Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
N -leg integer-spin ladders and tubes in commensurate external fields: Nonlinear sigma model approach

We investigate the low-energy properties, especially the low-energy excitation structures, of $N$-leg integer-spin ladders and tubes with an antiferromagnetic (AF) intrachain coupling. In the odd-leg tubes, the AF rung coupling causes the frustration. To treat all ladders and tubes systematically, we apply S\'en\'echal's method [Phys. Rev. B 52, 15319 (1995)], based on the nonlinear sigma model, together with a saddle-point approximation. This strategy is valid in the weak interchain (rung) coupling regime. We show that all frustrated tubes possess sixfold degenerate spin-1 magnon bands, as the lowest excitations, while other ladders and tubes have a standard triply degenerate bands. We also consider effects of four kinds of Zeeman terms: uniform, staggered only along the rung, only along the chain, or both directions. The above prediction of the no-field case implies that a sufficiently strong uniform field yields a two-component Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid (TLL) due to the condensation of doubly degenerate lowest magnons in frustrated tubes. In contrast, the field induces a standard one-component TLL in all other systems. This is supported by symmetry and bosonization arguments based on the Ginzburg-Landau theory. The bosonization also suggests that the two-component TLL vanishes and a one-component TLL appears, when the uniform field becomes larger for the second lowest magnon bands to touch the zero-energy line. This transition could be observed as a cusp singularity in the magnetization process. When the field is staggered only along the rung direction, it is implied that the lowest doubly-degenerate bands fall down with the field increasing in all systems. For final two cases where the fields are staggered along the chain, it is showed that at least in the weak rung-coupling region, the lowest-excitation gap grows with the field increasing, and no critical phenomena occurs. Furthermore, for the ladders of the final two cases, we predict that the inhomogeneous magnetization along the rung occurs, and the frustration between the field and the rung coupling can induce the magnetization pointing to the opposite direction to the field. All the analyses suggest that the emergence of the doubly degenerate transverse magnons and the single longitudinal one is universal for the one-dimensional AF spin systems with a weak staggered field.
Infrared and Ultraviolet Behaviour of Effective Scalar Field Theory

Abstract We consider the infrared and ultraviolet behaviour of the effective quantum field theory of a single Z 2 symmetric scalar field. In a previous paper we proved to all orders in perturbation theory the renormalizability of massive effective scalar field theory using Wilson′s exact renormalization group equation. Here we show that away from exceptional momenta the massless theory is similarly renormalizable, and we prove detailed bounds on Green′s functions as arbitrary combinations of exceptional Euclidean momenta are approached. As a corollary we also prove Weinberg′s Theorem for the massive effective theory, in the form of bounds on Green′s functions at Euclidean momenta much greater than the particle mass but below the naturalness scale of the theory.
Gravitational waves and large field inflation

According to the famous Lyth bound, one can confirm large field inflation by finding tensor modes with sufficiently large tensor-to-scalar ratio r. Here we will try to answer two related questions: is it possible to rule out all large field inflationary models by not finding tensor modes with r above some critical value, and what can we say about the scale of inflation by measuring r? However, in order to answer these questions one should distinguish between two different definitions of the large field inflation and three different definitions of the scale of inflation. We will examine these issues using the theory of cosmological α-attractors as a convenient testing ground.
Barnett relaxation in non-symmetric grains

Barnett relaxation, first described by Purcell in 1979, appears to play a major role in the alignment of grains with the interstellar magnetic field. In 1999, Lazarian and Draine proposed that Barnett relaxation and its relative, nuclear relaxation, can induce grains to flip. If this thermal flipping is rapid, then the dynamical effect of torques that are fixed relative to the grain body can be greatly reduced. To date, detailed studies of Barnett relaxation have been confined to grains exhibiting dynamic symmetry. In 2003, Weingartner argued that internal relaxation cannot induce flips in any grains, whether they exhibit dynamic symmetry or not. In this work, we develop approximate expressions for the dissipation rate and diffusion coefficient for Barnett relaxation. We revisit the issue of internally induced thermal flipping, finding that it cannot occur for grains with dynamic symmetry but does occur for grains lacking dynamic symmetry.
Fault-tolerant quantum repeaters with minimal physical resources, and implementations based on single photon emitters

