Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reward Function Design in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Traffic Signal Control

In recent years, there has been increased interest in Reinforcement Learning (RL) for Traffic Signal Control (TSC), with implementations of RL touted as a potential successor to the current commercial solutions in place. Commercial systems, such as Microprocessor Optimised Vehicle Actuation (MOVA) and Split, Cycle, and Offset Optimisation Technique (SCOOT), can adapt to the changing traffic state, but do not learn the specific traffic characteristics of an intersection, and leave much to be desired when performance is compared to the potential benefits of using RL for TSC. Furthermore, distributed RL can provide the unique benefits of scalability and decentralisation for road infrastructure. However, using RL for TSC introduces the problem of non-stationarity where the changing policies of RL agents, tasked with optimal control of traffic signals, directly impacts the observed state of the system and therefore the policies of other agents. This non-stationarity can be mitigated through careful consideration and selection of an appropriate reward function. However, existing literature does not consider the impact of the reward function on the performance of agents in a non-stationary environment such as TSC. In this paper, we select 12 reward functions from the literature, and empirically evaluate them compared to a baseline of a commercial solution in a multi-agent setting. Furthermore, we are particularly interested in the performance of agents when used in a real-world scenario, and so we use demand calibrated data from Ingolstadt, Germany to compare the average waiting time and trip duration of vehicles. We find that reward functions which often perform well in a single intersection setting may not outperform commercial solutions in a multi-agent setting due to their impact on the demand profile of other agents. Furthermore, the reward functions which include the waiting time of agents produce the most predictable demand profile, in turn leading to increased throughput than alternatively proposed solutions.
Auditory Information Reduces Response Time for Ball Rotation Perception, Increasing Counterattack Performance in Table Tennis

ABSTRACT Purpose: Identifying the magnitude of ball rotation is critical to reduce response time, aiming to improve table tennis performance. This study analyzed the influence of auditory and visual information on the perception accuracy and counterattack performance of table tennis players. Methods: Twenty-two high-level table tennis players (22.5 ± 6.1 years, 71.2 ± 9.8 kg, 173.5 ± 7.7 cm) performed two tasks. In the first task, the athletes analyzed audio and video files of the forehand movement on a computer screen with auditory, visual, and combined information and, as soon as possible, chose the ball spin type on a keyboard: fast (spinning ball forward at 140 rotations per second (rotations/s); medium (105 rotations/s); slow (84 rotations/s); or flat hit (70 rotations/s). In the second task, the athletes performed 80 counterattacks (forehand movement) at the table on a target (68x38 cm) with and without auditory information. Results: Friedman’s ANOVA revealed a significant effect of condition for perception accuracy (p < .001). Post hoc tests showed higher perception accuracy in the combined and visual conditions. ANOVA also revealed a significant effect of condition for response time to perceive ball rotation (p < .001). The response time was shorter in the combined condition than the other conditions for all spin types. Kendall’s analyses showed no significant correlations between perception accuracy and response time in any ball spin type. Regarding the counterattack performance, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated higher performance when auditory information was available (p = .022). Conclusions: As auditory information influences the response time and counterattack performance, it seems crucial for trainers and athletes to explore and include auditory perception training methods.
The two-sample trimmed t for unequal population variances

