Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The role of willow-birch forest in the surface energy balance at arctic treeline

Continuous measurements of the energy balance components were made during the 1991 growing season over a willow-birch forest located near Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. On the basis of measurements of leaf area index, the growing season was divided into three distinct periods: growth, mature, and senescence. Changes in surface albedo were strongly correlated with changing leaf area index during the growth period with albedo increasing as leaf area increased. The latent heat flux density, Q[sub E], represented 74% of net radiation during the mature period compared to 55 and 54% during the growth and senescence periods, respectively. The greater Q[sub E] at plant maturity is due primarily to canopy transpiration. The sensitivity of Q[sub E] to net radiation was largest during the growth period. In contrast, the sensitivity of Q[sub E] to the surface resistance and aerodynamic resistance was the largest during the mature period. The implications of climate variability on the timing of leaf development and the surface energy and water balance are discussed. 28 refs., 8 figs., 1 tab.
PIM-tree: A Skew-resistant Index for Processing-in-Memory (Abstract)

Processing-in-memory (PIM) is an emerging technology to alleviate the high cost of data movement by pushing computation into/near memory modules. There is an inherent tension, however, between minimizing communication (data movement) and achieving load balance in PIM systems in the presence of workload skew. This work introduces PIM-tree, a PIM-based index that simultaneously achieves low communication, good load balance, and low space consumption. It achieves good theoretical bounds in the PIM Model and efficient on a real-world PIM machine, outperforming prior PIM-based and state-of-the-art CPU-based indexes.
Hst/stis Spectroscopy and Modeling of the Long Term Cooling of Wz Sagittae following the July 2001 Outburst

We present the latest Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) E140M spectrum of the dwarf nova WZ Sge, obtained in July 2004, 3 years following the early superoutburst of July 2001. This far-ultraviolet (FUV) spectrum covers the wavelength interval 1150-1725Å, revealing Stark-broadened Lyα absorption and absorption lines due to metals from a range of ionization states. The Lyα and CIV double peak emissions are still present, indicating the presence of an optically thin disk. Single white dwarf synthetic spectral fits (using log g = 8.5) to the data indicate that the white dwarf has now reached a temperature T ≈ 15, 000 ± 500K. Three years after the outburst the WD is still ∼1500K above its quiescent temperature, it has an FUV flux level almost twice its pre-outburst value, and its – 2 – spectrum does not distinctly exhibit the quasi-molecular hydrogen feature around 1400Å which was present in the IUE and HST/GHRS pre-outburst data. This is a clear indication that even three years after outburst the system is still showing the effect of the outburst. Taking into account previous temperature estimates obtained during the earlier phase of the cooling, we model the cooling curve of WZ Sge, over a period of three years, using a stellar evolution code including accretion and the effects of compressional heating. Assuming that compressional heating alone is the source of the energy released during the cooling phase, we find that (1) the mass of the white dwarf must be quite large (≈ 1.0 ± 0.2M ⊙); and (2) the mass accretion rate must have a time-averaged (over 52 days of outburst) value of the order of 10 −8 M ⊙ yr −1 or above. The outburst mass accretion rate derived from these compressional heating models is larger than the rates estimated from optical observations (Patterson et al. 2002) and from a FUV spectral fit (Long et al. 2003) by up to one order of magnitude. This implies that during the cooling phase the energy released by the WD is not due to compressional heating alone. We suggest that ongoing accretion during quiescence at a moderately low accretion rate can also release a significant amount of energy in the form of boundary layer irradiation, which can increase the temperature of the star by several thousand degrees. Subject headings: Cataclysmic variables – stars: individual (WZ Sge) – white dwarfs.
Liver Preservation : The Past and the Future

