Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SciAI4Industry - Solving PDEs for industry-scale problems with deep learning

Solving partial differential equations with deep learning makes it possible to reduce simulation times by multiple orders of magnitude and unlock scientific methods that typically rely on large numbers of sequential simulations, such as optimization and uncertainty quantification. Two of the largest challenges of adopting scientific AI for industrial problem settings is that training datasets must be simulated in advance and that neural networks for solving large-scale PDEs exceed the memory capabilities of current GPUs. We introduce a distributed programming API in the Julia language for simulating training data in parallel on the cloud and without requiring users to manage the underlying HPC infrastructure. In addition, we show that model-parallel deep learning based on domain decomposition allows us to scale neural networks for solving PDEs to commercial-scale problem settings and achieve above 90% parallel efficiency. Combining our cloud API for training data generation and model-parallel deep learning, we train large-scale neural networks for solving the 3D Navier-Stokes equation and simulating 3D CO2 flow in porous media. For the CO2 example, we simulate a training dataset based on a commercial carbon capture and storage (CCS) project and train a neural network for CO2 flow simulation on a 3D grid with over 2 million cells that is 5 orders of magnitudes faster than a conventional numerical simulator and 3,200 times cheaper.
Ruelle operator for continuous potentials and DLR-Gibbs measures

In this work we study the Ruelle Operator associated to a continuous potential defined on a countable product of a compact metric space. We prove a generalization of Bowen's criterion for the uniqueness of the eigenmeasures. One of the main results of the article is to show that a probability is DLR-Gibbs (associated to a continuous translation invariant specification), if and only if, is an eigenprobability for the transpose of the Ruelle operator. Bounded extensions of the Ruelle operator to the Lebesgue space of integrable functions, with respect to the eigenmeasures, are studied and the problem of existence of maximal positive eigenfunctions for them is considered. One of our main results in this direction is the existence of such positive eigenfunctions for Bowen's potential in the setting of a compact and metric alphabet. We also present
#Secim2023: First Public Dataset for Studying Turkish General Election

In the context of Turkey's upcoming parliamentary and presidential elections ("se\c{c}im"in Turkish), social media is playing an important role in shaping public debate. The increasing engagement of citizens on social media platforms has led to the growing use of social media by political actors. It is of utmost importance to capture the upcoming Turkish elections, as social media is becoming an essential component of election propaganda, political debates, smear campaigns, and election manipulation by domestic and international actors. We provide a comprehensive dataset for social media researchers to study the upcoming election, develop tools to prevent online manipulation, and gather novel information to inform the public. We are committed to continually improving the data collection and updating it regularly leading up to the election. Using the Secim2023 dataset, researchers can examine the social and communication networks between political actors, track current trends, and investigate emerging threats to election integrity. Our dataset is available at: https://github.com/ViralLab/Secim2023_Dataset
Dielectronic recombination through the forbidden levels

Examines dielectronic recombination through the forbidden levels which are not usually considered. The rate of this process is of the same order of magnitude as that of photo-recombination. The process is of importance for a low density plasma with a rather low electron temperature and high degree of ionisation (for example: H II regions and planetary nebulae). Detailed calculations are made for O II.
SAH: Shifting-aware Asymmetric Hashing for Reverse k-Maximum Inner Product Search

This paper investigates a new yet challenging problem called Reverse k-Maximum Inner Product Search (RkMIPS). Given a query (item) vector, a set of item vectors, and a set of user vectors, the problem of RkMIPS aims to find a set of user vectors whose inner products with the query vector are one of the k largest among the query and item vectors. We propose the first subquadratic-time algorithm, i.e., Shifting-aware Asymmetric Hashing (SAH), to tackle the RkMIPS problem. To speed up the Maximum Inner Product Search (MIPS) on item vectors, we design a shifting-invariant asymmetric transformation and develop a novel sublinear-time Shifting-Aware Asymmetric Locality Sensitive Hashing (SA-ALSH) scheme. Furthermore, we devise a new blocking strategy based on the Cone-Tree to effectively prune user vectors (in a batch). We prove that SAH achieves a theoretical guarantee for solving the RMIPS problem. Experimental results on five real-world datasets show that SAH runs 4~8x faster than the state-of-the-art methods for RkMIPS while achieving F1-scores of over 90%. The code is available at https://github.com/HuangQiang/SAH.
A Correlation between the Radio and Optical Morphologies of Distant 3 CR Radio Galaxies