We analyze a method that uses fixed, minimal physical resources to achieve generation and nested purification of quantum entanglement for quantum communication over arbitrarily long distances and discuss its implementation using realistic photon emitters and photonic channels. In this method, we use single-photon emitters with two internal degrees of freedom formed by an electron spin and a nuclear spin to build intermediate nodes in a quantum channel. State-selective fluorescence is used for probabilistic entanglement generation between electron spins in adjacent nodes. We analyze in detail several approaches which are applicable to realistic, homogeneously broadened single-photon emitters. Furthermore, the coupled electron and nuclear spins can be used to efficiently implement entanglement swapping and purification. We show that these techniques can be combined to generate high-fidelity entanglement over arbitrarily long distances. We present a specific protocol that functions in polynomial time and tolerates percent-level errors in entanglement fidelity and local operations. The scheme has the lowest requirements on physical resources of any current scheme for fully fault-tolerant quantum repeaters.
A study of the interstellar medium in line to M83 from high-resolution observations of the nucleus and supernova 1983n

On presente de nouvelles observations optiques de la supernova 1983 n dans NGC 5236 (M83) et du noyau de cette galaxie spirale brillante du groupe Centaurus. Les raies interstellaires du spectre de la supernova sont exceptionnellement complexes, indiquant la presence d'au moins 11 regions distinctes d'absorption CaII a des vitesses attribuables au gaz de la Voie Lactee, de M 83 et peut etre du Groupe Local de galaxies. Cinq de ces composantes sont aussi identifiees en NaI
Susceptible-infected-susceptible dynamics on the rewired configuration model

We investigate the susceptible-infected-susceptible dynamics on configuration model networks. In an effort for the unification of current approaches, we consider a network whose edges are constantly being rearranged, with a tunable rewiring rate $\omega$. We perform a detailed stationary state analysis of the process, leading to a closed form expression of the absorbing-state threshold for an arbitrary rewiring rate. In both extreme regimes (annealed and quasi-static), we recover and further improve the results of current approaches, as well as providing a natural interpolation for the intermediate regimes. For any finite $\omega$, our analysis predicts a vanishing threshold when the maximal degree $k_\mathrm{max} \to \infty$, a generalization of the result obtained with quenched mean-field theory for static networks.
An Inside Look at the Ti-MoS2 Contact in Ultra-thin Field Effect Transistor with Atomic Resolution

Two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is an excellent channel material for ultra-thin field effect transistors. However, high contact resistance across the metal-MoS2 interface continues to limit its widespread realization. Here, using atomic-resolution analytical scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) together with first principle calculations, we show that this contact problem is a fundamental limitation from the bonding and interactions at the metal-MoS2 interface that cannot be solved by improved deposition engineering. STEM analysis in conjunction with theory shows that when MoS2 is in contact with Ti, a metal with a high affinity to form strong bonds with sulfur, there is a release of S from Mo along with the formation of small Ti/TixSy clusters. A destruction of the MoS2 layers and penetration of metal can also be expected. The design of true high-mobility metal-MoS2 contacts will require the optimal selection of the metal or alloy based on their bonding interactions with the MoS2 surface. This can be advanced by evaluation of binding energies with increasing the number of atoms within metal clusters.
Local regression when the responses are Interval-Censored

Conditional expectation imputation and local-likelihood methods are contrasted with a midpoint imputation method for bivariate regression involving interval-censored responses. Although the methods can be extended in principle to higher order polynomials, our focus is on the local constant case. Comparisons are based on simulations of data scattered about three target functions with normally distributed errors. Two censoring mechanisms are considered: the first is analogous to current-status data in which monitoring times occur according to a homogeneous Poisson process; the second is analogous to a coarsening mechanism such as would arise when the response values are binned. We find that, according to a pointwise MSE criterion, no method dominates any other when interval sizes are fixed, but when the intervals have a variable width, the local-likelihood method often performs better than the other methods, and midpoint imputation performs the worst. Several illustrative examples are presented.
Benchmarking CME Arrival Time and Impact: Progress on Metadata, Metrics, and Events

