Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Techno-Economic Basis for Coproduct Manufacturing To Enable Hydrocarbon Fuel Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass

Biorefinery process development relies on techno-economic analysis (TEA) to identify primary cost drivers, prioritize research directions, and mitigate technical risk for scale-up through development of detailed process designs. Here, we conduct TEA of a model 2000 dry metric ton-per-day lignocellulosic biorefinery that employs a two-step pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis to produce biomass-derived sugars, followed by biological lipid production, lipid recovery, and catalytic hydrotreating to produce renewable diesel blendstock (RDB). On the basis of projected near-term technical feasibility of these steps, we predict that RDB could be produced at a minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) of USD $9.55/gasoline-gallon-equivalent (GGE), predicated on the need for improvements in the lipid productivity and yield beyond current benchmark performance. This cost is significant given the limitations in scale and high costs for aerobic cultivation of oleaginous microbes and subsequent lipid extraction/recovery. In .
Acceleration and mitigation of carrier‐induced degradation in p‐type multi‐crystalline silicon

Recently, a new carrier‐induced defect has been reported in multi‐crystalline silicon (mc‐Si), and has been shown to be particularly detrimental to the performance of passivated emitter and rear contact (PERC) cells. Under normal conditions, this defect can take years to fully form. This Letter reports on the accelerated formation and subsequent passivation of this carrier‐induced defect through the use of high illumination intensity and elevated temperatures resulting in passivation within minutes. The process was tested on industrial mc‐Si PERC solar cells, where degradation after a 100 hour stability test was suppressed to only 0.1% absolute compared to 2.1% for non‐treated cells. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Two-Dimensional Vanadium Oxides with High Rate Capability for Lithium Batteries

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have been receiving great attention owing to their unique mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties. Especially, ultrathin 2D nanosheets (NSs) with atomic-scale thickness have structural advantages such as short diffusion distance and large electrode-electrolyte contact area in reversible Li storage process. Vanadium oxides with high capacity, low cost and abundant sources have been extensively investigated as potential cathode materials for nextgeneration lithium batteries. As a new kind of reaction medium, supercritical fluids (SCFs) possess unique properties including gas-like diffusivity, low viscosity, and a density closer to that of liquid than gas. However, the use of SCFs based on solvothermal method to design and synthesize layered V2O5 and other more nanomaterials are greatly unexplored. Based on the Oswald Ripening and SCFs exfoliation mechanism, we designed a facile and mass-produced route to synthesize ultrathin V2O5 NSs with excellent high-rate and long-life performance to serve as the cathode material in rechargeable Li batteries. The ultrathin V2O5 NSs cathode shows high-rate and long-life capability with initial capacity up to 90 mAh g at 15 C and 100% capacity retention after 200 cycles. We also designed a nanoscroll buffered hybrid nanostructural VO2 (B) composed of nanobelts and nanowires with greatly improved cycle life and rate capability. These excellent rate capability is ascribed to the 2D nanostructure that facilitates Li-ion diffusion in the electrode. The ultrathin V2O5 NSs described in this article will have great potential applications in rechargeable Li batteries. Furthermore, the novel SCFs solvothermal approach provides an effective strategy to synthesize ultrathin nanomaterials.
Impact of varying degrees of powdery mildew infection ( Uncinula necator (Schwein.) Burrill) on the volatile compounds of Chardonnay grapes, must and wine