We report the discovery of á strong correlation between the radio and optical morphologies of distant (z > 0.6), powerful radio galaxies. The isophotal axes of highly elongated distant 3CR galaxies, measured both in the light of stellar continua and extranuclear emission lines, tend to align with the radio source axes. This correlation suggests that there is a profound relation between these extremely powerful radio sources and their host galaxies. We propose that the most natural explanation of the effect is that the radio jets and/or backflows from the radio lobes interact with the interstellar media of the gas-rich galaxies associated with 3CR sources and stimulate large-scale star formation. This proposed mechanism can provide a physical explanation for the high star formation and evolution rates of 3CR galaxies at large look-back times found in earlier photometric studies. Thus, the formation and evolution of powerful radio galaxies and radio-quiet giant ellipticals may differ substantially. Subject headings: cosmology — galaxies: formation — galaxies: jets — galaxies: structure — radio sources: galaxies — radio sources: general
Drop impact on superheated surfaces: from capillary dominance to nonlinear advection dominance

Abstract Ambient air cushions the impact of drops on solid substrates, an effect usually revealed by the entrainment of a bubble, trapped as the air squeezed under the drop drains and liquid–solid contact occurs. The presence of air becomes evident for impacts on very smooth surfaces, where the gas film can be sustained, allowing drops to bounce without wetting the substrate. In such a non-wetting situation, Mandre & Brenner (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 690, 2012, p. 148) numerically and theoretically evidenced that two physical mechanisms can act to prevent contact: surface tension and nonlinear advection. However, the advection dominated regime has remained hidden in experiments as liquid–solid contact prevents rebounds being realised at sufficiently large impact velocities. By performing impacts on superheated surfaces, in the so-called dynamical Leidenfrost regime (Tran et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 108, issue 3, 2012, p. 036101), we enable drop rebound at higher impact velocities, allowing us to reveal this regime. Using high-speed total internal reflection, we measure the minimal gas film thickness under impacting drops, and provide evidence for the transition from the surface tension to the nonlinear inertia dominated regime. We rationalise our measurements through scaling relationships derived by coupling the liquid and gas dynamics, in the presence of evaporation.
A Study of Warm Dark Matter, the Missing Satellites Problem, and the UV Luminosity Cut-Off

In the warm dark matter scenario, the Press-Schechter formalism is valid only for galaxy masses greater than the"velocity dispersion cut-off". In this work we extend the predictions to masses below the velocity dispersion cut-off, and thereby address the"Missing Satellites Problem", and the rest-frame ultra-violet luminosity cut-off required to not exceed the measured reionization optical depth. We find agreement between predictions and observations of these two phenomena. As a by-product, we obtain the empirical Tully-Fisher relation from first principles.
Misaligned Jets from Sgr A* and the Origin of Fermi/eROSITA Bubbles

One of the leading explanations for the origin of Fermi Bubbles is past jet activity in the Galactic center supermassive black hole Sgr A*. The claimed jets are often assumed to be perpendicular to the Galactic plane. Motivated by the orientation of pc-scale nuclear stellar disk and gas streams, as well as a low inclination of the accretion disk around Sgr A* inferred by the Event Horizon Telescope, we perform hydrodynamical simulations of nuclear jets significantly tilted relative to the Galactic rotation axis. The observed axisymmetry and hemisymmetry (north–south symmetry) of Fermi/eROSITA bubbles (FEBs) due to quasi-steady jets in Sgr A* could be produced if the jet had a super-Eddington power (≳5 × 1044 erg s−1) for a short time (jet active period ≲6 kyr) for a reasonable jet opening angle (≲10°). Such powerful explosions are, however, incompatible with the observed O viii/O vii line ratio toward the bubbles, even after considering electron–proton temperature nonequilibrium. We argue that the only remaining options for producing FEBs are (i) a low-luminosity (≈1040.5−41 erg s−1) magnetically dominated jet or accretion wind from the Sgr A*, or (ii) a supernovae or tidal disruption event driven wind of a similar luminosity from the Galactic center.
Examples of Discontinuity of Lyapunov Exponent in Smooth Quasi-Periodic Cocycles

