Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Northern hemisphere teleconnection indices and the mass balance of Svalbard glaciers

Links between modes of objectively defined Northern Hemisphere atmospheric variability and the mass balance indices from two glaciers in Svalbard covering the period 1966/1967–1995 are explored in this paper. Principal components of the mass balance indices have been used to calculate two indices, one representing Summer melt and the other mass balance related to winter snow accumulation. Correlations between the time coefficients of these principal components and a set of Northern Hemisphere modes of atmospheric variability provide insight into the controls associated with glacial mass balance. Summer melt is associated with the East Atlantic Jet Pattern in the Boreal spring, but significant lead correlations with the Tropical Northern Hemisphere pattern and the West Pacific Pattern also occur. The strongest simultaneous correlations with the winter snow accumulation index result from the modulation of the atmospheric circulation by the North Pacific pattern. The strongest precursor to winter snow accumulation occurs through a phase of the well known Pacific North America pattern and Tropical North American pattern which relate to ENSO. It appears that controls of glacial mass balance in Svalbard may be traced, in part, to heat flux exchanges in the tropical Pacific Ocean. The time delay for the signal to reach the high Arctic suggests predictability potential of glacial mass balance parameters. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Coordinates in low-dimensional cell shape-space discriminate migration dynamics from single static cell images

Cell shape has long been used to discern cell phenotypes and states, but the underlying premise has not been quantitatively tested. Here, we show that a single cell image can be used to discriminate its migration behavior by analyzing a large number of cell migration data in vitro. We analyzed a large number of two-dimensional cell migration images over time and found that the cell shape variation space has only six dimensions, and migration behavior can be determined by the coordinates of a single cell image in this 6-dimensional shape-space. We further show that this is possible because persistent cell migration is characterized by spatial-temporally coordinated protrusion and contraction, and a distribution signature in the shape-space. Our findings provide a quantitative underpinning for using cell morphology to differentiate cell dynamical behavior.
Stream nitrogen changes in an eastern Coastal Plain watershed

Agricultural nonpoint source pollution (NPS) is a major water quality concern throughout the United States and the world. Concerns over agricultural nonpoint source pollution are heightened where intensive agricultural operations exist near environmentally sensitive waters. To address these environmental concerns, a water quality demonstration project involving federal, state, and local agencies, private industry, and local landowners was initiated in 1990 on the Herrings Marsh Run watershed in the Cape Fear River Basin in Duplin County, North Carolina. Best management practices (BMPs) to reduce nutrient losses to the environment included nutrient and animal waste management plans, soil conservation practices, and an in-stream wetland (ISW). Stream nitrate-N and ammonia-N were measured at the watershed outlet and at three subwatershed outlets from 1990-1998 to evaluate the effectiveness of the best management practices. The project was divided into pre-in-stream wetland (September 1990-May 1993) and post-in-stream wetland (June 1993-December 1998) time periods because the majority of the best management practices were implemented at the time of the in-stream wetland establishment. Post- in-stream wetland stream nitrate-N concentrations were significantly reduced on the watershed (56%) and on each of the three subwatersheds (4% to 56%). The watershed nitrate-N concentrations were reduced from 2.01 to 0.88 mg/L (ppm). One subwatershed had stream nitrate-N concentrations reduced from 5.63 to 2.74 mg/L (ppm). Nitrate-N mass export from the watershed was significantly reduced on an annual basis from 7.14 to 3.88 kg/ha (6.37 to 3.46 lb/ac). Ammonia-N concentrations and mass export from the watershed were unchanged from the pre- to post-in-stream wetland periods. The results of this study indicate that the implemented best management practices were effective in reducing nitrogen loss from the Herrings Marsh Run watershed.
On generalised majority edge-colourings of graphs

A $\frac{1}{k}$-majority $l$-edge-colouring of a graph $G$ is a colouring of its edges with $l$ colours such that for every colour $i$ and each vertex $v$ of $G$, at most $\frac{1}{k}$'th of the edges incident with $v$ have colour $i$. We conjecture that for every integer $k\geq 2$, each graph with minimum degree $\delta\geq k^2$ is $\frac{1}{k}$-majority $(k+1)$-edge-colourable and observe that such result would be best possible. This was already known to hold for $k=2$. We support the conjecture by proving it with $2k^2$ instead of $k^2$, which confirms the right order of magnitude of the conjectured optimal lower bound for $\delta$. We at the same time improve the previously known bound of order $k^3\log k$, based on a straightforward probabilistic approach. As this technique seems not applicable towards any further improvement, we use a more direct non-random approach. We also strengthen our result, in particular substituting $2k^2$ by $(\frac{7}{4}+o(1))k^2$. Finally, we provide the proof of the conjecture itself for $k\leq 4$ and completely solve an analogous problem for the family of bipartite graphs.
A New Analytical Model for Internal Solitons in the Ocean

