Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Foreign Aid in Pacific Media Education

Abstract Since New Zealand development assistance helped establish the South Pacific’s first journalism school at the University of Papua New Guinea in 1975, many international aid agencies have contributed to media training and education in the region. Among the donors in a competitive environment, have been AusAID, Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation (CFTC), Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), International Federation of Journalists (IFJ), NZAid, UNESCO and the World Association of Christian Communication (WACC). Since the late 1990s, the influence of AusAID has become dominant in the region through the establishment of multimillion dollar media and governance aid projects that have included the Pacific Media Initiative (PMI), Pacific Media and Communication Facility (PMCF) and Media in Development Initiative (MID). Many United Nations agencies and non-government organisations have established media training in the region. “Chequebook diplomacy” rivalry between China and Taiwan has also impacted on the media. The trend has major implications for the Pacific media and governance in the 21st century. This paper examines the politics of aid in an abridged three-decade history of Pacific journalism education and training, considers the impact on Divine Word University, University of Papua New Guinea and the University of the South Pacific journalism schools and reflects on the efficacy of international aid policies on media development in Oceania in the digital age.
Managing repugnance: how core-stigma shapes firm behavior

Abstract This article argues for the need for the empirical analysis of how firms manage repugnance and core-stigmatization. To develop our empirical perspective, we compare the work on repugnance with the existing empirical literature in management on core-stigma and argue that core-stigmatization results from the mobilized repugnance. The core-stigmatized firm faces higher transaction costs. We demonstrate, through a case-study of the strategies of MindGeek/Pornhub in the online pornography market, how transaction costs economics can explain the choice of strategies to deal with core-stigma. Under most conditions, the increased transaction costs lead to vertical and lateral integration of the firm. In a dynamic setting, rival firms might use stigmatization to prevent the entry of a new competitor. Our second case-study on the early decades of the mail-order company Sears, Roebuck, and Company illustrates that repugnance, including racial discrimination, was mobilized by competitors to block the entry of the firm into the market.
Citation trends in ophthalmology articles and keywords in mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan since 2013 using temporal bar graphs (TBGs): Bibliometric analysis

Background: We selected authors from mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan (CHT) to examine citation trends on articles and keywords. The existence of suitable temporal bar graphs (TBGs) for displaying citation trends is unknown. It is necessary to enhance the traditional TBGs to provide readers with more information about the citation trend. The purpose of this study was to propose an advanced TBG that can be applied to understand the most worth-reading articles by ophthalmology authors in the CHT. Methods: Using the search engine of the Web of Science core collection, we conducted bibliometric analyses to examine the article citation trends of ophthalmology authors in CHT since 2013. A total of 6695 metadata was collected from articles and review articles. Using radar plots, the Y-index, and the combining the Y-index with the CJAL scores (CJAL) scores, we could determine the dominance of publications by year, region, institute, journal, department, and author. A choropleth map, a dot plot, and a 4-quadrant radar plot were used to visualize the results. A TBG was designed and provided for readers to display citation trends on articles and keywords. Results: We found that the majority of publications were published in 2017 (2275), Shanghai city (935), Sun Yat-Sen University (China) (689), the international journal Ophthalmology (1399), the Department of Ophthalmology (3035), and the author Peizeng Yang (Chongqing) (65); the highest CAJL scores were also from Guangdong (2767.22), Sun Yat-Sen University (China) (2147.35), and the Ophthalmology Department (7130.96); the author Peizeng Yang (Chongqing) (170.16) had the highest CAJL; and the enhanced TBG features maximum counts and recent growth trends that are not included in traditional TBGs. Conclusion: Using the Y-index and the CJAL score compared with research achievements of ophthalmology authors in CHT, a 4-quadrant radar plot was provided. The enhanced TBGs and the CJAL scores are recommended for future bibliographical studies.
Performance and Operational Feasibility of Epstein-Barr Virus–Based Screening for Detection of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Direct Comparison of Two Alternative Approaches