Aims: The aims of this study are (i) to trace the major components responsible for the unpleasant mushroom, earthy and geranium odour in the transformation from grapes to wine in response to powdery mildew infection intensities, (ii) to determine the impact of an aggressive infection on volatile compounds in grapes and wine, and (iii) to determine their effect on the olfactory-taste evaluation of the resulting Chardonnay wine.Methods and results: A GC-MS technique was used to investigate the impacts of different degrees of oidium infections (0, 10, 50 and 100% of infected grapes) on the presence of volatiles in grapes, musts and wines. The number of volatiles was higher in oidium-infected grapes than in noninfected grapes, especially for terpenes, aldehydes and alcohols, with 1-octen-3-ol, 2-octen-1-ol, 2-heptanol and 2-octenal, the volatiles reminiscent of mushroom-, geranium-, and earthy-like odours, being detected in oidiuminfected grapes only. After overnight clarification, 1-octen-3-ol and 2-heptanol but also methyl-2-furoate were the only mushroom reminiscent volatiles detected in the musts. The infection also caused higher amounts of acetic acid, furfural and some of its derivates (2,5-furandicarboxaldehyde, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, furaneol), most ethyl esters (except ethyl caprylate), 1-hexanol, maltol and 1-decanol in musts. After alcoholic fermentation the number of esters in young wines increased, whereas that of aldehydes decreased, especially in the wines produced from severely infected grapes. Though it was not detected by sensory analysis, we assume that the intensification of the odours reminiscent of pineapple, banana and coconut in the aged wines produced from infected grapes was likely a consequence of the increased amount of esters.Conclusion: Powdery mildew infection statistically decreased the freshness but enhanced the malty, sweet mouthfeel of Chardonnay wine, and neither the mushroom odour nor taste were perceived, which contradict some previously published findings.Significance and impact of the study: This study gives an answer to the significant problem of wine production from oidium-infected grapes. It reports for the first time the traceability of volatiles highly related to mushroom, earthy and geranium odours from the Chardonnay grapes to the wines. The overnight must clarification decreased the impacts of unpleasant volatiles on must and wine odour. This suggested that the oidium infection of the grapes does not necessarily hinder the production of wine, as no unpleasant odour could be sensory evaluated, not even in the wines made from highly infected grapes.
Transfer, subsequent movement, and fate of sperm in the tobacco hornworm moth, Manduca sexta

During mating in the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), sperm are passed to the female via a copulation in which the male transfers a large and often complex spermatophore over the major part of an hour or more. Subsequently, over the course of an hour or often considerably more, the sperm exit the spermatophore and travel over a relatively complex route to the spermatheca, where the sperm are stored and then used as the eggs are laid. The process of spermatophore formation and migration of sperm in the female has been described in many Lepidoptera, but the mechanics involved have received less attention. Understanding these is important in discerning the relative roles of males and females in determining the outcome of matings. We describe how the spermatophore is formed, how the sperm migrate in the female, and the fate of the sperm in the spermatheca of the tobacco hornworm moth, Manduca sexta. We found that sperm movement from the spermatophore relied upon motility of the sperm, but further movement of the sperm to the spermatheca was dependent on female muscular action. After arriving in the spermatheca, the anucleate parasperm (apyrene sperm) separated into the lateral pouch of the spermatheca (lagena) and disappeared over 7 days, whereas the eusperm (eupyrene sperm) persisted in the central lumen of the spermatheca (utriculus). The relative persistence of these two sperm types could shed some light on what determines the proclivity of females to remate. Elucidation of these physiological mechanisms contributes to an understanding of the mechanisms of female choice and male competition in Lepidoptera.
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of Yufeng Ningxin Tablet in Beagle dog

AIM: The plasma concentration-time curve,pharmacokinetic parameters and bioavilability of puerarin,the main active constituent of Yufeng Ningxin Tablets(total flavone of Radix Puerariae Lobatae) in dog by(oral) administration was determined,and the pharmacokinetics was compared with puerarin injection by intravenous injection individually. METHODS: A single dose(the puerarin amount to 10.49 mg/kg) of Yufeng Ningxin Tablets by oral administration and puerarin injection by intravenous injection(9 mg/kg) were given to dogs in a auto-control way. The concentration of puerarin in plasma was determined by HPLC.The PK solutions 2.0 program,a non-compartmental model software,was applied to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters. RESULTS: 1.The pharmacokinetic parameters of puerarin in dog showed that the t_(1/2E) f puerarin injection(9 mg/kg) by i.v was(72.11)±3.69 min,CL was 4.19±0.25 mL/min,AUC_((0-∞)) was 2172.42±123.02 μg/min/mL,and the t_(1/2E) of puerarin in Yufeng Ningxin Tablets(10.49 mg/kg) by oral administration was 271.80±7.94 min, CL was 48.52±(2.20) mL/min,C_(max) was 0.43±0.06 μg/mL, T_(max) was 150 min, AUC_((0-∞)) was 185.77±8.20 μg/min/mL,and bioavailability was 7.03% compared to puerarin injection by intravenous injection. CONCLUSION: The absorption of puerarin in Yufeng Ningxin Tablets by oral administration comparing with puerarin injection by intravenous injection in dog is very poor,and the bioavailabilites is also low.
Edible properties of Cuphea seed oil.