The ultimate objective of organ preservation is unrestricted and immediate graft function after a transplant under optimal conditions in the most suitable recipient. This means that time and efficacy are the basic features of the search for the ideal preservation method. Theoretically, freezing and continuous aerobic perfusion are the only means of obtaining truly long-term preservation (from a month to years). From a clinical point of view, however, the preferred method of preserving livers for brief periods before transplantation is simple cold storage (1). Until recently, cold storage of the graft in Collins’ solution provided acceptable graft function when preservation time was 8 hr or less (2). Still, in the first report of the European Liver Transplant Registry (31, reviewing 1,315 liver transplantations performed at 32 different centers from 1968 to 1987, one of the principal causes of loss of the graft (and occasionally of death of the patient) appeared to be the so-called “primary nonfunction” of the liver. In most cases this was thought to be through an injury caused by inadequate preservation. To keep the period of cold storage to a minimum, close coordination of two full surgical teams -one for the donor and one for the recipient was necessary, and the recipient operation had to be performed as an emergency procedure, often at night. Furthermore, only a very narrow margin of safety existed in the storage time, in case of unforeseen delays or unanticipated, timeconsuming difficulty in the recipient operation. To evaluate the possibility of liver transplantation on a (semi-) elective basis, Belzer (4) looked at the clinical needs for preservation times and concluded that 12 to 18 hr was necessary for liver transplantation to be performed electively. Similar to kidney transplantation, (semi-) elective liver transplantation will yield substantial benefits: because simultaneous donor and recipient operations are not required, an unnecessary recipient laparotomy may be prevented if the donor organ appears unsuitable for transplantation. Furthermore, if laparotomy findings indicate that the recipient is unsuitable for
Theory of LC circuit-based metamaterials

Abstract. A resonance model, describing an LC circuit interaction with a bipole, is established for the determination of the effective parameters of metamaterials. The dynamic descriptions of both an LC circuit and a bipole are harmonic oscillators. Their interplay will induce a frequency shift, meaning that the most efficient receiving frequency (resonance frequency) of an LC circuit (or split ring) resonator is not the LC intrinsic frequency (ΩLC=1/LC) or the atomic vibration frequency. The relationship between the susceptibilities (χ(2),χ(3)) and the frequencies, including the atomic vibration frequency (Ω0), the LC intrinsic frequency (ΩLC), and the practical emission field frequency (Ω), is obtained. Compared with the other second-order harmonics, the extra DC current is much stronger, regardless of whether the system reaches resonance or not. The third-order harmonics are more likely to approach the resonance states compared with the second-order effect. Once the combined frequency is located at the resonance frequency, it is most likely to create a negative χ(3), and with the increase of the LC intrinsic frequency, a negative χ(3) can be obtained without satisfying the resonance condition.
Crystal structure of CTP‐ligated T state aspartate transcarbamoylase at 2.5 Å resolution: Implications for ATCase mutants and the mechanism of negative cooperativity

The X‐ray crystal structure of CTP‐ligated T state aspartate transcarbamoylase has been refined to an R factor of 0.182 at 2.5 Å resolution using the computer program X‐PLOR. The structure contains 81 sites for solvent and has rms deviations from ideality in bond lengths and bond angles of 0.018 Å and 3.722°, respectively. The cytosine base of CTP interacts with the main chain carbonyl oxygens of rTyr‐89 and rIle‐12, the main chain NH of rIle‐12, and the amino group of rLys‐60. The ribose hydroxyls form polar contacts with the amino group of rLys‐60, a carboxylate oxygen of rAsp‐19, and the main chain carbonyl oxygen of rVal‐9. The phosphate oxygens of CTP interact with the amino group of rLys‐94, the hydroxyl of rThr‐82, and an imidazole nitrogen of rHis‐20. Recent mutagenesis experiments evaluated in parallel with the structure reported here indicate that alterations in the hydrogen bonding environment of the side chain of rAsn‐111 may be responsible for the homotropic behavior of the pAR5 mutant of ATCase. The location of the first seven residues of the regulatory chain has been identified for the first time in a refined ATCase crystal structure, and the proximity of this portion of the regulatory chain to the allosteric site suggests a potential role for these residues in nucleotide binding to the enzyme. Finally, a series of amino acid side chain rearrangements leading from the R1 CTP allosteric to the R6 CTP allosteric site has been identified which may constitute the molecular mechanism of distinct CTP binding sites on ATCase. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning Based on Subgoal Discovery and Subpolicy Specialization