Abstract A new model for tidally generated internal solitons in the ocean is advanced, based on a little-known asymptotic analytical solution to the weakly nonlinear Korteweg–de Vries equation. The solution has many of the properties observed in oceanic internal solitary waves (solitons). It has been adapted to simulate the dynamics of stratified fluid flow driven by tidal forcing at continental shelves and sills, and the adaptation describes the canonical behavior of such solitary wave trains. It is shown that the solitons are positioned at the leading edge of an internal tidal bore on the shelf and that the distance between successive packets of solitons constitutes the internal tidal wavelength. A future paper will apply the model to field observations from four geographical regions.
Distributional Analysis Research Programme Discussion Paper The Subjective Approach to the Measurement of Income Inequality

Inequality measurement involves explicit or implicit value judgements. The subjective approach to inequality measurement is a relatively new and fast-developing area which focueses direct attention on these judgements. It is "subjective" in the sense that it takes account of people's views on distributional comparisons. This paper surveys some of the principal contributions of recent years.
Q-REG: End-to-End Trainable Point Cloud Registration with Surface Curvature

Point cloud registration has seen recent success with several learning-based methods that focus on correspondence matching and, as such, optimize only for this objective. Following the learning step of correspondence matching, they evaluate the estimated rigid transformation with a RANSAC-like framework. While it is an indispensable component of these methods, it prevents a fully end-to-end training, leaving the objective to minimize the pose error nonserved. We present a novel solution, Q-REG, which utilizes rich geometric information to estimate the rigid pose from a single correspondence. Q-REG allows to formalize the robust estimation as an exhaustive search, hence enabling end-to-end training that optimizes over both objectives of correspondence matching and rigid pose estimation. We demonstrate in the experiments that Q-REG is agnostic to the correspondence matching method and provides consistent improvement both when used only in inference and in end-to-end training. It sets a new state-of-the-art on the 3DMatch, KITTI, and ModelNet benchmarks.
Genome engineering: writing a better genome.

At first glance, the undergraduate biology curriculum at the Johns Hopkins University doesn't look all that different from other biology programs. All the usual suspects are on the schedule: General Biology and Cell Biology, Virology and Genetics, Immunology and Biochemistry. But down at the bottom of that list is something that you don't see every day — Biology 420: Build-a-Genome. While the course might sound like the molecular equivalent of a certain mall-based ursine construction boutique, Build-a-Genome is serious science. The practical portion of the course involves reconstructing a yeast chromosome, base by base, from chemical building blocks. It's part of a larger research effort known as Synthetic Yeast 2.0 (Sc2.0), a project that seeks to reconstruct and redesign the entire yeast genome, all 12 million nucleotides of it. Sc, or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, " has an ancient industrial relationship with humans which is alive and well today in the form not just of bread and beer but pharmaceuticals like artemisinin, biofuels, and lots of other specialty items, " notes Jef Boeke, a yeast geneticist and director of the High-who leads the Sc2.0 effort. Boeke and his colleagues, computational biologist Joel Bader and molecular biologist Srinivasan Chandrasegaran, realized that, useful as brewers' yeast is, it could potentially be made even more so, biotechnologically speaking. Boeke and his team decided to give it a try. Very quickly, though, they realized there was a problem: The yeast genome is big, and DNA synthesis is slow. " While I was waiting 11 months for my DNA to be delivered by Codon Devices, I was wondering, how am I going to make the other 99% of the genome? At this rate I'll be dead long before I get there, " recalls Boeke. " And then it hit me — we have all these undergrad students across town who were looking for a research experience, and we could give them an excellent one. " Enter Build-a-Genome. Each semester 15-20 students — mostly undergrads but also the occasional high school student, graduate student, and even professor — take charge of their own 10,000-nucleotide slice of S. cerevisiae chromosome III, building up chunks of synthetic material from smaller 750-base pair fragments. " Students were remarkably efficient in the synthesis of these building blocks, and the first pass of the entire ~280 kb synthetic chromosome III sequence was achieved in one academic year (one summer session, two semesters, and …
Estrutura termohalina e massas de água ao norte da Península Antártica revelada a partir de dados in situ coletados por elefantes-marinhos do sul (Mirounga leonina)

