Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
(ARV-2) Envelope Glycoprotein gpl60 with CD4 Blocks the Movement and Maturation of CD4 to the Plasma Membrane

The envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) plays a major role in the down-regulation of its receptor, CD4. Using a transient-expression system, we investigated the interaction of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein with CD4 during their movement through the intracellular membrane traffic. In singly transfected cells, the envelope glycoprotein gpl60 was synthesized, glycosylated, and localized predominantly in the endoplasmic reticulum. Only a minor fraction of gpl60 was proteolytically cleaved, producing gpl20 and gp4l, and gpl20 was secreted into the medium. On the other hand, the CD4 molecule, when expressed alone, was properly glycosylated and transported efficiently to the cell surface. However, when gpl60 and CD4 were coexpressed in the same cell, the cell surface delivery of CD4 was greatly reduced. In coexpressing cells, CD4 formed a specific intracellular complex with gpl60 as both proteins could be immunoprecipitated by antibodies against either the gpl60 or CD4 (OKT4) but not by OKT4A, a blocking antibody against CD4. The specific gpl60-CD4 complex was localized predominantly in the endoplasmic reticulum, and the CD4 in the complex did not acquire endoglycosidase H resistance. The present studies demonstrated that a specffic intracellular interaction between gpl60 and CD4 was responsible for the cell surface down-regulation of CD4 in cells expressing both the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 and its receptor, CD4.
Left Ventricular Function Recovery After Coronary Revascularization and Medical Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: The prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is rising, but the optimal treatment remains unclear. The present study aims to investigate the impact of revascularization (coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)) and medical therapy (MT) on LVEF recovery in patients with CAD and LVEF ≤ 40%. Methods: All clinical studies which reported LVEF in patients with CAD and LVEF ≤ 40% undergoing either revascularization or MT were included. A systematic literature search up to May 11, 2017 was performed on MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library in Ovid. Studies were assessed for eligibility and data were extracted by independent reviewers in duplicate with disagreements resolved by a third reviewer. Bias assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Random effect meta-analysis was performed on included studies. The primary outcome was change in LVEF after intervention as compared to baseline. Results: 83 cohort studies with a total of 7,157 patients were included. We observed a statistically significant increase in LVEF following revascularization with CABG (MD 7.76; 95% CI: 6.81 to 8.70; p<0.00001; I 2 =99%) and PCI (MD 6.70; 95% CI: 4.71 to 8.70; p<0.00001; I 2 =94%) but not after MT (MD 4.06; 95% CI: -2.12 to 10.24; p=0.20; I 2 =98%). Conclusion: In patients with CAD and LVEF ≤ 40%, revascularization leads to LVEF recovery as compared to MT. There is continued need for RCT level evidence to enable optimization of treatment selection in this difficult population.
Development, Characterization, and In Vivo Evaluation of a Novel Aptamer (Anti-MUC1/Y) for Breast Cancer Therapy

MUC1, the transmembrane glycoprotein Mucin 1, is usually found to be overexpressed in a variety of epithelial cancers playing an important role in disease progression. MUC1 isoforms such as MUC1/Y, which lacks the entire variable number of tandem repeat region, are involved in oncogenic processes by enhancing tumour initiation. MUC1/Y is therefore considered a promising target for the identification and treatment of epithelial cancers; but so far, the precise role of MUC1/Y remains to be elucidated. In this work, we developed and identified a DNA aptamer that specifically recognizes the splice variant MUC1/Y for the first time. The DNA aptamer could bind to a wide variety of human cancer cells, and treatment of MUC1/Y positive cells resulted in reduced growth in vitro. Moreover, MUC1/Y aptamer inhibited the tumour growth of breast cancer cells in vivo. The present study highlights the importance of targeting MUC1/Y for cancer treatment and unravels the suitability of a DNA aptamer to act as a new therapeutic tool.
Study and development of rear‐emitter Si heterojunction solar cells and application of direct copper metallization

