Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The electrophysiology of incidental and intentional retrieval ] ERP old : new e } ects in lexical decision and recognition memory T [ Curran

Event! related brain potentials "ERPs#\ recorded from a 017! sensor array were used to di}erentiate brain processes associated with intentional vs incidental memory retrieval[ Two experiments examined ERP di}erences between old "studied# and new "non! studied# words and pseudowords while subjects performed either a recognition memory task or lexical decision task[ Previous research has related a P599 old:new e}ect to the recollection of details\ and the present experiments show that this e}ect was not ampli_ed by intentional retrieval[ The P599 e}ect was larger for words than pseudowords[ An earlier "299 to 499 ms#\ frontally maximal\ N399! like old:new e}ect "{FN399|# was similar for words and pseudowords[ A third\ previously unidenti_ed\ mid! frontal\ old:new e}ect was associated with only pseudoword recognition from 299 to 499 ms[ Results are discussed with respect to dual! process theories of recognition memory[ Þ 0888 Elsevier Science Ltd[ All rights reserved[ The electrophysiology of incidental and intentional retrieval] ERP old:new e}ects in lexical decision and recognition memory T[ Currann Neuropsychologia 26 "0888# 660Ð674 Abstract 0[ Introduction Studies of memory retrieval measuring event! related brain potentials "ERPs# have reliably shown di}erences in brain electrical activity between old "i[e[\ previously studied# and new "non! studied# stimuli[ ERPs are more positive "relative to a mastoid reference# to old than new stimuli from about 299 to 799 ms after stimulus onset[ Research has begun to specify the relationship of ERP old:new e}ects to putative memory retrieval processes ð15\ 30Ł[ Many ERP studies of recognition memory have been interpreted within dual! process frameworks that di}erentiate between familiarity and recollection ð7\ 08\ 12\ 20Ł[ Though details di}er between theories\ familiarity is generally thought to re~ect an assessment of the global similarity between studied and tested items ð05\ 06Ł\ whereas recollection enables the retrieval of detailed information[ Within the context of such theories\ recent studies indicate that an ERP old:new e}ect occurring between 399 and 799 ms "subsequently denoted the {P599 old:new e}ect| "following ð33Ł# is related to recollection ð1\ 24\ 25\ 32\ 38\ 40\ 47\ 48\ 50Ł[ Some dual! process perspectives have held that rec! ollection processes primarily depend on intentional retrieval ð12Ł\ but others have argued that recollection can have both voluntary and involuntary manifestations Tel[] ¦0! 105! 257! 5357^ fax] ¦0! 105! 257! 3780^ e! mail] tec2Ýpo[ cwru[edu ð27\ 28\ 36\ 37Ł[ In other words\ people may recollect information when they are trying to remember "inten! tional or voluntary recollection#\ or people may auto! matically recollect information even when they are not trying to remember "incidental …
Development and Characterization of Nisin Nanoparticles as Potential Alternative for the Recurrent Vaginal Candidiasis Treatment

The aim of this work was the development and characterization of nisin-loaded nanoparticles and the evaluation of its potential antifungal activity. Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida sp. considered as one of the major public health problem currently. The discovery of antifungal agents that present a reduced or null resistance of Candida sp. and the development of more efficient drug release mechanisms are necessary for the improvement of candidiasis treatment. Nisin, a bacteriocin commercially available for more than 50 years, exhibits antibacterial action in food products with potential antifungal activity. Among several alternatives used to modulate antifungal activity of bacteriocins, polymeric nanoparticles have received great attention due to an effective drug release control and reduction of therapeutic dose, besides the minimization of adverse effects by the preferential accumulation in specific tissues. The nisin nanoparticles were prepared by double emulsification and solvent evaporation methods. Nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. Antifungal activity was accessed by pour plate method and cell counting using Candida albicans strains. The in vitro release profile and in vitro permeation studies were performed using dialysis bag method and pig vaginal mucosa in Franz diffusion cell, respectively. The results revealed nisin nanoparticles (300 nm) with spherical shape and high loading efficiency (93.88 ± 3.26%). In vitro test results suggest a promising application of these nanosystems as a prophylactic agent in recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis and other gynecological diseases.
Social Security Programs and Retirement Around the World: Introduction and Summary of Papers by..