種子の中に中鎖脂肪酸のトリグリセライド(MCT)を蓄積することが知られている温帯産の未利用植物クフェアの種子油について,食品としての品質を検討した. 供試した6種のクフェアの内,C. leptopoda種子は,カプリン酸(C10)を主要脂肪酸とする(92.6%)MCTを多量に含有しており,MCT源として最もすぐれていると考えられた. C. leptopoda種子油は下記の特性を有していた. (1)常温で固体であり,不快臭は有していなかった. クロロフィル含量が高いことと,その結果油の色が濃いことが問題点である. (2) けん化価が高く,ヨウ素化が低い点でヤシ油と似ている. (3) 常温でも高温でも極めて高い酸化安定性を示した. (4) 動粘度が低く,展延性,浸透性に優れており,幅広い利用可能性が期待された.
Bacterial Cellulose Nanofiber-Supported Polyaniline Nanocomposites with Flake-Shaped Morphology as Supercapacitor Electrodes

Bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofiber-supported polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposites have been synthesized via in situ polymerization of aniline onto BC nanofibers scalfold. Optimized preparation conditions were employed to achieve higher conductivity. The resultant BC/PANI nanocomposites were fully characterized in terms of structure, morphology, and thermal stability. The flake-like morphology of BC/PANI nanocomposites was observed using a field-emission gun scanning electron microscope. By manipulating the ordered flake-type nanostructure, BC/PANI nanocomposites achieved outstanding electrical conductivity as high as 5.1 S/cm. The as-prepared BC/PANI nanocomposites demonstrated a mass-specific capacitance of 273 F/g at 0.2 A.g–1 current density in supercapacitor application, the highest value reported so far for polymer-supported PANI composites.
SOLUBILITY PREDICTION OF CO2 IN SEVERAL PHYSICAL LIQUID SOLVENTS USING CHEMCAD AND HYSYS SIMULATORS

ABSTRACT:CHEMCAD and HYSYS process simulators were used to analysis the literature experimental data and predict the solubility of CO2 in three physical solvents (sulfolane, propylene carbonate (PC), and n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP)) at different temperatures (298.15 , 313.15 , 323.15, and 373.15 K). Two thermodynamic models were used, the first using Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR-EOS) and the second using SoaveRedlich-Kwong equation of state (SRK-EOS). The solubility data of CO2 in all three physical solvents systems were correlated with CHEMCAD simulator using the SRK model without modification (kij = 0). The results showed a small deviation (less than 5%), but higher deviation (about 10%) was noticed only for CO2-NMP system at temperature 373 K. Whereas the results of PR model showed a high deviation (about 20%) with all the three physical solvents systems. Modifications performed by editing user defined binary interaction parameters (BIP) of the systems used, give good results for both simulators.
Mesoporous Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Based Nanospheres as Visible-Light Active Chemical Warfare Agents Decontaminant

Graphitic carbon nitride, GCN, was oxidized using the Hummers’ method. Both initial and modified materials were extensively characterized by various physical and chemical methods. The results showed the marked changes in morphology. Even though the short-range layered structure was still present in the oxidized sample, spherical nanoparticles with 5–50 nm sizes made up the bulk of the material. This results in the development of porosity in the mesopore range. Incorporation of oxygen groups at the edges of carbon nitrogen layers/units is likely responsible for the formation of nanospheres (folding due to the polar forces). This process also increased the band gap energy from 2.85 to 3.39 eV. The initial and oxidized samples were used as reactive adsorbents of a mustard gas surrogate. The results showed an improvement in the adsorptive performance upon oxidation. Both samples were found photoactive in visible light. The degradation to ethyl vinyl sulfide was enhanced on the oxidized sample owing to the developed porosity and chemical heterogeneity.
A voltage-dependent ionic channel in the basolateral membrane of late proximal tubules of the rabbit kidney