PURPOSE Two Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)–based testing approaches have shown promise for early detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Neither has been independently validated nor their performance compared. We compared their diagnostic performance in an independent population. METHODS We tested blood samples from 819 incident Taiwanese NPC cases (213 early-stage, American Joint Committee on Cancer version 7 stages I and II) diagnosed from 2010 to 2014 and from 1,768 controls from the same region, frequency matched to cases on age and sex. We compared an EBV antibody score using immunoglobulin A antibodies measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EBV antibody score) and plasma EBV DNA load measured by real-time PCR followed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) among EBV DNA–positive individuals (EBV DNA algorithm). RESULTS EBV antibodies and DNA load were measured for 2,522 (802 cases; 1,720 controls) and 2,542 (797 cases; 1,745 controls) individuals, respectively. Of the 898 individuals positive for plasma EBV DNA and therefore eligible for NGS, we selected 442 (49%) for NGS testing. The EBV antibody score had a sensitivity of 88.4% (95% CI, 86.1 to 90.6) and a specificity of 94.9% (95% CI, 93.8 to 96.0) for NPC. The EBV DNA algorithm yielded significantly higher sensitivity (93.2%; 95% CI, 91.3 to 94.9; P = 1.33 × 10−4) and specificity (98.1%; 95% CI, 97.3 to 98.8; P = 3.53 × 10−7). For early-stage NPC, the sensitivities were 87.1% (95% CI, 82.7 to 92.4) for the EBV antibody score and 87.0% (95% CI, 81.9 to 91.5) for the EBV DNA algorithm (P = .514). For regions with a NPC incidence of 20-100/100,000 person-years (eg, residents in southern China and Hong Kong), these two approaches yielded similar numbers needed to screen (EBV antibody score: 5,656-1,131; EBV DNA algorithm: 5,365-1,073); positive predictive values ranged from 0.4% to 1.7% and 1.0% to 4.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION We demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity of EBV antibody and plasma EBV DNA for NPC detection, with slightly inferior performance of the EBV antibody score. Cost-effectiveness studies are needed to guide screening implementation.
Protocol misidentification made easy with format-transforming encryption

Deep packet inspection (DPI) technologies provide much-needed visibility and control of network traffic using port-independent protocol identification, where a network flow is labeled with its application-layer protocol based on packet contents. In this paper, we provide the first comprehensive evaluation of a large set of DPI systems from the point of view of protocol misidentification attacks, in which adversaries on the network attempt to force the DPI to mislabel connections. Our approach uses a new cryptographic primitive called format-transforming encryption (FTE), which extends conventional symmetric encryption with the ability to transform the ciphertext into a format of our choosing. We design an FTE-based record layer that can encrypt arbitrary application-layer traffic, and we experimentally show that this forces misidentification for all of the evaluated DPI systems. This set includes a proprietary, enterprise-class DPI system used by large corporations and nation-states. We also show that using FTE as a proxy system incurs no latency overhead and as little as 16\% bandwidth overhead compared to standard SSH tunnels. Finally, we integrate our FTE proxy into the Tor anonymity network and demonstrate that it evades real-world censorship by the Great Firewall of China.
A comprehensive study of the digital divide phenomenon in Taiwanese government agencies

This paper presents a comprehensive study of the digital divide phenomenon in Taiwanese government agencies. Based on a review of past literature in digital divide, we found most studies merely focused on the household&47;individual. Little attention was given to government agencies. To fulfill the research goal, this study employed the major elements, IT infrastructure, IT literacy, and IT application, to investigate the digital divide in Taiwanese government agencies. A national web-based e-survey was conducted. The effects of agency attributes and technological development on both internal interactivity and external online client services were examined. The sample consisted of responses from 1,769 agencies, representing 43.57% of total Taiwanese government agencies contacted. The results showed that there are significant disparities in internal interactivity and external online client services between different agency levels. The implications of these findings are discussed in the paper.
Sexual and testing behaviour associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection: a cohort study in an STI clinic in Sweden

