the thickness increment, the flange buckling of unlipped channels is limited, and these sections are used widely in construction. The major drawback with these cold-formed steel profiles is web crippling, localized failure due to higher web slenderness ratio. Web openings reduce the carrying web area of the sections, hence makes the unlipped channels more vulnerable to web crippling. Currently, unlipped channels with web openings are increasingly employed, although no proper guidelines are available to determine the capacity reductions due to the introduction of web openings. The main cold-formed steel specifications such as North American Specification (AISI S100) and Australian/ New Zealand standard (AS/NZS 4600) employ the unified design equation with different coefficients for all four load cases while Eurocode 3 Part 1-3 (ECS) employs different equations for each load case. In these specifications, design guidelines are available only for offset web openings for unlipped channels under one-flange load cases. This study investigates the effects of circular centred beneath and offset web openings on the capacity reduction of unfastened support unlipped channels subject to web crippling under end two flange load cases. The suitable reduction factor equations have been proposed for circular web openings of unlipped channels located directly underneath and away for the bearing plate using the outcome form the numerical study. Received: Revised: Accepted: 6 March 2020 23 June 2020 27 July 2020
Assimilation of passive microwave vegetation optical depth in LDAS-Monde: a case study over the continental USA

Abstract. The land data assimilation system, LDAS-Monde, developed by the research department of the French meteorological service (Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques – CNRM) is capable of well representing land surface variables (LSVs) from regional to global scales. It jointly assimilates satellite-derived observations of leaf area index (LAI) and surface soil moisture (SSM) into the interactions between soil–biosphere–atmosphere (ISBA) land surface model (LSM), increasing the accuracy of the model simulations of the LSVs. The assimilation of vegetation variables directly impacts root zone soil moisture (RZSM) through seven control variables consisting in soil moisture of seven soil layers from the soil surface to 1 m depth. This positive impact is particularly useful in dry conditions, where SSM and RZSM are decoupled to a large extent. However, this positive impact does not reach its full potential due to the low temporal availability of optical-based LAI observations, which is, at best, every 10 d, and can suffer from months of missing data over regions and seasons with heavy cloud cover such as winter or in monsoon conditions. In that context, this study investigates the assimilation of low-frequency passive microwave vegetation optical depth (VOD), available in almost all weather conditions, as a proxy for LAI. The Vegetation Optical Depth Climate Archive (VODCA) dataset provides near-daily observations of vegetation conditions, which is far more frequent than optical-based products such as LAI. This study's goal is to convert the more frequent X-band VOD observations into proxy-LAI observations through linear seasonal re-scaling and to assimilate them in place of direct LAI observations. Seven assimilation experiments are run from 2003 to 2018 over the contiguous United States (CONUS), with (1) no assimilation and the assimilation of (2) SSM, (3) LAI, (4) re-scaled X-band VOD (VODX), (5) re-scaled VODX only when LAI observations are available, (6) LAI + SSM, and (7) re-scaled VODX + SSM. This study analyzes these assimilation experiments by comparing them to satellite-derived observations and in situ measurements and is focused on the variables of LAI, SSM, gross primary production (GPP), and evapotranspiration (ET). Each experiment is driven by atmospheric forcing reanalysis from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA5. Results show improved representation of GPP and ET by assimilating re-scaled VOD in place of LAI. Additionally, the joint assimilation of vegetation-related variables (i.e., LAI or re-scaled VOD) and SSM demonstrates a small improvement in the representation of soil moisture over the assimilation of any dataset by itself.
Meta Representation Learning with Contextual Linear Bandits

Meta-learning seeks to build algorithms that rapidly learn how to solve new learning problems based on previous experience. In this paper we investigate meta-learning in the setting of stochastic linear bandit tasks. We assume that the tasks share a low dimensional representation, which has been partially acquired from previous learning tasks. We aim to leverage this information in order to learn a new downstream bandit task, which shares the same representation. Our principal contribution is to show that if the learned representation estimates well the unknown one, then the downstream task can be efficiently learned by a greedy policy that we propose in this work. We derive an upper bound on the regret of this policy, which is, up to logarithmic factors, of order $r\sqrt{N}(1\vee \sqrt{d/T})$, where $N$ is the horizon of the downstream task, $T$ is the number of training tasks, $d$ the ambient dimension and $r \ll d$ the dimension of the representation. We highlight that our strategy does not need to know $r$. We note that if $T>d$ our bound achieves the same rate of optimal minimax bandit algorithms using the true underlying representation. Our analysis is inspired and builds in part upon previous work on meta-learning in the i.i. d. full information setting \citep{tripuraneni2021provable,boursier2022trace}. As a separate contribution we show how to relax certain assumptions in those works, thereby improving their representation learning and risk analysis.
Computer Aided Detection of Perforating Arteries in CT Angiography