We have presented a comprehensive study on the development of rear emitter silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells, which shows more freedom for device optimization than the standard front emitter SHJ counterparts. The optimization of the p‐type hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H(p)) layer is liberated from the parasitic absorption issue, while the n‐type hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H(n)) layer is optimized considering the tradeoff between the light absorption loss and field‐effect passivation. The front transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer can be designed stressing on its optical properties because the lateral transport of the majority carriers at the front side of the cell is supported by the Si substrate, while the rear TCO layer is free to be tuned for suppressing the TCO/a‐Si:H(p) contact resistance. A rear emitter SHJ solar cell (225.47 cm2) fabricated by industry compatible process has been achieved with an efficiency of over 22%. We have further demonstrated the replacement of screen‐printed silver metallization with a low cost direct copper metallization in the rear emitter SHJ solar cells. We report an exciting 22.06% cell efficiency which is comparable to that of the screen‐printed counterpart.
Transforming Glycoprotein in the Absence of Feline Leukemia Virus

The nucleotide sequence of a 5' segment of the human genomic c-fms proto-oncogene suggested that recombination between feline leukemia virus and feline c-fms sequences might have occurred in a region encoding the 5' untranslated portion of c-fms miRNA. The polyprotein precursor gPlg80ag-fms encoded by the McDonough strain of feline sarcoma virus was therefore predicted to contain 34 v-fms-coded amino acids derived from sequences of the c-fms gene that are not ordinarily translated from the proto-oncogene mRNA. The (gP180a9-fms) polyprotein was cotranslationally cleaved near the gag-fms junction to remove its gag gene-coded portion. Determination of the amino-terminal sequence of the resulting v-fms-coded glycoprotein, gp120V-fms, showed that the site of proteolysis corresponded to a predicted signal peptidase cleavage site within the c-fms gene product. Together, these analyses suggested that the linked gag sequences may not be necessary for expression of a biologically active v-fms gene product. The gag-fms sequences of feline sarcoma virus strain McDonough and the v-fms sequences alone were inserted into a murine retroviral vector containing a neomycin resistance gene. Both constructs were biologically active when transfected into NIH 3T3 cells and produced morphologically transformed foci at equivalent efficiencies. When transfected into a cell line (T2) expressing complementary viral gene functions, G418-resistant (Neor) cells containing either of these vector DNAs produced high titers of transforming viruses. Analysis of proteins produced in cells containing the vector lacking gag gene sequences showed that gP18gga9fms was not synthesized, whereas normal levels of both immature gp120-fms and mature gp140v-fms were detected. The glycoprotein was efficiently transported to the cell surface, and it retained wild-type tyrosine kinase activity. We conclude that a cryptic hydrophobic signal peptide sequence in v-fms was unmasked by gag deletion, thereby allowing the correct orientation and transport of the v-fms gene product within membranous organelles. It seems likely that the proteolytic cleavage of gP18jgagfms is mediated by signal peptidase and that the amino termini of gp140-fms and the c-fis gene product are identical.
A STRATEGY FOR MUTATION TESTING USING GRAVITATIONAL SEARCH ALGORITHM

: Software testing is a process of execution of the program to detect the faults in software system. It is very time consuming process. There are number of techniques available to perform software testing, mutation testing is one of such testing techniques. In mutation testing, a minor semantic change is introduced to the original code. The effectiveness of different test cases is then compared using mutation score. In the proposed work, we have generated the mutants using pymute tool available in MATLAB. It creates the mutants by replacing the algebraic sign, changing the variables and conditions. These generated mutants are tested for deviation of result from the original system under test. The test is done for each mutants for optimization using gravitational search algorithm (GSA) and simple genetic algorithm (GA). We considered this problem for the nonlinear problem of optimization. Previously genetic algorithm was used for this purpose, but it stuck into global maxima for multi objective functions. So, GSA is used for global optimization.
The Range and Distribution of Murine Central Nervous System Cells Infected with the g134.5