Background Genital chlamydia infection (chlamydia) is the most commonly reported sexually transmitted infection (STI) in Sweden. To guide prevention needs, we aimed to investigate factors associated with chlamydia. Methods A cohort of visitors aged 20–40 years at an urban STI clinic in Sweden was recruited. Behavioural data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Self-sampled specimens were tested for chlamydia by a DNA amplification assay. Statistically significant (p<0.05) and epidemiologically relevant covariates were entered in a multivariate Poisson model adjusted for potential confounders (age and gender). Backward stepwise elimination produced a final model. Multiple imputation was used to account for missing values. Results Out of 2814 respondents, 1436 were men with a chlamydia positivity rate of 12.6% vs 8.9% in women. Lifetime testing for chlamydia and HIV was high (82% and 60%, respectively). Factors significantly associated with chlamydia were: 20–24 years old (adjusted risk ratio (ARR)=2.10, 95% CI 1.21 to 3.65); testing reason: contact with a chlamydia case (ARR=6.55, 95% CI 4.77 to 8.98) and having symptoms (ARR=2.19, 95% CI 1.48 to 3.24); 6–10 sexual partners (ARR=1.53, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.21); last sexual activity ‘vaginal sex and oral sex and anal sex and petting’ (ARR=1.84, 95% CI 1.09 to 3.10); alcohol use before sex (ARR=1.98, 95% CI 1.10 to 3.57); men with symptoms (ARR=2.09, 95% CI 1.38 to 3.18); tested for chlamydia (ARR=0.72, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.94). Conclusions Risk factors associated with chlamydia were consistent with previous reports in similar settings and suggest no major changes over time. Increased risk for chlamydia infection associated with high-risk behaviour (eg, alcohol use, increased number of sexual partners) supports the need for behavioural interventions in this population such as promotion of safer sex behaviour (condom use) and testing.
Coping with Isolation: the role of culture in adult distance learners' use of surrogates

Conceptions of learning and preferred learning approaches have been suggested to vary cross-culturally. The extent to which learning is ‘student-centred’ or ‘teacher-centred’ also appears subject to cultural variation. This has led some to conclude that particular cultures exhibit learning preferences more suited to distance learning than do other cultures. This article examines the strategies that students from varying cultural backgrounds use to manage the experience of the isolation of distance learning. Two distinct isolation experiences emerge that reflect differences in the perceptions of the student–teacher relationship. These, it is argued, can be classified as a ‘surrogate teacher’ model in the Asian cultures of Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia and a ‘student identity’ model in Europe.
Tool, toy, telephone, territory, trade, or treasure of information: a cross-sectional study of Taiwanese students' attitudes toward the Internet

The purposes of this study are to investigate different levels of Taiwan students' attitudes toward the Internet according to a 6-T model, and to understand possible factors associated with differences among these attitudes. This study adopts a cross-sectional design to collect data from 1,700 surveys completed by Taiwanese fifth graders, eighth graders, 11th graders, and college sophomores. Through a confirmatory factor analysis, this study validates the 6-T model and shows that it can help explain the six factors – Tool, Toy, Telephone, Territory, Trade, and Treasure of information – that are critical to Internet attitudes. This study found that the Tool and Toy factors yield the greatest recognition among Taiwan students, while the Trade factor seems to yield the least recognition among all grade groups. The results also indicate that as students grow older, they have increasingly positive attitudes toward the Internet. In addition, students' motivation to use the Internet and their weekend time-on-Internet can predict their attitudes toward the Internet. Implications of these results are also discussed.
COGNITIVE LEARNING OF INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS USING NEURAL NETWORKS: EVIDENCE FROM THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL MARKETS

