Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Role of Governance in Bridging AI Responsibility Gaps: An interdisciplinary evaluation of emerging AI governance measures

The ubiquitous use of AI in a wide range of domain areas, including health, finance, social media, and many others, along with the well-publicised harms and concerns around the use of these systems, has generated questions around who is responsible, in the normative sense, for the outcomes of increasingly autonomous systems. Scholars within the interdisciplinary field of AI Ethics have noted that AI poses challenges to the attribution of moral and legal responsibility, due to the diminished knowledge and control of individual actors involved in bringing about system outcomes, and the existence of “many hands”- or a diffuse network of individuals and collectives who could potentially be responsible [6]. In my research, I draw from conceptual approaches in philosophy, examples from the history of technology, and domain-specific qualitative case studies to examine the extent to which AI presents new challenges to responsibility attribution. In addition, my research evaluates the effectiveness of emerging organisational and regulatory governance measures in meeting the challenges posed by apparent responsibility gaps.
Extratropical Storm Evolution from Tropical Cyclones in the Western North Pacific Ocean

Abstract : This study examines 16 recurving tropical storms and typhoons that occurred in the western North Pacific Ocean in 1971, to determine the characteristics of the storms after they became extratropical. Many of the extratropical storms that evolved from tropical cyclones maintained destructive seas and winds as long as 5 days after the point of recurvature. Six of the 16 extratropical storms crossed the North Pacific and affected the Aleutians or western North America. Some of the physical processes associated with the evolution of extratropical storms from tropical cyclones are also discussed. (Author)
KLP-7/Kinesin-13 orchestrates axon-dendrite checkpoints for polarized trafficking in neurons

Neurons are compartmentalized cells with spatiotemporal distinction of anatomy and molecular repertoire. Microtubule organization in the neuron is crucial for its polarized structure and composition. Microtubule dynamics are differentially optimized in the axons and dendrites by the interplay between the microtubule-stabilizing and destabilizing factors. It is unclear how the destabilizing factors are important for developing and maintaining neuronal polarity. We investigated the function of KLP-7, a microtubule depolymerizing motor from the Kinesin-13 family, in the compartmentalization of axons and dendrites using the PVD neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans. In the absence of KLP-7, axonal proteins such as RAB-3 and SAD-1 were mislocalized to dendrites, suggesting a disruption in axon-dendrite compartmentalization. Notably, this phenomenon was independent of other depolymerizing factors like EFA-6, highlighting the specific role of KLP-7 in this process. We observed a reduced rate of microtubule polymerization and an altered polarity of microtubules in the PVD major dendrite due to the loss of klp-7. Additionally, the deletion of klp-7 led to the formation of ectopic neurites from the cell body and the ectopic localization of UNC-44/Ankyrin-G, a protein associated with the axon initial segment (AIS), to the dendrites. Additionally, live imaging of GFP::KLP-7 revealed that KLP-7 is more dynamic in the dendrites as compared to the axon. These observations indicate that the precise dynamics of KLP-7 in neurites are crucial for maintaining distinct microtubule polymerization in the axons and dendrites, thereby influencing neuronal polarity. Our findings shed light on the pivotal role of KLP-7/Kinesin-13 in the establishment of axon-dendrite checkpoints, which in turn impact the polarized trafficking of cellular components within neurons.
Genetic diversity of the natural monument Nypa fruticans (Palmae) at Funaura, Iriomote Island

Since the population of IVt]v7afuticans at Funaura on the Iriomote Island was declared as a natural monument in 1959, it has been rapidly reduced in size. Its genetic diversity examined by the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method showed that all 28 "'jndividuals" examined but one were genetically identical and had no diversity, They are thus considered clones derived from a single individual by vegetative propagation. Because flowers of a few "individuals'' failed to set fertile s eds in 1998, the species is ]ikely to be selfincompatible, A tota]ity of data available indjcates that the popu]ation at Funaura is at a crisis of extinction,
Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition

To cite this Article Sontam, Varalakshmi and Christman, Stephen D. (2011) 'Semantic organisation and handedness: Mixedhandedness is associated with more diffuse activation of ambiguous word associates', Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition,, First published on: 18 May 2011 (iFirst) To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/1357650X.2010. 529450 URL: http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/1357650X.2010. 529450
Preclinical Pharmacological Activities of Epigallocatechin ‐ 3 ‐ gallate in Signaling Pathways :