Wild-type herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) multiplies, spreads, and rapidly destroys cells of the murine central nervous system (CNS). In contrast, mutants lacking both copies of the g134.5 2 gene have been shown to be virtually lacking in virulence even after direct inoculation of high-titered virus into the CNS of susceptible mice (J. Chou, E. R. Kern, R. J. Whitley, and B. Roizman, Science 250:1262–1266, 1990). To investigate the host range and distribution of infected cells in the CNS of mice, 4to 5-week-old mice were inoculated stereotaxically into the caudate/putamen with 3 3 10 PFU of the g134.5 2 virus R3616. Four-micrometer-thick sections of mouse brains removed on day 3, 5, or 7 after infection were reacted with a polyclonal antibody directed primarily to structural proteins of the virus and with antibodies specific for neurons, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes. This report shows the following: (i) most of the tissue damage caused by R3616 was at the site of injection, (ii) the virus spread by retrograde transport from the site of infection to neuronal cell nuclei at distant sites and to ependymal cells by cerebrospinal fluid, (iii) the virus infected neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells and hence did not discriminate among CNS cells, (iv) viral replication in some neurons could be deduced from the observation of infected astrocytes and oligodendrocytes at distant sites, and (v) infected cells were being efficiently cleared from the nervous system by day 7 after infection. We conclude that the g134.5 2 attenuation phenotype is reflected in a gross reduction in the ability of the virus to replicate and spread from cell to cell and is not due to a restricted host range. The block in viral replication appears to be a late event in viral replication.
The complete sequence of ART-CH , a recently found chicken retrotransposon (

The complete sequence of ART-CH, a recently found chicken retrotransposon (A. V. Gudkov, E. A. Komarova, M. A. Nikiforov, and T. E. Zaitsevskaya, J. Virol. 66:1726-1736, 1992), was characterized. ART-CH has the structure of a 3,300-bp-long provirus, including two 388-bp long terminal repeats (LTRs) (U3, 245 bp; R region, 17 bp; and U5, 126 bp), a tRNA"P-binding site, and a polypurine tract, similar to avian leukosis viruses. At least some of the approximately 50 genomic copies ofART-CH are transcribed into polyadenylated RNA, which is initiated and terminated at the expected sites within the LTRs. In contrast to the regulatory sequences involved in proviral expression and replication, the internal regions of ART-CH seem to be completely defective. Several short regions of homology with avian leukosis virus genes, most of which encode gag-related sequences, were found among different reading frames of ART-CH, which are not organized like regular retroviral genes. Both sequence analysis and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis revealed a high degree of sequence (97% homology) and structural similarity among members of the ART-CH family, indicating their common origin and recent penetration into chicken DNA. ART-CH sequences were detected in mouse cells infected with Rous sarcoma virus produced by an ART-CH-expressing Rous sarcoma. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that ART-CH belongs to a class of defective retrotransposons whose replication strategy requires the use of helper viruses. They might originate from an avian leukosis virus-related retrovirus which completely lost its coding capacities as a result of multiple mutations and deletions. These features apparently group ART-CH with the VL30 retrotransposons of rodents.
Virulent Virus: Induction of Viral Hepatitis by Direct Nucleic Acid

Direct inoculation of marmoset livers with an in vitro transcription mixture containing cDNA and full-length genomic RNA transcripts of hepatitis A virus resulted in acute viral hepatitis. Elevations in serum levels of liver enzymes were correlated with appearance of antibody to hepatitis A virus. Genomes of infectious hepatitis A virus isolated from the feces of transfected marmosets contained the same mutation as the cDNA template used for transfection. Liver biopsies confirmed that the virus encoded by the cDNA clone induced histopathological changes equivalent to those caused by virulent wild-type virus.
Lactic Acid Bacteria at Refrigeration and Abuse Temperaturest

The bacteriocinogenicity of Lactococcus lactis ATCC 11454, Pediococcus pentosaceus ATCC 43200, P. pentosaceus ATCC 43201, Lactobacilus plantarum BN, L. plantarum LB592, L. plantarum LB75, and Lactobacillus acidophilus N2 against Clostridium botulinum spores at 4, 10, 15, and 35°C was investigated by modified deferred and simultaneous antagonism methods. AU the strains, except L. acidophilus N2, produced inhibition zones on lawns of C. botulinum spores at 30°C. L. plantarum BN, L. lactis ATCC 11454, and P. pentosaceus ATCC 43200 and 43201 were bacteriocinogenic at 4, 10, and 15°C. Supplementation of brain heart infusion agar with 0 to 5% NaCl increased the radii of inhibition zones during simultaneous antagonism assays. Detectable bacteriocin activities were extracted from freeze-thawed agar cultures of L. plantarum BN and L. lactis ATCC 11454 which had been grown at 4 and 10°C. These results suggest that low levels of L. plantarum BN or L. lactis ATCC 11454, in the presence of 3 or 4% NaCl, could be formulated into minimally processed refrigerated food products for protection against possible botulism hazards.
Selenium Requirement for the Growth of Clostrhium

