Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Mating Pattern of Captive Naked Mole-Rats Is Best Described by a Monogamy Model

Naked mole-rats form colonies with a single reproductively active female surrounded by subordinate workers. Workers perform offspring care, construction and defense of the burrow system, and food supply. Such division of labor, called “cooperative breeding,” is strongly associated with the evolution of monogamous mating behavior, as seen in several mammalian lineages. This association is explained by the evolutionary theory of kin selection, according to which a subordinate adult may help to raise other’s offspring if they are in full sibling relationship. In conflict with this theory, the naked mole-rat is widely considered to be polyandrous, based on reports on multiple males contributing to a colony’s progeny. In order to resolve this contrast, we undertook an in-depth microsatellite-based kinship analysis on captive colonies. Four independent colonies comprising a total of 265 animals were genotyped using a panel of 73 newly established microsatellite markers. Our results show that each mole-rat colony contains a single monogamous breeder pair, which translates to a reproductive skew of 100% for both sexes. This finding, also in conjunction with previously published parental data, favors monogamy as the best-fitting model to describe naked mole-rat reproduction patterns. Polyandry or other polygamous reproduction models are disfavored and should be considered as exceptional. Overall, the empirical genetic data are in agreement with the kin selection theory.
Manifestation of COVID-19 Mimicking Rheumatic Diseases

Background Diagnosing the newfound disease has been always the vital strategy of controlling and managing Corona Virus Disease (COVID)-19. Interestingly, patients with COVID-19 may also have features mimicking rheumatic diseases due to immunology responses and viral properties. Methods We systematically searched both from MEDLINE (accessed from PubMed) and Google scholar from late of 2019 to June 2020 for related published articles. In both electronic databases, the used key words were “COVID-19” or “Corona virus”, “rheumatic diseases” and “clinical characteristics” Results Through the search, we were able to conclude some characteristics that could be manifested both in COVID-19 infection and rheumatic diseases, including but not limited to constitutional manifestation, arthralgia and/or myalgia, myositis, hematologic manifestation, skin manifestation, acute interstitial pneumonia, myocarditis and gastrointestinal manifestation. Most studies were able to explain the possibility of immune dysregulation similar to what rheumatic diseases exhibit, include post mortem biopsy of a tissue damage similar to rheumatic complication in COVID-19 infection. Conclusion Since the possibility of overlap symptoms between COVID-19 infection and rheumatic diseases was able to be enucleated through our review, we believe that in the future clinical awareness to differentiate between autoimmune and infection origin of many rheumatic manifestations will hold pivotal role in prohibiting reemergence disease. Future study to assist clinicians to swiftly diagnose autoimmune diseases in the era of pandemic is essential. Indonesian Journal of Rheumatology Journal Homepage: https://journalrheumatology.or. id/index.php/IJR
Evaluation of Alpha-Synuclein Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels in Several Neurological Disorders

(1) Background: Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is a presynaptic neuronal protein that regulates several neuronal functions. In recent decades, the role of α-syn as a biomarker of neurodegenerative diseases has been explored, especially in synucleinopathies. However, only a few studies have assessed its role as biomarker in other neurological disorders. The aim of the study was to evaluate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) α-syn levels in several neurological disorders; (2) Methods: We measured CSF α-syn levels by a commercial ELISA kit in 158 patients classified in the following group: controls, Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), cerebrovascular diseases, inflammatory central nervous system diseases, other neurological diseases, Parkinson’s Disease (PD), and peripheral neuropathy; (3) Results: Patients with PD showed the lowest and patients with AD the highest levels of CSF α-syn (1372 vs. 2912 pg/mL, respectively, p < 0.001). In AD patients, α-syn levels were significantly associated with tau proteins; (4) Conclusions: α-syn could represent a biomarker of neurodegenerative diseases.
Analysing Gender Equality at the Firm Level