The Western Antarctic Peninsula is rapidly warming and exhibits high indices of biodiversity concentrated mostly along its continental shelf. This region has great importance due to the the mixing caused by the interaction of waters from Weddell Sea (MW), Bransfield Strait (EB) and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (CCA) transmits thermohaline characteristics and nutrients of different sites and finally connects with all the world's oceans. However, studies focusing on the temporal variability of the region's oceanographic conditions that finally determine the water mass formation are sparse due to the logistical difficulties of conducting oceanographic surveys and traditional monitoring during the winter. For this study, variations of the thermohaline structure and water masses in the vicinity and below the sea ice in the North of the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) and Scotia Sea (SS) were recorded between February and November 2008 by two female southern elephant seals (SES, Mirounga leonina) tagged with Conductivity - Temperature - Depth/Satellite-Relay Data Logger (CTD - SRDL). One thousand three hundred and thirty vertical profiles of temperature and salinity were collected by seals which were tagged by the MEOP-BR Project team at the Elephant Island, South Shetlands. These profiles, together with spread state diagrams allowed the identification of water masses and their variances in the ocean's vertical structure. Among the set of identified water masses we cite: Antarctic Surface Water (AASW), Winter Water (WW), Warm Deep Water (WDW), Modified Warm Deep Water (MWDW), Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW), Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW), Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (LCDW) and Ice Shelf Water (ISW). Our results show that the oceanic vertical structure undergoes changes that cannot be traditionally monitored, particularly during the Austral winter and that SES are important and modern oceanographic data collection platforms allowing for the improvement of our knowledge of oceanographic processes in the Antarctic region.
OPPO: An Ontology for Describing Fine-Grained Data Practices in Privacy Policies of Online Social Networks

Privacy policies outline the data practices of Online Social Networks (OSN) to comply with privacy regulations such as the EU-GDPR and CCPA. Several ontologies for modeling privacy regulations, policies, and compliance have emerged in recent years. However, they are limited in various ways: (1) they specifically model what is required of privacy policies according to one specific privacy regulation such as GDPR; (2) they provide taxonomies of concepts but are not sufficiently axiomatized to afford automated reasoning with them; and (3) they do not model data practices of privacy policies in sufficient detail to allow assessing the transparency of policies. This paper presents an OWL Ontology for Privacy Policies of OSNs, OPPO, that aims to fill these gaps by formalizing detailed data practices from OSNS' privacy policies. OPPO is grounded in BFO, IAO, OMRSE, and OBI, and its design is guided by the use case of representing and reasoning over the content of OSNs' privacy policies and evaluating policies' transparency in greater detail.
An Enhanced Low-Resolution Image Recognition Method for Traffic Environments

Currently, low-resolution image recognition is confronted with a significant challenge in the field of intelligent traffic perception. Compared to high-resolution images, low-resolution images suffer from small size, low quality, and lack of detail, leading to a notable decrease in the accuracy of traditional neural network recognition algorithms. The key to low-resolution image recognition lies in effective feature extraction. Therefore, this paper delves into the fundamental dimensions of residual modules and their impact on feature extraction and computational efficiency. Based on experiments, we introduce a dual-branch residual network structure that leverages the basic architecture of residual networks and a common feature subspace algorithm. Additionally, it incorporates the utilization of intermediate-layer features to enhance the accuracy of low-resolution image recognition. Furthermore, we employ knowledge distillation to reduce network parameters and computational overhead. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of this algorithm for low-resolution image recognition in traffic environments.
TRANSPORT AND SUBSISTENCE PATTERNS AT THE TRANSITION TO PASTORALISM, KOOBI FORA, KENYA

The Turkana Basin in Kenya has an extensive record of Holocene activities relating to mobility and economy of foraging and herding communities. Obsidian is only known from a few key localities in northern Kenya. As such, the use of obsidian as a toolstone material, commonly used during the mid-Holocene, provides one way to trace exchange, interaction and population movements during the transition to pastoralism. We employ X-ray fluorescence to characterize obsidian artefacts from four Pastoral Neolithic assemblages. Data reveal a highly mobile and diversified population that used watercraft to access and transport obsidian resources. Specifically, the use of the North Island obsidian source in Lake Turkana indicates that boat use was significant during this transitional period. The incorporation of watercraft transport and aquatic resources in our analyses of Pastoral Neolithic sites affords a greater understanding of subsistence, mobility and economy in this important period in East African prehistory.
A prototype precipitation retrieval algorithm over land using passive microwave observations stratified by surface condition and precipitation vertical structure