Turner and Stadtman (6) found it necessary to supplement a very complex medium with selenite to obtain cells of Clostridium sticklandii with high glycine reductase activities. They further demonstrated that one component of the glycine reductase system in this organism is a selenoprotein. This enzyme system is of particular interest because the reduction of each mole of glycine to acetate and ammonia is coupled with the generation of 1 mol of adenosine 5'-triphosphate from adenosine 5'-diphosphate and orthophosphate (5). Results reported herein demonstrate that Clostridium sporogenes requires selenium to utilize glycine but not proline as the electron acceptor in Stickland-type fermentations. Growth responses are so sensitive and reproducible that this organism might be used to perform microbiological assays for selenite in extremely low concentrations. C. sporogenes (ATCC 7955, National Canners Association PA 3679) was used in all experiments. It was maintained by refrigeration of a culture that had sporulated in a medium containing 4% Trypticase, 2 mg of thiamine hydrochloride per liter, and 0.05% sodium thioglycolate. Vegetative cultures for inoculation of experimental media were initiated by inoculating tubes of this same medium (10 ml/tube) with 0.1 ml of the sporulated culture. These were heat-shocked (60°C for 10 min) and incubated in an anaerobic jar for 6 to 8 h. The basal experimental medium (CAA medium) used contained 0.5% vitamin-free, saltfree casein hydrolysate (Nutritional Biochemicals Corp.), 0.1% Trypticase, 0.1% yeast extract, and 0.05% sodium thioglycolate in 0.05 M potas-
Chlorocatechol; by Stable Consortia of Anaerobic Bacteria

Metabolically stable consortia of anaerobic bacteria obtained by enrichment of sediment samples with 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (TMBA), 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (gallate [GA]), or 5-chlorovanillin (CV) were used to study the anaerobic transformation of a series of chloroveratroles, chloroguaiacols, and chlorocatechols used as cosubstrates. Experiments were carried out with growing cultures, and the following pathways were demonstrated for metabolism of the growth substrates: (i) TMBA produced GA, which was further degraded without the formation of aromatic intermediates; (ii) GA formed pyrogallol, which was stable to further transformation; and (iii) CV was degraded by a series of steps involving de-O-methylation, oxidation of the aldehyde group, and decarboxylation to 3-chlorocatechol before ring cleavage. Mono-de-O-methylation of the cosubstrates occurred rapidly in the order 4,5,6-trichloroguaiacol > 3,4,5-trichloroguaiacol 3,4,5trichloroveratrole tetrachloroveratrole > tetrachloroguaiacol and was concomitant with degradation of the growth substrates. For the polymethoxy compounds-chloroveratroles, 1,2,3-trichloro-4,5,6-trimethoxybenzene, and 4,5,6-trichlorosyringol--de-0-methylation took place sequentially. The resulting chlorocatechols
Complementation of Lesions Causing Acid Sensitivity in Tn5-Induced Mutants

Four Tn5-induced mutants ofRhizobium meliloti WSM419 were unable to grow or maintain intracellular pH at an external pH of 5.6. Restriction analysis of DNA fragments carrying Tn5 and flanking sequences cloned from these mutants indicated that all four cloned mutations are unique and that two strains (TG1-6 and TG1-11) carry Tn5 insertions which are within 4.4 kilobases of each other on a single EcoRI fragment. Southern analysis of total mutant DNA indicated a single copy of Tn5 in each mutant. A limited cosmid gene bank of wild-type WSM419 DNA was probed for homology to mutant DNA cloned from the acid-sensitive mutants. Dot hybridization experiments identified one cosmid element within this bank carrying wild-type DNA sequences corresponding to DNA implicated in acid tolerance. This cosmid was able to complement defects in growth and intracellular pH maintenance in TG1-1l but not TG1-6.
Regulated by the Tryptophan and Tyrosine Repressors in Escherichia coli K-12t