The role of gender in the labour force and potential inequalities between men and women have been widely discussed. Despite efforts to align gender roles in recent decades, high levels of inequality are not an exception but rather the standard. These inequalities can lead to the respective minorities’ general dissatisfaction, which affects the working atmosphere and ultimately a firm’s economic success (Hoogendoorn et al., 2013). Recent quantitative studies confirm this dissatisfaction exists. However, analyses only take place at a country or regional level. Therefore, conclusions can be drawn on an aggregated level, whereas underlying structural differences between individual firms remain undetected. Alternative ways to measure inequalities include qualitative studies for individual companies. However, no generalized inference can be made. Our proposed framework, the Gender Equality Firm Index (GEFI), allows for quantitative gender equality analysis at the company level. GEFI aims to explore the latent and the concrete implementation of gender equality in firms. Specifically, we derive firm-level measurements from large-scale data extraction of firm websites and combine them with official data. We consequently derive a gender equality score for each company, making it possible to draw conclusions at any given level of granularity. We demonstrate the applicability of our framework in a case study including nearly 1 million firms throughout Germany. Thereby, we find that mainly urban and western German firms in sectors such as health and social services comparably enforce gender equality the most, which is in line with the existing literature.
CENTRALIZING MAPPINGS AND DERIVATIONS ON SEMIPRIME RINGS

In this paper we study some properties of centralizing mappings on semiprime rings. The main purpose is to prove the result: Let R be a semiprime ring and / an endomorphism of R, g an epimorphism of R such that the mapping x —> [/(x),g(x)] is central. Then [/(x),g(a;)] = 0 holds for all x € R. We also establish some results about (a, /? )-derivations.
Facet roughness analysis for InGaN/GaN lasers with cleaved facets

0) 2 , where n is the refractive index of the semiconductor and l 0 is the emission wavelength. Laser emission from the optically pumped cavities shows a TE/TM ratio of 100, an increase in differential quantum efficiency by a factor of 34 above threshold, and an emission line narrowing to 13.5 meV. © 1998 American Institute of Physics. @S0003-6951~98! 00340-4# In the GaAs and InP material systems, laser facets are formed by cleaving the substrate and epilayers along a mutual cleavage plane. The formation of facets in GaN grown on sapphire, however, has proven to be more difficult, because sapphire does not cleave readily. For this reason, a variety of methods, including dry etching, 1‐3 polishing, 4 sawing, 5‐7 and cleaving on a variety of substrates 8‐12 has been used for fabricating lasers in III‐N materials. In this study, we report on facet fabrication and roughness analysis for cleaved-facet InGaN/GaN double-heterostructure laser structures. The InGaN/GaN double-heterostructure lasers were prepared as follows: After an initial 10-mm-thick buffer layer of GaN was grown on c-plane sapphire by hydride vapor phase epitaxy, a 0.5-mm GaN bottom cladding layer, a 1000-A In0.09Ga0. 91N:Si active region, and a 2200-A GaN top cladding layer were deposited by metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy. Waveguide calculations reveal that the double heterostructure is a single-mode waveguide with an active region confinement factorG50.06. Sapphire does not cleave readily, and there has been some disagreement as to whether it cleaves at all. Some reports indicate that sapphire has no cleavage planes, but parts along both the ~0001! and (011 ¯ 2) planes. 13 Cleavage is the ability of a crystal to break along definite crystallographic directions, while parting is the splitting of a crystal along a plane that does not normally cleave, and can be caused by stress, defects, or other perturbations of the crystal structure. 13 Other reports indicate parting only along the ~0001! plane when a layer of defects is present, and no cleavage in any direction. 14 We have observed cleavage along both the a (112 ¯ 0) and the m (101 ¯ 0) planes. In preparation for cleaving the substrate is thinned to 200 mm, polished, and scribed. After being mounted with wax to a thin piece of flexible metal, the samples are cleaved along the scribes by bending the metal. Figure 1~a! is a cross-sectional atomic force microscope ~AFM! image of a cleaved GaN a plane, showing striations with a root-mean-square ~rms! facet roughness of 16 nm. These striations may be caused by misalignment of the epilayer a planes with the sapphire m planes. Figure 1~b! shows a scanning electron microscope ~SEM! image of a cleaved m plane GaN facet. The surface is very smooth, except for 90-nm steps that occur at 2.2-mm intervals. These steps have
Fluid models of geological hotspots

