Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Size Isn't Everything: Spoken English, Corpus, and the Classroom.

* In recent papers and books, we have reported some of the findings of our research into the grammatical characteristics of the Cambridge and Nottingham Corpus of Discourse in English (CANCODE) (Carter, Hughes, & McCarthy, 1998; Carter & McCarthy, 1995, 1997a, 1997b; Hughes & McCarthy, 1998; McCarthy, 1998, 1999, 2001; McCarthy & Carter, 1994, 1995). CANCODE was established at the School of English Studies at University of Nottingham, in the United Kingdom, and is funded by Cambridge University Press, with whom the sole copyright resides. The corpus consists of 5 million words of transcribed conversations from a variety of settings including private homes, shops, offices, other public places, and educational institutions (mainly in nonformal settings) across the islands of Britain and Ireland, with a wide demographic spread. (For further details of the corpus and its construction, see McCarthy, 1998, 2001.) Subsequent developments of the corpus to include American English are well advanced, and plans to include international Englishes are under discussion. CANCODE is also, we believe, a finely grained corpus. We have not simply amassed data; we have tried to obtain examples from a range of sociolinguistic contexts and genres of talk. In addition to comparing choices made by speakers and writers, we are able to show how in both modes users of the language make choices according to context and the nature of the interpersonal relationships they construct with other speakers and writers. We see considerable advantage in being able to demonstrate statistical evidence over many millions of words and broad general contexts; for example, the language teaching community owes a massive debt to those corpus linguists, such as Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, and Finegan (1999), who have provided new and challenging accounts of the English language. But we also believe that qualitative as well as quantitative criteria are highly significant, particularly where applications of corpus insights to the language classroom are concerned. For example, ellipsis is a category of grammar that varies markedly according to context, allowing speakers considerable choice in the expression of interpersonal meanings. One can say Sounds good or Hope so or It sounds good or I hope so; one can reply to a question Are you going home this weekend? with I am or I must or I'm not going home this weekend but I might next weekend. One can say Finished that
Magia: Robust automated modeling and image processing toolbox for PET neuroinformatics

Introduction: Processing PET data typically requires substantial manual labour including data retrieval, input function processing, drawing reference regions, performing realignment, and kinetic modelling. It is thus not suited for large-scale standardized reanalysis as processing one single image may take many hours to process. To resolve this problem, we introduce the Magia pipeline for brain-PET and MRI data that enables automatic processing of PET data with minimal user intervention. Here we investigated the accuracy of Magia in the automatic brain-PET data processing with four tracers binding to different binding sites: [11C]raclopride, [11C]carfentanil, [11C]madam, and [11C]PiB. Materials and methods: For each tracer, we analyzed 30 historical control subjects’ data with manual and automated methods. In the manual method, five persons delineated the reference regions (cerebellum and occipital cortex) for each image according to written instructions. The automatic ROI extraction was based on FreeSurfer parcellations. Data were modelled using simplified reference tissue yielding voxelwise BPnd values, except for [11C]PiB where ROI-to-cerebellum ratio was used. We compared the anatomical overlap between automatically and manually defined reference regions. We also computed the similarity of reference time-activity curves (TAC), and similarity of outcome measures at voxel and ROI level for both techniques. Results: Anatomically, MAGIA-generated reference regions differed from manual reference regions. The mean overlap percentage per tracer ranged from 20.3% (SEM 1.70) for [11C]raclopride to 7.3% (SEM 0.28) for [11C]madam. Mean overlap percentages for [11C]carfentanil and [11C]PiB were 8.1% (SEM 0.92) and 8.0% (SEM 0.25), respectively. Reference region TACs and results from outcome measures are demonstrated in Fig 1. and Fig 2. Conclusion: Our results confirm that although the automated reference regions are anatomically different from manually drawn regions, the correlation coefficient of time-activity curves is over 0.99 and the resulting outcome measures are comparable. Based on these results and taking account the lack of subjectivity in automatic reference region delineation,
Analysis of fine-scale mammalian evolutionary breakpoints provides new insight into their relation to genome organisation