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the main bioactive component of catechins predominantly present in svarious types of teas. EGCG is well known for a wide spectrum of biological activity as an anti‐oxidative, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐tumor agent. The effect of EGCG on cell death mechanisms via the induction of apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy has been documented. Moreover, its anti‐proliferative and chemopreventive action has been demonstrated in many cancer cell lines. It was also involved in the modulation of cyclooxygenase‐2, in oxidative stress and inflammation of different cell processes. EGCG has been reported as a promising target for plasma membrane proteins, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). In addition, it has been demonstrated a mechanism of action relying on the inhibition of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, NF‐κB, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). EGCG and its derivatives were used in proteasome inhibition and they were involved in epigenetic mechanisms. In summary, EGCG is the most predominant and bioactive constituent of teas and it has a pivotal role in cancer prevention. Its preclinical pharmacological activities are associated with complex molecular mechanisms that involve numerous signaling pathways.
Joint UV Optimization and Texture Baking

Level of detail has been widely used in interactive computer graphics. In current industrial 3D modeling pipelines, artists rely on commercial software to generate highly detailed models with UV maps and then bake textures for low-poly counterparts. In these pipelines, each step is performed separately, leading to unsatisfactory visual appearances for low polygon count models. Moreover, existing texture baking techniques assume the low-poly mesh has a small geometric difference from the high-poly, which is often not true in practice, especially with extremely low poly count models. To alleviate the visual discrepancy of the low-poly mesh, we propose to jointly optimize UV mappings during texture baking, allowing for low-poly models to faithfully replicate the appearance of the high-poly even with large geometric differences. We formulate the optimization within a differentiable rendering framework, allowing the automatic adjustment of texture regions to encode appearance information. To compensate for view parallax when two meshes have large geometric differences, we introduce a spherical harmonic parallax mapping, which uses spherical harmonic functions to modulate per-texel UV coordinates based on the view direction. We evaluate the effectiveness and robustness of our approach on a dataset composed of online downloaded models, with varying complexities and geometric discrepancies. Our method achieves superior quality over state-of-the-art techniques and commercial solutions.
Examining the Ethics of Brain-Computer Interfaces: Ensuring Safety, the Rights and Dignity of Personhood

Brain-Computer interfacing is one of the most interesting, digital health devices. It includes wearable, implantable, and injectable medical systems to improve or restore movement. It also includes machine-learning algorithms to help neurologically deficient persons to communicate and make decisions. All BCI applications connect the human brain to a machine that is external to the brain and the source of the self. Research and interest in Brain-Computer Interfaces have been developing at a rapid rate, with neuroscientists using BCI technology in an increasing range of applications. There are ethical questions that are lacking from the application of AI medically supported tools: safety assurance; human rights; the autonomy and dignity of the person who uses BCIs.
Geometric effects on the flux and polarization signals of Jupiter-like exoplanets.

Polarimetry has already played an important role in the characterization of planets within the solar system and is expected to prove useful in the detection and characterization of exoplanets. The reflected flux and polarization signals contain information about the microphysical properties of an atmosphere but are influenced by the geometry of the system. For this study, I adapted a radiative transfer code and used it to compare the influence of inhomogeneous cloud cover, rotation-induced oblateness, orbit inclination, tidal deformation and obliquity on the disk-integrated reflected light signal, for visible light with wavelength 0.7 microns. I have also investigated the importance of including a spatially resolved stellar disk in the model planet's sky when simulating scattering by exoplanetary atmospheres. It was found that a degree of polarization of the order of 1% can arise from rotational-induced oblateness in reflected light, and that a planet's shape may be derived from the normalized flux signal without knowledge of the percentage of cloud cover in some cases. Giving the host star a non-negligible angular size makes a significant difference to the light signal when the planet is in a close-in orbit (Dl0.05 AU). Proximity to a spatially extended star leads to a washing out of optical features such as the glory, as well as producing a non-zero reflected flux during transit.
Ieee Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 1 a Distributed Algorithm for the Replica Placement Problem

—Caching and replication of popular data objects contribute significantly to the reduction of the network bandwidth usage and the overall access time to data. Our focus is to improve the efficiency of object replication within a given distributed replication group. Such a group consists of servers that dedicate certain amount of memory for replicating objects requested by their clients. The content replication problem we are solving is defined as follows. Given the request rates for the objects and the server capacities, find the replica allocation that minimizes the access time over all servers and objects. We design a distributed approximation algorithm that solves this problem and prove that it provides a 2-approximation solution. We also show that the communication and computational complexity of the algorithm is polynomial with respect to the number of servers, the number of objects, and the sum of the capacities of all servers. Finally, we perform simulation experiments to investigate the performance of our algorithm. The experiments show that our algorithm outperforms the best existing distributed algorithm that solves the replica placement problem.
Atopic diseases, allergic sensitization, and exposure to traffic-related air pollution in children.

