Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The concentration of urban crime in space by race: evidence from South Africa

ABSTRACT Crime inequality in neighborhoods by race is blamed on social inequalities borne out of segregation and economic discrimination. South Africa is a country synonymous with racial-spatial segregation and discrimination as a result of legislatively enforced policies of the former apartheid government. This study examines whether urban crime inequalities by race exist in the city of Tshwane, South Africa and identifies the empirical causes of these crime inequalities. Violent and sexual crime was found to concentrate in Black African neighborhoods, while property crime was concentrated in neighborhoods classified as “Mixed”. The causes of crime in neighborhoods were found to vary across racial groups with results suggesting non-uniformity in the extent to which the various constructs impact crime based on race. The results challenge the notion that segregation and economic discrimination uniformly impacts affected communities. Explanations for the findings are provided in the context of an increasingly eclectic post-apartheid South African city.
Morphology, mode of formation, and diagenetic changes in framboids

Pyrite framboids represent cubic close packed supermolecular colloid aggregates or »crystals», probably formed by a process of coacervation and particulation due to the reaction of ferruginous humic acid with biogenic H2S. The structures are enlarged and show morphological changes due to later diagenetic effects.
REMOVAL OF THIN CIRRUS PATH RADIANCES IN THE 0 . 4-1 . 0 pm SPECTRAL REGION USING THE 1 . 37 Spm STRONG WATER VAPOR ABSORPTION CHANNEL

Through analysisof spectral imaging data acquired with the Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) (Vane et al,, 1993) from an ER-2 aircraft at 20 km altitude during several field programs, it was found that narrow channels near the center of the strong 1.38-pm water vapor band are very sensitive in detecting thin cirrus clouds. Based on this observation ffom AVIRIS data, a channel centered at 1.375 pm with a width of 30 nm was selected for the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) for remote sensing of cirrus clouds from space. The sensitivity of the 1.375-~m MODIS channel to detect thin cirrus clouds during the day time is expected to be one to two orders of magnitude better than the current infi-ared emission techniques. As a result, a larger fraction of the satellite data will likely be identified as containing cirrus clouds, In order to make better studies of surface reflectance properties, thin cirrus effects must be removed fkom satellite images. We have developed an empirical approach for removing/correcting thin cirrus effects in the 0.41. 0pm region using channels near 1,375 pm. This algorithm will be incorporated into the present MODIS atmospheric correction algorithms for ocean color and land applications and will yield improved MODIS atmospheric aerosol, land surface, and ocean color products,
Unsupervised Part-of-Speech Induction

Part-of-Speech (POS) tagging is an old and fundamental task in natural language processing. While supervised POS taggers have shown promising accuracy, it is not always feasible to use supervised methods due to lack of labeled data. In this project, we attempt to unsurprisingly induce POS tags by iteratively looking for a recurring pattern of words through a hierarchical agglomerative clustering process. Our approach shows promising results when compared to the tagging results of the state-of-the-art unsupervised POS taggers.
A Phase II Study of Irinotecan in Combination with 120-h Infusion of 5-Fluorouracil in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma : Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study ( JCOG 9703 )

For reprints and all correspondence: Atsushi Ohtsu, 6–5–1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan. E-mail: aohtsu@east.ncc. go.jp 1Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology/Digestive Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, 2Department of Clinical Oncology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, 3Department of Internal Medicine, National Shikoku Cancer Center, Matsuyama, 4Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, 5Department of Gastroenterology, Aomori Prefectural Central Hospital, Aomori, 6Department of Internal Medicine, Asahi General Hospital, Asahi, Chiba, 7Department of Surgery, Fukui Prefectural Center for Adult Disease, Fukui and 8JCOG Data Center, Cancer Information and Epidemiology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
COMPSCI 725-Term Paper An Algorithmic Comparison of Location Privacy k-Anonymity Systems