SUMMARY The effect of nonnormality on the Welch approximate degrees of freedom t test is demonstrated. A two-sample trimmed t statistic for unequal population variances is proposed and its performance is also evaluated in comparison to the Welch t test under normality and under long-tailed distributions. If the underlying distribution is long-tailed or contaminated with outliers, the trimmed t is strongly recommended. Some key word8: Behrens-Fisher problem; Robust test; t distribution; Trimming; Winsorization. Testing the equality of two means from independent samples is a common statistical problem. If the underlying distributions are normally distributed with equal population variances, it is well known that one would use the Student's t test. Unfortunately, this test statistic is sensitive to some nonnormal situations and that leads us to consider other more robust alternatives. Among the alternatives is the two-sample trimmed t, proposed and evaluated by Yuen & Dixon (1973); definitions of trimming will be given later. This statistic can be easily computed and its distribution is satisfactorily approximated by that of a Student's t with the degrees of freedom corresponding to the reduced sample. Results show that the loss of power efficiency in using trimmed t is small under exact normality, while the gain may be appreciable for long-tailed distributions. In cases where distributions are normal but population variances are unknown, the first exact solution was given by Behrens (1929) and later extended by Fisher (1939) as the fiducial solution. Among many others who have worked on this problem, Welch (1938, 1949) provided an approximate degrees of freedom t solution to his asymptotic series solution. Wang (1971) studied the probabilities of the type I errors of these two Welch solutions for selected cases and concluded that in practice, one can use the Welch approximate degrees of freedom t test without much loss of accuracy. For ease of reference in the rest of this paper, we shall refer to this approximate degrees of freedom t simply as the Welch t test. In this paper, the lack of robustness of the Welch t test when the underlying distribution is nonnormal is demonstrated. A two-sample trimmed t statistic for unequal population variances is suggested and its performance is evaluated in comparison to the Welch t test under normality and under long-tailed distributions.
The American oyster: Crassostrea virginica Gmelin

NMg. -Approved tor Publi&la~ionApril 24, 1964. The family Ostreidae consists of a large number of edible and nonedible oysters. Their distribution is confined to a broad belt of coastal waters within the latitudes 64 0 N. and 44 0 S. With few exceptions oysters thrive in shallow water, their vertical distribution extending from a level approximately halfway between high and low tide levels to a depth of about 100 feet. Commercially exploited oyster beds are rarely found below a depth of 40 feet. The name "Ostrea" was given by Linnaeus (1758) to a number of mollusks which he described as follows: "Ostrea. Animal Tethys, testa bivalvis inaequivalvis, subaurita. Cardo edentulus and fossula cava ovata, striisque lateralibus transversis. Vulva anusve nulius. " The name Tethys (from Greek mythology and also refers to the sea) applies to the type of marine animals, living either within the shells or naked, that Linnaeus listed under a general name "Vermes" which includes worms, mollusks, echinoderms, and others. The translation of Linnaeus' diagnosis reads as follows: SheH bivalve, unequal, almost ear-shaped. Hinge toothless, depression concave and oval-shaped, with transverse lines on the sides. No vulva or anus. TlUOoomlc characten • • . _•• _. _ Bhell. __ •• • •• . _•. _ Anatomy •" • • • • , _ sex and spawnlng••• _. • . __•• __ • ----_-_ Habitat. _. • . •__ . ••_. __ Larval shell (Prodlssoconch) _' _•• _. _. • ' _ The genera of JIving oysters__ . •• . _••_. • ,_ •__ "_ Oimus Oatre4• • • __ • . _ • • __ . _. _ -. _ Genns eruu__. __. __ . _. __ . _. _ Oimas PrcnodorlU••_. __ •_-_ -_-_. -. -. _ -__ ---_. --. , •__ . ---Bibliography • _. • __ . __ . _ •__ • • _ PtJ4t
Home Range Estimation in R: the adehabitatHR Package

4 The kernel estimation and the utilization distribution 14 4.1 The utilization distribution . 14 4.2 The function kernelUD: estimating the utilization distribution . 17 4.3 The Least Square Cross Validation . 18 4.4 Controlling the grid . 20 4.4.1 Passing a numeric value . 20 4.4.2 Passing a SpatialPixelsDataFrame . 22 4.5 Estimating the home range from the UD . 23 4.5. 1 Home ranges in vector mode . 23 4.5. 2 Home ranges in raster mode . 24 4.6 The home range size . 26 4.7 Taking into account the presence of physical boundary over the study area . 27
BARTHOLDI ZETA FUNCTIONS OF GROUP COVERINGS OF DIGRAPHS