Accurate forecasting of the arrival time and subsequent geomagnetic impacts of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) at Earth is an important objective for space weather forecasting agencies. Recently, the CME Arrival and Impact working team has made significant progress toward defining community‐agreed metrics and validation methods to assess the current state of CME modeling capabilities. This will allow the community to quantify our current capabilities and track progress in models over time. First, it is crucial that the community focuses on the collection of the necessary metadata for transparency and reproducibility of results. Concerning CME arrival and impact we have identified six different metadata types: 3‐D CME measurement, model description, model input, CME (non)arrival observation, model output data, and metrics and validation methods. Second, the working team has also identified a validation time period, where all events within the following two periods will be considered: 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2012 and January 2015 to 31 December 2015. Those two periods amount to a total of about 100 hit events at Earth and a large amount of misses. Considering a time period will remove any bias in selecting events and the event set will represent a sample set that will not be biased by user selection. Lastly, we have defined the basic metrics and skill scores that the CME Arrival and Impact working team will focus on.
Non-thermal leptogenesis with distinct CP violation and minimal dark matter

We demonstrate a unified scenario for neutrino mass, baryon asymmetry, dark matter and inflation. In addition to a fermion triplet for the so-called minimal dark matter, we extend the standard model by three heavy fields including a scalar singlet, a fermion triplet and a fermion singlet/Higgs triplet. The heavy scalar singlet, which is expected to drive an inflation, and the dark matter fermion triplet are odd under an unbroken Z2 discrete symmetry, while the other fields are all even. The heavy fermion triplet offers a tree-level type-III seesaw and then mediates a three-body decay of the inflaton into the standard model lepton and Higgs doublets with the dark matter fermion triplet. The heavy fermion singlet/Higgs triplet not only results in a type-I/II seesaw at tree level but also contributes to the inflaton decay at one-loop level. In this scenario, the type-I/II seesaw contains all of the physical CP phases in the lepton sector and hence the CP violation for the non-thermal leptogenesis by the inflaton decay exactly comes from the imaginary part of the neutrino mass matrix.
From tidal dwarf galaxies to satellite galaxies

Received; accepted Abstract. The current popular cosmological models have granted to the population of dwarf satellite galaxies a key role: their number, location and masses constrain both the distribution of dark matter and the physical evolution of their hosts. In the past years, there has been increasing observational evidence that objects with masses of dwarf galaxies can form in the tidal tails of colliding galaxies and speculations that they could become satellite-like galaxies orbiting around their progenitors and thus be cosmologically important. Yet, whether the so-called "Tidal Dwarf Galaxies" (TDGs) candidates are really long-lived objects and not transient features only present in young interacting systems is still largely an open question to which numerical simulations may give precise answers. We present here a set of 96 N-body simulations of colliding galaxies with various mass ratios and encounter geometries, including gas dynamics and star formation. We study the formation and long-term evolution of their TDG candidates. Among the 593 substructures initially identified in tidal tails, about 75% fall back onto their progenitor or are disrupted in a few 10 8 years. The remaining 25% become long-lived bound objects that typically survive more than 2 Gyr with masses above 10 8 M⊙. These long-lived, satellite-like objects, are found to form in massive gaseous accumulations originally located in the outer most regions of the tidal tails. Studying the statistical properties of the simulated TDGs, we infer several basic properties that dwarf galaxies should meet to have a possible tidal origin and apply these criteria to the Local Group dwarfs. We further found that the presence of TDGs would foster the anisotropy observed in the distribution of classical satellite galaxies around their host. Identifying the conditions fulfilled by interacting systems that were able to form long-lived tidal dwarfs - a spiral merging with a galaxy between 1/4 and 8 times its mass, on a prograde orbit, with an orbital plane inclined up to 40 degrees to the disk plane - and estimating their fraction as a function of redshift, we roughly estimate their contribution to the overall population of dwarfs. We conclude that a small but significant fraction of them - a few percent - could be of tidal origin. This number may be underestimated in particular environments such as the vicinity of early type galaxies or in groups.
Angular velocity perturbations inducing the Papaloizou–Pringle instability and QPOs in the torus around the black hole