Services which are customised based on a user’s location are starting to become common-place at the cost of privacy: it is possible for an attacker to use a series of requests containing location data in order to infer the identity of a user. One solution to this is a k-Anonymity system which takes location data destined for a service (both in terms of time and space) and expands it such that the location now contains k users who all look identical. This protects a user’s identity and hence privacy as an attacker is unable to distinguish between any of the k users. We review two location privacy k-Anonymity algorithms and find very different complexities; one claims to be linear in the degree of anonymity, k, while the other is NP-hard. By examining the underlying assumptions and functionality of each system and their algorithm we analyse how such a difference arises and whether this affects the ability of either system to protect a user’s location privacy.
The Predictive Validity of a Gender-Responsive Needs Assessment

Risk assessment and classification systems for women have been largely derived from male-based systems. As a result, many of the needs unique to women are not formally assessed or treated. Emerging research advocating a gender-responsive approach to the supervision and treatment of women offenders suggests that needs such as abuse, mental health, substance abuse, relationship difficulties, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and parenting issues are important treatment targets. Although these needs may be highly prevalent among women offenders, they have not been adequately tested to determine their relationships with future offending. In response, the present study sought to understand whether gender-responsive needs contributed as risk factors to poor prison adjustment and community recidivism. Additionally, several types of risk assessment models were explored to determine whether gender-responsive needs enhanced the validities of currently established risk classification systems (i.e., a state’s institutional custody scale and the Level of Service Inventory-Revised). Patterns of results differed across prison and community outcomes, with some gender-responsive needs contributing to more valid risk assessment systems. As a pilot study, the results, although mixed, appear to support continued research on this topic.
User-Centric Association in Ultra-Dense mmWave Networks via Deep Reinforcement Learning

For ultra-dense networks, user-centric architecture is regarded as a promising candidate to offer mobile users better quality of service. One of the main challenges of user-centric architecture is exploring efficient scheme for user association in the ultra-dense network. In this letter, we study dynamic user-centric association (UCA) problem for ultra-dense millimeter wave (mmWave) networks to provide reliable connectivity and high achievable data rate. We consider time-varying network environments and propose a deep Q-network based UCA scheme to find the optimal association policy based on the historical experience. Simulation results are presented to verify the performance gain of our proposed scheme.
Fabrication of porous β-type Ti-40Nb alloys incorporated with TiH2 via powder metallurgy processing route under reducing environment

This work attempts to investigate the influence of TiH2 and processing route on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-40Nb alloy. The difference in processing route resulted in various microstructure constituent of β-phase as well as the mechanical properties of the alloy. These differences were beneficial towards the biomedical research to fit with the variability mechanical properties of human bone. The formation of porous and β-rich phase of TiNb was believed to help in lowering the Young’s modulus value that subsequently alleviates the mismatch problem between the implant and human bones. Therefore, this work attempted to synthesize porous and β-phase TiNb alloy via powder metallurgy processing route under inert gas of argon associated with reducing environment of CaH2 as the wicking agent. This route was chosen with the purpose to other processing routes such as Selective Laser Melting (SLM), hot pressing and Siti Mariana Hosnie et. al. 100 arc melting techniques. The raw materials with 40 wt% of Nb and 60 wt% of TiH2 composition were mixed, compacted and sintered at 1200 °C using a tube furnace. The result showed that Ti-40Nb alloy with βrich phase demonstrated a promising low Young’s modulus for about 17 GPa, the compressive strength of 300MPa and porosity of 55% respectively. These results were compared with other processing route results for determination of better established method for Ti-40Nb alloy. An alternative route in processing Ti-40Nb alloy has been successfully demonstrated using low-cost techniques. The use of TiH2 in reducing environment can reduce the problem of impurity uptake, particularly during sintering process.
Mapping of air pollution using SPOT satellite data

