Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of the Ozone “Collar” in the Antarctic Lower Stratosphere during Early August 1994

Abstract The ozone evolution in the lower stratosphere of the Southern Hemisphere during the period 5–10 August 1994 is analyzed. The analysis focuses on the ozone “collar” (the band of maximum values in ozone mixing ratio around the Antarctic ozone “hole” at these altitudes) and the development of “collar filaments. ” Ozone mixing ratios provided by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on board the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite and by an ER-2 aircraft participating in the Airborne Southern Hemisphere Ozone Experiment/Measurements for Assessing the Effects of Stratospheric Aircraft campaign are compared with values at corresponding locations in high-resolution isentropic maps obtained by using the numerical scheme of “contour advection with surgery” (CAS). The CAS reconstructed ozone maps provide a view of the way in which air masses are exported from the outskirts of the collar to form the “tongues” of higher mixing ratios observed at lower latitudes on MLS synoptic maps. There is an overall consistency.
Marine organohalogens in the atmosphere over the Atlantic and Southern Oceans

[1] Reactive halogen species (RHS) such as the halogen oxide radicals IO and BrO influence tropospheric oxidation processes in both polar and temperate regions. Oceanic photolabile halocarbons have been shown to be strong sources of RHS in midlatitudes. However, the global source strengths of these halocarbon precursors and the relative importance of the coastal and pelagic oceans on their concentrations are highly uncertain. Here we present atmospheric measurements of the reactive organic halogens CH3I, CH2I2, CH2ClI, CH2IBr, CHIBr2, CHBr3, CH2Br2, and CHBr2Cl made at Mace Head, Ireland, during the Particle Formation and Fate in the Coastal Environment campaign in September 1998 and at Cape Grim, Tasmania, during the Southern Ocean Atmospheric Photochemistry Experiment 2 campaign in January/February 1999. Mace Head is strongly influenced by local macroalgae, whereas Cape Grim, owing to its cliff-top location, suffers much less impact from seaweeds. The very reactive halocarbons CH2I2, CH2IBr, and CHIBr2 observed at Mace Head were below detection limits at Cape Grim, although CH2ClI was detected at both locations. Mixing ratios of CH3I, CH2ClI, CHBr3, CHBr2Cl, and CH2Br2 at Cape Grim were on average 25–50% of those at Mace Head. Concentrations of the polybromomethanes correlated well at both sites. Using these correlations, we estimate molar source strengths of CHBr2Cl and CH2Br2 to be between 3 and 6% and between 15 and 25% of the global CHBr3 flux, respectively. These values fall within ranges estimated independently from concentration and lifetime data.
Survey on routing protocols in VANET

Abstract- VANET is a special class of MANET which provides communication between vehicles intelligently via vehicle to vehicle communication or vehicle to roadside communication. Some of the promises of VANET are intelligent traffic system, early warning signals for vehicles that could minimize road mishaps and provision of better in-transit communication. As the performance of communication depends on the selection of best route while communication & routing of data is done by routing protocols. To provide smart communication, it is must to make an analysis of routing protocols in VANET. Routing protocols for VANET falls in two categories as topology based routing & position based routing protocols. This paper discusses the advantages & disadvantages of various routing protocols & their comparison with each other.
Impact of a Demyelination-Inducing Central Nervous System Virus on Expression of Demyelination Genes in Type 2 Lymphoid Cells