A prototype precipitation retrieval algorithm over land has been developed by utilizing 4 year National Mosaic and Multi‐Sensor Quantitative Precipitation Estimation and Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder coincident data sets. One of the unique features of this algorithm is using the ancillary parameters (i.e., surface type, surface temperature, land elevation, and ice layer thickness) to stratify the single database into many smaller but more homogeneous databases, in which both the surface condition and precipitation vertical structure are similar. It is found that the probability of detection (POD) increases about 8% and 12% by using stratified databases for rainfall and snowfall detection, respectively. In addition, by considering the relative humidity at lower troposphere and the vertical velocity at 700 hPa in the precipitation detection process, the POD for snowfall detection is further increased by 20.4% from 56.0% to 76.4%. The better result is evident in both ends of the retrieved rain rate when the stratified databases are used, especially when the rain rate is greater than 30 mm/h. Similarly, the retrieved snowfall rate using stratified databases also outperforms that using single database. The correlation between retrieved and observed rain rates from stratified databases is 0.63, while it is 0.42 using the single database. The root‐mean‐square error is reduced by 50.3% from 2.07 to 0.98 by using stratified databases. The retrieved snow rates from stratified database are also better correlated with observations and possess smaller root‐mean‐square error. Additionally, the precipitation overestimation from the single database over the western United States is largely mitigated when the stratified databases are utilized. It is further demonstrated that over the majority of the stratified databases, the relationship between precipitation rate and brightness temperature is much closer to that from the corresponding category in the validation databases, rather than that from the single database. Therefore, overall superior performance using the stratified databases for both the precipitation detection and retrieval is achieved.
A Spectral Approach for Learning Spatiotemporal Neural Differential Equations

Rapidly developing machine learning methods has stimulated research interest in computationally reconstructing differential equations (DEs) from observational data which may provide additional insight into underlying causative mechanisms. In this paper, we propose a novel neural-ODE based method that uses spectral expansions in space to learn spatiotemporal DEs. The major advantage of our spectral neural DE learning approach is that it does not rely on spatial discretization, thus allowing the target spatiotemporal equations to contain long range, nonlocal spatial interactions that act on unbounded spatial domains. Our spectral approach is shown to be as accurate as some of the latest machine learning approaches for learning PDEs operating on bounded domains. By developing a spectral framework for learning both PDEs and integro-differential equations, we extend machine learning methods to apply to unbounded DEs and a larger class of problems.
Was bleibt vom Land? Mental Mapping der Kenntnisse zur Geographie Rumäniens

Mehr uber ferne Lander zu erfahren, interessante Prozesse der Natur zu entziffern - so erinnert man sich gerne an die Schulgeografie. In der Tat widmet sich die Geografie der Vermittlung von Raumstrukturen und -prozessen, um dem Lernenden spater die richtige Deutung der physischen und sozialen Umwelt in samtlichen Lebenssituationen zu ermoglichen. Dieses Hauptziel heist Raumverhaltenskompetenz, und ist ein Endresultat der Anstregungen zur Ausarbeitung von einheitlichen Grundlagen fur den Geografieunterricht. [. ] Die Grundfragen, die den Anlass zu dieser Forschung gegeben haben, sind die Suche nach individuellen Konzeptualisierungen Rumaniens bei Studienanfangern, sowie der Beitrag der Schulgeografie - und insbesondere der Disziplin Geografie Rumaniens - zur mentalen Abbildung des Landes. [Der Autor hat] mit den folgenden Hypothesen gearbeitet: H1: Die mentalen Abbildungen des Landes beinhalten vorherrschend geographische Elemente. H2: Der in der Disziplin Geografie Rumaniens benutzte Ansatz des landerkundlichen Durchgangs pragt ein Landesbild, das sich vorwiegend aus physiogeografischen Strukturen zusammensetzt. H3: Der toponimische Ballast der Schulgeografie niederschlagt sich in einer unterdurchschnittlichen Raumkenntnis. (DIPF/Orig.) Mental maps are individual and internalized conceptualizations of a given space or place, used in the Geography education both as a control instrument and as a research method. The main goal of this research was to identify the ways junior college students conceptualize Romania. My first hypothesis was that mental imprints are defined by geographical (mainly physical-geographical) knowledge. The oversized amount of toponimy in the Geography content leads to an underachievement in spatial knowledge, so my next hypothesis. Using the qualitative method of content-analysis I proved the validity of my hypothesis. (DIPF/Orig.)
TraCE: Trajectory Counterfactual Explanation Scores

Counterfactual explanations, and their associated algorithmic recourse, are typically leveraged to understand, explain, and potentially alter a prediction coming from a black-box classifier. In this paper, we propose to extend the use of counterfactuals to evaluate progress in sequential decision making tasks. To this end, we introduce a model-agnostic modular framework, TraCE (Trajectory Counterfactual Explanation) scores, which is able to distill and condense progress in highly complex scenarios into a single value. We demonstrate TraCE's utility across domains by showcasing its main properties in two case studies spanning healthcare and climate change.