The populations in all industrialized countries are aging rapidly and life life expectancies are increasing. Yet older workers are leaving the labor force at younger and younger ages. In some countries, the labor force participation rates of 60 to 64 year old men have fallen by 75% over the past 30 years. This decline magnifies population trends, further increasing the number of retirees relative to the number of people working. Together these trends have put enormous pressure on the financial solvency of social security systems around the world. Ironically, the provisions of the systems themselves typically contribute to the labor force withdrawal. This paper is a summary of the findings of the evidence in 11 industrialized countries. We distill the key conclusions drawn from the collective findings of the individual papers. It is clear there is a strong correspondence between the age at which benefits are available and departure from the labor force. Social security programs often provide generous retirement benefits at young ages. Also, the provisions of these programs often imply large financial penalties on earnings beyond the social security early retirement age.Furthermore, in many countries disability and unemployment programs effectively provide early retirement benefits before the official social security early retirement age. We conclude that social security program provisions have contributed to the decline in labor force participation of older persons, substantially reducing the potential productive capacity of the labor force. It seems evident that if the trend to early retirement is to be reversed, as will almost surely be dictated by demographic trends, changing the provisions of social security programs that induce early retirement will play a key role.
Cognitive Changes Predict Continued Recovery of Erectile Functioning Versus Relapse After Discontinuation of Sildenafil Treatment for Male Erectile Dysfunction

Objective: To examine whether erectile functioning after termination of sildenafil intake in men with psychogenic ED (erectile dysfunction) can be predicted with psychological measures. Method: The subjects in a nonrandomized controlled trial were 65 heterosexual men with acquired psychogenic ED, aged 54.2 ± 11 years. Sildenafil medication was taken as required before sexual activity, up to two times per week. Response to a global end point question (“Did the treatment you took during the study improve your physical response during sexual activity in the last 4 weeks? ”) was recorded after 6 weeks of sildenafil use and, subsequently, 6 weeks without medication. Other measures of sexual functioning and cognitive predictor measures were also administered. Results: Of the 65 participants who commenced sildenafil treatment, 37% withdrew from the study before follow‐up assessment. At posttreatment, 89% of participants reported that treatment had improved or cured their erectile functioning. At follow‐up, 66% of participants had maintained posttreatment gains. Response at follow‐up could be predicted (p < .001) with 96% sensitivity and 50% specificity by entering changes in sexual self‐confidence and the participant's rating of his partner's wish to continue treatment in a logistic regression model. Higher odds for recovery of erectile functioning were found in participants reporting increased sexual self‐confidence and the estimation that their partner wanted them to continue sildenafil use. High pretreatment sexual desire was found to further increase the odds for positive responding at follow‐up. Conclusions: The present results indicate that continued improvement of erectile functioning is possible after discontinuation of sildenafil use in men with psychogenic ED. Maintenance of gains can be predicted from cognitive changes before medication is withdrawn.
Linguistic determinism and the part of speech.

IN RECENT years the anthropologists Whorf (12), Lee (9), and Hoijer (6) have put forward the view that language is a determinant of perception and thought. The nature of the determining influence exerted by the vocabulary of a language is quite clear (1), but it is less easy to see how the grammatical features of a language can affect cognition. Yet it is just the grammatical differences between languages that are most striking and it is their determining force that the anthropologist has stressed. This paper undertakes to show how one kind of grammatical practice, the allocation of words to one or another part of speech, does affect cognition. The words of a language can be collected into classes of formal equivalents which are called the parts of speech. Fries (5) has shown that English nouns, for example, are words acceptable in sentence frames of the type "(The) is (are) good. " Native speakers of English will find it possible to insert "concert" or "cow" or "truth" in that frame but will find "very" or "of" grammatically impossible. Fries has used other sentence frames to separate out verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. In French, nouns can be further subdivided into formal gender classes. In Navaho there are more than 20 formal classes for words naming different kinds of objects. All of these word classes are defined by linguistic science in terms of the combinational possibilities of forms in a language without reference to the meanings of forms. So long as these classes are defined in purely formal terms they do not suggest important cognitive differences. That suggestion comes in when we add the semantic correlates of the classes. The native speaker of English is likely to think of the parts of speech in semantic terms. Nouns name substances; verbs name processes; and adjectives name qualities. The genders of certain European languages are usually called masculine, feminine, and neuter,
Acquired gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT): a review with special emphasis on association with extragastric diseases and management problems of gastric MALT.