A map indicating the horizontal distribution of airborne particulates over pollution palls can be produced using high resolution satellite imagery. Aerosol optical depth can be approximated by a relative calibration procedure, namely, radiometric comparison of the satellite images indicating pollution conditions, with a reference image acquired under clear atmospheric conditions. The principle is that, after correction for solar and observation angle variations, the remaining deviation of apparent radiances is attributable to the pollutants; this assumes that the intrinsic surface radiances have remained unchanged. The application in the city of Toulouse (France), dealt with in this paper, demonstrates the advantages of the SPOT XS1 channel.
THE FORTUITOUS LATITUDE OF THE PIERRE AUGER OBSERVATORY AND TELESCOPE ARRAY FOR RECONSTRUCTING THE QUADRUPOLE MOMENT

Determining anisotropies in the arrival directions of cosmic rays at the highest energy is an important task in astrophysics. It is common and useful to partition the sky into spherical harmonics as a measure of anisotropy. The two lowest nontrivial spherical harmonics, the dipole and the quadrupole, are of particular interest, since these distributions encapsulate a dominant single source and a plane of sources, as well as offering relatively high statistics. The best experiments for the detection of ultra high energy cosmic rays currently are all ground-based, with highly nonuniform exposures on the sky resulting from the fixed experimental locations on the Earth. This nonuniform exposure increases the complexity and error in inferring anisotropies. It turns out that there is an optimal latitude for an experiment at which nonuniform exposure does not diminish the inference of the quadrupole moment. We derive the optimal latitude and find that (presumably by a fortuitous coincidence) this optimal latitude runs through the largest cosmic ray experiment, the Pierre Auger Observatory (PAO) in the Southern Hemisphere, and close to the largest cosmic ray experiment in the Northern Hemisphere, the Telescope Array (TA). Consequently, assuming a quadrupole distribution, PAO and TA can reconstruct the cosmic ray quadrupole distribution to a high precision without concern for their partial sky exposure.
Innovation, Mark-Up and Firm Growth: Evidence from China’s New Generation IT Industry

In this paper, we provide empirical evidence for understanding the growth behavior of China’s new generation of information technology (IT) industrial firms and the impact of innovation and market power on them. Based on the data of China’s new generation IT industrial firms covering the period 2000–2007, we use ordinary least square (OLS) and two-stage least squares (IV-2SLS) methods to study the effects of innovation and markup on the growth of China’s new generation IT industrial firms in the framework of Gibrat’s law. IV-2SLS estimations show that: (1) Innovation and markup have positive and significant effects on the firm’s total revenue growth rate, but have no significant or negative effects on the growth rate of the firm’s total assets and employment. (2) Innovation has a positive and significant effect on the firm’s mark-up. The results indicate that for China’s new generation IT industrial firms which are technology-intensive, improving the technological innovation and market power will reduce the firm’s input and increase the firm’s output. Innovation can significantly increase the firm’s mark-up. (3) From the perspective of the dynamic evolution of a firm’s growth, firm size has a negative and significant impact on the firm growth while firm age has a positive and significant impact on the firm’s growth. In addition, we also examine the different effects of capital intensity and export demand on the firm’s growth.
Study the Expression of Human P 53 Gene in Patients with Breast Cancer

Accepted 14/11/2016 The gene P53 can activate DNA repair proteins when DNA has sustained damage. So, it is an important factor in aging. Also, P53 gene can also be modified by mutagens (chemicals, radiation, or viruses), increasing the likelihood for uncontrolled cell division. For this importance, we collected thirty samples from Yarmouk hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. Twenty-nine from women patients carrying breast cancer and the last one was from healthy woman, and the samples that we have taken were embedded in paraffin wax. The extracted RNA from each sample was used to check the expression of a suppressor gene (P53) via Real time PCR. We designed primers of P53 gene on encoded sequence (Exon), to make sure generation a specific PCR product of P53 gene by converting mRNA to cDNA then PCR Product. The expression of each sample was fluctuated between 0.1 fold to 0.2 fold compared with the control (the healthy sample). The highest expression showed was samples 7 (0.2 fold), and the lowest expression showed was samples 27 (0.1 fold) that compared with control expression (sample 19). While the control expression was the highest (0.25 fold) among all samples. The results indicate that tumor may affects on a suppressor gene (P53) and can decrease the gene expression, and eventually can decrease the P53 suppressor protein that can be used it in the cell protection against cancer.
Impact of Gentamicin-Loaded Bone Graft on Defect Healing in a Sheep Model