We study the regularity of the Lyapunov exponent for quasi-periodic cocycles $(T_\omega, A)$ where $T_\omega$ is an irrational rotation $x\to x+ 2\pi\omega$ on $\SS^1$ and $A\in {\cal C}^l(\SS^1, SL(2,\mathbb{R}))$, $0\le l\le \infty$. For any fixed $l=0, 1, 2, \cdots, \infty$ and any fixed $\omega$ of bounded-type, we construct $D_{l}\in {\cal C}^l(\SS^1, SL(2,\mathbb{R}))$ such that the Lyapunov exponent is not continuous at $D_{l}$ in ${\cal C}^l$-topology. We also construct such examples in a smaller Schr\"odinger class.
Electromagnetic scattering by a triaxial homogeneous penetrable ellipsoid: Low‐frequency derivation and testing of the localized nonlinear approximation

The field resulting from the illumination by a localized time‐harmonic low‐frequency source (typically a magnetic dipole) of a voluminous lossy dielectric body placed in a lossy dielectric embedding is determined within the framework of the localized nonlinear approximation by means of a low‐frequency Rayleigh analysis. It is sketched (1) how one derives a low‐frequency series expansion in positive integral powers of (jk), where k is the embedding complex wavenumber, of the depolarization dyad that relates the background electric field to the total electric field inside the body; (2) how this expansion is used to determine the magnetic field resulting outside the body and how the corresponding series expansion of this field, up to the power 5 in (jk), follows once the series expansion of the incident electric field in the body volume is known up to the same power; and (3) how the needed nonzero coefficients of the depolarization dyad (up to the power 3 in (jk)) are obtained, for a general triaxial ellipsoid and after careful reduction for the geometrically degenerate geometries, with the help of the elliptical harmonic theory. Numerical results obtained by this hybrid low‐frequency approach illustrate its capability to provide accurate magnetic fields at low computational cost, in particular, in comparison with a general purpose method‐of‐moments code.
$p$-ADIC EISENSTEIN SERIES AND $L$-FUNCTIONS OF CERTAIN CUSP FORMS ON DEFINITE UNITARY GROUPS

We construct $p$-adic families of Klingen–Eisenstein series and $L$-functions for cusp forms (not necessarily ordinary) unramified at an odd prime $p$ on definite unitary groups of signature $(r,0)$ (for any positive integer $r$) for a quadratic imaginary field ${\mathcal{K}}$ split at $p$. When $r=2$, we show that the constant term of the Klingen–Eisenstein family is divisible by a certain $p$-adic $L$-function.
A lightweight robotic leg prosthesis replicating the biomechanics of the knee, ankle, and toe joint

Robotic leg prostheses promise to improve the mobility and quality of life of millions of individuals with lower-limb amputations by imitating the biomechanics of the missing biological leg. Unfortunately, existing powered prostheses are much heavier and bigger and have shorter battery life than conventional passive prostheses, severely limiting their clinical viability and utility in the daily life of amputees. Here, we present a robotic leg prosthesis that replicates the key biomechanical functions of the biological knee, ankle, and toe in the sagittal plane while matching the weight, size, and battery life of conventional microprocessor-controlled prostheses. The powered knee joint uses a unique torque-sensitive mechanism combining the benefits of elastic actuators with that of variable transmissions. A single actuator powers the ankle and toe joints through a compliant, underactuated mechanism. Because the biological toe dissipates energy while the biological ankle injects energy into the gait cycle, this underactuated system regenerates substantial mechanical energy and replicates the key biomechanical functions of the ankle/foot complex during walking. A compact prosthesis frame encloses all mechanical and electrical components for increased robustness and efficiency. Preclinical tests with three individuals with above-knee amputation show that the proposed robotic leg prosthesis allows for common ambulation activities with close to normative kinematics and kinetics. Using an optional passive mode, users can walk on level ground indefinitely without charging the battery, which has not been shown with any other powered or microprocessor-controlled prostheses. A prosthesis with these characteristics has the potential to improve real-world mobility in individuals with above-knee amputation. Description A powered prosthetic leg that replicates key biomechanics and matches the weight, size, and battery life of passive devices.
An alternating boundary integral based method for a Cauchy problem for the Laplace equation in semi-infinite regions