The patch-clamp method was applied to the lateral membrane of late proximal tubules of the rabbit kidney. Tubule segments were cannulated on one side by a perfusion system. At the noncannulated end of the tubules, the lateral membrane was accessible to a patch pipette. In cell-attached, as well as cell-excised (presumably inside-out oriented) membrane patches, a voltage sensitive channel was observed. The open-state probability of this channel increased with depolarizing potentials. In cell-excised patches bathed with NaC1-Ringer on both sides, the single channel conductance g was 28.0 +_ 1.2 pS (n = 10). With KC1-Ringer in the pipette and NaC1-Ringer in the bath g was 24.7 _+ 1.3 pS (n = 7) and the current-voltage curve crossed the axis at 0 mV. Therefore, the channel does not discriminate between K + and Na § ions. Replacing half of NaC1 by mannitol on the bath side yielded a permeability for cations about twice as high as for C1 . The channel could be reversibly blocked by diphenylamine-2-carboxylate (DPC), whereas its inhibition by SITS was only partially reversible. In cell-attached patches, the channel was nearly inactivated at zero clamp potential, but became active when the membrane patch was depolarized. The significance of this nonselective channel for proximal tubule cell function is still unclear. It could be involved in the contraluminal exit mechanism of various anions. However, it could also play a role in cell volume regulation processes.
‘Tell me about your school’: Researching local responses to New Zealand’s National Standards policy

This article introduces the research, Analysis and Insight into national Standards (rAInS) project, a study of how six schools are enacting the National Standards introduced into New Zealand’s primary and intermediate schools from October 2009. The article provides some background to the national Standards and the rAInS research before concentrating on findings from the first year of the study (2011). The most important of these findings were that the RAINS schools’ responses to the national Standards had been largely incremental and strongly influenced and shaped by school-specific contextual factors. Through brief accounts of each of the six schools, the article illustrates how crucial it is to take into account the contextual features of schools in order to begin to make sense of the range of responses they have had to the national Standards. We conclude by considering the implications of these findings and how the RAINS research will continue to build an understanding of how schools are grappling with the national Standards. New Zealand’s National Standards were introduced in 2009 and involve schools making and reporting judgements about the reading, writing, and mathematics achievement of children up to Year 8 (the end of primary school). These judgements are made against a four-point scale (“above”, “at”, “below” or “well below” the standard) and are made after 1, 2, or 3 years at school in the junior school and then at the end of each year level from Years 4 to 8. The policy matches existing curriculum levels (and associated numeracy stages and literacy progressions) to the above times at which assessments need to be made against the national Standards. This means that teachers are supposed to consider students’ achievement against what is required for the curriculum levels, and use that
Analysis of Trace Elements and Edibleness of Neptunea cumingi Tissue

Sixteen trace elements in Neptunea cumingi cultivated in clean water for 2 days or uncultivated were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES) and based on this,the edibleness of the two samples of Neptunea cumingi was evaluated.After cultivation in clean water,some trace elements were discharged out of the body together with the waste,whereas some heavy metal elements remained in the body.Neptunea cumingi was rich in Ca,K,Na and Mg with contents of hundreds of milligrams/kilo and other trace elements having physiological functions,such as Fe,Zn,Mn,Ge,Cr and Ni.The contents of Fe and Zn were up to more than 30 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg.The contents of Mg and Cu were higher than the WHO recommended dietary reference values(RDAs). Heavy metal elements like As and Hg were the major pollutants present in Neptunea cumingi.
Application of Vegetated Constructed Wetland with Different Filter Media for Removal of Ammoniacal Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus in Landfill Leachate

Performance of vegetated horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetland was evaluated for the removal of ammoniacal nitrogen (AN), total reactive phosphorus (TRP), and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) from landfill leachate. Four reactors were used, namely RI (granite without vegetation), RII, and RIII which consists of granite and gravel with different sizes respectively and RIV contained sand and 67.5 L of charcoal. RII, RIII, and RIV were planted with cattails. The leachate obtained from the site of Pulau Burung Sanitary Landfill, Penang was introduced into RI at flow rate of 18 mL/min which was continuous to flow through another three reactors. The leachate was analyzed for AN, TRP, and SRP before and after the treatment in each reactor by standard methods. The overall average removal efficiency of AN, TRP, and SRP were 86.7, 86.2, and 90.0%, respectively. Reactor IV performed the best for removal of all the parameter studies.
Technikbildung und Technikdidaktik – ein soziologischer Über-, Ein- und Ausblick