RATIONALE In vitro studies, animal experiments, and human exposure studies have shown how ambient air pollution increases the risk of atopic diseases. However, results derived from observational studies are inconsistent. OBJECTIVES To assess the relationship between individual-based exposure to traffic-related air pollutants and allergic disease outcomes in a prospective birth cohort study during the first 6 years of life. METHODS We studied 2,860 children at the age of 4 years and 3,061 at the age of 6 years to investigate atopic diseases and allergic sensitization. Long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM(2.5)), PM(2.5) absorbance, and long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) was assessed at residential addresses using geographic information systems based regression models and air pollution measurements. The distance to the nearest main road was used as a surrogate for traffic-related air pollutants. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Strong positive associations were found between the distance to the nearest main road and asthmatic bronchitis, hay fever, eczema, and sensitization. A distance-dependent relationship could be identified, with the highest odds ratios (ORs) for children living less than 50 m from busy streets. For PM(2.5) absorbance, statistically significant effects were found for asthmatic bronchitis (OR, 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-2.37), hay fever (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.11-2.27), and allergic sensitization to pollen (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.20-1.64). NO(2) exposure was associated with eczema, whereas no association was found for allergic sensitization. CONCLUSIONS This study provides strong evidence for increased risk of atopic diseases and allergic sensitization when children are exposed to ambient particulate matter.
No Place to Hide:: Effects of Climate Change on Protected Areas

This paper considers the potential impacts of climate change on protected areas (PAs) and actions that can be taken to mitigate them. Recent research suggests that the types of environmental changes predicted in climatic models are now taking place. Studies of many animals and plants that show significant alterations in range or behaviour find that the most consistent explanation for these is climate change. These impacts may necessitate a fundamental rethinking in the approach to protection. Protected areas are rooted in the concept of permanence: protection works best as a conservation tool if the area remains protected for the foreseeable future. But under climate change, species for which a particular protected area was established may no longer survive there. Some protected areas - for instance in coastal, arctic and mountain regions - may disappear altogether in their current form.
Microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1 b : a novel plakin that localizes to the Golgi complex

Eukaryotic cells contain a complex fibrous network of filaments: actin microfilaments, microtubules (MTs) and intermediate filaments (IFs). In addition, there are proteins that crosslink these filaments and anchor them onto various membrane structures. Some of these linker proteins belong to the plakin (or spectraplakin) family. To date, seven plakins have been identified in mammals: desmoplakin, plectin, bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (BPAG1), envoplakin, periplakin, epiplakin and microtubule actin cross-linking factor (MACF1), also called ACF7 (actin cross-linking family 7) (reviewed by Leung et al., 2002; Jefferson et al., 2004). Each plakin is made up of combinations of different interacting domains. These domains include an actin-binding domain (ABD) that is composed of one or two calponin-homology domains; a plakin domain that associates with various adhesion and signaling molecules; a coiled-coil rod domain that mediates dimerization; a series of spectrin repeats that may render flexibility; an IF-binding region that consists of varying numbers of plakin (or plectin) repeats that can be organized into distinct domains (plakin repeat domains or PRDs) with a so-called linker (L) domain embedded between the PRDs; and a MT-binding domain (MTBD) that binds to and stabilizes MTs. The MTBD is composed of several subdomains including one that resembles the growth arrest specific 2 (Gas2) protein (Collavin et al., 1998; Zucman-Rossi et al., 1996). Epithelial plakins have been known for more than two decades, but invertebrate plakins have only recently been
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Inhibitors for Tumor Anti-angiogenesis Activity

The EGFR family plays an essential role in normal organ development by mediating morphogenesis and differentiation through effects on cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, invasion, and angiogenesis. Unlike normal cells that have tight regulatory mechanisms controlling EGFR pathways, tumor cells often have dysregulated EGFR signaling, allowing them to proliferate under adverse conditions, invade surrounding tissues, and increase angiogenesis. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a trans-membrane receptor tyrosine kinase that belongs to the Human epidermal receptor (HER) family of receptors. Receptor protein tyrosine kinases play a key role in signal transduction pathways that regulate cell division and differentiation. Among the growth factor receptor kinases that have been identified as being important in cancer is epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase (also known as erb-B1 or HER-1) and the related human epidermal growth factor receptor HER-2 (also known as erbB-2). The quinazoline and other heterocyclic skeletons are of great importance to chemists as well as biologists as it is available in a large variety of naturally occurring compounds. In this article we are emphasizing on various hetericycles such as Quinazoline, pyrrolotriazines etc. as promising anticancer agents. These hetocycles showed the anticancer activity through the inhibition of EGFR enzyme. Attempt will be taken to provide details information on the said topic in the benefit of medicinal chemist.
Visual exploration of classification models for risk assessment