Plate tectonics has provided a framework for understanding the motion of the large lithospheric blocks (plates) that make up the surface of the Earth. Many large-scale features of the Earth are now known to result from the movements and interactions of these plates. However, some prominent surface features cannot be directly explained by plate tec­ tonics-in particular, the existence of linear island and seamount chains. Wilson (1963) suggested that these chains, such as Hawaii, were formed as the plates passed over fixed regions of the mantle where large amounts of magma (or at least heat) were being produced. These hotspots are long-living sources of volcanoes. They often display "tracks" of previous episodes elsewhere on the plates (Figure 1). The central concept in explain­ ing hotspots is that their ultimate source is below the region of large lateral flow in the mantle. The surface manifestations of hotspots remain fixed with respect to each other (Morgan 1971), or at most move with relative velocities that are almost an order of magnitude ( < 2 cm yC I) less than the plate motions ( < 15 cm yr-I). Other features of hotspots give some clues about their size, shape, and duration, but it is safe to say that all evidence is indirect and inconclusive. The ultimate source may be plumes of hot material rising from the core­ mantle boundary (Morgan 1971, 1972, Whitehead & Luther 1975, Loper & Stacey 1983). This is consistent with evidence that the D" zone (from seismic data), which lies above the core-mantle interface, may be dynam­ ically unstable (Stacey & Loper 1983). However, there are other seismically detected layers within the mantle, most notably the layer at 650 km depth,
Ten-year follow-up of auditory brainstem implants: From intra-operative electrical auditory brainstem responses to perceptual results

The auditory brainstem implant (ABI) can provide hearing sensation to individuals where the auditory nerve is damaged. However, patient outcomes with the ABI are typically much poorer than those for cochlear implant recipients. A major limitation to ABI outcomes is the number of implanted electrodes that can produce auditory responses to electric stimulation. One of the greatest challenges in ABI surgery is the intraoperative positioning of the electrode paddle, which must fit snugly within the cochlear nucleus complex. While there presently is no optimal procedure for intraoperative electrode positioning, intraoperative assessments may provide useful information regarding viable electrodes that may be included in patients’ clinical speech processors. Currently, there is limited knowledge regarding the relationship between intraoperative data and post-operative outcomes. Furthermore, the relationship between initial ABI stimulation with and long-term perceptual outcomes is unknown. In this retrospective study, we reviewed intraoperative electrophysiological data from 24 ABI patients (16 adults and 8 children) obtained with two stimulation approaches that differed in terms of neural recruitment. The interoperative electrophysiological recordings were used to estimate the number of viable electrodes and were compared to the number of activated electrodes at initial clinical fitting. Regardless of the stimulation approach, the intraoperative estimate of viable electrodes greatly overestimated the number of active electrodes in the clinical map. The number of active electrodes was associated with long-term perceptual outcomes. Among patients with 10-year follow-up, at least 11/21 active electrodes were needed to support good word detection and closed-set recognition and 14/21 electrodes to support good open-set word and sentence recognition. Perceptual outcomes were better for children than for adults, despite a lower number of active electrodes.
Online Progressive Instance-Balanced Sampling for Weakly Supervised Vibration Damper Detection