Infections of bone are severe complications, and an optimization of grafting material with antimicrobial drugs might be useful for prevention and treatment. This study aimed to investigate the influence of gentamicin-loaded bone graft on the healing of bone defects in a sheep model. Metaphyseal and diaphyseal drill hole defects (diameter: 6 mm, depth: 15 mm) were filled with graft or gentamicin-loaded graft (50 mg/g graft) or were left untreated. Analysis of regeneration after three and nine weeks, micro-computed tomography (μCT), and histology revealed a significant increase in bone formation in the drill hole defects, which began at the edges of the holes and grew over time into the defect center. The amount of graft decreased over time due to active resorption by osteoclasts, while osteoblasts formed new bone. No difference between the groups was seen after three weeks. After nine weeks, significantly less mineralized tissue was formed in the gentamicin-loaded graft group. Signs of inflammatory reactions were seen in all three groups. Even though the applied gentamicin concentration was based on the concentration of gentamicin mixed with cement, the healing process was impaired. When using local gentamicin, a dose-dependent, compromising effect on bone healing should be considered.
Effect of ileo-rectal anastomosis and post-valve T-caecum cannulation on growing pigs

In a long-term study nine ileo-rectally anastomosed (IRA) and seven post-valve T-caecum (PVTC)cannulated pigs were compared with six intact pigs with regard to different blood variables, sodium and potassium retention and weights of selected organs. After surgery, apart from urea and K measured 13 weeks post-surgery, there were no differences in the blood variables between the PVTC-pigs and intact pigs. In IRA-pigs concentrations of creatinine (P < 0.01), Na (P < 0 001), base excess (P < 0 001), pH (P < 0.01) and bicarbonate (P < 0,001) in blood were lower than those in intact pigs. At 13 weeks after surgery the blood K concentration in IRA-pigs was higher (P < 0.001) than that in PVTC-pigs or intact pigs. At 6 weeks after surgery the blood urea concentration in IRA-pigs was higher (P < 0.001) than that in intact and PVTC-pigs. At 13 weeks after surgery the urea concentration in PVTC-pigs was higher (P < 0,001) than those in IRA-pigs or intact pigs. The Na (P < 0.01 11 weeks after surgery) and (P < 0.05 and P < 0 01 5 and 11 weeks after surgery respectively) balances in IRA-pigs were lower than those in intact animals. Na retention was negative for IRA-animals 11 weeks after surgery. Na and K retentions were similar in PVTC-pigs and in intact pigs. The urinary: faecal excretion of Na differed slightly between PVTC-animals and intact animals. At 13 weeks after surgery there were no differences in organ weights between the PVTC-pigs and intact animals. In the IRA-pigs the weights of the liver (P 0.05), the kidneys (P > 0.05) and the adrenal glands were higher (P < 0.001) than those in the intact animals.
1 Fixed-fee Pricing and Entry

This study considers the anti-competitive effect of fixed-fee pricing, such as the one seen in a recent antitrust case in Japan. We show that fixed-fee pricing has stronger exclusionary effect than the per-use pricing's exclusionary effect. However, the restriction on usage of fixed-fee pricing may have a welfare-decreasing effect, although the restriction promotes entry. I thank Susumu Cato, Akifumi Ishihara, Noboru Kawahama, Hiroshi Kitamura, Toshihiro Matsumura, Noriaki Matsushima, Akihiko Nakagawa, Noriyuki Yanagawa, the associate editor, Claudio Mezzetti and an anonymous referee for their valuable suggestions and comments. I am responsible for any remaining errors. This research is financially supported by Grant-in-Aids for Young Scientists (B) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Citation: Ryoko Oki, (2015) ''Fixed-fee Pricing and Entry'', Economics Bulletin, Volume 35, Issue 1, pages 233-240 Contact: Ryoko Oki oki.ryoko@gmail.com. Submitted: August 08, 2014. Published: March 11, 2015.
How Much Does Land Use Mix Impact on Travel Frequency?: Evidence from the Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Indonesia