In risk assessment applications well informed decisions are made based on huge amounts of multi-dimensional data. In many domains not only the risk of a wrong decision, but in particular the trade-off between the costs of possible decisions are of utmost importance. In this paper we describe a framework tightly integrating interactive visual exploration with machine learning to support the decision making process. The proposed approach uses a series of interactive 2D visualizations of numeric and ordinal data combined with visualization of classification models. These series of visual elements are further linked to the classifier's performance visualized using an interactive performance curve. An interactive decision point on the performance curve allows the decision maker to steer the classification model and instantly identify the critical, cost changing data elements, in the various linked visualizations. The critical data elements are represented as images in order to trigger associations related to the knowledge of the expert. In this context the data visualization and classification results are not only linked together, but are also linked back to the classification model. Such a visual analytics framework allows the user to interactively explore the costs of his decisions for different settings of the model and accordingly use the most suitable classification model and make more informed and reliable decisions. A case study on data from the Forensic Psychiatry domain reveals the usefulness of the suggested approach.
Handbook for inventorying downed woody material

To facilitate debris management, procedures for inventorying downed woody material are presented. Instructions show how to estimate weights and volumes of downed woody material, fuel depth, and duff depth. Using the planar intersect technique, downed material is inventoried by 0- to 0.25-inch, 0.25- to 1-inch, and 1- to 3-inch diameter classes; and by 1-inch classes for sound and rotten pieces over 3 inches. The method is rapid and easy to use and can be applied to naturally fallen debris and to slash. The method involves counting downed woody pieces that intersect vertical sampling planes and measuring the diameters of pieces larger than 3 inches in diameter. The piece counts and diameters permit calculation of tons per acre. OXFORD: 431
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase mediates renal regeneration in rats with myoglobinuric acute renal injury.

In vitro data support that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), members of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, mediate the signal transduction pathways responsible for the cell proliferation. However, in vivo role of these MAP kinases is poorly understood. Intramuscular injection of 50% glycerol solution induces acute renal failure in rats. This injury is known as a model of rhabdomyolysis in human. To investigate the molecular mechanism of the signaling pathway in this injury, we examined the role of ERK and JNK. After the glycerol injection JNK was rapidly and transiently activated at about 4 h, while the activation of ERK was gradually increased and the levels were sustained at least to 24 h. Next, we examined the expression of cell-cycle related proteins after the glycerol injection using Western blot analysis. The levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein as a marker for cell proliferation were induced at 2 h and significantly increased to 24 h after the injection. In addition, cyclins D1, D2, and D3 as markers for G1 phase also increased with similar time courses. To examine whether activation of ERK and/or JNK are involved in the renal regeneration after the glycerol injection, we examined the effect of genistein, which is an inhibitor of tyrosine kinase, on the activation of ERK and JNK. Administration of genistein to rats with this injury decreased the activation of ERK, but not JNK. The induction of PCNA and cyclin D1 was also prevented by this treatment. In this condition, renal function was further worsened as compared to control rats. These results provide the first evidence that ERK may be involved in the repair process of renal tubules damaged by this injury.
MARD: A Framework for Metamorphic Malware Analysis and Real-Time Detection

Because of the financial and other gains attached with the growing malware industry, there is a need to automate the process of malware analysis and provide real-time malware detection. To hide a malware, obfuscation techniques are used. One such technique is metamorphism encoding that mutates the dynamic binary code and changes the opcode with every run to avoid detection. This makes malware difficult to detect in real-time and generally requires a behavioral signature for detection. In this paper we present a new framework called MARD for Metamorphic Malware Analysis and Real-Time Detection, to protect the end points that are often the last defense, against metamorphic malware. MARD provides: (1) automation (2) platform independence (3) optimizations for real-time performance and (4) modularity. We also present a comparison of MARD with other such recent efforts. Experimental evaluation of MARD achieves a detection rate of 99.6% and a false positive rate of 4%.