We recently reported the role of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in central nervous system (CNS) demyelination using a model of CNS demyelination involving recombinant herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) that constitutively expresses mouse interleukin 2 (HSV-IL-2). In this investigation, we studied how ILC2s respond to HSV-IL-2 at the cellular level using cytokine and gene expression pro ﬁ ling. ILC2s infected with HSV-IL-2 expressed higher levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, IP-10, MIP-2, and RANTES, which include proin ﬂ ammatory cytokines, than did those infected with parental control virus. In contrast, T H 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-9, which are typically expressed by ILC2s, were not induced upon HSV-IL-2 infection. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of HSV-IL-2 infected ILC2s showed signi ﬁ cant upregulation of over 350 genes and downregulation of 157 genes compared with parental virus-infected ILC2s. Gene Ontology (GO) term analysis indicated that genes related to “ mitosis ” and “ in ﬂ ammatory response ” were among the upregulated genes, suggesting that HSV-IL-2 infection drives the excessive proliferation and atypical in ﬂ ammatory response of ILC2s. This change in ILC2 activation state could underlie the pathology of demyelinating diseases. IMPORTANCE Innate lymphocytes have plasticity and can change functionality; type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) can convert to ILC1 or ILC3 cells or change their activation state to produce IL-17 or IL-10 depending on environmental cues. In this study, we investigated the gene and cytokine pro ﬁ les of ILC2s, which play a major role in HSV-IL-2-induced CNS demyelination. ILC2s infected with HSV-IL-2 displayed a mas-sive remodeling of cellular state. Additionally, ILC2s infected with HSV-IL-2 differed from those infected with parental HSV in cellular and viral gene expression pro ﬁ les and in cytokine/chemokine induction, and they displayed enhanced activation and proin ﬂ ammatory responses. These changes in ILC2 activation state could underlie the pathology of demyelinating diseases. These results also highlight the possible importance of pathogens as environmental cues to modify innate lymphocyte functionalities.
Venusian tectonics: Convective coupling to the lithosphere?

The relationship between the dominant global heat loss mechanism and planetary size has motivated the search for tectonic style on Venus. Prior to the American and Soviet mapping missions of the past eight years, it was thought that terrestrial style plate tectonics was operative on Venus because this planet is approximately the size of the Earth and is conjectured to have about the same heat source content per unit mass. However, surface topography mapped by the altimeter of the Pioneer Venus spacecraft did not show any physiographic expression of terrestrial style spreading ridges, trenches, volcanic arcs or transform faults, although the horizontal resolution was questionable for detection of at least some of these features. The Venera 15 and 16 radar missions mapped the northern latitudes of Venus at 1 to 2 km resolution and showed that there are significant geographic areas of deformation seemingly created by large horizontal stresses. These same high resolution images show no evidence for plate tectonic features. Thus a fundamental problem for venusian tectonics is the origin of large horizontal stresses near the surface in the apparent absence of plate tectonics.
Targeting ischemia-induced KCC2 hypofunction rescues refractory neonatal seizures and mitigates epileptogenesis in a mouse model

Description The drug CLP290 may treat neonatal seizures by acutely enhancing the function of K+/Cl− cotransporter KCC2. Curbing neonatal seizures with KCC2 Neonatal seizures are often associated with cerebral ischemia, resistance to antiseizure drugs, and reduced abundance of KCC2, a K+/Cl− cotransporter that is critical to inhibitory neurotransmission. Sullivan et al. found that acutely enhancing KCC2 activity with the drug CLP290 reduced seizures in a neonatal mouse model. Systemically administering CLP290 to 1-week-old mice decreased the number and duration of seizures, including those that were chemically induced at a later stage of development, and restored the antiseizure efficacy of the first-line seizure medication phenobarbital. These effects depended on KCC2 abundance and phosphorylation of KCC2 at Ser940. The findings demonstrate the potential of KCC2 as a target for treating phenobarbital-resistant pediatric seizures. Neonatal seizures pose a clinical challenge in their early detection, acute management, and long-term comorbidities. They are often caused by hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and are frequently refractory to the first-line antiseizure medication phenobarbital. One proposed mechanism for phenobarbital inefficacy during neonatal seizures is the reduced abundance and function of the neuron-specific K+/Cl− cotransporter 2 (KCC2), which maintains chloride homeostasis and promotes GABAergic inhibition upon its phosphorylation during postnatal development. Here, we investigated whether this mechanism is causal and whether it can be rescued by KCC2 functional enhancement. In a CD-1 mouse model of refractory ischemic neonatal seizures, treatment with the KCC2 functional enhancer CLP290 rescued phenobarbital efficacy, increased KCC2 abundance, and prevented the development of epileptogenesis, as quantified by video electroencephalogram monitoring. These effects were prevented by knock-in expression of nonphosphorylatable mutants of KCC2 (S940A or T906A and T1007A), indicating that KCC2 phosphorylation regulates both neonatal seizure susceptibility and CLP290-mediated KCC2 functional enhancement. Our findings therefore validate KCC2 as a clinically relevant target for refractory neonatal seizures and provide insights for future drug development.
Generation of Leaf Shape Through Early Patterns of Growth and Tissue Polarity