The regulation of transcription of the gene for the tryptophan-specffic permease, mtr, was evaluated in several genetically marked Escherichia coli strains through the use of a single-copy lacZ reporter system. The expression of mtr was repressed 97-fold by tryptophan via the Trp repressor and induced 10-fold by phenylalanine or tyrosine via the Tyr repressor. By primer extension analysis two distinct mtr transcripts and their corresponding promoters were identified. One transcript was induced by the Tyr repressor. The tryptophan-dependent interaction of Trp repressor with an operator target within the mtr promoter was demonstrated by means of a restriction endonuclease protection assay.
Anticapsular Antibody Measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay or Radioimmunoassay

We have recently shown that a substantial proportion of antibody to pneumococcal polysaccharide as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or radioimmunoassay is removed by adsorption with pneumococcal cell wall polysaccharide (CWPS). The present study was undertaken to validate the hypothesis that only serotype-specific antibody that remains after adsorption with CWPS provides protection against pneumococcal infection. Serum samples were obtained from human subjects before and after they had been vaccinated with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Antibody to Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 4 was measured by ELISA without adsorption or after adsorption of serum with CWPS. Groups of mice were injected with graded doses of serum and then challenged intraperitoneally with 10, 100, or 1,000 50% lethal doses (LD50) of S. pneumoniae serotype 4. Without adsorption, prevaccination sera from five healthy adults appeared to contain up to 33 ,ig of antibody to S. pneumoniae serotype 4 antigen per ml; adsorption with CWPS removed all detectable antibody, and pretreating mice with up to 0.1 ml of these sera (s.3.3 ,ug of antibody) failed to protect them against challenge with 100 LD5. In contrast, postvaccination sera contained 2.9 to 30 ,ug of antibody per ml that was not removed by adsorption. Diluting sera to administer desired amounts of serotype-specific immunoglobulin G showed a significant relationship between protection and antibody remaining after adsorption (P < 0.05 by linear regression analysis); 150 ng was uniformly protective against 1,000 LD50, and 50 ng was protective against 100 LD50. These studies have, for the first time, quantitated the amount of serotype-specific antibody that protects mice against challenge with S. pneumoniae type 4. In light of these observations, it is necessary to reassess current concepts regarding the presence of antipneumococcal antibody in the unvaccinated population, responses to pneumococcal vaccination, and protective levels of immunoglobulin G.
Promising Photocatalysts for Water Splitting in BeN2 and MgN2 Monolayers

Currently, identifying suitable photocatalysts, especially in two-dimensional materials, for photocatalytic water splitting is still challenging. Here, we report the identification of BeN2 and MgN2 monolayers as efficient photocatalysts for water spitting. Our phonon spectra and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations provide eloquent examinations for the dynamical and thermal stabilities of these two monolayers. We find that BeN2 monolayer exhibits a direct band gap of 2.26 eV, whereas MgN2 monolayer shows an indirect band gap of 2.33 eV. The carrier mobility for BeN2 monolayer is up to 105 and 104 cm2 V–1 s–1 for MgN2 monolayer. More importantly, the BeN2 monolayer has appropriate band edge alignment with respect to the water reduction and oxidation levels in water splitting, whereas MgN2 monolayer satisfies the reduction levels in water splitting only. These results imply that BeN2 monolayer can be a potential photocatalyst for water splitting, whereas MgN2 monolayer can be a potential hydrogen produc.
Determined by 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonancet

The main metabolic pathways in Methanospirillum hungatei GP1 were followed by using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, with 13C-labeled acetate and CO2 as carbon sources. The labeling patterns found in carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, and nucleosides were consistent with the formation of pyruvate from acetate and CO2 as the first step in biosynthesis. Carbohydrates are formed by the glucogenic pathway, and no scrambling of label was observed, indicating that the oxidative or reductive pentose phosphate pathways are not functioning at significant rates. The pathways for amino acid biosynthesis are the usual ones, with the exception of that for isoleucine. The tricarboxylic acid pathway is incomplete and operates in a reductive direction to form a-ketoglutarate. The phytanyl chains of lipids are synthesized from acetate via mevalonic acid.