Graphs and digraphs treated here are finite and simple. Let G = (V (G), E(G)) be a connected graph with vertex set V (G) and edge set E(G), and D the symmetric digraph corresponding to G. Set D(G) = {(u, v), (v, u) | uv ∈ E(G)}. For e = (u, v) ∈ D(G), set u = o(e) and v = t(e). Furthermore, let e−1 = (v, u) be the inverse of e = (u, v). A path P of length n in G is a sequence P = (e1, · · · , en) of n arcs such that ei ∈ D(G), t(ei) = o(ei+1)(1 ≤ i ≤ n− 1). If ei = (vi−1, vi), 1 ≤ i ≤ n, then we also denote P = (v0, v1, · · · , vn). Set | P |= n, o(P ) = o(e1) and t(P ) = t(en). Also, P is called (o(P ), t(P ))-path. We say that a path P = (e1, · · · , en) has a backtracking if e−1 i+1 = ei for some i(1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1). A (v, w)-path is called a v-cycle (or v-closed path) if v = w. In graph theory, paths and cycles are diwalks and closed diwalks, respectively. We introduce an equivalence relation between cycles. Two cycles C1 = (e1, · · · , em) and C2 = (f1, · · · , fm) are called equivalent if fj = ej+k for all j. Let [C] be the equivalence class which contains a cycle C. Let B be the cycle obtained by going r times around a cycle B. Such a cycle is called a multiple of B. A cycle C is reduced if C has no backtracking. Furthermore, a cycle C is prime if it is not a multiple of a strictly smaller cycle. Note that each equivalence class of prime, reduced cycles of a graph G corresponds to a unique conjugacy class of the fundamental group π1(G, v) of G at a vertex v of G.
Nucleolar Stress Induces Ubiquitination-independent Proteasomal Degradation of PICT1 Protein*

Background: The nucleolar protein PICT1 regulates p53 via ribosomal protein L11 and MDM2. Results: Nucleolar stress induces PICT1 degradation that is mediated by the proteasome in a ubiquitination-independent manner. Conclusion: PICT1 employs noncanonical proteasome-mediated degradation machinery to sense nucleolar stress. Significance: This finding provides new insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the nucleolar stress response. The nucleolar protein PICT1 regulates tumor suppressor p53 by tethering ribosomal protein L11 within the nucleolus to repress the binding of L11 to the E3 ligase MDM2. PICT1 depletion results in the release of L11 to the nucleoplasm to inhibit MDM2, leading to p53 activation. Here, we demonstrate that nucleolar stress induces proteasome-mediated degradation of PICT1 in a ubiquitin-independent manner. Treatment of H1299 cells with nucleolar stress inducers, such as actinomycin D, 5-fluorouridine, or doxorubicin, induced the degradation of PICT1 protein. The proteasome inhibitors MG132, lactacystin, and epoxomicin blocked PICT1 degradation, whereas the inhibition of E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme by a specific inhibitor and genetic inactivation fail to repress PICT1 degradation. In addition, the 20 S proteasome was able to degrade purified PICT1 protein in vitro. We also found a PICT1 mutant showing nucleoplasmic localization did not undergo nucleolar stress-induced degradation, although the same mutant underwent in vitro degradation by the 20 S proteasome, suggesting that nucleolar localization is indispensable for the stress-induced PICT1 degradation. These results suggest that PICT1 employs atypical proteasome-mediated degradation machinery to sense nucleolar stress within the nucleolus.
Characterization of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated domains of rat pachytene chromatin.

Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of nuclear proteins was several-fold higher in the pachytene spermatocytes than in the premeiotic germ cells of the rat. Among the histones of the pachytene nucleus, histone subtypes H2A, H1 and H3 were poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated. Based on the immunoaffinity fractionation procedure of Malik, Miwa, Sugimara & Smulson [(1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 2554-2558] we have fractionated DNAase-II-solubilized chromatin into poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated chromatin (PAC) and non-poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated chromatin (non-PAC) domains on an anti-[poly(ADP-ribose)] IgG affinity matrix. Approx. 2.5% of the pachytene chromatin represented the PAC domains. A significant amount of [alpha-32P]dATP-labelled pachytene chromatin (labelled in vitro) was bound to the affinity matrix. The DNA of pachytene PAC domains had internal strand breaks, significant length of gaps and ligatable ends, namely 5'-phosphoryl and 3'-hydroxyl termini. On the other hand, the PAC domains from 18 h regenerating liver had very few gaps, if any. The presence of gaps in the pachytene PAC DNA was also evident from thermal denaturation studies. Although many of the polypeptides were common to the PAC domains of both pachytene and regenerating liver, the DNA sequences associated with these domains were quite different. A 20 kDa protein and the testis-specific histone H1t were selectively enriched in the pachytene PAC domains. The pachytene PAC domains also contained approx. 10% of the messenger coding sequences present in the DNAase-II-solubilized chromatin. The pachytene PAC domains, therefore, may represent highly enriched DNA-repair domains of the pachytene nucleus.
Lysosomal enzymes and their receptors.

PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARY . 167 BIOSYNTHESIS OF LYSOSOMAL ENZyMES. 168 Synthesis and Modifications in Endoplasmic Reticulum. 168 Transport to the Golgi . 170 Common Modifications in the Golgi . 171 Formation of Mannose 6-Phosphate Residues . 173 MANNOSE 6-PHOSPHATE--DEPENDENT TRANSPORT IN VIVO. 178 MANNOSE 6-PHOSPHATE--SPECIFIC RECEPTORS. 178 Two Distinct Receptors . 178 The Cation-Independent Receptor (MPRj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 ITINERARIES OF LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES AND OF THE CATION-INDEPENDENT RECEPTOR (MPR) . 182 MANNOSE 6-PHOSPHATE--INDEPENDENT TRANSPORT . 188
Brand communities for mainstream brands: the example of the Yamaha R1 brand community

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to understand consumers' product use, practices, identity, and brand meanings in the context of a brand community dedicated to a mainstream Japanese motorcycle brand.Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative research approach was used in the form of netnography (i.e. ethnography adapted to the study of online communities). Findings – On the product level, consumers experience multiple conflicts and negotiations of meaning related to the use of the product. These findings are reproduced on the brand level, where members of the brand community present a more differentiated look on the brand, accompanied by lower levels of admiration and identification with the brand, as in previous reports of brand communities for brands such as Apple, Jeep, or Harley‐Davidson. The results suggest that consumers for mainstream brands may be more prone to multi‐brand loyalty instead of single‐brand loyalty.Practical implications – Marketers should monitor motivations, attitudes, and de.
Design and validation of a micro-AUV for 3-D sampling of coherent ocean features

The ocean, as vast as it is complex, has a plethora of phenomena that are of legitimate scientific interest, e.g., ocean fronts and Lagrangian Coherent Structures. These coherent ocean features occur from tidal mixing and ocean circulation, and are generally characterized with narrow bands of locally intensive physical gradients with enhanced circulation, biological productivity, and optimal transport phenomena. Spatial extents of these phenomena can be on the order of 10's of km2, and episodic events can last from hours to weeks. These ocean features are 3-dimensional, where to date, most research has focused on examining only their 2-dimensional expression. These coherent features cannot be thoroughly studied through traditional sampling involving random and/or discrete sampling approaches, moreover it is not cost-effective to validate new sampling methodologies in the field. Additionally, operating a single robotic platform in the ocean is hard, and coordinating a team of robots presents challenges in communication on top of dealing with navigation and complex ocean dynamics. To this end, in this paper we present the development and validation of a micro Autonomous Underwater Vehicle for deployment in a laboratory testing tank able to accurately simulate large-scale ocean dynamics. The goal is to provide a laboratory-scale, underwater vehicle for validating and testing algorithms and strategies to sample the 3-dimensional structure that exists in coherent ocean features, e.g., ocean fronts, eddys and Lagrangian Coherent Structures, for the purpose of developing better physical and biological models to aid autonomous ocean research. We provide a detailed description of the vehicle and present multiple results from lab experiments.
Qualitative Interval (or Fuzzy) Simulation OfComplex Continuous Processes: FittingInformation Availability And AccuracyRequirements