Women diagnosed with breast cancer are commonly submitted to mastectomy. The loss of the breast(s) brings a heavy loss to their life. Reconstruction methods allow to overcome an important part of this loss and several options exist. The more natural and permanent character of autologous tissue flaps when compared to implants, makes the former a common solution for the reconstruction procedure. Although the tissue can be collected from different regions of the body, abdominal flaps are preferred to reconstruct the breast shape. The Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator (DIEP) flap is the current state-of-art method to conduct such type of reconstruction, given that it allows a proper blood supply and decreases the abdominal wall morbidity. However, such technique requires preoperative imaging studies, in order to create a map of the abdominal perforator vessels and to extract their characteristics, which are essential to design a suitable flap. From the several imaging techniques proposed for the effect, Computerized Tomographic Angiography (CTA) is regarded as the state-of-art modality, mainly due to its high resolution and operator independent acquisition. Currently, the relevant information of the perforators is extracted by a technician or a radiologist after acquiring the CTA data from the patients. Then, a report is created and the surgeon will act according to it. Thus, this process is inherently subjective and might create incoherencies between the preoperative and surgical findings. A method capable of retrieving accurately the required information in an objective and automatic way would bring a major benefit to this process. The goal of this thesis is to support the clinician activity, with the development of a Computer Aided Detection (CAD) algorithm which is able to detect the required characteristics of the Deep Inferior Epigastric Artery (DIEA) perforators in an accurate, objective and semi-automatic way. The proposed methodology starts by tracking the subcutaneous portion of the perforator using a Kalman filter to join the information given by local gradient vectors and a 2D cross section feature. The tracking procedure ends as soon as it reaches the fascia, being the last point the estimation of the location where the vessel perforates this layer. Besides, the caliber is also estimated according to measures extracted throughout the tracking iterations. Finally, the intramuscular portion of the perforator is extracted using a 3D minimum cost path approach. The results show that the methodology was able to correctly detect the course of the DIEA perforators. The mean error of the extracted courses was 1.35 mm for the subcutaneous portion and 1.06 mm for the intramuscular one. Nonetheless, some aspects still need to be focused in the future, in order to guarantee that some of the information required by the clinician, e.g. the caliber, is being accurately retrieved.
Association Among Cognition, Frailty, and Falls and Self‐Reported Incident Fractures: Results From the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA)

Cognition, frailty, and falls have been examined independently as potential correlates of fracture risk, but not simultaneously. Our objective was to explore the association between cognition, frailty, and falls and self‐reported incident fractures to determine if these factors show significant independent associations or interactions. We included participants who completed the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) 2012–2015 baseline comprehensive assessment, did not experience any self‐reported fractures in the year prior to cohort recruitment, and completed the follow‐up questionnaire at year 3 (n = 26,982). We compared all baseline cognitive measures available in the CLSA, the Rockwood Frailty Index (FI), and presence of self‐reported falls in the past 12 months in those with versus without self‐reported incident fractures in year 3 of follow‐up. We used multivariable logistic regression adjusted for covariates and examined two‐way interactions between cognition, frailty, and prior falls. CLSA specified analytic weights were applied. The mean ± standard error (SE) age of participants was 59.5 ± 0.1 years and 52.2% were female. A total of 715 participants (2.7%) self‐reported incident fractures at 3‐year follow‐up. Participants who experienced incident fractures had similar baseline cognition scores (mean ± SE; Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test [RAVLT]: Immediate recall 6.1 ± 0.1 versus 5.9 ± 0.0; standardized difference [d] 0.124); higher FI scores (mean ± SE; FI 0.134 ± 0.005 versus 0.116 ± 0.001; d 0.193), and a greater percentage had fallen in the past 12 months (weighted n [%] 518 [7.2] versus 919 [3.5]; d 0.165). FI (each increment of 0.08) was associated with a significantly increased risk of self‐reported incident fractures in participants of all ages and those aged 65 years or older (adjusted odd ratio [OR] 1.24, 95% confidence limit [CL] 1.10–1.40; adjusted OR 1.44, 95% CL 1.11–1.52, respectively). The adjusted odds for self‐reported incident fractures in participants of all ages was also significantly associated with falls in the past 12 months prior to baseline (adjusted OR 1.83; 95% CL 1.13–2.97), but not in those aged 65 years or older. No interactions between cognition, frailty, and prior falls were found. However, considering the relatively young age of our cohort, it may be appropriate to make strong inferences in individuals older than 65 years of age. © 2022 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Cooling neutron star in the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant: evidence for superfluidity in the core

According to recent results of Ho & Heinke, the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant contains a young (? 330-yr-old) neutron star (NS) which has carbon atmosphere and shows notable decline of the effective surface temperature. We report a new (2010 November) Chandra observation which confirms the previously reported decline rate. The decline is naturally explained if neutrons have recently become superfluid (in triplet state) in the NS core, producing a splash of neutrino emission due to Cooper pair formation (CPF) process that currently accelerates the cooling. This scenario puts stringent constraints on poorly known properties of NS cores: on density dependence of the temperature Tcn(? ) for the onset of neutron superfluidity [Tcn(? ) should have a wide peak with maximum ? (7–9) × 108 K]; on the reduction factor q of CPF process by collective effects in superfluid matter (q > 0.4) and on the intensity of neutrino emission before the onset of neutron superfluidity (30–100 times weaker than the standard modified Urca process). This is serious evidence for nucleon superfluidity in NS cores that comes from observations of cooling NSs