Shape-Shifting Signals Although orthogonal signaling systems seem to direct various developmental processes, few tissues remain in the same shape as they are at initiation to that of the final form. Arabidopsis leaves are free of the cell migrations that complicate animal development, and thus allowed Kuchen et al. (p. 1092) to track and model the trajectory of leaf growth under a variety of perturbations. Varying the values of parameters in their model produced outputs of different leaf shapes ranging from obcordate, ovate, and oval to elliptic, and offered predictions for genes that regulate the developmental process. The meristem at the growing tip of plants is home to stem cells and is the source of newly differentiating shoots and leaves. New leaves make their first appearance as bulges at the side of the dome-shaped meristem. Although these developmental events are under hormonal control, they also seem to be constrained by the physical properties of the meristem. Kierzkowski et al. (p. 1096) tested physical effects acting on the shoot apical meristem of growing tomato shoots that alter turgor pressure. Again, mathematical modeling combined with observations of plant tissue helped to define the different zones in the meristem that respond to diverse mechanical stimuli. A model for the development of leaf shape describes how it arises through oriented growth and tissue deformation. A major challenge in biology is to understand how buds comprising a few cells can give rise to complex plant and animal appendages like leaves or limbs. We address this problem through a combination of time-lapse imaging, clonal analysis, and computational modeling. We arrive at a model that shows how leaf shape can arise through feedback between early patterns of oriented growth and tissue deformation. Experimental tests through partial leaf ablation support this model and allow reevaluation of previous experimental studies. Our model allows a range of observed leaf shapes to be generated and predicts observed clone patterns in different species. Thus, our experimentally validated model may underlie the development and evolution of diverse organ shapes.
People, Publications, Patents, and Places: The Early Diffusion of Laser-Research and Laser-Technology in West Germany, 1960- 2005

We analyze the spatial diffusion of laser-technology in Germany during the early phase of development, between 1960 and 2005. Research in this new technological field began in a few larger centers and then spread to other regions. In the early years, a large firm of the electronics industry located in Munich played a dominating role. The intraregional diffusion of the knowledge in laser technology was particularly high in those regions which have started laser research rather early. There is also no significant effect of regional knowledge in the field of laser technology on the number of regional laser-producers, what may be due to the rather early development stage of the system where not many producers entered the market. Mobility of persons as well as co-publications and co-patents between institutions played only a minor role in the period under investigation.
Himalayan traders: Life in highland Nepal

As known, to finish this book, you may not need to get it at once in a day. Doing the activities along the day may make you feel so bored. If you try to force reading, you may prefer to do other entertaining activities. But, one of concepts we want you to have this book is that it will not make you feel bored. Feeling bored when reading will be only unless you don't like the book. himalayan traders life in highland nepal really offers what everybody wants.
APEC`s Measures for Strengthening Social Safety Nets in the Asia-Pacific Region

TABLE OF CONTENTS List of tables List of figures Preface Executive Summary I. Introduction II. APEC and Social Safety Net 1. Definition of Social Safety Nets 2. Programs of Social Safety Nets 3. APEC and Social Safety Net III. Current State of Social Safety Nets in Five of the APEC Member Economies 1. The Philippines 2. Malaysia 3. Indonesia 4. Thailand 5. Vietnam IV. Social Safety Net Activities in APEC Region 1. APEC Social Safety Net Activities 2. Social Safety Net Projects Initiated by International Organizations V. Possible Areas for Strengthening APEC Social Safety Net 1. General Deficit of Social Safety nets 2. Possible Areas for Strengthening APEC Social Safety Net Activities 3. Social Safety Net Capacity Building VI. Concluding Remarks Abbreviations References
Forced smoking abstinence: not enough for smoking cessation.