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue is absent physiologically in normal gastric mucosa, but it can develop in some pathologies (dyspepsia, celiac disease, autoimmune diseases) due to certain (Helicobacter pylori, gluten) or uncertain (viruses? ) antigenic stimuli. Its importance is related to the consideration that it is the background for the development of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and its histologic progression to MALT lymphoma may be diagnosed using Isaacson's score. Monoclonal bands can be diagnosed in acquired gastric MALT as well as in gastric MALT lymphoma, but its role is unknown. To prevent development of MALT lymphoma from acquired MALT, currently anti-H. pylori treatment in all H. pylori- and MALT-positive patients is not suggested--only in patients with grade 3 of acquired MALT--due to the high risk of developing MALT lymphoma in these patients. At the same time, the etiology of gastric MALT in autoimmune extragastric diseases is not clear. Additional studies are needed to clarify this relation and its possible causes.
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM USING MULTI-LAYER PERCEPTRON TECHNIQUE

Currently web-based applications, such as online shopping, education and web based discussion forums are popular. The employments of these applications have successfully assist organizations to stay competitive. Nevertheless, most of website developers are using Content Management Systems (CMS) as a platform to build a website. CMS provides third party plug-in in which this services has lack of control. CMS is designed to enable non-technical user with less knowledge on computer programming, graphics imaging tools, or markup language like HTML to develop their own website. The drawbacks that were highlighted when using CMS are software and operating systems are patched for security threats. Due to lack of patching by the user, hackers can use unpatched CMS software to exploit vulnerabilities to enter the website or web based application. This is the evident of exposing web application to cyber security risks such as malicious Uniform Resource Locator (URL). Meanwhile, malicious URL is the URL of a website that attempts to do the illegal activities on the client side. Furthermore some malicious URL can embed the malicious scripts into the web pages and exploit the vulnerabilities when the user browses such websites. This study is a baseline of measuring the effectiveness of identifying Malicious URLs by using Multi-Layer Perceptron Technique. The identification of malicious URL will be beneficial to web developer to improve the security of web based application. It is then assisting the user or organizations to access the websites without hesitate and doubt. By providing the necessary result and outputs of the effectiveness, this information can be used either for future research of any machine learning techniques.
Differential effects of treadmill running and wheel running on spatial or aversive learning and memory: roles of amygdalar brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and synaptotagmin I

Chronic exercise has been reported to improve cognitive function. However, whether and how different types of exercise affect various learning and memory tasks remain uncertain. To address this issue, male BALB/c mice were trained for 4 weeks under two different exercise protocols: moderate treadmill running or voluntary wheel running. After exercise training, their spatial memory and aversive memory were evaluated by a Morris water maze and by one‐trial passive avoidance (PA), respectively. Levels of neural plasticity‐related proteins, i.e. brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tropomyosin‐related kinase B (TrkB) and synaptotagmin I (Syt I), in hippocampus and amygdala were determined by ELISA or immunoblotting. Finally, the functional roles of these proteins in the basolateral amygdala were verified by locally blocking them with K252a (a TrkB kinase inhibitor), or lentivirus expressing Syt I shRNA. We found that (1) although both moderate treadmill running and wheel running improved the Morris water maze performance, only the former improved PA performance; (2) likewise, both exercise protocols upregulated the BDNF–TrkB pathway and Syt I in the hippocampus, whereas only treadmill exercise upregulated their expression levels in the amygdala; (3) local injection of K252a abolished the treadmill exercise‐facilitated PA performance and upregulation of amygdalar TrkB and Syt I; and (4) local administration of Syt I shRNA abolished the treadmill exercise‐facilitated PA performance and upregulation of amygdalar Syt I. Therefore, our results support the notion that different forms of exercise induce neuroplasticity changes in different brain regions, and thus exert diverse effects on various forms of learning and memory.
Pharmacogenetic Screening for Susceptibility to Fetal Malformations in Women

OBJECTIVE: To present a review of the literature and research on the pharmacogenetics of congenital defects, with a focus on the need for predictive maternal genotype assays. DATA SOURCE: MEDLINE searches (January 1985–January 1999), past reference reviews, and unpublished research. STUDY SELECTION: Review of relevant human, animal, and basic science studies. DATA EXTRACTION: Data on research on polymorphisms, genotyping, cytochrome P450 enzyme systems, epoxide hydrolase, folate metabolism, metabolism of anticonvulsant medications, molecular genetics of neural tube defects, variations in drug metabolism, and environmental exposures were evaluated. DATA SYNTHESIS: Data synthesis includes not only a review of the literature but suggests ways such data might be used to facilitate the development of maternal genotype assays, with the goal of preventing birth defects. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals vary in how they metabolize drugs and handle toxic environmental exposures. In an ideal pregnancy, there is no or limited exposure to medications and environmental agents. However, in women with chronic medical conditions such as heart disease and seizures, this is often not possible. Unfortunately, no techniques have been available to identify those at risk in this population. Gene polymorphisms for a specific enzyme may result in an absence or reduction in the level of enzyme activity or in no change at all, with little effect on the structure/function of the gene product(s); they are not associated with clinical phenotypes in either the mother or the fetus. Other polymorphisms may be only markers. Thus, developing genotyping assays for women that are predictive of phenotype expression in the fetus is the key to screening for polymorphisms. As more mutations are identified and clinical, pharmacologic, biologic, and pharmacokinetic relationships are established, using these polymorphisms to develop a genotyping assay for women may become a clinical reality, possibly leading to preventive prepregnancy or prenatal treatment that may play an increasingly effective role in maternal care.
Executive Functioning in Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