The detection of vibration dampers is important for power systems. Deep learning-based damper detection needs massive annotations, which are labor-intensive and time-consuming. Therefore, weakly supervised object detection (WSOD) is considered. Part domination is the main problem in weakly supervised vibration damper detection. Current WSOD methods neglect that overwhelming negative instances exist in each image during the training phase, which would mislead the training and make detection results stuck in the most discriminative parts of objects. To tackle this problem, an online progressive instance-balanced sampling (OPIS) algorithm based on hard sampling and soft sampling is proposed in this article. The algorithm includes two modules: a progressive instance balance (PIB) module and a progressive instance reweighting (PIR) module. The PIB module, combining random sampling and intersection over union (IoU)-balanced sampling, progressively mines hard negative instances while balancing positive instances and negative instances. The PIR module further utilizes classifier scores and IoUs of adjacent refinements to reweight the weights of positive instances to make the network focus on positive instances. Extensive experimental results on the vibration damper, pattern analysis, statistical modelling and computational learning visual object classes (PASCAL VOC) 2007, and PASCAL VOC 2012 datasets demonstrate that the proposed method can significantly improve the baseline, which is also comparable to many existing methods. In addition, compared with the baseline, the proposed method requires no extra network parameters, and the supplementary training overheads are small.
Metabolically Healthy Obesity Is a Misnomer: Components of the Metabolic Syndrome Linearly Increase with BMI as a Function of Age and Gender

Simple Summary Driven by observations that some obese, even morbidly obese subjects show none of these features, evidence has been presented to support the existence of “normometabolic obesity” (NMO). The concept underlying this “syndrome” is that certain obese subjects are somehow protected from the MS sequels of obesity. Our new findings presented here are: (A) “Metabolically-healthy-obesity” is rare in subjects with high BMI and declines with age; (B) Hypertension is the most common MS component in men with MS1-4; while in women, MS components are seen at an older age than men for the same BMI. Metabolic health declines with age and BMI in nearly all obese subjects. This cross-sectional study predicts that in men early rise in blood pressure and actual hypertension precedes the subsequent emergence of additional components of the MS. The continuous weight-related change in MS components argues against dichotomization of obesity into normal/abnormal in terms of its metabolic and vascular sequels. Further, because the harms of obesity may be delayed but significant, a permissive approach towards the metabolically healthy state appears ill-advised. Abstract Objectives: We aimed to examine the relationships between body mass index (BMI) and metabolic syndrome (MS) components as a function of age and gender across weight categories. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 19,328 subjects who participated in a health-screening program. We analyzed 14,093 apparently healthy subjects with a BMI ≥ 18.5 kg/m2 (ranging from 18.5 to 46 kg/m2). Results: At a BMI of 18.5 kg/m2, 16% of subjects had one or more MS components (MS ≥ 1). The number of MS components increased linearly with BMI. The most prevalent components for MS1-4 were hypertension (in men) and increased waist circumference (in women). Among 6391 non-obese subjects with MS = 0, there was a linear increase in blood pressure, glucose, and triglycerides, as well as a decline in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, as BMI increased. In 2087 subjects with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, a true normometabolic state (MS = 0) was observed in only 7.5%, declining to less than 1% at a BMI ≥ 36 kg/m2 (ATP criteria). Women were metabolically protected relative to men between the ages of 30 and 50 years. Conclusions: (A) MS components increase linearly with BMI from the lowest normal BMI and continue to increase with age and BMI; (B) metabolically healthy obesity is rare in subjects with a high BMI and declines with age; (C) hypertension is the most common component in men; and (D) in women, MS components are seen at older ages than in men for the same BMI. Metabolic health declines with age and BMI in nearly all subjects with obesity.
Developing and Validating an Instrument for Social Content Management