Der soziologische Blick auf die Technikdidaktik beleuchtet deren zunehmende Relevanz fur neue Forschungsthemen und Forschungsfelder. Derzeit beschrankt sich die Didaktik auf Fragen der adaquaten Vermittlung des Fachwissens durch neue attraktive und effektive Lernkonzepte wie das ISBM-Konzept. Der vorliegende Beitrag argumentiert fur die Integration von Wissens- und Vermittlungseinheiten uber den sozialen Sinn von neuen Technologien, bis hin zum generellen Technikverstandnis. Thematisiert werden die Konzepte der individuellen Technikmundigkeit und der wissenschaftstheoretischen Technikemanzipation. Zugleich ist der Beitrag ein Pladoyer fur eine umfassende schulische Technikbildung als Teil der Allgemeinbildung, ausgehend von der postulierten Technikemanzipation als erkenntnisorientierte Wissenschaft. Schlusselworter : MINT-Bildung, Technikdidaktik, Technikmundigkeit, MINT-Nachwuchsforderung
Determining endosperm texture of developing hard and soft red winter wheats dried by different methods using the single-kernel wheat characterization system

Cereal Chem. 73(5):567-570 Field-grown hard (Pioneer 2163, Arkan, Karl, Newton, TAM 107, and characterization system was used to measure various grain parameters TAM 200 ) and soft (Caldwell and Clark) red winter wheats were har- including the hardness of individual kernels. Air-dried and oven-dried vested at 15, 18, 21, 23, 25, 28, and 35 days after flowering (DAF). samples generally had similar hardness indices when compared to that of Wheat was dried by a variety of methods: air-dried in the spike at 28 0 C; mature grain. Soft wheats were also softer than hard samples when dried oven-dried in the spike at 40'C; freeze-dried following both freezing and by these two methods. Freeze-dried grain had similar low values of hardthreshing under liquid nitrogen; field-dried mature grain; and freeze- ness for samples harvested between 15 and 28 DAF, but mature 35 DAF thawed and air-dried, in which samples were first frozen in liquid nitro- grains had normal hardness indices. Freeze-thawed samples had hardness gen, thawed at room temperature (23 0 C), and then air-dried in the spike indices slightly higher than those of either air- or oven-dried grain. at 28 0 C. The U.S. Grain Marketing Laboratory's single kernel wheat Grain hardness is an important characteristic that plays a significant role in the marketing and processing of wheat both nationally and internationally. A variety of methods exist for the determination of degree of hardness. However, little is known about the mechanisms of hardness. Generally, hardness is thought to result from the strength of starch-protein interactions (Barlow et al 1973). Softness may possibly be related to the presence of the 15 kDa protein called friabilin isolated from starch of soft wheats (Greenwell and Schofield 1986, Schofield and Greenwell 1987). With the presence of friabilin in endosperm residing on the short arm of the chromosome SD (Jolly et al 1993), friabilin consisting of a family of highly related proteins (Morris et al 1994) and the presence of two classes of starch-bound polar glyco- and phospholipids found in the same pattern as friabilin (Greenblatt et al 1995) suggests that the starch interface must play an important role in determining grain texture in the wheat caryopsis. Little information presently exists as to when endosperm texture (hardness) develops and what effects methods of drying have on hardness. These questions were investigated using the U.S. Grain Marketing Research Laboratory's (USGRL) single kernel characterization system (SKWCS) to measure various grain parameters.
Modeling soil organic carbon fluxes attributable to conversion of forest to corn cropping in a landscape of southwest France

Recent concern about rising levels of atmospheric CO2 has directed attention to the stores of organic carbon in soils and to changes caused by human activities. In southwest France, thick, humic, loamy soils have developed from Quaternary silty alluvial deposits. Most forest lands on these soils have been converted to continuous intensive corn cropping. The spatial distribution of C stores under forest and the loss of C upon this conversion have been modeled in previous studies. The objective of this study was to determine if a spatial and temporal analysis of this conversion makes possible reliable estimates of the organic carbon fluxes attributable to this conversion. Forest clearing showed a sigmoid temporal progression. The analysis of changes in land use provided a useful tool to improve the prediction of soil organic carbon fluxes to the atmosphere. From 1948 to 1984, carbon release to the atmosphere was about 2.2 Tg, that is 6.35 kg.m -2 . Temperate soils may be an important source of atmospheric carbon when they are high in carbon content initially and then cultivated intensively.