In this paper, a numerical study of the dynamic of the non-self-gravitating, unmagnetized, non-axisymmetric, and rotating the torus around the non-rotating black hole is presented. We investigate the instability of the rotating torus subject to perturbations presented by increasing or decreasing the angular velocity of the stable torus. We have done, for the first time, an extensive analysis of the torus dynamic response to the perturbation of the angular velocity of the stable torus. We show how the high, moderate, and low values of the perturbations affect the torus dynamic and help us to understand the properties of the instability and quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO). Our numerical simulations indicate the presence of Papaloizou–Pringle instability (PPI) with global m = 1 mode and QPOs for the moderate and lower values of the perturbations on the angular velocity of the stable torus. Furthermore, with the lower values of the perturbations, the torus can lead to a wiggling initially and then PPI is produced in it. Finally, the matter of the torus would be dissipated due to the presence of a strong torque.
Gravitational Lensing of the supernovae from the Supernova Legacy Survey (SNLS)

The presence of mass inhomogeneities along the line of sight of propagation of light fromdistant objects can induce deflection in the flight path of the photon. This phenomenon is called as gravitational lensing. Lensing can have both distortion (shear) and isotropic magnification effects on the source. We studied the effect of lensing magnification on supernova (SN) Ia in this thesis. Presence of lensing would introduce a source of contamination to the brightness distribution of the source (SN Ia in our case). Thus it also enables one to compute the lensing effect indirectly from the Hubble diagram (i.e. from the residual to the Hubble diagram). In this thesis we computed the correlation between these two effects : the Hubble residual and the computed lensing magnification for the SN by the line of sight foreground dark matter haloes. A detection of positive correlation between these two would signify the positivity of lensing signal detection. The data sample is the spectroscopic SNe Ia sample from the five years full SNLS data and the Hubble resiudals are those of the preliminary cosmology analysis performed on SNLS5 data. We obtain a signal of _ = 0.177 at 2. 51_. This result is consistent with the previous SNLS three years data lensing analysis results.
Single sources in the low-frequency gravitational wave sky: properties and time to detection by pulsar timing arrays

We calculate the properties, occurrence rates and detection prospects of individually resolvable 'single sources' in the low frequency gravitational wave (GW) spectrum. Our simulations use the population of galaxies and massive black hole binaries from the Illustris cosmological hydrodynamic simulations, coupled to comprehensive semi-analytic models of the binary merger process. Using mock pulsar timing arrays (PTA) with, for the first time, varying red-noise models, we calculate plausible detection prospects for GW single sources and the stochastic GW background (GWB). Contrary to previous results, we find that single sources are at least as detectable as the GW background. Using mock PTA, we find that these 'foreground' sources (also 'deterministic'/'continuous') are likely to be detected with $\sim 20 \, \textrm{yr}$ total observing baselines. Detection prospects, and indeed the overall properties of single sources, are only moderately sensitive to binary evolution parameters---namely eccentricity & environmental coupling, which can lead to differences of $\sim 5 \,\textrm{yr}$ in times to detection. Red noise has a stronger effect, roughly doubling the time to detection of the foreground between a white-noise only model ($\sim 10$ - $15 \, \textrm{yr}$) and severe red noise ($\sim 20$ - $30 \, \textrm{yr}$). The effect of red noise on the GWB is even stronger, suggesting that single source detections may be more robust. We find that typical signal-to-noise ratios for the foreground peak near $f = 0.1 \, \textrm{yr}^{-1}$, and are much less sensitive to the continued addition of new pulsars to PTA.
Synthetic spectra of energetic core-collapse supernovae and the early spectra of SN 2007bi and SN 1999as