Social content is important for successful innovation of services. To successfully leverage the value of social content, they need to be properly managed. To achieve this, factors that contribute to social content management must be identified and subsequently validated. In this article, eleven factors that impact upon social content management are highlighted. Taking into consideration the fact that social content management is still an evolving field of study, validation of these factors was done by employing the Delphi technique. Research had indicated that there are several different versions of the Delphi technique, and some researchers have criticized the method as non-rigorous. Thus, in this paper, it is highlighted that this issue could be tackled if the questionnaire instrument used to assess the expert’s opinion is developed by adhering to a rigid protocol. Embedded in this rigid protocol, are two measures of validity used which are the content validity ratio (CVR), and the mean of CVR, namely the content validity index (CVi). A total of 86 items are submitted for evaluation and based on the CVR value and comments from the content evaluation panel members, all items are acceptable, with minimal adjustments. The CVi measure returned a value of 0.99, which shows that the factors and the whole questionnaire are accepted. The questionnaire with the validated content could be used as an instrument to validate the factors that are affecting the management of social content. It is hoped that the factors would assist the organization in managing the social content effectively.
Nutrient Use Efficiency in Plants : Concepts and Approaches

Preface. 1 Physiological basis of plant nutrient use efficiency - concepts, chances and challenges for its improvement 2. Natural variation as a tool to investigate nutrient use efficiency in plants. 3. Macronutrient use efficiency - sulfur in Arabidopsis thaliana 4. Efficient mineral nutrition: Genetic improvement of phosphate use efficiency in crops 5. Micronutrient use efficiency - cell biology of iron and its metabolic interactions in plants 6. Boron: A promising micronutrient for the increase in growth and yield of plants 7. Role of autophagy in plant nutrient deficiency 8. Mineral nutrient depletion affects plant development and crop yield 9. Crop nutrition and nutrient use efficiency under elevated CO2 10. Monitoring plant nutritional status Index.
A 1700-Year History of Fire and Vegetation in Pine Rocklands of National Key Deer Refuge, Big Pine Key, Florida: Charcoal and Pollen Evidence from Key Deer Pond

I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Joshua W. Albritton entitled “A 1700-year History of Fire and Vegetation in Pine Rocklands of National Key Deer Refuge, Big Pine Key, Florida: Charcoal and Pollen Evidence from Key Deer Pond. ” I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Geography.
The North Tyrrhenian–Northern Apennines post‐collisional system: constraints for a geodynamic model

The North Tyrrhenian–Northern Apennines post-collisional system (NTAS) has been analysed on the basis of marine reflection profiles and bibliographic sources with the aim of providing an up-to-date geotectonic and evolutive framework consistent with structural data. The continental rifting began to affect the most internal (western) side of the system in the middle (? )-upper Miocene, while the most external (eastern) zones were touched by rifting only in Pleistocene times. The birth and development of extensive, asymmetric basins took place with a progressive speeding up of rifting towards the external sectors. A diachronous, regionally extended and eastward rejuvenating unconformity, recognizable within the Neogene–Quaternary basins, marks the passage from the syn-rift to the post-rift tectonic regime. While the first is everywhere dominated by extension, the second one produces vertical movements. Reflection terminations related to this unconformity are interpreted in terms of vertical tectonic component. Three zones that experienced different post-rift vertical movements are thus recognized in the NTAS: subsidence in the North Tyrrhenian deep water region; tectonic stability or alternation of moderate subsidence and uplift in the continental shelf and western Tuscany, strong uplift in eastern Tuscany. The updated structural data demonstrate that the NTAS upper crust is crosscut by both Tyrrhenian-dipping and Apennine-dipping low-angle detachment planes, above which the upper crustal blocks rotated and experienced extensional transport along two opposite directions: to the west and to the east, respectively. The coexistence of opposite-dipping crustal surfaces bears two fundamental implications for the NTAS geodynamics. First it stresses the importance of the anti-Apennine transfer faults, since they separate crustal blocks of opposite extension polarity. Secondly, it testifies that the extension tectonics not only re-utilized former crustal thrust planes, but also gave origin to new significant E- and NE-dipping detachment planes. Plan and crossview geometries of faults, together with considerations on the role of the metamorphic core complexes, point to an interpretation of the NTAS structure that is more consistent with the ‘anastomosing shear’ model rather than the 'simple shear' or the ‘delamination’ ones.