We introduce a new method for hierarchical reinforcement learning. Highlevel policies automatically discover subgoals; low-level policies learn to specialize on different subgoals. Subgoals are represented as desired abstract observations which cluster raw input data. High-level value functions cover the state space at a coarse level; low-level value functions cover only parts of the state space at a fine-grained level. Experiments show that this method outperforms several flat reinforcement learning methods in a deterministic task and in a stochastic task.
Stochastic Processes in Physics and Chemistry

N G van Kampen 1981 Amsterdam: North-Holland xiv + 419 pp price Dfl 180 This is a book which, at a lower price, could be expected to become an essential part of the library of every physical scientist concerned with problems involving fluctuations and stochastic processes, as well as those who just enjoy a beautifully written book. It provides an extensive graduate-level introduction which is clear, cautious, interesting and readable.
Online Instrumental Variable Regression: Regret Analysis and Bandit Feedback

The independence of noise and covariates is a standard assumption in online linear regression with unbounded noise and linear bandit literature. This assumption and the following analysis are invalid in the case of endogeneity, i.e., when the noise and covariates are correlated. In this paper, we study the online setting of Instrumental Variable (IV) regression , which is widely used in economics to identify the underlying model from an endogenous dataset. Speciﬁcally, we upper bound the identi-ﬁcation and oracle regrets of the popular Two-Stage Least Squares (2 SLS ) approach to IV regression but in the online setting. Our analysis shows that Online 2 SLS ( O 2 SLS ) achieves O ( d 2 log 2 T ) identi-ﬁcation and O ( γ √ dT log T ) oracle regret after T interactions, where d is the dimension of covariates and γ is the bias due to endogeneity. Then, we leverage O 2 SLS as an oracle to design OFUL - IV , a linear bandit algorithm. OFUL - IV can tackle endogeneity and achieves O ( d √ T log T ) regret. For datasets with endogeneity, we experimentally show the eﬃciency of OFUL - IV in terms of estimation error and regret.
Health consequences of the 11 September 2001 attacks.

community in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon is to determine whether these hor-rific events on 11 September 2001 will have continuing consequences for the health of the public. Workers, community residents, policy makers, and the press are asking us daily about the possible short-and long-term health threats of asbestos, silica, airborne dust, heavy metals, and the products of combustion. They are asking about risks to rescue, recovery, and construction workers as well as to office workers and residents of nearby communities. Our responsibility is to undertake the studies that will answer these questions and to convey the results of our work on a timely and ongoing basis to public health authorities, clinical colleagues, and the public. The ultimate goal is to guide the prevention of disease. Asbestos is a major threat to the health of workers at the World Trade Center site. Asbestos was used as fireproofing in construction of the north tower up to approximately the fortieth floor, and it was used also in the north tower elevator shafts (1). Some of this asbestos had been removed from the building in the years since its construction , but much still remained on 11 September. That asbestos was blasted free during the attacks. Much of it fell into the dust and debris at Ground Zero. Air samples obtained by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the weeks since the attacks have shown that 8-hr time-weighted average (TWA) levels of airborne asbestos fibers are generally below OSHA standards (2). However, bulk samples of dust at the site show concentrations of asbestos ranging as high as 20%. This material is unevenly distributed at the site, but the potential for exposure is constant. Whenever workers pick up a steel beam or overturn a piece of rubble, the threat exists that a puff of asbestos can be thrown into the air and then inhaled. The long-term health risks of those exposures include lung cancer and malignant mesothelioma. Risks will be greatest for those with the most intense and prolonged exposures. Protection against these risks requires the provision of proper respirators to workers and the undertaking of health and safety training programs that emphasize the need for constant wearing of respirators, for proper fit testing, and for frequent changing and cleaning of filters. Workers at the …
Intrinsically knotted graphs