This paper analyzes the impact of land use mix on travel frequency of individuals. Gini-Simpson Index and Dispersion Index are used for the land use mix indexes. Daily activity episode of individuals was collected through an interview-based local survey in the Jakarta metropolitan area, while the land use data for grid zones of 250 m by 250 m was prepared with the estimation of land use patterns using the existing official database. Seven categories of land use patterns are used for the empirical analysis. Then, ordered logit models are estimated, in which the dependent variable is the daily travel frequency of individuals and the independent variables are the thresholds of travel frequency, land use mix indexes, and individual and household attributes. The results show that higher-income females living in areas with mixed land use patterns composed of a few land use categories travel more frequently from home.
Effects of Gamma Radiation on Resonant and Antiresonant Characteristics of Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors

This paper presents gamma radiation effects on resonant and antiresonant characteristics of piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) for structural health monitoring (SHM) applications to nuclear-spent fuel storage facilities. The irradiation test was done in a Co-60 gamma irradiator. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and Gallium Orthophosphate (GaPO4) PWAS transducers were exposed to 225 kGy gamma radiation dose. First, 2 kGy of total radiation dose was achieved with slower radiation rate at 0.1 kGy/h for 20; h then the remaining radiation dose was achieved with accelerated radiation rate at 1.233 kGy/h for 192 h. The total cumulative radiation dose of 225 kGy is equivalent to 256 years of operation in nuclear-spent fuel storage facilities. Electro-mechanical impedance and admittance (EMIA) signatures were measured after each gamma radiation exposure. Radiation-dependent logarithmic sensitivity of PZT-PWAS in-plane and thickness modes resonance frequency (∂(fR)/∂( logeRd)) was estimated as 0.244 kHz and 7.44 kHz, respectively; the logarithmic sensitivity of GaPO4-PWAS in-plane and thickness modes resonance frequency was estimated as 0.0629 kHz and 2.454 kHz, respectively. Therefore, GaPO4-PWAS EMIA spectra show more gamma radiation endurance than PZT-PWAS. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction method (XRD) was used to investigate the microstructure and crystal structure of PWAS transducers. From SEM and XRD results, it can be inferred that there is no significant variation in the morphology, the crystal structure, and grain size before and after the irradiation exposure.
Carbon dioxide trends in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere

We investigated trends of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the upper atmosphere, using data from the Atmosphere Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer and from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry. Recent analyses of these measurements had indicated that CO2 above approximately 90 km appeared to be increasing about twice as fast as it was in the lower atmosphere. Models could not reproduce this differential CO2 trend, calculating instead that the proportional CO2 increase is approximately constant with altitude. We found three issues with the methodologies used to derive trends from CO2 profiles: the way that seasonal changes and sampling are accounted for in the analysis, referred to as deseasonalizing; the registration of profiles in pressure versus altitude coordinates; and data quality indicators. Each of these can have significant effects on the derivation of trends. We applied several deseasonalizing procedures, using both pressure and altitude coordinates, also used a time series fit without deseasonalizing, and applied data quality filters. The derived trends were approximately constant with pressure or altitude, about 5.5% per decade, consistent with lower atmosphere CO2 trends, and consistent with model calculations. We conclude that the difference between the trend of CO2 above the CO2 homopause and the trend in the lower, well‐mixed atmosphere is not statistically significant.
1 Evaluation of the General Applicability of SFC for Chiral Separations using a Racemic Compound Library

IN T RO DU C T IO N Chiral chromatography, including gas chromatography (GC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), counter-current chromatography (CCC), and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), have been used in chiral resolution. Among these, HPLC and SFC on chiral stationary phases (CSPs) are the most widely utilized chromatographic techniques in drug discovery for obtaining milligrams to multi-grams of pure enantiomers.