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) allow users to improve forecasts through pattern recognition. The purpose of this paper is to validate ANNs as a detection tool in four financial markets. This study investigates whether market inefficiencies exist using ANN as a model. It also investigates whether additional publicly available information can provide investors with a trading advantage. In finance, any forecasting advantage obtained through the use of publicly available information albeit internal or/and external market factors suggest inefficiencies in the financial markets. In this paper, we explore the efficiency of the United States, Japan, Hong Kong and Australia. In Australia, using the ASX 200 index, we demonstrate how the inclusion of external information to our ANN improves our forecasting. Our results show accounting for external market signals significantly improves forecasts of the ASX200 index by an additional 10 percent. This suggests the inclusion of publicly available information from other markets, can improve predictions and returns for investors.
Change of Both Endocrine and Exocrine Insufficiencies After Acute Pancreatitis in Non-Diabetic Patients

AbstractAcute pancreatitis (AP) is the most common pancreatic disease and consists of an acute inflammation of the pancreas. AP can contribute to endocrine and exocrine insufficiencies in survivors as a result of the key role of the pancreas in both glucose metabolism and nutritional digestion. The aim of this population-based study was to determine the endocrine or exocrine insufficiencies in patients after initial AP with biliary or alcohol-associated causes.We conducted a nationwide cohort study using data from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database collected between 2001 and 2010. A total of 12,284 patients with AP were identified.Alcohol-associated AP (odds ratio, 1.894; 95% CI, 1.520–2.268; P < 0.001) and ≥2 admissions for AP (odds ratio, 1.937; 95% CI, 1.483–2.391; P < 0.001) were significantly associated with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus after AP. Further, only alcohol-associated AP (odds ratio, 1.215; 95% CI, 1.133–1.297; P < 0.001) was significantly associated with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency after AP. Additionally, alcohol-associated AP (odds ratio, 1.804; 95% CI, 1.345–2.263; P < 0.001) and ≥2 readmissions for AP (odds ratio, 3.190; 95% CI, 2.317–4.063; P < 0.001) were significantly associated with both exocrine and endocrine insufficiencies after AP.Our data showed that alcohol-associated AP, rather than a biliary cause, contributed to a higher extent to exocrine or endocrine insufficiencies. Furthermore, recurrent AP also led to endocrine insufficiency.
A Right Unexercised Is a Right Lost? Abolishing Antidumping in Regional Trade Agreements

This Note considers the six regional trade agreements (RTAs) in which antidumping is prohibited: the Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement, Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement, European Free Trade Association (EFTA)-Singapore Free Trade Agreement, EFTA-Chile Free Trade Agreement, and the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements between China and Hong Kong and China and Macau. Using these agreements as case studies, the Note argues that, although antidumping provisions generally serve an important role in RTAs, in certain extraordinary cases, antidumping is neither necessary nor useful. These cases arise where the RTA parties have a very limited trading relationship, simply do not use trade remedies, or have an otherwise extraordinary relationship. In any case, antidumping has become an unexercised right as between the parties. The Note thus rejects alternative theories that look to decreased opportunities for arbitrage, trade “attrition,” or a “broader push for integration” to explain the parties’ willingness to prohibit antidumping. Finally, in these cases, competition law, although seldom utilized, serves an important function by serving as a backstop against potential future dumping activity.
US-China Relations : China policy on Capitol Hill

1. Introduction 2. The New Institutionalism and Legislative Behavior 3. Congressional Efforts to Punish China 4. Effects of Congressional Activism on China Policy 5. Congress and U.S.--China Trade Relations 6. Congress and Taiwan 7. Congress and China's Human Rights 8. Beyond the Case of China 9. Conclusion
Dynamic Modeling of Stock Market Interdependencies: An Empirical Investigation of Australia and the Asian NICs