IMPORTANCE Millions of Americans are forced to quit smoking as they enter tobacco-free prisons and jails, but most return to smoking within days of release. Interventions are needed to sustain tobacco abstinence after release from incarceration. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the extent to which the WISE intervention (Working Inside for Smoking Elimination), based on motivational interviewing (MI) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), decreases relapse to smoking after release from a smoke-free prison. DESIGN Participants were recruited approximately 8 weeks prior to their release from a smoke-free prison and randomized to 6 weekly sessions of either education videos (control) or the WISE intervention. SETTING A tobacco-free prison in the United States. PARTICIPANTS A total of 262 inmates (35% female). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Continued smoking abstinence was defined as 7-day point-prevalence abstinence validated by urine cotinine measurement. RESULTS At the 3-week follow-up, 25% of participants in the WISE intervention (31 of 122) and 7% of the control participants (9 of 125) continued to be tobacco abstinent (odds ratio [OR], 4.4; 95% CI, 2.0-9.7). In addition to the intervention, Hispanic ethnicity, a plan to remain abstinent, and being incarcerated for more than 6 months were all associated with increased likelihood of remaining abstinent. In the logistic regression analysis, participants randomized to the WISE intervention were 6.6 times more likely to remain tobacco abstinent at the 3-week follow up than those randomized to the control condition (95% CI, 2.5-17.0). Nonsmokers at the 3-week follow-up had an additional follow-up 3 months after release, and overall 12% of the participants in the WISE intervention (14 of 122) and 2% of the control participants (3 of 125) were tobacco free at 3 months, as confirmed by urine cotinine measurement (OR, 5.3; 95% CI, 1.4-23.8). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Forced tobacco abstinence alone during incarceration has little impact on postrelease smoking status. A behavioral intervention provided prior to release greatly improves cotinine-confirmed smoking cessation in the community. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01122589.
importance écologique des bactéries photohétérotrophes dans l'océan arctique

La photoheterotrophie est la capacite d'utiliser des substrats organiques et de capturer l'energie lumineuse. Elle est pratiquee par les bacteries phototrophes anoxygeniques aerobies (BPAA), les bacteries contenant de la proteorhodopsine (BPR) et les picocyanobacteries (Synechococcus). Les augmentations de l'export fluvial de carbone organique et de l'exposition de l'ocean aux radiations solaires s'intensifient en Arctique, rendant cette region interessante pour etudier la place des photoheterotrophes dans l'utilisation du carbone et de la lumiere. Par l'utilisation de multiples approches de quantification absolue, de diversite culturale et moleculaire, notre etude est la premiere a caracteriser a haute resolution les photoheterotrophes dans l'Ocean Arctique. Les picocyanobacteries n'ont ete detectees que dans l'estuaire du Mackenzie alors que BPAA et B-PR etaient presentes en mer de Beaufort. La communaute PAA etait liee aux apports fluviaux contrairement a celle des B-PR principalement oligotrophe. Les distributions de ces communautes presentaient des patrons differents de celles du bacterioplancton suggerant un avantage ecologique de la photoheterotrophie dans ces eaux. La communaute PAA etait dominee par un clade nouveau de Betaproteobacteria et par les Rhodobacterales. Les Alphaproteobacteria, notamment des SAR11 et des clades endemiques de SAR116, dominaient la communaute de BPR. La majorite des BPR exprimait activement la PR suggerant de potentiels benefices. L'ensemble de nos resultats montre que la photoheterotrophie est repandue dans l'Ocean Arctique et suggere que son role pourrait etre different en fonction des conditions environnementales rencontrees.
Tidal dynamics and dispersion around coastal headlands