Background: The Intergenic Breakage Model, which is the current model of structural genome evolution, considers that evolutionary rearrangement breakages happen with a uniform propensity along the genome but are selected against in genes, their regulatory regions and in-between. However, a growing body of evidence shows that there exists regions along mammalian genomes that present a high susceptibility to breakage. We reconsidered this question taking advantage of a recently published methodology for the precise detection of rearrangement breakpoints based on pairwise genome comparisons. Results: We applied this methodology between the genome of human and those of five sequenced eutherian mammals which allowed us to delineate evolutionary breakpoint regions along the human genome with a finer resolution (median size 26.6 kb) than obtained before. We investigated the distribution of these breakpoints with respect to genome organisation into domains of different activity. In agreement with the Intergenic Breakage Model, we observed that breakpoints are under-represented in genes. Surprisingly however, the density of breakpoints in small intergenes (1 per Mb) appears significantly higher than in gene deserts (0.1 per Mb). More generally, we found a heterogeneous distribution of breakpoints that follows the organisation of the genome into isochores (breakpoints are more frequent in GC-rich regions). We then discuss the hypothesis that regions with an enhanced susceptibility to breakage correspond to regions of high transcriptional activity and replication initiation. Conclusion: We propose a model to describe the heterogeneous distribution of evolutionary breakpoints along human chromosomes that combines natural selection and a mutational bias linked to local open chromatin state. Published: 24 July 2009 BMC Genomics 2009, 10:335 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-10-335 Received: 26 February 2009 Accepted: 24 July 2009 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral. com/1471-2164/10/335 © 2009 Lemaitre et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Workstation cooperation through a typed distributed shared memory abstraction

Data units are defined in a level that is above simple memory but below other cooperation paradigms. They are easily ported and well matched to traditional programming. Implementations can vary to suit each system, but the interface remains the same. They can be added to various systems without affecting the operating system context. Data units make an excellent foundation for building fully functional objects. However, they do not render the classic procedural programming model obsolete. Various coherency policies and mechanisms, including those of classic distributed shared memory (DSM) can be applied to data units. Data unit locks permit a wide variety of application-controlled coherency. This is particularly useful for those applications which allow the use of stale data while a replica is being updated. With proper control, this can lead to improved concurrency. <<ETX>>
Electronic health record system risk assessment : a case study from the MINET

This article discusses the risk assessment of a health information system. A case study was conducted at the South Western Sydney Area Health Service to examine the potential risks of the Maternal and Infant Network (MINET) health information system using Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA). FMEA was conducted by utilising safety attributes identified by the authors. Potential failure modes of the system were identified by the study. From this study, it can be concluded that FMEA is an appropriate risk-assessment method for MINET.
2 Bayesian GAM ’ s and extensions 2 . 1 Bayesian P-splines

Generalized additive models (GAM) for modelling nonlinear effects of continuous covariates are now well established tools for the applied statistician. In this paper we develop Bayesian GAM’s and extensions to generalized structured additive regression based on one or two dimensional P-splines as the main building block. The approach extends previous work by Lang and Brezger (2003) for Gaussian responses. Inference relies on Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation techniques, and is either based on iteratively weighted least squares (IWLS) proposals or on latent utility representations of (multi)categorical regression models. Our approach covers the most common univariate response distributions, e.g. the Binomial, Poisson or Gamma distribution, as well as multicategorical responses. As we will demonstrate through two applications on the forest health status of trees and a space-time analysis of health insurance data, the approach allows realistic modelling of complex problems. We consider the enormous flexibility and extendability of our approach as a main advantage of Bayesian inference based on MCMC techniques compared to more traditional approaches. Software for the methodology presented in the paper is provided within the public domain package BayesX.
Modelo clasificatorio de productos y turismos: el turismo de buceo en La Restinga (Islas Canarias) y L’Estartit (Cataluña)

During the last ten years interest in reordering and enhancing tourism consumerism has drawn to new strategies in the use of natural resources at tourist destinations, different from the traditional logics of local stakeholders. Those actions are generally super estimated and little attention has been paid to its social and cultural effects on heritage as well as in local population. At the beginning of the 21 century heritage tourism consume has brought about a plethora of products and sub products that cannot be easily classified by classical typologies. It has also lead to the rise of new visitation areas and tourism developments. This article analyzes two cases Universidad de La Laguna (Islas Canarias, España) Instituto Universitario de Ciencia Políticas y Sociales da Universidad de La Laguna (Islas Canarias, España). asantana@ull.es DE LA CRUZ MODINO, R. ; SANTANA TALAVERA, A. Modelo clasificatorio de productos y turismos. El turismo de buceo en La Restinga (Islas Canarias) y L’Estartit (Cataluña). Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Turismo. v. 2, n. 1, p. 72-112, mar. 2008.
Differential requirements for cyclase-associated protein (CAP) in actin-dependent processes of Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasma gondii contains a limited subset of actin binding proteins. Here we show that the putative actin regulator cyclase-associated protein (CAP) is present in two different isoforms and its deletion leads to significant defects in some but not all actin dependent processes. We observe defects in cell-cell communication, daughter cell orientation and the juxtanuclear accumulation of actin, but only modest defects in synchronicity of division and no defect in the replication of the apicoplast. 3D electron microscopy reveals that loss of CAP results in a defect in formation of a normal central residual body, but parasites remain connected within the vacuole. This dissociates synchronicity of division and parasite rosetting and reveals that establishment and maintenance of the residual body may be more complex than previously thought. These results highlight the different spatial requirements for F-actin regulation in Toxoplasma which appear to be achieved by partially overlapping functions of actin regulators.
Rapid communication Semantic size does not matter: “Bigger” words are not recognized faster