In 1983, Conway and Gordon [J Graph Theory 7 ( 1983 ), 445–453] showed that every (tame) spatial embedding of K7, the complete graph on 7 vertices, contains a knotted cycle. In this paper, we adapt the methods of Conway and Gordon to show that K3,3,1,1 contains a knotted cycle in every spatial embedding. In the process, we establish that if a graph satisfies a certain linking condition for every spatial embedding, then the graph must have a knotted cycle in every spatial embedding. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 39: 178–187, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jgt.10017
Primer Designing for Dreb1A, A Cold Induced Gene

Primer designing for cold induced gene, DREB1A is done using Primer3 software. Seventeen sequences related to DREB1A gene were retrieved from UniGene, GenBank and RefSeq databases using Entrez. On multiple sequence alignment, a 286 bp conserved region was identified. Potential primers for the conserved region and for seventeen nucleotide sequences were determined using Primer3. The properties of these potential primers were analyzed using Premier Biosoft’s NetPrimer tool. One forward (5’ end) and one backward (3’ end) primer having 50 to 60% GC content, 52 to 58C Tm and absence of secondary structures were finalized. Specificity of the primers was validated by carrying out local alignment against the NCBI’s nr database through BLAST. All the alignments showed significant alignment to DREB1A gene validating the specificity of the primers.
F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Accuracy in the Staging of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Review and Cost-Effectiveness

1 Department of Radiology, Research Institute La Princesa, La Princesa University Hospital, C/Diego de León 62, 28006Madrid, Spain 2Health Technology Assessment Unit, Lain Entralgo Agency, C/Gran Vı́a 27, 28013 Madrid, Spain 3 National School of Health, Sinesio Delgado 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain 4 Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy
Models of optical quantum computing

Abstract I review some work on models of quantum computing, optical implementations of these models, as well as the associated computational power. In particular, we discuss the circuit model and cluster state implementations using quantum optics with various encodings such as dual rail encoding, Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill encoding, and coherent state encoding. Then we discuss intermediate models of optical computing such as boson sampling and its variants. Finally, we review some recent work in optical implementations of adiabatic quantum computing and analog optical computing. We also provide a brief description of the relevant aspects from complexity theory needed to understand the results surveyed.
Electroproduction of Neutral Pion Off Helium-4

ELECTROPRODUCTION OF NEUTRAL PION OFF HE Bayram Torayev Old Dominion University, 2016 Director: Dr. Stephen Bueltmann Deeply virtual exclusive processes offer a unique opportunity to study the internal structure of the nucleon and nuclei. The goal of this work is to extract the beam-spin asymmetry in deeply virtual coherent neutral pion electroproduction, eHe→ e′4He′π0, using the CLAS detector in the experimental Hall B at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. The data were collected in 2009 with a 6 GeV longitudinally polarized electron beam impinging on a 30 cm long, 6 atm Helium-4 gaseous target. In order to ensure that the process is coherent, a new Radial Time Projection Chamber was used to detect and identify low energy recoil α-particles. The Beam Spin Asymmetry in the coherent deep exclusive regime was measured at Q = 1.50 GeV, xB = 0.18 and −t = 0.14 GeV. The measured asymmetry has an amplitude of 10%±5% and has the opposite sign compared the asymmetry measured for π production on the proton.
CATASTROPHIC DISRUPTION OF COMET ISON

We report submillimeter 450 and 850 μm dust continuum observations for comet C/2012 S1 (ISON) obtained at heliocentric distances 0.31–0.08 au prior to perihelion on 2013 November 28 (rh = 0.0125 au). These observations reveal a rapidly varying dust environment in which the dust emission was initially point-like. As ISON approached perihelion, the continuum emission became an elongated dust column spread out over as much as 60″ (>105 km) in the anti-solar direction. Deconvolution of the November 28.04 850 μm image reveals numerous distinct clumps consistent with the catastrophic disruption of comet ISON, producing ∼5.2 × 1010 kg of submillimeter-sized dust. Orbital computations suggest that the SCUBA-2 emission peak coincides with the comet's residual nucleus.
A study of quantum Hall devices with different working magnetic fields for primary resistance metrology