This thesis concerns the dynamics of ticlal _,cm'rents and tide-induced dispersion around coastal headlands. The depth-averaged shallow water equations forced by a oscilatory xdirected current with amplitude Uo and frequency a are solved numerically for a Gaussian headland described by ((y) = bexp(-1/2(x/a? ). The water depth H is constant except for a shoalng region along the boundary which is narrow compared to the headland width b. Solutions to this idealized tidal flow around a headland reveal a wide range of dynamical behavior, from quasi-linear, non-separating flow to strongly nonlinear, separating flow with transient eddy formation. During each half tidal cycle, transient eddies are formed when vorticity generated in the narrow shoaling region along the headland separates from the coast and wraps up to form a large scale transient eddy. For a fixed headland shape, the structure of the flow depends primarily on the relative sizes of the tidal excursion (2Uo/a), the frictional decay length scale (H /2CD) (where CD is the depth-averaged drag coeffcient), and the length scale of the headland a. If the frictional length scale is much shorter than the tidal excursion, then flow is quasi-steady, and can be described by a frictional Reynolds number Ref = (H / C Da) If the frictional length scale is much longer than the tidal excursion, then the flow is controlled by Kc = (Uo/aaj. In many tidal flows, the frictional length scale is comparable to the tidal excursion, and both Ref and K c control the structure of the flow. Material released in the vicinity of the headland is stretched and folded by the high strain and transient eddy formation associated with the strongly nonlinear tidal flow, resulting in much greater dispersion than that associated with tidal turbulence. The character and extent of particle dispersion depends strongly on the interior vorticity structure arising from the boundar layer separation, and cannot be accurately described by a uniform eddy diffusivity when separation occurs. Thesis Supervisor: W. Rockwell Geyer Title: Assistant Scientist, Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering Thesis Supervisor: Robert C. Beardsley Title: Senior Scientist, Physical Oceanography
Molecular effects in heat conduction through porous rocks

Thermal conductivity measurements were made on a natural Berea sandstone sample of porosity 22 per cent, with the pore space filled with various fluids at atmospheric pressure. The results indicate that the effective conductivity of the sample, when filled with a gaseous saturant, is lower than when filled with a liquid saturant of the same conductivity as the gas. This effect is qualitatively accounted for by the reduction in thermal conductivity of the gas which occurs when the gas occupies spaces which are small relative to its mean free path. The presence of such spaces is confirmed by pore size distribution data and by the increase in effective conductivity with increase in gas pressure. The effect on the thermal conductivity of a simulated net overburden pressure of 275 bars was also investigated.
Wolbachia in scale insects: a distinct pattern of infection frequencies and 3 potential transfer routes via ant associates 4

Our study provides a first overview of Wolbachia infection in scale insects and their associates. Studies uncovering the phenotypes induced by Wolbachia , its interaction with the host microbiome, its distribution within species, and the phylogenetic relationships between strains are needed for a more complete picture of Wolbachia’s role in scale insects.
Análisis en el ISI Web of Knowledge de los artículos sobre el sistema de costes y gestión basado en las actividades (periodo 2000-2010)

El entorno competitivo y turbulento en el que se mueven las organizaciones, lleva a la direccion de las mismas, a aplicar sistemas de costes y gestion que les permita obtener informacion para la toma de decisiones.En la ultima decada, el sistema de costes y gestion basado en las actividades (ABC/ABM) ha adquirido un gran auge, tanto desde el punto de vista de calculo de costes como desde la gestion, perdiendo valor la informacion facilitada por los sistemas convencionales.El objetivo de este estudio, ha sido analizar la importancia que, durante el periodo comprendido entre el ano 2000-2010, ha tenido el ABC/ABM. Para ello, se ha revisado la literatura publicada sobre dicho tema, en las revistas indexadas en el Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) y en el Science Citation Index (SCI). Para llevar a cabo el analisis, se ha clasificado la muestra de articulos obtenida, con la finalidad de poder determinar su evolucion, difusion, interes por parte de las organizaciones, los temas emergentes relacionados con el tema objeto de estudio, asi como las posibles lineas de investigacion futuras. --- The competitive and stormy environment in which organizations are moving, leads to the organization of these, to implement management accounting systems which enable them to obtain information for decisionmaking. In the last decade, the management accounting system based on activities (ABC/ABM) has acquired a great importance, as from the point of view of cost calculation as from the management, losing value the information provided by conventional systems. The aim of this study was to analyze the importance that the ABC/ABM systems had during the period between the years 2000-2010. In order to achieve this, we have reviewed the published literature on this subject in indexed journals in the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) and Science Citation Index (SCI). To carry out the analysis, the sample of articles obtained has been classified, with the purpose of being able to determine its evolution, dissemination, interest on the part of organizations, published emerging issues and possible lines of future research.