SN 2007bi and SN 1999as are among the first superluminous supernovae discovered. SN 2007bi was suggested to be powered by the radioactive decay of a large amount (5-10 M) of 56Ni. SN 1999as has a similar spectrum to SN 2007bi. One suggested way to synthesize such a large amount of 56Ni is through energetic core-collapse supernovae from very massive progenitors. Although the synthetic light curves of extremely energetic core-collapse supernovae have been shown to be consistent with SN 2007bi, no synthetic spectra have been reported. Here, we present synthetic spectra of extremely energetic core-collapse supernovae during the photospheric phases. We find that the ejecta density structure above 13 000-16 000 km s−1 needs to be cut in order to explain the coexisting broad- and narrow-line absorptions in SN 2007bi and SN 1999as. The density cut is likely caused by the interaction between the supernova ejecta and a dense circumstellar medium. Our results indicate that about 3 M of hydrogen-free dense circumstellar media might exist near the progenitors of SN 2007bi and SN 1999as. These massive circumstellar media would significantly affect the light curve and spectral properties of the supernovae. The precursors that are sometimes observed in superluminous supernovae might be related to the collision of the ejecta with such dense circumstellar media. We also confirm results of previous studies that synthetic spectra from pair-instability supernova models do not match the early spectra of SN 2007bi and SN 1999as. © 2019 The Author(s).
Administration of dexamethasone disrupts endometrial receptivity by alteration of expression of miRNA 223, 200a, LIF, Muc1, SGK1, and ENaC via the ERK1/2‐mTOR pathway

Successful implantation of embryos requires endometrial receptivity. Glucocorticoids are one of the factors influencing the implantation window. In this study, 40 female BALB/c mice were used to study the impacts of dexamethasone administration on endometrial receptivity markers during implantation window. The mice mated and were randomly divided into four groups: control (vehicle), dexamethasone (100 μg/kg, IP), PP242 (30 mg/kg, IP), and dexamethasone + PP242 (Dex + PP242). On the Day 4th and 5th of gestation, mice received their respective treatments and were killed on the 5th day. To assess the expression of Muc1, leukemia inflammatory inhibitor (LIF), serum/glucocorticoid‐inducible kinase 1 (SGK1), epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC), miRNA 200a, and miRNA 223‐3p in the endometrium real‐time polymerase chain reaction was performed. Furthermore, using Western blot analysis protein expressions of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and euk皓aryotic translation initiation factor 4E‐binding protein 1 (4E‐BP1) were evaluated. Periodic Acid‐Schiff staining was used to examine the histomorphological changes of the uterus. According to the results dexamethasone declined the expression of LIF, whereas upregulated expression of Muc1, SGK1, ENaC mRNA, miRNA 200a, and miRNA 223‐3p in the endometrium. In addition, PP242, an mTOR inhibitor, induced mRNA expression of Muc1, miRNA200a, and miRNa223‐3p whereas it declined the expression of LIF. Moreover, activity of the ERK1/2‐mTOR pathway in the endometrial cells was deterred by dexamethasone and PP242. Nonstop epithelium proliferation and elevated surface glycoproteins layer on epithelium of dexamethasone and/or PP242‐received groups were divulged through histochemical analysis. According to the above mentioned results, uterine receptivity during implantation period was declined by dexamethasone, at least in part, through modulation of involved genes in endometrial receptivity and inhibition of the ERK1/2‐mTOR pathway.
The jets in 3C 296

We present observations made with the VLA at 1.5 and 8.4 GHz of the nearby FRI radio galaxy 3C296. The most recent models of FRI radio galaxies suggest that substantial deceleration must take place in their jets, with strongly relativistic velocities on parsec scales giving place to at most mildly relativistic velocities on scales of tens of kiloparsecs. The region over which this deceleration takes place is therefore of considerable interest. By considering the side-to-side asymmetries of the jets of 3C296, we constrain the region of strong deceleration in the source. Our observations show evidence that the jets have slow edges surrounding faster central spines. We discuss the implications of our observations for models of the magnetic field structure in these objects.