Sereno, O’Donnell, and Sereno (2009) reported that words are recognized faster in a lexical decision task when their referents are physically large than when they are small, suggesting that “semantic size” might be an important variable that should be considered in visual word recognition research and modelling. We sought to replicate their size effect, but failed to find a significant latency advantage in lexical decision for “big” words (cf. “small” words), even though we used the same word stimuli as Sereno et al. and had almost three times as many subjects. We also examined existing data from visual word recognition megastudies (e.g., English Lexicon Project) and found that semantic size is not a significant predictor of lexical decision performance after controlling for the standard lexical variables. In summary, the null results from our lab experiment—despite a much larger subject sample size than Sereno et al.—converged with our analysis of megastudy lexical decision performance, leading us to conclude that semantic size does not matter for word recognition. Discussion focuses on why semantic size (unlike some other semantic variables) is unlikely to play a role in lexical decision.
Dynamic node creation in backpropagation networks

Summary form only given. A novel method called dynamic node creation (DNC) that attacks issues of training large networks and of testing networks with different numbers of hidden layer units is presented. DNC sequentially adds nodes one at a time to the hidden layer(s) of the network until the desired approximation accuracy is achieved. Simulation results for parity, symmetry, binary addition, and the encoder problem are presented. The procedure was capable of finding known minimal topologies in many cases, and was always within three nodes of the minimum. Computational expense for finding the solutions was comparable to training normal backpropagation (BP) networks with the same final topologies. Starting out with fewer nodes than needed to solve the problem actually seems to help find a solution. The method yielded a solution for every problem tried. BP applied to the same large networks with randomized initial weights was unable, after repeated attempts, to replicate some minimum solutions found by DNC. <<ETX>>
Classical Human Leukocyte Antigen Alleles and C4 Haplotypes Are Not Significantly Associated With Depression

Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections.
Separability of State Trajectories and its Applications to Security of Cyber-Physical Systems

This article studies a fundamental problem of security of cyber-physical systems (CPSs). We focus on a class of attacks where some of the actuators could be malicious while all the sensors are considered to be honest . We introduce a novel idea of separability of state trajectories that are generated by the honest and corrupt actuators, and establish its connection to the security of CPSs in the context of detecting the presence of malicious actuators (if any,) in the system. As a defense strategy to guard the CPS against malicious attacks, we focus on the mechanism of perturbing the pre-determined control action byinjecting acertainclassofrandom process bythehonestactuators called private excitation, which is assumed to have a known distribution. As primary contributions we give suﬃcient conditions for the existence and non-existence of a separator for linear time-invariant stochastic systems, under the assumption that the policies are randomized-Markovian and randomized history dependent. Several technical aspects of the established results are discussed extensively.
Skeleton of Brachianodon Westorum, A New Middle Eocene Metacheiromyid (Mammalia, Palaeanodonta) from the Early Bridgerian (Bridger A) of the Southern Green River Basin, Wyoming

A new genus and species of metacheiromyid palaeanodont, Brachianodon westorurn, is described, based on a nearly complete skeleton from the early Bridgerian (Bridger A) middle Eocene of southwestern Wyoming. Brachianodon has a number of primitive Palaeanodon-like characteristics including retention of five postcanine teeth, mediolateral compression of the humeral head, and anteroposterior compression of the distal tibia. Brachianodon differs from older Palaeanodon and from contemporary Metacheiromys in retaining enamel on postcanine teeth, in having more complex postcanine tooth morphology, in having a short tibia relative to femur length, and in having a very short astragalar neck and round astragalar head. Presence of Brachianodon in the early Bridgerian indicates that metacheiromyids were more diverse in the middle Eocene than previously recognized.
A knowledge-tracing model of learning from a social tagging system