The present study examined the executive abilities of 35 adults diagnosed with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivily Disorder (ADHD) and 32 adults without the disorder (n = 67) who were equivalent in age, gender, years of education, and Full Scale IQ. The ADHD group performed significantly worse on Stroop Color-Word (? 2 = .18) and Interference (? 2 = .08), as well as time to complete Trails B (? 2 = .08) than the controls (all ps < . 05). Analysis of Design Fluency indicated that the ADHD group committed more perseverative (? 2 = .06) and non-perseverative (? 2 = .12) errors than did controls; however, novel output was equivalent for the groups. No group differences were observed on tests measuring cognitive initiation, thinking, or working memory (all ps > .30; ? 2 = .00–.01). The distributions of WCST variables showed severe skew associated with high-functioning performance on the test among both groups. The pattern of results suggests the presence of specific deficits in response inhibition, with intact abilities in other cognitive domains, such as primary verbal and visuospatial skills. These findings are consistent with the literature on neuropsychological deficits among children with ADHD. That persons with ADHD present a primary deficit of behavioral inhibition supports Barkley's (1997) theory of ADHD, as opposed to theories by Denckla (1996) and Roberts and Pennington (1996) that emphasize intention and working memory.
Magic Mirror, On the Wall—Which Is the Right Study Design of Them All?—Part II

The assessment of a new or existing treatment or other intervention typically answers 1 of 3 central research-related questions: (1) “Can it work? ” (efficacy); (2) “Does it work? ” (effectiveness); or (3) “Is it worth it? ” (efficiency or cost-effectiveness). There are a number of study designs that, on a situational basis, are appropriate to apply in conducting research. These study designs are generally classified as experimental, quasiexperimental, or observational, with observational studies being further divided into descriptive and analytic categories. This second of a 2-part statistical tutorial reviews these 3 salient research questions and describes a subset of the most common types of observational study designs. Attention is focused on the strengths and weaknesses of each study design to assist in choosing which is appropriate for a given study objective and hypothesis as well as the particular study setting and available resources and data. Specific studies and papers are highlighted as examples of a well-chosen, clearly stated, and properly executed study design type.
RANA: Towards Efficient Neural Acceleration with Refresh-Optimized Embedded DRAM

The growing size of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) requires large amounts of on-chip storage. In many CNN accelerators, their limited on-chip memory capacity causes massive off-chip memory access and leads to very high system energy consumption. Embedded DRAM (eDRAM), with higher density than SRAM, can be used to improve on-chip buffer capacity and reduce off-chip access. However, eDRAM requires periodic refresh to maintain data retention, which costs much energy consumption. Refresh is unnecessary if the data's lifetime in eDRAM is shorter than the eDRAM's retention time. Based on this principle, we propose a Retention-Aware Neural Acceleration (RANA) framework for CNN accelerators to save total system energy consumption with refresh-optimized eDRAM. The RANA framework includes three levels of techniques: a retention-aware training method, a hybrid computation pattern and a refresh-optimized eDRAM controller. At the training level, CNN's error resilience is exploited in training to improve eDRAM's tolerable retention time. At the scheduling level, RANA assigns each CNN layer with a computation pattern that consumes the lowest energy. At the architecture level, a refresh-optimized eDRAM controller is proposed to alleviate unnecessary refresh operations. We implement an evaluation platform to verify RANA. Owing to the RANA framework, 99.7% eDRAM refresh operations can be removed with negligible performance and accuracy loss. Compared with the conventional SRAM-based CNN accelerator, an eDRAM-based CNN accelerator strengthened by RANA can save 41.7% off-chip memory access and 66.2% system energy consumption, with the same area cost.