Two kinds of quantum Hall devices with different working magnetic fields are fabricated and compared with the LEP (Laboratoires d’Electronique Philips) device, which is currently used in the primary resistance standard system of the National Institute of Metrology (NIM) of China. The comparison is made by calibrating the same 1 Ω standard resistor made by the National Measurement Laboratory of Australia using a Tinsley 100 Ω resistor as the intermediate standard and a cryogenic current comparator. The calibrated values from the NIM device with high working magnetic field and those from the LEP device agreed to within −0.69 × 10−9 with an uncertainty of 4.9 × 10−9. The values from the NIM device with low working magnetic field and those from BIPM-2 agreed to within 2.5 × 10−9 with an uncertainty of 7.1 × 10−9.
Effect of Temperature and Gold Nanoparticle Interaction on the Lifetime and Luminescence of NaYF4:Yb3+:Er3+ Upconverting Nanoparticles

In this paper, we measured the temperature dependence in the temporal response of the green emission for both the H band (2H11/2 → 4I15/2 transition) and the S band (4S3/2 → 4I15/2 transition) for β-NaYF4 nanocrystals and β-NaYF4 nanocrystals decorated with 10 nm gold nanoparticles and found that the emission is quenched with temperature. We measured the time-resolved green emission intensity for decorated upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) and observed a biexponential decay that has a dominant decay time of ∼30 μs and a longer decay time of ∼300 μs that is similar to the single-exponential decay observed for the undecorated UCNPs. The temperature dependence in the green emission for β-NaYF4 nanocrystals has a nonradiative quenching rate modeled with activation energy of 700 cm–1 assigned to multiphonon relaxation to Er3+ lower energy levels. We measured the steady-state emission from the H and S bands for temperatures between 300 and 450 K and obtained a linear relationship between calculated and measure.
Re-Thinking Science: Knowledge and the Public in an Age of Uncertainty

Preface. Chapter 1: The Transformation of Society. Chapter 2: Beyond Modernity -- Breaching the Frontiers. Chapter 3: The Co--Evolution of Science and Society. Chapter 4: The Context Speaks Back. Chapter 5: The Transformation of Knowledge Institutions. Chapter 6: The Role of Universities in Knowledge Production. Chapter 7: How does Contextualization Happen? Chapter 8: Weakly Contextualized Knowledge. Chapter 9: Strongly Contextualized Knowledge. Chapter 10: Contextualization in the Middle Range. Chapter 11: From Reliable Knowledge to Socially Robust Knowledge. Chapter 12: The Epistemological Core? Chapter 13: Science Moves to the Agora. Chapter 14: Socially Distributed Expertise. Chapter 15: Re--Visioning Science. Chapter 16: Re--Thinking Science is not Science Re--Thought. References. Index
An Intense Attosecond Light Source - from Generation to Application

Short and intense XUV pulses are important tools to study ultrafast dynamics and non-linear processes in matter. These pulses can be generated by free electron lasers (FELs) or by high-order harmonic generation (HHG), which are two complementary techniques. The advantage of HHG is the possibility to generate pulses with durations on the attosecond timescale, but the low conversion efficiency of the process makes it difficult to achieve pulses sufficiently intense for non-linear ionization. In HHG an infrared (IR) laser pulse is focused into a gas and new, higher frequencies in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) regime are generated. To achieve intense XUV light, many photons must be generated and subsequently focused tightly in the experiment. This thesis describes the build-up of the Intense XUV Beamline in Lund and development of spectrometers used to study the charged fragments resulting from the non-linear ionization. An energetic and low repetition rate laser is used, and by focusing the pulse using a long focal length lens, the optimum intensity for HHG can be achieved in a large volume of gas. The XUV beam is tightly focused in the experiment using a short focal length mirror. Due to the low repetition rate in the experiment, a spectrometer that can record many events per shot was designed and constructed. The spectrometer is a double sided velocity map imaging spectrometer (DVMIS) that can record electrons and ions simultaneously. By using covariance techniques, correlations between fragments can be retrieved. The XUV pulses generated in the beamline are sufficiently intense to induce non-linear effects in matter and have been used to study two-photon double ionization of neon. (Less)