We consider a Cauchy problem for the Laplace equation in a two-dimensional semi-infinite region with a bounded inclusion, i.e. the region is the intersection between a half-plane and the exterior of a bounded closed curve contained in the half-plane. The Cauchy data are given on the unbounded part of the boundary of the region and the aim is to construct the solution on the boundary of the inclusion. In 1989, Kozlov and Maz'ya [10] proposed an alternating iterative method for solving Cauchy problems for general strongly elliptic and formally self-adjoint systems in bounded domains. We extend their approach to our setting and in each iteration step mixed boundary value problems for the Laplace equation in the semi-infinite region are solved. Well-posedness of these mixed problems are investigated and convergence of the alternating procedure is examined. For the numerical implementation an efficient boundary integral equation method is proposed, based on the indirect variant of the boundary integral equation approach. The mixed problems are reduced to integral equations over the (bounded) boundary of the inclusion. Numerical examples are included showing the feasibility of the proposed method.
On some integrals of Hardy

We consider some properties of integrals considered by Hardy and Koshliakov, and which have also been further extended recently by Dixit. We establish a new general integral formula from some observations about the digamma function. We also obtain lower and upper bounds for Hardy's integral through properties of the digamma function.
“Slow Service” ↛ “Great Food”: Enhancing Content Preservation in Unsupervised Text Style Transfer

Text style transfer aims to change the style (e.g., sentiment, politeness) of a sentence while preserving its content. A common solu-tion is the prototype editing approach, where stylistic tokens are deleted in the “mask” stage and then the masked sentences are inﬁlled with the target style tokens in the “inﬁll” stage. Despite their success, these approaches still suffer from the content preservation problem. By closely inspecting the results of existing approaches, we identify two common types of errors: 1) many content-related tokens are masked and 2) irrelevant words associated with the target style are inﬁlled. Our paper aims to enhance content preservation by tackling each of them. In the “mask” stage, we utilize a BERT-based keyword extraction model that incorporates syntactic information to prevent content-related tokens from being masked. In the “inﬁll” stage, we create a pseudo-parallel dataset and train a T5 model to inﬁll the masked sentences without introducing irrelevant content. Empirical results show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art baselines in terms of content preservation, while maintaining comparable transfer effectiveness and language quality.
Automatic Generation of Factual News Headlines in Finnish

We present a novel approach to generating news headlines in Finnish for a given news story. We model this as a summarization task where a model is given a news article, and its task is to produce a concise headline describing the main topic of the article. Because there are no openly available GPT-2 models for Finnish, we will first build such a model using several corpora. The model is then fine-tuned for the headline generation task using a massive news corpus. The system is evaluated by 3 expert journalists working in a Finnish media house. The results showcase the usability of the presented approach as a headline suggestion tool to facilitate the news production process.
Keyword Provision Question Generation for Facilitating Educational Reading Comprehension Preparation

Question Generation (QG) receives increasing research attention in the NLP community. One QG motivation is to facilitate the preparation of educational reading practice and assessments. While significant advancement of QG techniques was reported, we find current QG techniques are short in terms of controllability and question difficulty for educational applications. This paper reports our studies toward the two issues. First, we report a state-of-the-art exam-like QG model by advancing the current best model from 11.96 to 20.19 (in terms of BLEU 4 score). Second, we propose a QG model that allows users to provide keywords for guiding QG direction. Human evaluation and case studies are conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of controlling question generation direction.
Evaluating Referring Form Selection Models in Partially-Known Environments