We propose a user model to support personalized learning paths through online material. Our approach is a variant of student modeling using the computer tutoring concept of knowledge tracing. Knowledge tracing involves representing the knowledge required to master a domain, and, from traces of online user behavior, diagnosing user knowledge states as a profile over those elements. The user model is induced from documents tagged by an expert in a social tagging system. Tags identified with “expertise” in a domain can be used to identify a corpus of domain documents. That corpus can be fed to an automated process that distills a topic model representation characteristic of the domain. As a learner navigates and reads online material, inferences can be made about the degree to which topics in the target domain have been learned. We validate this knowledge tracing approach against data from a social tagging study. As part of this evaluation, we match the predictions of the knowledgetracing model to individual participant responses made to individual question items used to test domain knowledge.
Approximate Shortest Distance Computing: A Query-Dependent Local Landmark Scheme

Shortest distance query between two nodes is a fundamental operation in large-scale networks. Most existing methods in the literature take a landmark embedding approach, which selects a set of graph nodes as landmarks and computes the shortest distances from each landmark to all nodes as an embedding. To handle a shortest distance query between two nodes, the precomputed distances from the landmarks to the query nodes are used to compute an approximate shortest distance based on the triangle inequality. In this paper, we analyze the factors that affect the accuracy of the distance estimation in the landmark embedding approach. In particular we find that a globally selected, query-independent landmark set plus the triangulation based distance estimation introduces a large relative error, especially for nearby query nodes. To address this issue, we propose a query-dependent local landmark scheme, which identifies a local landmark close to the specific query nodes and provides a more accurate distance estimation than the traditional global landmark approach. Specifically, a local landmark is defined as the least common ancestor of the two query nodes in the shortest path tree rooted at a global landmark. We propose efficient local landmark indexing and retrieval techniques, which are crucial to achieve low offline indexing complexity and online query complexity. Two optimization techniques on graph compression and graph online search are also proposed, with the goal to further reduce index size and improve query accuracy. Our experimental results on large-scale social networks and road networks demonstrate that the local landmark scheme reduces the shortest distance estimation error significantly when compared with global landmark embedding.
Robotic-Assisted Spine Surgery: History, Efficacy, Cost, And Future Trends

Abstract Robot-assisted spine surgery has recently emerged as a viable tool to enable less invasive and higher precision surgery. The first-ever spine robot, the SpineAssist (Mazor Robotics Ltd., Caesarea, Israel), gained FDA approval in 2004. With its ability to provide real-time intraoperative navigation and rigid stereotaxy, robotic-assisted surgery has the potential to increase accuracy while decreasing radiation exposure, complication rates, operative time, and recovery time. Currently, robotic assistance is mainly restricted to spinal fusion and instrumentation procedures, but recent studies have demonstrated its use in increasingly complex procedures such as spinal tumor resections and ablations, vertebroplasties, and deformity correction. However, robots do require high initial costs and training, and thus, require justification for their incorporation into common practice. In this review, we discuss the history of spinal robots along as well as currently available systems. We then examine the literature to evaluate accuracy, operative time, complications, radiation exposure, and costs – comparing robotic-assisted to traditional fluoroscopy-assisted freehand approaches. Finally, we consider future applications for robots in spine surgery.
Prefrontal attentional saccades explore space rhythmically

Recent studies suggest that attention samples space rhythmically through oscillatory interactions in the frontoparietal network. However, the precise mechanism through which the prefrontal cortex, at the source of attention control signals, organizes this rhythmic exploration of space remains unknown. We show that, when decoded at a high spatial (0.1°) and temporal resolution (50ms), the prefrontal covert attentional spotlight, aka the mind’s eye, continuously explores space at an alpha 7-12 Hz rhythm. When sensory events are presented at a specific optimal phase (resp. anti-phase) with respect to this rhythm, sensory encoding and behavioral report are accurate (resp. poor). We propose that this rhythmic prefrontal attentional spotlight dynamics corresponds to a continuous overt exploration of space via alpha-clocked attentional saccades. These attentional saccades are highly flexible, their pattern of space exploration depending both on within-trial and across-task contingencies. These results are discussed in the context of exploration and exploitation strategies and prefrontal top-down attentional control. Highlights The decoded prefrontal attentional spotlight samples visual space in rhythmic cycles This rhythmic attentional exploration predicts neuronal sensory processing accuracy This rhythmic attentional exploration predicts overt behavioral accuracy These rhythmic cycles define alpha-clocked attentional saccades Space exploration by attentional saccades is highly flexible and under top-down control