The objective of this paper is to show through a real-world application why qualitative methods based on interval (or fuzzy) arithmetic with strong properties concerning soundness and completeness are adequate for modeling complex continuous processes. Firstly, we discuss modeling characteristics of such an important class of physical systems that includes chemical, nuclear, siderurgical and other industrial processes. On one hand, although it is almost always impossible to define numerical models for complex processes, it is usually possible to define boundaries (intervals) for the system parameters. On the other hand, some precision for the simulations is always required. We show that only interval (or fuzzy) based methods (and not pure numerical or qualitative methods) are adequate. Besides, for the effective use of such methods, soundness and completeness properties are of great importance. Secondly, in order to justify our claims, we present the successful application of QFSIM, a particular fuzzy-based qualitative method, to model a complex siderurgical process at CST "Companhia Siderurgica de Tubarao", a Brazilian-Japanese company located in Vitoria-Brazil. Transactions on Information and Communications Technologies vol 1, © 1993 WIT Press, www.witpress. com, ISSN 1743-3517 280 Artificial Intelligence in Engineering
Revisiting the Multi-Criteria Recommender System of a Learning Portal

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Local mathematics and scaling field: effects on local physics and on cosmology

2 Background 3 2.1 Mathematics . 3 2.2 Expansion . 3 2.2.1 Natural numbers . 4 2.2.2 Rational numbers . 5 2.2. 3 Real and complex numbers . 6 2.2. 4 Vector spaces . 8
Welfare compensation in international transmission expansion planning under uncertainty

In transmission expansion planning, situations can arise in which an expansion plan that is optimal for the system as a whole is detrimental to a speciﬁc country in terms of its expected economic welfare. If this country is one of the countries hosting the planned capacity expansion, it has the power to veto the plan and thus, undermine the system-wide social optimum. To solve this issue, welfare compensation mechanisms may be constructed that compensate suﬀering countries and make them willing to participate in the expansion plan. In the literature, welfare compensation mechanisms have been developed that work in expectation. However, in a stochastic setting, even if the welfare eﬀect after compensation is positive in expectation, countries might still be hesitant to accept the risk that the actual, realized welfare eﬀect may be negative in some scenarios. In this paper we analyze welfare compensation mechanisms in a stochastic setting. We consider two existing mechanisms, lump-sum payments and purchase power agreements, and we develop two novel mechanisms, based on the ﬂow through the new transmission line and its economic value. Using a case study of the Northern European power market, we investigate how well these mechanisms succeed in mitigating risk for the countries involved. Using a theoretically ideal model-based mechanism, we show that there is a signiﬁcant potential for mitigating risk through welfare compensation mechanisms. Out of the four practical mechanisms we consider, our results indicate that a mechanism based on the economic value of the new transmission line is most promising.
Clinical and Imaging Phenotypes and Outcomes in a Costa Rican Cohort of Acute Ischemic Stroke Survivors: A Retrospective Study

Background: We characterized clinical and imaging phenotypes and their association with clinical outcomes in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) survivors in the understudied region of Costa Rica. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in AIS patients treated at a tertiary stroke center in Costa Rica from 2011–2015. Participants underwent detailed phenotyping for cardiovascular risk factors and stroke etiology. We assessed the association of ischemic brain lesion features and clinical outcomes using the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project (OCSP) classification. Results: We included 684 AIS survivors (60.2% males, aged 68.1 ± 13.6 years, mean ± SD). While the cardiovascular risk profiles and mortality rates of our patients were similar to populations in European and North American countries, only 20.2% of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) received anticoagulation. On multivariable analysis, patients with total anterior circulation infarct (TACI) displayed an increased risk of complications (OR: 4.2; 95% CI: 2.2–7.8; p < 0.001), higher mortality (OR: 6.9; 95% CI: 2.9–16.1; p < 0.001) and lower chance of functional independence at discharge (OR: 8.9; 95% CI: 4.1–19; p < 0.001) compared to non-TACI. The comorbidity of bronchopneumonia increased the probability of death by 14.5 times. Conclusions: Our observations in a Costa Rican cohort of AIS survivors might help improve local measures for preventing and managing AIS.