This article examines the patterns of dynamic linkages among national stock prices of Australia and four Asian NIC stock markets namely, Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore and Hong Kong. By employing recently developed time-series techniques results seem to consistently suggest the relatively leading role of the Hong Kong market in driving fluctuations in the Australian and other NIC stock markets. In other words, given the generality of the techniques employed, Hong Kong showed up consistently as the initial receptor of exogenous shocks to the (long-term) equilibrium relationship whereas the Australian and the other NIC markets, particularly the Singaporean and Taiwanese markets had to bear most of the brunt of the burden of short-run adjustment to re-establish the long term equilibrium. Furthermore, given the dominance of the Hong Kong market in the region, the study also brings to light the substantial contribution of the Australian market in explaining the fluctuations to the other three markets, particularly Singapore and Taiwan. Finally, in comparison to all other NIC markets, Taiwan and Singapore appear as the most endogenous, with the former providing significant evidence of its short-term vulnerability to shocks from the more established market such as Australia.
Exporting Managed Care: Asian Experiments

Following managed care saturation in the US market, and because of limited prospects in Europe, managed care made some headway in Latin America and Southeast Asia. The following paper compares a general concept, managed care, across countries, and shows that it has gained acceptance in certain territories (e.g. Hong Kong, the Philippines), but not in others. Managed care is defined as processes or techniques used by any entity that delivers, administers and/or assumes risk for health services in order to control or influence the quality, accessibility, utilization, costs and prices, or outcomes of such services provided to a defined population (American Medical Association, 1999). The first part of the paper reviews specific experiences (Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Singapore), and is followed by a summary of difficulties that Managed Care encountered in Asia. Among these are rising public defiance and physician opposition.
Impact of politics, economic events and port policies on the evolution of maritime traffic in Chinese ports

The Chinese government has been exploring various paths to find a direction that better suits China’s national conditions during the past 60 years. Meanwhile, a series of political and economic events and policy transformations have had different effects on the port industry. This article attempts to ascertain how these events and port policies have influenced Chinese port traffic through an empirical study on data covering 1952–2009. The findings suggest that foreign trade has been the prime driver of the throughput of Chinese ports. The increase in the ports’ throughput has enabled an increase in domestic demand and the urgent need for further port investment. Chinese port throughput has been subject to multiple shocks. The Great Leap Forward1 is found to have had the largest, but only a short-term impact. China’s accession to the World Trade Organization, however, led to a longer and exclusive effect on ports, with little observed effect on the other variables. The reform of port governance is shown to have had a more lasting positive effect on port throughput than physical investment. However, these latter effects are minor, the economic and political factors remain the primary driving factors of port throughput.
Capital mobility in Asia: evidence from bounds testing of cointegration between savings and investment

This paper explores the international capital mobility in North Asia (South Korea and Taiwan), South Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand) and India. In particular, the Feldstein–Horioka puzzle, which states domestic investment and savings are highly and positively correlated, was examined for cointegration using an autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing procedure. The results did not show a positive correlation between savings and investment. There was essentially no relationship at level between savings and investment in all eight cases. Thirteen out of 16 structural break tests or 81.25% indicate no structural breaks. The analysis concluded with certain limitations that there is high capital mobility in the economies under study.
Perceptions of Taipei as Revealed in Travel Blogs: A Tale from Two Sides

This paper analyzed 200 travel blog entries posted by 100 Mainland Chinese visitors and 100 local Taiwanese visitors to Taipei, the capital city of The Republic of China. The paper is unique in three ways. First, it provides external and internal perceptions toward a destination; secondly, it combines a Chinese coding system to segment texts and computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software to count keywords frequency; and finally, it visually presents the differences between two groups of bloggers in terms of the importance and affections visitors attached to Taipei in six image dimensions. Managerial implication is further enhanced when visitors' perception is compared with those messages promoted by destination marketing organizations. Overall, both groups of bloggers expressed more positive perceptions toward frequently mentioned image dimensions such as meals, sightseeing, and transportation. Mainland Chinese bloggers mainly saw Taipei through certain frames of reference that were manifested in promotional messages, thus creating a “circle” of representation in blogosphere.