For autonomous agents such as robots to effectively communicate with humans, they must be able to refer to different entities in situated contexts. In service of this goal, researchers have recently attempted to model the selection of referring forms on the basis of cognitive status (informed by Givenness Hierarchy), and have shown promising results with over 80% accuracy. However, we argue that the task environments lack ecological validity, due to their use of a small number of objects that are constantly activated and easily uniquely identifiable. Accordingly, we present a novel building-construction task that we believe has increased ecological validity. We then show how training cognitive status informed referring form selection models on data collected within this novel task environment yields substantially different results from those found in previous work, providing key insights and directions for future work.
A new construction of factors of type ${\rm III_1}$

We give in this paper a new construction of factors of type ${\rm III_1}$. Under certain assumptions, we can, thanks to a result by Popa, give a complete classification for this family of factors. Although these factors are never full, we can nevertheless, in many cases, compute Connes' $\tau$ invariant. We obtain a new example of an uncountable family of pairwise non-isomorphic factors of type ${\rm III_1}$ with the same $\tau$ invariant.
SOME ENERGY INEQUALITIES INVOLVING FRACTIONAL GJMS OPERATORS

Under a spectral assumption on the Laplacian of a Poincare--Einstein manifold, we establish an energy inequality relating the energy of a fractional GJMS operator of order $2\gamma\in(0,2)$ or $2\gamma\in(2,4)$ and the energy of the weighted conformal Laplacian or weighted Paneitz operator, respectively. This spectral assumption is necessary and sufficient for such an inequality to hold. We prove the energy inequalities by introducing conformally covariant boundary operators associated to the weighted conformal Laplacian and weighted Paneitz operator which generalize the Robin operator. As an application, we establish a new sharp weighted Sobolev trace inequality on the upper hemisphere.
Numerical study of oil–water emulsion formation in stirred vessels: effect of impeller speed

Abstract The mixing of immiscible oil and water by a pitched blade turbine in a cylindrical vessel is studied numerically. Three-dimensional simulations combined with a hybrid front-tracking/level-set method are employed to capture the complex flow and interfacial dynamics. A large eddy simulation approach, with a Lilly–Smagorinsky model, is employed to simulate the turbulent two-phase dynamics at large Reynolds numbers $Re=1802{-}18\ 026$. The numerical predictions are validated against previous experimental work involving single-drop breakup in a stirred vessel. For small $Re$, the interface is deformed but does not reach the impeller hub, assuming instead the shape of a Newton's Bucket. As the rotating speed increases, the deforming interface attaches to the impeller hub which leads to the formation of long ligaments that subsequently break up into small droplets. For the largest $Re$ studied, the system dynamics becomes extremely complex wherein the creation of ligaments, their breakup and the coalescence of drops occur simultaneously. The simulation outcomes are presented in terms of spatio-temporal evolution of the interface shape and vortical structures. The results of a drop size analysis in terms of the evolution of the number of drops, and their size distribution, is also presented as a parametric function of $Re$.
Cross-movie prediction of individualized functional topography

Participant-specific, functionally-defined brain areas are usually mapped with functional localizers and estimated by making contrasts between responses to single categories of input. Naturalistic stimuli engage multiple brain systems in parallel, provide more ecologically plausible estimates of real-world statistics, and are friendly to special populations. The current study shows that cortical functional topographies in individual participants can be estimated with high fidelity from naturalistic stimuli. Importantly, we demonstrate that robust, individualized estimates can be obtained even when participants watched different movies, were scanned with different parameters/scanners, and were sampled from different institutes across the world. Our results create a foundation for future studies that allow researchers to estimate a broad range of functional topographies based on naturalistic movies and a normative database, making it possible to integrate high-level cognitive functions across datasets from laboratories worldwide.